id sid tid token lemma pos cord-306424-gf0bglm0 1 1 key key NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 1 2 : : : cord-306424-gf0bglm0 2 1 cord-306424-gf0bglm0 cord-306424-gf0bglm0 NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 2 2 authors author NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 2 3 : : : cord-306424-gf0bglm0 2 4 Scutigliani Scutigliani NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 2 5 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 2 6 Enzo Enzo NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 2 7 Maxim Maxim NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 2 8 ; ; : cord-306424-gf0bglm0 2 9 Kikkert Kikkert NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 2 10 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 2 11 Marjolein Marjolein NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 2 12 title title NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 2 13 : : : cord-306424-gf0bglm0 2 14 Interaction interaction NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 2 15 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 2 16 the the DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 2 17 innate innate JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 2 18 immune immune JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 2 19 system system NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 2 20 with with IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 2 21 positive positive JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 2 22 - - HYPH cord-306424-gf0bglm0 2 23 strand strand NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 2 24 RNA RNA NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 2 25 virus virus NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 2 26 replication replication NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 2 27 organelles organelle NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 2 28 date date NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 2 29 : : : cord-306424-gf0bglm0 2 30 2017 2017 CD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 2 31 - - HYPH cord-306424-gf0bglm0 2 32 06 06 CD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 2 33 - - SYM cord-306424-gf0bglm0 2 34 27 27 CD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 2 35 journal journal NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 2 36 : : : cord-306424-gf0bglm0 3 1 Cytokine Cytokine NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 3 2 Growth Growth NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 3 3 Factor Factor NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 3 4 Rev Rev NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 3 5 DOI DOI NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 3 6 : : : cord-306424-gf0bglm0 3 7 10.1016 10.1016 CD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 3 8 / / SYM cord-306424-gf0bglm0 3 9 j.cytogfr.2017.05.007 j.cytogfr.2017.05.007 NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 3 10 sha sha NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 3 11 : : : cord-306424-gf0bglm0 3 12 8782deab94c366e223e7a6307c1e002ed6cf1c21 8782deab94c366e223e7a6307c1e002ed6cf1c21 CD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 3 13 doc_id doc_id CD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 3 14 : : : cord-306424-gf0bglm0 3 15 306424 306424 CD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 3 16 cord_uid cord_uid NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 3 17 : : : cord-306424-gf0bglm0 3 18 gf0bglm0 gf0bglm0 NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 4 1 The the DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 4 2 potential potential JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 4 3 health health NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 4 4 risks risk NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 4 5 associated associate VBN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 4 6 with with IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 4 7 ( ( -LRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 4 8 re-)emerging re-)emerging NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 5 1 positive positive JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 5 2 - - HYPH cord-306424-gf0bglm0 5 3 strand strand NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 5 4 RNA RNA NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 5 5 ( ( -LRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 5 6 + + CC cord-306424-gf0bglm0 5 7 RNA RNA NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 5 8 ) ) -RRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 5 9 viruses virus NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 5 10 emphasizes emphasize VBZ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 5 11 the the DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 5 12 need need NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 5 13 for for IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 5 14 understanding understand VBG cord-306424-gf0bglm0 5 15 host host NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 5 16 - - HYPH cord-306424-gf0bglm0 5 17 pathogen pathogen NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 5 18 interactions interaction NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 5 19 for for IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 5 20 these these DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 5 21 viruses virus NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 5 22 . . . cord-306424-gf0bglm0 6 1 The the DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 6 2 innate innate JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 6 3 immune immune JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 6 4 system system NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 6 5 forms form VBZ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 6 6 the the DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 6 7 first first JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 6 8 line line NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 6 9 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 6 10 defense defense NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 6 11 against against IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 6 12 pathogenic pathogenic JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 6 13 organisms organism NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 6 14 like like IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 6 15 these these DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 6 16 and and CC cord-306424-gf0bglm0 6 17 is be VBZ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 6 18 responsible responsible JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 6 19 for for IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 6 20 detecting detect VBG cord-306424-gf0bglm0 6 21 pathogen pathogen NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 6 22 - - HYPH cord-306424-gf0bglm0 6 23 associated associate VBN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 6 24 molecular molecular JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 6 25 patterns pattern NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 6 26 ( ( -LRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 6 27 PAMPs pamp NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 6 28 ) ) -RRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 6 29 . . . cord-306424-gf0bglm0 7 1 Viral Viral NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 7 2 RNA RNA NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 7 3 is be VBZ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 7 4 a a DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 7 5 potent potent JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 7 6 inducer inducer NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 7 7 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 7 8 antiviral antiviral JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 7 9 innate innate JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 7 10 immune immune JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 7 11 signaling signaling NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 7 12 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 7 13 provoking provoke VBG cord-306424-gf0bglm0 7 14 an an DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 7 15 antiviral antiviral JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 7 16 state state NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 7 17 by by IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 7 18 directing direct VBG cord-306424-gf0bglm0 7 19 expression expression NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 7 20 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 7 21 interferons interferon NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 7 22 ( ( -LRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 7 23 IFNs ifns NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 7 24 ) ) -RRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 7 25 and and CC cord-306424-gf0bglm0 7 26 pro pro JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 7 27 - - JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 7 28 inflammatory inflammatory JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 7 29 cytokines cytokine NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 7 30 . . . cord-306424-gf0bglm0 8 1 However however RB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 8 2 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 8 3 + + CC cord-306424-gf0bglm0 8 4 RNA RNA NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 8 5 viruses virus NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 8 6 developed develop VBD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 8 7 various various JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 8 8 methods method NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 8 9 to to TO cord-306424-gf0bglm0 8 10 avoid avoid VB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 8 11 detection detection NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 8 12 and and CC cord-306424-gf0bglm0 8 13 downstream downstream JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 8 14 signaling signaling NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 8 15 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 8 16 including include VBG cord-306424-gf0bglm0 8 17 isolation isolation NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 8 18 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 8 19 viral viral JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 8 20 RNA RNA NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 8 21 replication replication NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 8 22 in in IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 8 23 membranous membranous JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 8 24 viral viral JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 8 25 replication replication NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 8 26 organelles organelle NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 8 27 ( ( -LRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 8 28 ROs ROs NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 8 29 ) ) -RRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 8 30 . . . cord-306424-gf0bglm0 9 1 These these DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 9 2 structures structure NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 9 3 therefore therefore RB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 9 4 play play VBP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 9 5 a a DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 9 6 central central JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 9 7 role role NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 9 8 in in IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 9 9 infection infection NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 9 10 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 9 11 and and CC cord-306424-gf0bglm0 9 12 consequently consequently RB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 9 13 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 9 14 loss loss NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 9 15 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 9 16 RO ro NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 9 17 integrity integrity NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 9 18 might may MD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 9 19 simultaneously simultaneously RB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 9 20 result result VB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 9 21 in in IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 9 22 impaired impaired JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 9 23 viral viral JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 9 24 replication replication NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 9 25 and and CC cord-306424-gf0bglm0 9 26 enhanced enhance VBN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 9 27 antiviral antiviral JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 9 28 signaling signaling NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 9 29 . . . cord-306424-gf0bglm0 10 1 This this DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 10 2 review review NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 10 3 summarizes summarize VBZ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 10 4 the the DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 10 5 first first JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 10 6 indications indication NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 10 7 that that IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 10 8 the the DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 10 9 innate innate JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 10 10 immune immune JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 10 11 system system NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 10 12 indeed indeed RB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 10 13 has have VBZ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 10 14 tools tool NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 10 15 to to TO cord-306424-gf0bglm0 10 16 disrupt disrupt VB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 10 17 viral viral JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 10 18 ROs ro NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 10 19 and and CC cord-306424-gf0bglm0 10 20 other other JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 10 21 non- non- DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 10 22 or or CC cord-306424-gf0bglm0 10 23 aberrant aberrant JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 10 24 - - HYPH cord-306424-gf0bglm0 10 25 self self NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 10 26 membrane membrane NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 10 27 structures structure NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 10 28 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 10 29 and and CC cord-306424-gf0bglm0 10 30 may may MD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 10 31 do do VB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 10 32 this this DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 10 33 by by IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 10 34 marking mark VBG cord-306424-gf0bglm0 10 35 these these DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 10 36 membranes membrane NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 10 37 with with IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 10 38 proteins protein NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 10 39 such such JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 10 40 as as IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 10 41 microtubule microtubule NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 10 42 - - HYPH cord-306424-gf0bglm0 10 43 associated associate VBN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 10 44 protein protein NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 10 45 1A/1B 1a/1b CD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 10 46 - - HYPH cord-306424-gf0bglm0 10 47 light light NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 10 48 chain chain NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 10 49 3 3 CD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 11 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 11 2 LC3 LC3 NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 11 3 ) ) -RRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 11 4 and and CC cord-306424-gf0bglm0 11 5 ubiquitin ubiquitin NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 11 6 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 11 7 resulting result VBG cord-306424-gf0bglm0 11 8 in in IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 11 9 the the DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 11 10 recruitment recruitment NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 11 11 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 11 12 IFN IFN NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 11 13 - - HYPH cord-306424-gf0bglm0 11 14 inducible inducible JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 11 15 GTPases gtpase NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 11 16 . . . cord-306424-gf0bglm0 12 1 Further further JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 12 2 studies study NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 12 3 should should MD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 12 4 evaluate evaluate VB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 12 5 whether whether IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 12 6 this this DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 12 7 process process NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 12 8 forms form VBZ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 12 9 a a DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 12 10 general general JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 12 11 effector effector NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 12 12 mechanism mechanism NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 12 13 in in IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 12 14 + + SYM cord-306424-gf0bglm0 12 15 RNA RNA NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 12 16 virus virus NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 12 17 infection infection NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 12 18 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 12 19 thereby thereby RB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 12 20 creating create VBG cord-306424-gf0bglm0 12 21 the the DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 12 22 opportunity opportunity NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 12 23 for for IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 12 24 development development NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 12 25 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 12 26 novel novel JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 12 27 antiviral antiviral JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 12 28 therapies therapy NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 12 29 . . . cord-306424-gf0bglm0 13 1 The the DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 13 2 innate innate JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 13 3 immune immune JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 13 4 system system NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 13 5 forms form VBZ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 13 6 the the DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 13 7 first first JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 13 8 line line NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 13 9 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 13 10 defense defense NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 13 11 against against IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 13 12 pathogens pathogen NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 13 13 and and CC cord-306424-gf0bglm0 13 14 its -PRON- PRP$ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 13 15 initial initial JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 13 16 function function NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 13 17 is be VBZ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 13 18 to to TO cord-306424-gf0bglm0 13 19 recognize recognize VB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 13 20 pathogenassociated pathogenassociate VBN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 13 21 molecular molecular JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 13 22 patterns pattern NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 13 23 ( ( -LRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 13 24 PAMPs pamp NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 13 25 ) ) -RRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 13 26 [ [ -LRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 13 27 1 1 CD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 13 28 ] ] -RRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 13 29 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 13 30 which which WDT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 13 31 ultimately ultimately RB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 13 32 leads lead VBZ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 13 33 to to IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 13 34 induction induction NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 13 35 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 13 36 the the DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 13 37 antiviral antiviral JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 13 38 state state NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 13 39 that that WDT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 13 40 effectively effectively RB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 13 41 hampers hamper VBZ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 13 42 spread spread NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 13 43 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 13 44 the the DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 13 45 infection infection NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 13 46 . . . cord-306424-gf0bglm0 14 1 The the DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 14 2 adaptive adaptive JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 14 3 immune immune JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 14 4 system system NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 14 5 then then RB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 14 6 kicks kick VBZ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 14 7 in in RP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 14 8 to to IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 14 9 ( ( -LRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 14 10 in in IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 14 11 most most JJS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 14 12 cases case NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 14 13 ) ) -RRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 14 14 fully fully RB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 14 15 clear clear JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 14 16 the the DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 14 17 virus virus NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 14 18 and and CC cord-306424-gf0bglm0 14 19 build build VB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 14 20 up up RP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 14 21 memory memory NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 14 22 . . . cord-306424-gf0bglm0 15 1 Viral Viral NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 15 2 RNA RNA NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 15 3 is be VBZ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 15 4 a a DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 15 5 very very RB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 15 6 potent potent JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 15 7 inducer inducer NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 15 8 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 15 9 innate innate JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 15 10 antiviral antiviral JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 15 11 signaling signal VBG cord-306424-gf0bglm0 15 12 [ [ -LRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 15 13 2 2 CD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 15 14 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 15 15 3 3 CD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 15 16 ] ] -RRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 15 17 . . . cord-306424-gf0bglm0 16 1 Therefore therefore RB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 16 2 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 16 3 detection detection NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 16 4 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 16 5 viral viral JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 16 6 RNA RNA NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 16 7 and and CC cord-306424-gf0bglm0 16 8 the the DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 16 9 subsequent subsequent JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 16 10 induction induction NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 16 11 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 16 12 antiviral antiviral JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 16 13 effector effector NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 16 14 mechanisms mechanism NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 16 15 play play VBP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 16 16 an an DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 16 17 important important JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 16 18 part part NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 16 19 in in IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 16 20 the the DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 16 21 onset onset NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 16 22 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 16 23 an an DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 16 24 antiviral antiviral JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 16 25 state state NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 16 26 in in IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 16 27 the the DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 16 28 context context NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 16 29 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 16 30 RNA RNA NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 16 31 virus virus NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 16 32 infections infection NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 16 33 . . . cord-306424-gf0bglm0 17 1 The the DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 17 2 study study NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 17 3 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 17 4 PAMP PAMP NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 17 5 recognition recognition NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 17 6 and and CC cord-306424-gf0bglm0 17 7 signaling signal VBG cord-306424-gf0bglm0 17 8 by by IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 17 9 cytosolic cytosolic JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 17 10 and and CC cord-306424-gf0bglm0 17 11 membrane membrane NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 17 12 bound bind VBN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 17 13 sensors sensor NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 17 14 has have VBZ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 17 15 intensified intensify VBN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 17 16 tremendously tremendously RB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 17 17 in in IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 17 18 the the DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 17 19 last last JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 17 20 decade decade NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 17 21 . . . cord-306424-gf0bglm0 18 1 Several several JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 18 2 comprehensive comprehensive JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 18 3 reviews review NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 18 4 on on IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 18 5 this this DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 18 6 subject subject NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 18 7 have have VBP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 18 8 been be VBN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 18 9 published publish VBN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 18 10 lately lately RB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 18 11 [ [ -LRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 18 12 4 4 CD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 18 13 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 18 14 5 5 CD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 18 15 ] ] -RRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 18 16 . . . cord-306424-gf0bglm0 19 1 Additionally additionally RB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 19 2 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 19 3 investigation investigation NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 19 4 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 19 5 the the DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 19 6 involvement involvement NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 19 7 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 19 8 intracellular intracellular JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 19 9 organelle organelle NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 19 10 membranes membrane NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 19 11 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 19 12 mitochondria mitochondrion NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 19 13 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 19 14 ER ER NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 19 15 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 19 16 and and CC cord-306424-gf0bglm0 19 17 peroxisomes peroxisome NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 19 18 and and CC cord-306424-gf0bglm0 19 19 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 19 20 mutual mutual JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 19 21 interactions interaction NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 19 22 indicated indicate VBD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 19 23 that that IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 19 24 these these DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 19 25 are be VBP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 19 26 important important JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 19 27 signaling signal VBG cord-306424-gf0bglm0 19 28 platforms platform NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 19 29 in in IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 19 30 innate innate JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 19 31 immunity immunity NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 19 32 [ [ -LRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 19 33 6 6 CD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 19 34 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 19 35 7 7 CD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 19 36 ] ] -RRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 19 37 . . . cord-306424-gf0bglm0 20 1 Together together RB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 20 2 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 20 3 this this DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 20 4 has have VBZ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 20 5 resulted result VBN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 20 6 in in IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 20 7 a a DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 20 8 better well JJR cord-306424-gf0bglm0 20 9 understanding understanding NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 20 10 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 20 11 the the DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 20 12 details detail NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 20 13 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 20 14 innate innate JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 20 15 immune immune JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 20 16 responses response NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 20 17 that that WDT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 20 18 target target VBP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 20 19 RNA rna NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 20 20 viruses virus NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 20 21 . . . cord-306424-gf0bglm0 21 1 In in IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 21 2 this this DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 21 3 review review NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 21 4 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 21 5 we -PRON- PRP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 21 6 will will MD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 21 7 focus focus VB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 21 8 on on IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 21 9 the the DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 21 10 interaction interaction NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 21 11 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 21 12 the the DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 21 13 innate innate JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 21 14 immune immune JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 21 15 system system NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 21 16 with with IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 21 17 viruses virus NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 21 18 that that WDT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 21 19 have have VBP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 21 20 a a DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 21 21 positive positive JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 21 22 - - HYPH cord-306424-gf0bglm0 21 23 strand strand NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 21 24 RNA RNA NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 21 25 ( ( -LRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 21 26 + + CC cord-306424-gf0bglm0 21 27 RNA RNA NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 21 28 ) ) -RRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 21 29 genome genome NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 21 30 . . . cord-306424-gf0bglm0 22 1 In in IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 22 2 response response NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 22 3 to to TO cord-306424-gf0bglm0 22 4 innate innate VB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 22 5 immune immune JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 22 6 reactions reaction NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 22 7 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 22 8 virtually virtually RB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 22 9 all all DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 22 10 + + -RRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 22 11 RNA rna NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 22 12 viruses virus NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 22 13 interfere interfere VBP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 22 14 to to TO cord-306424-gf0bglm0 22 15 delay delay VB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 22 16 antiviral antiviral JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 22 17 innate innate JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 22 18 immune immune JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 22 19 signaling signaling NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 22 20 in in IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 22 21 several several JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 22 22 ways way NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 22 23 [ [ -LRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 22 24 1 1 CD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 22 25 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 22 26 8 8 CD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 22 27 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 22 28 9 9 CD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 22 29 ] ] -RRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 22 30 . . . cord-306424-gf0bglm0 23 1 A a DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 23 2 key key JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 23 3 feature feature NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 23 4 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 23 5 immune immune JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 23 6 evasion evasion NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 23 7 by by IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 23 8 + + CC cord-306424-gf0bglm0 23 9 RNA RNA NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 23 10 viruses virus NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 23 11 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 23 12 and and CC cord-306424-gf0bglm0 23 13 simultaneously simultaneously RB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 23 14 the the DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 23 15 hallmark hallmark NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 23 16 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 23 17 + + SYM cord-306424-gf0bglm0 23 18 RNA RNA NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 23 19 virus virus NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 23 20 infection infection NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 23 21 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 23 22 is be VBZ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 23 23 rearrangement rearrangement NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 23 24 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 23 25 host host NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 23 26 membranes membrane NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 23 27 into into IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 23 28 viral viral JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 23 29 replication replication NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 23 30 organelles organelle NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 23 31 ( ( -LRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 23 32 ROs ROs NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 23 33 ) ) -RRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 23 34 . . . cord-306424-gf0bglm0 24 1 As as IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 24 2 these these DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 24 3 structures structure NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 24 4 are be VBP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 24 5 thought think VBN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 24 6 to to TO cord-306424-gf0bglm0 24 7 shield shield VB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 24 8 viral viral JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 24 9 RNA RNA NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 24 10 from from IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 24 11 the the DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 24 12 host host NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 24 13 innate innate JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 24 14 immune immune JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 24 15 system system NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 24 16 and and CC cord-306424-gf0bglm0 24 17 additionally additionally RB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 24 18 seem seem VBP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 24 19 to to TO cord-306424-gf0bglm0 24 20 play play VB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 24 21 a a DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 24 22 fundamental fundamental JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 24 23 role role NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 24 24 in in IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 24 25 viral viral JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 24 26 RNA RNA NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 24 27 replication replication NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 24 28 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 24 29 ROs ROs NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 24 30 in in IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 24 31 this this DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 24 32 sense sense NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 24 33 seem seem VBP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 24 34 to to TO cord-306424-gf0bglm0 24 35 have have VB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 24 36 a a DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 24 37 central central JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 24 38 and and CC cord-306424-gf0bglm0 24 39 dual dual JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 24 40 function function NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 24 41 in in IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 24 42 viral viral JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 24 43 replication replication NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 24 44 [ [ -LRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 24 45 10 10 CD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 24 46 ] ] -RRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 24 47 [ [ -LRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 24 48 11 11 CD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 24 49 ] ] -RRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 24 50 [ [ -LRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 24 51 12 12 CD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 24 52 ] ] -RRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 24 53 [ [ -LRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 24 54 13 13 CD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 24 55 ] ] -RRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 24 56 [ [ -LRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 24 57 14 14 CD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 24 58 ] ] -RRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 24 59 . . . cord-306424-gf0bglm0 25 1 Therefore therefore RB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 25 2 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 25 3 disrupting disrupt VBG cord-306424-gf0bglm0 25 4 integrity integrity NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 25 5 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 25 6 ROs ROs NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 25 7 might may MD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 25 8 simultaneously simultaneously RB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 25 9 result result VB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 25 10 in in IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 25 11 impaired impaired JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 25 12 viral viral JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 25 13 replication replication NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 25 14 and and CC cord-306424-gf0bglm0 25 15 enhanced enhance VBN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 25 16 antiviral antiviral JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 25 17 immune immune NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 25 18 signaling signaling NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 25 19 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 25 20 which which WDT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 25 21 would would MD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 25 22 be be VB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 25 23 a a DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 25 24 beneficial beneficial JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 25 25 effect effect NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 25 26 from from IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 25 27 an an DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 25 28 antiviral antiviral JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 25 29 immunity immunity NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 25 30 point point NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 25 31 - - HYPH cord-306424-gf0bglm0 25 32 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 25 33 - - HYPH cord-306424-gf0bglm0 25 34 view view NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 25 35 . . . cord-306424-gf0bglm0 26 1 However however RB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 26 2 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 26 3 whether whether IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 26 4 host host NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 26 5 cells cell NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 26 6 possess possess VBP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 26 7 effector effector JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 26 8 mechanisms mechanism NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 26 9 to to TO cord-306424-gf0bglm0 26 10 disrupt disrupt VB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 26 11 + + CC cord-306424-gf0bglm0 26 12 RNA RNA NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 26 13 virus virus NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 26 14 ROs ROs NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 26 15 has have VBZ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 26 16 hardly hardly RB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 26 17 been be VBN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 26 18 investigated investigate VBN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 26 19 yet yet RB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 26 20 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 26 21 and and CC cord-306424-gf0bglm0 26 22 only only RB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 26 23 quite quite RB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 26 24 recently recently RB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 26 25 some some DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 26 26 studies study NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 26 27 have have VBP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 26 28 shed shed VBN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 26 29 more more JJR cord-306424-gf0bglm0 26 30 light light NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 26 31 on on IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 26 32 this this DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 26 33 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 26 34 which which WDT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 26 35 will will MD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 26 36 be be VB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 26 37 the the DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 26 38 focus focus NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 26 39 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 26 40 this this DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 26 41 review review NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 26 42 together together RB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 26 43 with with IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 26 44 the the DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 26 45 body body NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 26 46 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 26 47 literature literature NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 26 48 that that WDT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 26 49 surrounds surround VBZ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 26 50 it -PRON- PRP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 26 51 . . . cord-306424-gf0bglm0 27 1 Positive positive JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 27 2 - - HYPH cord-306424-gf0bglm0 27 3 strand strand NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 27 4 RNA RNA NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 27 5 viruses virus NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 27 6 have have VBP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 27 7 caused cause VBN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 27 8 multiple multiple JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 27 9 outbreaks outbreak NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 27 10 during during IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 27 11 the the DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 27 12 past past JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 27 13 decade decade NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 27 14 : : : cord-306424-gf0bglm0 27 15 severe severe JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 27 16 acute acute JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 27 17 respiratory respiratory JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 27 18 coronavirus coronavirus NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 27 19 ( ( -LRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 27 20 SARS SARS NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 27 21 - - HYPH cord-306424-gf0bglm0 27 22 CoV CoV NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 27 23 ) ) -RRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 27 24 infected infect VBD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 27 25 more more JJR cord-306424-gf0bglm0 27 26 than than IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 27 27 8000 8000 CD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 27 28 individuals individual NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 27 29 in in IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 27 30 2003 2003 CD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 27 31 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 27 32 which which WDT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 27 33 almost almost RB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 27 34 800 800 CD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 27 35 died die VBD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 27 36 [ [ -LRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 27 37 15 15 CD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 27 38 ] ] -RRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 27 39 . . . cord-306424-gf0bglm0 28 1 Its -PRON- PRP$ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 28 2 close close JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 28 3 relative relative JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 28 4 Middle Middle NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 28 5 East East NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 28 6 respiratory respiratory JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 28 7 syndrome syndrome NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 28 8 coronavirus coronavirus NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 28 9 ( ( -LRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 28 10 MERS MERS NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 28 11 - - HYPH cord-306424-gf0bglm0 28 12 CoV CoV NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 28 13 ) ) -RRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 28 14 emerged emerge VBD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 28 15 in in IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 28 16 Saudi Saudi NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 28 17 Arabia Arabia NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 28 18 in in IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 28 19 2012 2012 CD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 28 20 . . . cord-306424-gf0bglm0 29 1 While while IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 29 2 SARS SARS NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 29 3 - - HYPH cord-306424-gf0bglm0 29 4 CoV cov NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 29 5 infections infection NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 29 6 have have VBP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 29 7 not not RB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 29 8 been be VBN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 29 9 reported report VBN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 29 10 in in IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 29 11 humans human NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 29 12 after after IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 29 13 2004 2004 CD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 29 14 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 29 15 MERS MERS NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 29 16 - - HYPH cord-306424-gf0bglm0 29 17 CoV CoV NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 29 18 currently currently RB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 29 19 still still RB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 29 20 regularly regularly RB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 29 21 occurs occur VBZ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 29 22 in in IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 29 23 dromedary dromedary NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 29 24 camels camel NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 29 25 as as RB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 29 26 well well RB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 29 27 as as IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 29 28 in in IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 29 29 humans human NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 29 30 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 29 31 and and CC cord-306424-gf0bglm0 29 32 the the DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 29 33 virus virus NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 29 34 displays display VBZ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 29 35 a a DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 29 36 lethality lethality NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 29 37 rate rate NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 29 38 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 29 39 around around IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 29 40 35 35 CD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 29 41 % % NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 29 42 in in IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 29 43 the the DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 29 44 latter latter JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 29 45 [ [ -LRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 29 46 16 16 CD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 29 47 ] ] -RRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 29 48 . . . cord-306424-gf0bglm0 30 1 Zika Zika NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 30 2 virus virus NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 30 3 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 30 4 which which WDT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 30 5 received receive VBD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 30 6 a a DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 30 7 lot lot NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 30 8 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 30 9 societal societal JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 30 10 attention attention NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 30 11 lately lately RB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 30 12 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 30 13 is be VBZ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 30 14 an an DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 30 15 example example NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 30 16 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 30 17 a a DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 30 18 reemerged reemerged JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 30 19 + + CC cord-306424-gf0bglm0 30 20 RNA RNA NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 30 21 virus virus NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 30 22 with with IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 30 23 significant significant JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 30 24 impact impact NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 30 25 [ [ -LRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 30 26 17 17 CD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 30 27 ] ] -RRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 30 28 . . . cord-306424-gf0bglm0 31 1 These these DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 31 2 outbreaks outbreak NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 31 3 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 31 4 and and CC cord-306424-gf0bglm0 31 5 the the DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 31 6 lack lack NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 31 7 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 31 8 tailored tailor VBN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 31 9 antiviral antiviral JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 31 10 strategies strategy NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 31 11 against against IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 31 12 them -PRON- PRP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 31 13 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 31 14 clearly clearly RB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 31 15 illustrate illustrate VBP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 31 16 the the DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 31 17 potential potential JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 31 18 health health NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 31 19 risks risk NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 31 20 associated associate VBN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 31 21 with with IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 31 22 ( ( -LRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 31 23 re-)emerging re-)emerging NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 31 24 + + CC cord-306424-gf0bglm0 31 25 RNA RNA NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 31 26 viruses virus NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 31 27 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 31 28 and and CC cord-306424-gf0bglm0 31 29 emphasize emphasize VB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 31 30 the the DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 31 31 need need NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 31 32 for for IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 31 33 a a DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 31 34 precise precise JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 31 35 understanding understanding NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 31 36 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 31 37 host host NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 31 38 - - HYPH cord-306424-gf0bglm0 31 39 pathogen pathogen NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 31 40 interactions interaction NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 31 41 to to TO cord-306424-gf0bglm0 31 42 facilitate facilitate VB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 31 43 development development NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 31 44 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 31 45 novel novel JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 31 46 antiviral antiviral JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 31 47 therapies therapy NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 31 48 or or CC cord-306424-gf0bglm0 31 49 vaccination vaccination NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 31 50 methods method NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 31 51 . . . cord-306424-gf0bglm0 32 1 Over over IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 32 2 the the DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 32 3 last last JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 32 4 decades decade NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 32 5 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 32 6 many many JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 32 7 + + CC cord-306424-gf0bglm0 32 8 RNA rna NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 32 9 viruses virus NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 32 10 have have VBP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 32 11 been be VBN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 32 12 extensively extensively RB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 32 13 studied study VBN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 32 14 for for IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 32 15 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 32 16 intriguing intriguing JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 32 17 biology biology NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 32 18 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 32 19 including include VBG cord-306424-gf0bglm0 32 20 coronaviruses coronaviruse NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 32 21 as as IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 32 22 those those DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 32 23 mentioned mention VBN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 32 24 above above RB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 32 25 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 32 26 picornaviruses picornavirus NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 32 27 such such JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 32 28 as as IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 32 29 coxsackievirus coxsackievirus NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 32 30 and and CC cord-306424-gf0bglm0 32 31 poliovirus poliovirus NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 32 32 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 32 33 and and CC cord-306424-gf0bglm0 32 34 flaviviruses flavivirus NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 32 35 such such JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 32 36 as as IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 32 37 West West NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 32 38 Nile Nile NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 32 39 virus virus NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 32 40 ( ( -LRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 32 41 WNV WNV NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 32 42 ) ) -RRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 32 43 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 32 44 Hepatitis Hepatitis NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 32 45 C C NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 32 46 virus virus NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 32 47 ( ( -LRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 32 48 HCV HCV NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 32 49 ) ) -RRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 32 50 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 32 51 dengue dengue NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 32 52 virus virus NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 32 53 ( ( -LRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 32 54 DENV DENV NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 32 55 ) ) -RRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 32 56 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 32 57 Zika Zika NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 32 58 virus virus NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 32 59 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 32 60 and and CC cord-306424-gf0bglm0 32 61 Japanese japanese JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 32 62 encephalitis encephalitis NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 32 63 virus virus NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 32 64 ( ( -LRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 32 65 JEV JEV NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 32 66 ) ) -RRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 32 67 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 32 68 as as RB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 32 69 well well RB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 32 70 as as IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 32 71 the the DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 32 72 family family NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 32 73 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 32 74 togaviridae togaviridae NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 32 75 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 32 76 including include VBG cord-306424-gf0bglm0 32 77 rubella rubella NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 32 78 virus virus NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 32 79 and and CC cord-306424-gf0bglm0 32 80 chikungunya chikungunya NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 32 81 virus virus NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 32 82 . . . cord-306424-gf0bglm0 33 1 One one CD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 33 2 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 33 3 the the DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 33 4 intriguing intriguing JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 33 5 features feature NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 33 6 that that WDT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 33 7 is be VBZ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 33 8 shared share VBN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 33 9 by by IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 33 10 all all DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 33 11 + + SYM cord-306424-gf0bglm0 33 12 RNA RNA NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 33 13 viruses virus NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 33 14 is be VBZ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 33 15 the the DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 33 16 rearrangement rearrangement NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 33 17 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 33 18 host host NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 33 19 membranes membrane NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 33 20 into into IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 33 21 viral viral JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 33 22 ROs ro NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 33 23 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 33 24 whereby whereby WRB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 33 25 particular particular JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 33 26 cellular cellular JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 33 27 organelles organelle NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 33 28 ( ( -LRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 33 29 depending depend VBG cord-306424-gf0bglm0 33 30 on on IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 33 31 the the DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 33 32 virus virus NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 33 33 ) ) -RRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 33 34 are be VBP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 33 35 used use VBN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 33 36 as as IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 33 37 membrane membrane NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 33 38 donors donor NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 33 39 . . . cord-306424-gf0bglm0 34 1 Concerning concern VBG cord-306424-gf0bglm0 34 2 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 34 3 role role NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 34 4 in in IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 34 5 viral viral JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 34 6 RNA RNA NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 34 7 replication replication NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 34 8 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 34 9 it -PRON- PRP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 34 10 is be VBZ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 34 11 thought think VBN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 34 12 that that IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 34 13 the the DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 34 14 structures structure NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 34 15 form form VBP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 34 16 a a DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 34 17 scaffold scaffold NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 34 18 that that WDT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 34 19 improves improve VBZ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 34 20 efficiency efficiency NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 34 21 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 34 22 enzymatic enzymatic JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 34 23 reactions reaction NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 34 24 and and CC cord-306424-gf0bglm0 34 25 provides provide VBZ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 34 26 a a DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 34 27 spatiotemporal spatiotemporal JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 34 28 regulation regulation NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 34 29 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 34 30 the the DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 34 31 different different JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 34 32 stages stage NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 34 33 in in IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 34 34 the the DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 34 35 virus virus NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 34 36 life life NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 34 37 cycle cycle NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 34 38 . . . cord-306424-gf0bglm0 35 1 Besides besides IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 35 2 this this DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 35 3 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 35 4 it -PRON- PRP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 35 5 is be VBZ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 35 6 thought think VBN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 35 7 that that IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 35 8 ROs ROs NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 35 9 have have VB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 35 10 an an DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 35 11 important important JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 35 12 role role NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 35 13 in in IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 35 14 shielding shield VBG cord-306424-gf0bglm0 35 15 viral viral JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 35 16 RNA RNA NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 35 17 products product NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 35 18 from from IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 35 19 the the DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 35 20 RNA RNA NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 35 21 sensors sensor NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 35 22 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 35 23 the the DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 35 24 innate innate JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 35 25 immune immune JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 35 26 system system NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 35 27 . . . cord-306424-gf0bglm0 36 1 ROs ro NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 36 2 are be VBP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 36 3 therefore therefore RB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 36 4 believed believe VBN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 36 5 to to TO cord-306424-gf0bglm0 36 6 have have VB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 36 7 a a DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 36 8 dual dual JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 36 9 role role NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 36 10 in in IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 36 11 + + CC cord-306424-gf0bglm0 36 12 RNA RNA NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 36 13 virus virus NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 36 14 infection infection NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 36 15 and and CC cord-306424-gf0bglm0 36 16 innate innate JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 36 17 immune immune JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 36 18 evasion evasion NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 36 19 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 36 20 which which WDT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 36 21 will will MD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 36 22 be be VB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 36 23 elaborated elaborate VBN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 36 24 on on IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 36 25 further far RBR cord-306424-gf0bglm0 36 26 in in IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 36 27 this this DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 36 28 review review NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 36 29 . . . cord-306424-gf0bglm0 37 1 Several several JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 37 2 comprehensive comprehensive JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 37 3 reviews review NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 37 4 have have VBP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 37 5 recently recently RB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 37 6 described describe VBN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 37 7 the the DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 37 8 current current JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 37 9 knowledge knowledge NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 37 10 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 37 11 these these DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 37 12 structures structure NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 37 13 [ [ -LRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 37 14 12 12 CD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 37 15 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 37 16 [ [ -LRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 37 17 18 18 CD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 37 18 ] ] -RRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 37 19 [ [ -LRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 37 20 19 19 CD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 37 21 ] ] -RRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 37 22 [ [ -LRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 37 23 20 20 CD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 37 24 ] ] -RRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 37 25 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 37 26 therefore therefore RB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 37 27 we -PRON- PRP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 37 28 will will MD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 37 29 only only RB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 37 30 briefly briefly RB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 37 31 summarize summarize VB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 37 32 this this DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 37 33 below below RB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 37 34 . . . cord-306424-gf0bglm0 38 1 Most Most JJS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 38 2 studies study NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 38 3 until until IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 38 4 now now RB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 38 5 focused focus VBN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 38 6 on on IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 38 7 the the DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 38 8 architecture architecture NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 38 9 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 38 10 structures structure NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 38 11 induced induce VBN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 38 12 by by IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 38 13 different different JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 38 14 viruses virus NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 38 15 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 38 16 and and CC cord-306424-gf0bglm0 38 17 based base VBN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 38 18 on on IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 38 19 electron electron NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 38 20 microscopy microscopy NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 38 21 and and CC cord-306424-gf0bglm0 38 22 electron electron NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 38 23 tomography tomography NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 38 24 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 38 25 ROs ROs NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 38 26 were be VBD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 38 27 categorized categorize VBN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 38 28 into into IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 38 29 two two CD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 38 30 different different JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 38 31 classes class NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 38 32 : : : cord-306424-gf0bglm0 38 33 the the DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 38 34 invaginated invaginated JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 38 35 vesicle vesicle NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 38 36 / / SYM cord-306424-gf0bglm0 38 37 spherule spherule NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 38 38 ( ( -LRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 38 39 Inv Inv NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 38 40 ) ) -RRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 38 41 type type NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 38 42 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 38 43 and and CC cord-306424-gf0bglm0 38 44 the the DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 38 45 double double JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 38 46 membrane membrane NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 38 47 vesicle vesicle NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 38 48 ( ( -LRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 38 49 DMV DMV NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 38 50 ) ) -RRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 38 51 type type NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 38 52 ( ( -LRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 38 53 Fig Fig NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 38 54 . . . cord-306424-gf0bglm0 38 55 1 1 CD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 38 56 ) ) -RRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 38 57 . . . cord-306424-gf0bglm0 39 1 Inv Inv NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 39 2 ROs ROs NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 39 3 are be VBP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 39 4 