Summary of your 'study carrel' ============================== This is a summary of your Distant Reader 'study carrel'. The Distant Reader harvested & cached your content into a collection/corpus. It then applied sets of natural language processing and text mining against the collection. The results of this process was reduced to a database file -- a 'study carrel'. The study carrel can then be queried, thus bringing light specific characteristics for your collection. These characteristics can help you summarize the collection as well as enumerate things you might want to investigate more closely. This report is a terse narrative report, and when processing is complete you will be linked to a more complete narrative report. Eric Lease Morgan Number of items in the collection; 'How big is my corpus?' ---------------------------------------------------------- 55 Average length of all items measured in words; "More or less, how big is each item?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 5321 Average readability score of all items (0 = difficult; 100 = easy) ------------------------------------------------------------------ 44 Top 50 statistically significant keywords; "What is my collection about?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 55 vaccination 16 vaccine 7 influenza 5 disease 4 virus 3 response 3 case 3 Health 2 uptake 2 smallpox 2 patient 2 health 2 dog 2 covid-19 2 cost 2 antibody 2 National 2 MMR 2 Kong 2 Immunization 2 Hong 2 HCW 2 CAV 2 BCG 1 veterinary 1 treatment 1 training 1 team 1 study 1 student 1 society 1 respiratory 1 resource 1 rabie 1 public 1 pod 1 outbreak 1 mumps 1 measure 1 maternal 1 israeli 1 infectious 1 individual 1 human 1 high 1 event 1 ethical 1 eff 1 client 1 cat Top 50 lemmatized nouns; "What is discussed?" --------------------------------------------- 4283 vaccination 3795 vaccine 1447 influenza 1371 disease 1247 % 1034 study 868 health 735 risk 718 response 677 virus 617 infection 606 population 598 patient 565 year 548 case 542 group 525 rate 484 antibody 438 child 437 uptake 432 time 432 coverage 428 age 421 cell 388 individual 383 effect 364 mumps 361 immunization 348 factor 344 cost 341 analysis 333 immunity 330 care 319 datum 309 model 308 outbreak 308 control 306 system 305 dog 300 country 295 animal 286 level 282 result 254 treatment 253 use 252 pandemic 252 antigen 250 people 248 smallpox 247 number Top 50 proper nouns; "What are the names of persons or places?" -------------------------------------------------------------- 267 Health 195 H1N1 164 United 155 al 152 States 140 MS 140 MMR 136 et 136 Influenza 136 Immunization 134 B 129 . 113 Vaccine 110 National 92 Table 90 Vaccination 90 Disease 89 pH1N1 87 BCG 85 US 85 HCWs 82 NS 79 MDA 78 ITP 77 T 73 HCW 73 COVID-19 72 Control 72 Committee 72 A 71 Prevention 70 New 69 SARS 69 Africa 68 Australia 65 Hong 64 Kong 63 y 62 World 59 Europe 57 HPV 56 Korea 56 Advisory 55 CI 50 ⁄ 50 Institute 50 II 49 hepatitis 47 MLV 47 FMD Top 50 personal pronouns nouns; "To whom are things referred?" ------------------------------------------------------------- 822 it 532 we 355 they 143 i 101 them 54 he 44 themselves 37 us 27 itself 25 one 23 you 13 she 4 me 3 oneself 3 himself 3 him 2 ourselves 2 her 1 sick/ 1 s 1 ours 1 mine 1 herself 1 -tocopherol Top 50 lemmatized verbs; "What do things do?" --------------------------------------------- 9740 be 2000 have 628 use 577 vaccinate 493 include 477 do 378 report 361 increase 355 associate 349 follow 328 show 323 receive 307 develop 290 provide 269 base 243 recommend 233 compare 233 cause 228 make 228 consider 226 find 222 administer 220 give 217 prevent 215 take 208 occur 200 induce 188 relate 176 suggest 169 require 168 reduce 163 lead 162 need 158 regard 156 protect 152 test 151 become 134 perceive 134 identify 130 see 128 result 126 assess 125 remain 125 improve 121 contain 120 present 120 infect 117 indicate 116 know 111 demonstrate Top 50 lemmatized adjectives and adverbs; "How are things described?" --------------------------------------------------------------------- 1237 not 672 - 588 high 539 more 530 also 527 other 429 immune 410 such 396 however 378 most 377 only 365 public 328 low 294 infectious 284 well 265 adverse 247 first 245 many 244 human 242 social 242 different 239 specific 239 significant 237 clinical 226 medical 224 as 223 new 209 therefore 208 non 202 pneumococcal 197 seasonal 190 effective 187 multiple 187 general 179 available 173 canine 169 live 158 respiratory 158 current 157 several 155 less 152 large 152 important 152 early 151 chronic 148 even 147 maternal 146 possible 144 likely 139 long Top 50 lemmatized superlative adjectives; "How are things described to the extreme?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 125 most 54 good 47 least 44 high 33 Most 21 low 15 great 10 early 9 strong 7 large 6 bad 4 old 3 young 3 fast 2 small 2 severe 2 near 2 common 2 close 1 ⁄ 1 weak 1 slight 1 simple 1 short 1 safe 1 poor 1 long 1 heavy 1 fair 1 big 1 -which Top 50 lemmatized superlative adverbs; "How do things do to the extreme?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 253 most 44 least 2 well Top 50 Internet domains; "What Webbed places are alluded to in this corpus?" ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 5 doi.org 3 www.who.int 3 www.ecevr.org 2 www.aphis.usda.gov 2 dx 1 wwwn.cdc.gov 1 www.wsava.org 1 www.vmd.defra.gov.uk 1 www.thecommunityguide.org 1 www.shsmi.cn 1 www.promedmail.org 1 www.mdpi.com 1 www.imperial.ac.uk 1 www.hcd4health.org 1 www.ecdc.europa.eu 1 www 1 vaccineschedule.ecdc.europa.eu 1 opendocs.ids.ac.uk 1 ontocrf.costisa.com 1 inspection.gc.ca 1 ecomeu.info 1 dx.doi.org Top 50 URLs; "What is hyperlinked from this corpus?" ---------------------------------------------------- 3 http://www.ecevr.org/ 2 http://dx 2 http://doi.org/10.1101/2020.06.03.20121624 2 http://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.08.010 1 http://wwwn.cdc.gov/travel/ 1 http://www.wsava.org 1 http://www.who.int/immunization/programmes_ 1 http://www.who.int/csr/ 1 http://www.who.int/ 1 http://www.vmd.defra.gov.uk/ 1 http://www.thecommunityguide.org/resources/cdcynergy 1 http://www.shsmi.cn/info/iList.jsp?cat_id=10098 1 http://www.promedmail.org 1 http://www.mdpi.com/2076-393X/8/3/480/s1 1 http://www.imperial.ac.uk/media/imperial-college/institute-of-global-health-innovation/ 1 http://www.hcd4health.org/resources 1 http://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/publications-data/social-marketing-guide-public-healthprogramme-managers-and-practitioners 1 http://www.aphis.usda.gov/animal_health/vet_biologics/vb_adverse_event.shtml 1 http://www.aphis.usda.gov/animal_health/vet_ 1 http://www 1 http://vaccineschedule.ecdc.europa.eu/Scheduler/ByDisease? 1 http://opendocs.ids.ac.uk/opendocs/bitstream/handle/20.500.12413/15431/ 1 http://ontocrf.costisa.com/en/web/asia 1 http://inspection.gc.ca/english/for/pdf/c2205e.pdf 1 http://ecomeu.info/ 1 http://dx.doi.org/10.7774/cevr.2012.1.1.3 1 http://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.06.070 Top 50 email addresses; "Who are you gonna call?" ------------------------------------------------- Top 50 positive assertions; "What sentences are in the shape of noun-verb-noun?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 7 study did not 7 vaccination is not 6 vaccine is not 6 vaccines are available 5 vaccine does not 5 vaccines are not 4 vaccine is safe 4 vaccines are generally 4 vaccines do not 3 coverage was higher 3 coverage was highest 3 individuals are not 3 patients did not 3 vaccination are generally 3 vaccination are well 3 vaccination do not 3 vaccination was also 3 vaccination was not 3 vaccination were not 3 vaccine did not 3 vaccine was available 3 vaccines are less 3 vaccines are vaccines 3 vaccines is highly 3 virus is not 3 virus is typically 2 antibodies do not 2 cases were more 2 children taking steroids 2 disease are largely 2 disease are more 2 disease are neonates 2 disease is controversial 2 disease is endemic 2 disease is generally 2 disease is not 2 diseases following vaccines 2 diseases were rampant 2 factors include baseline 2 factors include information 2 groups being equal 2 groups were not 2 immunization is effective 2 individuals increase rapidly 2 individuals receiving treatment 2 infection is endemic 2 infection is high 2 infection is serovar 2 influenza is still 2 influenza was very Top 50 negative assertions; "What sentences are in the shape of noun-verb-no|not-noun?" --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2 disease is not readily 2 groups were not well 2 individuals are not willing 2 vaccine does not fully 1 cells are not effective 1 effect is not completely 1 effect was not reproducible 1 group have not yet 1 group showed no change 1 groups was not surprisingly 1 health are not necessarily 1 individuals are not perfectly 1 individuals have no chances 1 influenza were not major 1 mumps has not yet 1 population was not significantly 1 populations are not necessary 1 rates are not satisfactory 1 response was not adequate 1 responses were not significantly 1 studies found no association 1 studies found no difference 1 studies showed no relation 1 studies showing no relationship 1 study are not comparable 1 study are not publicly 1 study has no basis 1 study is not extremely 1 study showed no association 1 study were not randomly 1 vaccination do not always 1 vaccination has no effect 1 vaccination is not advisable 1 vaccination is not as 1 vaccination is not exciting 1 vaccination was not different 1 vaccination were not different 1 vaccine had no effect 1 vaccine is not as 1 vaccine is not fully 1 vaccine is not useful 1 vaccine was not well 1 vaccines are not different 1 vaccines are not immunogenic 1 vaccines are not perfect 1 vaccines do not directly 1 vaccines do not fully 1 vaccines is not free 1 virus is not highly A rudimentary bibliography -------------------------- id = cord-018792-oqwbmyft author = Ammon, Andrea title = Early disease management strategies in case of a smallpox outbreak date = 2007 keywords = case; measure; smallpox; vaccination summary = Usually, the strategy for the management of clinical cases of poxviruses includes the early detection of cases, rapid laboratory diagnosis, an assessment of the risk of further spread and containment measures. The strategy for the management of clinical cases of poxviruses (occurring sporadically or in outbreaks) usually includes the early detection of cases, rapid laboratory diagnosis, an assessment of the risk of further spread and containment measures. In addition to the national and international notifications based on given case definitions, certain measures are necessary to allow an initial risk assessment of the epidemic development. In addition to the national and international notifications based on given case definitions, certain measures are necessary to allow an initial risk assessment of the epidemic development. Various models have been developed to assist in identifying the best use of the available vaccines (e.g., [5] [6] [7] [8] ), as well as other control measures like case isolation and contact tracing or combinations thereof [9, 10] . doi = 10.1007/978-3-7643-7557-7_20 id = cord-348218-wyy4rvqb author = Ashwell, Douglas title = When being positive might be negative: An analysis of Australian and New Zealand newspaper framing of vaccination post Australia''s No Jab No Pay legislation date = 2020-07-09 keywords = New; Zealand; australian; vaccination summary = In a study of 208 newspaper articles occurring between 1993 and 1998, Leask and Chapman [24] found the Australian newsprint media reported vaccination with an emphasis frame on vaccine-preventable diseases and the issue of low immunisation rates. The medical/health profession dominated New Zealand stories, but political sources dominated the Australian media, largely due, it is suggested, to the January 2016 arrival of the No Jab -No Pay campaign, making vaccinations mandatory for families that receive certain government benefits. A partial possibility for this difference could be that a New Zealand sample was included in the current study, where a focus seemed to be more on medical information presented (regarding the vaccines), in contrast with the Australian media''s focus more on political information and community/social benefits. doi = 10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.06.070 id = cord-287067-rrsgl377 author = Beutels, Philippe title = Funding of drugs: do vaccines warrant a different approach? date = 2008-11-30 keywords = cost; eff; vaccination; vaccine summary = 2 The individual perception of risks of disease and risks of adverse events drives the demand Panel: Why many vaccines require a diff erent approach • Primary prevention in healthy people, but with possibility of adverse events • Unvaccinated or poorly vaccinated people may experience benefi cial or, more rarely, detrimental impact from herd immunity • Many vaccines prevent short-lived illness in very young children, causing extra family care and work loss, for which evaluation methods lack credibility and acceptability • The cost-eff ectiveness of many vaccines is highly sensitive to the choice of discount method • Some infections are eradicable • Some emerging infections (eg, SARS, pandemic infl uenza) would have a major macroeconomic impact that goes beyond lost productivity of sick people SARS=severe acute respiratory syndrome. doi = 10.1016/s1473-3099(08)70258-5 id = cord-018497-oy7hsrpt author = Beutels, Philippe P.A. title = Economic aspects of vaccines and vaccination: a global perspective date = 2005 keywords = cost; health; vaccination; vaccine summary = The share of health-care expenditures in the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of most industrialised countries has increased from 3%-5% in the early sixties to 7%-11% in 2001 (from 5% to 14% in the USA) [1] This rise has been attributed to medical advances (increasing the number and technological complexity of medical interventions), population aging, sociological changes (more, but smaller families and less familial support for the elderly) and insufficient productivity increases in the services sector. Because of the very long time spans over which benefits accrue, the analysis of most vaccination programs is very sensitive to discounting (of costs as well as health effects). It seems clear, though, that the smallpox eradication program and the establishment of the EPI have generated enormous benefits, not only by directly protecting against important vaccine-preventable diseases, but also by providing opportunities for health education and infrastructure in developing countries [30] . doi = 10.1007/3-7643-7381-4_1 id = cord-350497-qkykubnh author = Bhugra, Priyanka title = Prevalence of and Sociodemographic Disparities in Influenza Vaccination Among Adults With Diabetes in the United States date = 2020-09-24 keywords = vaccination summary = In the current study, among a nationally representative sample of adults with DM, we report estimates of influenza vaccination, characterizing sociodemographic groups, both individually and in combination, who were at particularly high risk of lacking vaccination. To analyze the cumulative associations between these characteristics and influenza vaccination, we developed a composite model of increasing number of high-risk sociodemographic characteristics including the following 6 variables: (i) 18 to 39 years of age, (ii) non-Hispanic Black race/ethnicity, (iii) uninsured status, (iv) lack of usual source of care, (v) low-income level, and (vi) low education level (i.e., ≤high school). * High-risk sociodemographic characteristics include younger age, non-Hispanic Black race/ethnicity, lack of insurance coverage, no usual source of care, low-income, and lower level of completed education. doi = 10.1210/jendso/bvaa139 id = cord-288933-q3b0r5ig author = Bushell, Mary title = Evaluation of Vaccination Training in Pharmacy Curriculum: Preparing Students for Workforce Needs date = 2020-08-20 keywords = student; training; vaccination summary = Background: To introduce and evaluate a university vaccination training program, preparing final year Bachelor of Pharmacy (BPharm) and Master of Pharmacy (MPharm) students to administer vaccinations to children and adults in community pharmacy and offsite (mobile and outreach) settings. Since then, regulations across all Australian states and territories have been modified to allow appropriately trained pharmacists to administer vaccinations to adults and more recently children aged 10 and over [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] . The vaccination training program developed by the authors and evaluated in this paper, used the learning outcomes for the National Immunization Education Framework for Health Professionals [14] . This framework was designed to facilitate the development of nationally consistent, quality education programs for Australian Health Professionals, who are not medical practitioners, who want to be recognized as competent to administer vaccinations within their scope of practice. The training, co delivered by pharmacists, pharmacy and nursing academics (all authorized immunizers), focused on teaching the knowledge and skills to administer vaccinations to adults. doi = 10.3390/pharmacy8030151 id = cord-275033-y9z9l0ji author = Carter-Pokras, O. title = The Role of Epidemiology in Informing United States Childhood Immunization Policy and Practice date = 2020-10-14 keywords = Immunization; National; States; United; vaccination; vaccine summary = For example, surveillance and studies of childhood infectious diseases provide the basis of morbidity and mortality data used to make J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f Immunization was selected as an example for examination of epidemiology in informing public health policy and practice because childhood immunization is one of the ten greatest public health achievements in the United States--it saves lives and is cost-effective. Since public health authorities across the United States have needed to urgently implement non-pharmaceutical public health disease containment measures (e.g., shelter-in-place, postponements of noncritical health care visits), early epidemiological studies are already documenting a dramatic decline in ordering and administration of childhood vaccines, VFC clinic capacity to vaccinate children, and immunization coverage rates for VPDs. doi = 10.1016/j.annepidem.2020.09.017 id = cord-345659-br5qk5xb author = Cha, Sung-Ho title = The history of vaccination and current vaccination policies in Korea date = 2012-07-31 keywords = Korea; National; vaccination summary = The systematic national disease management system was urgently needed after the SARS epidemic, in order to protect life and property from the new and reemergence infectious diseases, the Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention which was integrated with a unified inspection and quarantine work and research capabilities by expanding and reorganizing the National Institutes of Health in January 17, 2004 [12] . Fourteen infectious diseases are belong to the national immunization program which includes tuberculosis, hepatitis B, diphtheria/tetanus/pertussis, measles/mumps/rubella, poliomyelitis, varicella, Japanese encephalitis, influenza, typhoid, and hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome for routine vaccination according to Communicable Diseases Preventive Measures, Enforcement [11] . The Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention developed computerized and standardized vaccination registration and management program for the management of the personal vaccination records from 2002 to 2009 [12] . As of the year 2000, public health authorities in Korea presented computerized vaccination registration and policies for infectious disease-i.e., the fight against tuberculosis, prevention of Vertical Transmission of Hepatitis B program, measles elimination, and influenza management-and continued to maintain it since then. doi = 10.7774/cevr.2012.1.1.3 id = cord-298668-ry49o0xj author = Ciotti, John Robert title = Effects of MS disease-modifying