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# ent

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  influenza Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices ACIP Department of Health Human Services Healthcare Personnel Initiative


id: cord-264522-u61m4x9l
type: ORG
entity:
  Improve Influenza Vaccination Toolkit National Foundation for Infectious Diseases Call to Action Influenza Immunization Among Health Care Personnel Prevention


id: cord-264522-u61m4x9l
type: ORG
entity:
  Infectious Diseases Society of America IDSA IDSA Policy Mandatory Immunization of Health Care Workers Against Seasonal and Pandemic Influenza Committee on Infectious Diseases Policy Statement Recommendation for Mandatory Influenza Immunization of All Health Care Personnel Pediatrics


id: cord-264522-u61m4x9l
type: ORG
entity:
  Pediatric Infectious Disease Infectious Diseases Department of Internal Medicine is Administrator Department of Emergency Medicine


id: cord-002137-j5sfiyz8
type: ORG
entity:
  Policy Directive Occupational Assessment Screening Vaccination Against Specified Infectious Diseases Royal Australian College of General Practitioners Infection Control Standards for Office Based Practices Co


id: cord-002137-j5sfiyz8
type: ORG
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  General Practice Network Influenza Survey Report National Foundation of Infectious Diseases Improving Influenza Vaccination Rates


id: cord-002137-j5sfiyz8
type: ORG
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  Atlanta Centre for Disease Control and Prevention Australian Institute of Health Welfare AIHW Rural Regional


id: cord-002137-j5sfiyz8
type: ORG
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  the Australian Government Department of Health and Ageing the NSW Department of Health and The Children s Hospital


id: cord-285306-leu2hygk
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id: cord-258626-p469ysi8
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id: cord-287067-rrsgl377
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  London National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence Dutch Health Insurance Board Guidelines


id: cord-275538-c44gmu22
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  dog and cat In Veterinary immunology an introduction 7th edition Philadelphia Saunders Elsevier Multicenter case control study of risk factors


id: cord-275538-c44gmu22
type: DNA
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  dog and cat Feline infectious peritonitis and feline enteric coronavirus Infectious diseases of the dog and cat Textbook of veterinary internal medicine Vaccine Associated Feline Sarcoma Task Force Vaccine associated feline sarcomas Vaccine Associated Feline Sarcoma Task Force


id: cord-275538-c44gmu22
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  parvovirus infectious canine hepatitis virus and distemper virus experimental challenges Infectious canine hepatitis


id: cord-298668-ry49o0xj
type: WORK_OF_ART
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  Immunogenicity and Safety of Pneumococcal Vaccination in Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis or Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Safety


id: cord-294789-07hto8qn
type: ORG
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  human papillomavirus vaccination Trump Administration Announces Framework and Leadership for Operation


id: cord-355689-mo4mvwch
type: GGP
entity:
  Refs 7 8 9 10 explore the impact of various topological structures within the population on the infectious diseases spread and it is convincingly found that heterogeneous networks may quicken the disease spreading within the population even lead to the absence of epidemic threshold 11 Meanwhile the individual reactions to infectious diseases may also substantially influence the diffusion processes of epidemics One of the most striking cases regarding the outbreaks


id: cord-309587-xc4jaw31
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entity:
  Public Health and Social Welfare Tanzania National Parks Tanzania Wildlife Research Institute Ngorongoro Conservation Area Authority Tanzania Commission for Science and Technology


id: cord-275033-y9z9l0ji
type: ORG
entity:
  Policy Ottawa CA Caledon Institute of Social Policy Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion


id: cord-275033-y9z9l0ji
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  the United States Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices ACIP United States Department of Health and Human Services United States Department of Health and Human Services


id: cord-275033-y9z9l0ji
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entity:
  The Task Force on Community Preventive Services Institute of Medicine US Committee on Immunization Finance Policies


id: cord-275033-y9z9l0ji
type: ORG
entity:
  Comunity Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation for Use of Immunization Information Systems to Increase Vaccination Rates Immunization


id: cord-290133-4ou7ubb4
type: ORG
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  Board on Health Promotion and Disease Prevention Institute of Medicine Review of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention


id: cord-282280-5pggpbrq
type: ORG
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  The Theory of Planned Behavior In Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes Social Cognitive Theory Predictors


id: cord-265472-b1s4stvz
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  C3H HeJ mouse model Alopecia universalis in an adult after routine tetanus toxoid vaccine Telogen effluvium following bivalent human papillomavirus vaccine administration a report of two cases Acute onset madarosis following MMR vaccination Long term outcome of otherwise healthy individuals with incidentally discovered borderline thrombocytopenia Immune thrombocytopenic purpura ITP


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  nucleocapsid protein NP V protein V phosphoprotein P matrix M protein fusion F protein small hydrophobic SH protein hemagglutininneuraminidase HN protein


id: cord-285760-y37ji92k
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  the Russian Federation Routine Immunization Regional and Country Profiles Russian Federation Summary of Routine Immunization and Vaccine Preventable Diseases Surveillance Data


id: cord-285760-y37ji92k
type: ORG
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  Routine Immunization Regional and Country Profiles Turkey Summary of Routine Immunization and Vaccine Preventable Diseases Surveillance Data


id: cord-309268-sig0h723
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  Seasonal Influenza Flu Specific Groups People at High Risk ofDeveloping Flu Related Complications Scientific Committee on Vaccine Preventable Diseases Recommendations on Seasonal Influenza Vaccination for the Seasonal


id: cord-309268-sig0h723
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  VENICE II Consortium Department of Health Evaluation of the Publicity of Human Swine Influenza Vaccination Programme Development


id: cord-343896-c40fry35
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  A Review of Fish Vaccine Development Strategies Conventional Methods and Modern Biotechnological Approaches


id: cord-300900-0wfsr4iw
type: ORG
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  American Diabetes Association 4 Comprehensive Medical Evaluation and Assessment of Comorbidities Standards


id: cord-319226-yvgvyif0
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  TIP Vaccine Effective Communication in Outbreak Management ECOM Building Better Health A Handbook for Behavioral Change


id: cord-319226-yvgvyif0
type: ORG
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  House of Lords Science and Technology Select Committee Department of Health and Human Services Office of Planning Research and Evaluation Strategies