predominantly predominantly RB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 39 5 observed observe VBN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 39 6 during during IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 39 7 infection infection NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 39 8 with with IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 39 9 alphaviruses alphavirus NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 39 10 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 39 11 such such JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 39 12 as as IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 39 13 Semliki Semliki NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 39 14 Forest Forest NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 39 15 virus virus NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 39 16 and and CC cord-306424-gf0bglm0 39 17 Sindbis Sindbis NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 39 18 virus virus NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 39 19 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 39 20 nodavirideae nodavirideae NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 39 21 such such JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 39 22 as as IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 39 23 Flock Flock NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 39 24 House House NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 39 25 virus virus NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 39 26 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 39 27 bromoviridae bromoviridae NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 39 28 such such JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 39 29 as as IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 39 30 bromovirus bromovirus NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 39 31 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 39 32 and and CC cord-306424-gf0bglm0 39 33 flaviviridae flaviviridae VBD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 39 34 such such JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 39 35 as as IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 39 36 rubella rubella NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 39 37 virus virus NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 39 38 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 39 39 DENV DENV NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 39 40 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 39 41 and and CC cord-306424-gf0bglm0 39 42 WNV WNV NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 39 43 [ [ -LRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 39 44 19 19 CD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 39 45 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 39 46 21 21 CD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 39 47 ] ] -RRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 39 48 . . . cord-306424-gf0bglm0 40 1 Although although IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 40 2 the the DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 40 3 location location NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 40 4 and and CC cord-306424-gf0bglm0 40 5 dynamics dynamic NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 40 6 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 40 7 the the DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 40 8 formation formation NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 40 9 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 40 10 Inv Inv NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 40 11 ROs ROs NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 40 12 varies vary VBZ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 40 13 per per IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 40 14 virus virus NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 40 15 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 40 16 the the DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 40 17 result result NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 40 18 is be VBZ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 40 19 a a DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 40 20 single single JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 40 21 membrane membrane NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 40 22 invagination invagination NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 40 23 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 40 24 which which WDT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 40 25 the the DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 40 26 content content NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 40 27 is be VBZ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 40 28 connected connect VBN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 40 29 to to IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 40 30 the the DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 40 31 cytosol cytosol NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 40 32 . . . cord-306424-gf0bglm0 41 1 In in IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 41 2 addition addition NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 41 3 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 41 4 replicase replicase NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 41 5 proteins protein NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 41 6 and and CC cord-306424-gf0bglm0 41 7 newly newly RB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 41 8 synthesized synthesize VBN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 41 9 viral viral JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 41 10 RNA RNA NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 41 11 were be VBD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 41 12 observed observe VBN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 41 13 in in IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 41 14 these these DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 41 15 spherules spherule NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 41 16 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 41 17 strongly strongly RB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 41 18 suggesting suggest VBG cord-306424-gf0bglm0 41 19 that that IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 41 20 Inv Inv NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 41 21 ROs ROs NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 41 22 are be VBP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 41 23 sites site NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 41 24 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 41 25 viral viral JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 41 26 RNA RNA NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 41 27 replication replication NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 41 28 [ [ -LRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 41 29 22 22 CD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 41 30 ] ] -RRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 42 1 [ [ -LRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 42 2 23 23 CD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 42 3 ] ] -RRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 42 4 [ [ -LRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 42 5 24 24 CD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 42 6 ] ] -RRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 42 7 . . . cord-306424-gf0bglm0 43 1 Furthermore furthermore RB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 43 2 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 43 3 ribosomes ribosome NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 43 4 are be VBP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 43 5 found find VBN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 43 6 in in IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 43 7 close close JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 43 8 proximity proximity NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 43 9 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 43 10 some some DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 43 11 Inv Inv NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 43 12 ROs ROs NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 43 13 [ [ -LRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 43 14 25 25 CD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 43 15 ] ] -RRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 43 16 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 43 17 suggesting suggest VBG cord-306424-gf0bglm0 43 18 that that IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 43 19 viral viral JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 43 20 RNA RNA NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 43 21 replication replication NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 43 22 and and CC cord-306424-gf0bglm0 43 23 translation translation NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 43 24 are be VBP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 43 25 spatially spatially RB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 43 26 separated separate VBN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 43 27 . . . cord-306424-gf0bglm0 44 1 A a DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 44 2 similar similar JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 44 3 organization organization NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 44 4 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 44 5 Inv Inv NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 44 6 ROs ROs NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 44 7 was be VBD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 44 8 found find VBN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 44 9 for for IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 44 10 Flock Flock NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 44 11 House House NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 44 12 virus virus NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 44 13 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 44 14 rubella rubella NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 44 15 virus virus NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 44 16 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 44 17 DENV DENV NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 44 18 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 44 19 and and CC cord-306424-gf0bglm0 44 20 WNV WNV NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 44 21 . . . cord-306424-gf0bglm0 45 1 Moreover moreover RB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 45 2 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 45 3 a a DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 45 4 recent recent JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 45 5 study study NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 45 6 visualized visualize VBD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 45 7 virus virus NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 45 8 budding bud VBG cord-306424-gf0bglm0 45 9 in in IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 45 10 close close JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 45 11 association association NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 45 12 with with IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 45 13 Inv Inv NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 45 14 ROs ROs NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 45 15 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 45 16 suggesting suggest VBG cord-306424-gf0bglm0 45 17 a a DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 45 18 direct direct JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 45 19 role role NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 45 20 for for IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 45 21 these these DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 45 22 structures structure NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 45 23 in in IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 45 24 coordinating coordinate VBG cord-306424-gf0bglm0 45 25 virus virus NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 45 26 assembly assembly NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 45 27 [ [ -LRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 45 28 26 26 CD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 45 29 ] ] -RRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 45 30 . . . cord-306424-gf0bglm0 46 1 Alternatively alternatively RB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 46 2 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 46 3 DMV DMV NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 46 4 ROs ROs NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 46 5 are be VBP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 46 6 known know VBN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 46 7 to to TO cord-306424-gf0bglm0 46 8 be be VB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 46 9 formed form VBN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 46 10 by by IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 46 11 enteroviruses enteroviruses NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 46 12 such such JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 46 13 as as IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 46 14 coxsackievirus coxsackievirus NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 46 15 B3 b3 NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 46 16 and and CC cord-306424-gf0bglm0 46 17 poliovirus poliovirus NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 46 18 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 46 19 coronaviruses coronaviruse NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 46 20 such such JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 46 21 as as IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 46 22 SARS SARS NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 46 23 - - HYPH cord-306424-gf0bglm0 46 24 CoV CoV NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 46 25 and and CC cord-306424-gf0bglm0 46 26 MERS MERS NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 46 27 - - HYPH cord-306424-gf0bglm0 46 28 CoV CoV NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 46 29 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 46 30 arteriviruses arteriviruse NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 46 31 such such JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 46 32 as as IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 46 33 equine equine JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 46 34 arteritis arteritis NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 46 35 virus virus NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 46 36 ( ( -LRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 46 37 EAV EAV NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 46 38 ) ) -RRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 46 39 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 46 40 and and CC cord-306424-gf0bglm0 46 41 the the DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 46 42 flavivirus flavivirus JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 46 43 HCV HCV NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 46 44 [ [ -LRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 46 45 19 19 CD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 46 46 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 46 47 27 27 CD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 46 48 ] ] -RRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 46 49 . . . cord-306424-gf0bglm0 47 1 Besides besides IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 47 2 DMVs dmv NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 47 3 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 47 4 for for IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 47 5 most most JJS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 47 6 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 47 7 these these DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 47 8 viruses virus NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 47 9 other other JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 47 10 kinds kind NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 47 11 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 47 12 structures structure NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 47 13 are be VBP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 47 14 found find VBN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 47 15 during during IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 47 16 infection infection NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 47 17 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 47 18 mostly mostly RB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 47 19 in in IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 47 20 close close JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 47 21 proximity proximity NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 47 22 to to IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 47 23 the the DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 47 24 DMVs dmv NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 47 25 themselves -PRON- PRP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 47 26 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 47 27 such such JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 47 28 as as IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 47 29 single single JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 47 30 membrane membrane NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 47 31 vesicles vesicle NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 47 32 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 47 33 multi multi JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 47 34 - - JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 47 35 membrane membrane JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 47 36 vesicles vesicle NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 47 37 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 47 38 vesicle vesicle NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 47 39 packets packet NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 47 40 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 47 41 tubular tubular JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 47 42 structures structure NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 47 43 or or CC cord-306424-gf0bglm0 47 44 zippered zippered JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 47 45 ER er NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 47 46 membrane membrane NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 47 47 . . . cord-306424-gf0bglm0 48 1 As as IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 48 2 for for IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 48 3 Inv Inv NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 48 4 ROs ROs NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 48 5 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 48 6 replicases replicase NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 48 7 and and CC cord-306424-gf0bglm0 48 8 viral viral JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 48 9 RNA RNA NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 48 10 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 48 11 poliovirus poliovirus NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 48 12 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 48 13 EAV EAV NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 48 14 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 48 15 and and CC cord-306424-gf0bglm0 48 16 coxsackievirus coxsackievirus NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 48 17 B3 B3 NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 48 18 were be VBD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 48 19 demonstrated demonstrate VBN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 48 20 to to TO cord-306424-gf0bglm0 48 21 localize localize VB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 48 22 to to IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 48 23 DMVs dmv NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 48 24 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 48 25 suggesting suggest VBG cord-306424-gf0bglm0 48 26 that that IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 48 27 these these DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 48 28 structures structure NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 48 29 might may MD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 48 30 also also RB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 48 31 support support VB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 48 32 viral viral JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 48 33 RNA RNA NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 48 34 replication replication NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 48 35 . . . cord-306424-gf0bglm0 49 1 Likewise likewise RB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 49 2 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 49 3 for for IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 49 4 HCV HCV NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 49 5 replicase replicase NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 49 6 proteins protein NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 49 7 and and CC cord-306424-gf0bglm0 49 8 viral viral JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 49 9 RNA RNA NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 49 10 were be VBD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 49 11 predominantly predominantly RB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 49 12 found find VBN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 49 13 in in IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 49 14 DMVs dmv NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 49 15 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 49 16 and and CC cord-306424-gf0bglm0 49 17 the the DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 49 18 number number NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 49 19 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 49 20 DMVs dmv NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 49 21 positively positively RB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 49 22 correlated correlate VBN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 49 23 to to IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 49 24 the the DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 49 25 amount amount NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 49 26 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 49 27 viral viral JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 49 28 RNA RNA NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 49 29 produced produce VBN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 49 30 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 49 31 suggesting suggest VBG cord-306424-gf0bglm0 49 32 that that IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 49 33 DMVs dmv NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 49 34 indeed indeed RB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 49 35 serve serve VBP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 49 36 as as IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 49 37 sites site NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 49 38 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 49 39 RNA RNA NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 49 40 replication replication NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 49 41 . . . cord-306424-gf0bglm0 50 1 However however RB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 50 2 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 50 3 for for IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 50 4 coronaviruses coronaviruse NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 50 5 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 50 6 the the DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 50 7 number number NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 50 8 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 50 9 DMVs dmv NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 50 10 is be VBZ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 50 11 not not RB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 50 12 necessarily necessarily RB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 50 13 proportional proportional JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 50 14 to to TO cord-306424-gf0bglm0 50 15 replication replication NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 50 16 capacity capacity NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 50 17 [ [ -LRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 50 18 28 28 CD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 50 19 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 50 20 29 29 CD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 50 21 ] ] -RRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 50 22 . . . cord-306424-gf0bglm0 51 1 Also also RB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 51 2 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 51 3 whereas whereas IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 51 4 SARS SARS NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 51 5 - - HYPH cord-306424-gf0bglm0 51 6 CoV CoV NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 51 7 dsRNA dsRNA NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 51 8 ( ( -LRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 51 9 a a DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 51 10 replication replication NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 51 11 intermediate intermediate NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 51 12 ) ) -RRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 51 13 was be VBD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 51 14 found find VBN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 51 15 inside inside IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 51 16 DMVs dmv NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 51 17 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 51 18 replicase replicase NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 51 19 proteins protein NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 51 20 were be VBD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 51 21 more more RBR cord-306424-gf0bglm0 51 22 abundant abundant JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 51 23 in in IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 51 24 surrounding surround VBG cord-306424-gf0bglm0 51 25 convoluted convoluted JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 51 26 membranes membrane NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 51 27 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 51 28 raising raise VBG cord-306424-gf0bglm0 51 29 questions question NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 51 30 regarding regard VBG cord-306424-gf0bglm0 51 31 the the DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 51 32 spatial spatial JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 51 33 organization organization NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 51 34 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 51 35 SARS SARS NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 51 36 - - HYPH cord-306424-gf0bglm0 51 37 CoV CoV NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 51 38 RNA RNA NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 51 39 replication replication NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 51 40 . . . cord-306424-gf0bglm0 52 1 The the DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 52 2 lack lack NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 52 3 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 52 4 clear clear JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 52 5 connections connection NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 52 6 between between IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 52 7 the the DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 52 8 inside inside NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 52 9 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 52 10 corona corona NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 52 11 - - HYPH cord-306424-gf0bglm0 52 12 and and CC cord-306424-gf0bglm0 52 13 arterivirus arterivirus NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 52 14 - - HYPH cord-306424-gf0bglm0 52 15 induced induce VBN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 52 16 DMVs dmv NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 52 17 and and CC cord-306424-gf0bglm0 52 18 the the DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 52 19 cytosol cytosol NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 52 20 ( ( -LRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 52 21 where where WRB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 52 22 the the DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 52 23 RNA RNA NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 52 24 products product NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 52 25 have have VBP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 52 26 to to TO cord-306424-gf0bglm0 52 27 go go VB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 52 28 for for IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 52 29 translation translation NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 52 30 and and CC cord-306424-gf0bglm0 52 31 particle particle NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 52 32 formation formation NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 52 33 ) ) -RRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 52 34 further further RB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 52 35 complicates complicate VBZ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 52 36 our -PRON- PRP$ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 52 37 current current JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 52 38 understanding understanding NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 52 39 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 52 40 coronavirus coronavirus NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 52 41 DMV DMV NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 52 42 functionality functionality NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 52 43 [ [ -LRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 52 44 30 30 CD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 52 45 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 52 46 31 31 CD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 52 47 ] ] -RRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 52 48 . . . cord-306424-gf0bglm0 53 1 Together together RB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 53 2 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 53 3 these these DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 53 4 data datum NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 53 5 continue continue VBP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 53 6 to to TO cord-306424-gf0bglm0 53 7 cause cause VB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 53 8 debate debate NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 53 9 on on IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 53 10 the the DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 53 11 exact exact JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 53 12 function function NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 53 13 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 53 14 DMVs dmv NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 53 15 and and CC cord-306424-gf0bglm0 53 16 other other JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 53 17 features feature NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 53 18 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 53 19 DMV DMV NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 53 20 ROs ROs NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 53 21 . . . cord-306424-gf0bglm0 54 1 The the DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 54 2 notion notion NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 54 3 that that IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 54 4 expression expression NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 54 5 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 54 6 combinations combination NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 54 7 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 54 8 non non JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 54 9 - - JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 54 10 structural structural JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 54 11 viral viral JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 54 12 proteins protein NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 54 13 ( ( -LRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 54 14 nsps nsps NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 54 15 ) ) -RRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 54 16 for for IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 54 17 some some DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 54 18 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 54 19 these these DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 54 20 viruses virus NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 54 21 mimics mimic VBZ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 54 22 the the DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 54 23 formation formation NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 54 24 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 54 25 membrane membrane NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 54 26 alterations alteration NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 54 27 as as IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 54 28 observed observe VBN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 54 29 during during IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 54 30 infection infection NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 54 31 confirms confirm VBZ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 54 32 the the DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 54 33 viral viral JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 54 34 induction induction NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 54 35 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 54 36 these these DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 54 37 structures structure NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 54 38 and and CC cord-306424-gf0bglm0 54 39 opens open VBZ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 54 40 possibilities possibility NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 54 41 for for IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 54 42 detailed detailed JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 54 43 study study NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 54 44 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 54 45 this this DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 54 46 particular particular JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 54 47 feature feature NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 54 48 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 54 49 the the DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 54 50 infection infection NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 54 51 [ [ -LRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 54 52 32 32 CD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 54 53 ] ] -RRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 54 54 [ [ -LRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 54 55 33 33 CD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 54 56 ] ] -RRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 54 57 [ [ -LRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 54 58 34 34 CD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 54 59 ] ] -RRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 54 60 . . . cord-306424-gf0bglm0 55 1 3 3 LS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 55 2 . . . cord-306424-gf0bglm0 56 1 Innate innate JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 56 2 immune immune JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 56 3 recognition recognition NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 56 4 and and CC cord-306424-gf0bglm0 56 5 responses response NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 56 6 targeted target VBN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 56 7 towards towards IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 56 8 viral viral JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 56 9 RNA RNA NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 56 10 replication replication NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 56 11 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 56 12 transcription transcription NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 56 13 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 56 14 and and CC cord-306424-gf0bglm0 56 15 translation translation NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 56 16 Rapid rapid JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 56 17 production production NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 56 18 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 56 19 interferons interferon NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 56 20 ( ( -LRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 56 21 IFNs ifns NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 56 22 ) ) -RRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 56 23 and and CC cord-306424-gf0bglm0 56 24 pro pro JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 56 25 - - JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 56 26 inflammatory inflammatory JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 56 27 cytokines cytokine NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 56 28 is be VBZ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 56 29 an an DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 56 30 important important JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 56 31 consequence consequence NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 56 32 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 56 33 virus virus NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 56 34 detection detection NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 56 35 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 56 36 as as IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 56 37 it -PRON- PRP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 56 38 contributes contribute VBZ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 56 39 to to IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 56 40 an an DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 56 41 antiviral antiviral JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 56 42 state state NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 56 43 in in IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 56 44 both both CC cord-306424-gf0bglm0 56 45 the the DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 56 46 infected infected JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 56 47 host host NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 56 48 cell cell NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 56 49 and and CC cord-306424-gf0bglm0 56 50 the the DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 56 51 ( ( -LRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 56 52 un)infected un)infecte VBN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 56 53 surrounding surround VBG cord-306424-gf0bglm0 56 54 cells cell NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 56 55 . . . cord-306424-gf0bglm0 57 1 In in IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 57 2 addition addition NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 57 3 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 57 4 IFNs ifn NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 57 5 play play VBP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 57 6 an an DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 57 7 essential essential JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 57 8 role role NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 57 9 in in IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 57 10 coordinating coordinate VBG cord-306424-gf0bglm0 57 11 the the DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 57 12 antiviral antiviral JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 57 13 adaptive adaptive JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 57 14 immune immune JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 57 15 response response NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 57 16 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 57 17 which which WDT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 57 18 has have VBZ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 57 19 been be VBN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 57 20 reviewed review VBN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 57 21 elsewhere elsewhere RB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 57 22 [ [ -LRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 57 23 35 35 CD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 57 24 ] ] -RRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 57 25 . . . cord-306424-gf0bglm0 58 1 Three three CD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 58 2 types type NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 58 3 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 58 4 IFNs ifn NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 58 5 have have VBP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 58 6 been be VBN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 58 7 described describe VBN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 58 8 . . . cord-306424-gf0bglm0 59 1 Type type NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 59 2 I -PRON- PRP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 59 3 IFNs ifn NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 59 4 consist consist VBP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 59 5 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 59 6 13 13 CD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 59 7 subtypes subtype NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 59 8 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 59 9 IFNa IFNa NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 59 10 and and CC cord-306424-gf0bglm0 59 11 a a DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 59 12 single single JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 59 13 subtype subtype NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 59 14 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 59 15 IFN IFN NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 59 16 - - HYPH cord-306424-gf0bglm0 59 17 b b NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 59 18 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 59 19 IFN IFN NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 59 20 - - HYPH cord-306424-gf0bglm0 59 21 d d NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 59 22 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 59 23 IFN IFN NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 59 24 - - HYPH cord-306424-gf0bglm0 59 25 e e NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 59 26 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 59 27 IFN IFN NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 59 28 - - HYPH cord-306424-gf0bglm0 59 29 k k NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 59 30 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 59 31 IFN IFN NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 59 32 - - HYPH cord-306424-gf0bglm0 59 33 t t NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 59 34 and and CC cord-306424-gf0bglm0 59 35 IFNv IFNv NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 59 36 . . . cord-306424-gf0bglm0 60 1 Type type NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 60 2 II II NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 60 3 IFN IFN NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 60 4 only only RB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 60 5 contains contain VBZ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 60 6 one one CD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 60 7 subtype subtype NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 60 8 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 60 9 IFN IFN NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 60 10 - - HYPH cord-306424-gf0bglm0 60 11 g g NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 60 12 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 60 13 and and CC cord-306424-gf0bglm0 60 14 type type NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 60 15 III iii CD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 60 16 IFNs ifn NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 60 17 comprise comprise NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 60 18 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 60 19 IFN IFN NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 60 20 - - HYPH cord-306424-gf0bglm0 60 21 l1 l1 NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 60 22 through through IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 60 23 Àl4 àl4 NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 60 24 . . . cord-306424-gf0bglm0 61 1 Whereas whereas IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 61 2 it -PRON- PRP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 61 3 is be VBZ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 61 4 known know VBN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 61 5 that that IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 61 6 most most JJS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 61 7 cell cell NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 61 8 types type NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 61 9 produce produce VBP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 61 10 type type NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 61 11 I -PRON- PRP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 61 12 IFNs ifns VBP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 61 13 in in IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 61 14 response response NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 61 15 to to IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 61 16 viral viral JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 61 17 infection infection NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 61 18 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 61 19 type type NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 61 20 II II NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 61 21 IFNs ifn NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 61 22 are be VBP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 61 23 only only RB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 61 24 produced produce VBN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 61 25 after after IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 61 26 antigenic antigenic JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 61 27 stimulation stimulation NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 61 28 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 61 29 an an DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 61 30 expanding expand VBG cord-306424-gf0bglm0 61 31 group group NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 61 32 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 61 33 certain certain JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 61 34 immune immune JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 61 35 cells cell NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 61 36 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 61 37 including include VBG cord-306424-gf0bglm0 61 38 T t NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 61 39 - - HYPH cord-306424-gf0bglm0 61 40 cells cell NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 61 41 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 61 42 natural natural JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 61 43 killer killer NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 61 44 cells cell NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 61 45 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 61 46 dendritic dendritic JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 61 47 cells cell NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 61 48 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 61 49 and and CC cord-306424-gf0bglm0 61 50 macrophages macrophage NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 61 51 [ [ -LRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 61 52 36 36 CD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 61 53 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 61 54 37 37 CD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 61 55 ] ] -RRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 61 56 . . . cord-306424-gf0bglm0 62 1 In in IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 62 2 contrast contrast NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 62 3 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 62 4 little little JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 62 5 is be VBZ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 62 6 known know VBN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 62 7 about about IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 62 8 type type NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 62 9 III III NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 62 10 IFN IFN NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 62 11 production production NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 62 12 in in IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 62 13 vitro vitro FW cord-306424-gf0bglm0 62 14 and and CC cord-306424-gf0bglm0 62 15 in in IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 62 16 vivo vivo NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 62 17 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 62 18 although although IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 62 19 it -PRON- PRP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 62 20 is be VBZ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 62 21 believed believe VBN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 62 22 that that IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 62 23 most most JJS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 62 24 cell cell NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 62 25 types type NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 62 26 that that WDT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 62 27 produce produce VBP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 62 28 type type NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 62 29 I -PRON- PRP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 62 30 IFNs ifn NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 62 31 are be VBP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 62 32 capable capable JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 62 33 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 62 34 producing produce VBG cord-306424-gf0bglm0 62 35 type type NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 62 36 III iii CD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 62 37 IFNs ifn NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 62 38 as as RB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 62 39 well well RB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 62 40 [ [ -LRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 62 41 38 38 CD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 62 42 ] ] -RRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 62 43 . . . cord-306424-gf0bglm0 63 1 Most Most JJS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 63 2 cells cell NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 63 3 are be VBP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 63 4 able able JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 63 5 to to TO cord-306424-gf0bglm0 63 6 respond respond VB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 63 7 to to IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 63 8 IFN IFN NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 63 9 - - HYPH cord-306424-gf0bglm0 63 10 I I NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 63 11 and and CC cord-306424-gf0bglm0 63 12 ÀII ÀII NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 63 13 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 63 14 whereas whereas IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 63 15 IFN IFN NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 63 16 - - HYPH cord-306424-gf0bglm0 63 17 III III NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 63 18 receptors receptor NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 63 19 are be VBP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 63 20 mainly mainly RB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 63 21 found find VBN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 63 22 on on IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 63 23 epithelial epithelial JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 63 24 cells cell NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 63 25 [ [ -LRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 63 26 39 39 CD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 63 27 ] ] -RRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 63 28 . . . cord-306424-gf0bglm0 64 1 The the DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 64 2 protective protective JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 64 3 role role NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 64 4 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 64 5 IFNs ifn NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 64 6 during during IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 64 7 viral viral JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 64 8 infection infection NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 64 9 is be VBZ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 64 10 for for IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 64 11 example example NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 64 12 illustrated illustrate VBN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 64 13 by by IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 64 14 inhibitory inhibitory JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 64 15 effects effect NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 64 16 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 64 17 IFNa IFNa NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 64 18 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 64 19 IFN IFN NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 64 20 - - HYPH cord-306424-gf0bglm0 64 21 b b NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 64 22 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 64 23 and and CC cord-306424-gf0bglm0 64 24 IFN IFN NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 64 25 - - HYPH cord-306424-gf0bglm0 64 26 g g NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 64 27 on on IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 64 28 SARS SARS NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 64 29 - - HYPH cord-306424-gf0bglm0 64 30 CoV cov NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 64 31 replication replication NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 64 32 in in IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 64 33 vitro vitro FW cord-306424-gf0bglm0 64 34 and and CC cord-306424-gf0bglm0 64 35 in in IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 64 36 vivo vivo NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 64 37 [ [ -LRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 64 38 40 40 CD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 64 39 ] ] -RRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 64 40 [ [ -LRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 64 41 41 41 CD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 64 42 ] ] -RRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 64 43 [ [ -LRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 64 44 42 42 CD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 64 45 ] ] -RRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 64 46 [ [ -LRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 64 47 43 43 CD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 64 48 ] ] -RRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 64 49 . . . cord-306424-gf0bglm0 65 1 Importantly importantly RB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 65 2 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 65 3 correct correct JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 65 4 timing timing NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 65 5 and and CC cord-306424-gf0bglm0 65 6 amount amount NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 65 7 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 65 8 IFN IFN NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 65 9 and and CC cord-306424-gf0bglm0 65 10 subsequent subsequent JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 65 11 pro pro JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 65 12 - - JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 65 13 inflammatory inflammatory JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 65 14 cytokine cytokine NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 65 15 expression expression NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 65 16 is be VBZ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 65 17 essential essential JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 65 18 for for IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 65 19 an an DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 65 20 effective effective JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 65 21 antiviral antiviral JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 65 22 immune immune JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 65 23 response response NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 65 24 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 65 25 as as IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 65 26 delayed delay VBN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 65 27 and/or and/or CC cord-306424-gf0bglm0 65 28 elevated elevated JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 65 29 induction induction NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 65 30 may may MD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 65 31 stimulate stimulate VB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 65 32 immunopathological immunopathological JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 65 33 outcomes outcome NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 65 34 [ [ -LRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 65 35 35 35 CD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 65 36 ] ] -RRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 65 37 . . . cord-306424-gf0bglm0 66 1 Below below IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 66 2 we -PRON- PRP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 66 3 will will MD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 66 4 focus focus VB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 66 5 on on IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 66 6 the the DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 66 7 interactions interaction NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 66 8 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 66 9 the the DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 66 10 innate innate JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 66 11 immune immune JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 66 12 system system NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 66 13 with with IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 66 14 the the DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 66 15 RNA RNA NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 66 16 replication replication NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 66 17 stages stage NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 66 18 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 66 19 + + CD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 66 20 RNA RNA NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 66 21 virus virus NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 66 22 infection infection NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 66 23 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 66 24 including include VBG cord-306424-gf0bglm0 66 25 exposure exposure NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 66 26 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 66 27 viral viral JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 66 28 RNA RNA NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 66 29 to to IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 66 30 the the DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 66 31 cytosol cytosol NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 66 32 after after IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 66 33 the the DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 66 34 unpacking unpacking NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 66 35 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 66 36 virus virus NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 66 37 particles particle NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 66 38 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 66 39 and and CC cord-306424-gf0bglm0 66 40 formation formation NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 66 41 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 66 42 ROs ROs NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 66 43 by by IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 66 44 the the DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 66 45 virus virus NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 66 46 . . . cord-306424-gf0bglm0 67 1 We -PRON- PRP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 67 2 will will MD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 67 3 also also RB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 67 4 discuss discuss VB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 67 5 examples example NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 67 6 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 67 7 viral viral JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 67 8 evasion evasion NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 67 9 surrounding surround VBG cord-306424-gf0bglm0 67 10 these these DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 67 11 processes process NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 67 12 . . . cord-306424-gf0bglm0 68 1 IFN IFN NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 68 2 - - HYPH cord-306424-gf0bglm0 68 3 I I NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 68 4 and and CC cord-306424-gf0bglm0 68 5 -III -III NFP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 68 6 production production NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 68 7 is be VBZ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 68 8 triggered trigger VBN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 68 9 after after IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 68 10 host host NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 68 11 cells cell NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 68 12 detect detect VBP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 68 13 viral viral JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 68 14 RNA RNA NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 68 15 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 68 16 primarily primarily RB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 68 17 using use VBG cord-306424-gf0bglm0 68 18 cytosolic cytosolic JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 68 19 RIG rig NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 68 20 - - : cord-306424-gf0bglm0 68 21 I -PRON- PRP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 68 22 like like IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 68 23 Receptors receptor NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 68 24 ( ( -LRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 68 25 RLRs rlr NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 68 26 ) ) -RRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 68 27 and and CC cord-306424-gf0bglm0 68 28 membrane membrane NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 68 29 - - HYPH cord-306424-gf0bglm0 68 30 bound bind VBN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 68 31 Toll toll NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 68 32 - - HYPH cord-306424-gf0bglm0 68 33 like like JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 68 34 receptors receptor NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 68 35 ( ( -LRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 68 36 TLRs TLRs NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 68 37 ) ) -RRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 68 38 . . . cord-306424-gf0bglm0 69 1 RLRs RLRs NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 69 2 retinoic retinoic NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 69 3 acidinducible acidinducible NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 69 4 gene gene NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 70 1 I -PRON- PRP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 71 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 71 2 RIG rig NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 71 3 - - : cord-306424-gf0bglm0 71 4 I i NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 71 5 ) ) -RRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 71 6 and and CC cord-306424-gf0bglm0 71 7 melanoma melanoma NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 71 8 differentiation differentiation NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 71 9 associated associate VBD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 71 10 factor factor NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 71 11 5 5 CD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 72 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 72 2 MDA5 MDA5 NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 72 3 ) ) -RRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 72 4 have have VBP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 72 5 been be VBN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 72 6 studied study VBN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 72 7 extensively extensively RB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 72 8 ( ( -LRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 72 9 reviewed review VBN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 72 10 in in IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 72 11 [ [ -LRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 72 12 44 44 CD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 72 13 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 72 14 45 45 CD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 72 15 ] ] -RRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 72 16 ) ) -RRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 72 17 . . . cord-306424-gf0bglm0 73 1 Besides besides IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 73 2 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 73 3 role role NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 73 4 in in IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 73 5 RNA RNA NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 73 6 metabolism metabolism NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 73 7 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 73 8 RIG rig NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 73 9 - - : cord-306424-gf0bglm0 73 10 I I NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 73 11 and and CC cord-306424-gf0bglm0 73 12 MDA5 MDA5 NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 73 13 recognize recognize VBP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 73 14 viral viral JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 73 15 RNA RNA NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 73 16 by by IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 73 17 binding bind VBG cord-306424-gf0bglm0 73 18 phosphorylated phosphorylate VBN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 73 19 5 5 CD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 73 20 0 0 CD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 73 21 termini terminus NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 73 22 ( ( -LRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 73 23 5 5 CD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 73 24 0 0 CD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 73 25 ppp ppp NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 73 26 - - HYPH cord-306424-gf0bglm0 73 27 RNA RNA NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 73 28 ) ) -RRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 73 29 in in IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 73 30 combination combination NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 73 31 with with IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 73 32 dsRNA dsrna NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 73 33 or or CC cord-306424-gf0bglm0 73 34 ssRNA ssrna NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 73 35 motifs motif NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 73 36 . . . cord-306424-gf0bglm0 74 1 Detection detection NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 74 2 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 74 3 viral viral JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 74 4 RNA RNA NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 74 5 activates activate VBZ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 74 6 RLRs rlr NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 74 7 and and CC cord-306424-gf0bglm0 74 8 triggers trigger VBZ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 74 9 downstream downstream RB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 74 10 signaling signal VBG cord-306424-gf0bglm0 74 11 through through IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 74 12 the the DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 74 13 mitochondrial mitochondrial JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 74 14 antiviral antiviral JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 74 15 signaling signaling NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 74 16 ( ( -LRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 74 17 MAVS MAVS NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 74 18 ) ) -RRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 74 19 adaptor adaptor NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 74 20 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 74 21 which which WDT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 74 22 is be VBZ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 74 23 localized localize VBN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 74 24 on on IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 74 25 the the DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 74 26 outer outer JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 74 27 mitochondrial mitochondrial NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 74 28 membrane membrane NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 74 29 [ [ -LRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 74 30 46 46 CD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 74 31 ] ] -RRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 74 32 [ [ -LRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 74 33 47 47 CD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 74 34 ] ] -RRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 75 1 [ [ -LRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 75 2 48 48 CD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 75 3 ] ] -RRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 75 4 [ [ -LRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 75 5 49 49 CD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 75 6 ] ] -RRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 75 7 . . . cord-306424-gf0bglm0 76 1 The the DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 76 2 importance importance NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 76 3 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 76 4 MAVS MAVS NNPS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 76 5 is be VBZ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 76 6 underscored underscore VBN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 76 7 by by IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 76 8 the the DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 76 9 observation observation NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 76 10 that that IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 76 11 silencing silence VBG cord-306424-gf0bglm0 76 12 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 76 13 this this DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 76 14 protein protein NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 76 15 by by IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 76 16 RNA RNA NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 76 17 interference interference NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 76 18 abolishes abolish VBZ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 76 19 expression expression NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 76 20 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 76 21 type type NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 76 22 I -PRON- PRP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 76 23 IFNs ifns VBP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 76 24 [ [ -LRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 76 25 46 46 CD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 76 26 ] ] -RRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 76 27 . . . cord-306424-gf0bglm0 77 1 Subsequently subsequently RB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 77 2 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 77 3 MAVS MAVS NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 77 4 recruits recruit VBZ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 77 5 various various JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 77 6 adaptor adaptor NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 77 7 molecules molecule NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 77 8 such such JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 77 9 as as IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 77 10 Stimulator Stimulator NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 77 11 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 77 12 interferon interferon NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 77 13 genes gene NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 77 14 ( ( -LRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 77 15 STING sting VB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 77 16 ) ) -RRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 77 17 and and CC cord-306424-gf0bglm0 77 18 TNF TNF NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 77 19 receptor receptor NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 77 20 - - HYPH cord-306424-gf0bglm0 77 21 associated associate VBN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 77 22 factors factor NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 77 23 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 77 24 resulting result VBG cord-306424-gf0bglm0 77 25 in in IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 77 26 the the DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 77 27 formation formation NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 77 28 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 77 29 large large JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 77 30 signaling signal VBG cord-306424-gf0bglm0 77 31 complexes complex NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 77 32 [ [ -LRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 77 33 50 50 CD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 77 34 ] ] -RRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 77 35 . . . cord-306424-gf0bglm0 78 1 Ultimately ultimately RB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 78 2 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 78 3 this this DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 78 4 leads lead VBZ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 78 5 to to IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 78 6 activation activation NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 78 7 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 78 8 kinase kinase NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 78 9 complexes complex NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 78 10 IKKe IKKe NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 78 11 / / SYM cord-306424-gf0bglm0 78 12 TBK1 TBK1 NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 78 13 and and CC cord-306424-gf0bglm0 78 14 IKKa IKKa NNPS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 78 15 / / SYM cord-306424-gf0bglm0 78 16 IKKb IKKb NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 78 17 / / SYM cord-306424-gf0bglm0 78 18 IKKg IKKg NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 78 19 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 78 20 resulting result VBG cord-306424-gf0bglm0 78 21 in in IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 78 22 activation activation NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 78 23 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 78 24 interferon interferon NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 78 25 regulating regulate VBG cord-306424-gf0bglm0 78 26 factor factor NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 78 27 3 3 CD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 78 28 ( ( -LRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 78 29 IRF3 IRF3 NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 78 30 ) ) -RRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 78 31 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 78 32 7 7 CD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 78 33 ( ( -LRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 78 34 IRF7 IRF7 NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 78 35 ) ) -RRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 78 36 and and CC cord-306424-gf0bglm0 78 37 NF nf NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 78 38 - - HYPH cord-306424-gf0bglm0 78 39 k k NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 79 1 B. B. NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 79 2 These these DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 79 3 transcription transcription NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 79 4 factors factor NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 79 5 then then RB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 79 6 translocate translocate VBP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 79 7 to to IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 79 8 the the DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 79 9 nucleus nucleus NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 79 10 and and CC cord-306424-gf0bglm0 79 11 initiate initiate VB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 79 12 the the DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 79 13 expression expression NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 79 14 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 79 15 IFNs ifn NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 79 16 and and CC cord-306424-gf0bglm0 79 17 pro pro JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 79 18 - - JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 79 19 inflammatory inflammatory JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 79 20 cytokines cytokine NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 79 21 . . . cord-306424-gf0bglm0 80 1 Besides besides IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 80 2 the the DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 80 3 role role NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 80 4 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 80 5 RLRs rlr NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 80 6 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 80 7 other other JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 80 8 RNA RNA NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 80 9 sensing sensing NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 80 10 molecules molecule NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 80 11 have have VBP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 80 12 been be VBN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 