therapies on responses to vaccinations: a review. date = 2020-08-01 keywords = response; vaccination summary = A prospective, non-randomized, open label study compared responses to an inactivated influenza vaccine in 86 relapsing MS patients taking interferon beta-1a 44 mcg three times weekly and 77 untreated relapsing MS patients. A prospective observational study evaluated the effects of the inactivated influenza vaccine in 26 patients taking a variety of beta-interferon preparations, comparing anti-influenza IgM and IgG titers to those in 33 HC at multiple time-points post-vaccination. A prospective, multicenter, non-randomized study evaluated influenza vaccine responses in patients treated with a variety of DMTs. 25 Patients taking beta-interferons showed a significantly greater proportional vaccine response as measured by HI titer than other DMT groups taking glatiramer acetate, fingolimod, and natalizumab. The same group of investigators performed a prospective study of responses to the seasonal influenza vaccination in 2012/2013 in 90 MS patients on four different immunomodulatory therapies and 62 HC at baseline and 3, 6, and 12 months post-immunization. doi = 10.1016/j.msard.2020.102439 id = cord-285760-y37ji92k author = Connell, Anna R. title = Mumps Outbreaks in Vaccinated Populations—Is It Time to Re-assess the Clinical Efficacy of Vaccines? date = 2020-09-18 keywords = Immunization; MMR; antibody; mumps; outbreak; vaccination; vaccine summary = Although a rise in IgG titer may also not occur in vaccinated individuals (87, 137) , numerous studies have documented a rapid, variable increase in mumps-specific IgG levels, with neutralization antibody concentrations present up to 10 months post-infection (130, 138, 139) . Potential waning immunity has been documented in the current mumps outbreaks seen in Europe and the USA, mostly affecting young adults within highly vaccinated populations attending tertiary education who have received two doses of the MMR vaccine in early childhood (40, 110, 126, 144, 145, (175) (176) (177) (178) (179) (180) (181) . Although MuV can be clinically asymptomatic in about 15-30% of those who become infected, the vaccine against mumps confers protection in a dose response manner; unvaccinated individuals saw an attack rate of Based on the reduction seen upon the introduction of a mumps vaccine, it has been proposed that MMR vaccination also prevents the transmission of the virus. doi = 10.3389/fimmu.2020.02089 id = cord-258366-fu9b446y author = Couto, Carla R. title = Fighting Misconceptions to Improve Compliance with Influenza Vaccination among Health Care Workers: An Educational Project date = 2012-02-06 keywords = influenza; respiratory; vaccination summary = At Hospital das Clinicas, University of Sã o Paulo School of Medical Sciences, a previous study showed a 34% compliance with influenza vaccination among HCWs. In the mentioned study, the main reasons for non-compliance were the perception of vaccine inefficacy and the fear of adverse reactions [4] . To diminish the arguments of fear of adverse events or perception of vaccine inefficacy, this prospective study was conducted to demonstrate to a subset of HCWs from our hospital, that severe adverse events following influenza vaccination are rare and the episodes of respiratory symptoms occurring in the first four months after vaccination are generally caused by other respiratory viruses and not by influenza virus. As expected, no severe adverse event was observed in the present study, and the events more frequently reported, such as headache, myalgia and malaise could be related to influenza vaccine itself as well as to other causes, given their unspecificity. doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0030670 id = cord-264522-u61m4x9l author = Crupi, Robert S. title = Linking Emergency Preparedness and Health Care Worker Vaccination Against Influenza: A Novel Approach date = 2016-11-16 keywords = HCW; pod; vaccination summary = In the 2008–2009 influenza season, Flushing Hospital Medical Center (FHMC; New York) adopted a "push/pull" point-of-dispensing (POD) vaccination model that was derived from emergency preparedness planning for mass vaccination and/or prophylaxis to respond to an infectious disease outbreak, whether occurring naturally or due to bioterrorism. In the 2008-2009 influenza season, Flushing Hospital Medi cal Center (FHMC; New York) adopted a "push/pull" point-ofdispensing (POD) vaccination model that was derived from emergency preparedness planning for mass vaccination and/or prophylaxis to respond to an infectious disease outbreak, whether occurring naturally or due to bioterrorism. Conclusions: This model provides a novel approach for institutions to improve their HCW influenza vaccination rates within a limited period through exercising emergency preparedness plans for infectious disease outbreaks. Conclusions: This model provides a novel approach for institutions to improve their HCW influenza vaccination rates within a limited period through exercising emergency preparedness plans for infectious disease outbreaks. doi = 10.1016/s1553-7250(10)36073-9 id = cord-258626-p469ysi8 author = Davis-Wurzler, Gina M. title = 2013 Update on Current Vaccination Strategies in Puppies and Kittens date = 2014-02-26 keywords = CAV; cat; disease; vaccination; vaccine; virus summary = Criteria for assigning vaccines into these categories, and a third category, "generally not recommended," are based on: (1) morbidity and mortality associated with the specific disease (does the organism cause serious illness or does it cause a mild, transient disease that may pose only minimal risk to the individual or population?); (2) the prevalence and/or incidence rate of the disease (although a specific disease may not commonly be seen, the organism is ubiquitous in the environment and therefore poses risk to the individual or population); (3) the risk of the individual for exposure to the disease (indoor-only animal vs free-roaming individual, regional variations of occurrence); (4) the efficacy of the vaccine (does the vaccine prevent infection or simply ameliorate some signs or length of disease?); (5) the risks associated with administering the vaccine (are the risks associated with that vaccine greater than the risk of the disease?); (6) the potential for zoonotic disease; (7) the route of infection or transmissibility. 9, 13 The current recommendation is to use the CAV-II modified live virus product, as it stimulates the immune system to protect against both CAV-I and CAV-II, without the associated adverse reaction caused by the type I vaccine. doi = 10.1016/j.cvsm.2013.11.006 id = cord-275538-c44gmu22 author = Davis-Wurzler, Gina M. title = Current Vaccination Strategies in Puppies and Kittens date = 2006-03-24 keywords = CAV; MLV; disease; vaccination; vaccine; virus summary = The current recommendation is to use the CAV-II MLV because it stimulates the immune system to protect against CAV-I and CAV-II without the associated adverse reaction caused by the type I vaccine [4, 14, 20] . There is a killed vaccine available; however, vaccination against this agent is typically not recommended, because most animals are not at risk to contract the parasite, the vaccine does not prevent infection (it may ameliorate clinical signs and decrease cyst shedding), and the disease is readily amenable to therapy (fenbendazole, albendazole, and metronidazole are off-label uses but commonly accepted as standard of care). Because the vaccine does not fully prevent infection and carries an association with adverse events that may be greater than the actual disease, routine vaccination of household pets with this product is generally not recommended. doi = 10.1016/j.cvsm.2005.12.003 id = cord-009947-0zz4x8li author = Day, M. J. title = COMPILED BY THE VACCINATION GUIDELINES GROUP (VGG) OF THE WORLD SMALL ANIMAL VETERINARY ASSOCIATION (WSAVA) date = 2007-09-03 keywords = VGG; vaccination; vaccine summary = There is little doubt that in most developed countries the major infectious diseases of dogs and cats are considered at best uncommon in the pet population, but there do remain geographical pockets of infection and sporadic outbreaks of disease occur, and the situation regarding feral or shelter populations is distinctly different to that in owned pet animals. The following VGG guidelines are prepared when considering the optimum model of a committed pet owner, willing and able to bring their animal to the veterinarian, for the full recommended course of vaccination. In situations where, for example, a decision must be made that an individual pet may have to receive only a single core vaccination during its lifetime, the VGG would emphasise that this should optimally be given at a time when that animal is most capable of responding immunologically, i.e. at the age of 16 weeks or greater. doi = 10.1111/j.1748-5827.2007.00462.x id = cord-343896-c40fry35 author = Dong, Fen title = Vaccination Route Determines the Kinetics and Magnitude of Nasal Innate Immune Responses in Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) date = 2020-10-01 keywords = IHNV; NALT; response; vaccination summary = The goal of this study was to evaluate the ability of a live attenuated viral vaccine to stimulate innate immunity in the olfactory organ of rainbow trout, a teleost fish of commercial aquaculture value. The goal of this study is to compare the effects of three different vaccine delivery routes, including intranasal (IN), intramuscular (i.m.) injection and immersion (imm) routes on the trout nasal innate immune response. In this study, we compared three vaccination routes (intranasal (IN), intramuscular injection (i.m.) and immersion (imm) on trout nasal innate immune responses using a live attenuated IHNV vaccine and found strong and quick immune responses in the olfactory organ IN-vaccinated group. In this study, we vaccinated rainbow trout with live attenuated IHNV or PBS by different delivery routes (Figure 1a -d) and then investigated changes in expression of 13 immune-related genes at 1, 4 and 7 dpv in trout