# url

id: cord-319226-yvgvyif0
domain: www.ecdc.europa.eu
url:
  http://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/publications-data/social-marketing-guide-public-healthprogramme-managers-and-practitioners


# bib

id: cord-000244-wrru98zg
author: Pfeil, Alena
date: 2010-07-07
txt: ./txt/cord-000244-wrru98zg.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-000244-wrru98zg.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2912811/
doi: 10.1186/1471-2458-10-402
summary:
  title: A cross-sectional survey to evaluate knowledge, attitudes and practices (KAP) regarding seasonal influenza vaccination among European travellers to resource-limited destinations By performing two cross-sectional questionnaire surveys during winter 2009 and winter 2010 among European travellers to resource-limited destinations, we aimed to investigate knowledge, attitudes and practices (KAP) regarding seasonal influenza vaccination. CONCLUSIONS: Risk perception and vaccination coverage concerning seasonal and pandemic influenza was very poor among travellers to resource-limited destinations when compared to traditional at-risk groups. Questions included demographic data (gender, age, nationality, education, profession), travel-related characteristics (destination country, duration of stay, influenza risk perception, previous travel health advice, travel purpose, travel costs) and general attitudes and practices towards influenza vaccination (vaccination coverage, reasons to be vaccinated, reasons to refuse vaccination, motivations to consider vaccination with options for multiple answers except for the vaccination coverage). Risk perception and vaccination coverage regarding seasonal and pandemic influenza was very poor among European travellers to resource-limited destinations 

title:
  A cross-sectional survey to evaluate knowledge, attitudes and practices (KAP) regarding seasonal influenza vaccination among European travellers to resource-limited destinations

abstract:
  BACKGROUND: Influenza is one of the most common vaccine-preventable diseases in travellers. By performing two cross-sectional questionnaire surveys during winter 2009 and winter 2010 among European travellers to resource-limited destinations, we aimed to investigate knowledge, attitudes and practices (KAP) regarding seasonal influenza vaccination. METHODS: Questionnaires were distributed in the waiting room to the visitors of the University of Zurich Centre for Travel' Health (CTH) in January and February 2009 and January 2010 prior to travel health counselling (CTH09 and CTH10). Questions included demographic data, travel-related characteristics and KAP regarding influenza vaccination. Data were analysed by using SPSS(® )version 14.0 for Windows. Differences in proportions were compared using the Chi-square test and the significance level was set at p ≤ 0.05. Predictors for seasonal and pandemic influenza vaccination were determined by multiple logistic regression analyses. RESULTS: With a response rate of 96.6%, 906 individuals were enrolled and 868 (92.5%) provided complete data. Seasonal influenza vaccination coverage was 13.7% (n = 119). Only 43 (14.2%) participants were vaccinated against pandemic influenza A/H1N1, mostly having received both vaccines simultaneously, the seasonal and pandemic one. Job-related purposes (44, 37%), age > 64 yrs (25, 21%) and recommendations of the family physician (27, 22.7%) were the most often reported reasons for being vaccinated. In the multiple logistic regression analyses of the pooled data increasing age (OR = 1.03, 95% CI 1.01 - 1.04), a business trip (OR = 0.39, 95% CI 0.17 - 0.92) and seasonal influenza vaccination in the previous winter seasons (OR = 12.91, 95% CI 8.09 - 20.58) were independent predictors for seasonal influenza vaccination in 2009 or 2010. Influenza vaccination recommended by the family doctor (327, 37.7%), travel to regions with known high risk of influenza (305, 35.1%), and influenza vaccination required for job purposes (233, 26.8%) were most frequently mentioned to consider influenza vaccination. CONCLUSIONS: Risk perception and vaccination coverage concerning seasonal and pandemic influenza was very poor among travellers to resource-limited destinations when compared to traditional at-risk groups. Previous access to influenza vaccination substantially facilitated vaccinations in the subsequent year. Information strategies about influenza should be intensified and include health professionals, e.g. family physicians, travel medicine practitioners and business enterprises.


id: cord-000336-57es391o
author: Liao, Qiuyan
date: 2011-03-11
txt: ./txt/cord-000336-57es391o.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-000336-57es391o.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3055876/
doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0017713
summary:
  Greater perceived vaccine benefits (β = 0.15), less concerns regarding vaccine side-effects (β = −0.20), greater adherence to social norms of vaccination (β = 0.39), anticipated higher regret if not vaccinated (β = 0.47), perceived higher self-efficacy for vaccination (β = 0.12) and history of seasonal influenza vaccination (β = 0.12) were associated with higher intention to receive the pH1N1 vaccine, which in turn predicted self-reported vaccination uptake (β = 0.30). The model proposed that attitudes towards vaccination (perceived benefits of pH1N1 vaccination and concerns regarding possible adverse effects of pH1N1 vaccination), perceived social pressures from significant others and other people around regarding pH1N1 vaccination (social norms regarding pH1N1 vaccination), perceived self-efficacy in taking vaccination (perceived self-efficacy), anticipated regret for not taking the pH1N1 vaccination (anticipated regret) and seasonal influenza vaccination history would predict vaccination intention, which in turn predicts vaccination planning and future vaccination uptake; anticipated regret and perceived self-efficacy could also predict vaccination status directly; finally, vaccination planning was proposed to bridge the intention-behavior gap and predict vaccination status directly ( Figure 3 ).