80 13 shown show VBN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 80 14 to to TO cord-306424-gf0bglm0 80 15 participate participate VB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 80 16 in in IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 80 17 antiviral antiviral JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 80 18 responses response NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 80 19 . . . cord-306424-gf0bglm0 81 1 For for IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 81 2 example example NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 81 3 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 81 4 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 81 5 the the DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 81 6 10 10 CD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 81 7 types type NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 81 8 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 81 9 TLRs tlr NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 81 10 described describe VBN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 81 11 in in IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 81 12 humans human NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 81 13 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 81 14 endosomal endosomal NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 81 15 TLRs TLRs NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 81 16 3 3 CD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 81 17 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 81 18 7 7 CD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 81 19 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 81 20 and and CC cord-306424-gf0bglm0 81 21 8 8 CD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 81 22 are be VBP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 81 23 known know VBN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 81 24 to to TO cord-306424-gf0bglm0 81 25 have have VB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 81 26 a a DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 81 27 role role NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 81 28 in in IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 81 29 viral viral JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 81 30 RNA RNA NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 81 31 detection detection NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 81 32 . . . cord-306424-gf0bglm0 82 1 A a DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 82 2 detailed detailed JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 82 3 overview overview NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 82 4 on on IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 82 5 the the DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 82 6 role role NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 82 7 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 82 8 TLRs TLRs NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 82 9 in in IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 82 10 antiviral antiviral JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 82 11 signaling signaling NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 82 12 can can MD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 82 13 be be VB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 82 14 found find VBN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 82 15 elsewhere elsewhere RB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 82 16 [ [ -LRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 82 17 51 51 CD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 82 18 ] ] -RRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 82 19 . . . cord-306424-gf0bglm0 83 1 Briefly briefly RB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 83 2 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 83 3 TLRs tlr NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 83 4 interact interact VBP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 83 5 with with IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 83 6 various various JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 83 7 adaptor adaptor NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 83 8 molecules molecule NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 83 9 after after IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 83 10 stimulation stimulation NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 83 11 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 83 12 and and CC cord-306424-gf0bglm0 83 13 the the DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 83 14 combination combination NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 83 15 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 83 16 recruited recruit VBN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 83 17 adaptors adaptor NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 83 18 influences influence NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 83 19 downstream downstream VBP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 83 20 signaling signal VBG cord-306424-gf0bglm0 83 21 events event NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 83 22 . . . cord-306424-gf0bglm0 84 1 TLR3 TLR3 NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 84 2 eventually eventually RB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 84 3 recruits recruit VBZ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 84 4 common common JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 84 5 adaptor adaptor NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 84 6 molecule molecule NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 84 7 TIR TIR NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 84 8 - - HYPH cord-306424-gf0bglm0 84 9 domain domain NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 84 10 - - HYPH cord-306424-gf0bglm0 84 11 containing contain VBG cord-306424-gf0bglm0 84 12 adapter adapter NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 84 13 - - HYPH cord-306424-gf0bglm0 84 14 inducing induce VBG cord-306424-gf0bglm0 84 15 interferon interferon NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 84 16 - - HYPH cord-306424-gf0bglm0 84 17 b b LS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 84 18 ( ( -LRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 84 19 TRIF TRIF NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 84 20 ) ) -RRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 84 21 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 84 22 whereas whereas IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 84 23 TLRs TLRs NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 84 24 7 7 CD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 84 25 and and CC cord-306424-gf0bglm0 84 26 8 8 CD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 84 27 engage engage VB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 84 28 myeloid myeloid JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 84 29 differentiation differentiation NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 84 30 primary primary JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 84 31 response response NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 84 32 gene gene NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 84 33 88 88 CD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 84 34 ( ( -LRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 84 35 MyD88 MyD88 NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 84 36 ) ) -RRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 84 37 . . . cord-306424-gf0bglm0 85 1 As as IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 85 2 in in IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 85 3 RLR RLR NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 85 4 signaling signaling NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 85 5 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 85 6 this this DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 85 7 leads lead VBZ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 85 8 to to IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 85 9 activation activation NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 85 10 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 85 11 kinase kinase NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 85 12 complexes complex NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 86 1 IKKe/ ikke/ CD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 87 1 TBK1 TBK1 NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 87 2 and and CC cord-306424-gf0bglm0 87 3 IKKa IKKa NNPS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 87 4 / / SYM cord-306424-gf0bglm0 87 5 IKKb IKKb NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 87 6 / / SYM cord-306424-gf0bglm0 87 7 IKKg IKKg NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 87 8 . . . cord-306424-gf0bglm0 88 1 Furthermore furthermore RB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 88 2 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 88 3 Protein Protein NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 88 4 kinase kinase NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 88 5 R r NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 88 6 ( ( -LRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 88 7 PKR PKR NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 88 8 ) ) -RRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 88 9 and and CC cord-306424-gf0bglm0 88 10 2 2 CD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 88 11 0 0 CD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 88 12 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 88 13 5 5 CD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 88 14 0 0 CD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 88 15 -oligoadenylate -oligoadenylate HYPH cord-306424-gf0bglm0 88 16 synthetase synthetase NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 88 17 ( ( -LRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 88 18 OAS OAS NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 88 19 ) ) -RRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 88 20 have have VBP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 88 21 been be VBN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 88 22 demonstrated demonstrate VBN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 88 23 to to TO cord-306424-gf0bglm0 88 24 induce induce VB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 88 25 antiviral antiviral JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 88 26 activities activity NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 88 27 upon upon IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 88 28 binding bind VBG cord-306424-gf0bglm0 88 29 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 88 30 dsRNA dsrna NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 88 31 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 88 32 as as IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 88 33 is be VBZ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 88 34 described describe VBN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 88 35 in in IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 88 36 detail detail NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 88 37 elsewhere elsewhere RB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 88 38 [ [ -LRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 88 39 45 45 CD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 88 40 ] ] -RRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 88 41 . . . cord-306424-gf0bglm0 89 1 Well well RB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 89 2 - - HYPH cord-306424-gf0bglm0 89 3 established establish VBN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 89 4 examples example NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 89 5 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 89 6 antiviral antiviral JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 89 7 activity activity NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 89 8 provoked provoke VBN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 89 9 by by IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 89 10 PKR PKR NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 89 11 include include VBP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 89 12 inhibition inhibition NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 89 13 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 89 14 translation translation NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 89 15 and and CC cord-306424-gf0bglm0 89 16 inflammasome inflammasome NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 89 17 activation activation NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 89 18 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 89 19 and and CC cord-306424-gf0bglm0 89 20 OAS OAS NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 89 21 activates activate VBZ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 89 22 RNase RNase NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 89 23 L L NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 89 24 to to TO cord-306424-gf0bglm0 89 25 initiate initiate VB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 89 26 degradation degradation NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 89 27 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 89 28 host host NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 89 29 and and CC cord-306424-gf0bglm0 89 30 viral viral JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 89 31 RNA RNA NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 89 32 . . . cord-306424-gf0bglm0 90 1 In in IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 90 2 addition addition NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 90 3 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 90 4 PKR PKR NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 90 5 and and CC cord-306424-gf0bglm0 90 6 OAS OAS NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 90 7 have have VBP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 90 8 been be VBN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 90 9 suggested suggest VBN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 90 10 to to TO cord-306424-gf0bglm0 90 11 amplify amplify VB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 90 12 RLR RLR NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 90 13 - - HYPH cord-306424-gf0bglm0 90 14 mediated mediate VBN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 90 15 antiviral antiviral JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 90 16 immune immune NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 90 17 signaling signal VBG cord-306424-gf0bglm0 90 18 [ [ -LRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 90 19 45 45 CD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 90 20 ] ] -RRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 90 21 . . . cord-306424-gf0bglm0 91 1 The the DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 91 2 production production NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 91 3 and and CC cord-306424-gf0bglm0 91 4 release release NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 91 5 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 91 6 IFNs ifn NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 91 7 and and CC cord-306424-gf0bglm0 91 8 pro pro JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 91 9 - - JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 91 10 inflammatory inflammatory JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 91 11 cytokines cytokine NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 91 12 contributes contribute VBZ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 91 13 to to IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 91 14 an an DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 91 15 antiviral antiviral JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 91 16 state state NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 91 17 in in IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 91 18 both both CC cord-306424-gf0bglm0 91 19 infected infect VBN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 91 20 host host NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 91 21 cells cell NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 91 22 and and CC cord-306424-gf0bglm0 91 23 in in IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 91 24 ( ( -LRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 91 25 un)infected un)infecte VBN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 91 26 surrounding surround VBG cord-306424-gf0bglm0 91 27 cells cell NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 91 28 . . . cord-306424-gf0bglm0 92 1 Despite despite IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 92 2 the the DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 92 3 presence presence NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 92 4 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 92 5 multiple multiple JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 92 6 IFN IFN NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 92 7 and and CC cord-306424-gf0bglm0 92 8 receptor receptor NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 92 9 types type NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 92 10 [ [ -LRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 92 11 52 52 CD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 92 12 ] ] -RRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 92 13 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 92 14 the the DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 92 15 Janus Janus NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 92 16 kinase kinase NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 92 17 - - HYPH cord-306424-gf0bglm0 92 18 signal signal NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 92 19 transducer transducer NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 92 20 and and CC cord-306424-gf0bglm0 92 21 activator activator NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 92 22 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 92 23 transcription transcription NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 92 24 ( ( -LRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 92 25 JAK JAK NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 92 26 / / SYM cord-306424-gf0bglm0 92 27 STAT stat NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 92 28 ) ) -RRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 92 29 pathway pathway NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 92 30 is be VBZ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 92 31 utilized utilize VBN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 92 32 by by IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 92 33 all all DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 92 34 IFNs ifn NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 92 35 to to TO cord-306424-gf0bglm0 92 36 establish establish VB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 92 37 expression expression NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 92 38 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 92 39 interferon interferon NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 92 40 - - HYPH cord-306424-gf0bglm0 92 41 stimulated stimulate VBN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 92 42 genes gene NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 92 43 ( ( -LRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 92 44 ISGs ISGs NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 92 45 ) ) -RRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 92 46 . . . cord-306424-gf0bglm0 93 1 The the DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 93 2 observation observation NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 93 3 that that IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 93 4 a a DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 93 5 deficiency deficiency NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 93 6 in in IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 93 7 separate separate JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 93 8 IFN IFN NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 93 9 receptors receptor NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 93 10 did do VBD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 93 11 not not RB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 93 12 affect affect VB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 93 13 disease disease NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 93 14 progression progression NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 93 15 during during IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 93 16 murine murine JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 93 17 SARS SARS NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 93 18 - - HYPH cord-306424-gf0bglm0 93 19 CoV CoV NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 93 20 infection infection NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 93 21 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 93 22 in in IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 93 23 contrast contrast NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 93 24 to to IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 93 25 a a DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 93 26 deficiency deficiency NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 93 27 in in IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 93 28 common common JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 93 29 signaling signal VBG cord-306424-gf0bglm0 93 30 molecule molecule NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 93 31 STAT1 stat1 NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 93 32 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 93 33 illustrates illustrate VBZ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 93 34 this this DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 93 35 high high JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 93 36 degree degree NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 93 37 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 93 38 redundancy redundancy NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 93 39 [ [ -LRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 93 40 53 53 CD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 93 41 ] ] -RRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 93 42 . . . cord-306424-gf0bglm0 94 1 At at IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 94 2 the the DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 94 3 moment moment NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 94 4 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 94 5 hundreds hundred NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 94 6 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 94 7 ISGs isg NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 94 8 have have VBP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 94 9 been be VBN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 94 10 identified identify VBN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 94 11 . . . cord-306424-gf0bglm0 95 1 However however RB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 95 2 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 95 3 an an DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 95 4 exact exact JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 95 5 function function NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 95 6 has have VBZ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 95 7 only only RB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 95 8 been be VBN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 95 9 clarified clarify VBN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 95 10 for for IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 95 11 a a DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 95 12 relatively relatively RB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 95 13 low low JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 95 14 number number NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 95 15 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 95 16 the the DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 95 17 corresponding correspond VBG cord-306424-gf0bglm0 95 18 proteins protein NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 95 19 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 95 20 a a DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 95 21 description description NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 95 22 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 95 23 which which WDT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 95 24 can can MD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 95 25 be be VB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 95 26 found find VBN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 95 27 elsewhere elsewhere RB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 95 28 [ [ -LRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 95 29 54 54 CD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 95 30 ] ] -RRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 95 31 [ [ -LRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 95 32 55 55 CD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 95 33 ] ] -RRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 95 34 [ [ -LRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 95 35 56 56 CD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 95 36 ] ] -RRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 95 37 . . . cord-306424-gf0bglm0 96 1 Nonetheless nonetheless RB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 96 2 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 96 3 these these DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 96 4 studies study NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 96 5 suggest suggest VBP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 96 6 that that IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 96 7 ISGs ISGs NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 96 8 exhibit exhibit VB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 96 9 overlapping overlap VBG cord-306424-gf0bglm0 96 10 inhibitory inhibitory JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 96 11 activity activity NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 96 12 towards towards IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 96 13 most most JJS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 96 14 components component NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 96 15 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 96 16 virus virus NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 96 17 replication replication NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 96 18 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 96 19 including include VBG cord-306424-gf0bglm0 96 20 virus virus NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 96 21 entry entry NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 96 22 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 96 23 uncoating uncoating NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 96 24 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 96 25 translation translation NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 96 26 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 96 27 viral viral JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 96 28 proteins protein NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 96 29 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 96 30 RNA RNA NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 96 31 replication replication NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 96 32 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 96 33 and and CC cord-306424-gf0bglm0 96 34 egress egress NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 96 35 [ [ -LRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 96 36 54 54 CD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 96 37 ] ] -RRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 96 38 . . . cord-306424-gf0bglm0 97 1 In in IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 97 2 summary summary NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 97 3 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 97 4 host host NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 97 5 cells cell NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 97 6 detect detect VBP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 97 7 viral viral JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 97 8 RNA rna NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 97 9 by by IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 97 10 several several JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 97 11 detection detection NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 97 12 mechanisms mechanism NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 97 13 to to TO cord-306424-gf0bglm0 97 14 establish establish VB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 97 15 an an DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 97 16 antiviral antiviral JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 97 17 state state NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 97 18 via via IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 97 19 the the DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 97 20 induction induction NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 97 21 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 97 22 IFNs ifn NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 97 23 and and CC cord-306424-gf0bglm0 97 24 pro pro JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 97 25 - - JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 97 26 inflammatory inflammatory JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 97 27 cytokines cytokine NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 97 28 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 97 29 leading lead VBG cord-306424-gf0bglm0 97 30 to to IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 97 31 expression expression NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 97 32 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 97 33 ISGs isg NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 97 34 . . . cord-306424-gf0bglm0 98 1 As as IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 98 2 mentioned mention VBN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 98 3 earlier early RBR cord-306424-gf0bglm0 98 4 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 98 5 MAVS MAVS NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 98 6 localized localize VBN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 98 7 on on IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 98 8 mitochondria mitochondrion NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 98 9 is be VBZ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 98 10 a a DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 98 11 key key JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 98 12 player player NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 98 13 in in IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 98 14 antiviral antiviral JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 98 15 signaling signaling NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 98 16 . . . cord-306424-gf0bglm0 99 1 Therefore therefore RB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 99 2 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 99 3 studies study NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 99 4 demonstrating demonstrate VBG cord-306424-gf0bglm0 99 5 that that IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 99 6 the the DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 99 7 MAVS MAVS NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 99 8 adaptor adaptor NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 99 9 molecule molecule NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 99 10 STING sting NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 99 11 is be VBZ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 99 12 located locate VBN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 99 13 on on IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 99 14 the the DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 99 15 ER ER NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 99 16 implied imply VBD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 99 17 that that IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 99 18 earlier early RBR cord-306424-gf0bglm0 99 19 identified identify VBN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 99 20 contacts contact NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 99 21 between between IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 99 22 mitochondrial mitochondrial JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 99 23 membranes membrane NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 99 24 and and CC cord-306424-gf0bglm0 99 25 ER ER NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 99 26 membranes membrane NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 99 27 ( ( -LRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 99 28 mitochondrion mitochondrion NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 99 29 - - HYPH cord-306424-gf0bglm0 99 30 associated associate VBN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 99 31 membranes membrane NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 99 32 : : : cord-306424-gf0bglm0 99 33 MAMs mam NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 99 34 ) ) -RRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 99 35 were be VBD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 99 36 possibly possibly RB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 99 37 involved involved JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 99 38 in in IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 99 39 antiviral antiviral JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 99 40 signaling signal VBG cord-306424-gf0bglm0 99 41 [ [ -LRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 99 42 57 57 CD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 99 43 ] ] -RRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 99 44 . . . cord-306424-gf0bglm0 100 1 In in IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 100 2 support support NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 100 3 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 100 4 this this DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 100 5 theory theory NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 100 6 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 100 7 expression expression NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 100 8 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 100 9 a a DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 100 10 MAM mam NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 100 11 - - HYPH cord-306424-gf0bglm0 100 12 enriched enrich VBN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 100 13 marker marker NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 100 14 protein protein NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 100 15 followed follow VBN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 100 16 by by IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 100 17 cell cell NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 100 18 fractionation fractionation NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 100 19 revealed reveal VBD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 100 20 that that IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 100 21 MAVS MAVS NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 100 22 localizes localize VBZ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 100 23 to to IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 100 24 MAMs mam NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 100 25 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 100 26 which which WDT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 100 27 was be VBD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 100 28 supported support VBN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 100 29 by by IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 100 30 immunofluorescence immunofluorescence NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 100 31 assays assay NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 100 32 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 100 33 MAVS MAVS NNPS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 100 34 and and CC cord-306424-gf0bglm0 100 35 MAMenriched mamenriched JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 100 36 proteins protein NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 100 37 [ [ -LRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 100 38 58 58 CD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 100 39 ] ] -RRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 100 40 . . . cord-306424-gf0bglm0 101 1 Additionally additionally RB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 101 2 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 101 3 immunoprecipitation immunoprecipitation NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 101 4 analysis analysis NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 101 5 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 101 6 the the DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 101 7 MAM MAM NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 101 8 fraction fraction NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 101 9 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 101 10 Sendai Sendai NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 101 11 virus virus NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 101 12 - - HYPH cord-306424-gf0bglm0 101 13 infected infect VBN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 101 14 hepatocytes hepatocyte NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 101 15 confirmed confirm VBD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 101 16 that that IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 101 17 MAM mam NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 101 18 - - HYPH cord-306424-gf0bglm0 101 19 localized localize VBN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 101 20 MAVS MAVS NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 101 21 interacts interact VBZ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 101 22 with with IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 101 23 RIG rig NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 101 24 - - : cord-306424-gf0bglm0 101 25 I i NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 101 26 and and CC cord-306424-gf0bglm0 101 27 signaling signal VBG cord-306424-gf0bglm0 101 28 cofactor cofactor NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 102 1 TRAF3 TRAF3 NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 102 2 [ [ -LRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 102 3 58 58 CD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 102 4 ] ] -RRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 102 5 , , . cord-306424-gf0bglm0 103 1 indicating indicate VBG cord-306424-gf0bglm0 103 2 that that IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 103 3 MAMs mam NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 103 4 are be VBP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 103 5 involved involve VBN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 103 6 in in IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 103 7 the the DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 103 8 RLR RLR NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 103 9 - - HYPH cord-306424-gf0bglm0 103 10 mediated mediate VBN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 103 11 antiviral antiviral JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 103 12 immune immune NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 103 13 signaling signal VBG cord-306424-gf0bglm0 103 14 pathway pathway NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 103 15 . . . cord-306424-gf0bglm0 104 1 Therefore therefore RB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 104 2 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 104 3 MAMs mam NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 104 4 function function VBP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 104 5 as as IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 104 6 important important JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 104 7 signaling signal VBG cord-306424-gf0bglm0 104 8 platforms platform NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 104 9 that that WDT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 104 10 govern govern VBP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 104 11 expression expression NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 104 12 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 104 13 type type NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 104 14 I -PRON- PRP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 104 15 and and CC cord-306424-gf0bglm0 104 16 III III NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 104 17 IFNs ifn NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 104 18 . . . cord-306424-gf0bglm0 105 1 Interestingly interestingly RB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 105 2 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 105 3 MAVS MAVS NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 105 4 is be VBZ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 105 5 also also RB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 105 6 expressed express VBN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 105 7 on on IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 105 8 peroxisomal peroxisomal JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 105 9 membranes membrane NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 105 10 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 105 11 and and CC cord-306424-gf0bglm0 105 12 interacts interact VBZ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 105 13 with with IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 105 14 stimulated stimulated JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 105 15 RLRs rlr NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 105 16 during during IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 105 17 viral viral JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 105 18 infection infection NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 105 19 [ [ -LRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 105 20 59 59 CD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 105 21 ] ] -RRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 105 22 . . . cord-306424-gf0bglm0 106 1 However however RB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 106 2 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 106 3 in in IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 106 4 contrast contrast NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 106 5 to to IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 106 6 its -PRON- PRP$ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 106 7 mitochondrial mitochondrial JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 106 8 counterpart counterpart NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 106 9 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 106 10 peroxisomal peroxisomal JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 106 11 MAVS MAVS NNPS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 106 12 was be VBD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 106 13 found find VBN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 106 14 to to TO cord-306424-gf0bglm0 106 15 induce induce VB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 106 16 expression expression NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 106 17 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 106 18 ISGs isg NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 106 19 by by IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 106 20 an an DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 106 21 IFN IFN NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 106 22 - - HYPH cord-306424-gf0bglm0 106 23 independent independent JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 106 24 mechanism mechanism NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 106 25 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 106 26 and and CC cord-306424-gf0bglm0 106 27 this this DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 106 28 relatively relatively RB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 106 29 rapid rapid JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 106 30 process process NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 106 31 seems seem VBZ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 106 32 to to TO cord-306424-gf0bglm0 106 33 provide provide VB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 106 34 short short JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 106 35 - - HYPH cord-306424-gf0bglm0 106 36 term term NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 106 37 protection protection NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 106 38 until until IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 106 39 the the DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 106 40 IFN IFN NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 106 41 - - HYPH cord-306424-gf0bglm0 106 42 dependent dependent JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 106 43 expression expression NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 106 44 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 106 45 ISGs isg NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 106 46 mediated mediate VBN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 106 47 by by IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 106 48 other other JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 106 49 viral viral JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 106 50 RNA rna NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 106 51 - - HYPH cord-306424-gf0bglm0 106 52 sensing sensing NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 106 53 mechanisms mechanism NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 106 54 is be VBZ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 106 55 established establish VBN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 106 56 [ [ -LRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 106 57 59 59 CD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 106 58 ] ] -RRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 106 59 . . . cord-306424-gf0bglm0 107 1 Interestingly interestingly RB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 107 2 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 107 3 recent recent JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 107 4 studies study NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 107 5 found find VBD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 107 6 that that IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 107 7 direct direct JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 107 8 contacts contact NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 107 9 between between IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 107 10 peroxisomes peroxisome NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 107 11 and and CC cord-306424-gf0bglm0 107 12 ER ER NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 107 13 membranes membrane NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 107 14 were be VBD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 107 15 involved involve VBN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 107 16 in in IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 107 17 maintaining maintain VBG cord-306424-gf0bglm0 107 18 peroxisomal peroxisomal JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 107 19 function function NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 107 20 [ [ -LRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 107 21 60 60 CD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 107 22 ] ] -RRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 107 23 [ [ -LRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 107 24 61 61 CD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 107 25 ] ] -RRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 107 26 [ [ -LRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 107 27 62 62 CD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 107 28 ] ] -RRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 107 29 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 107 30 raising raise VBG cord-306424-gf0bglm0 107 31 the the DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 107 32 question question NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 107 33 whether whether IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 107 34 these these DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 107 35 contact contact NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 107 36 sites site NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 107 37 might may MD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 107 38 also also RB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 107 39 regulate regulate VB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 107 40 antiviral antiviral JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 107 41 immunity immunity NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 107 42 - - HYPH cord-306424-gf0bglm0 107 43 related relate VBN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 107 44 processes process NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 107 45 . . . cord-306424-gf0bglm0 108 1 In in IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 108 2 summary summary NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 108 3 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 108 4 peroxisomal peroxisomal JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 108 5 and and CC cord-306424-gf0bglm0 108 6 mitochondrial mitochondrial JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 108 7 membranes membrane NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 108 8 and and CC cord-306424-gf0bglm0 108 9 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 108 10 contactsites contactsite NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 108 11 with with IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 108 12 the the DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 108 13 ER ER NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 108 14 are be VBP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 108 15 important important JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 108 16 regions region NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 108 17 for for IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 108 18 converting convert VBG cord-306424-gf0bglm0 108 19 viral viral JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 108 20 RNA RNA NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 108 21 detection detection NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 108 22 by by IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 108 23 RLRs rlr NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 108 24 to to IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 108 25 downstream downstream JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 108 26 events event NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 108 27 required require VBN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 108 28 for for IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 108 29 establishing establish VBG cord-306424-gf0bglm0 108 30 an an DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 108 31 antiviral antiviral JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 108 32 state state NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 108 33 . . . cord-306424-gf0bglm0 109 1 Besides besides IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 109 2 MAMs mam NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 109 3 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 109 4 increasing increase VBG cord-306424-gf0bglm0 109 5 evidence evidence NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 109 6 suggest suggest VBP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 109 7 a a DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 109 8 role role NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 109 9 for for IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 109 10 stress stress NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 109 11 granules granule NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 109 12 ( ( -LRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 109 13 SGs SGs NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 109 14 ) ) -RRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 109 15 in in IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 109 16 antiviral antiviral JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 109 17 immune immune NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 109 18 signaling signaling NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 109 19 . . . cord-306424-gf0bglm0 110 1 SGs SGs NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 110 2 are be VBP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 110 3 nonmembranous nonmembranous JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 110 4 compartments compartment NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 110 5 in in IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 110 6 the the DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 110 7 cell cell NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 110 8 that that WDT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 110 9 contain contain VBP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 110 10 aggregates aggregate NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 110 11 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 110 12 ribonucleoprotein ribonucleoprotein NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 110 13 ( ( -LRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 110 14 RNP RNP NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 110 15 ) ) -RRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 110 16 and and CC cord-306424-gf0bglm0 110 17 mRNA mrna NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 110 18 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 110 19 and and CC cord-306424-gf0bglm0 110 20 are be VBP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 110 21 formed form VBN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 110 22 as as IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 110 23 a a DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 110 24 physiological physiological JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 110 25 response response NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 110 26 to to IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 110 27 various various JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 110 28 stress stress NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 110 29 stimuli stimulus NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 110 30 that that WDT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 110 31 cause cause VBP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 110 32 temporal temporal JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 110 33 stalling stalling NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 110 34 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 110 35 mRNA mRNA NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 110 36 translation translation NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 110 37 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 110 38 suggestively suggestively RB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 110 39 preventing prevent VBG cord-306424-gf0bglm0 110 40 accumulation accumulation NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 110 41 [ [ -LRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 110 42 63 63 CD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 110 43 ] ] -RRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 110 44 . . . cord-306424-gf0bglm0 111 1 Consistent consistent JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 111 2 with with IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 111 3 the the DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 111 4 function function NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 111 5 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 111 6 this this DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 111 7 structure structure NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 111 8 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 111 9 inhibition inhibition NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 111 10 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 111 11 translation translation NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 111 12 through through IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 111 13 the the DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 111 14 inactivation inactivation NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 111 15 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 111 16 eukaryotic eukaryotic JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 111 17 translation translation NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 111 18 initiation initiation NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 111 19 factor factor NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 111 20 ( ( -LRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 111 21 eIF)2a eIF)2a NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 111 22 by by IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 111 23 phosphorylation phosphorylation NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 111 24 is be VBZ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 111 25 an an DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 111 26 important important JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 111 27 cue cue NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 111 28 for for IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 111 29 SG SG NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 111 30 formation formation NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 111 31 [ [ -LRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 111 32 63 63 CD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 111 33 ] ] -RRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 111 34 . . . cord-306424-gf0bglm0 112 1 Considering consider VBG cord-306424-gf0bglm0 112 2 that that IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 112 3 various various JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 112 4 RNA RNA NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 112 5 virus virus NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 112 6 infections infection NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 112 7 result result VBP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 112 8 in in IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 112 9 shutdown shutdown NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 112 10 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 112 11 host host NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 112 12 translation translation NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 112 13 by by IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 112 14 inactivation inactivation NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 112 15 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 112 16 eIF2a eIF2a NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 112 17 by by IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 112 18 for for IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 112 19 example example NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 112 20 PKR PKR NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 112 21 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 112 22 it -PRON- PRP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 112 23 is be VBZ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 112 24 now now RB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 112 25 known know VBN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 112 26 that that DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 112 27 formation formation NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 112 28 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 112 29 SGs SGs NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 112 30 occurs occur VBZ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 112 31 to to IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 112 32 different different JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 112 33 extends extend NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 112 34 during during IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 112 35 infection infection NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 112 36 with with IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 112 37 various various JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 112 38 RNA RNA NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 112 39 viruses virus NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 112 40 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 112 41 including include VBG cord-306424-gf0bglm0 112 42 HCV HCV NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 112 43 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 112 44 DENV DENV NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 112 45 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 112 46 and and CC cord-306424-gf0bglm0 112 47 SFV SFV NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 112 48 [ [ -LRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 112 49 63 63 CD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 112 50 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 112 51 64 64 CD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 112 52 ] ] -RRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 112 53 . . . cord-306424-gf0bglm0 113 1 Interestingly interestingly RB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 113 2 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 113 3 multiple multiple JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 113 4 lines line NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 113 5 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 113 6 evidence evidence NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 113 7 have have VBP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 113 8 demonstrated demonstrate VBN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 113 9 that that IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 113 10 SGs SGs NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 113 11 in in IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 113 12 encephalomyocarditis encephalomyocarditis NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 113 13 virus virus NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 113 14 - - : cord-306424-gf0bglm0 113 15 or or CC cord-306424-gf0bglm0 113 16 influenza influenza NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 113 17 virus virus NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 113 18 - - HYPH cord-306424-gf0bglm0 113 19 infected infect VBN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 113 20 cells cell NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 113 21 contain contain VBP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 113 22 multiple multiple JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 113 23 RNA RNA NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 113 24 sensing sensing NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 113 25 molecules molecule NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 113 26 that that WDT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 113 27 were be VBD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 113 28 found find VBN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 113 29 to to TO cord-306424-gf0bglm0 113 30 contribute contribute VB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 113 31 to to IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 113 32 IFN IFN NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 113 33 production production NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 113 34 in in IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 113 35 vitro vitro FW cord-306424-gf0bglm0 113 36 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 113 37 including include VBG cord-306424-gf0bglm0 113 38 RIG rig NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 113 39 - - : cord-306424-gf0bglm0 113 40 I I NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 113 41 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 113 42 MDA5 MDA5 NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 113 43 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 113 44 PKR PKR NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 113 45 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 113 46 OAS OAS NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 113 47 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 113 48 RNaseL RNaseL NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 113 49 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 113 50 and and CC cord-306424-gf0bglm0 113 51 dsRNA dsrna NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 113 52 [ [ -LRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 113 53 65 65 CD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 113 54 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 113 55 66 66 CD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 113 56 ] ] -RRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 113 57 . . . cord-306424-gf0bglm0 114 1 However however RB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 114 2 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 114 3 it -PRON- PRP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 114 4 should should MD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 114 5 be be VB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 114 6 noted note VBN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 114 7 that that IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 114 8 the the DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 114 9 contribution contribution NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 114 10 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 114 11 SGs SGs NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 114 12 to to IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 114 13 antiviral antiviral JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 114 14 signaling signaling NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 114 15 differs differ VBZ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 114 16 per per IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 114 17 virus virus NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 114 18 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 114 19 as as IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 114 20 SG SG NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 114 21 - - HYPH cord-306424-gf0bglm0 114 22 localized localize VBN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 114 23 MDA5 MDA5 NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 114 24 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 114 25 an an DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 114 26 RLR RLR NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 114 27 that that WDT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 114 28 greatly greatly RB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 114 29 contributes contribute VBZ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 114 30 to to IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 114 31 IFN IFN NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 114 32 induction induction NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 114 33 upon upon IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 114 34 encephalomyocarditis encephalomyocarditis NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 114 35 virus virus NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 114 36 infection infection NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 114 37 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 114 38 was be VBD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 114 39 not not RB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 114 40 found find VBN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 114 41 to to TO cord-306424-gf0bglm0 114 42 support support VB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 114 43 IFN IFN NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 114 44 expression expression NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 114 45 upon upon IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 114 46 infection infection NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 114 47 with with IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 114 48 this this DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 114 49 virus virus NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 114 50 [ [ -LRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 114 51 67 67 CD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 114 52 ] ] -RRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 114 53 . . . cord-306424-gf0bglm0 115 1 Nonetheless nonetheless RB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 115 2 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 115 3 these these DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 115 4 findings finding NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 115 5 suggest suggest VBP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 115 6 an an DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 115 7 important important JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 115 8 role role NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 115 9 for for IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 115 10 SGs SGs NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 115 11 as as IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 115 12 detection detection NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 115 13 platforms platform NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 115 14 for for IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 115 15 viral viral JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 115 16 RNA RNA NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 115 17 . . . cord-306424-gf0bglm0 116 1 Taken take VBN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 116 2 together together RB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 116 3 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 116 4 increasing increase VBG cord-306424-gf0bglm0 116 5 evidence evidence NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 116 6 suggests suggest VBZ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 116 7 that that IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 116 8 the the DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 116 9 antiviral antiviral JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 116 10 innate innate JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 116 11 immune immune JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 116 12 signaling signal VBG cord-306424-gf0bglm0 116 13 cascade cascade NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 116 14 is be VBZ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 116 15 spatially spatially RB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 116 16 organized organize VBN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 116 17 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 116 18 and and CC cord-306424-gf0bglm0 116 19 since since IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 116 20 different different JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 116 21 structures structure NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 116 22 in in IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 116 23 the the DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 116 24 cell cell NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 116 25 seem seem VBP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 116 26 to to TO cord-306424-gf0bglm0 116 27 be be VB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 116 28 specialized specialize VBN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 116 29 in in IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 116 30 a a DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 116 31 particular particular JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 116 32 aspect aspect NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 116 33 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 116 34 this this DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 116 35 process process NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 116 36 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 116 37 it -PRON- PRP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 116 38 can can MD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 116 39 be be VB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 116 40 hypothesized hypothesize VBN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 116 41 that that IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 116 42 interaction interaction NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 116 43 between between IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 116 44 these these DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 116 45 structures structure NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 116 46 plays play VBZ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 116 47 a a DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 116 48 fundamental fundamental JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 116 49 role role NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 116 50 in in IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 116 51 orchestrating orchestrate VBG cord-306424-gf0bglm0 116 52 the the DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 116 53 antiviral antiviral JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 116 54 innate innate JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 116 55 immune immune JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 116 56 response response NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 116 57 . . . cord-306424-gf0bglm0 117 1 Positive positive JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 117 2 - - HYPH cord-306424-gf0bglm0 117 3 strand strand NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 117 4 RNA RNA NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 117 5 viruses virus NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 117 6 developed develop VBD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 117 7 multiple multiple JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 117 8 mechanisms mechanism NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 117 9 to to TO cord-306424-gf0bglm0 117 10 impair impair VB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 117 11 RNA RNA NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 117 12 recognition recognition NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 117 13 and and CC cord-306424-gf0bglm0 117 14 antiviral antiviral JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 117 15 signaling signaling NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 117 16 ( ( -LRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 117 17 also also RB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 117 18 reviewed review VBN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 117 19 in in IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 117 20 [ [ -LRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 117 21 8 8 CD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 117 22 ] ] -RRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 117 23 ) ) -RRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 117 24 . . . cord-306424-gf0bglm0 118 1 As as IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 118 2 mentioned mention VBN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 118 3 above above RB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 118 4 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 118 5 the the DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 118 6 presence presence NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 118 7 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 118 8 viral viral JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 118 9 RNA RNA NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 118 10 in in IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 118 11 ROs ROs NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 118 12 suggests suggest VBZ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 118 13 a a DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 118 14 role role NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 118 15 for for IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 118 16 ROs ROs NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 118 17 in in IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 118 18 shielding shield VBG cord-306424-gf0bglm0 118 19 viral viral JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 118 20 RNA RNA NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 118 21 from from IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 118 22 the the DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 118 23 innate innate JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 118 24 immune immune JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 118 25 detection detection NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 118 26 machinery machinery NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 118 27 . . . cord-306424-gf0bglm0 119 1 While while IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 119 2 there there EX cord-306424-gf0bglm0 119 3 is be VBZ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 119 4 no no DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 119 5 unequivocal unequivocal JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 119 6 evidence evidence NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 119 7 supporting support VBG cord-306424-gf0bglm0 119 8 this this DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 119 9 theory theory NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 119 10 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 119 11 the the DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 119 12 finding finding NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 119 13 that that WDT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 119 14 isolated isolate VBD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 119 15 viral viral JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 119 16 RNAcontaining rnacontaine VBG cord-306424-gf0bglm0 119 17 membrane membrane NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 119 18 alterations alteration NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 119 19 only only RB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 119 20 become become VBP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 119 21 sensitive sensitive JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 119 22 to to IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 119 23 nuclease nuclease NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 119 24 treatment treatment NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 119 25 after after IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 119 26 membrane membrane NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 119 27 disruption disruption NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 119 28 by by IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 119 29 nonionic nonionic JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 119 30 detergents detergent NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 119 31 supports support VBZ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 119 32 this this DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 119 33 hypothesis hypothesis NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 119 34 [ [ -LRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 119 35 68 68 CD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 119 36 ] ] -RRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 119 37 [ [ -LRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 119 38 69 69 CD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 119 39 ] ] -RRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 119 40 [ [ -LRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 119 41 70 70 CD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 119 42 ] ] -RRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 119 43 [ [ -LRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 119 44 71 71 CD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 119 45 ] ] -RRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 119 46 . . . cord-306424-gf0bglm0 120 1 In in IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 120 2 addition addition NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 120 3 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 120 4 a a DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 120 5 positive positive JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 120 6 correlation correlation NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 120 7 between between IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 120 8 cytosolic cytosolic JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 120 9 exposure exposure NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 120 10 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 120 11 viral viral JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 120 12 RNA RNA NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 120 13 and and CC cord-306424-gf0bglm0 120 14 IFN IFN NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 120 15 induction induction NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 120 16 was be VBD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 120 17 recently recently RB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 120 18 found find VBN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 120 19 by by IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 120 20 an an DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 120 21 in in FW cord-306424-gf0bglm0 120 22 vitro vitro FW cord-306424-gf0bglm0 120 23 comparison comparison NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 120 24 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 120 25 JEV JEV NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 120 26 and and CC cord-306424-gf0bglm0 120 27 DENV DENV NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 120 28 infections infection NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 120 29 [ [ -LRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 120 30 72 72 CD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 120 31 ] ] -RRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 120 32 . . . cord-306424-gf0bglm0 121 1 Another another DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 121 2 important important JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 121 3 strategy strategy NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 121 4 by by IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 121 5 which which WDT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 121 6 RNA RNA NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 121 7 viruses virus NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 121 8 avoid avoid VBP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 121 9 recognition recognition NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 121 10 is be VBZ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 121 11 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 121 12 modification modification NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 121 13 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 121 14 viral viral JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 121 15 RNA RNA NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 121 16 molecules molecule NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 121 17 to to TO cord-306424-gf0bglm0 121 18 mimic mimic VB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 121 19 eukaryotic eukaryotic JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 121 20 mRNA mrna NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 121 21 . . . cord-306424-gf0bglm0 122 1 For for IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 122 2 example example NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 122 3 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 122 4 the the DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 122 5 formation formation NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 122 6 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 122 7 a a DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 122 8 5 5 CD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 122 9 0 0 CD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 122 10 cap cap NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 122 11 is be VBZ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 122 12 catalyzed catalyze VBN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 122 13 by by IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 122 14 viral viral JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 122 15 phosphatases phosphatase NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 122 16 and and CC cord-306424-gf0bglm0 122 17 methyltransferases methyltransferase NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 122 18 in in IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 122 19 some some DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 122 20 viral viral JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 122 21 families family NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 122 22 such such JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 122 23 as as IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 122 24 the the DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 122 25 coronaviruses coronaviruse NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 122 26 . . . cord-306424-gf0bglm0 123 1 From from IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 123 2 work work NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 123 3 on on IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 123 4 mouse mouse NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 123 5 hepatitis hepatitis NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 123 6 virus virus NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 123 7 ( ( -LRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 123 8 MHV MHV NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 123 9 ) ) -RRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 123 10 it -PRON- PRP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 123 11 became become VBD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 123 12 clear clear JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 123 13 that that IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 123 14 coronaviruses coronaviruse NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 123 15 need need VBP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 123 16 to to TO cord-306424-gf0bglm0 123 17 take take VB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 123 18 care care NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 123 19 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 123 20 N n NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 123 21 - - HYPH cord-306424-gf0bglm0 123 22 linked link VBN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 123 23 as as RB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 123 24 well well RB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 123 25 as as IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 123 26 2 2 CD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 123 27 0 0 CD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 123 28 O o NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 123 29 - - HYPH cord-306424-gf0bglm0 123 30 linked link VBN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 123 31 methylation methylation NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 123 32 on on IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 123 33 the the DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 123 34 CAP cap NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 123 35 structure structure NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 123 36 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 123 37 in in IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 123 38 order order NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 123 39 to to TO cord-306424-gf0bglm0 123 40 avoid avoid VB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 123 41 recognition recognition NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 123 42 by by IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 123 43 innate innate JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 123 44 immune immune JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 123 45 sensors sensor NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 123 46 [ [ -LRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 123 47 73 73 CD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 123 48 ] ] -RRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 123 49 . . . cord-306424-gf0bglm0 124 1 Mimicry Mimicry NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 124 2 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 124 3 eukaryotic eukaryotic JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 124 4 RNA RNA NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 124 5 in in IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 124 6 this this DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 124 7 way way NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 124 8 was be VBD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 124 9 shown show VBN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 124 10 to to TO cord-306424-gf0bglm0 124 11 be be VB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 124 12 an an DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 124 13 important important JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 124 14 immune immune JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 124 15 evasion evasion NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 124 16 strategy strategy NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 124 17 by by IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 124 18 + + SYM cord-306424-gf0bglm0 124 19 RNA RNA NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 124 20 viruses virus NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 124 21 such such JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 124 22 as as IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 124 23 SARS SARS NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 124 24 - - HYPH cord-306424-gf0bglm0 124 25 CoV CoV NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 124 26 and and CC cord-306424-gf0bglm0 124 27 JEV JEV NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 125 1 [ [ -LRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 125 2 74 74 CD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 125 3 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 125 4 75 75 CD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 125 5 ] ] -RRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 125 6 . . . cord-306424-gf0bglm0 126 1 A a DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 126 2 recent recent JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 126 3 report report NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 126 4 indicated indicate VBD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 126 5 that that IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 126 6 coronaviruses coronaviruse NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 126 7 also also RB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 126 8 evade evade VBP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 126 9 dsRNA dsrna JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 126 10 mediated mediate VBN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 126 11 recognition recognition NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 126 12 by by IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 126 13 PKR PKR NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 126 14 and and CC cord-306424-gf0bglm0 126 15 OAS OAS NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 126 16 by by IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 126 17 using use VBG cord-306424-gf0bglm0 126 18 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 126 19 endonuclease endonuclease NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 126 20 ( ( -LRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 126 21 EndoU EndoU NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 126 22 ) ) -RRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 126 23 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 126 24 which which WDT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 126 25 cleaves cleave VBZ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 126 26 free free JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 126 27 viral viral NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 126 28 ( ( -LRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 126 29 and and CC cord-306424-gf0bglm0 126 30 cellular cellular JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 126 31 ) ) -RRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 126 32 RNA rna NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 126 33 that that WDT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 126 34 is be VBZ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 126 35 somehow somehow RB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 126 36 exposed expose VBN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 126 37 to to IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 126 38 the the DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 126 39 cytosol cytosol NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 126 40 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 126 41 in in IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 126 42 order order NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 126 43 to to TO cord-306424-gf0bglm0 126 44 prevent prevent VB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 126 45 antiviral antiviral JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 126 46 signaling signal VBG cord-306424-gf0bglm0 126 47 [ [ -LRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 126 48 76 76 CD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 126 49 ] ] -RRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 126 50 . . . cord-306424-gf0bglm0 127 1 In in IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 127 2 addition addition NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 127 3 to to IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 127 4 avoidance avoidance NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 127 5 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 127 6 recognition recognition NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 127 7 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 127 8 + + CC cord-306424-gf0bglm0 127 9 RNA rna NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 127 10 viruses virus NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 127 11 actively actively RB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 127 12 interfere interfere VBP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 127 13 with with IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 127 14 antiviral antiviral JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 127 15 signaling signal VBG cord-306424-gf0bglm0 127 16 components component NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 127 17 to to TO cord-306424-gf0bglm0 127 18 impair impair VB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 127 19 expression expression NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 127 20 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 127 21 IFNs ifn NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 127 22 and and CC cord-306424-gf0bglm0 127 23 pro pro JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 127 24 - - JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 127 25 inflammatory inflammatory JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 127 26 cytokines cytokine NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 127 27 . . . cord-306424-gf0bglm0 128 1 Very very RB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 128 2 often often RB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 128 3 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 128 4 the the DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 128 5 viral viral JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 128 6 proteases protease NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 128 7 that that WDT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 128 8 are be VBP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 128 9 expressed express VBN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 128 10 by by IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 128 11 + + SYM cord-306424-gf0bglm0 128 12 RNA RNA NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 128 13 viruses virus NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 128 14 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 128 15 and and CC cord-306424-gf0bglm0 128 16 which which WDT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 128 17 mostly mostly RB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 128 18 have have VBP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 128 19 a a DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 128 20 primary primary JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 128 21 function function NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 128 22 in in IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 128 23 cleavage cleavage NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 128 24 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 128 25 viral viral JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 128 26 replicase replicase NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 128 27 polyproteins polyprotein NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 128 28 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 128 29 seem seem VBP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 128 30 to to TO cord-306424-gf0bglm0 128 31 have have VB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 128 32 a a DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 128 33 prominent prominent JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 128 34 role role NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 128 35 in in IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 128 36 this this DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 128 37 . . . cord-306424-gf0bglm0 129 1 For for IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 129 2 example example NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 129 3 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 129 4 HCV HCV NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 129 5 NS3/4A ns3/4a NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 129 6 and and CC cord-306424-gf0bglm0 129 7 DENV DENV NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 129 8 NS4A NS4A NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 129 9 cleave cleave VBP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 129 10 MAVS MAVS NNPS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 129 11 [ [ -LRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 129 12 47 47 CD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 129 13 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 129 14 [ [ -LRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 129 15 77 77 CD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 129 16 ] ] -RRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 129 17 [ [ -LRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 129 18 78 78 CD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 129 19 ] ] -RRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 129 20 [ [ -LRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 129 21 79 79 CD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 129 22 ] ] -RRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 130 1 [ [ -LRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 130 2 80 80 CD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 130 3 ] ] -RRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 131 1 [ [ -LRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 131 2 81 81 CD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 131 3 ] ] -RRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 131 4 [ [ -LRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 131 5 82 82 CD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 131 6 ] ] -RRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 131 7 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 131 8 and and CC cord-306424-gf0bglm0 131 9 the the DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 131 10 DENV DENV NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 131 11 protease protease NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 131 12 complex complex NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 131 13 and and CC cord-306424-gf0bglm0 131 14 HCV HCV NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 132 1 NS4B ns4b DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 132 2 inhibit inhibit VBP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 132 3 adaptor adaptor NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 132 4 molecule molecule NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 132 5 STING sting NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 132 6 by by IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 132 7 cleaving cleave VBG cord-306424-gf0bglm0 132 8 it -PRON- PRP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 132 9 [ [ -LRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 132 10 83 83 CD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 132 11 ] ] -RRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 132 12 [ [ -LRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 132 13 84 84 CD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 132 14 ] ] -RRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 132 15 [ [ -LRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 132 16 85 85 CD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 132 17 ] ] -RRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 132 18 [ [ -LRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 132 19 86 86 CD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 132 20 ] ] -RRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 132 21 [ [ -LRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 132 22 87 87 CD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 132 23 ] ] -RRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 132 24 . . . cord-306424-gf0bglm0 133 1 Additionally additionally RB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 133 2 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 133 3 human human JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 133 4 CoV cov NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 133 5 NL63 NL63 NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 133 6 and and CC cord-306424-gf0bglm0 133 7 SARS SARS NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 133 8 - - HYPH cord-306424-gf0bglm0 133 9 CoV CoV NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 133 10 nsp3 nsp3 NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 133 11 possess possess VBP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 133 12 a a DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 133 13 papain papain NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 133 14 - - HYPH cord-306424-gf0bglm0 133 15 like like JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 133 16 protease protease NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 133 17 ( ( -LRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 133 18 PLP PLP NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 133 19 ) ) -RRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 133 20 domain domain NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 133 21 that that WDT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 133 22 prevents prevent VBZ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 133 23 dimerization dimerization NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 133 24 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 133 25 STING sting NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 133 26 and and CC cord-306424-gf0bglm0 133 27 its -PRON- PRP$ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 133 28 complex complex JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 133 29 formation formation NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 133 30 with with IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 133 31 MAVS MAVS NNPS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 133 32 and and CC cord-306424-gf0bglm0 133 33 IKKe IKKe NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 133 34 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 133 35 and and CC cord-306424-gf0bglm0 133 36 almost almost RB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 133 37 all all DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 133 38 nidovirus nidovirus NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 133 39 - - HYPH cord-306424-gf0bglm0 133 40 encoded encode VBN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 133 41 PLPs plp NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 133 42 have have VBP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 133 43 been be VBN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 133 44 shown show VBN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 133 45 to to TO cord-306424-gf0bglm0 133 46 display display VB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 133 47 deubiquitinating deubiquitinating NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 133 48 activity activity NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 133 49 [ [ -LRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 133 50 88 88 CD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 133 51 ] ] -RRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 133 52 . . . cord-306424-gf0bglm0 134 1 Several several JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 134 2 have have VBP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 134 3 been be VBN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 134 4 suggested suggest VBN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 134 5 to to TO cord-306424-gf0bglm0 134 6 facilitate facilitate VB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 134 7 deubiquitination deubiquitination NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 134 8 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 134 9 innate innate JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 134 10 immune immune JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 134 11 factors factor NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 134 12 such such JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 134 13 as as IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 134 14 STING sting NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 134 15 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 134 16 RIG rig NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 134 17 - - : cord-306424-gf0bglm0 134 18 I I NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 134 19 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 134 20 TBK1 TBK1 NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 134 21 and and CC cord-306424-gf0bglm0 134 22 IRF3 IRF3 NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 134 23 in in IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 134 24 order order NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 134 25 to to TO cord-306424-gf0bglm0 134 26 halt halt VB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 134 27 innate innate JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 134 28 immune immune NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 134 29 signaling signal VBG cord-306424-gf0bglm0 134 30 [ [ -LRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 134 31 8 8 CD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 134 32 ] ] -RRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 134 33 . . . cord-306424-gf0bglm0 135 1 Moreover moreover RB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 135 2 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 135 3 in in IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 135 4 collaboration collaboration NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 135 5 with with IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 135 6 others other NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 135 7 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 135 8 our -PRON- PRP$ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 135 9 lab lab NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 135 10 demonstrated demonstrate VBD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 135 11 that that IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 135 12 EAV EAV NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 135 13 and and CC cord-306424-gf0bglm0 135 14 MERS MERS NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 135 15 - - HYPH cord-306424-gf0bglm0 135 16 CoV CoV NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 135 17 virus virus NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 135 18 mutants mutant NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 135 19 that that WDT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 135 20 lack lack VBP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 135 21 the the DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 135 22 DUB dub NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 135 23 activity activity NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 135 24 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 135 25 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 135 26 PLPs plp NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 135 27 while while IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 135 28 retaining retain VBG cord-306424-gf0bglm0 135 29 polyprotein polyprotein JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 135 30 cleavage cleavage NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 135 31 functions function NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 135 32 suppress suppress VBP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 135 33 IFN IFN NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 135 34 production production NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 135 35 less less RBR cord-306424-gf0bglm0 135 36 efficiently efficiently RB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 135 37 during during IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 135 38 infection infection NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 135 39 ( ( -LRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 135 40 [ [ -LRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 135 41 89 89 CD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 135 42 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 135 43 90 90 CD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 135 44 ] ] -RRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 135 45 and and CC cord-306424-gf0bglm0 135 46 our -PRON- PRP$ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 135 47 unpublished unpublished JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 135 48 data datum NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 135 49 ) ) -RRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 135 50 . . . cord-306424-gf0bglm0 136 1 Furthermore furthermore RB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 136 2 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 136 3 viral viral JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 136 4 proteins protein NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 136 5 such such JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 136 6 as as IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 136 7 DENV DENV NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 136 8 NS2B/3 NS2B/3 NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 136 9 and and CC cord-306424-gf0bglm0 136 10 the the DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 136 11 SARS SARS NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 136 12 - - HYPH cord-306424-gf0bglm0 136 13 CoV CoV NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 136 14 membrane membrane NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 136 15 glycoprotein glycoprotein NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 136 16 interfere interfere VBP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 136 17 with with IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 136 18 complex complex JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 136 19 formation formation NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 136 20 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 136 21 IKKe IKKe NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 136 22 / / SYM cord-306424-gf0bglm0 136 23 TBK1 TBK1 NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 136 24 and and CC cord-306424-gf0bglm0 136 25 IKKa/ IKKa/ NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 137 1 IKKb/ ikkb/ PRP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 137 2 IKKg IKKg NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 137 3 or or CC cord-306424-gf0bglm0 137 4 downstream downstream JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 137 5 transcription transcription NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 137 6 factors factor NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 137 7 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 137 8 thereby thereby RB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 137 9 effectively effectively RB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 137 10 inhibiting inhibit VBG cord-306424-gf0bglm0 137 11 both both CC cord-306424-gf0bglm0 137 12 RLR RLR NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 137 13 and and CC cord-306424-gf0bglm0 137 14 TLR TLR NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 137 15 signaling signal VBG cord-306424-gf0bglm0 137 16 [ [ -LRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 137 17 91 91 CD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 137 18 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 137 19 92 92 CD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 137 20 ] ] -RRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 137 21 . . . cord-306424-gf0bglm0 138 1 Interestingly interestingly RB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 138 2 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 138 3 accessory accessory NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 138 4 proteins protein NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 138 5 encoded encode VBN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 138 6 by by IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 138 7 open open JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 138 8 reading reading NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 138 9 frames frame NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 138 10 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 138 11 CoVs CoVs NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 138 12 have have VBP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 138 13 been be VBN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 138 14 shown show VBN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 138 15 to to TO cord-306424-gf0bglm0 138 16 be be VB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 138 17 involved involve VBN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 138 18 in in IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 138 19 inhibition inhibition NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 138 20 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 138 21 IRF3 IRF3 NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 138 22 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 138 23 IRF7 IRF7 NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 138 24 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 138 25 and and CC cord-306424-gf0bglm0 138 26 NF NF NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 138 27 - - HYPH cord-306424-gf0bglm0 138 28 kB kB NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 138 29 by by IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 138 30 undefined undefined JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 138 31 mechanisms mechanism NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 138 32 [ [ -LRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 138 33 93 93 CD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 138 34 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 138 35 94 94 CD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 138 36 ] ] -RRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 138 37 . . . cord-306424-gf0bglm0 139 1 In in IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 139 2 addition addition NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 139 3 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 139 4 several several JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 139 5 methods method NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 139 6 are be VBP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 139 7 employed employ VBN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 139 8 by by IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 139 9 + + SYM cord-306424-gf0bglm0 139 10 RNA RNA NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 139 11 viruses virus NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 139 12 to to TO cord-306424-gf0bglm0 139 13 interfere interfere VB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 139 14 with with IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 139 15 JAK JAK NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 139 16 / / SYM cord-306424-gf0bglm0 139 17 STAT stat NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 139 18 signaling signal VBG cord-306424-gf0bglm0 139 19 . . . cord-306424-gf0bglm0 140 1 For for IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 140 2 instance instance NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 140 3 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 140 4 JEV JEV NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 140 5 NS5 NS5 NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 140 6 and and CC cord-306424-gf0bglm0 140 7 WNV WNV NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 140 8 NS4 NS4 NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 140 9 B B NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 140 10 inhibit inhibit VB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 141 1 phosphorylation phosphorylation NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 141 2 and and CC cord-306424-gf0bglm0 141 3 activation activation NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 141 4 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 141 5 JAK1 JAK1 NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 141 6 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 141 7 and and CC cord-306424-gf0bglm0 141 8 suppressors suppressor NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 141 9 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 141 10 JAK1 JAK1 NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 141 11 are be VBP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 141 12 induced induce VBN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 141 13 by by IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 141 14 viruses virus NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 141 15 such such JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 141 16 as as IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 141 17 WNV WNV NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 141 18 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 141 19 JEV JEV NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 141 20 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 141 21 and and CC cord-306424-gf0bglm0 141 22 chikungunya chikungunya NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 141 23 virus virus NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 141 24 [ [ -LRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 141 25 95 95 CD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 141 26 ] ] -RRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 142 1 [ [ -LRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 142 2 96 96 CD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 142 3 ] ] -RRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 142 4 [ [ -LRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 142 5 97 97 CD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 142 6 ] ] -RRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 142 7 [ [ -LRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 142 8 98 98 CD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 142 9 ] ] -RRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 142 10 [ [ -LRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 142 11 99 99 CD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 142 12 ] ] -RRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 142 13 . . . cord-306424-gf0bglm0 143 1 However however RB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 143 2 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 143 3 STAT1 stat1 NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 143 4 and and CC cord-306424-gf0bglm0 143 5 STAT2 STAT2 NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 143 6 are be VBP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 143 7 most most RBS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 143 8 heavily heavily RB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 143 9 targeted target VBN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 143 10 . . . cord-306424-gf0bglm0 144 1 JEV JEV NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 144 2 NS5 NS5 NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 144 3 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 144 4 WNV WNV NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 144 5 and and CC cord-306424-gf0bglm0 144 6 DENV DENV NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 144 7 NS4B NS4B NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 144 8 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 144 9 and and CC cord-306424-gf0bglm0 144 10 JEV JEV NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 144 11 NS4A NS4A NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 144 12 have have VBP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 144 13 been be VBN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 144 14 shown show VBN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 144 15 to to TO cord-306424-gf0bglm0 144 16 inhibit inhibit VB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 144 17 STAT stat NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 144 18 activation activation NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 144 19 . . . cord-306424-gf0bglm0 145 1 In in IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 145 2 addition addition NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 145 3 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 145 4 DENV DENV NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 145 5 NS5 NS5 NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 145 6 promotes promote VBZ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 145 7 proteasomal proteasomal JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 145 8 degradation degradation NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 145 9 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 145 10 STAT2 STAT2 NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 145 11 . . . cord-306424-gf0bglm0 146 1 Interestingly interestingly RB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 146 2 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 146 3 SARS SARS NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 146 4 - - HYPH cord-306424-gf0bglm0 146 5 CoV CoV NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 146 6 inhibits inhibit VBZ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 146 7 STAT1 stat1 NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 146 8 signaling signal VBG cord-306424-gf0bglm0 146 9 in in IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 146 10 three three CD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 146 11 different different JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 146 12 ways way NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 146 13 . . . cord-306424-gf0bglm0 147 1 Firstly firstly RB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 147 2 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 147 3 SARS SARS NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 147 4 - - HYPH cord-306424-gf0bglm0 147 5 CoV CoV NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 147 6 nsp1 nsp1 NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 147 7 binds bind VBZ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 147 8 STAT1 stat1 XX cord-306424-gf0bglm0 147 9 to to TO cord-306424-gf0bglm0 147 10 inhibit inhibit VB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 147 11 its -PRON- PRP$ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 147 12 phosphorylation phosphorylation NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 147 13 [ [ -LRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 147 14 100 100 CD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 147 15 ] ] -RRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 147 16 . . . cord-306424-gf0bglm0 148 1 Secondly secondly RB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 148 2 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 148 3 the the DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 148 4 accessory accessory NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 148 5 protein protein NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 148 6 encoded encode VBN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 148 7 by by IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 148 8 SARS SARS NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 148 9 - - HYPH cord-306424-gf0bglm0 148 10 CoV CoV NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 148 11 open open JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 148 12 reading reading NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 148 13 frame frame NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 148 14 6 6 CD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 148 15 prevents prevent VBZ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 148 16 nuclear nuclear JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 148 17 transport transport NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 148 18 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 148 19 STAT1 stat1 NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 148 20 [ [ -LRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 148 21 93 93 CD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 148 22 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 148 23 101 101 CD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 148 24 ] ] -RRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 148 25 . . . cord-306424-gf0bglm0 149 1 Thirdly thirdly RB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 149 2 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 149 3 SARS SARS NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 149 4 - - HYPH cord-306424-gf0bglm0 149 5 CoV cov NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 149 6 PLP PLP NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 149 7 induces induce VBZ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 149 8 expression expression NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 149 9 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 149 10 E3 e3 NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 149 11 ubiquitin ubiquitin NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 149 12 ligase ligase NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 149 13 E2 E2 NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 149 14 - - HYPH cord-306424-gf0bglm0 149 15 25k 25k NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 149 16 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 149 17 which which WDT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 149 18 promotes promote VBZ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 149 19 proteasomal proteasomal JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 149 20 degradation degradation NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 149 21 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 149 22 extracellular extracellular JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 149 23 signal signal NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 149 24 - - HYPH cord-306424-gf0bglm0 149 25 regulated regulate VBN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 149 26 kinase kinase NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 149 27 1 1 CD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 149 28 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 149 29 a a DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 149 30 protein protein NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 149 31 responsible responsible JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 149 32 for for IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 149 33 activation activation NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 149 34 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 149 35 STAT1 stat1 NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 149 36 [ [ -LRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 149 37 102 102 CD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 149 38 ] ] -RRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 149 39 . . . cord-306424-gf0bglm0 150 1 To to IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 150 2 our -PRON- PRP$ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 150 3 knowledge knowledge NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 150 4 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 150 5 no no DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 150 6 studies study NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 150 7 have have VBP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 150 8 been be VBN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 150 9 published publish VBN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 150 10 ( ( -LRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 150 11 yet yet RB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 150 12 ) ) -RRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 150 13 about about IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 150 14 specific specific JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 150 15 interference interference NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 150 16 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 150 17 + + `` cord-306424-gf0bglm0 150 18 RNA RNA NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 150 19 viruses virus NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 150 20 with with IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 150 21 IFN IFN NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 150 22 - - HYPH cord-306424-gf0bglm0 150 23 II II NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 150 24 production production NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 150 25 . . . cord-306424-gf0bglm0 151 1 Interference interference NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 151 2 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 151 3 + + `` cord-306424-gf0bglm0 151 4 RNA RNA NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 151 5 viruses virus NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 151 6 with with IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 151 7 antiviral antiviral JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 151 8 signaling signaling NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 151 9 also also RB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 151 10 has have VBZ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 151 11 consequences consequence NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 151 12 for for IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 151 13 the the DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 151 14 spatial spatial JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 151 15 organization organization NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 151 16 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 151 17 the the DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 151 18 antiviral antiviral JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 151 19 innate innate JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 151 20 immune immune JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 151 21 system system NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 151 22 . . . cord-306424-gf0bglm0 152 1 For for IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 152 2 instance instance NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 152 3 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 152 4 since since IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 152 5 SGs SGs NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 152 6 suggestively suggestively RB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 152 7 have have VBP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 152 8 an an DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 152 9 antiviral antiviral JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 152 10 role role NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 152 11 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 152 12 interfering interfere VBG cord-306424-gf0bglm0 152 13 with with IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 152 14 SG SG NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 152 15 formation formation NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 152 16 might may MD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 152 17 constitute constitute VB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 152 18 an an DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 152 19 opportunity opportunity NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 152 20 for for IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 152 21 viruses virus NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 152 22 to to TO cord-306424-gf0bglm0 152 23 hamper hamper VB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 152 24 the the DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 152 25 innate innate JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 152 26 immune immune JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 152 27 response response NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 152 28 . . . cord-306424-gf0bglm0 153 1 Indeed indeed RB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 153 2 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 153 3 various various JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 153 4 proteins protein NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 153 5 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 153 6 poliovirus poliovirus NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 153 7 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 153 8 coxsackievirus coxsackievirus NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 153 9 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 153 10 encephalomyocarditis encephalomyocarditis NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 153 11 virus virus NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 153 12 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 153 13 DENV DENV NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 153 14 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 153 15 WNV WNV NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 153 16 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 153 17 MERS MERS NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 153 18 - - HYPH cord-306424-gf0bglm0 153 19 CoV CoV NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 153 20 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 153 21 chikungunya chikungunya NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 153 22 virus virus NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 153 23 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 153 24 and and CC cord-306424-gf0bglm0 153 25 JEV JEV NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 153 26 have have VBP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 153 27 been be VBN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 153 28 shown show VBN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 153 29 to to TO cord-306424-gf0bglm0 153 30 prevent prevent VB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 153 31 the the DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 153 32 formation formation NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 153 33 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 153 34 SGs SGs NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 153 35 and and CC cord-306424-gf0bglm0 153 36 thereby thereby RB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 153 37 suppress suppress VB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 153 38 IFN IFN NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 153 39 production production NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 153 40 [ [ -LRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 153 41 63 63 CD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 153 42 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 153 43 66 66 CD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 153 44 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 153 45 [ [ -LRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 153 46 103 103 CD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 153 47 ] ] -RRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 153 48 [ [ -LRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 153 49 104 104 CD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 153 50 ] ] -RRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 153 51 [ [ -LRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 153 52 105 105 CD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 153 53 ] ] -RRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 153 54 [ [ -LRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 153 55 106 106 CD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 153 56 ] ] -RRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 154 1 [ [ -LRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 154 2 107 107 CD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 154 3 ] ] -RRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 155 1 [ [ -LRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 155 2 108 108 CD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 155 3 ] ] -RRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 155 4 [ [ -LRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 155 5 109 109 CD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 155 6 ] ] -RRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 155 7 . . . cord-306424-gf0bglm0 156 1 Thus thus RB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 156 2 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 156 3 dysregulation dysregulation NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 156 4 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 156 5 SGs SGs NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 156 6 seems seem VBZ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 156 7 to to TO cord-306424-gf0bglm0 156 8 be be VB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 156 9 a a DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 156 10 common common JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 156 11 strategy strategy NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 156 12 for for IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 156 13 + + SYM cord-306424-gf0bglm0 156 14 RNA RNA NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 156 15 viruses virus NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 156 16 in in IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 156 17 order order NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 156 18 to to TO cord-306424-gf0bglm0 156 19 dampen dampen VB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 156 20 the the DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 156 21 innate innate JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 156 22 antiviral antiviral JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 156 23 immune immune JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 156 24 response response NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 156 25 . . . cord-306424-gf0bglm0 157 1 In in IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 157 2 addition addition NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 157 3 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 157 4 the the DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 157 5 finding finding NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 157 6 that that IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 157 7 MAMs mam NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 157 8 are be VBP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 157 9 involved involve VBN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 157 10 in in IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 157 11 the the DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 157 12 RLR RLR NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 157 13 - - HYPH cord-306424-gf0bglm0 157 14 mediated mediate VBN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 157 15 antiviral antiviral JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 157 16 immune immune NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 157 17 signaling signal VBG cord-306424-gf0bglm0 157 18 pathway pathway NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 157 19 shedded shedde VBD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 157 20 new new JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 157 21 light light NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 157 22 on on IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 157 23 the the DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 157 24 immunosuppressive immunosuppressive JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 157 25 role role NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 157 26 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 157 27 viral viral JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 157 28 proteases protease NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 157 29 . . . cord-306424-gf0bglm0 158 1 By by IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 158 2 performing perform VBG cord-306424-gf0bglm0 158 3 colocalization colocalization NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 158 4 analysis analysis NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 158 5 with with IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 158 6 a a DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 158 7 MAM mam NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 158 8 - - HYPH cord-306424-gf0bglm0 158 9 enriched enrich VBN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 158 10 marker marker NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 158 11 protein protein NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 158 12 and and CC cord-306424-gf0bglm0 158 13 cell cell NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 158 14 fractionation fractionation NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 158 15 experiments experiment NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 158 16 in in IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 158 17 both both CC cord-306424-gf0bglm0 158 18 uninfected uninfected JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 158 19 and and CC cord-306424-gf0bglm0 158 20 HCV HCV NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 158 21 - - HYPH cord-306424-gf0bglm0 158 22 infected infect VBN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 158 23 cells cell NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 158 24 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 158 25 it -PRON- PRP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 158 26 was be VBD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 158 27 found find VBN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 158 28 that that IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 158 29 NS3/4A ns3/4a PRP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 158 30 also also RB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 158 31 localizes localize VBZ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 158 32 to to IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 158 33 MAMs MAMs NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 158 34 [ [ -LRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 158 35 58 58 CD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 158 36 ] ] -RRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 158 37 . . . cord-306424-gf0bglm0 159 1 Intriguingly intriguingly RB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 159 2 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 159 3 despite despite IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 159 4 the the DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 159 5 clear clear JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 159 6 function function NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 159 7 for for IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 159 8 peroxisomal peroxisomal JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 159 9 MAVS MAVS NNPS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 159 10 in in IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 159 11 antiviral antiviral JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 159 12 signaling signaling NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 159 13 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 159 14 cleaved cleave VBN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 159 15 MAVS MAVS NNPS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 159 16 was be VBD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 159 17 found find VBN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 159 18 solely solely RB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 159 19 in in IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 159 20 MAM mam NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 159 21 - - HYPH cord-306424-gf0bglm0 159 22 enriched enrich VBN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 159 23 cell cell NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 159 24 fractions fraction NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 159 25 . . . cord-306424-gf0bglm0 160 1 In in IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 160 2 addition addition NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 160 3 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 160 4 recent recent JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 160 5 findings finding NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 160 6 suggest suggest VBP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 160 7 that that IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 160 8 MAMs mam NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 160 9 are be VBP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 160 10 also also RB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 160 11 physically physically RB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 160 12 disrupted disrupt VBN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 160 13 during during IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 160 14 DENV DENV NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 160 15 infection infection NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 160 16 [ [ -LRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 160 17 110 110 CD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 160 18 ] ] -RRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 160 19 . . . cord-306424-gf0bglm0 161 1 Thus thus RB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 161 2 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 161 3 these these DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 161 4 data datum NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 161 5 indicate indicate VBP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 161 6 that that IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 161 7 MAMs mam NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 161 8 are be VBP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 161 9 critical critical JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 161 10 locations location NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 161 11 for for IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 161 12 antiviral antiviral JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 161 13 signaling signaling NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 161 14 and and CC cord-306424-gf0bglm0 161 15 have have VBP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 161 16 an an DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 161 17 important important JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 161 18 role role NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 161 19 in in IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 161 20 expression expression NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 161 21 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 161 22 type type NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 161 23 I -PRON- PRP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 161 24 and and CC cord-306424-gf0bglm0 161 25 III III NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 161 26 IFNs ifn NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 161 27 . . . cord-306424-gf0bglm0 162 1 Moreover moreover RB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 162 2 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 162 3 increasing increase VBG cord-306424-gf0bglm0 162 4 evidence evidence NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 162 5 suggests suggest VBZ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 162 6 that that IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 162 7 at at IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 162 8 least least JJS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 162 9 some some DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 162 10 + + SYM cord-306424-gf0bglm0 162 11 RNA RNA NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 162 12 viruses virus NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 162 13 in in IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 162 14 fact fact NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 162 15 occupy occupy VB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 162 16 or or CC cord-306424-gf0bglm0 162 17 hijack hijack VB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 162 18 MAM mam NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 162 19 - - HYPH cord-306424-gf0bglm0 162 20 membranes membrane NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 162 21 during during IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 162 22 infection infection NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 162 23 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 162 24 as as IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 162 25 MAMs mam NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 162 26 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 162 27 HCV HCV NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 162 28 - - HYPH cord-306424-gf0bglm0 162 29 infected infect VBN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 162 30 cells cell NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 162 31 were be VBD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 162 32 found find VBN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 162 33 to to TO cord-306424-gf0bglm0 162 34 contain contain VB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 162 35 proteins protein NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 162 36 involved involve VBN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 162 37 in in IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 162 38 virus virus NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 162 39 assembly assembly NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 162 40 and and CC cord-306424-gf0bglm0 162 41 fully fully RB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 162 42 assembled assemble VBN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 162 43 virions virion NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 162 44 [ [ -LRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 162 45 111 111 CD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 162 46 ] ] -RRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 162 47 . . . cord-306424-gf0bglm0 163 1 It -PRON- PRP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 163 2 remains remain VBZ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 163 3 to to TO cord-306424-gf0bglm0 163 4 be be VB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 163 5 investigated investigate VBN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 163 6 whether whether IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 163 7 MAMs mam NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 163 8 also also RB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 163 9 serve serve VBP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 163 10 as as IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 163 11 platforms platform NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 163 12 for for IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 163 13 viral viral JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 163 14 assembly assembly NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 163 15 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 163 16 other other JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 163 17 + + CC cord-306424-gf0bglm0 163 18 RNA RNA NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 163 19 viruses virus NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 163 20 . . . cord-306424-gf0bglm0 164 1 In in IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 164 2 addition addition NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 164 3 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 164 4 MAM MAM NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 164 5 disruption disruption NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 164 6 as as IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 164 7 a a DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 164 8 consequence consequence NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 164 9 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 164 10 DENV DENV NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 164 11 infection infection NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 164 12 was be VBD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 164 13 followed follow VBN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 164 14 by by IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 164 15 the the DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 164 16 formation formation NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 164 17 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 164 18 convoluted convoluted JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 164 19 membranes membrane NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 164 20 at at IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 164 21 the the DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 164 22 same same JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 164 23 location location NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 164 24 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 164 25 which which WDT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 164 26 supported support VBD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 164 27 DENV DENV NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 164 28 replication replication NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 164 29 [ [ -LRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 164 30 110 110 CD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 164 31 ] ] -RRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 164 32 . . . cord-306424-gf0bglm0 165 1 Moreover moreover RB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 165 2 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 165 3 promoting promote VBG cord-306424-gf0bglm0 165 4 the the DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 165 5 formation formation NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 165 6 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 165 7 convoluted convoluted JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 165 8 membranes membrane NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 165 9 further further RB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 165 10 repressed repress VBD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 165 11 the the DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 165 12 IFN IFN NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 165 13 response response NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 165 14 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 165 15 underscoring underscore VBG cord-306424-gf0bglm0 165 16 the the DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 165 17 importance importance NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 165 18 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 165 19 MAM MAM NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 165 20 disruption disruption NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 165 21 in in IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 165 22 both both CC cord-306424-gf0bglm0 165 23 the the DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 165 24 replication replication NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 165 25 and and CC cord-306424-gf0bglm0 165 26 immune immune JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 165 27 evasion evasion NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 165 28 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 165 29 + + SYM cord-306424-gf0bglm0 165 30 RNA RNA NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 165 31 viruses virus NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 165 32 [ [ -LRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 165 33 110 110 CD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 165 34 ] ] -RRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 165 35 . . . cord-306424-gf0bglm0 166 1 Taken take VBN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 166 2 together together RB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 166 3 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 166 4 these these DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 166 5 studies study NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 166 6 underscore underscore VBP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 166 7 the the DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 166 8 importance importance NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 166 9 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 166 10 MAMs mam NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 166 11 as as IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 166 12 key key JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 166 13 antiviral antiviral JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 166 14 signaling signal VBG cord-306424-gf0bglm0 166 15 platforms platform NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 166 16 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 166 17 and and CC cord-306424-gf0bglm0 166 18 disruption disruption NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 166 19 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 166 20 MAMs MAMs NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 166 21 constitutes constitute VBZ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 166 22 an an DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 166 23 effective effective JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 166 24 immune immune JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 166 25 evasion evasion NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 166 26 strategy strategy NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 166 27 for for IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 166 28 + + SYM cord-306424-gf0bglm0 166 29 RNA RNA NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 166 30 viruses virus NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 166 31 . . . cord-306424-gf0bglm0 167 1 In in IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 167 2 conclusion conclusion NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 167 3 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 167 4 + + CC cord-306424-gf0bglm0 167 5 RNA RNA NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 167 6 viruses virus NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 167 7 developed develop VBD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 167 8 divergent divergent JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 167 9 methods method NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 167 10 to to TO cord-306424-gf0bglm0 167 11 delay delay VB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 167 12 antiviral antiviral JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 167 13 innate innate JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 167 14 immune immune NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 167 15 signaling signal VBG cord-306424-gf0bglm0 167 16 at at IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 167 17 multiple multiple JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 167 18 levels level NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 167 19 . . . cord-306424-gf0bglm0 168 1 In in IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 168 2 addition addition NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 168 3 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 168 4 interference interference NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 168 5 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 168 6 + + `` cord-306424-gf0bglm0 168 7 RNA RNA NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 168 8 viruses virus NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 168 9 with with IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 168 