NALT by qPCR. doi = 10.3390/biology9100319 id = cord-282280-5pggpbrq author = Doornekamp, Laura title = Determinants of Vaccination Uptake in Risk Populations: A Comprehensive Literature Review date = 2020-08-27 keywords = HCW; ICP; study; uptake; vaccination summary = The following concepts are used: (1) predisposing factors, including baseline characteristics of studied populations; (2) information factors, including information retrieved via media, social contacts and HCW; (3) awareness, of the infectious agent being present or a vaccine being available; (4) knowledge (either examined or self-evaluated), about the consequences of the infection, or about the efficacy and duration of protection of vaccination; (5a) perceived risk of the infection, which is divided into perceived severity of the disease and perceived susceptibility to get infected; (5b) perceived risk of vaccination, including vaccine-specific considerations such as fear of side-effects and trust in the effectiveness of the vaccine; (6) attitude, defined as a person''s disposition to respond favourably or unfavourably to vaccinations [14] , often reflected by a person''s general believes about vaccinations; (7) social influence, which can be social norms imposed by family, friends or religion, but also recommendations from a healthcare professional or tour guide; (8) self-efficacy, defined as beliefs in one''s own capacity to perform certain behaviour [15] ; (9) intention to behaviour, expressed by people before they perform the behaviour; (10) barriers and facilitators, that withhold individuals from or enable them to certain behaviour, such as time, costs, or accessibility. doi = 10.3390/vaccines8030480 id = cord-319226-yvgvyif0 author = French, Jeff title = Key Guidelines in Developing a Pre-Emptive COVID-19 Vaccination Uptake Promotion Strategy date = 2020-08-13 keywords = Health; covid-19; uptake; vaccination; vaccine summary = This paper makes the case for immediate planning for a COVID-19 vaccination uptake strategy in advance of vaccine availability for two reasons: first, the need to build a consensus about the order in which groups of the population will get access to the vaccine; second, to reduce any fear and concerns that exist in relation to vaccination and to create demand for vaccines. The paper explores key issues that relevant organizations must address and summarizes best practices that should be addressed when developing behavioral influence strategies to promote the uptake of COVID-19 vaccines effectively, efficiently, and ethically as they become available. Governments and their public health agencies need to develop a dialogue and joint strategy with social media platform providers to review and action against anti-vaccination misinformation and vaccine hesitancy promotion. Public health authorities need to build a proactive COVID-19 vaccine trust capacity for active engagement in the social media space as part of their overall promotional strategy [56] . doi = 10.3390/ijerph17165893 id = cord-285306-leu2hygk author = Gallagher, J. title = Association of Bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG), Adult Pneumococcal and Adult Seasonal Influenza Vaccines with Covid-19 Adjusted Mortality Rates in Level 4 European countries date = 2020-06-05 keywords = BCG; vaccination summary = Finally, we also analysed the peak Z score reflecting increases in total mortality from historical averages reported by EuroMOMO (Euromomo.eu), Results: Following adjustment for the effects of population size, median age, population density, the proportion of population living in an urban setting, life-expectancy, the elderly dependency ratio (or proportion over 65 years), net migration, days from day 1 to lockdown and case-fatality rate, only BCG vaccination score remained significantly associated with Covid-19 mortality at day 30. Following adjustment for the effects of population size, median age, population density, the proportion of population living in an urban setting, life-expectancy, the elderly dependency ratio (or proportion over 65 years), net migration, days from day 1 to lockdown and case-fatality rate, BCG vaccination score remained significantly associated with Covid 19 mortality at day 30. doi = 10.1101/2020.06.03.20121624 id = cord-265472-b1s4stvz author = Guimarães, Luísa Eça title = Vaccines, adjuvants and autoimmunity date = 2015-10-31 keywords = ASIA; BCG; HBV; adjuvant; autoimmune; disease; patient; vaccination; vaccine summary = In conclusion, there are several case reports of autoimmune diseases following vaccines, however, due to the limited number of cases, the different classifications of symptoms and the long latency period of the diseases, every attempt for an epidemiological study has so far failed to deliver a connection. We can infer that a similar response may be associated with different safety in relation to the development of autoimmune reactions to vaccines, particularly in the patients with genetic predisposition to an enhanced response to vaccine inoculation [85] . HSP was associated with seasonal influenza, influenza A (H1N1), pneumococcal and meningococcal disease, hepatitis A virus (HAV), HBV, anti-human papilloma virus (HPV) vaccines, and following multiple combinations of vaccines, such as typhoid, cholera and yellow fever [139, [171] [172] [173] . Hepatitis B vaccination and undifferentiated connective tissue disease: another brick in the wall of the autoimmune/inflammatory syndrome induced by adjuvants (Asia) doi = 10.1016/j.phrs.2015.08.003 id = cord-343347-guciupc8 author = Hajj Hussein, Inaya title = Vaccines Through Centuries: Major Cornerstones of Global Health date = 2015-11-26 keywords = Jenner; Pasteur; U.S.; disease; vaccination; vaccine; virus summary = Consequently, this work tried to put together the major achievements through history stressing the importance, continuous vital role, and the need for immunization for health prevention and protection as well as its impact on human experience. A few years later, word of his success circulated among the public, and Jenner wrote "An Inquiry into the Causes and Effects of the Variolae Vaccinae, a Disease Discovered in some of the Western Counties of England, particularly Gloucestershire and Known by the Name of CowPox, " after adding several cases to his initial achievement with the boy Phipps. Takahashi was able to make this remarkable advance at a time when very few viruses had been attenuated to produce efficacious live-virus vaccines including yellow fever, polio, measles, mumps, and rubella as previously mentioned. As a result of these successful trials, the live varicella virus vaccine (Varivax) was licensed in 1995 for the active immunization of persons 12 months of age and older (51) . doi = 10.3389/fpubh.2015.00269 id = cord-321993-uazc3lyg author = Hedrick, Stephen M. title = The Imperative to Vaccinate date = 2018-10-31 keywords = disease; human; infectious; vaccination summary = A simplified version is that diffuse or small host populations cannot sustain an acutely infectious agent, meaning one in which infection is followed by clearance and long-term immunity. So, in addition to the endless parade of cold viruses that circulate among us, we acquired a great many deadly infectious agents, such as those that cause diphtheria, influenza, measles, meningitis, mumps, plague, rubella, smallpox, typhus, whooping cough, and others. Smallpox eradication was our first and thus far only complete victory over a human disease-causing agent, made possible by universal, global vaccination, and intensive surveillance. Vaccination effectively reduces the number and density of the disease-susceptible people, making acutely infectious agents unsustainable in the population. The risk of disease for any individual is thus most importantly dependent on the collective immunity of the population, especially those most susceptible to infection, usually the youngest children and oldest adults. doi = 10.1016/j.jpeds.2018.06.041 id = cord-276363-m8di6dpt author = Holm, Majbrit V. title = Influenza vaccination coverage rates in Europe – covering five consecutive seasons (2001–2006) in five countries date = 2008-06-28 keywords = Germany; vaccination summary = Despite this knowledge and ongoing efforts by policy-makers, physicians and other healthcare providers, influenza vaccination rates in the five European countries surveyed remain limited, with the additional effect that manufacturing capacity may be too low for producing a sufficient amount of an appropriate monovalent vaccine when a pandemic occurs. Published literature evaluating vaccination coverage rates in Europe shows that importance placed on influenza vaccination varies greatly between countries. This survey is an ongoing assessment of influenza coverage rates in France, Great Britain, Italy, Spain, and Germany. The impact of chronic illness on the vaccination rate was significantly lower after multivariate adjustment, mainly due to taking into account the effect of age (Germany OR: 2AE3, 95% CI: 2AE0; 2AE6, Italy OR: 5AE0, 95% CI: 4AE2; 6AE0, France OR: 3AE4, 95% CI: 2AE7; 4AE2 and Spain OR: 3AE3, 95% CI: 2AE8; 4AE0). doi = 10.1111/j.1750-2659.2008.00036.x id = cord-274052-rjud75iz author = Horzinek, Marian C. title = Vaccine use and disease prevalence in dogs and cats date = 2006-10-05 keywords = animal; client; vaccination; veterinary summary = Abstract A yearly revaccination of adult pets against distemper, the adenoviral and parvoviral diseases is scientifically unwarranted, professionally obsolete and ethically questionable; other vaccinal antigens, however, may need yearly or even more frequent injections. From the immunologist''s viewpoint, the veterinary profession should weigh the perceived risks of side effects due to overvaccination together with vaccination failures against the true risks of a decreased herd immunity with the re-emergence of epidemics as a consequence. Finally, duration of immunity (DOI) experiments in dogs have now proven beyond reasonable doubt that 3 years protection is achieved against challenge with distemper, adenovirus-1 