title:
  Factors Affecting Intention to Receive and Self-Reported Receipt of 2009 Pandemic (H1N1) Vaccine in Hong Kong: A Longitudinal Study

abstract:
  BACKGROUND: Vaccination was a core component for mitigating the 2009 influenza pandemic (pH1N1). However, a vaccination program's efficacy largely depends on population compliance. We examined general population decision-making for pH1N1 vaccination using a modified Theory of Planned Behaviour (TBP). METHODOLOGY: We conducted a longitudinal study, collecting data before and after the introduction of pH1N1 vaccine in Hong Kong. Structural equation modeling (SEM) tested if a modified TPB had explanatory utility for vaccine uptake among adults. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Among 896 subjects who completed both the baseline and the follow-up surveys, 7% (67/896) reported being “likely/very likely/certain” to be vaccinated (intent) but two months later only 0.8% (7/896) reported having received pH1N1 vaccination. Perception of low risk from pH1N1 (60%) and concerns regarding adverse effects of the vaccine (37%) were primary justifications for avoiding pH1N1 vaccination. Greater perceived vaccine benefits (β = 0.15), less concerns regarding vaccine side-effects (β = −0.20), greater adherence to social norms of vaccination (β = 0.39), anticipated higher regret if not vaccinated (β = 0.47), perceived higher self-efficacy for vaccination (β = 0.12) and history of seasonal influenza vaccination (β = 0.12) were associated with higher intention to receive the pH1N1 vaccine, which in turn predicted self-reported vaccination uptake (β = 0.30). Social norm (β = 0.70), anticipated regret (β = 0.19) and vaccination intention (β = 0.31) were positively associated with, and accounted for 70% of variance in vaccination planning, which, in turn subsequently predicted self-reported vaccination uptake (β = 0.36) accounting for 36% of variance in reported vaccination behaviour. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: Perceived low risk from pH1N1 and perceived high risk from pH1N1 vaccine inhibited pH1N1 vaccine uptake. Both the TPB and the additional components contributed to intended vaccination uptake but social norms and anticipated regret predominantly associated with vaccination intention and planning. Vaccination planning is a more significant proximal determinant of uptake of pH1N1 vaccine than is intention. Intention alone is an unreliable predictor of future vaccine uptake.


id: cord-000724-lzhobnch
author: ZHANG, J.
date: 2011-11-18
txt: ./txt/cord-000724-lzhobnch.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-000724-lzhobnch.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3405768/
doi: 10.1017/s0950268811002214
summary:
  The questionnaire collected the following data : (1) knowledge about seasonal influenza and vaccination (22 items requiring true, false or unsure responses) included five dimensions to assess general information, severity of influenza, influenza vaccination, high-risk groups and vaccination-recommended groups; (2) risk perception (12 items with a 4-point Likert scale) towards influenza and pandemic with three dimensions (i.e. personal vulnerability to illness, negative consequences of contracting influenza and severity of influenza) ; (3) health locus of control including internal, chance and powerful others dimensions assessed by the Multidimensional Health Locus of Control (MHLC) scales [28] (18 items) ; (4) vaccination behaviours (nine items) including vaccination status (whether respondents had been vaccinated in the previous season), vaccination intent (whether respondents intended to be vaccinated next season) and vaccination history (how many times respondents had been vaccinated in the last 5 years) ; (5) reasons for accepting or refusing vaccination using two open questions; and (6) demographic characteristics (10 items) including gender, age group, highest educational qualification, place of work, clinical speciality, year of qualification as a nurse and whether or not respondents had direct patient contact.

title:
  Seasonal influenza vaccination knowledge, risk perception, health beliefs and vaccination behaviours of nurses

abstract:
  The relationship between knowledge, risk perceptions, health belief towards seasonal influenza and vaccination and the vaccination behaviours of nurses was explored. Qualified nurses attending continuing professional education courses at a large London university between 18 April and 18 October 2010 were surveyed (522/672; response rate 77·7%). Of these, 82·6% worked in hospitals; 37·0% reported receiving seasonal influenza vaccination in the previous season and 44·9% reported never being vaccinated during the last 5 years. All respondents were categorized using two-step cluster analyses into never, occasionally, and continuously vaccinated groups. Nurses vaccinated the season before had higher scores of knowledge and risk perception compared to the unvaccinated (P<0·001). Nurses never vaccinated had the lowest scores of knowledge and risk perception compared to other groups (P<0·001). Nurses' seasonal influenza vaccination behaviours are complex. Knowledge and risk perception predict uptake of vaccination in nurses.


id: cord-002137-j5sfiyz8
title: Annual influenza vaccination: coverage and attitudes of primary care staff in Australia
author: Ward, Kirsten
date: 2010-10-12
txt: ./txt/cord-002137-j5sfiyz8.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-002137-j5sfiyz8.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4942009/
doi: 10.1111/j.1750-2659.2010.00158.x
summary:
  Nevertheless, these findings highlight that more needs to be done to understand barriers to vaccination in this group, to inform the development of appropriate strategies to increase vaccination coverage in primary health care staff, with a special focus on PNs. Influenza is a serious respiratory virus which costs the Australian healthcare system $115 million annually. Whilst there have been numerous Australian studies on influenza vaccine uptake amongst hospital and institutional HCWs 6, [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] and some studies on attitudes of primary care clinicians to influenza vaccination for their patients 14, 15 , there has been limited published studies to date on influenza vaccination coverage, barriers and enablers amongst primary health care staff in Australia. More recently, a national survey from the Australian General Practice Network (AGPN) 23 assessed influenza vaccination coverage in GPs and PNs in the same years as our study (2007 ⁄ 2008) with similar response rates (34% versus 36%).

abstract:
  Please cite this paper as: Ward et al. (2011) Annual influenza vaccination: coverage and attitudes of primary care staff in Australia. Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses 5(2), 135–141. Background Annual influenza vaccination is recommended for all Australian health care workers (HCWs) including those working in primary health care. There is limited published data on coverage, workplace provision, attitudes and personal barriers to influenza vaccination amongst primary health care staff. The aim of this study was to contribute to the limited literature base in this important area by investigating these issues in the primary health care setting in New South Wales (NSW), Australia. Methods A postal survey was sent to general practitioners (GPs) and practice nurses (PNs) from inner city, semi‐urban and rural areas of NSW, Australia. There were 139 responses in total (response rate 36%) from 79 GPs (response rate 30%) and 60 PNs (response rate 46%). Results Reported influenza vaccination coverage in both 2007 and 2008 was greater than 70%, with GPs reporting higher coverage than PNs in both years. The main barriers identified were lack of awareness of vaccination recommendations for general practice staff and concern about adverse effects from the vaccine. Conclusions Rates of influenza vaccination coverage reported in this study were higher than in previous studies of hospital and institutional HCWs, though it is possible that the study design may have contributed to these higher results. Nevertheless, these findings highlight that more needs to be done to understand barriers to vaccination in this group, to inform the development of appropriate strategies to increase vaccination coverage in primary health care staff, with a special focus on PNs.