10 antiviral antiviral JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 168 11 signaling signaling NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 168 12 leads lead NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 168 13 to to IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 168 14 spatial spatial JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 168 15 disorganization disorganization NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 168 16 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 168 17 the the DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 168 18 antiviral antiviral JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 168 19 innate innate JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 168 20 immune immune JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 168 21 system system NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 168 22 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 168 23 and and CC cord-306424-gf0bglm0 168 24 future future JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 168 25 studies study NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 168 26 will will MD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 168 27 hopefully hopefully RB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 168 28 elucidate elucidate VB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 168 29 the the DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 168 30 consequences consequence NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 168 31 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 168 32 this this DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 168 33 phenomenon phenomenon NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 168 34 in in IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 168 35 the the DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 168 36 context context NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 168 37 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 168 38 other other JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 168 39 cellular cellular JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 168 40 compartments compartment NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 168 41 and and CC cord-306424-gf0bglm0 168 42 viruses virus NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 168 43 . . . cord-306424-gf0bglm0 169 1 Assuming assume VBG cord-306424-gf0bglm0 169 2 that that IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 169 3 ROs ROs NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 169 4 impair impair VB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 169 5 antiviral antiviral JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 169 6 signaling signaling NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 169 7 by by IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 169 8 shielding shield VBG cord-306424-gf0bglm0 169 9 viral viral JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 169 10 RNA RNA NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 169 11 from from IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 169 12 the the DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 169 13 host host NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 169 14 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 169 15 it -PRON- PRP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 169 16 is be VBZ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 169 17 tempting tempt VBG cord-306424-gf0bglm0 169 18 to to TO cord-306424-gf0bglm0 169 19 hypothesize hypothesize VB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 169 20 the the DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 169 21 existence existence NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 169 22 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 169 23 host host NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 169 24 cell cell NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 169 25 mechanisms mechanism NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 169 26 aimed aim VBN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 169 27 to to TO cord-306424-gf0bglm0 169 28 disrupt disrupt VB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 169 29 ROs ROs NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 169 30 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 169 31 thereby thereby RB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 169 32 exposing expose VBG cord-306424-gf0bglm0 169 33 viral viral JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 169 34 RNA RNA NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 169 35 and and CC cord-306424-gf0bglm0 169 36 promoting promote VBG cord-306424-gf0bglm0 169 37 antiviral antiviral JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 169 38 signaling signaling NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 169 39 . . . cord-306424-gf0bglm0 170 1 The the DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 170 2 fact fact NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 170 3 that that IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 170 4 + + SYM cord-306424-gf0bglm0 170 5 RNA RNA NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 170 6 viruses virus NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 170 7 display display VBP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 170 8 such such JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 170 9 elaborate elaborate JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 170 10 activities activity NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 170 11 to to TO cord-306424-gf0bglm0 170 12 inhibit inhibit VB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 170 13 viral viral JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 170 14 RNA RNA NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 170 15 recognition recognition NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 170 16 and and CC cord-306424-gf0bglm0 170 17 subsequent subsequent JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 170 18 signaling signaling NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 170 19 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 170 20 as as IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 170 21 detailed detail VBN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 170 22 in in IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 170 23 the the DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 170 24 former former JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 170 25 paragraphs paragraph NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 170 26 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 170 27 supports support VBZ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 170 28 the the DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 170 29 view view NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 170 30 that that IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 170 31 disruption disruption NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 170 32 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 170 33 RO ro NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 170 34 integrity integrity NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 170 35 is be VBZ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 170 36 a a DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 170 37 situation situation NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 170 38 these these DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 170 39 viruses virus NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 170 40 anticipate anticipate VBP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 170 41 dealing deal VBG cord-306424-gf0bglm0 170 42 with with IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 170 43 . . . cord-306424-gf0bglm0 171 1 However however RB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 171 2 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 171 3 evidence evidence NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 171 4 suggesting suggest VBG cord-306424-gf0bglm0 171 5 targeting target VBG cord-306424-gf0bglm0 171 6 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 171 7 ROs ro NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 171 8 by by IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 171 9 the the DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 171 10 innate innate JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 171 11 immune immune JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 171 12 system system NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 171 13 is be VBZ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 171 14 still still RB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 171 15 scarce scarce JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 171 16 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 171 17 although although IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 171 18 it -PRON- PRP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 171 19 was be VBD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 171 20 reported report VBN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 171 21 that that IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 171 22 HCV HCV NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 171 23 ROs ROs NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 171 24 are be VBP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 171 25 attacked attack VBN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 171 26 by by IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 171 27 the the DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 171 28 ISG ISG NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 171 29 Viperin Viperin NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 171 30 [ [ -LRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 171 31 94 94 CD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 171 32 ] ] -RRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 171 33 . . . cord-306424-gf0bglm0 172 1 Additionally additionally RB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 172 2 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 172 3 25-hydroxycholesterol 25-hydroxycholesterol CD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 172 4 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 172 5 a a DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 172 6 product product NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 172 7 produced produce VBN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 172 8 by by IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 172 9 the the DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 172 10 ISG ISG NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 172 11 cholesterol cholesterol NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 172 12 25-hydroxylase 25-hydroxylase CD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 172 13 also also RB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 172 14 modifies modify VBZ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 172 15 HCV HCV NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 172 16 replication replication NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 172 17 organelles organelle NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 172 18 [ [ -LRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 172 19 112 112 CD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 172 20 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 172 21 113 113 CD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 172 22 ] ] -RRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 172 23 . . . cord-306424-gf0bglm0 173 1 Recently recently RB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 173 2 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 173 3 our -PRON- PRP$ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 173 4 lab lab NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 173 5 published publish VBD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 173 6 a a DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 173 7 study study NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 173 8 suggesting suggest VBG cord-306424-gf0bglm0 173 9 that that IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 173 10 IFN IFN NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 173 11 - - HYPH cord-306424-gf0bglm0 173 12 b b NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 173 13 signaling signaling NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 173 14 also also RB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 173 15 negatively negatively RB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 173 16 influences influence VBZ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 173 17 arterivirus arterivirus NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 173 18 ROs ROs NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 173 19 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 173 20 since since IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 173 21 significantly significantly RB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 173 22 less less RBR cord-306424-gf0bglm0 173 23 were be VBD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 173 24 formed form VBN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 173 25 and and CC cord-306424-gf0bglm0 173 26 remaining remain VBG cord-306424-gf0bglm0 173 27 structures structure NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 173 28 showed show VBD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 173 29 drastically drastically RB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 173 30 different different JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 173 31 morphology morphology NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 173 32 after after IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 173 33 IFN IFN NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 173 34 - - HYPH cord-306424-gf0bglm0 173 35 b b NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 173 36 treatment treatment NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 173 37 . . . cord-306424-gf0bglm0 174 1 The the DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 174 2 results result NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 174 3 suggested suggest VBD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 174 4 that that IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 174 5 the the DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 174 6 treatment treatment NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 174 7 interrupted interrupt VBD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 174 8 biogenesis biogenesis NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 174 9 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 174 10 these these DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 174 11 membrane membrane NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 174 12 structures structure NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 174 13 rather rather RB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 174 14 than than IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 174 15 breaking break VBG cord-306424-gf0bglm0 174 16 down down RP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 174 17 structures structure NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 174 18 that that WDT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 174 19 were be VBD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 174 20 already already RB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 174 21 made make VBN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 174 22 [ [ -LRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 174 23 114 114 CD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 174 24 ] ] -RRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 174 25 . . . cord-306424-gf0bglm0 175 1 Interestingly interestingly RB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 175 2 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 175 3 neither neither CC cord-306424-gf0bglm0 175 4 Viperin Viperin NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 175 5 nor nor CC cord-306424-gf0bglm0 175 6 25-hydroxycholesterol 25-hydroxycholesterol CD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 175 7 was be VBD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 175 8 involved involve VBN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 175 9 in in IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 175 10 the the DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 175 11 observed observed JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 175 12 effects effect NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 175 13 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 175 14 and and CC cord-306424-gf0bglm0 175 15 the the DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 175 16 mechanistic mechanistic JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 175 17 details detail NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 175 18 therefore therefore RB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 175 19 have have VBP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 175 20 to to TO cord-306424-gf0bglm0 175 21 be be VB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 175 22 further further RB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 175 23 investigated investigate VBN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 175 24 . . . cord-306424-gf0bglm0 176 1 Other other JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 176 2 recent recent JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 176 3 data datum NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 176 4 suggest suggest VBP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 176 5 that that IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 176 6 there there EX cord-306424-gf0bglm0 176 7 may may MD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 176 8 indeed indeed RB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 176 9 be be VB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 176 10 specific specific JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 176 11 mechanisms mechanism NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 176 12 by by IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 176 13 which which WDT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 176 14 the the DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 176 15 innate innate JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 176 16 immune immune JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 176 17 system system NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 176 18 tags tag NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 176 19 and and CC cord-306424-gf0bglm0 176 20 disrupts disrupt VBZ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 176 21 so so RB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 176 22 - - HYPH cord-306424-gf0bglm0 176 23 called call VBN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 176 24 non non JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 176 25 - - JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 176 26 or or CC cord-306424-gf0bglm0 176 27 aberrant aberrant JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 176 28 - - HYPH cord-306424-gf0bglm0 176 29 self self NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 176 30 membrane membrane NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 176 31 structures structure NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 176 32 in in IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 176 33 the the DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 176 34 cell cell NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 176 35 [ [ -LRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 176 36 115 115 CD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 176 37 ] ] -RRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 176 38 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 176 39 which which WDT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 176 40 could could MD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 176 41 include include VB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 176 42 viral viral JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 176 43 ROs ro NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 176 44 . . . cord-306424-gf0bglm0 177 1 Most Most JJS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 177 2 data datum NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 177 3 originate originate VBP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 177 4 from from IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 177 5 studies study NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 177 6 focusing focus VBG cord-306424-gf0bglm0 177 7 on on IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 177 8 bacteria bacteria NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 177 9 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 177 10 fungi fungus NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 177 11 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 177 12 or or CC cord-306424-gf0bglm0 177 13 parasites parasite NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 177 14 that that WDT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 177 15 reside reside VBP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 177 16 in in IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 177 17 rearranged rearrange VBN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 177 18 membranes membrane NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 177 19 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 177 20 known know VBN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 177 21 as as IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 177 22 pathogen pathogen NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 177 23 - - HYPH cord-306424-gf0bglm0 177 24 containing contain VBG cord-306424-gf0bglm0 177 25 vacuoles vacuole NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 177 26 ( ( -LRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 177 27 PVs pv NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 177 28 ) ) -RRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 177 29 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 177 30 which which WDT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 177 31 prevent prevent VBP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 177 32 detection detection NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 177 33 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 177 34 cytosolic cytosolic JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 177 35 innate innate JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 177 36 immune immune JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 177 37 sensors sensor NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 177 38 in in IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 177 39 a a DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 177 40 similar similar JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 177 41 way way NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 177 42 as as IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 177 43 viral viral JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 177 44 ROs ro NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 177 45 are be VBP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 177 46 thought think VBN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 177 47 to to TO cord-306424-gf0bglm0 177 48 do do VB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 177 49 . . . cord-306424-gf0bglm0 178 1 Multiple multiple JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 178 2 studies study NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 178 3 found find VBD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 178 4 that that IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 178 5 enzymes enzyme NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 178 6 capable capable JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 178 7 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 178 8 disrupting disrupt VBG cord-306424-gf0bglm0 178 9 PVs pv NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 178 10 are be VBP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 178 11 GTPases gtpase NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 178 12 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 178 13 such such JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 178 14 as as IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 178 15 effector effector JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 178 16 immunity immunity NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 178 17 - - HYPH cord-306424-gf0bglm0 178 18 related relate VBN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 178 19 p47 p47 NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 178 20 GTPases gtpase NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 178 21 ( ( -LRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 178 22 IRGs IRGs NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 178 23 ) ) -RRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 178 24 and and CC cord-306424-gf0bglm0 178 25 guanylatebinding guanylatebinde VBG cord-306424-gf0bglm0 178 26 proteins protein NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 178 27 ( ( -LRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 178 28 GBPs GBPs NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 178 29 ) ) -RRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 178 30 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 178 31 which which WDT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 178 32 are be VBP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 178 33 part part NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 178 34 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 178 35 a a DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 178 36 family family NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 178 37 which which WDT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 178 38 we -PRON- PRP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 178 39 will will MD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 178 40 refer refer VB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 178 41 to to IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 178 42 as as IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 178 43 IFN IFN NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 178 44 - - HYPH cord-306424-gf0bglm0 178 45 inducible inducible JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 178 46 GTPases gtpase NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 178 47 [ [ -LRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 178 48 116 116 CD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 178 49 ] ] -RRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 178 50 . . . cord-306424-gf0bglm0 179 1 Expression expression NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 179 2 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 179 3 IRGs irg NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 179 4 and and CC cord-306424-gf0bglm0 179 5 GBPs GBPs NNPS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 179 6 is be VBZ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 179 7 induced induce VBN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 179 8 upon upon IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 179 9 IFN IFN NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 179 10 - - HYPH cord-306424-gf0bglm0 179 11 g g NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 179 12 stimulation stimulation NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 179 13 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 179 14 and and CC cord-306424-gf0bglm0 179 15 leads lead VBZ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 179 16 to to IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 179 17 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 179 18 accumulation accumulation NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 179 19 on on IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 179 20 PVs pv NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 179 21 . . . cord-306424-gf0bglm0 180 1 Subsequently subsequently RB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 180 2 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 180 3 activation activation NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 180 4 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 180 5 these these DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 180 6 GTPases gtpase NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 180 7 due due IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 180 8 to to IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 180 9 the the DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 180 10 exchange exchange NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 180 11 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 180 12 GDP GDP NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 180 13 for for IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 180 14 GTP GTP NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 180 15 results result NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 180 16 in in IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 180 17 membrane membrane NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 180 18 disruption disruption NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 180 19 as as IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 180 20 a a DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 180 21 consequence consequence NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 180 22 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 180 23 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 180 24 dynamin dynamin NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 180 25 - - HYPH cord-306424-gf0bglm0 180 26 like like JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 180 27 activity activity NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 180 28 [ [ -LRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 180 29 117 117 CD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 180 30 ] ] -RRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 180 31 . . . cord-306424-gf0bglm0 181 1 To to TO cord-306424-gf0bglm0 181 2 prevent prevent VB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 181 3 aspecific aspecific NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 181 4 disruption disruption NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 181 5 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 181 6 host host NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 181 7 cell cell NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 181 8 membranes membrane NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 181 9 contain contain VBP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 181 10 a a DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 181 11 set set NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 181 12 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 181 13 proteins protein NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 181 14 that that WDT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 181 15 inhibit inhibit VBP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 181 16 GTPase GTPase NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 181 17 activity activity NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 181 18 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 181 19 known know VBN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 181 20 as as IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 181 21 ' ' '' cord-306424-gf0bglm0 181 22 ' ' '' cord-306424-gf0bglm0 181 23 guard guard NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 181 24 proteins protein NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 181 25 ' ' POS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 181 26 ' ' '' cord-306424-gf0bglm0 181 27 [ [ -LRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 181 28 118 118 CD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 181 29 ] ] -RRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 181 30 . . . cord-306424-gf0bglm0 182 1 Wellstudied wellstudied JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 182 2 pathogens pathogen NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 182 3 in in IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 182 4 the the DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 182 5 context context NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 182 6 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 182 7 this this DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 182 8 process process NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 182 9 are be VBP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 182 10 the the DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 182 11 protozoan protozoan NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 182 12 parasite parasite VBP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 182 13 Toxoplasma toxoplasma NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 182 14 gondii gondii NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 182 15 ( ( -LRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 182 16 T. T. NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 182 17 gondii gondii NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 182 18 ) ) -RRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 182 19 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 182 20 the the DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 182 21 bacterium bacterium NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 182 22 Chlamydia Chlamydia NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 182 23 trachomatis trachomatis NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 182 24 and and CC cord-306424-gf0bglm0 182 25 the the DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 182 26 microsporidian microsporidian JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 182 27 Encephalitozoon Encephalitozoon NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 182 28 cuniculi cuniculi NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 182 29 [ [ -LRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 182 30 119 119 CD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 182 31 ] ] -RRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 182 32 [ [ -LRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 182 33 120 120 CD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 182 34 ] ] -RRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 182 35 [ [ -LRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 182 36 121 121 CD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 182 37 ] ] -RRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 182 38 [ [ -LRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 182 39 122 122 CD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 182 40 ] ] -RRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 182 41 [ [ -LRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 182 42 123 123 CD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 182 43 ] ] -RRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 182 44 [ [ -LRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 182 45 124 124 CD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 182 46 ] ] -RRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 182 47 [ [ -LRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 182 48 125 125 CD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 182 49 ] ] -RRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 182 50 . . . cord-306424-gf0bglm0 183 1 Although although IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 183 2 it -PRON- PRP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 183 3 remains remain VBZ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 183 4 unclear unclear JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 183 5 for for IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 183 6 most most JJS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 183 7 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 183 8 these these DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 183 9 pathogens pathogen NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 183 10 how how WRB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 183 11 IFN IFN NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 183 12 - - HYPH cord-306424-gf0bglm0 183 13 inducible inducible JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 183 14 GTPases gtpase NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 183 15 are be VBP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 183 16 recruited recruit VBN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 183 17 towards towards IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 183 18 PVs pv NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 183 19 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 183 20 recent recent JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 183 21 studies study NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 183 22 on on IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 183 23 T. T. NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 183 24 gondii gondii NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 183 25 infection infection NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 183 26 demonstrated demonstrate VBD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 183 27 that that IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 183 28 host host NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 183 29 cells cell NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 183 30 label label VBP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 183 31 these these DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 183 32 membrane membrane NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 183 33 structures structure NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 183 34 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 183 35 for for IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 183 36 example example NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 183 37 with with IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 183 38 various various JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 183 39 forms form NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 183 40 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 183 41 microtubule microtubule NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 183 42 - - HYPH cord-306424-gf0bglm0 183 43 associated associate VBN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 183 44 protein protein NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 183 45 1A/1B 1a/1b CD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 183 46 - - HYPH cord-306424-gf0bglm0 183 47 light light NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 183 48 chain chain NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 183 49 3 3 CD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 184 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 184 2 LC3 LC3 NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 184 3 ) ) -RRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 185 1 to to TO cord-306424-gf0bglm0 185 2 initiate initiate VB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 185 3 this this DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 185 4 process process NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 185 5 [ [ -LRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 185 6 122 122 CD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 185 7 ] ] -RRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 186 1 [ [ -LRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 186 2 123 123 CD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 186 3 ] ] -RRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 186 4 [ [ -LRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 186 5 124 124 CD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 186 6 ] ] -RRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 187 1 [ [ -LRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 187 2 125 125 CD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 187 3 ] ] -RRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 188 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 188 2 Fig Fig NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 188 3 . . NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 188 4 2 2 CD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 188 5 ) ) -RRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 188 6 . . . cord-306424-gf0bglm0 189 1 LC3 LC3 NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 189 2 is be VBZ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 189 3 a a DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 189 4 well well RB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 189 5 - - HYPH cord-306424-gf0bglm0 189 6 known know VBN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 189 7 factor factor NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 189 8 in in IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 189 9 the the DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 189 10 autophagy autophagy NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 189 11 pathway pathway NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 189 12 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 189 13 and and CC cord-306424-gf0bglm0 189 14 several several JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 189 15 forms form NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 189 16 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 189 17 LC3 lc3 NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 189 18 exist exist VBP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 189 19 in in IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 189 20 the the DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 189 21 human human JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 189 22 proteome proteome NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 189 23 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 189 24 which which WDT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 189 25 seem seem VBP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 189 26 to to TO cord-306424-gf0bglm0 189 27 have have VB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 189 28 overlapping overlap VBG cord-306424-gf0bglm0 189 29 as as RB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 189 30 well well RB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 189 31 as as IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 189 32 distinct distinct JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 189 33 functions function NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 189 34 . . . cord-306424-gf0bglm0 190 1 The the DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 190 2 human human JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 190 3 genome genome NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 190 4 encodes encode VBZ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 190 5 homologs homolog NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 190 6 LC3A LC3A '' cord-306424-gf0bglm0 190 7 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 190 8 LC3B lc3b NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 190 9 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 190 10 and and CC cord-306424-gf0bglm0 190 11 LC3C LC3C NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 190 12 and and CC cord-306424-gf0bglm0 190 13 LC3-like lc3-like NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 190 14 homologs homolog NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 190 15 GABARAP GABARAP NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 190 16 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 190 17 GABARAPL1 gabarapl1 NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 190 18 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 190 19 GABARAPL2 GABARAPL2 NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 190 20 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 190 21 and and CC cord-306424-gf0bglm0 190 22 GABARAPL3 GABARAPL3 NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 190 23 . . . cord-306424-gf0bglm0 191 1 We -PRON- PRP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 191 2 will will MD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 191 3 refer refer VB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 191 4 to to IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 191 5 all all DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 191 6 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 191 7 these these DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 191 8 as as IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 191 9 LC3 LC3 NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 191 10 unless unless IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 191 11 stated state VBN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 191 12 otherwise otherwise RB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 191 13 . . . cord-306424-gf0bglm0 192 1 LC3 LC3 NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 192 2 was be VBD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 192 3 initially initially RB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 192 4 discovered discover VBN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 192 5 as as IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 192 6 an an DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 192 7 essential essential JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 192 8 protein protein NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 192 9 for for IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 192 10 autophagosome autophagosome NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 192 11 formation formation NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 192 12 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 192 13 which which WDT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 192 14 requires require VBZ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 192 15 a a DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 192 16 covalent covalent JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 192 17 interaction interaction NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 192 18 between between IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 192 19 cytosolic cytosolic JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 192 20 LC3 lc3 NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 192 21 ( ( -LRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 192 22 LC3-I LC3-I NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 192 23 ) ) -RRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 192 24 and and CC cord-306424-gf0bglm0 192 25 the the DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 192 26 phospholipid phospholipid NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 192 27 phosphatidylethanolamine phosphatidylethanolamine NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 192 28 ( ( -LRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 192 29 PE PE NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 192 30 ) ) -RRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 192 31 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 192 32 after after IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 192 33 which which WDT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 192 34 LC3 LC3 NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 192 35 is be VBZ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 192 36 referred refer VBN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 192 37 to to IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 192 38 as as IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 192 39 LC3-II lc3-ii NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 192 40 or or CC cord-306424-gf0bglm0 192 41 lipidated lipidate VBN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 192 42 LC3 LC3 NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 192 43 [ [ -LRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 192 44 126 126 CD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 192 45 ] ] -RRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 192 46 . . . cord-306424-gf0bglm0 193 1 However however RB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 193 2 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 193 3 recent recent JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 193 4 studies study NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 193 5 have have VBP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 193 6 now now RB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 193 7 revealed reveal VBN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 193 8 that that IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 193 9 labeling labeling NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 193 10 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 193 11 ( ( -LRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 193 12 foreign foreign JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 193 13 ) ) -RRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 193 14 membrane membrane NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 193 15 compartments compartment NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 193 16 by by IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 193 17 LC3 lc3 NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 193 18 conjugation conjugation NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 193 19 can can MD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 193 20 also also RB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 193 21 have have VB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 193 22 various various JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 193 23 autophagyunrelated autophagyunrelate VBN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 193 24 consequences consequence NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 193 25 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 193 26 as as IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 193 27 has have VBZ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 193 28 been be VBN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 193 29 reviewed review VBN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 193 30 elsewhere elsewhere RB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 193 31 [ [ -LRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 193 32 127 127 CD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 193 33 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 193 34 128 128 CD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 193 35 ] ] -RRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 193 36 . . . cord-306424-gf0bglm0 194 1 Interestingly interestingly RB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 194 2 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 194 3 multiple multiple JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 194 4 studies study NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 194 5 demonstrated demonstrate VBD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 194 6 that that IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 194 7 labeling labeling NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 194 8 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 194 9 LC3 lc3 NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 194 10 on on IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 194 11 PVs pv NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 194 12 recruits recruit VBZ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 194 13 IFN IFN NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 194 14 - - HYPH cord-306424-gf0bglm0 194 15 inducible inducible JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 194 16 GTPases gtpase NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 194 17 upon upon IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 194 18 IFN IFN NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 194 19 - - HYPH cord-306424-gf0bglm0 194 20 g g NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 194 21 expression expression NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 194 22 during during IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 194 23 T. T. NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 194 24 gondii gondii NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 194 25 infection infection NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 194 26 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 194 27 resulting result VBG cord-306424-gf0bglm0 194 28 in in IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 194 29 exposure exposure NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 194 30 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 194 31 T. t. NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 194 32 gondii gondii NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 194 33 to to IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 194 34 the the DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 194 35 host host NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 194 36 cell cell NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 194 37 cytosol cytosol NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 194 38 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 194 39 thereby thereby RB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 194 40 triggering trigger VBG cord-306424-gf0bglm0 194 41 anti anti JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 194 42 - - JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 194 43 bacterial bacterial JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 194 44 immune immune JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 194 45 responses response NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 194 46 [ [ -LRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 194 47 122 122 CD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 194 48 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 194 49 123 123 CD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 194 50 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 194 51 125 125 CD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 194 52 ] ] -RRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 194 53 . . . cord-306424-gf0bglm0 195 1 Considering consider VBG cord-306424-gf0bglm0 195 2 the the DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 195 3 function function NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 195 4 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 195 5 LC3 LC3 NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 195 6 in in IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 195 7 autophagosome autophagosome JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 195 8 formation formation NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 195 9 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 195 10 Jayoung Jayoung NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 195 11 Choi Choi NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 195 12 and and CC cord-306424-gf0bglm0 195 13 co co NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 195 14 - - NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 195 15 workers worker NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 195 16 [ [ -LRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 195 17 124 124 CD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 195 18 ] ] -RRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 195 19 termed term VBN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 195 20 this this DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 195 21 process process NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 195 22 Targeting target VBG cord-306424-gf0bglm0 195 23 by by IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 195 24 AutophaGy AutophaGy NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 195 25 proteins protein NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 195 26 ( ( -LRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 195 27 TAG tag NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 195 28 ) ) -RRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 195 29 . . . cord-306424-gf0bglm0 196 1 In in IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 196 2 addition addition NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 196 3 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 196 4 a a DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 196 5 similar similar JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 196 6 role role NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 196 7 was be VBD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 196 8 recently recently RB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 196 9 found find VBN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 196 10 for for IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 196 11 ubiquitin ubiquitin NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 196 12 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 196 13 the the DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 196 14 versatile versatile JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 196 15 regulator regulator NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 196 16 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 196 17 numerous numerous JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 196 18 important important JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 196 19 cellular cellular JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 196 20 processes process NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 196 21 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 196 22 and and CC cord-306424-gf0bglm0 196 23 also also RB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 196 24 a a DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 196 25 well well RB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 196 26 - - HYPH cord-306424-gf0bglm0 196 27 known know VBN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 196 28 autophagy autophagy NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 196 29 - - HYPH cord-306424-gf0bglm0 196 30 related relate VBN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 196 31 protein protein NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 196 32 [ [ -LRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 196 33 129 129 CD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 196 34 ] ] -RRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 196 35 . . . cord-306424-gf0bglm0 197 1 A a DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 197 2 study study NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 197 3 on on IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 197 4 T. T. NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 197 5 gondii gondii NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 197 6 and and CC cord-306424-gf0bglm0 197 7 Chlamydia Chlamydia NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 197 8 trachomatis trachomatis NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 197 9 infection infection NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 197 10 demonstrated demonstrate VBD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 197 11 that that IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 197 12 PVs pv NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 197 13 are be VBP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 197 14 also also RB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 197 15 recognized recognize VBN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 197 16 and and CC cord-306424-gf0bglm0 197 17 labeled label VBN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 197 18 by by IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 197 19 the the DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 197 20 ubiquitination ubiquitination JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 197 21 pathway pathway NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 197 22 upon upon IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 197 23 IFN IFN NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 197 24 - - HYPH cord-306424-gf0bglm0 197 25 g g NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 197 26 expression expression NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 197 27 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 197 28 resulting result VBG cord-306424-gf0bglm0 197 29 in in IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 197 30 recruitment recruitment NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 197 31 and and CC cord-306424-gf0bglm0 197 32 activation activation NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 197 33 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 197 34 IFN IFN NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 197 35 - - HYPH cord-306424-gf0bglm0 197 36 inducible inducible JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 197 37 GTPases gtpase NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 197 38 [ [ -LRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 197 39 130 130 CD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 197 40 ] ] -RRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 197 41 . . . cord-306424-gf0bglm0 198 1 Importantly importantly RB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 198 2 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 198 3 it -PRON- PRP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 198 4 was be VBD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 198 5 shown show VBN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 198 6 that that IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 198 7 virulent virulent JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 198 8 strains strain NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 198 9 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 198 10 T. t. NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 198 11 gondii gondii NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 198 12 and and CC cord-306424-gf0bglm0 198 13 Chlamydia Chlamydia NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 198 14 trachomatis trachomatis NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 198 15 interfere interfere VBP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 198 16 with with IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 198 17 the the DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 198 18 deposition deposition NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 198 19 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 198 20 IFN IFN NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 198 21 - - HYPH cord-306424-gf0bglm0 198 22 inducible inducible JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 198 23 GTPases gtpase NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 198 24 on on IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 198 25 PVs pv NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 198 26 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 198 27 underscoring underscore VBG cord-306424-gf0bglm0 198 28 the the DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 198 29 importance importance NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 198 30 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 198 31 this this DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 198 32 mechanism mechanism NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 198 33 in in IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 198 34 clearance clearance NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 198 35 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 198 36 associated associated JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 198 37 infections infection NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 198 38 [ [ -LRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 198 39 119 119 CD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 198 40 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 198 41 131 131 CD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 198 42 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 198 43 132 132 CD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 198 44 ] ] -RRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 198 45 . . . cord-306424-gf0bglm0 199 1 Collectively collectively RB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 199 2 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 199 3 these these DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 199 4 studies study NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 199 5 demonstrate demonstrate VBP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 199 6 the the DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 199 7 existence existence NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 199 8 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 199 9 various various JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 199 10 innate innate JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 199 11 immune immune JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 199 12 responses response NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 199 13 that that WDT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 199 14 result result VBP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 199 15 in in IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 199 16 tagging tagging NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 199 17 and and CC cord-306424-gf0bglm0 199 18 subsequent subsequent JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 199 19 disruption disruption NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 199 20 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 199 21 non non JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 199 22 - - JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 199 23 or or CC cord-306424-gf0bglm0 199 24 aberrant aberrant JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 199 25 - - HYPH cord-306424-gf0bglm0 199 26 self self NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 199 27 membrane membrane NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 199 28 structures structure NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 199 29 in in IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 199 30 the the DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 199 31 cell cell NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 199 32 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 199 33 thereby thereby RB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 199 34 exposing expose VBG cord-306424-gf0bglm0 199 35 PAMPs pamp NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 199 36 and and CC cord-306424-gf0bglm0 199 37 promoting promote VBG cord-306424-gf0bglm0 199 38 immune immune JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 199 39 signaling signaling NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 199 40 . . . cord-306424-gf0bglm0 200 1 Importantly importantly RB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 200 2 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 200 3 the the DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 200 4 findings finding NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 200 5 suggest suggest VBP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 200 6 that that IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 200 7 IFN IFN NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 200 8 - - HYPH cord-306424-gf0bglm0 200 9 mediated mediate VBN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 200 10 membrane membrane NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 200 11 disruption disruption NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 200 12 might may MD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 200 13 be be VB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 200 14 a a DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 200 15 common common JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 200 16 principle principle NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 200 17 in in IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 200 18 clearance clearance NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 200 19 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 200 20 pathogens pathogen NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 200 21 that that WDT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 200 22 use use VBP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 200 23 rearranged rearrange VBD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 200 24 membranes membrane NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 200 25 to to TO cord-306424-gf0bglm0 200 26 support support VB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 200 27 replication replication NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 200 28 and and CC cord-306424-gf0bglm0 200 29 avoid avoid VB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 200 30 innate innate JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 200 31 immune immune JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 200 32 detection detection NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 200 33 . . . cord-306424-gf0bglm0 201 1 Like like IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 201 2 PVs pv NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 201 3 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 201 4 ROs ROs NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 201 5 induced induce VBN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 201 6 by by IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 201 7 + + SYM cord-306424-gf0bglm0 201 8 RNA RNA NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 201 9 viruses virus NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 201 10 are be VBP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 201 11 membranous membranous JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 201 12 compartments compartment NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 201 13 that that WDT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 201 14 constitute constitute VBP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 201 15 an an DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 201 16 environment environment NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 201 17 for for IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 201 18 efficient efficient JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 201 19 replication replication NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 201 20 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 201 21 simultaneously simultaneously RB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 201 22 avoiding avoid VBG cord-306424-gf0bglm0 201 23 immune immune JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 201 24 detection detection NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 201 25 by by IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 201 26 the the DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 201 27 host host NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 201 28 . . . cord-306424-gf0bglm0 202 1 Therefore therefore RB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 202 2 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 202 3 similar similar JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 202 4 mechanisms mechanism NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 202 5 might may MD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 202 6 be be VB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 202 7 aimed aim VBN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 202 8 towards towards IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 202 9 viral viral JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 202 10 ROs ro NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 202 11 . . . cord-306424-gf0bglm0 203 1 The the DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 203 2 observation observation NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 203 3 that that IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 203 4 ROs ROs NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 203 5 induced induce VBN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 203 6 by by IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 203 7 various various JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 203 8 + + CC cord-306424-gf0bglm0 203 9 RNA RNA NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 203 10 viruses virus NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 203 11 consist consist VBP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 203 12 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 203 13 a a DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 203 14 double double JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 203 15 membrane membrane NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 203 16 initially initially RB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 203 17 suggested suggest VBD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 203 18 a a DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 203 19 role role NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 203 20 for for IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 203 21 the the DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 203 22 autophagy autophagy NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 203 23 machinery machinery NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 203 24 in in IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 203 25 the the DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 203 26 formation formation NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 203 27 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 203 28 these these DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 203 29 structures structure NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 203 30 . . . cord-306424-gf0bglm0 204 1 However however RB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 204 2 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 204 3 only only RB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 204 4 nonlipidated nonlipidate VBN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 204 5 LC3 LC3 NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 204 6 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 204 7 and and CC cord-306424-gf0bglm0 204 8 not not RB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 204 9 an an DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 204 10 intact intact JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 204 11 autophagy autophagy NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 204 12 pathway pathway NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 204 13 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 204 14 was be VBD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 204 15 found find VBN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 204 16 to to TO cord-306424-gf0bglm0 204 17 be be VB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 204 18 essential essential JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 204 19 for for IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 204 20 viral viral JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 204 21 RO ro NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 204 22 formation formation NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 204 23 and and CC cord-306424-gf0bglm0 204 24 viral viral JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 204 25 replication replication NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 204 26 upon upon IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 204 27 infection infection NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 204 28 with with IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 204 29 EAV EAV NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 204 30 and and CC cord-306424-gf0bglm0 204 31 MHV MHV NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 204 32 [ [ -LRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 204 33 133 133 CD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 204 34 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 204 35 134 134 CD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 204 36 ] ] -RRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 204 37 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 204 38 thereby thereby RB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 204 39 contradicting contradict VBG cord-306424-gf0bglm0 204 40 this this DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 204 41 hypothesis hypothesis NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 204 42 . . . cord-306424-gf0bglm0 205 1 Interestingly interestingly RB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 205 2 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 205 3 lipidated lipidate VBN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 205 4 LC3 LC3 NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 205 5 was be VBD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 205 6 found find VBN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 205 7 to to TO cord-306424-gf0bglm0 205 8 support support VB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 205 9 IFN IFN NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 205 10 - - HYPH cord-306424-gf0bglm0 205 11 g g NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 205 12 mediated mediate VBD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 205 13 protection protection NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 205 14 against against IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 205 15 murine murine JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 205 16 norovirus norovirus NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 205 17 ( ( -LRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 205 18 MNV mnv NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 205 19 ) ) -RRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 205 20 infection infection NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 205 21 by by IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 205 22 autophagy autophagy NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 205 23 - - HYPH cord-306424-gf0bglm0 205 24 unrelated unrelated JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 205 25 means mean NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 205 26 [ [ -LRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 205 27 135 135 CD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 205 28 ] ] -RRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 205 29 . . . cord-306424-gf0bglm0 206 1 Furthermore furthermore RB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 206 2 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 206 3 the the DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 206 4 induction induction NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 206 5 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 206 6 viral viral JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 206 7 membranous membranous JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 206 8 structures structure NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 206 9 by by IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 206 10 expression expression NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 206 11 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 206 12 MNV MNV NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 206 13 nsps nsp NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 206 14 led lead VBD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 206 15 to to IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 206 16 a a DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 206 17 high high JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 206 18 colocalization colocalization NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 206 19 between between IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 206 20 ATG16L1 ATG16L1 NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 206 21 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 206 22 a a DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 206 23 protein protein NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 206 24 involved involve VBN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 206 25 in in IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 206 26 LC3 lc3 JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 206 27 conjugation conjugation NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 206 28 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 206 29 and and CC cord-306424-gf0bglm0 206 30 the the DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 206 31 MNV MNV NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 206 32 polymerase polymerase NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 206 33 . . . cord-306424-gf0bglm0 207 1 Since since IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 207 2 ATG16L1 ATG16L1 NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 207 3 determines determine VBZ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 207 4 the the DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 207 5 site site NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 207 6 for for IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 207 7 LC3 lc3 JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 207 8 conjugation conjugation NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 207 9 [ [ -LRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 207 10 136 136 CD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 207 11 ] ] -RRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 207 12 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 207 13 and and CC cord-306424-gf0bglm0 207 14 the the DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 207 15 MNV mnv NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 207 16 polymerase polymerase NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 207 17 is be VBZ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 207 18 associated associate VBN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 207 19 with with IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 207 20 ROs ROs NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 207 21 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 207 22 this this DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 207 23 further further RB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 207 24 supports support VBZ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 207 25 the the DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 207 26 possibility possibility NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 207 27 that that IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 207 28 LC3 lc3 JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 207 29 conjugation conjugation NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 207 30 occurs occur VBZ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 207 31 on on IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 207 32 ROs ROs NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 207 33 . . . cord-306424-gf0bglm0 208 1 Other other JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 208 2 supporting support VBG cord-306424-gf0bglm0 208 3 in in IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 208 4 vitro vitro FW cord-306424-gf0bglm0 208 5 experiments experiment NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 208 6 show show VBP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 208 7 that that IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 208 8 conditional conditional JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 208 9 KO KO NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 208 10 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 208 11 ATG4B ATG4B `` cord-306424-gf0bglm0 208 12 inhibits inhibit VBZ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 208 13 replication replication NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 208 14 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 208 15 MNV mnv NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 208 16 and and CC cord-306424-gf0bglm0 208 17 T. t. NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 208 18 gondii gondii NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 208 19 more more RBR cord-306424-gf0bglm0 208 20 effectively effectively RB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 208 21 compared compare VBN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 208 22 to to IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 208 23 wildtype wildtype NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 208 24 cells cell NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 208 25 [ [ -LRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 208 26 123 123 CD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 208 27 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 208 28 135 135 CD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 208 29 ] ] -RRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 208 30 . . . cord-306424-gf0bglm0 209 1 In in IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 209 2 contrast contrast NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 209 3 to to IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 209 4 the the DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 209 5 multiple multiple JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 209 6 autophagins autophagin NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 209 7 involved involve VBN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 209 8 in in IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 209 9 pre pre JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 209 10 - - JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 209 11 processing processing NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 209 12 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 209 13 LC3 lc3 NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 209 14 for for IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 209 15 conjugation conjugation NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 209 16 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 209 17 ATG4B ATG4B '' cord-306424-gf0bglm0 209 18 is be VBZ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 209 19 the the DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 209 20 only only JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 209 21 human human JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 209 22 homolog homolog NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 209 23 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 209 24 yeast yeast NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 209 25 ATG4 ATG4 NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 209 26 that that WDT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 209 27 efficiently efficiently RB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 209 28 deconjugates deconjugate VBZ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 209 29 LC3 LC3 NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 209 30 from from IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 209 31 membranes membrane NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 209 32 [ [ -LRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 209 33 137 137 CD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 209 34 ] ] -RRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 209 35 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 209 36 and and CC cord-306424-gf0bglm0 209 37 therefore therefore RB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 209 38 plays play VBZ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 209 39 a a DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 209 40 major major JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 209 41 role role NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 209 42 in in IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 209 43 negatively negatively RB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 209 44 regulating regulate VBG cord-306424-gf0bglm0 209 45 the the DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 209 46 fraction fraction NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 209 47 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 209 48 conjugated conjugate VBN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 209 49 LC3 LC3 NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 209 50 . . . cord-306424-gf0bglm0 210 1 Several several JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 210 2 groups group NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 210 3 have have VBP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 210 4 reported report VBN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 210 5 enhanced enhanced JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 210 6 conjugation conjugation NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 210 7 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 210 8 LC3 lc3 NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 210 9 to to IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 210 10 membranes membrane NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 210 11 during during IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 210 12 knockdown knockdown NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 210 13 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 210 14 ATG4B atg4b CD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 210 15 in in IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 210 16 various various JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 210 17 cell cell NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 210 18 types type NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 210 19 [ [ -LRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 210 20 138 138 CD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 210 21 ] ] -RRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 210 22 [ [ -LRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 210 23 139 139 CD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 210 24 ] ] -RRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 210 25 [ [ -LRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 210 26 140 140 CD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 210 27 ] ] -RRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 210 28 [ [ -LRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 210 29 141 141 CD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 210 30 ] ] -RRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 210 31 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 210 32 including include VBG cord-306424-gf0bglm0 210 33 those those DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 210 34 used use VBN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 210 35 by by IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 210 36 aforementioned aforementioned JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 210 37 studies study NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 210 38 [ [ -LRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 210 39 123 123 CD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 210 40 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 210 41 135 135 CD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 210 42 ] ] -RRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 210 43 . . . cord-306424-gf0bglm0 211 1 Thus thus RB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 211 2 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 211 3 it -PRON- PRP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 211 4 is be VBZ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 211 5 likely likely JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 211 6 that that IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 211 7 increased increase VBN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 211 8 lipidated lipidate VBN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 211 9 LC3 LC3 NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 211 10 was be VBD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 211 11 present present JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 211 12 on on IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 211 13 ROs ro NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 211 14 and and CC cord-306424-gf0bglm0 211 15 PVMs pvm NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 211 16 during during IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 211 17 experiments experiment NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 211 18 in in IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 211 19 ATG4B atg4b CD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 211 20 - - HYPH cord-306424-gf0bglm0 211 21 deficient deficient JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 211 22 Recent recent JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 211 23 studies study NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 211 24 demonstrate demonstrate VBP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 211 25 that that IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 211 26 LC3 LC3 NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 211 27 is be VBZ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 211 28 conjugated conjugate VBN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 211 29 to to IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 211 30 the the DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 211 31 PVM PVM NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 211 32 by by IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 211 33 the the DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 211 34 LC3 lc3 JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 211 35 conjugation conjugation NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 211 36 system system NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 211 37 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 211 38 leading lead VBG cord-306424-gf0bglm0 211 39 to to IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 211 40 recruitment recruitment NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 211 41 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 211 42 IFN IFN NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 211 43 - - HYPH cord-306424-gf0bglm0 211 44 g g NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 211 45 inducible inducible JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 211 46 GTPases gtpase NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 211 47 to to IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 211 48 the the DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 211 49 PVM PVM NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 211 50 upon upon IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 211 51 IFN IFN NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 211 52 - - HYPH cord-306424-gf0bglm0 211 53 g g NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 211 54 stimulation stimulation NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 211 55 . . . cord-306424-gf0bglm0 212 1 As as IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 212 2 a a DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 212 3 consequence consequence NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 212 4 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 212 5 activation activation NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 212 6 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 212 7 IFN IFN NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 212 8 - - HYPH cord-306424-gf0bglm0 212 9 g g NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 212 10 inducible inducible JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 212 11 GTPases gtpase NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 212 12 leads lead VBZ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 212 13 to to IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 212 14 membrane membrane NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 212 15 disruption disruption NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 212 16 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 212 17 the the DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 212 18 PVM PVM NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 212 19 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 212 20 and and CC cord-306424-gf0bglm0 212 21 exposure exposure NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 212 22 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 212 23 T. t. NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 212 24 gondii gondii NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 212 25 to to IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 212 26 the the DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 212 27 innate innate JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 212 28 immune immune JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 212 29 system system NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 212 30 . . . cord-306424-gf0bglm0 213 1 cells cell NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 213 2 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 213 3 thereby thereby RB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 213 4 explaining explain VBG cord-306424-gf0bglm0 213 5 the the DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 213 6 enhanced enhance VBN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 213 7 inhibition inhibition NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 213 8 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 213 9 replication replication NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 213 10 . . . cord-306424-gf0bglm0 214 1 Interestingly interestingly RB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 214 2 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 214 3 findings finding NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 214 4 in in IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 214 5 other other JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 214 6 studies study NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 214 7 are be VBP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 214 8 contradictory contradictory JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 214 9 in in IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 214 10 the the DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 214 11 sense sense NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 214 12 that that IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 214 13 only only RB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 214 14 LC3-I LC3-I NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 214 15 was be VBD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 214 16 observed observe VBN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 214 17 on on IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 214 18 ROs ro NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 214 19 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 214 20 MNV MNV NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 214 21 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 214 22 EAV EAV NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 214 23 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 214 24 and and CC cord-306424-gf0bglm0 214 25 MHVinfected mhvinfecte VBN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 214 26 cells cell NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 214 27 [ [ -LRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 214 28 133 133 CD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 214 29 ] ] -RRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 214 30 [ [ -LRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 214 31 134 134 CD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 214 32 ] ] -RRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 214 33 [ [ -LRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 214 34 135 135 CD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 214 35 ] ] -RRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 214 36 . . . cord-306424-gf0bglm0 215 1 On on IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 215 2 this this DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 215 3 note note NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 215 4 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 215 5 it -PRON- PRP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 215 6 is be VBZ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 215 7 worth worth JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 215 8 mentioning mention VBG cord-306424-gf0bglm0 215 9 that that IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 215 10 LC3-I LC3-I NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 215 11 does do VBZ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 215 12 not not RB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 215 13 support support VB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 215 14 IFN IFN NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 215 15 - - HYPH cord-306424-gf0bglm0 215 16 g g NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 215 17 mediated mediate VBN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 215 18 inhibition inhibition NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 215 19 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 215 20 viral viral JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 215 21 replication replication NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 215 22 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 215 23 as as IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 215 24 IFN IFN NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 215 25 - - HYPH cord-306424-gf0bglm0 215 26 g g NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 215 27 mediated mediate VBN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 215 28 inhibition inhibition NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 215 29 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 215 30 MNV mnv NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 215 31 - - HYPH cord-306424-gf0bglm0 215 32 infected infect VBN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 215 33 cells cell NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 215 34 does do VBZ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 215 35 not not RB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 215 36 occur occur VB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 215 37 in in IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 215 38 the the DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 215 39 case case NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 215 40 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 215 41 ATG7 ATG7 NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 215 42 deficiency deficiency NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 215 43 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 215 44 one one CD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 215 45 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 215 46 the the DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 215 47 proteins protein NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 215 48 responsible responsible JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 215 49 for for IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 215 50 LC3 lc3 JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 215 51 conjugation conjugation NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 215 52 [ [ -LRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 215 53 135 135 CD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 215 54 ] ] -RRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 215 55 . . . cord-306424-gf0bglm0 216 1 In in IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 216 2 conclusion conclusion NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 216 3 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 216 4 although although IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 216 5 there there EX cord-306424-gf0bglm0 216 6 is be VBZ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 216 7 no no DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 216 8 unequivocal unequivocal JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 216 9 evidence evidence NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 216 10 regarding regard VBG cord-306424-gf0bglm0 216 11 the the DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 216 12 presence presence NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 216 13 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 216 14 conjugated conjugate VBN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 216 15 LC3 lc3 NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 216 16 on on IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 216 17 + + CD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 217 1 RNA RNA NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 217 2 virus virus NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 217 3 induced induce VBN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 217 4 ROs ROs NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 217 5 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 217 6 the the DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 217 7 studies study NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 217 8 described describe VBN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 217 9 above above IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 217 10 provoke provoke VB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 217 11 the the DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 217 12 hypothesis hypothesis NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 217 13 that that IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 217 14 membrane membrane NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 217 15 disruption disruption NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 217 16 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 217 17 viral viral JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 217 18 ROs ro NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 217 19 mediated mediate VBN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 217 20 by by IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 217 21 IFN IFN NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 217 22 - - HYPH cord-306424-gf0bglm0 217 23 g g NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 217 24 inducible inducible JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 217 25 GTPases gtpase NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 217 26 may may MD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 217 27 be be VB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 217 28 part part NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 217 29 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 217 30 the the DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 217 31 innate innate JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 217 32 immune immune JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 217 33 response response NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 217 34 against against IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 217 35 + + CC cord-306424-gf0bglm0 217 36 RNA RNA NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 217 37 viruses virus NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 217 38 ( ( -LRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 217 39 Figure figure NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 217 40 3 3 CD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 217 41 ) ) -RRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 217 42 . . . cord-306424-gf0bglm0 218 1 Interestingly interestingly RB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 218 2 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 218 3 current current JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 218 4 knowledge knowledge NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 218 5 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 218 6 IFN IFN NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 218 7 - - HYPH cord-306424-gf0bglm0 218 8 inducible inducible JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 218 9 GTPases gtpase NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 218 10 suggests suggest VBZ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 218 11 that that IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 218 12 membrane membrane NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 218 13 disruption disruption NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 218 14 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 218 15 ROs ro NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 218 16 by by IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 218 17 IFN IFN NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 218 18 - - HYPH cord-306424-gf0bglm0 218 19 g g NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 218 20 inducible inducible JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 218 21 GTPases gtpase NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 218 22 might may MD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 218 23 be be VB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 218 24 part part NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 218 25 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 218 26 a a DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 218 27 common common JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 218 28 antiviral antiviral JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 218 29 mechanism mechanism NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 218 30 that that WDT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 218 31 utilizes utilize VBZ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 218 32 IFN IFN NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 218 33 - - HYPH cord-306424-gf0bglm0 218 34 inducible inducible JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 218 35 GTPases gtpase NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 218 36 to to TO cord-306424-gf0bglm0 218 37 combat combat VB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 218 38 viral viral JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 218 39 infection infection NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 218 40 . . . cord-306424-gf0bglm0 219 1 Aside aside RB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 219 2 from from IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 219 3 IRGs irg NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 219 4 and and CC cord-306424-gf0bglm0 219 5 GBPs gbp NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 219 6 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 219 7 other other JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 219 8 families family NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 219 9 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 219 10 dynamin dynamin NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 219 11 - - HYPH cord-306424-gf0bglm0 219 12 like like JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 219 13 IFN IFN NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 219 14 - - HYPH cord-306424-gf0bglm0 219 15 inducible inducible JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 219 16 GTPases gtpase NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 219 17 exist exist VBP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 219 18 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 219 19 such such JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 219 20 as as IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 219 21 myxovirus myxovirus NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 219 22 resistance resistance NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 219 23 proteins protein NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 219 24 ( ( -LRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 219 25 Mx Mx NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 219 26 ) ) -RRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 219 27 and and CC cord-306424-gf0bglm0 219 28 the the DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 219 29 very very RB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 219 30 large large JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 219 31 IFN IFN NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 219 32 - - HYPH cord-306424-gf0bglm0 219 33 inducible inducible JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 219 34 GTPases gtpase NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 219 35 ( ( -LRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 219 36 VLIGs vlig NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 219 37 ) ) -RRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 219 38 [ [ -LRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 219 39 116 116 CD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 219 40 ] ] -RRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 219 41 . . . cord-306424-gf0bglm0 220 1 These these DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 220 2 enzymes enzyme NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 220 3 are be VBP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 220 4 also also RB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 220 5 known know VBN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 220 6 to to TO cord-306424-gf0bglm0 220 7 have have VB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 220 8 antiviral antiviral JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 220 9 properties property NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 220 10 against against IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 220 11 a a DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 220 12 variety variety NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 220 13 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 220 14 viruses virus NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 220 15 ( ( -LRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 220 16 reviewed review VBN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 220 17 in in IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 220 18 [ [ -LRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 220 19 116 116 CD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 220 20 ] ] -RRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 220 21 ) ) -RRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 220 22 . . . cord-306424-gf0bglm0 221 1 For for IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 221 2 example example NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 221 3 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 221 4 the the DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 221 5 protective protective JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 221 6 role role NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 221 7 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 221 8 Mx Mx NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 221 9 proteins protein NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 221 10 has have VBZ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 221 11 been be VBN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 221 12 demonstrated demonstrate VBN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 221 13 for for IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 221 14 orthomyxoviruses orthomyxovirus NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 221 15 such such JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 221 16 as as IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 221 17 influenza influenza NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 221 18 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 221 19 lentiviruses lentiviruse NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 221 20 such such JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 221 21 as as IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 221 22 human human JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 221 23 immunodeficiency immunodeficiency NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 221 24 virus virus NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 221 25 ( ( -LRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 221 26 HIV HIV NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 221 27 ) ) -RRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 221 28 1 1 CD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 221 29 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 221 30 and and CC cord-306424-gf0bglm0 221 31 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 221 32 interestingly interestingly RB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 221 33 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 221 34 several several JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 221 35 + + SYM cord-306424-gf0bglm0 221 36 RNA rna NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 221 37 viruses virus NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 221 38 belonging belong VBG cord-306424-gf0bglm0 221 39 to to IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 221 40 the the DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 221 41 picornaviridae picornaviridae NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 221 42 and and CC cord-306424-gf0bglm0 221 43 togaviridae togaviridae NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 221 44 [ [ -LRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 221 45 116 116 CD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 221 46 ] ] -RRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 221 47 . . . cord-306424-gf0bglm0 222 1 Moreover moreover RB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 222 2 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 222 3 based base VBN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 222 4 on on IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 222 5 evolutionary evolutionary JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 222 6 studies study NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 222 7 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 222 8 it -PRON- PRP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 222 9 was be VBD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 222 10 recently recently RB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 222 11 suggested suggest VBN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 222 12 that that IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 222 13 Mx Mx NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 222 14 proteins protein NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 222 15 mediate mediate VBP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 222 16 protection protection NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 222 17 against against IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 222 18 even even RB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 222 19 a a DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 222 20 wider wide JJR cord-306424-gf0bglm0 222 21 variety variety NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 222 22 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 222 23 viruses virus NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 222 24 [ [ -LRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 222 25 142 142 CD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 222 26 ] ] -RRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 222 27 . . . cord-306424-gf0bglm0 223 1 In in IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 223 2 contrast contrast NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 223 3 to to IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 223 4 IFN IFN NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 223 5 - - HYPH cord-306424-gf0bglm0 223 6 g g NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 223 7 inducible inducible JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 223 8 IRGs irg NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 223 9 and and CC cord-306424-gf0bglm0 223 10 GBPs gbp NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 223 11 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 223 12 expression expression NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 223 13 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 223 14 Mx Mx NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 223 15 proteins protein NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 223 16 is be VBZ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 223 17 induced induce VBN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 223 18 by by IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 223 19 IFNs ifns NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 223 20 type type NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 223 21 I I NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 223 22 and and CC cord-306424-gf0bglm0 223 23 III III NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 223 24 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 223 25 implying imply VBG cord-306424-gf0bglm0 223 26 that that IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 223 27 all all DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 223 28 IFN IFN NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 223 29 types type NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 223 30 are be VBP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 223 31 capable capable JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 223 32 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 223 33 inducing induce VBG cord-306424-gf0bglm0 223 34 IFN IFN NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 223 35 - - HYPH cord-306424-gf0bglm0 223 36 inducible inducible JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 223 37 GTPases gtpase NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 223 38 [ [ -LRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 223 39 116 116 CD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 223 40 ] ] -RRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 223 41 . . . cord-306424-gf0bglm0 224 1 Therefore therefore RB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 224 2 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 224 3 all all DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 224 4 cell cell NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 224 5 types type NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 224 6 known know VBN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 224 7 to to TO cord-306424-gf0bglm0 224 8 respond respond VB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 224 9 to to IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 224 10 IFNs ifn NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 224 11 could could MD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 224 12 theoretically theoretically RB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 224 13 induce induce VB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 224 14 a a DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 224 15 variety variety NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 224 16 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 224 17 IFN IFN NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 224 18 - - HYPH cord-306424-gf0bglm0 224 19 inducible inducible JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 224 20 GTPases gtpase NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 224 21 in in IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 224 22 response response NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 224 23 to to IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 224 24 viral viral JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 224 25 infection infection NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 224 26 . . . cord-306424-gf0bglm0 225 1 In in IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 225 2 the the DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 225 3 case case NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 225 4 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 225 5 + + `` cord-306424-gf0bglm0 225 6 RNA RNA NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 225 7 viruses virus NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 225 8 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 225 9 it -PRON- PRP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 225 10 is be VBZ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 225 11 intriguing intriguing JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 225 12 that that IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 225 13 multiple multiple JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 225 14 studies study NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 225 15 demonstrated demonstrate VBD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 225 16 how how WRB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 225 17 MxB MxB NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 225 18 suppresses suppress VBZ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 225 19 replication replication NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 225 20 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 225 21 HIV-1 HIV-1 NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 225 22 by by IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 225 23 targeting target VBG cord-306424-gf0bglm0 225 24 the the DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 225 25 viral viral JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 225 26 capsid capsid NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 225 27 protein protein NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 225 28 [ [ -LRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 225 29 143 143 CD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 225 30 ] ] -RRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 225 31 [ [ -LRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 225 32 144 144 CD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 225 33 ] ] -RRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 225 34 [ [ -LRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 225 35 145 145 CD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 225 36 ] ] -RRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 225 37 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 225 38 given give VBN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 225 39 the the DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 225 40 parallels parallel NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 225 41 between between IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 225 42 retroviral retroviral JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 225 43 capsids capsid NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 225 44 and and CC cord-306424-gf0bglm0 225 45 + + SYM cord-306424-gf0bglm0 225 46 RNA RNA NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 225 47 virus virus NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 225 48 ROs ROs NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 225 49 [ [ -LRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 225 50 146 146 CD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 225 51 ] ] -RRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 225 52 . . . cord-306424-gf0bglm0 226 1 In in IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 226 2 conclusion conclusion NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 226 3 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 226 4 these these DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 226 5 findings finding NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 226 6 again again RB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 226 7 suggest suggest VBP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 226 8 a a DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 226 9 general general JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 226 10 function function NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 226 11 for for IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 226 12 IFN IFN NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 226 13 - - HYPH cord-306424-gf0bglm0 226 14 inducible inducible JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 226 15 GTPase GTPase NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 226 16 effectors effector NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 226 17 in in IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 226 18 the the DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 226 19 targeting targeting NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 226 20 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 226 21 viral viral JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 226 22 intracellular intracellular JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 226 23 membrane membrane NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 226 24 structures structure NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 226 25 that that WDT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 226 26 function function VBP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 226 27 to to TO cord-306424-gf0bglm0 226 28 shield shield VB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 226 29 away away RP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 226 30 viral viral JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 226 31 components component NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 226 32 away away RB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 226 33 from from IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 226 34 the the DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 226 35 cytosol cytosol NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 226 36 . . . cord-306424-gf0bglm0 227 1 Rearrangement rearrangement NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 227 2 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 227 3 host host NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 227 4 membranes membrane NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 227 5 into into IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 227 6 ROs ROs NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 227 7 is be VBZ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 227 8 considered consider VBN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 227 9 a a DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 227 10 hallmark hallmark NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 227 11 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 227 12 + + SYM cord-306424-gf0bglm0 227 13 RNA RNA NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 227 14 virus virus NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 227 15 infection infection NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 227 16 . . . cord-306424-gf0bglm0 228 1 ROs ro NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 228 2 are be VBP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 228 3 believed believe VBN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 228 4 to to TO cord-306424-gf0bglm0 228 5 have have VB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 228 6 at at IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 228 7 least least JJS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 228 8 a a DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 228 9 dual dual JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 228 10 role role NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 228 11 in in IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 228 12 + + CC cord-306424-gf0bglm0 228 13 RNA RNA NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 228 14 virus virus NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 228 15 infection infection NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 228 16 and and CC cord-306424-gf0bglm0 228 17 innate innate JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 228 18 immune immune JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 228 19 evasion evasion NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 228 20 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 228 21 as as IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 228 22 they -PRON- PRP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 228 23 facilitate facilitate VBP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 228 24 efficient efficient JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 228 25 RNA RNA NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 228 26 replication replication NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 228 27 while while IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 228 28 shielding shield VBG cord-306424-gf0bglm0 228 29 viral viral JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 228 30 RNA RNA NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 228 31 from from IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 228 32 the the DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 228 33 host host NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 228 34 antiviral antiviral JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 228 35 response response NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 228 36 machinery machinery NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 228 37 . . . cord-306424-gf0bglm0 229 1 As as IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 229 2 viral viral JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 229 3 RNA RNA NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 229 4 is be VBZ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 229 5 a a DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 229 6 very very RB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 229 7 potent potent JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 229 8 inducer inducer NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 229 9 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 229 10 antiviral antiviral JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 229 11 signaling signaling NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 229 12 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 229 13 we -PRON- PRP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 229 14 focused focus VBD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 229 15 on on IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 229 16 how how WRB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 229 17 both both CC cord-306424-gf0bglm0 229 18 the the DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 229 19 biochemical biochemical JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 229 20 and and CC cord-306424-gf0bglm0 229 21 spatial spatial JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 229 22 organization organization NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 229 23 allows allow VBZ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 229 24 the the DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 229 25 innate innate JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 229 26 immune immune JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 229 27 system system NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 229 28 to to TO cord-306424-gf0bglm0 229 29 convert convert VB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 229 30 detection detection NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 229 31 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 229 32 viral viral JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 229 33 RNA RNA NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 229 34 to to IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 229 35 an an DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 229 36 antiviral antiviral JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 229 37 state state NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 229 38 . . . cord-306424-gf0bglm0 230 1 In in IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 230 2 addition addition NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 230 3 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 230 4 we -PRON- PRP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 230 5 described describe VBD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 230 6 part part NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 230 7 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 230 8 the the DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 230 9 divergent divergent JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 230 10 methods method NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 230 11 by by IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 230 12 which which WDT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 230 13 + + CC cord-306424-gf0bglm0 230 14 RNA RNA NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 230 15 viruses virus NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 230 16 impair impair VBP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 230 17 antiviral antiviral JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 230 18 signaling signal VBG cord-306424-gf0bglm0 230 19 surrounding surround VBG cord-306424-gf0bglm0 230 20 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 230 21 RNA RNA NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 230 22 replication replication NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 230 23 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 230 24 transcription transcription NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 230 25 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 230 26 and and CC cord-306424-gf0bglm0 230 27 translation translation NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 230 28 in in IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 230 29 order order NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 230 30 to to TO cord-306424-gf0bglm0 230 31 establish establish VB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 230 32 infection infection NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 230 33 . . . cord-306424-gf0bglm0 231 1 At at IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 231 2 last last RB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 231 3 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 231 4 based base VBN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 231 5 on on IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 231 6 recent recent JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 231 7 studies study NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 231 8 that that WDT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 231 9 demonstrated demonstrate VBD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 231 10 how how WRB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 231 11 IFN IFN NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 231 12 - - HYPH cord-306424-gf0bglm0 231 13 g g NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 231 14 inducible inducible JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 231 15 GTPases gtpase NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 231 16 are be VBP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 231 17 capable capable JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 231 18 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 231 19 disrupting disrupt VBG cord-306424-gf0bglm0 231 20 PVs pv NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 231 21 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 231 22 we -PRON- PRP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 231 23 discussed discuss VBD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 231 24 the the DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 231 25 possibility possibility NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 231 26 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 231 27 a a DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 231 28 general general JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 231 29 function function NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 231 30 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 231 31 IFN IFN NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 231 32 - - HYPH cord-306424-gf0bglm0 231 33 inducible inducible JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 231 34 GTPases gtpase NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 231 35 in in IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 231 36 the the DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 231 37 targeting targeting NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 231 38 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 231 39 viral viral JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 231 40 ROs ro NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 231 41 . . . cord-306424-gf0bglm0 232 1 In in IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 232 2 summary summary NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 232 3 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 232 4 upon upon IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 232 5 infection infection NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 232 6 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 232 7 + + CC cord-306424-gf0bglm0 232 8 RNA rna NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 232 9 viruses virus NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 232 10 hamper hamper VBP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 232 11 IFN IFN NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 232 12 and and CC cord-306424-gf0bglm0 232 13 ISG ISG NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 232 14 induction induction NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 232 15 at at IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 232 16 multiple multiple JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 232 17 levels level NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 232 18 to to TO cord-306424-gf0bglm0 232 19 decelerate decelerate VB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 232 20 antiviral antiviral JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 232 21 innate innate JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 232 22 immune immune JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 232 23 signaling signaling NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 232 24 . . . cord-306424-gf0bglm0 233 1 In in IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 233 2 this this DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 233 3 process process NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 233 4 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 233 5 the the DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 233 6 formation formation NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 233 7 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 233 8 ROs ROs NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 233 9 enables enable VBZ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 233 10 rapid rapid JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 233 11 viral viral JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 233 12 RNA RNA NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 233 13 replication replication NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 233 14 while while IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 233 15 masking mask VBG cord-306424-gf0bglm0 233 16 it -PRON- PRP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 233 17 from from IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 233 18 the the DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 233 19 host host NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 233 20 . . . cord-306424-gf0bglm0 234 1 However however RB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 234 2 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 234 3 in in IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 234 4 case case NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 234 5 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 234 6 sufficient sufficient JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 234 7 activation activation NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 234 8 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 234 9 IFN IFN NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 234 10 - - HYPH cord-306424-gf0bglm0 234 11 inducible inducible JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 234 12 GTPases gtpase NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 234 13 by by IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 234 14 IFN IFN NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 234 15 - - HYPH cord-306424-gf0bglm0 234 16 I I NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 234 17 and and CC cord-306424-gf0bglm0 234 18 -III -iii ADD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 234 19 originating originate VBG cord-306424-gf0bglm0 234 20 from from IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 234 21 various various JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 234 22 cell cell NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 234 23 types type NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 234 24 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 234 25 or or CC cord-306424-gf0bglm0 234 26 IFN IFN NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 234 27 - - HYPH cord-306424-gf0bglm0 234 28 II II NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 234 29 produced produce VBN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 234 30 by by IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 234 31 specialized specialized JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 234 32 immune immune JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 234 33 cells cell NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 234 34 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 234 35 disruption disruption NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 234 36 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 234 37 ROs ro NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 234 38 by by IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 234 39 IFN IFN NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 234 40 - - HYPH cord-306424-gf0bglm0 234 41 inducible inducible JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 234 42 GTPases gtpase NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 234 43 may may MD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 234 44 result result VB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 234 45 in in IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 234 46 enhanced enhanced JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 234 47 exposure exposure NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 234 48 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 234 49 viral viral JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 234 50 RNA RNA NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 234 51 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 234 52 thereby thereby RB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 234 53 amplifying amplify VBG cord-306424-gf0bglm0 234 54 the the DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 234 55 innate innate JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 234 56 immune immune JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 234 57 response response NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 234 58 and and CC cord-306424-gf0bglm0 234 59 ensuring ensure VBG cord-306424-gf0bglm0 234 60 efficient efficient JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 234 61 clearance clearance NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 234 62 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 234 63 the the DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 234 64 virus virus NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 234 65 . . . cord-306424-gf0bglm0 235 1 However however RB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 235 2 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 235 3 considering consider VBG cord-306424-gf0bglm0 235 4 the the DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 235 5 differences difference NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 235 6 in in IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 235 7 morphology morphology NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 235 8 and and CC cord-306424-gf0bglm0 235 9 origin origin NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 235 10 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 235 11 ROs ROs NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 235 12 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 235 13 the the DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 235 14 variety variety NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 235 15 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 235 16 infection infection NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 235 17 dynamics dynamic NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 235 18 within within IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 235 19 the the DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 235 20 category category NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 235 21 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 235 22 + + `` cord-306424-gf0bglm0 235 23 RNA RNA NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 235 24 viruses virus NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 235 25 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 235 26 and and CC cord-306424-gf0bglm0 235 27 a a DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 235 28 lack lack NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 235 29 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 235 30 knowledge knowledge NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 235 31 regarding regard VBG cord-306424-gf0bglm0 235 32 the the DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 235 33 exact exact JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 235 34 mechanism(s mechanism(s NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 235 35 ) ) -RRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 235 36 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 235 37 disruption disruption NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 235 38 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 235 39 non non JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 235 40 / / JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 235 41 aberrant aberrant JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 235 42 - - HYPH cord-306424-gf0bglm0 235 43 self self NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 235 44 membrane membrane NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 235 45 structures structure NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 235 46 by by IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 235 47 IFNinducible ifninducible JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 235 48 GTPases gtpase NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 235 49 and and CC cord-306424-gf0bglm0 235 50 possibly possibly RB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 235 51 other other JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 235 52 factors factor NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 235 53 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 235 54 extensive extensive JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 235 55 further further JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 235 56 research research NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 235 57 is be VBZ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 235 58 required require VBN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 235 59 to to TO cord-306424-gf0bglm0 235 60 elucidate elucidate VB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 235 61 whether whether IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 235 62 this this DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 235 63 process process NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 235 64 plays play VBZ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 235 65 a a DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 235 66 general general JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 235 67 role role NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 235 68 in in IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 235 69 + + CC cord-306424-gf0bglm0 235 70 RNA RNA NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 235 71 virus virus NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 235 72 infection infection NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 235 73 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 235 74 and and CC cord-306424-gf0bglm0 235 75 might may MD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 235 76 open open VB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 235 77 possibilities possibility NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 235 78 for for IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 235 79 development development NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 235 80 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 235 81 novel novel JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 235 82 antiviral antiviral JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 235 83 therapies therapy NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 235 84 . . . cord-306424-gf0bglm0 236 1 None none NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 236 2 Funding funding NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 237 1 This this DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 237 2 research research NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 237 3 did do VBD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 237 4 not not RB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 237 5 receive receive VB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 237 6 any any DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 237 7 specific specific JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 237 8 grant grant NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 237 9 from from IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 237 10 funding fund VBG cord-306424-gf0bglm0 237 11 agencies agency NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 237 12 in in IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 237 13 the the DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 237 14 public public NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 237 15 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 237 16 commercial commercial JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 237 17 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 237 18 or or CC cord-306424-gf0bglm0 237 19 not not RB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 237 20 - - HYPH cord-306424-gf0bglm0 237 21 for for IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 237 22 - - HYPH cord-306424-gf0bglm0 237 23 profit profit NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 237 24 sectors sector NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 237 25 . . . cord-306424-gf0bglm0 238 1 Innate innate JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 238 2 immune immune JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 238 3 evasion evasion NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 238 4 strategies strategy NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 238 5 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 238 6 DNA DNA NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 238 7 and and CC cord-306424-gf0bglm0 238 8 RNA RNA NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 238 9 viruses virus NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 239 1 Innate innate JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 239 2 immune immune JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 239 3 recognition recognition NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 239 4 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 239 5 viral viral JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 239 6 infection infection NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 240 1 The the DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 240 2 response response NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 240 3 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 240 4 mammalian mammalian JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 240 5 cells cell NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 240 6 to to IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 240 7 doublestranded doublestranded NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 240 8 RNA RNA NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 240 9 Innate Innate NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 240 10 immune immune JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 240 11 pattern pattern NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 240 12 recognition recognition NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 240 13 : : : cord-306424-gf0bglm0 240 14 a a DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 240 15 cell cell NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 240 16 biological biological JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 240 17 perspective perspective NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 240 18 Emerging emerge VBG cord-306424-gf0bglm0 240 19 complexity complexity NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 240 20 and and CC cord-306424-gf0bglm0 240 21 new new JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 240 22 roles role NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 240 23 for for IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 240 24 the the DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 240 25 RIG rig NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 240 26 - - HYPH cord-306424-gf0bglm0 240 27 I i NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 240 28 - - HYPH cord-306424-gf0bglm0 240 29 like like JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 240 30 receptors receptor NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 240 31 in in IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 240 32 innate innate JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 240 33 antiviral antiviral JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 240 34 immunity immunity NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 240 35 New new JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 240 36 functions function NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 240 37 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 240 38 mitochondria mitochondrion NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 240 39 associated associate VBD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 240 40 membranes membrane NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 240 41 in in IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 240 42 cellular cellular JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 240 43 signaling signaling NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 241 1 The the DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 241 2 coming coming NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 241 3 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 241 4 age age NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 241 5 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 241 6 the the DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 241 7 mitochondria mitochondrion NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 241 8 - - HYPH cord-306424-gf0bglm0 241 9 ER er NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 241 10 contact contact NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 241 11 : : : cord-306424-gf0bglm0 241 12 a a DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 241 13 matter matter NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 241 14 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 241 15 thickness thickness NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 241 16 Mechanisms mechanism NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 241 17 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 241 18 innate innate JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 241 19 immune immune JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 241 20 evasion evasion NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 241 21 in in IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 241 22 re re NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 241 23 - - JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 241 24 emerging emerge VBG cord-306424-gf0bglm0 241 25 RNA RNA NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 241 26 viruses virus NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 241 27 Viral viral JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 241 28 evasion evasion NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 241 29 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 241 30 intracellular intracellular JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 241 31 DNA DNA NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 241 32 and and CC cord-306424-gf0bglm0 241 33 RNA RNA NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 241 34 sensing sensing NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 241 35 Modification Modification NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 241 36 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 241 37 intracellular intracellular JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 241 38 membrane membrane NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 241 39 structures structure NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 241 40 for for IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 241 41 virus virus NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 241 42 replication replication NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 241 43 Cytoplasmic Cytoplasmic NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 241 44 viral viral JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 241 45 replication replication NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 241 46 complexes complex NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 242 1 Membranous membranous JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 242 2 replication replication NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 242 3 factories factory NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 242 4 induced induce VBN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 242 5 by by IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 242 6 plus plus JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 242 7 - - HYPH cord-306424-gf0bglm0 242 8 strand strand NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 242 9 RNA RNA NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 242 10 viruses virus NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 242 11 Does do VBZ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 242 12 form form VB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 242 13 meet meet VB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 242 14 function function NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 242 15 in in IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 242 16 the the DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 242 17 coronavirus coronavirus NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 242 18 replicative replicative JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 242 19 organelle organelle NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 242 20 ? ? . cord-306424-gf0bglm0 243 1 Biogenesis biogenesis NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 243 2 and and CC cord-306424-gf0bglm0 243 3 architecture architecture NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 243 4 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 243 5 arterivirus arterivirus NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 243 6 replication replication NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 243 7 organelles organelle NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 243 8 Severe severe JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 243 9 acute acute JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 243 10 respiratory respiratory JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 243 11 syndrome syndrome NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 243 12 : : : cord-306424-gf0bglm0 243 13 global global JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 243 14 initiatives initiative NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 243 15 for for IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 243 16 disease disease NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 243 17 diagnosis diagnosis NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 243 18 El El NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 243 19 Hadi Hadi NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 243 20 Mohamed Mohamed NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 243 21 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 243 22 Outbreak Outbreak NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 243 23 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 243 24 Middle Middle NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 243 25 East East NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 243 26 respiratory respiratory JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 243 27 syndrome syndrome NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 243 28 coronavirus coronavirus NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 243 29 in in IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 243 30 Saudi Saudi NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 243 31 Arabia Arabia NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 243 32 : : : cord-306424-gf0bglm0 243 33 a a DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 243 34 retrospective retrospective JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 243 35 study study NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 243 36 Zika Zika NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 243 37 : : : cord-306424-gf0bglm0 243 38 the the DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 243 39 origin origin NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 243 40 and and CC cord-306424-gf0bglm0 243 41 spread spread NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 243 42 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 243 43 a a DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 243 44 mosquito mosquito NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 243 45 - - HYPH cord-306424-gf0bglm0 243 46 borne bear VBN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 243 47 virus virus NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 243 48 RNA rna NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 243 49 virus virus NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 243 50 replication replication NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 243 51 compartments compartment NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 243 52 : : : cord-306424-gf0bglm0 243 53 a a DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 243 54 safe safe JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 243 55 home home NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 243 56 for for IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 243 57 ( ( -LRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 243 58 most most JJS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 243 59 ) ) -RRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 243 60 viral viral JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 243 61 replication replication NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 243 62 Architecture architecture NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 243 63 and and CC cord-306424-gf0bglm0 243 64 biogenesis biogenesis NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 243 65 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 243 66 plus plus JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 243 67 - - HYPH cord-306424-gf0bglm0 243 68 strand strand NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 243 69 RNA RNA NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 243 70 virus virus NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 243 71 replication replication NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 243 72 factories factory NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 244 1 New new JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 244 2 insights insight NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 244 3 on on IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 244 4 the the DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 244 5 role role NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 244 6 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 244 7 paired pair VBN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 244 8 membrane membrane NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 244 9 structures structure NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 244 10 in in IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 244 11 coronavirus coronavirus NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 244 12 replication replication NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 244 13 Composition composition NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 244 14 and and CC cord-306424-gf0bglm0 244 15 threedimensional threedimensional JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 244 16 architecture architecture NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 244 17 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 244 18 the the DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 244 19 dengue dengue NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 244 20 virus virus NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 244 21 replication replication NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 244 22 and and CC cord-306424-gf0bglm0 244 23 assembly assembly NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 244 24 sites site NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 244 25 Cytoplasmic Cytoplasmic NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 244 26 structures structure NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 244 27 associated associate VBN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 244 28 with with IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 244 29 an an DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 244 30 arbovirus arbovirus NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 244 31 infection infection NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 244 32 : : : cord-306424-gf0bglm0 245 1 loci locus NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 245 2 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 245 3 viral viral JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 245 4 ribonucleic ribonucleic NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 245 5 acid acid NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 245 6 synthesis synthesis NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 245 7 Biogenesis biogenesis NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 245 8 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 245 9 the the DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 245 10 Semliki Semliki NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 245 11 Forest Forest NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 245 12 virus virus NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 245 13 RNA RNA NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 245 14 replication replication NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 245 15 complex complex JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 245 16 Threedimensional Threedimensional NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 245 17 analysis analysis NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 245 18 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 245 19 a a DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 245 20 viral viral JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 245 21 RNA RNA NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 245 22 replication replication NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 245 23 complex complex NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 245 24 reveals reveal VBZ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 245 25 a a DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 245 26 virusinduced virusinduced JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 245 27 mini mini NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 245 28 - - NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 245 29 organelle organelle NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 245 30 Alphavirus Alphavirus NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 245 31 RNA RNA NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 245 32 replicase replicase NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 245 33 is be VBZ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 245 34 located locate VBN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 245 35 on on IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 245 36 the the DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 245 37 cytoplasmic cytoplasmic JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 245 38 surface surface NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 245 39 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 245 40 endosomes endosome NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 245 41 and and CC cord-306424-gf0bglm0 245 42 lysosomes lysosome VBD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 245 43 Ultrastructural Ultrastructural NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 245 44 characterization characterization NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 245 45 and and CC cord-306424-gf0bglm0 245 46 three three CD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 245 47 - - HYPH cord-306424-gf0bglm0 245 48 dimensional dimensional JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 245 49 architecture architecture NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 245 50 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 245 51 replication replication NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 245 52 sites site NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 245 53 in in IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 245 54 dengue dengue NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 245 55 virus virus NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 245 56 - - HYPH cord-306424-gf0bglm0 245 57 infected infect VBN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 245 58 mosquito mosquito NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 245 59 cells cell NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 245 60 Three three CD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 245 61 - - HYPH cord-306424-gf0bglm0 245 62 dimensional dimensional JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 245 63 architecture architecture NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 245 64 and and CC cord-306424-gf0bglm0 245 65 biogenesis biogenesis NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 245 66 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 245 67 membrane membrane NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 245 68 structures structure NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 245 69 associated associate VBN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 245 70 with with IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 245 71 hepatitis hepatitis NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 245 72 C C NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 245 73 virus virus NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 245 74 replication replication NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 245 75 Mutations mutation NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 245 76 across across IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 245 77 murine murine JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 245 78 hepatitis hepatitis NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 245 79 virus virus NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 245 80 nsp4 nsp4 CD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 245 81 alter alter NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 245 82 virus virus NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 245 83 fitness fitness NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 245 84 and and CC cord-306424-gf0bglm0 245 85 membrane membrane NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 245 86 modifications modification NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 245 87 Competitive competitive JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 245 88 fitness fitness NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 245 89 in in IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 245 90 coronaviruses coronaviruse NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 245 91 is be VBZ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 245 92 not not RB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 245 93 correlated correlate VBN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 245 94 with with IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 245 95 size size NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 245 96 or or CC cord-306424-gf0bglm0 245 97 number number NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 245 98 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 245 99 double double JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 245 100 - - HYPH cord-306424-gf0bglm0 245 101 membrane membrane NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 245 102 vesicles vesicle NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 245 103 under under IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 245 104 reducedtemperature reducedtemperature JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 245 105 growth growth NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 245 106 conditions condition NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 246 1 SARS SARS NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 246 2 - - HYPH cord-306424-gf0bglm0 246 3 coronavirus coronavirus NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 246 4 replication replication NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 246 5 is be VBZ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 246 6 supported support VBN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 246 7 by by IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 246 8 a a DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 246 9 reticulovesicular reticulovesicular JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 246 10 network network NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 246 11 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 246 12 modified modify VBN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 246 13 endoplasmic endoplasmic NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 246 14 reticulum reticulum NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 246 15 Ultrastructural Ultrastructural NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 246 16 characterization characterization NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 246 17 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 246 18 arterivirus arterivirus NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 246 19 replication replication NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 246 20 structures structure NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 246 21 : : : cord-306424-gf0bglm0 246 22 reshaping reshape VBG cord-306424-gf0bglm0 246 23 the the DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 246 24 endoplasmic endoplasmic NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 246 25 reticulum reticulum NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 246 26 to to TO cord-306424-gf0bglm0 246 27 accommodate accommodate VB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 246 28 viral viral JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 246 29 RNA RNA NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 246 30 synthesis synthesis NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 246 31 Expression expression NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 246 32 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 246 33 hepatitis hepatitis NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 246 34 C C NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 246 35 virus virus NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 246 36 proteins protein NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 246 37 induces induce VBZ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 246 38 distinct distinct JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 246 39 membrane membrane NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 246 40 alterations alteration NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 246 41 including include VBG cord-306424-gf0bglm0 246 42 a a DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 246 43 candidate candidate NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 246 44 viral viral JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 246 45 replication replication NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 246 46 complex complex JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 246 47 Non non JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 246 48 - - JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 246 49 structural structural JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 246 50 proteins protein NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 246 51 2 2 CD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 246 52 and and CC cord-306424-gf0bglm0 246 53 3 3 CD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 246 54 interact interact VBP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 246 55 to to TO cord-306424-gf0bglm0 246 56 modify modify VB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 246 57 host host NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 246 58 cell cell NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 246 59 membranes membrane NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 246 60 during during IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 246 61 the the DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 246 62 formation formation NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 246 63 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 246 64 the the DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 246 65 arterivirus arterivirus NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 246 66 replication replication NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 246 67 complex complex NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 246 68 Severe severe JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 246 69 acute acute JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 246 70 respiratory respiratory JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 246 71 syndrome syndrome NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 246 72 coronavirus coronavirus NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 246 73 nonstructural nonstructural JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 246 74 proteins protein NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 246 75 3 3 CD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 246 76 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 246 77 4 4 CD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 246 78 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 246 79 and and CC cord-306424-gf0bglm0 246 80 6 6 CD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 247 1 Induce induce VB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 247 2 double double JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 247 3 - - HYPH cord-306424-gf0bglm0 247 4 membrane membrane NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 247 5 vesicles vesicle NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 247 6 Type type NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 247 7 I -PRON- PRP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 247 8 interferons interferon NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 247 9 in in IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 247 10 infectious infectious JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 247 11 disease disease NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 247 12 Secretion secretion NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 247 13 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 247 14 interferon-(by interferon-(by JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 247 15 human human JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 247 16 macrophages macrophage NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 247 17 demonstrated demonstrate VBD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 247 18 at at IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 247 19 the the DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 247 20 single single JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 247 21 - - HYPH cord-306424-gf0bglm0 247 22 cell cell NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 247 23 level level NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 247 24 after after IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 247 25 costimulation costimulation NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 247 26 with with IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 247 27 interleukin interleukin NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 247 28 ( ( -LRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 247 29 IL)-12 il)-12 NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 247 30 plus plus CC cord-306424-gf0bglm0 247 31 IL-18 IL-18 NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 247 32 Regulation Regulation NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 247 33 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 247 34 interferon interferon NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 247 35 - - HYPH cord-306424-gf0bglm0 247 36 g g NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 247 37 during during IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 247 38 innate innate JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 247 39 and and CC cord-306424-gf0bglm0 247 40 adaptive adaptive JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 247 41 immune immune JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 247 42 responses response NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 247 43 Mechanisms mechanism NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 247 44 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 247 45 type type NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 247 46 III iii CD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 248 1 interferon interferon NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 248 2 expression expression NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 249 1 IFN IFN NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 249 2 - - HYPH cord-306424-gf0bglm0 249 3 lambda lambda NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 249 4 ( ( -LRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 249 5 IFN- IFN- NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 249 6 ? ? . cord-306424-gf0bglm0 249 7 ? ? . cord-306424-gf0bglm0 249 8 ) ) -RRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 249 9 is be VBZ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 249 10 expressed express VBN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 249 11 in in IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 249 12 a a DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 249 13 tissue tissue NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 249 14 - - HYPH cord-306424-gf0bglm0 249 15 dependent dependent JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 249 16 fashion fashion NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 249 17 and and CC cord-306424-gf0bglm0 249 18 primarily primarily RB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 249 19 acts act VBZ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 249 20 on on IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 249 21 epithelial epithelial JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 249 22 cells cell NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 249 23 in in IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 249 24 vivo vivo NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 249 25 Severe severe JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 249 26 acute acute JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 249 27 respiratory respiratory JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 249 28 syndrome syndrome NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 249 29 - - HYPH cord-306424-gf0bglm0 249 30 related relate VBN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 249 31 coronavirus coronavirus NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 249 32 is be VBZ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 249 33 inhibited inhibit VBN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 249 34 by by IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 249 35 interferon interferon NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 249 36 - - HYPH cord-306424-gf0bglm0 249 37 alpha alpha NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 249 38 Interferon interferon NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 249 39 - - HYPH cord-306424-gf0bglm0 249 40 beta beta NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 249 41 and and CC cord-306424-gf0bglm0 249 42 interferongamma interferongamma NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 249 43 synergistically synergistically RB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 249 44 inhibit inhibit VBP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 249 45 the the DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 249 46 replication replication NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 249 47 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 249 48 severe severe JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 249 49 acute acute JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 249 50 respiratory respiratory JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 249 51 syndrome syndrome NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 249 52 - - HYPH cord-306424-gf0bglm0 249 53 associated associate VBN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 249 54 coronavirus coronavirus NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 249 55 ( ( -LRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 249 56 SARS SARS NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 249 57 - - HYPH cord-306424-gf0bglm0 249 58 CoV CoV NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 249 59 ) ) -RRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 249 60 Evaluation Evaluation NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 249 61 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 249 62 immunomodulators immunomodulator NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 249 63 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 249 64 interferons interferon NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 249 65 and and CC cord-306424-gf0bglm0 249 66 known know VBN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 249 67 in in IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 249 68 vitro vitro FW cord-306424-gf0bglm0 249 69 SARS SARS NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 249 70 - - HYPH cord-306424-gf0bglm0 249 71 CoV CoV NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 249 72 inhibitors inhibitor NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 249 73 for for IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 249 74 inhibition inhibition NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 249 75 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 249 76 SARS SARS NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 249 77 - - HYPH cord-306424-gf0bglm0 249 78 CoV cov NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 249 79 replication replication NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 249 80 in in IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 249 81 BALB BALB NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 249 82 / / SYM cord-306424-gf0bglm0 249 83 c c NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 249 84 mice mice NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 249 85 Single single JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 249 86 - - HYPH cord-306424-gf0bglm0 249 87 dose dose NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 249 88 intranasal intranasal NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 249 89 administration administration NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 249 90 with with IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 249 91 mDEF201 mDEF201 NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 250 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 250 2 adenovirus adenovirus NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 250 3 vectored vectore VBD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 250 4 mouse mouse NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 250 5 interferonalpha interferonalpha NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 250 6 ) ) -RRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 250 7 confers confer VBZ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 250 8 protection protection NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 250 9 from from IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 250 10 mortality mortality NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 250 11 in in IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 250 12 a a DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 250 13 lethal lethal JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 250 14 SARS SARS NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 250 15 - - HYPH cord-306424-gf0bglm0 250 16 CoV CoV NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 250 17 BALB BALB NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 250 18 / / SYM cord-306424-gf0bglm0 250 19 c c NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 250 20 mouse mouse NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 250 21 model model NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 250 22 Immune Immune NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 250 23 signaling signal VBG cord-306424-gf0bglm0 250 24 by by IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 250 25 RIG rig NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 250 26 - - HYPH cord-306424-gf0bglm0 250 27 I i NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 250 28 - - HYPH cord-306424-gf0bglm0 250 29 like like JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 250 30 receptors receptor NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 250 31 Intracellular Intracellular NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 250 32 detection detection NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 250 33 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 250 34 viral viral JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 250 35 nucleic nucleic JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 250 36 acids acid NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 250 37 IPS-1 IPS-1 NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 250 38 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 250 39 an an DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 250 40 adaptor adaptor NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 250 41 triggering trigger VBG cord-306424-gf0bglm0 250 42 RIG rig NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 250 43 - - HYPH cord-306424-gf0bglm0 250 44 I i NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 250 45 - - HYPH cord-306424-gf0bglm0 250 46 and and CC cord-306424-gf0bglm0 250 47 Mda5-mediated Mda5-mediated NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 250 48 type type NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 251 1 I -PRON- PRP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 252 1 interferon interferon NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 252 2 induction induction NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 252 3 Cardif Cardif NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 252 4 is be VBZ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 252 5 an an DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 252 6 adaptor adaptor NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 252 7 protein protein NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 252 8 in in IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 252 9 the the DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 252 10 RIG rig NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 252 11 - - : cord-306424-gf0bglm0 252 12 I I NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 252 13 antiviral antiviral JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 252 14 pathway pathway NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 252 15 and and CC cord-306424-gf0bglm0 252 16 is be VBZ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 252 17 targeted target VBN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 252 18 by by IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 252 19 hepatitis hepatitis NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 252 20 C C NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 252 21 virus virus NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 252 22 Identification identification NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 252 23 and and CC cord-306424-gf0bglm0 252 24 characterization characterization NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 252 25 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 252 26 MAVS MAVS NNPS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 252 27 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 252 28 a a DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 252 29 mitochondrial mitochondrial JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 252 30 antiviral antiviral JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 252 31 signaling signal VBG cord-306424-gf0bglm0 252 32 protein protein NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 252 33 that that WDT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 252 34 activates activate VBZ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 252 35 NF NF NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 252 36 VISA VISA NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 252 37 is be VBZ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 252 38 an an DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 252 39 adapter adapter NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 252 40 protein protein NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 252 41 required require VBN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 252 42 for for IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 252 43 virus virus NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 252 44 - - HYPH cord-306424-gf0bglm0 252 45 triggered trigger VBN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 252 46 IFN- IFN- NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 252 47 ? ? . cord-306424-gf0bglm0 252 48 . . . cord-306424-gf0bglm0 252 49 ? ? . cord-306424-gf0bglm0 252 50 . . . cord-306424-gf0bglm0 253 1 signaling signal VBG cord-306424-gf0bglm0 253 2 Mitochondria mitochondrion NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 253 3 in in IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 253 4 innate innate JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 253 5 immune immune JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 253 6 responses response NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 253 7 Toll toll NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 253 8 - - HYPH cord-306424-gf0bglm0 253 9 like like JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 253 10 receptors receptor NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 253 11 in in IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 253 12 antiviral antiviral JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 253 13 innate innate JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 253 14 immunity immunity NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 253 15 Immune immune JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 253 16 evasion evasion NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 253 17 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 253 18 porcine porcine JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 253 19 enteric enteric JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 253 20 coronaviruses coronaviruse NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 253 21 and and CC cord-306424-gf0bglm0 253 22 viral viral JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 253 23 modulation modulation NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 253 24 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 253 25 antiviral antiviral JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 253 26 innate innate NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 253 27 signaling signaling NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 254 1 SARS SARS NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 254 2 - - HYPH cord-306424-gf0bglm0 254 3 CoV CoV NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 254 4 pathogenesis pathogenesis NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 254 5 is be VBZ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 254 6 regulated regulate VBN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 254 7 by by IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 254 8 a a DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 254 9 STAT1 stat1 NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 254 10 dependent dependent JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 254 11 but but CC cord-306424-gf0bglm0 254 12 a a DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 254 13 type type NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 255 1 I -PRON- PRP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 255 2 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 255 3 II II NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 255 4 and and CC cord-306424-gf0bglm0 255 5 III iii CD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 255 6 interferon interferon NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 255 7 receptor receptor NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 255 8 independent independent JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 255 9 mechanism mechanism NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 256 1 Interferon interferon NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 256 2 - - HYPH cord-306424-gf0bglm0 256 3 stimulated stimulate VBN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 256 4 genes gene NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 256 5 and and CC cord-306424-gf0bglm0 256 6 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 256 7 antiviral antiviral JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 256 8 effector effector NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 256 9 functions function NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 257 1 Interferon interferon NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 257 2 - - HYPH cord-306424-gf0bglm0 257 3 inducible inducible JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 257 4 antiviral antiviral JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 257 5 effectors effector NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 258 1 Interferon interferon NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 258 2 - - HYPH cord-306424-gf0bglm0 258 3 stimulated stimulate VBN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 258 4 genes gene NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 258 5 and and CC cord-306424-gf0bglm0 258 6 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 258 7 protein protein NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 258 8 products product NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 258 9 : : : cord-306424-gf0bglm0 259 1 what what WP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 259 2 and and CC cord-306424-gf0bglm0 259 3 how how WRB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 259 4 ? ? . cord-306424-gf0bglm0 260 1 ERIS ERIS NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 260 2 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 260 3 an an DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 260 4 endoplasmic endoplasmic NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 260 5 reticulum reticulum NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 260 6 IFN IFN NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 260 7 stimulator stimulator NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 260 8 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 260 9 activates activate VBZ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 260 10 innate innate JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 260 11 immune immune NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 260 12 signaling signal VBG cord-306424-gf0bglm0 260 13 through through IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 260 14 dimerization dimerization NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 260 15 Mitochondrial mitochondrial NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 260 16 - - HYPH cord-306424-gf0bglm0 260 17 associated associate VBN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 260 18 endoplasmic endoplasmic NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 260 19 reticulum reticulum NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 260 20 membranes membrane NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 260 21 { { -LRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 260 22 ( ( -LRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 260 23 MAM MAM NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 260 24 ) ) -RRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 260 25 } } -RRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 260 26 form form VBP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 260 27 innate innate JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 260 28 immune immune JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 260 29 synapses synapsis NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 260 30 and and CC cord-306424-gf0bglm0 260 31 are be VBP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 260 32 targeted target VBN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 260 33 by by IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 260 34 hepatitis hepatitis NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 260 35 C C NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 260 36 virus virus NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 260 37 Peroxisomes Peroxisomes NNPS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 260 38 are be VBP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 260 39 signaling signal VBG cord-306424-gf0bglm0 260 40 platforms platform NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 260 41 for for IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 260 42 antiviral antiviral JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 260 43 innate innate JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 260 44 immunity immunity NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 260 45 ACBD5 acbd5 NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 260 46 and and CC cord-306424-gf0bglm0 260 47 VAPB VAPB NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 260 48 mediate mediate VBP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 260 49 membrane membrane NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 260 50 associations association NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 260 51 between between IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 260 52 peroxisomes peroxisome NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 260 53 and and CC cord-306424-gf0bglm0 260 54 the the DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 260 55 ER ER NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 260 56 Organelle Organelle NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 260 57 dynamics dynamic NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 260 58 : : : cord-306424-gf0bglm0 260 59 connections connection NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 260 60 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 260 61 connections connection NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 260 62 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 260 63 connections connection NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 260 64 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 260 65 Nat Nat NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 260 66 Rev Rev NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 260 67 VAPs vap NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 260 68 and and CC cord-306424-gf0bglm0 260 69 ACBD5 acbd5 NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 260 70 tether tether NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 260 71 peroxisomes peroxisome NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 260 72 to to IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 260 73 the the DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 260 74 ER ER NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 260 75 for for IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 260 76 peroxisome peroxisome NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 260 77 maintenance maintenance NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 260 78 and and CC cord-306424-gf0bglm0 260 79 lipid lipid NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 260 80 homeostasis homeostasis NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 260 81 . . . cord-306424-gf0bglm0 261 1 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 261 2 Cheng Cheng NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 261 3 Antiviral Antiviral NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 261 4 innate innate JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 261 5 immunity immunity NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 261 6 and and CC cord-306424-gf0bglm0 261 7 stress stress NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 261 8 granule granule NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 261 9 responses response NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 262 1 Dynamic dynamic JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 262 2 oscillation oscillation NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 262 3 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 262 4 translation translation NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 262 5 and and CC cord-306424-gf0bglm0 262 6 stress stress NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 262 7 granule granule NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 262 8 formation formation NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 262 9 mark mark VBP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 262 10 the the DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 262 11 cellular cellular JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 262 12 response response NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 262 13 to to IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 262 14 virus virus NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 262 15 infection infection NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 262 16 Critical critical JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 262 17 role role NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 262 18 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 262 19 an an DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 262 20 antiviral antiviral JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 262 21 stress stress NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 262 22 granule granule NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 262 23 containing contain VBG cord-306424-gf0bglm0 262 24 RIG rig NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 262 25 - - : cord-306424-gf0bglm0 262 26 I I NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 262 27 and and CC cord-306424-gf0bglm0 262 28 PKR PKR NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 262 29 in in IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 262 30 viral viral JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 262 31 detection detection NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 262 32 and and CC cord-306424-gf0bglm0 263 1 innate innate JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 263 2 immunity immunity NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 263 3 Encephalomyocarditis Encephalomyocarditis NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 263 4 virus virus NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 263 5 disrupts disrupt VBZ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 263 6 stress stress NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 263 7 granules granule NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 263 8 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 263 9 the the DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 263 10 critical critical JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 263 11 platform platform NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 263 12 for for IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 263 13 triggering trigger VBG cord-306424-gf0bglm0 263 14 antiviral antiviral JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 263 15 innate innate JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 263 16 immune immune JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 263 17 responses response NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 263 18 MDA5 MDA5 NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 263 19 localizes localize VBZ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 263 20 to to IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 263 21 stress stress NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 263 22 granules granule NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 263 23 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 263 24 but but CC cord-306424-gf0bglm0 263 25 this this DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 263 26 localization localization NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 263 27 is be VBZ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 263 28 not not RB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 263 29 required require VBN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 263 30 for for IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 263 31 the the DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 263 32 induction induction NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 263 33 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 263 34 type type NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 264 1 I -PRON- PRP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 264 2 interferon interferon VBD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 264 3 Characterization Characterization NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 264 4 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 264 5 RNA RNA NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 264 6 synthesis synthesis NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 264 7 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 264 8 replication replication NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 264 9 mechanism mechanism NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 264 10 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 264 11 and and CC cord-306424-gf0bglm0 264 12 in in IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 264 13 vitro vitro FW cord-306424-gf0bglm0 264 14 RNA rna NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 264 15 - - HYPH cord-306424-gf0bglm0 264 16 dependent dependent JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 264 17 RNA RNA NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 264 18 polymerase polymerase NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 264 19 activity activity NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 264 20 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 264 21 Japanese japanese JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 264 22 encephalitis encephalitis RB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 264 23 virus virus NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 264 24 Architecture architecture NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 264 25 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 264 26 the the DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 264 27 flaviviral flaviviral JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 264 28 replication replication NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 264 29 complex complex NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 264 30 : : : cord-306424-gf0bglm0 264 31 protease protease NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 264 32 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 264 33 nuclease nuclease FW cord-306424-gf0bglm0 264 34 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 264 35 and and CC cord-306424-gf0bglm0 265 1 detergents detergent NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 265 2 reveal reveal VBP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 265 3 encasement encasement NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 265 4 within within IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 265 5 double double RB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 265 6 - - HYPH cord-306424-gf0bglm0 265 7 layered layered JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 265 8 membrane membrane NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 265 9 compartments compartment NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 266 1 SARS SARS NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 266 2 - - HYPH cord-306424-gf0bglm0 266 3 coronavirus coronavirus NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 266 4 replication replication NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 266 5 / / SYM cord-306424-gf0bglm0 266 6 transcription transcription NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 266 7 complexes complex NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 266 8 are be VBP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 266 9 membrane membrane NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 266 10 - - HYPH cord-306424-gf0bglm0 266 11 protected protect VBN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 266 12 and and CC cord-306424-gf0bglm0 266 13 need need VB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 266 14 a a DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 266 15 host host NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 266 16 factor factor NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 266 17 for for IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 266 18 activity activity NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 266 19 in in IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 266 20 vitro vitro FW cord-306424-gf0bglm0 266 21 The the DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 266 22 in in FW cord-306424-gf0bglm0 266 23 vitro vitro FW cord-306424-gf0bglm0 266 24 RNA rna NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 266 25 synthesizing synthesize VBG cord-306424-gf0bglm0 266 26 activity activity NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 266 27 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 266 28 the the DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 266 29 isolated isolate VBN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 266 30 arterivirus arterivirus NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 266 31 replication replication NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 266 32 / / SYM cord-306424-gf0bglm0 266 33 transcription transcription NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 266 34 complex complex NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 266 35 is be VBZ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 266 36 dependent dependent JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 266 37 on on IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 266 38 a a DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 266 39 host host NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 266 40 factor factor NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 266 41 The the DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 266 42 dengue dengue NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 266 43 virus virus NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 266 44 conceals conceal VBZ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 266 45 doublestranded doublestrande VBN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 266 46 RNA RNA NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 266 47 in in IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 266 48 the the DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 266 49 intracellular intracellular JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 266 50 membrane membrane NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 266 51 to to TO cord-306424-gf0bglm0 266 52 escape escape VB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 266 53 from from IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 266 54 an an DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 266 55 interferon interferon NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 266 56 response response NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 266 57 0 0 CD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 267 1 -O -O : cord-306424-gf0bglm0 267 2 methylation methylation NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 267 3 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 267 4 the the DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 267 5 viral viral JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 267 6 mRNA mRNA NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 267 7 cap cap NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 267 8 evades evade VBZ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 267 9 host host NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 267 10 restriction restriction NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 267 11 by by IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 267 12 IFIT IFIT NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 267 13 family family NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 267 14 members member NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 267 15 Attenuation attenuation NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 267 16 and and CC cord-306424-gf0bglm0 267 17 restoration restoration NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 267 18 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 267 19 SARS SARS NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 267 20 - - HYPH cord-306424-gf0bglm0 267 21 CoV CoV NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 267 22 mutant mutant NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 267 23 lacking lack VBG cord-306424-gf0bglm0 267 24 2 2 CD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 267 25 0 0 CD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 267 26 O o NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 267 27 methyltransferase methyltransferase NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 267 28 activity activity NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 267 29 Rational rational JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 267 30 design design NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 267 31 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 267 32 a a DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 267 33 flavivirus flavivirus JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 267 34 vaccine vaccine NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 267 35 by by IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 267 36 abolishing abolish VBG cord-306424-gf0bglm0 267 37 viral viral JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 267 38 RNA RNA NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 267 39 2 2 CD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 267 40 0 0 CD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 268 1 -O -O : cord-306424-gf0bglm0 268 2 methylation methylation NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 268 3 Early early RB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 268 4 endonuclease endonuclease NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 268 5 - - HYPH cord-306424-gf0bglm0 268 6 mediated mediate VBN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 268 7 evasion evasion NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 268 8 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 268 9 RNA RNA NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 268 10 sensing sensing NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 268 11 ensures ensure VBZ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 268 12 efficient efficient JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 268 13 coronavirus coronavirus NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 268 14 replication replication NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 268 15 Hepatitis Hepatitis NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 268 16 C C NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 268 17 virus virus NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 268 18 protease protease NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 268 19 NS3/ NS3/ NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 268 20 4A 4a CD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 268 21 cleaves cleave VBZ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 268 22 mitochondrial mitochondrial JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 268 23 antiviral antiviral JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 268 24 signaling signal VBG cord-306424-gf0bglm0 268 25 protein protein NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 268 26 off off IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 268 27 the the DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 268 28 mitochondria mitochondrion NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 268 29 to to TO cord-306424-gf0bglm0 268 30 evade evade VB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 268 31 innate innate JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 268 32 immunity immunity NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 268 33 Regulation regulation NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 268 34 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 268 35 interferon interferon NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 268 36 regulatory regulatory JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 268 37 factor-3 factor-3 NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 268 38 by by IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 268 39 the the DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 268 40 hepatitis hepatitis NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 268 41 C C NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 268 42 virus virus NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 268 43 serine serine NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 268 44 protease protease NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 268 45 Control Control NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 268 46 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 268 47 antiviral antiviral JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 268 48 defenses defense NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 268 49 through through IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 268 50 hepatitis hepatitis NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 268 51 C C NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 268 52 virus virus NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 268 53 disruption disruption NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 268 54 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 268 55 retinoic retinoic JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 268 56 acid acid NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 268 57 - - HYPH cord-306424-gf0bglm0 268 58 inducible inducible JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 268 59 gene gene NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 268 60 - - : cord-306424-gf0bglm0 268 61 I i NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 268 62 signaling signal VBG cord-306424-gf0bglm0 268 63 Viral viral JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 268 64 and and CC cord-306424-gf0bglm0 268 65 therapeutic therapeutic JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 268 66 control control NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 268 67 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 268 68 IFN IFN NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 268 69 - - HYPH cord-306424-gf0bglm0 268 70 beta beta NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 268 71 promoter promoter NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 268 72 stimulator stimulator NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 268 73 1 1 CD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 268 74 during during IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 268 75 hepatitis hepatitis NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 268 76 C C NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 268 77 virus virus NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 268 78 infection infection NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 269 1 The the DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 269 2 nonstructural nonstructural JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 269 3 protein protein NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 269 4 4A 4a CD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 269 5 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 269 6 dengue dengue NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 269 7 virus virus NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 269 8 is be VBZ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 269 9 an an DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 269 10 integral integral JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 269 11 membrane membrane NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 269 12 protein protein NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 269 13 inducing induce VBG cord-306424-gf0bglm0 269 14 membrane membrane NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 269 15 alterations alteration NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 269 16 in in IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 269 17 a a DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 269 18 2K 2k RB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 269 19 - - HYPH cord-306424-gf0bglm0 269 20 regulated regulate VBN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 269 21 manner manner NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 269 22 Dengue dengue NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 269 23 virus virus NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 269 24 subverts subvert VBZ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 269 25 host host NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 269 26 innate innate JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 269 27 immunity immunity NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 269 28 by by IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 269 29 targeting target VBG cord-306424-gf0bglm0 269 30 adaptor adaptor NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 269 31 protein protein NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 269 32 MAVS MAVS NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 269 33 Inhibition inhibition NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 269 34 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 269 35 the the DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 269 36 type type NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 270 1 I -PRON- PRP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 271 1 interferon interferon NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 271 2 response response NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 271 3 in in IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 271 4 human human JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 271 5 dendritic dendritic JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 271 6 cells cell NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 271 7 by by IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 271 8 dengue dengue NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 271 9 virus virus NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 271 10 infection infection NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 271 11 requires require VBZ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 271 12 a a DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 271 13 catalytically catalytically RB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 271 14 active active JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 271 15 NS2B3 ns2b3 NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 271 16 complex complex JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 271 17 Dengue Dengue NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 271 18 virus virus NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 271 19 targets target VBZ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 271 20 the the DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 271 21 adaptor adaptor NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 271 22 protein protein NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 271 23 MITA MITA NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 271 24 to to TO cord-306424-gf0bglm0 271 25 subvert subvert VB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 271 26 host host NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 271 27 innate innate JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 271 28 immunity immunity NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 271 29 DENV DENV NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 271 30 inhibits inhibit VBZ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 271 31 type type NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 272 1 I -PRON- PRP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 272 2 IFN IFN NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 272 3 production production NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 272 4 in in IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 272 5 infected infected JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 272 6 cells cell NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 272 7 by by IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 272 8 cleaving cleave VBG cord-306424-gf0bglm0 272 9 human human JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 272 10 STING STING NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 272 11 Hepatitis Hepatitis NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 272 12 C C NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 272 13 virus virus NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 272 14 NS4 NS4 NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 272 15 B B NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 272 16 blocks block VBZ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 272 17 the the DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 272 18 interaction interaction NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 272 19 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 272 20 STING sting NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 272 21 and and CC cord-306424-gf0bglm0 272 22 TBK1 TBK1 NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 272 23 to to TO cord-306424-gf0bglm0 272 24 evade evade VB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 272 25 host host NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 272 26 innate innate JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 272 27 immunity immunity NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 272 28 Hepatitis Hepatitis NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 272 29 C C NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 272 30 virus virus NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 272 31 NS4 NS4 NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 272 32 B B NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 272 33 protein protein NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 272 34 targets target NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 272 35 STING sting VB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 272 36 and and CC cord-306424-gf0bglm0 272 37 abrogates abrogate VBZ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 272 38 RIG rig NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 272 39 - - HYPH cord-306424-gf0bglm0 272 40 I i NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 272 41 - - HYPH cord-306424-gf0bglm0 272 42 mediated mediate VBN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 272 43 type type NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 273 1 I -PRON- PRP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 273 2 interferon interferon NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 273 3 - - HYPH cord-306424-gf0bglm0 273 4 dependent dependent JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 273 5 innate innate JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 273 6 immunity immunity NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 274 1 Nidovirus Nidovirus NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 274 2 papain papain NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 274 3 - - HYPH cord-306424-gf0bglm0 274 4 like like JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 274 5 proteases protease NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 274 6 : : : cord-306424-gf0bglm0 274 7 multifunctional multifunctional JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 274 8 enzymes enzyme NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 274 9 with with IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 274 10 protease protease NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 274 11 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 274 12 deubiquitinating deubiquitinating NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 274 13 and and CC cord-306424-gf0bglm0 274 14 deISGylating deisgylate VBG cord-306424-gf0bglm0 274 15 activities activity NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 275 1 Deubiquitinase deubiquitinase UH cord-306424-gf0bglm0 275 2 function function NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 275 3 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 275 4 arterivirus arterivirus NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 275 5 papain papain NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 275 6 - - HYPH cord-306424-gf0bglm0 275 7 like like JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 275 8 protease protease NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 275 9 2 2 CD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 275 10 suppresses suppress VBZ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 275 11 the the DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 275 12 innate innate JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 275 13 immune immune JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 275 14 response response NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 275 15 in in IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 275 16 infected infected JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 275 17 host host NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 275 18 cells cell NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 275 19 Crystal Crystal NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 275 20 structure structure NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 275 21 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 275 22 the the DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 275 23 middle middle NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 275 24 east east NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 275 25 respiratory respiratory JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 275 26 syndrome syndrome NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 275 27 coronavirus coronavirus NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 275 28 ( ( -LRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 275 29 MERS MERS NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 275 30 - - HYPH cord-306424-gf0bglm0 275 31 CoV CoV NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 275 32 ) ) -RRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 276 1 papain papain NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 276 2 - - HYPH cord-306424-gf0bglm0 276 3 like like JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 276 4 protease protease NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 276 5 bound bind VBN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 276 6 to to IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 276 7 ubiquitin ubiquitin NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 276 8 facilitates facilitate VBZ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 276 9 targeted target VBN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 276 10 disruption disruption NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 276 11 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 276 12 deubiquitinating deubiquitinate VBG cord-306424-gf0bglm0 276 13 activity activity NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 276 14 to to TO cord-306424-gf0bglm0 276 15 demonstrate demonstrate VB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 276 16 its -PRON- PRP$ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 276 17 role role NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 276 18 in in IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 276 19 innate innate JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 276 20 immune immune JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 276 21 suppression suppression NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 276 22 Dengue dengue NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 276 23 virus virus NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 276 24 subverts subvert VBZ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 276 25 the the DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 276 26 interferon interferon NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 276 27 induction induction NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 276 28 pathway pathway NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 276 29 via via IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 276 30 NS2B/3 NS2B/3 NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 276 31 protease protease NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 276 32 - - HYPH cord-306424-gf0bglm0 276 33 I(B i(b NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 276 34 kinase kinase NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 276 35 ( ( -LRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 276 36 interaction interaction NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 276 37 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 276 38 Clin Clin NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 276 39 The the DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 276 40 membrane membrane NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 276 41 protein protein NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 276 42 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 276 43 SARS SARS NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 276 44 - - HYPH cord-306424-gf0bglm0 276 45 CoV CoV NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 276 46 suppresses suppress VBZ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 276 47 NF NF NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 276 48 - - HYPH cord-306424-gf0bglm0 276 49 kappaB kappaB NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 276 50 activation activation NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 276 51 Severe severe JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 276 52 acute acute JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 276 53 respiratory respiratory JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 276 54 syndrome syndrome NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 