and parvovirus (Gore et al., 2005) . Post-vaccinal serology, however, is not new to companion animal medicine: evidence of antibodies to rabies virus decides whether a dog may travel. Three-year duration of immunity in dogs following vaccination against canine adenovirus type-1, canine parvovirus, and canine distemper virus doi = 10.1016/j.vetmic.2006.04.002 id = cord-355689-mo4mvwch author = Huang, Jiechen title = Role of vaccine efficacy in the vaccination behavior under myopic update rule on complex networks date = 2019-09-06 keywords = individual; vaccination; vaccine summary = The results indicate that healthy individuals are often willing to inoculate the vaccine under the myopic update rule, which can stop the infectious disease from being spread, in particular, it is found that the vaccine efficacy influences the fraction of vaccinated individuals much more than the relative cost of vaccination on the regular lattice, Meanwhile, vaccine efficacy is more sensitive on the heterogeneous scale-free network. On the one hand, they classify these models according to source and type of information that individuals base their neighbors on, in which source of information may be local or global and the type of information that individuals change their behaviors are prevalence-based or belief-based; On the other hand, they classify the previous works based on the impact of individual behavior changes on the disease dynamics, which include the following three aspects: (i) the disease state; (ii) model parameters (infection or recovering rate); and (iii) the network contact structure relevant for the spread of epidemics. doi = 10.1016/j.chaos.2019.109425 id = cord-029774-j3pyadqi author = Ishimori, Shingo title = Influenza virus vaccination in children with nephrotic syndrome: insignificant risk of relapse date = 2020-07-27 keywords = vaccination summary = BACKGROUND: Immunization with various vaccines is considered desirable for children with idiopathic nephrotic syndrome (NS) because of their high risk of severe infections. We report a retrospective cohort study of children with NS who received inactivated subunit-antigen flu vaccination in our hospital, with a focus on relapses of NS related to flu vaccinations. In 49 children with PSL, the difference in the relapse rate in each post-vaccination period was not significantly different compared with the relapse rate in the pre-vaccination period from days -180 to 0 (data not shown). In our retrospective cohort study, we showed that inactivated subunit-antigen flu vaccination caused a slight, but nonsignificant increase in the risk of NS relapse (1.2 to 1.3-1.5 times in one person within a year) in children. In the present study, the relative risk of NS relapses was not significantly increased in the post-flu vaccination period compared with the pre-vaccination period. doi = 10.1007/s10157-020-01930-8 id = cord-004073-k6ad4qgu author = Kabir, K. M. Ariful title = Modelling and analysing the coexistence of dual dilemmas in the proactive vaccination game and retroactive treatment game in epidemic viral dynamics date = 2019-12-04 keywords = treatment; vaccination summary = However, Kabir & Tanimoto [54] claimed that an individual''s decision to take a vaccination after social learning (dynamical behaviour) also occurs on local time scales, so this strategy should be updated instantly. To model the social dual-dilemma as a two-stage game, the pre-emptive vaccination and ex post treatment are developed in the framework of SIR epidemic dynamics in a well-mixed population (figure 1). Based on a feedback loop between the resistance evolution and prescription norm, the game approach establishes a social learning dynamical process that somehow controls the optimum use of the antiviral treatment. Consequently, the treatment game is expressed by the following DC dynamics: Considering the defined payoff structure and the portion of individuals presented in table 2, the social average payoff π , expected value of vaccinators π C and expected value of nonvaccinators π D are, respectively, given by doi = 10.1098/rspa.2019.0484 id = cord-269402-xzgfwu8a author = Kamin-Friedman, Shelly title = Would it be legally justified to impose vaccination in Israel? Examining the issue in light of the 2013 detection of polio in Israeli sewage date = 2017-10-30 keywords = Health; Ministry; OPV; israeli; vaccination summary = MAIN FINDINGS AND CONCLUSION: A mandatory vaccination backed by criminal sanctions in the service of the eradication of contagious diseases would probably be perceived as infringing on the constitutional right to autonomy to a greater extent than necessary according to Israeli law and case law precedents. Justice Barak-Erez did not positively hold that depriving the additional child allowance from families with an unvaccinated child represents a violation of the right to equality, but agreed with Justice Arbel that the law''s amendment complied with the stipulations provided in the Limitation Clause: The amendment has a proper purpose (to protect unvaccinated children and promote public health); there is high probability that a financial sanction would be effective and promote vaccination compliance; and the intervention is both minimally infringing and proportionate since it has been balanced by the parents'' right to opposition and appeal [28] . doi = 10.1186/s13584-017-0182-z id = cord-257489-ruf4rzxm author = Kee, Sae Yoon title = Influenza vaccine coverage rates and perceptions on vaccination in South Korea date = 2007-06-28 keywords = high; influenza; vaccination summary = The most common reason for vaccination for both whole population and high risk groups was to prevent both influenza and common cold, while the most common reason for non-vaccination was the thought that he/she was healthy enough not to be in need for vaccination. 13 Korea shows relatively high influenza vaccine distribution rate, however, exact vaccination coverage among total population or priority group have not yet been studied. The coverage rates for influenza vaccination were 34.3%, 61.3%, 79.7%, and 54.9% among total adult population, high risk group, persons aged !65 years and persons with comorbid conditions, respectively (Table 1) . The most common reasons for vaccination were not different in high risk group, however, ''have interest in vaccination because of bad health status'' showed higher rank (18.4%) than the total population. doi = 10.1016/j.jinf.2007.04.354 id = cord-302200-9gekjgr0 author = Kilich, Eliz title = Factors that influence vaccination decision-making among pregnant women: A systematic review and meta-analysis date = 2020-07-09 keywords = Appendix; File; vaccination summary = Previous reviews have established a narrative of evidence that suggests a broad range of factors (vaccine cost, accessibility, maternal knowledge, social influences, context, healthcare professional (HCP) recommendation and the perception of risks and benefits) all contribute to vaccine uptake. Thus, we performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of qualitative and quantitative literature to provide comprehensive evidence on the magnitude of effect that factors influence maternal vaccination decisions globally with the aim to inform policy makers, public health strategists and researchers involved in designing vaccine interventions to increase uptake. For seasonal influenza, the data is inconclusive since women who believed that the disease could be harmful to their pregnancy or baby had four-times greater odds of being vaccinated than those who did not (OR 3.70, 95% CI 1.37-9.94) yet there was no evidence to suggest belief in the risk of the disease generally (OR 1.56, 95% CI 0.88-2.76) or its ability to result in hospitalisation (OR 0.57, 95% CI 0.22-1.45) were related to vaccine uptake. doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0234827 id = cord-326673-p8qbxi57 author = Kitching, R. P. title = The interference by maternally-derived antibody with active immunization of farm animals against foot-and-mouth disease date = 1995-12-31 keywords = FMD; MDA; antibody; vaccination summary = This maternally-derived antibody (MDA) provides immediate protection against infection with FMD virus, but also interferes with the development of active immunity following vaccination. However, this maternally derived antibody (MDA) is equally effective in preventing the response to active vaccination in the young animal as it is in providing protection against disease. In the case of FMD vaccination in pigs, Francis and Black (1986) concluded that the complete immunological unresponsiveness seen in the first 2 weeks of life was due to immaturity of the immune system and antigen blockade by high titre MDA, and as this titre declined an active suppression of T and/or B cells occurred to variable degrees. Francis and Black (1984) found no evidence in the pig that vaccination in the presence of MDA depressed the specific antibody to FMD virus. The effect of maternally derived antibodies on the response of calves to vaccination against foot-and-mouth disease doi = 10.1016/s0007-1935(95)80127-8 id = cord-309587-xc4jaw31 author = Lembo, Tiziana title = The Feasibility of Canine Rabies Elimination in Africa: Dispelling Doubts with Data date = 2010-02-23 keywords = Africa; Tanzania; dog; rabie; vaccination summary = We conclude that (1) rabies substantially affects public and animal health sectors, hence regional and national priorities for control ought to be higher, (2) for practical purposes domestic dogs are the sole maintenance hosts and main source of infection for humans throughout most of Africa and Asia and sufficient levels of vaccination coverage in domestic dog populations should lead to elimination of canine rabies in most areas, (3) the vast majority of domestic dog populations across sub-Saharan Africa are accessible for vaccination with community sensitization being of paramount importance for the success of these programs, (4) improved local capacity in rabies surveillance and diagnostics will help evaluate the impact of control and elimination efforts, and (5) sustainable resources for effective dog vaccination campaigns are likely to be available through the development of intersectoral financing schemes involving both medical and veterinary sectors. doi = 10.1371/journal.pntd.0000626 id = cord-000336-57es391o author = Liao, Qiuyan title = Factors Affecting Intention to Receive and Self-Reported Receipt of 2009 Pandemic (H1N1) Vaccine in Hong Kong: A Longitudinal Study date = 2011-03-11 keywords = Hong; Kong; TPB; vaccination summary = Greater perceived vaccine benefits (β = 0.15), less concerns regarding vaccine side-effects (β = −0.20), greater adherence to social norms of vaccination (β = 0.39), anticipated higher regret if not vaccinated (β = 0.47), perceived higher self-efficacy for vaccination (β = 0.12) and history of seasonal influenza vaccination (β = 0.12) were associated with higher intention to receive the pH1N1 vaccine, which in turn predicted self-reported vaccination uptake (β = 0.30). The model proposed that attitudes towards vaccination (perceived benefits of pH1N1 vaccination and concerns regarding possible adverse effects of pH1N1 vaccination), perceived social pressures from significant others and other people around regarding pH1N1 vaccination (social norms regarding pH1N1 vaccination), perceived self-efficacy in taking vaccination (perceived self-efficacy), anticipated regret for not taking the pH1N1 vaccination (anticipated regret) and seasonal influenza vaccination history would predict vaccination intention, which in turn predicts vaccination planning and future vaccination uptake; anticipated regret and perceived self-efficacy could also predict vaccination status directly; finally, vaccination planning was proposed to bridge the intention-behavior gap and predict vaccination status directly ( Figure 3 ). doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0017713 id = cord-283277-zmna5ovl author = Lim, Dwee Wee title = Psychosocial determinants of influenza vaccination intention: A cross-sectional study on inpatient nurses in Singapore date = 2017-10-01 keywords = vaccination summary = From a self-administered questionnaire survey among inpatient nurses at a tertiary hospital, we observed that the strongest factors associated with intention for future vaccination were perceived benefits of and motivations for vaccination (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 3.30; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.55-4.27), and perceived nonsusceptibility to influenza and preference for vaccination alternatives (aOR, 0.26; 95% CI, 0.20-0.34). Principal component analysis revealed 8 latent factors on influenza vaccine, including (1) perceived benefits of and motivations for influenza vaccination, (2) global threat of emerging infectious diseases, (3) effectiveness of hospital''s influenza vaccination promotional efforts, (4) personal nonsusceptibility to influenza and preference for alternatives to influenza vaccination, (5) local threat of emerging infectious diseases, (6) reinforcement and cues to action, (7) fear of adverse effects, and (8) accessibility. The strongest determinants for future influenza vaccination intention among inpatient nurses were perceived benefits of and motivation for vaccination, awareness of easy access to vaccination at the occupational health clinic, and knowledge that the vaccine was free-of-charge. doi = 10.1016/j.ajic.2017.03.017 id = cord-004203-mkr7n1i0 author = Mah, Catherine L. title = What’s Public? What’s Private?: Policy Trade-offs and the Debate Over Mandatory Annual Influenza Vaccination for Health Care Workers date = 2008-05-01 keywords = health; vaccination summary = What''s Private?: Policy Trade-offs and the Debate Over Mandatory Annual Influenza Vaccination for Health Care Workers In the debate over mandatory annual influenza vaccination for health care workers, for example, proponents as well as opponents of mandatory vaccination may convey arguments in security terms. Determining the place of mandatory influenza vaccination for health care workers thus demands reconciling policy trade-offs and clarifying the underlying disputes hidden in the language of the policy debate. The following commentary addresses the policy challenges represented in the language used by proponents and opponents of mandatory annual influenza vaccination for health care workers, in an attempt to shed light on this heated debate. In terms of language, proponents as well as opponents of mandatory vaccination may convey their arguments in security terms; proponents emphasize subclinical infections among workers and duty of care (public security) while opponents emphasize risk of adverse events (personal security/negative liberty). doi = 10.1007/bf03405472 id = cord-307325-cgkhip5j author = McMillen, G. L. title = Vaccination of racing greyhounds: effects on humoral and cellular immunity date = 1995-11-30 keywords = CD4; CDV; vaccination summary = In order to determine the effects of multiple vaccination schedules on the immune system of racing greyhounds, three litters of greyhound pups raised in laboratory conditions were divided into two groups and subjected to either a maximum or a minimum vaccination schedule. Although antibody titers varied over time, no significant difference was detected between the maximum and minimum vaccination groups in the antibody response to CPV and CDV vaccination. At 10 and 14 weeks of age the minimum vaccination groups had a significantly higher percentage of lymphocytes expressing surface IgM than the maximum vaccination groups (P-values 0.02 and 0.01 respectively) ( Fig. 5 and Table 5 ). The significant treatment by time interaction observed in IgM expressing cells indicated that the minimum vaccination groups had a significantly higher percentage of peripheral blood lymphocytes expressing surface IgM at 10 and 14 weeks of age compared to the maximum vaccination groups (Fig 5) . doi = 10.1016/0165-2427(95)05446-d id = cord-000244-wrru98zg author = Pfeil, Alena title = A cross-sectional survey to evaluate knowledge, attitudes and practices (KAP) regarding seasonal influenza vaccination among European travellers to resource-limited destinations date = 2010-07-07 keywords = influenza; vaccination summary = title: A cross-sectional survey to evaluate knowledge, attitudes and practices (KAP) regarding seasonal influenza vaccination among European travellers to resource-limited destinations By performing two cross-sectional questionnaire surveys during winter 2009 and winter 2010 among European travellers to resource-limited destinations, we aimed to investigate knowledge, attitudes and practices (KAP) regarding seasonal influenza vaccination. CONCLUSIONS: Risk perception and vaccination coverage concerning seasonal and pandemic influenza was very poor among travellers to resource-limited destinations when compared to traditional at-risk groups. Questions included demographic data (gender, age, nationality, education, profession), travel-related characteristics (destination country, duration of stay, influenza risk perception, previous travel health advice, travel purpose, travel costs) and general attitudes and practices towards influenza vaccination (vaccination coverage, reasons to be vaccinated, reasons to refuse vaccination, motivations to consider vaccination with options for multiple answers except for the vaccination coverage). Risk perception and vaccination coverage regarding seasonal and pandemic influenza was very poor among European travellers to resource-limited destinations doi = 10.1186/1471-2458-10-402 id = cord-284554-3kod0oah author = Pravieux, J. J. title = Protection of Newborn Animals through Maternal Immunization date = 2007-07-31 keywords = maternal; vaccination summary = Summary Providing protective immunity to neonatal animals in early life is associated with numerous challenges regarding vaccine safety and efficacy. A much simpler approach is maternal vaccination, either before or during pregnancy, to provide the neonate with passively transferred immunity. Although only passively transferred antibodies have been extensively studied, other immunological mechanisms may be equally important in providing maternally derived immunity. An alternative strategy to provide early life protection against infectious disease is maternal vaccination. By contrast, active maternal vaccination of various animal species has been practiced for a long time and provides a good level of safety and protection against some pathogens. Many other examples of maternal vaccination of animals exist, for example the vaccination of sows has been widely used in the ¢eld to protect piglets and pigs from neonatal colibacillosis, necrotizing diarrhoea, erysipelas, atrophic rhinitis, swine in£uenza and Aujesky''s disease. doi = 10.1016/j.jcpa.2007.04.009 id = cord-006939-q5o3lrh2 author = Rachaniotis, Nikolaos title = Controlling infectious disease outbreaks: A deterministic allocation-scheduling model with multiple discrete resources date = 2017-01-24 keywords = resource; team; vaccination summary = These approaches range from simple compartmental models based on differential equations (Alexander et Limited vaccine supplies as well as limited ancillary medical supplies are among the resources to be allocated in the case of influenza outbreak control. Allocating and scheduling limited number of resources for vaccination is a complex problem because: a) different subgroups may have different risk of infection and/or complications following it, b) epidemics of infectious diseases are nonlinear and dynamic, c) the time horizon impacts the scheduling decision, since short-term considerations may not yield the same results as long-term ones (Brandeau 2005) . For each possible vaccination initiation day, the solution (number of infective cases) yielded by the heuristic algorithm is compared to the baseline scenario, (no vaccination) and the maximum resources scenario (constant number of allocated mobile medical teams to each district by using population drivers as seen in Table 5 ). doi = 10.1007/s11518-016-5327-z id = cord-343183-5jlnw6e0 author = Sato, Ana Paula Sayuri title = Pandemic and vaccine coverage: challenges of returning to schools date = 2020-11-05 keywords = Brazil; covid-19; vaccination summary = In Brazil, administrative data indicate the impact of the covid-19 pandemic on this downward trend, which was already an important challenge of the National Immunization Program in recent years. In 2020, due to the pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19), face-to-face attendance in health services dropped dramatically in many countries; this included child vaccination, given the measures of social distancing to mitigate viral transmission [21] [22] [23] [24] [25] [26] [27] . The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that at least 80 million children will be susceptible to immunopreventable diseases such as measles, diphtheria and polio because of the decrease in vaccination coverage during the covid-19 pandemic 29 . The pandemic of the new coronavirus has challenged health systems around the world in providing essential services, including immunization programs, as routine vaccination and mass vaccination campaigns could contribute to the spread of covid-19 32 . doi = 10.11606/s1518-8787.2020054003142 id = cord-294789-07hto8qn author = Schoch-Spana, Monica title = The public’s role in COVID-19 vaccination: human-centered recommendations to enhance pandemic vaccine awareness, access, and acceptance in the United States date = 2020-10-29 keywords = COVID-19; Health; SARS; public; vaccination; vaccine summary = Members of the working group-listed as authors on this paper-included national figures in public health and social science with research, policy, and practice expertise in vaccinology, vaccine hesitancy/confidence, health disparities, infectious disease, bioethics, epidemiology, bioinformatics, public health law, pandemic mitigation, public health preparedness, mass vaccination campaigns, community engagement, and crisis and emergency risk communication. A combination of literature reviews on vaccination, pandemic planning, and health crisis communication; an assessment of current news and social media trends regarding COVID-19 vaccines; and key informant interviews with each working group member focusing on their respective expertise formed the basis of the research presented in this article. To ensure a successful COVID-19 vaccination campaign, it is necessary for sponsors to invest in time-critical investigations on human factors related to vaccine acceptance, and for public health authorities and other stakeholders to act on the social and behavioral findings of this research. doi = 10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.10.059 id = cord-272512-gevrlcvy author = Shewen, P.E. title = Challenges in mucosal vaccination of cattle date = 2009-03-15 keywords = Lkt; response; vaccination; vaccine summary = Mucosal immunity Vaccination Mannheimia haemolytica Cattle A B S T R A C T Recognition of the mucosal portal of entry for many infectious diseases and of the relevance of mucosal immune response to protection has encouraged the development of vaccines administered by mucosal routes, principally oral and intranasal, for stimulation of intestinal and nasopharyngeal lymphoid tissues respectively. An increase in anti-leukotoxin (Lkt) IgA was demonstrated in nasal secretions of calves following feeding of alfalfa expressing a truncated Lkt50 from Mannheimia haemolytica, and there is evidence suggesting that such vaccination may protect against experimentally induced pneumonia. An increase in anti-leukotoxin (Lkt) IgA was demonstrated in nasal secretions of calves following feeding of alfalfa expressing a truncated Lkt50 from Mannheimia haemolytica, and there is evidence suggesting that such vaccination may protect against experimentally induced pneumonia. doi = 10.1016/j.vetimm.2008.10.297 id = cord-010266-elhgew3x author = Spier, R.E. title = Ethical aspects of vaccines and vaccination date = 1998-12-02 keywords = ethical; society; vaccination; vaccine summary = An example of the implications of these changes may be seen in the area of vaccines and vaccination which evinces the pressing need to review traditional ethical positions to take the maximum advantage of the potential for animal and human benefit inherent in this prophylactic approach to healthcare. Such an ethical problem is thrown up by the willingness of our communities to spend billions of dollars to provide therapeutic and prophylactic agents to control the spread and effects of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), while the disease would be eliminated were people to engage in safe, condom-protected, intercourse in their pre-or extramarital sexual relationships where the prospective partners had not been thoroughly tested for the presence of serum antibodies to the virus. Were we to have an effective orally deliverable contraceptive vaccine'' (pregnancy results from the infection of the female by a male spermatozoan) then ethical considerations will be required to determine the way in which such a powerful tool for population control might be used. doi = 10.1016/s0264-410x(98)00169-8 id = cord-010736-mc17142t author = Steinegger, Benjamin title = Interplay between cost and benefits triggers nontrivial vaccination uptake date = 2018-03-19 keywords = vaccination summary = The resulting strategy is the outcome of the evolutionary dynamics (see below) given the previous incidence, α, infection probability, β, recovery cost, T , the cost of the vaccine, c, and its failure rate, γ , or equivalently, its effectiveness (1 − γ ). The corresponding vaccine coverage-given by the fraction of vaccinated agents y eq -is used as the input of a new SIR spreading process, having the same β and T . In Fig. 3 , we display the vaccination coverage, y eq (panel a), and the fraction of recovered agents, R ∞ (panel b), as a function of the previous season incidence α, and the probability of infection β in the case of a perfect vaccine (γ = 0). The difference between theory and the simulation for the vaccine coverage, y, and fraction of infected agents, R ∞ , is plotted in Figs. doi = 10.1103/physreve.97.032308 id = cord-279026-s3yx62u6 author = Tizard, Ian R. title = Adverse consequences of vaccination date = 2020-07-10 keywords = adverse; dog; event; vaccination; vaccine summary = Adverse events associated with vaccination that might compromise the health of an animal are usually rare, mild, and transient. Traditionally, adverse events resulting from vaccine administration have been reported by veterinarians to manufacturers or government agencies. It has, however, proved possible by examining the electronic medical records of a very large small animal general practice, to determine the prevalence of vaccine-associated adverse events in over a million dogs. The use of a standardized reporting system within a very large population has permitted objective analysis of the prevalence of adverse events occurring within three days of vaccine administration. Out of 1,226,159 dogs receiving 3,439,576 vaccine doses, 4678 adverse events were recorded (38.2/10,000 dogs); 72.8% of these events occurred on the same day the vaccine was administered, 31.7% were considered to be allergic reactions, 1.7% were classified as anaphylaxis, and 65.8% were considered "vaccine reactions" and were likely caused by innate immune responses. doi = 10.1016/b978-0-323-68299-2.00019-8 id = cord-299475-p6cc98xa author = To, Kin-Wang title = Exploring determinants of acceptance of the pandemic influenza A (H1N1) 2009 vaccination in nurses date = 2010-06-20 keywords = H1N1; vaccination summary = Nurses registered as members of the Hong Kong Nurses General Union, the Nurses Branch, and the Enrolled Nurses Branch of the Hong Kong Chinese Civil Servants Association were invited to participate in a self-administered anonymous questionnaire survey on infection control practices relating to influenza prevention that has been conducted every 1-2 years since 2006. The factors associated with a declining H1N1 vaccination rate might well be similar to those for seasonal influenza vaccination, because many nurses considered the 2 diseases to be of similar severity. In our study, .60% of the nurses had received seasonal influenza vaccination in the previous year; however, the estimated vaccination rate for the coming flu season had dropped to 37.5%, though some 20% of the respondents were undecided at the time of the survey. doi = 10.1016/j.ajic.2010.05.015 id = cord-004638-ijncfuxi author = Wang, Yuheng title = Vaccination coverage with the pneumococcal and influenza vaccine among persons with chronic diseases in Shanghai, China, 2017 date = 2020-03-19 keywords = Shanghai; influenza; vaccination summary = In this study, we use the data from a chronic disease management information system in Shanghai to estimate vaccination coverage and characterize predictors of seasonal influenza and 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPSV23) vaccination among people with chronic disease in Shanghai. The elderly and patients with chronic disease including diabetes, COPD and heart disease are recommended to be priority groups for pneumococcal and influenza vaccination by the World Health Organization (WHO) [15, 16] and by the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) [17] . In this study, we use the data from a chronic disease management information system in Shanghai to estimate vaccination coverage and characterize predictors of influenza and pneumococcal vaccination among people with chronic disease in Shanghai. In a large sample of individuals with chronic diseases residing in Shanghai, China, we found low pneumococcal vaccination coverage over a 4-year study period and even lower influenza vaccine coverage. doi = 10.1186/s12889-020-8388-3 id = cord-002137-j5sfiyz8 author = Ward, Kirsten title = Annual influenza vaccination: coverage and attitudes of primary care staff in Australia date = 2010-10-12 keywords = Australia; influenza; vaccination summary = Nevertheless, these findings highlight that more needs to be done to understand barriers