id: cord-003828-bhfghcby
title: Vaccination in Multiple Sclerosis: Friend or Foe?
author: Zrzavy, Tobias
date: 2019-08-07
txt: ./txt/cord-003828-bhfghcby.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-003828-bhfghcby.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6693409/
doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01883
summary:
  In contrast to these case series, a case-control study (evidence class II) (48) including more than 440 patients with MS or optic neuritis and 950 controls without any underlying neuroimmunological disorder did not reveal an elevated risk for the development of MS or optic neuritis after immunization against hepatitis B, tetanus, influenza, measles/mumps/rubella, measles, or rubella (49) . While Hernan came to same results for immunization against influenza or tetanus in a case-control study (evidence class II), active immunization against hepatitis B was reported to pose a higher risk for MS (50) . A case-control study on vaccination against hepatitis B, influenza, polio, diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus, measles, mumps, rubella, Japanese encephalitis, meningitis, hepatitis A, varicella and rabies did not reveal an increased risk for the onset of ADEM in the time spans of 0-30 days and 61-180 days after vaccination, but between 31 and 60 days (78) .

abstract:
  Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a debilitating disease of the central nervous systems (CNS). Disease-modifying treatments (including immunosuppressive treatments) have shown positive effects on the disease course, but are associated with systemic consequences on the immune system and may increase the risk of infections and alter vaccine efficiency. Therefore, vaccination of MS patients is of major interest. Over the last years, vaccine hesitancy has steadily grown especially in Western countries, partly due to fear of sequelae arising from vaccination, especially neurological disorders. The interaction of vaccination and MS has been discussed for decades. In this review, we highlight the immunology of vaccination, provide a review of literature and discuss the clinical consideration of MS, vaccination and immunosuppression. In conclusion, there is consensus that MS cannot be caused by vaccines, neither by inactivated nor by live vaccines. However, particular attention should be paid to two aspects: First, in immunocompromised patients, live vaccines may lead to a stronger immune reaction with signs of the disease against which the patients have been vaccinated, albeit in weakened form. Second, protection provided by vaccination should be controlled in patients who have been vaccinated while receiving immunomodulatory or immunosuppressive treatment. In conclusion, there is evidence that systemic infections can worsen MS, thus vaccination will lower the risk of relapses by reducing the risk of infections. Therefore, vaccination should be in general recommended to MS patients.


id: cord-004073-k6ad4qgu
author: Kabir, K. M. Ariful
date: 2019-12-04
txt: ./txt/cord-004073-k6ad4qgu.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-004073-k6ad4qgu.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6936617/
doi: 10.1098/rspa.2019.0484
summary:
  However, Kabir & Tanimoto [54] claimed that an individual''s decision to take a vaccination after social learning (dynamical behaviour) also occurs on local time scales, so this strategy should be updated instantly. To model the social dual-dilemma as a two-stage game, the pre-emptive vaccination and ex post treatment are developed in the framework of SIR epidemic dynamics in a well-mixed population (figure 1). Based on a feedback loop between the resistance evolution and prescription norm, the game approach establishes a social learning dynamical process that somehow controls the optimum use of the antiviral treatment. Consequently, the treatment game is expressed by the following DC dynamics: Considering the defined payoff structure and the portion of individuals presented in table 2, the social average payoff π , expected value of vaccinators π C and expected value of nonvaccinators π D are, respectively, given by

title:
  Modelling and analysing the coexistence of dual dilemmas in the proactive vaccination game and retroactive treatment game in epidemic viral dynamics

abstract:
  The dynamics of a spreadable disease are largely governed by four factors: proactive vaccination, retroactive treatment, individual decisions, and the prescribing behaviour of physicians. Under the imposed vaccination policy and antiviral treatment in society, complex factors (costs and expected effects of the vaccines and treatments, and fear of being infected) trigger an emulous situation in which individuals avoid infection by the pre-emptive or ex post provision. Aside from the established voluntary vaccination game, we propose a treatment game model associated with the resistance evolution of antiviral/antibiotic overuse. Moreover, the imperfectness of vaccinations has inevitably led to anti-vaccine behaviour, necessitating a proactive treatment policy. However, under the excessively heavy implementation of treatments such as antiviral medicine, resistant strains emerge. The model explicitly exhibits a dual social dilemma situation, in which the treatment behaviour changes on a local time scale, and the vaccination uptake later evolves on a global time scale. The impact of resistance evolution and the coexistence of dual dilemmas are investigated by the control reproduction number and the social efficiency deficit, respectively. Our investigation might elucidate the substantial impacts of both vaccination and treatment in the framework of epidemic dynamics, and hence suggest the appropriate use of antiviral treatment.


id: cord-004203-mkr7n1i0
author: Mah, Catherine L.
date: 2008-05-01
txt: ./txt/cord-004203-mkr7n1i0.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-004203-mkr7n1i0.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6975919/
doi: 10.1007/bf03405472
summary:
  What''s Private?: Policy Trade-offs and the Debate Over Mandatory Annual Influenza Vaccination for Health Care Workers In the debate over mandatory annual influenza vaccination for health care workers, for example, proponents as well as opponents of mandatory vaccination may convey arguments in security terms. Determining the place of mandatory influenza vaccination for health care workers thus demands reconciling policy trade-offs and clarifying the underlying disputes hidden in the language of the policy debate. The following commentary addresses the policy challenges represented in the language used by proponents and opponents of mandatory annual influenza vaccination for health care workers, in an attempt to shed light on this heated debate. In terms of language, proponents as well as opponents of mandatory vaccination may convey their arguments in security terms; proponents emphasize subclinical infections among workers and duty of care (public security) while opponents emphasize risk of adverse events (personal security/negative liberty).