276 55 coronavirus coronavirus NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 276 56 open open JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 276 57 reading reading NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 276 58 frame frame NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 276 59 ( ( -LRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 276 60 ORF ORF NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 276 61 ) ) -RRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 276 62 3b 3b NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 276 63 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 276 64 ORF ORF NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 276 65 6 6 CD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 276 66 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 276 67 and and CC cord-306424-gf0bglm0 276 68 nucleocapsid nucleocapsid NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 276 69 proteins protein NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 276 70 function function VBP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 276 71 as as IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 276 72 interferon interferon NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 276 73 antagonists antagonist NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 277 1 The the DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 277 2 structural structural JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 277 3 and and CC cord-306424-gf0bglm0 277 4 accessory accessory NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 277 5 proteins protein NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 277 6 M M NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 277 7 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 277 8 ORF ORF NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 277 9 4a 4a CD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 277 10 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 277 11 ORF ORF NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 277 12 4b 4b NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 277 13 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 277 14 and and CC cord-306424-gf0bglm0 277 15 ORF ORF NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 277 16 5 5 CD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 277 17 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 277 18 Middle Middle NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 277 19 East East NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 277 20 respiratory respiratory JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 277 21 syndrome syndrome NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 277 22 coronavirus coronavirus NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 277 23 ( ( -LRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 277 24 MERS MERS NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 277 25 - - HYPH cord-306424-gf0bglm0 277 26 CoV CoV NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 277 27 ) ) -RRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 277 28 are be VBP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 277 29 potent potent JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 277 30 interferon interferon NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 277 31 antagonists antagonist NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 278 1 Transcriptional transcriptional JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 278 2 upregulation upregulation NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 278 3 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 278 4 SOCS SOCS NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 278 5 1 1 CD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 278 6 and and CC cord-306424-gf0bglm0 278 7 suppressors suppressor NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 278 8 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 278 9 cytokine cytokine NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 278 10 signaling signal VBG cord-306424-gf0bglm0 278 11 3 3 CD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 278 12 mRNA mrna NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 278 13 in in IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 278 14 the the DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 278 15 absence absence NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 278 16 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 278 17 suppressors suppressor NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 278 18 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 278 19 cytokine cytokine NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 278 20 signaling signal VBG cord-306424-gf0bglm0 278 21 2 2 CD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 278 22 mRNA mrna NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 278 23 after after IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 278 24 infection infection NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 278 25 with with IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 278 26 West West NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 278 27 Nile Nile NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 278 28 virus virus NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 278 29 or or CC cord-306424-gf0bglm0 278 30 tick tick VB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 278 31 - - HYPH cord-306424-gf0bglm0 278 32 borne bear VBN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 278 33 encephalitis encephalitis JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 278 34 virus virus NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 278 35 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 278 36 Vector Vector NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 278 37 Borne Borne NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 278 38 Zoonotic Zoonotic NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 278 39 Dis Dis NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 278 40 Expression expression NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 278 41 profile profile NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 278 42 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 278 43 immune immune JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 278 44 response response NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 278 45 genes gene NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 278 46 during during IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 278 47 acute acute JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 278 48 myopathy myopathy NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 278 49 induced induce VBN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 278 50 by by IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 278 51 chikungunya chikungunya NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 278 52 virus virus NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 278 53 in in IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 278 54 a a DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 278 55 mouse mouse NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 278 56 model model NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 279 1 Japanese japanese JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 279 2 encephalitis encephalitis RB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 279 3 virus virus NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 279 4 infection infection NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 279 5 modulates modulate VBZ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 279 6 the the DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 279 7 expression expression NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 279 8 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 279 9 suppressors suppressor NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 279 10 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 279 11 cytokine cytokine NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 279 12 signaling signaling NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 279 13 ( ( -LRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 279 14 SOCS SOCS NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 279 15 ) ) -RRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 279 16 in in IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 279 17 macrophages macrophage NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 279 18 : : : cord-306424-gf0bglm0 279 19 implications implication NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 279 20 for for IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 279 21 the the DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 279 22 hosts host NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 279 23 ' ' POS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 279 24 innate innate JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 279 25 immune immune JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 279 26 response response NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 280 1 West West NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 280 2 Nile Nile NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 280 3 virus virus NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 280 4 inhibits inhibit VBZ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 280 5 the the DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 280 6 signal signal NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 280 7 transduction transduction NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 280 8 pathway pathway NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 280 9 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 280 10 alpha alpha NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 280 11 interferon interferon NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 280 12 Blocking blocking NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 280 13 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 280 14 interferon interferon NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 280 15 - - HYPH cord-306424-gf0bglm0 280 16 induced induce VBN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 280 17 Jak Jak NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 280 18 - - HYPH cord-306424-gf0bglm0 280 19 Stat Stat NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 280 20 signaling signaling NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 280 21 by by IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 280 22 Japanese japanese JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 280 23 encephalitis encephalitis RB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 280 24 virus virus NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 280 25 NS5 ns5 JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 280 26 through through IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 280 27 a a DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 280 28 protein protein NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 280 29 tyrosine tyrosine NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 280 30 phosphatase phosphatase NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 280 31 - - HYPH cord-306424-gf0bglm0 280 32 mediated mediate VBN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 280 33 mechanism mechanism NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 281 1 Severe severe JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 281 2 acute acute JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 281 3 respiratory respiratory JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 281 4 syndrome syndrome NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 281 5 coronavirus coronavirus NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 281 6 evades evade VBZ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 281 7 antiviral antiviral JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 281 8 signaling signaling NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 281 9 : : : cord-306424-gf0bglm0 281 10 role role NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 281 11 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 281 12 nsp1 nsp1 NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 281 13 and and CC cord-306424-gf0bglm0 281 14 rational rational JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 281 15 design design NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 281 16 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 281 17 an an DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 281 18 attenuated attenuated JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 281 19 strain strain NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 281 20 Severe severe JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 281 21 acute acute JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 281 22 respiratory respiratory JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 281 23 syndrome syndrome NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 281 24 coronavirus coronavirus NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 281 25 ORF6 ORF6 NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 281 26 antagonizes antagonize VBZ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 281 27 STAT1 stat1 NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 281 28 function function NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 281 29 by by IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 281 30 sequestering sequester VBG cord-306424-gf0bglm0 281 31 nuclear nuclear JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 281 32 import import NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 281 33 factors factor NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 281 34 on on IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 281 35 the the DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 281 36 rough rough JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 281 37 endoplasmic endoplasmic NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 281 38 reticulum reticulum NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 281 39 / / SYM cord-306424-gf0bglm0 281 40 Golgi Golgi NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 281 41 membrane membrane NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 281 42 Severe severe JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 281 43 acute acute JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 281 44 respiratory respiratory JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 281 45 syndrome syndrome NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 281 46 coronavirus coronavirus NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 281 47 papain papain NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 281 48 - - HYPH cord-306424-gf0bglm0 281 49 like like JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 281 50 protease protease NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 281 51 suppressed suppress VBN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 281 52 alpha alpha NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 281 53 interferon interferon NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 281 54 - - HYPH cord-306424-gf0bglm0 281 55 induced induce VBN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 281 56 responses response NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 281 57 through through IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 281 58 downregulation downregulation NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 281 59 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 281 60 extracellular extracellular JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 281 61 signal signal NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 281 62 - - HYPH cord-306424-gf0bglm0 281 63 regulated regulate VBN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 281 64 kinase kinase NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 281 65 1-mediated 1-mediated CD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 281 66 signalling signal VBG cord-306424-gf0bglm0 281 67 pathways pathway NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 282 1 Inhibition inhibition NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 282 2 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 282 3 cytoplasmic cytoplasmic JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 282 4 mRNA mRNA NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 282 5 stress stress NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 282 6 granule granule NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 282 7 formation formation NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 282 8 by by IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 282 9 a a DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 282 10 viral viral JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 282 11 proteinase proteinase NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 282 12 Hepatitis hepatitis NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 282 13 C C NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 282 14 virus virus NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 282 15 ( ( -LRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 282 16 HCV HCV NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 282 17 ) ) -RRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 282 18 induces induce VBZ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 282 19 formation formation NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 282 20 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 282 21 stress stress NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 282 22 granules granule NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 282 23 whose whose WP$ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 282 24 proteins protein NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 282 25 regulate regulate VBP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 282 26 HCV HCV NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 282 27 RNA RNA NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 282 28 replication replication NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 282 29 and and CC cord-306424-gf0bglm0 282 30 virus virus NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 282 31 assembly assembly NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 282 32 and and CC cord-306424-gf0bglm0 282 33 egress egress NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 282 34 Japanese japanese JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 282 35 encephalitis encephalitis RB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 282 36 virus virus NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 282 37 core core NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 282 38 protein protein NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 282 39 inhibits inhibit VBZ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 282 40 stress stress NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 282 41 granule granule NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 282 42 formation formation NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 282 43 through through IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 282 44 an an DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 282 45 interaction interaction NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 282 46 with with IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 282 47 Caprin-1 Caprin-1 NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 282 48 and and CC cord-306424-gf0bglm0 282 49 facilitates facilitate VBZ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 282 50 viral viral JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 282 51 propagation propagation NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 282 52 Interaction Interaction NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 282 53 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 282 54 TIA-1 TIA-1 NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 283 1 /TIAR /TIAR NFP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 283 2 with with IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 283 3 West West NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 283 4 Nile Nile NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 283 5 and and CC cord-306424-gf0bglm0 283 6 dengue dengue NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 283 7 virus virus NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 283 8 products product NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 283 9 in in IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 283 10 infected infected JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 283 11 cells cell NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 283 12 interferes interfere VBZ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 283 13 with with IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 284 1 stress stress NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 284 2 granule granule NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 284 3 formation formation NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 284 4 and and CC cord-306424-gf0bglm0 284 5 processing processing NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 284 6 body body NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 284 7 assembly assembly NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 284 8 Dynamic dynamic JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 284 9 oscillation oscillation NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 284 10 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 284 11 translation translation NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 284 12 and and CC cord-306424-gf0bglm0 284 13 stress stress NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 284 14 granule granule NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 284 15 formation formation NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 284 16 mark mark VBP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 284 17 the the DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 284 18 cellular cellular JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 284 19 response response NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 284 20 to to IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 284 21 virus virus NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 284 22 infection infection NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 284 23 Stress Stress NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 284 24 granule granule NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 284 25 components component NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 284 26 G3BP1 G3BP1 NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 284 27 and and CC cord-306424-gf0bglm0 284 28 G3BP2 G3BP2 NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 285 1 play play VB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 285 2 a a DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 285 3 proviral proviral JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 285 4 role role NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 285 5 early early RB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 285 6 in in IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 285 7 Chikungunya Chikungunya NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 285 8 virus virus NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 285 9 replication replication NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 286 1 Middle middle JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 286 2 east east NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 286 3 respiratory respiratory JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 286 4 Coronavirus Coronavirus NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 286 5 accessory accessory NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 286 6 protein protein NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 286 7 4a 4a CD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 286 8 inhibits inhibit VBZ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 286 9 PKR PKR NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 286 10 - - HYPH cord-306424-gf0bglm0 286 11 Mediated mediate VBN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 286 12 antiviral antiviral JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 286 13 stress stress NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 286 14 responses response NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 286 15 Dengue dengue NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 286 16 virus virus NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 286 17 perturbs perturb VBZ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 286 18 mitochondrial mitochondrial JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 286 19 morphodynamics morphodynamic NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 286 20 to to TO cord-306424-gf0bglm0 286 21 dampen dampen VB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 286 22 innate innate JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 286 23 immune immune JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 286 24 responses response NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 287 1 The the DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 287 2 hepatitis hepatitis NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 287 3 C c NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 287 4 virus virus NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 287 5 - - HYPH cord-306424-gf0bglm0 287 6 induced induce VBN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 287 7 membranous membranous JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 287 8 web web NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 287 9 and and CC cord-306424-gf0bglm0 287 10 associated associate VBN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 287 11 nuclear nuclear JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 287 12 transport transport NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 287 13 machinery machinery NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 287 14 limit limit VBP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 287 15 access access NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 287 16 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 287 17 pattern pattern NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 287 18 recognition recognition NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 287 19 receptors receptor NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 287 20 to to IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 287 21 viral viral JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 287 22 replication replication NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 287 23 sites site NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 288 1 Interferon interferon NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 288 2 - - HYPH cord-306424-gf0bglm0 288 3 inducible inducible JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 289 1 cholesterol-25-hydroxylase cholesterol-25-hydroxylase NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 289 2 restricts restrict VBZ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 289 3 hepatitis hepatitis NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 289 4 C c NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 289 5 virus virus NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 289 6 replication replication NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 289 7 through through IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 289 8 blockage blockage NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 289 9 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 289 10 membranous membranous JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 289 11 web web NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 289 12 formation formation NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 290 1 The the DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 290 2 antiviral antiviral JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 290 3 protein protein NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 290 4 viperin viperin NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 290 5 inhibits inhibit VBZ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 290 6 hepatitis hepatitis NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 290 7 C C NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 290 8 virus virus NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 290 9 replication replication NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 290 10 via via IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 290 11 interaction interaction NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 290 12 with with IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 290 13 nonstructural nonstructural JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 290 14 protein protein NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 290 15 5A 5a CD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 290 16 Antiviral antiviral JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 290 17 innate innate VBP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 290 18 immune immune JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 290 19 response response NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 290 20 interferes interfere VBZ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 290 21 with with IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 290 22 the the DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 290 23 formation formation NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 290 24 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 290 25 replication replication NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 290 26 - - HYPH cord-306424-gf0bglm0 290 27 associated associate VBN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 290 28 membrane membrane NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 290 29 structures structure NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 290 30 induced induce VBN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 290 31 by by IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 290 32 a a DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 290 33 + + CC cord-306424-gf0bglm0 290 34 RNA RNA NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 290 35 virus virus NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 290 36 Self self NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 290 37 and and CC cord-306424-gf0bglm0 290 38 non non JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 290 39 - - JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 290 40 self self JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 290 41 discrimination discrimination NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 290 42 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 290 43 intracellular intracellular JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 290 44 membranes membrane NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 290 45 by by IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 290 46 the the DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 290 47 innate innate JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 290 48 immune immune JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 290 49 system system NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 291 1 Interferon interferon NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 291 2 - - HYPH cord-306424-gf0bglm0 291 3 inducible inducible JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 291 4 GTPases gtpase NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 291 5 in in IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 291 6 host host NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 291 7 resistance resistance NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 291 8 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 291 9 inflammation inflammation NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 291 10 and and CC cord-306424-gf0bglm0 291 11 disease disease NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 291 12 IFN IFN NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 291 13 - - HYPH cord-306424-gf0bglm0 291 14 inducible inducible JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 291 15 GTPases gtpase NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 291 16 in in IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 291 17 host host NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 291 18 cell cell NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 291 19 defense defense NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 291 20 IRG IRG NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 291 21 and and CC cord-306424-gf0bglm0 291 22 GBP GBP NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 291 23 host host NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 291 24 resistance resistance NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 291 25 factors factor NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 292 1 target target VB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 292 2 aberrant aberrant JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 292 3 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 292 4 non non JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 292 5 - - JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 292 6 self self JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 292 7 vacuoles vacuole NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 292 8 characterized characterize VBN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 292 9 by by IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 292 10 the the DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 292 11 missing missing NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 292 12 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 292 13 self self NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 292 14 IRGM IRGM NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 292 15 proteins protein VBZ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 292 16 Chlamydia Chlamydia NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 292 17 muridarum muridarum NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 292 18 evades evade VBZ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 292 19 growth growth NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 292 20 restriction restriction NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 292 21 by by IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 292 22 the the DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 292 23 IFN IFN NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 292 24 - - HYPH cord-306424-gf0bglm0 292 25 gamma gamma NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 292 26 - - HYPH cord-306424-gf0bglm0 292 27 inducible inducible JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 292 28 host host NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 292 29 resistance resistance NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 292 30 factor factor NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 292 31 Irgb10 Irgb10 NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 292 32 Identification Identification NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 292 33 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 292 34 the the DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 292 35 microsporidian microsporidian NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 292 36 encephalitozoon encephalitozoon NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 292 37 cuniculi cuniculi NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 292 38 as as IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 292 39 a a DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 292 40 new new JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 292 41 target target NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 292 42 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 292 43 the the DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 292 44 IFN IFN NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 292 45 - - HYPH cord-306424-gf0bglm0 292 46 g g NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 292 47 inducible inducible JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 292 48 IRG IRG NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 292 49 resistance resistance NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 292 50 system system NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 293 1 The the DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 293 2 IRG IRG NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 293 3 protein protein NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 293 4 - - HYPH cord-306424-gf0bglm0 293 5 based base VBN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 293 6 resistance resistance NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 293 7 mechanism mechanism NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 293 8 in in IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 293 9 mice mouse NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 293 10 and and CC cord-306424-gf0bglm0 293 11 its -PRON- PRP$ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 293 12 relation relation NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 293 13 to to IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 293 14 virulence virulence NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 293 15 in in IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 293 16 Toxoplasma toxoplasma NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 293 17 gondii gondii NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 293 18 Autophagosome Autophagosome NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 293 19 - - HYPH cord-306424-gf0bglm0 293 20 independent independent JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 293 21 essential essential JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 293 22 function function NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 293 23 for for IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 293 24 the the DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 293 25 autophagy autophagy NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 293 26 protein protein NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 293 27 atg5 atg5 RB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 293 28 in in IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 293 29 cellular cellular JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 293 30 immunity immunity NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 293 31 to to IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 293 32 intracellular intracellular JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 293 33 pathogens pathogen NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 294 1 The the DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 294 2 parasitophorous parasitophorous JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 294 3 vacuole vacuole NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 294 4 membrane membrane NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 294 5 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 294 6 toxoplasma toxoplasma NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 294 7 gondii gondii NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 294 8 is be VBZ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 294 9 targeted target VBN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 294 10 for for IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 294 11 disruption disruption NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 294 12 by by IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 294 13 ubiquitin ubiquitin NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 294 14 - - HYPH cord-306424-gf0bglm0 294 15 like like JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 294 16 conjugation conjugation NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 294 17 systems system NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 294 18 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 294 19 autophagy autophagy NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 295 1 Interferon interferon NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 295 2 - - HYPH cord-306424-gf0bglm0 295 3 inducible inducible JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 295 4 GTPases gtpase NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 295 5 go go VBP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 295 6 to to IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 295 7 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 295 8 target target NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 295 9 membranes membrane NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 295 10 via via IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 295 11 the the DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 295 12 LC3-conjugation lc3-conjugation NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 295 13 system system NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 295 14 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 295 15 autophagy autophagy NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 295 16 Targeting target VBG cord-306424-gf0bglm0 295 17 by by IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 295 18 AutophaGy AutophaGy NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 295 19 proteins protein NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 295 20 ( ( -LRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 295 21 TAG tag NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 295 22 ) ) -RRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 295 23 : : : cord-306424-gf0bglm0 296 1 Targeting target VBG cord-306424-gf0bglm0 296 2 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 296 3 IFNG ifng NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 296 4 - - HYPH cord-306424-gf0bglm0 296 5 inducible inducible JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 296 6 GTPases gtpase NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 296 7 to to IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 296 8 membranes membrane NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 296 9 by by IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 296 10 the the DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 296 11 LC3 lc3 JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 296 12 conjugation conjugation NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 296 13 system system NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 296 14 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 296 15 autophagy autophagy NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 296 16 Dissection dissection NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 296 17 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 296 18 the the DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 296 19 autophagosome autophagosome JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 296 20 maturation maturation NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 296 21 process process NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 296 22 by by IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 296 23 a a DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 296 24 novel novel JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 296 25 reporter reporter NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 296 26 protein protein NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 296 27 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 296 28 tandem tandem NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 296 29 fluorescenttagged fluorescenttagge VBN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 297 1 LC3 LC3 NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 297 2 Selective selective JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 297 3 autophagy autophagy NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 297 4 against against IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 297 5 membranous membranous JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 297 6 compartments compartment NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 297 7 : : : cord-306424-gf0bglm0 297 8 canonical canonical JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 297 9 and and CC cord-306424-gf0bglm0 297 10 unconventional unconventional JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 297 11 purposes purpose NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 297 12 and and CC cord-306424-gf0bglm0 297 13 mechanisms mechanism NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 297 14 Hidden hide VBN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 297 15 behind behind IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 297 16 autophagy autophagy NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 297 17 : : : cord-306424-gf0bglm0 298 1 the the DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 298 2 unconventional unconventional JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 298 3 roles role NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 298 4 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 298 5 ATG ATG NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 298 6 proteins protein NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 298 7 Ubiquitin Ubiquitin NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 298 8 and and CC cord-306424-gf0bglm0 298 9 ubiquitin ubiquitin NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 298 10 - - HYPH cord-306424-gf0bglm0 298 11 like like JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 298 12 proteins protein NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 298 13 as as IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 298 14 multifunctional multifunctional JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 298 15 signals signal NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 298 16 Ubiquitin Ubiquitin NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 298 17 systems system NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 298 18 mark mark VBP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 298 19 pathogen pathogen NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 298 20 - - HYPH cord-306424-gf0bglm0 298 21 containing contain VBG cord-306424-gf0bglm0 298 22 vacuoles vacuole NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 298 23 as as IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 298 24 targets target NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 298 25 for for IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 298 26 host host NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 298 27 defense defense NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 298 28 by by IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 298 29 guanylate guanylate NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 298 30 binding bind VBG cord-306424-gf0bglm0 298 31 proteins protein NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 299 1 Virulent virulent JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 299 2 toxoplasma toxoplasma NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 299 3 gondii gondii NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 299 4 evade evade VBP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 299 5 immunity immunity NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 299 6 - - HYPH cord-306424-gf0bglm0 299 7 related relate VBN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 299 8 GTPase GTPase NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 299 9 ( ( -LRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 299 10 IRG)-Mediated IRG)-Mediated NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 299 11 parasite parasite NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 299 12 vacuole vacuole NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 299 13 disruption disruption NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 299 14 within within IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 299 15 primed prime VBN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 299 16 macrophages macrophage NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 299 17 Coordinated coordinated JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 299 18 loading loading NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 299 19 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 299 20 IRG IRG NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 299 21 resistance resistance NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 299 22 GTPases gtpase NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 299 23 on on RP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 299 24 to to IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 299 25 the the DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 299 26 Toxoplasma Toxoplasma NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 299 27 gondii gondii NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 299 28 parasitophorous parasitophorous JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 299 29 vacuole vacuole NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 300 1 An an DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 300 2 autophagy autophagy NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 300 3 - - HYPH cord-306424-gf0bglm0 300 4 independent independent JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 300 5 role role NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 300 6 for for IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 300 7 LC3 lc3 NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 300 8 in in IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 301 1 equine equine JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 301 2 arteritis arteritis NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 301 3 virus virus NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 301 4 replication replication NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 301 5 Coronaviruses Coronaviruses NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 301 6 hijack hijack VBP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 301 7 the the DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 301 8 LC3-Ipositive LC3-Ipositive NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 301 9 EDEMosomes edemosome NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 301 10 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 301 11 ER ER NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 301 12 - - HYPH cord-306424-gf0bglm0 301 13 derived derive VBN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 301 14 vesicles vesicle NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 301 15 exporting export VBG cord-306424-gf0bglm0 301 16 short short RB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 301 17 - - HYPH cord-306424-gf0bglm0 301 18 lived live VBN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 301 19 ERAD ERAD NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 301 20 regulators regulator NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 301 21 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 301 22 for for IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 301 23 replication replication NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 301 24 Nondegradative Nondegradative NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 301 25 role role NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 301 26 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 301 27 Atg5-Atg12 Atg5-Atg12 NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 301 28 / / SYM cord-306424-gf0bglm0 301 29 Atg16L1 Atg16L1 NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 301 30 autophagy autophagy NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 301 31 protein protein NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 301 32 complex complex NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 301 33 in in IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 301 34 antiviral antiviral JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 301 35 activity activity NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 301 36 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 301 37 interferon interferon NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 301 38 gamma gamma NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 302 1 The the DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 302 2 Atg16L Atg16L NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 302 3 complex complex NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 302 4 specifies specify VBZ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 302 5 the the DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 302 6 site site NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 302 7 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 302 8 LC3 LC3 NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 302 9 lipidation lipidation NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 302 10 for for IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 302 11 membrane membrane NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 302 12 biogenesis biogenesis NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 302 13 in in IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 302 14 autophagy autophagy NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 303 1 GATE16 gate16 PRP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 303 2 localize localize VB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 303 3 to to IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 303 4 autophagosomal autophagosomal NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 303 5 membrane membrane NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 303 6 depending depend VBG cord-306424-gf0bglm0 303 7 on on IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 303 8 form form NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 303 9 - - HYPH cord-306424-gf0bglm0 303 10 II ii NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 303 11 formation formation NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 303 12 Human human JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 303 13 light light NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 303 14 chain chain NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 303 15 3 3 CD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 303 16 / / SYM cord-306424-gf0bglm0 303 17 MAP1LC3 MAP1LC3 NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 303 18 B B NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 303 19 Is be VBZ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 303 20 cleaved cleave VBN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 303 21 at at IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 303 22 its -PRON- PRP$ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 303 23 carboxyl carboxyl NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 303 24 - - HYPH cord-306424-gf0bglm0 303 25 terminal terminal NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 304 1 Met meet VBD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 304 2 121 121 CD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 304 3 to to TO cord-306424-gf0bglm0 304 4 expose expose VB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 304 5 Gly120 gly120 CD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 304 6 for for IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 304 7 lipidation lipidation NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 304 8 and and CC cord-306424-gf0bglm0 304 9 targeting target VBG cord-306424-gf0bglm0 304 10 to to IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 304 11 autophagosomal autophagosomal NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 304 12 membranes membrane NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 305 1 HsAtg4B HsAtg4B NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 305 2 / / SYM cord-306424-gf0bglm0 305 3 HsApg4B HsApg4B NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 305 4 / / SYM cord-306424-gf0bglm0 305 5 autophagin-1 autophagin-1 NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 305 6 cleaves cleave VBZ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 305 7 the the DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 305 8 carboxyl carboxyl NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 305 9 termini termini NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 305 10 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 305 11 three three CD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 305 12 human human NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 305 13 Atg8 Atg8 NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 305 14 homologues homologue NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 305 15 and and CC cord-306424-gf0bglm0 305 16 delipidates delipidates NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 305 17 microtubule microtubule NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 305 18 - - HYPH cord-306424-gf0bglm0 305 19 associated associate VBN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 305 20 protein protein NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 305 21 light light NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 305 22 chain chain NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 306 1 3-and 3-and NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 306 2 GABAA GABAA NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 306 3 receptor receptor NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 306 4 - - HYPH cord-306424-gf0bglm0 306 5 associated associate VBN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 306 6 protein protein NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 306 7 - - HYPH cord-306424-gf0bglm0 306 8 phospholipid phospholipid NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 306 9 conjugates conjugate NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 307 1 Autophagy Autophagy NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 307 2 proteins protein NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 307 3 regulate regulate VBP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 307 4 ERK ERK NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 307 5 phosphorylation phosphorylation NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 307 6 Autophagin-1 Autophagin-1 NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 307 7 ) ) -RRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 308 1 phosphorylation phosphorylation NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 308 2 modulates modulate VBZ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 308 3 autophagy autophagy NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 309 1 Evolutionary evolutionary JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 309 2 analyses analysis NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 309 3 suggest suggest VBP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 309 4 a a DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 309 5 function function NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 309 6 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 309 7 MxB mxb JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 309 8 immunity immunity NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 309 9 proteins protein NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 309 10 beyond beyond IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 309 11 lentivirus lentivirus NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 309 12 restriction restriction NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 309 13 MX2 MX2 NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 309 14 is be VBZ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 309 15 an an DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 309 16 interferon interferon NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 309 17 - - HYPH cord-306424-gf0bglm0 309 18 induced induce VBN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 309 19 inhibitor inhibitor NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 309 20 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 309 21 HIV-1 HIV-1 NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 309 22 infection infection NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 309 23 Human Human NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 309 24 MX2 MX2 NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 309 25 is be VBZ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 309 26 an an DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 309 27 interferon interferon NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 309 28 - - HYPH cord-306424-gf0bglm0 309 29 induced induce VBN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 309 30 postentry postentry NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 309 31 inhibitor inhibitor NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 309 32 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 309 33 HIV-1 HIV-1 NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 309 34 infection infection NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 310 1 The the DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 310 2 interferon interferon NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 310 3 - - HYPH cord-306424-gf0bglm0 310 4 inducible inducible JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 310 5 MxB mxb JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 310 6 protein protein NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 310 7 inhibits inhibit VBZ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 311 1 HIV-1 HIV-1 NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 311 2 infection infection NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 311 3 Parallels Parallels NNPS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 311 4 among among IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 311 5 positive positive JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 311 6 - - HYPH cord-306424-gf0bglm0 311 7 strand strand NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 311 8 RNA RNA NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 311 9 viruses virus NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 311 10 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 311 11 reversetranscribing reversetranscribe VBG cord-306424-gf0bglm0 311 12 viruses virus NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 311 13 and and CC cord-306424-gf0bglm0 311 14 double double RB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 311 15 - - HYPH cord-306424-gf0bglm0 311 16 stranded strand VBN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 311 17 RNA RNA NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 311 18 viruses virus NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 311 19 Enzo Enzo NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 311 20 Scutigliani Scutigliani NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 311 21 ( ( -LRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 311 22 1993 1993 CD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 311 23 ) ) -RRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 311 24 obtained obtain VBD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 311 25 a a DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 311 26 BSc bsc NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 311 27 in in IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 311 28 Biomedical Biomedical NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 311 29 Sciences Sciences NNPS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 311 30 with with IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 311 31 honor honor NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 311 32 at at IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 311 33 the the DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 311 34 University University NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 311 35 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 311 36 Amsterdam Amsterdam NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 311 37 ( ( -LRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 311 38 The the DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 311 39 Netherlands Netherlands NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 311 40 ) ) -RRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 311 41 in in IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 311 42 2014 2014 CD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 311 43 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 311 44 and and CC cord-306424-gf0bglm0 311 45 is be VBZ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 311 46 currently currently RB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 311 47 in in IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 311 48 the the DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 311 49 final final JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 311 50 process process NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 311 51 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 311 52 becoming become VBG cord-306424-gf0bglm0 311 53 a a DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 311 54 MSc msc NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 311 55 with with IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 311 56 a a DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 311 57 specialization specialization NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 311 58 in in IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 311 59 cell cell NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 311 60 biology biology NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 311 61 and and CC cord-306424-gf0bglm0 311 62 advanced advanced JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 311 63 microscopy microscopy NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 311 64 . . . cord-306424-gf0bglm0 312 1 Over over IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 312 2 the the DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 312 3 last last JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 312 4 years year NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 312 5 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 312 6 he -PRON- PRP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 312 7 developed develop VBD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 312 8 a a DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 312 9 particular particular JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 312 10 interest interest NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 312 11 for for IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 312 12 microbiology microbiology NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 312 13 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 312 14 and and CC cord-306424-gf0bglm0 312 15 his -PRON- PRP$ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 312 16 ambition ambition NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 312 17 is be VBZ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 312 18 to to TO cord-306424-gf0bglm0 312 19 develop develop VB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 312 20 novel novel JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 312 21 treatment treatment NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 312 22 or or CC cord-306424-gf0bglm0 312 23 vaccination vaccination NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 312 24 methods method NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 312 25 by by IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 312 26 understanding understand VBG cord-306424-gf0bglm0 312 27 pathogens pathogen NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 312 28 at at IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 312 29 the the DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 312 30 molecular molecular JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 312 31 level level NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 312 32 . . . cord-306424-gf0bglm0 313 1 To to TO cord-306424-gf0bglm0 313 2 achieve achieve VB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 313 3 this this DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 313 4 goal goal NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 313 5 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 313 6 he -PRON- PRP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 313 7 is be VBZ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 313 8 currently currently RB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 313 9 specializing specialize VBG cord-306424-gf0bglm0 313 10 in in IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 313 11 combining combine VBG cord-306424-gf0bglm0 313 12 microbiological microbiological JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 313 13 research research NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 313 14 and and CC cord-306424-gf0bglm0 313 15 advanced advanced JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 313 16 microscopy microscopy NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 313 17 . . . cord-306424-gf0bglm0 314 1 A a DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 314 2 Molecular Molecular NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 314 3 Sciences Sciences NNPS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 314 4 study study NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 314 5 at at IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 314 6 Wageningen Wageningen NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 314 7 University University NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 314 8 and and CC cord-306424-gf0bglm0 314 9 Research Research NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 314 10 Center Center NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 314 11 ( ( -LRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 314 12 The the DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 314 13 Netherlands Netherlands NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 314 14 ) ) -RRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 314 15 motivated motivate VBD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 314 16 Marjolein Marjolein NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 314 17 Kikkert Kikkert NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 314 18 ( ( -LRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 314 19 1969 1969 CD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 314 20 ) ) -RRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 314 21 to to TO cord-306424-gf0bglm0 314 22 pursue pursue VB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 314 23 a a DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 314 24 Ph.D. ph.d. NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 314 25 degree degree NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 314 26 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 314 27 which which WDT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 314 28 she -PRON- PRP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 314 29 achieved achieve VBD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 314 30 in in IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 314 31 1999 1999 CD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 314 32 at at IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 314 33 the the DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 314 34 Department Department NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 314 35 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 314 36 Virology Virology NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 314 37 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 314 38 this this DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 314 39 University University NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 314 40 . . . cord-306424-gf0bglm0 315 1 Her -PRON- PRP$ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 315 2 thesis thesis NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 315 3 was be VBD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 315 4 entitled entitle VBN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 315 5 " " `` cord-306424-gf0bglm0 315 6 Role role NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 315 7 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 315 8 the the DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 315 9 envelope envelope NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 315 10 glycoproteins glycoprotein NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 315 11 in in IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 315 12 the the DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 315 13 infection infection NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 315 14 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 315 15 tomato tomato NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 315 16 spotted spot VBN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 315 17 wilt wilt NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 315 18 virus virus NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 315 19 " " '' cord-306424-gf0bglm0 315 20 . . . cord-306424-gf0bglm0 316 1 She -PRON- PRP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 316 2 then then RB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 316 3 switched switch VBD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 316 4 to to IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 316 5 mammalian mammalian JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 316 6 Virology Virology NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 316 7 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 316 8 became become VBD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 316 9 a a DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 316 10 post post NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 316 11 - - JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 316 12 doc doc NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 316 13 at at IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 316 14 the the DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 316 15 National National NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 316 16 Institute Institute NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 316 17 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 316 18 Health Health NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 316 19 and and CC cord-306424-gf0bglm0 316 20 the the DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 316 21 Environment Environment NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 316 22 in in IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 316 23 Bilthoven Bilthoven NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 316 24 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 316 25 the the DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 316 26 Netherlands Netherlands NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 316 27 with with IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 316 28 prof prof NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 316 29 . . . cord-306424-gf0bglm0 317 1 Emmanuel Emmanuel NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 317 2 Wiertz Wiertz NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 317 3 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 317 4 and and CC cord-306424-gf0bglm0 317 5 subsequently subsequently RB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 317 6 at at IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 317 7 Leiden Leiden NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 317 8 University University NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 317 9 Medical Medical NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 317 10 Center Center NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 317 11 ( ( -LRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 317 12 LUMC LUMC NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 317 13 ) ) -RRB- cord-306424-gf0bglm0 317 14 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 317 15 working work VBG cord-306424-gf0bglm0 317 16 on on IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 317 17 immune immune JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 317 18 evasion evasion NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 317 19 strategies strategy NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 317 20 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 317 21 human human JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 317 22 cytomegalovirus cytomegalovirus NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 317 23 . . . cord-306424-gf0bglm0 318 1 After after IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 318 2 this this DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 318 3 she -PRON- PRP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 318 4 started start VBD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 318 5 working work VBG cord-306424-gf0bglm0 318 6 with with IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 318 7 Prof. Prof. NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 318 8 Eric Eric NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 318 9 Snijder Snijder NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 318 10 at at IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 318 11 the the DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 318 12 LUMC LUMC NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 318 13 as as IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 318 14 a a DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 318 15 post post NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 318 16 - - JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 318 17 doc doc NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 318 18 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 318 19 and and CC cord-306424-gf0bglm0 318 20 developed develop VBD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 318 21 into into IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 318 22 an an DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 318 23 Assistant Assistant NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 318 24 Professor Professor NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 318 25 in in IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 318 26 the the DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 318 27 Department Department NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 318 28 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 318 29 Medical Medical NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 318 30 Microbiology Microbiology NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 318 31 . . . cord-306424-gf0bglm0 319 1 Her -PRON- PRP$ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 319 2 research research NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 319 3 currently currently RB cord-306424-gf0bglm0 319 4 focuses focus VBZ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 319 5 on on IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 319 6 the the DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 319 7 replication replication NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 319 8 organelles organelle NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 319 9 and and CC cord-306424-gf0bglm0 319 10 related related JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 319 11 virus virus NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 319 12 - - HYPH cord-306424-gf0bglm0 319 13 host host NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 319 14 interactions interaction NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 319 15 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 319 16 nidoviruses nidoviruse NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 319 17 and and CC cord-306424-gf0bglm0 320 1 other other JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 320 2 + + CC cord-306424-gf0bglm0 320 3 RNA RNA NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 320 4 viruses virus NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 320 5 , , , cord-306424-gf0bglm0 320 6 and and CC cord-306424-gf0bglm0 320 7 the the DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 320 8 innate innate JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 320 9 immune immune JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 320 10 evasion evasion NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 320 11 mechanisms mechanism NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 320 12 which which WDT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 320 13 these these DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 320 14 viruses virus NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 320 15 employ employ VBP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 320 16 . . . cord-306424-gf0bglm0 321 1 The the DT cord-306424-gf0bglm0 321 2 knowledge knowledge NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 321 3 gained gain VBD cord-306424-gf0bglm0 321 4 from from IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 321 5 her -PRON- PRP$ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 321 6 research research NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 321 7 is be VBZ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 321 8 being be VBG cord-306424-gf0bglm0 321 9 used use VBN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 321 10 for for IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 321 11 development development NN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 321 12 of of IN cord-306424-gf0bglm0 321 13 novel novel JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 321 14 antiviral antiviral JJ cord-306424-gf0bglm0 321 15 vaccines vaccine NNS cord-306424-gf0bglm0 321 16 and and CC cord-306424-gf0bglm0 321 17 Àdrugs Àdrugs NNP cord-306424-gf0bglm0 321 18 . . .