to vaccination in this group, to inform the development of appropriate strategies to increase vaccination coverage in primary health care staff, with a special focus on PNs. Influenza is a serious respiratory virus which costs the Australian healthcare system $115 million annually. Whilst there have been numerous Australian studies on influenza vaccine uptake amongst hospital and institutional HCWs 6, [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] and some studies on attitudes of primary care clinicians to influenza vaccination for their patients 14, 15 , there has been limited published studies to date on influenza vaccination coverage, barriers and enablers amongst primary health care staff in Australia. More recently, a national survey from the Australian General Practice Network (AGPN) 23 assessed influenza vaccination coverage in GPs and PNs in the same years as our study (2007 ⁄ 2008) with similar response rates (34% versus 36%). doi = 10.1111/j.1750-2659.2010.00158.x id = cord-290133-4ou7ubb4 author = Weiss, Martin M. title = Rethinking Smallpox date = 2004-12-01 keywords = case; smallpox; vaccination; virus summary = The last recorded death due to smallpox, according to World Health Organization investigators, was likely associated with virus that had been transmitted by aerosol [16] . Such observations-along with the long incubation period of smallpox (mean, 12-14 days; range, 7-21 days)suggest that there would be adequate time to vaccinate the public and prevent a more widespread outbreak. Nonetheless, these masks, if distributed to the public, could prove to be critical for the control of a smallpox epidemic that was overwhelming our health care system, and they might also prove to be effective in limiting contagion of smaller viruses, such as influenza virus (either natural virus, as in 1918, or engineered virus [61] ). Because of the possibility of an attack involving bioengineered smallpox virus that is resistant to the current vaccine, methisazone should be reexamined, and research should be continued on other antiviral agents. doi = 10.1086/425745 id = cord-309268-sig0h723 author = Yeung, May PS title = Factors associated with uptake of influenza vaccine in people aged 50 to 64 years in Hong Kong: a case–control study date = 2015-07-07 keywords = Hong; Kong; vaccination summary = title: Factors associated with uptake of influenza vaccine in people aged 50 to 64 years in Hong Kong: a case–control study This study investigates the factors associated with the uptake of influenza vaccination among adults in Hong Kong aged 50–64 years. This study aimed to find out which factors were associated with the low uptake of influenza vaccination among people aged 50-64 years in Hong Kong. The hypothesis of this study was there were differences in associated factors (variables) between those Hong Kong residents aged 50-64 years who received the influenza vaccine in 2011/12 and 2012/13, and those who did not. The majority of the cases (80.8 %) and controls (93.9 %) were not aware that they were in a group recommended by the health authority to receive influenza vaccination. doi = 10.1186/s12889-015-1990-0 id = cord-011245-nkr0998x author = Yokomichi, Hiroshi title = Immune thrombocytopenic purpura risk by live, inactivated and simultaneous vaccinations among Japanese adults, children and infants: a matched case–control study date = 2020-04-06 keywords = ITP; Japan; case; vaccination summary = title: Immune thrombocytopenic purpura risk by live, inactivated and simultaneous vaccinations among Japanese adults, children and infants: a matched case–control study This case–control study investigated immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) risk following live, inactivated, and simultaneous vaccination, with a focus on infants aged < 2 years. We matched case patients with ITP to one or two control patients with other diseases by institution, hospital visit timing, sex, and age. These limited data suggest no significant ITP risk following vaccinations or simultaneous vaccination in any age group, including infants. In this case-control study, we aimed to determine the ITP risk after live, inactivated and simultaneous vaccination in Japan. To measure this exposure, participating physicians who treated case (ITP) and control (other diseases) patients completed questionnaires covering retrospective information on vaccination history and other characteristics. Participating physicians matched controls with case patients by the institution, timing of hospital visit (within a 1-month difference), sex and age. doi = 10.1007/s12185-020-02866-1 id = cord-300900-0wfsr4iw author = Yotsapon, Thewjitcharoen title = Trends in influenza and pneumococcal vaccine coverage in Thai patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus 2010-2018: Experience from a tertiary diabetes center in Bangkok date = 2020-05-11 keywords = T2DM; influenza; vaccination summary = Trends in influenza and pneumococcal vaccine coverage in Thai patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus 2010-2018: Experience from a tertiary diabetes center in Bangkok BACKGROUND: Routine vaccination is an important part of preventive services in treating patients with type 2 diabetes (T2DM). METHOD: A retrospective study of randomly medical records stratified by 13 diabetologists was conducted in patients with T2DM from 2010-2018 at Theptarin Hospital, a private multi-disciplinary diabetes center in Bangkok. A retrospective study of randomly medical records stratified by 13 diabetologists was conducted in patients with T2DM from 2010-2018 at Theptarin Hospital, a private multi-disciplinary diabetes center in Bangkok. Patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) are a key target of routine annual influenza vaccination and periodically pneumococcal vaccination as epidemiologic studies suggested that these patients are at high risk for complications, hospitalization, and death from influenza and pneumococcal disease [2] . doi = 10.1016/j.jcte.2020.100227 id = cord-000724-lzhobnch author = ZHANG, J. title = Seasonal influenza vaccination knowledge, risk perception, health beliefs and vaccination behaviours of nurses date = 2011-11-18 keywords = influenza; vaccination summary = The questionnaire collected the following data : (1) knowledge about seasonal influenza and vaccination (22 items requiring true, false or unsure responses) included five dimensions to assess general information, severity of influenza, influenza vaccination, high-risk groups and vaccination-recommended groups; (2) risk perception (12 items with a 4-point Likert scale) towards influenza and pandemic with three dimensions (i.e. personal vulnerability to illness, negative consequences of contracting influenza and severity of influenza) ; (3) health locus of control including internal, chance and powerful others dimensions assessed by the Multidimensional Health Locus of Control (MHLC) scales [28] (18 items) ; (4) vaccination behaviours (nine items) including vaccination status (whether respondents had been vaccinated in the previous season), vaccination intent (whether respondents intended to be vaccinated next season) and vaccination history (how many times respondents had been vaccinated in the last 5 years) ; (5) reasons for accepting or refusing vaccination using two open questions; and (6) demographic characteristics (10 items) including gender, age group, highest educational qualification, place of work, clinical speciality, year of qualification as a nurse and whether or not respondents had direct patient contact. doi = 10.1017/s0950268811002214 id = cord-003828-bhfghcby author = Zrzavy, Tobias title = Vaccination in Multiple Sclerosis: Friend or Foe? date = 2019-08-07 keywords = patient; vaccination; vaccine summary = In contrast to these case series, a case-control study (evidence class II) (48) including more than 440 patients with MS or optic neuritis and 950 controls without any underlying neuroimmunological disorder did not reveal an elevated risk for the development of MS or optic neuritis after immunization against hepatitis B, tetanus, influenza, measles/mumps/rubella, measles, or rubella (49) . While Hernan came to same results for immunization against influenza or tetanus in a case-control study (evidence class II), active immunization against hepatitis B was reported to pose a higher risk for MS (50) . A case-control study on vaccination against hepatitis B, influenza, polio, diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus, measles, mumps, rubella, Japanese encephalitis, meningitis, hepatitis A, varicella and rabies did not reveal an increased risk for the onset of ADEM in the time spans of 0-30 days and 61-180 days after vaccination, but between 31 and 60 days (78) . doi = 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01883 id = cord-354818-yf5lvbs1 author = von Linstow, Marie-Louise title = Self-reported immunity and opinions on vaccination of hospital personnel among paediatric healthcare workers in Denmark date = 2020-08-13 keywords = Denmark; MMR; vaccination summary = After written informed consent, participants filled-in a hard copy of a structured questionnaire including 1) sociodemographic and professional characteristics (sex, age, number of children at home, profession, year of graduation, years in present job, work place (ward, outpatient clinic or both)), 2) Self-reported immunity status and vaccine uptake (history of infection or vaccination against the following VPDs: varicella, measles, mumps, rubella, pertussis and diphtheria, and history of influenza vaccination), 3) knowledge of side-effects to vaccines against the above mentioned diseases marked as ''''great knowledge", ''''little knowledge" or ''''no knowledge"), and 4) attitudes towards vaccination of HCWs in Denmark (registered as the answer ''''yes", ''''no" or ''''don''t know" to the question ''''Do you approve mandatory vaccination of HCWs" and ''''Do you approve vaccination as an offer to HCWs" for each of the investigated diseases) . doi = 10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.08.010