title:
  What’s Public? What’s Private?: Policy Trade-offs and the Debate Over Mandatory Annual Influenza Vaccination for Health Care Workers

abstract:
  Policy decisions about public health services differ from those for personal health services. Both require trade-offs between such policy goals as liberty, security, efficiency, and equity. In public health, however, decisions about who will approve, pay for, and deliver services are often accompanied by decisions on when and how to compel individual behaviour. Policy becomes complex because different stakeholders interpret evidence differently: stakeholders may assign different weights to policy goals and may even define the same goals differently. In the debate over mandatory annual influenza vaccination for health care workers, for example, proponents as well as opponents of mandatory vaccination may convey arguments in security terms. Those in favour of mandatory vaccination emphasize subclinical infections and duty of care (public security) while those opposed emphasize risk of adverse events (personal security). Proponents assert less worker absenteeism (efficiency) while opponents stress coercion and alternate personal infection control measures (liberty and individual rights/responsibilities). Consequently, stakeholders talk past each other. Determining the place of mandatory influenza vaccination for health care workers thus demands reconciling policy trade-offs and clarifying the underlying disputes hidden in the language of the policy debate.


id: cord-004638-ijncfuxi
author: Wang, Yuheng
date: 2020-03-19
txt: ./txt/cord-004638-ijncfuxi.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-004638-ijncfuxi.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7081528/
doi: 10.1186/s12889-020-8388-3
summary:
  In this study, we use the data from a chronic disease management information system in Shanghai to estimate vaccination coverage and characterize predictors of seasonal influenza and 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPSV23) vaccination among people with chronic disease in Shanghai. The elderly and patients with chronic disease including diabetes, COPD and heart disease are recommended to be priority groups for pneumococcal and influenza vaccination by the World Health Organization (WHO) [15, 16] and by the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) [17] . In this study, we use the data from a chronic disease management information system in Shanghai to estimate vaccination coverage and characterize predictors of influenza and pneumococcal vaccination among people with chronic disease in Shanghai. In a large sample of individuals with chronic diseases residing in Shanghai, China, we found low pneumococcal vaccination coverage over a 4-year study period and even lower influenza vaccine coverage.

title:
  Vaccination coverage with the pneumococcal and influenza vaccine among persons with chronic diseases in Shanghai, China, 2017

abstract:
  BACKGROUND: Adults with chronic conditions such as heart disease, diabetes, or lung disease are more likely to develop complications from a number of vaccine-preventable diseases, including influenza and pneumonia. In this study, we use the data from a chronic disease management information system in Shanghai to estimate vaccination coverage and characterize predictors of seasonal influenza and 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPSV23) vaccination among people with chronic disease in Shanghai. METHODS: The Shanghai Centers for Disease Control and Prevention have information systems related to chronic disease management, hospital records, and immunizations. Data from individuals with hypertension, diabetes and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) were abstracted during July 2017. The main outcome was coverage of pneumococcal and influenza vaccination. Vaccination coverage was calculated across demographic groups. Significance in bivariate associations was assessed through Pearson’s chi-square tests, and in multivariable models through logistic regression models with a forward stepwise method to select variables. RESULTS: In the sample of 2,531,227 individuals ≥15 years, 22.8% were vaccinated for pneumonia from January 2013 to July 2017, and the vaccination coverage of influenza in the 2016/17 influenza season was 0.4%. Vaccination coverage was highest in those 70–79 and lowest in those younger than 60. Compared to urban areas, uptake in rural areas was higher for pneumonia vaccination (OR: 2.43, 95% CI: 2.41, 2.45), but lower for influenza vaccination (OR: 0.55, 95% CI: 0.51, 0.59). Having a greater number of chronic diseases was associated with higher likelihood of pneumonia vaccination (3 vs 1: OR: 1.68, 95% CI: 1.64, 1.71), but this relationship was not statistically significant for influenza vaccination. CONCLUSIONS: We found low levels with of pneumococcal vaccination, and extremely low uptake of influenza vaccination among individuals with high risk conditions in Shanghai who should be priority groups targeted for vaccination. Interventions could be designed to target groups with low uptake – like younger adults, and individuals who have not yet retired.


id: cord-006939-q5o3lrh2
author: Rachaniotis, Nikolaos
date: 2017-01-24
txt: ./txt/cord-006939-q5o3lrh2.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-006939-q5o3lrh2.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7104597/
doi: 10.1007/s11518-016-5327-z
summary:
  These approaches range from simple compartmental models based on differential equations (Alexander et Limited vaccine supplies as well as limited ancillary medical supplies are among the resources to be allocated in the case of influenza outbreak control. Allocating and scheduling limited number of resources for vaccination is a complex problem because: a) different subgroups may have different risk of infection and/or complications following it, b) epidemics of infectious diseases are nonlinear and dynamic, c) the time horizon impacts the scheduling decision, since short-term considerations may not yield the same results as long-term ones (Brandeau 2005) . For each possible vaccination initiation day, the solution (number of infective cases) yielded by the heuristic algorithm is compared to the baseline scenario, (no vaccination) and the maximum resources scenario (constant number of allocated mobile medical teams to each district by using population drivers as seen in Table 5 ).

title:
  Controlling infectious disease outbreaks: A deterministic allocation-scheduling model with multiple discrete resources

abstract:
  Infectious disease outbreaks occurred many times in the past and are more likely to happen in the future. In this paper the problem of allocating and scheduling limited multiple, identical or non-identical, resources employed in parallel, when there are several infected areas, is considered. A heuristic algorithm, based on Shih’s (1974) and Pappis and Rachaniotis’ (2010) algorithms, is proposed as the solution methodology. A numerical example implementing the proposed methodology in the context of a specific disease outbreak, namely influenza, is presented. The proposed methodology could be of significant value to those drafting contingency plans and healthcare policy agendas.


id: cord-009947-0zz4x8li
author: Day, M. J.
date: 2007-09-03
txt: ./txt/cord-009947-0zz4x8li.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-009947-0zz4x8li.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7167131/
doi: 10.1111/j.1748-5827.2007.00462.x
abstract: nan
summary:
  There is little doubt that in most developed countries the major infectious diseases of dogs and cats are considered at best uncommon in the pet population, but there do remain geographical pockets of infection and sporadic outbreaks of disease occur, and the situation regarding feral or shelter populations is distinctly different to that in owned pet animals. The following VGG guidelines are prepared when considering the optimum model of a committed pet owner, willing and able to bring their animal to the veterinarian, for the full recommended course of vaccination. In situations where, for example, a decision must be made that an individual pet may have to receive only a single core vaccination during its lifetime, the VGG would emphasise that this should optimally be given at a time when that animal is most capable of responding immunologically, i.e. at the age of 16 weeks or greater.

title:
  COMPILED BY THE VACCINATION GUIDELINES GROUP (VGG) OF THE WORLD SMALL ANIMAL VETERINARY ASSOCIATION (WSAVA)


id: cord-010266-elhgew3x
title: Ethical aspects of vaccines and vaccination
author: Spier, R.E.
date: 1998-12-02
txt: ./txt/cord-010266-elhgew3x.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-010266-elhgew3x.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7173252/
doi: 10.1016/s0264-410x(98)00169-8
abstract: nan
summary:
  An example of the implications of these changes may be seen in the area of vaccines and vaccination which evinces the pressing need to review traditional ethical positions to take the maximum advantage of the potential for animal and human benefit inherent in this prophylactic approach to healthcare. Such an ethical problem is thrown up by the willingness of our communities to spend billions of dollars to provide therapeutic and prophylactic agents to control the spread and effects of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), while the disease would be eliminated were people to engage in safe, condom-protected, intercourse in their pre-or extramarital sexual relationships where the prospective partners had not been thoroughly tested for the presence of serum antibodies to the virus. Were we to have an effective orally deliverable contraceptive vaccine'' (pregnancy results from the infection of the female by a male spermatozoan) then ethical considerations will be required to determine the way in which such a powerful tool for population control might be used.


id: cord-010736-mc17142t
title: Interplay between cost and benefits triggers nontrivial vaccination uptake
author: Steinegger, Benjamin
date: 2018-03-19
txt: ./txt/cord-010736-mc17142t.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-010736-mc17142t.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7217527/
doi: 10.1103/physreve.97.032308
summary:
  The resulting strategy is the outcome of the evolutionary dynamics (see below) given the previous incidence, α, infection probability, β, recovery cost, T , the cost of the vaccine, c, and its failure rate, γ , or equivalently, its effectiveness (1 − γ ). The corresponding vaccine coverage-given by the fraction of vaccinated agents y eq -is used as the input of a new SIR spreading process, having the same β and T . In Fig. 3 , we display the vaccination coverage, y eq (panel a), and the fraction of recovered agents, R ∞ (panel b), as a function of the previous season incidence α, and the probability of infection β in the case of a perfect vaccine (γ = 0). The difference between theory and the simulation for the vaccine coverage, y, and fraction of infected agents, R ∞ , is plotted in Figs.

abstract:
  The containment of epidemic spreading is a major challenge in science. Vaccination, whenever available, is the best way to prevent the spreading, because it eventually immunizes individuals. However, vaccines are not perfect, and total immunization is not guaranteed. Imperfect immunization has driven the emergence of antivaccine movements that totally alter the predictions about the epidemic incidence. Here, we propose a mathematically solvable mean-field vaccination model to mimic the spontaneous adoption of vaccines against influenzalike diseases and the expected epidemic incidence. The results are in agreement with extensive Monte Carlo simulations of the epidemics and vaccination coevolutionary processes. Interestingly, the results reveal a nonmonotonic behavior on the vaccination coverage that increases with the imperfection of the vaccine and after decreases. This apparent counterintuitive behavior is analyzed and understood from stability principles of the proposed mathematical model.


id: cord-011245-nkr0998x
author: Yokomichi, Hiroshi
date: 2020-04-06
txt: ./txt/cord-011245-nkr0998x.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-011245-nkr0998x.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7223876/
doi: 10.1007/s12185-020-02866-1
summary:
  title: Immune thrombocytopenic purpura risk by live, inactivated and simultaneous vaccinations among Japanese adults, children and infants: a matched case–control study This case–control study investigated immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) risk following live, inactivated, and simultaneous vaccination, with a focus on infants aged < 2 years. We matched case patients with ITP to one or two control patients with other diseases by institution, hospital visit timing, sex, and age. These limited data suggest no significant ITP risk following vaccinations or simultaneous vaccination in any age group, including infants. In this case-control study, we aimed to determine the ITP risk after live, inactivated and simultaneous vaccination in Japan. To measure this exposure, participating physicians who treated case (ITP) and control (other diseases) patients completed questionnaires covering retrospective information on vaccination history and other characteristics. Participating physicians matched controls with case patients by the institution, timing of hospital visit (within a 1-month difference), sex and age.

title:
  Immune thrombocytopenic purpura risk by live, inactivated and simultaneous vaccinations among Japanese adults, children and infants: a matched case–control study

abstract:
  This case–control study investigated immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) risk following live, inactivated, and simultaneous vaccination, with a focus on infants aged < 2 years. We matched case patients with ITP to one or two control patients with other diseases by institution, hospital visit timing, sex, and age. We calculated McNemar’s pairwise odds ratios (ORs [95% confidence interval]) with 114 case–control pairs. The case group had 27 (44%) males and 22 (35%) infants, and the control group included 49 (43%) males and 42 (37%) infants. For all age groups, the McNemar’s OR for ITP occurrence was 1.80 (0.54–6.84, p = 0.64) for all vaccines. Among infants, these were 1.50 (0.17–18.0, p = 0.50) for all vaccines, 2.00 (0.29–22.1, p = 0.67) for live vaccines, and 1.00 (0.01–78.5, p = 0.50) for inactivated vaccines. Sex-adjusted common ORs for simultaneous vaccination were 1.52 (0.45–5.21, p = 0.71) for all vaccines, 1.83 (0.44–7.59, p = 0.40) for inactivated vaccines only, and 1.36 (0.29–6.30, p = 0.69) for mixed live and inactivated vaccines. In infants, these were 1.95 (0.44–8.72, p = 0.38), 1.41 (0.29–6.94, p = 0.67) and 2.85 (0.43–18.9, p = 0.28), respectively. These limited data suggest no significant ITP risk following vaccinations or simultaneous vaccination in any age group, including infants. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL: The online version of this article (10.1007/s12185-020-02866-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.


id: cord-018497-oy7hsrpt
title: Economic aspects of vaccines and vaccination: a global perspective
author: Beutels, Philippe P.A.
date: 2005
txt: ./txt/cord-018497-oy7hsrpt.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-018497-oy7hsrpt.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7123384/
doi: 10.1007/3-7643-7381-4_1
abstract: nan
summary:
  The share of health-care expenditures in the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of most industrialised countries has increased from 3%-5% in the early sixties to 7%-11% in 2001 (from 5% to 14% in the USA) [1] This rise has been attributed to medical advances (increasing the number and technological complexity of medical interventions), population aging, sociological changes (more, but smaller families and less familial support for the elderly) and insufficient productivity increases in the services sector. Because of the very long time spans over which benefits accrue, the analysis of most vaccination programs is very sensitive to discounting (of costs as well as health effects). It seems clear, though, that the smallpox eradication program and the establishment of the EPI have generated enormous benefits, not only by directly protecting against important vaccine-preventable diseases, but also by providing opportunities for health education and infrastructure in developing countries [30] .


id: cord-018792-oqwbmyft
title: Early disease management strategies in case of a smallpox outbreak
author: Ammon, Andrea
date: 2007
txt: ./txt/cord-018792-oqwbmyft.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-018792-oqwbmyft.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7123762/
doi: 10.1007/978-3-7643-7557-7_20
summary:
  Usually, the strategy for the management of clinical cases of poxviruses includes the early detection of cases, rapid laboratory diagnosis, an assessment of the risk of further spread and containment measures. The strategy for the management of clinical cases of poxviruses (occurring sporadically or in outbreaks) usually includes the early detection of cases, rapid laboratory diagnosis, an assessment of the risk of further spread and containment measures. In addition to the national and international notifications based on given case definitions, certain measures are necessary to allow an initial risk assessment of the epidemic development. In addition to the national and international notifications based on given case definitions, certain measures are necessary to allow an initial risk assessment of the epidemic development. Various models have been developed to assist in identifying the best use of the available vaccines (e.g., [5] [6] [7] [8] ), as well as other control measures like case isolation and contact tracing or combinations thereof [9, 10] .

abstract:
  As a consequence of the threat of smallpox being potentially used as a means of bioterrorism, many countries have developed preparedness plans for smallpox in the past few years. This chapter summarizes some of the most important issues for the management of smallpox. Usually, the strategy for the management of clinical cases of poxviruses includes the early detection of cases, rapid laboratory diagnosis, an assessment of the risk of further spread and containment measures. For the early detection, different systems are being tested to identify suspected cases before a diagnosis is confirmed (e.g., syndromic surveillance). Also it is necessary to provide special training on the disease pattern, including differential diagnosis, to clinicians and practitioners. If a suspected case has been identified, rapid diagnostic tests are required. In addition to the national and international notifications based on given case definitions, certain measures are necessary to allow an initial risk assessment of the epidemic development. For a rapid risk assessment, the investigations should follow the algorithms of epidemiological outbreak investigation such as the tracing and identification of exposed contacts and the sources of infection. Further decisions have to be taken on the basis of a continuous risk assessment. Countermeasures can be divided into medical and non-medical ones. The choice of an adequate vaccination strategy as a medical countermeasure for the case of a re-emergence of smallpox very much depends on the epidemic scenario, and the general availability and quality of a vaccine. Logistic aspects of the vaccination strategies have to be considered in preparedness planning (e.g., resources necessary for the implementation of mass vaccinations), and also the prioritization of groups to be vaccinated. In addition non-medical measures to prevent the spread of infection, such as the isolation of cases and quarantining of exposed persons (e.g., contact persons of confirmed cases) have to be foreseen. The effectiveness of other measures like prohibition of mass gatherings or closure of institutions is often assessed in the light of historical events. However, they have to be considered within today’s ethical and societal context, taking into account, in particular, the increased number of people who are immunocompromised. Since our knowledge of how the virus would behave today is limited to extrapolations from historical data and is therefore imperfect, these measures are still under discussion. All relevant groups should be involved in exercises to assure the effective operation of the plan mainly regarding communication and cooperation.


id: cord-029774-j3pyadqi
title: Influenza virus vaccination in children with nephrotic syndrome: insignificant risk of relapse
author: Ishimori, Shingo
date: 2020-07-27
txt: ./txt/cord-029774-j3pyadqi.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-029774-j3pyadqi.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7383070/
doi: 10.1007/s10157-020-01930-8
summary:
  BACKGROUND: Immunization with various vaccines is considered desirable for children with idiopathic nephrotic syndrome (NS) because of their high risk of severe infections. We report a retrospective cohort study of children with NS who received inactivated subunit-antigen flu vaccination in our hospital, with a focus on relapses of NS related to flu vaccinations. In 49 children with PSL, the difference in the relapse rate in each post-vaccination period was not significantly different compared with the relapse rate in the pre-vaccination period from days -180 to 0 (data not shown). In our retrospective cohort study, we showed that inactivated subunit-antigen flu vaccination caused a slight, but nonsignificant increase in the risk of NS relapse (1.2 to 1.3-1.5 times in one person within a year) in children. In the present study, the relative risk of NS relapses was not significantly increased in the post-flu vaccination period compared with the pre-vaccination period.

abstract:
  BACKGROUND: Immunization with various vaccines is considered desirable for children with idiopathic nephrotic syndrome (NS) because of their high risk of severe infections. Vaccinations may precipitate relapses of NS, but there is no available data regarding inactivated influenza (flu) virus vaccines. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of children with NS who had received flu vaccines between 2002 and 2015. The day of flu vaccination was defined as day 0, and the period between the pre-vaccination and the post-vaccination days was defined as − X to + Y. The risk ratios and their 95% confidence intervals for NS relapse rate were estimated by generalized estimating equation (GEE) Poisson regression. RESULTS: A total of 104 pediatric patients received 208 flu vaccines. The mean age at onset of NS was at 4.85 ± 3.87 years old. There were 261 NS relapses between days − 180 and + 180. Compared with the relapse rate in the − 180 to 0 interval (1.19 times/person-year), those in 0 to + 30 (1.23), + 31 to + 60 (1.58), + 61 to + 90 (1.41), + 91 to + 120 (1.41), and + 121 to + 180 (1.32) days groups were slightly increased, but without significance. Multivariate analysis using GEE Poisson regression also showed no significant increase in relapse rate in each day group compared with days − 180 to 0. Risk ratios for NS relapse were significantly higher in children who were treated with steroids at the first vaccination. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that flu vaccines should not be avoided in children with NS based on the potential for NS relapses. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL: The online version of this article (10.1007/s10157-020-01930-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.


id: cord-257489-ruf4rzxm
title: Influenza vaccine coverage rates and perceptions on vaccination in South Korea
author: Kee, Sae Yoon
date: 2007-06-28
txt: ./txt/cord-257489-ruf4rzxm.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-257489-ruf4rzxm.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0163445307006287
doi: 10.1016/j.jinf.2007.04.354
summary:
  The most common reason for vaccination for both whole population and high risk groups was to prevent both influenza and common cold, while the most common reason for non-vaccination was the thought that he/she was healthy enough not to be in need for vaccination. 13 Korea shows relatively high influenza vaccine distribution rate, however, exact vaccination coverage among total population or priority group have not yet been studied. The coverage rates for influenza vaccination were 34.3%, 61.3%, 79.7%, and 54.9% among total adult population, high risk group, persons aged !65 years and persons with comorbid conditions, respectively (Table 1) . The most common reasons for vaccination were not different in high risk group, however, ''have interest in vaccination because of bad health status'' showed higher rank (18.4%) than the total population.

abstract:
  OBJECTIVE: This survey was performed to assess the level of influenza vaccine coverage, to understand the driving forces and barriers to vaccination and determine vaccination interventions for the following year in Korean population. METHODS: A national sample of 1720 community dwelling adults of age 18 and older were surveyed by individual visits during April 2005. Demographics, state of influenza vaccination, reasons for vaccination or non-vaccination and perceptions on vaccinations were asked by questionnaire. RESULTS: Influenza vaccination coverage in general population and high risk group was 34.3% and 61.3%, respectively. Predictors for vaccination were ≥65 of age, performance of regular exercise, vaccination in the previous season, experience of influenza-like illness, belief that vaccine can prevent common cold and opinion that vaccine must be taken annually. The most common reason for vaccination for both whole population and high risk groups was to prevent both influenza and common cold, while the most common reason for non-vaccination was the thought that he/she was healthy enough not to be in need for vaccination. Having more information on influenza and vaccination as well as doctor's recommendation for vaccination appeared to be the most important modus operandi to encourage influenza vaccination among non-vaccinees. CONCLUSIONS: Doctor's recommendation was the most important factor in encouraging people to be vaccinated against influenza. Doctors should be geared up with precise information and actively encourage high risk population in order to increase vaccination coverage.


id: cord-258366-fu9b446y
author: Couto, Carla R.
date: 2012-02-06
txt: ./txt/cord-258366-fu9b446y.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-258366-fu9b446y.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0030670
doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0030670
summary:
  At Hospital das Clinicas, University of Sã o Paulo School of Medical Sciences, a previous study showed a 34% compliance with influenza vaccination among HCWs. In the mentioned study, the main reasons for non-compliance were the perception of vaccine inefficacy and the fear of adverse reactions [4] . To diminish the arguments of fear of adverse events or perception of vaccine inefficacy, this prospective study was conducted to demonstrate to a subset of HCWs from our hospital, that severe adverse events following influenza vaccination are rare and the episodes of respiratory symptoms occurring in the first four months after vaccination are generally caused by other respiratory viruses and not by influenza virus. As expected, no severe adverse event was observed in the present study, and the events more frequently reported, such as headache, myalgia and malaise could be related to influenza vaccine itself as well as to other causes, given their unspecificity.

title:
  Fighting Misconceptions to Improve Compliance with Influenza Vaccination among Health Care Workers: An Educational Project

abstract:
  The compliance with influenza vaccination is poor among health care workers (HCWs) due to misconceptions about safety and effectiveness of influenza vaccine. We proposed an educational prospective study to demonstrate to HCWs that influenza vaccine is safe and that other respiratory viruses (RV) are the cause of respiratory symptoms in the months following influenza vaccination. 398 HCWs were surveyed for adverse events (AE) occurring within 48 h of vaccination. AE were reported by 30% of the HCWs. No severe AE was observed. A subset of 337 HCWs was followed up during four months, twice a week, for the detection of respiratory symptoms. RV was diagnosed by direct immunofluorescent assay (DFA) and real time PCR in symptomatic HCWs. Influenza A was detected in five episodes of respiratory symptoms (5.3%) and other RV in 26 (27.9%) episodes. The incidence density of influenza and other RV was 4.3 and 10.8 episodes per 100 HCW-month, respectively. The educational nature of the present study may persuade HCWs to develop a more positive attitude to influenza vaccination.


id: cord-258626-p469ysi8
title: 2013 Update on Current Vaccination Strategies in Puppies and Kittens
author: Davis-Wurzler, Gina M.
date: 2014-02-26
txt: ./txt/cord-258626-p469ysi8.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-258626-p469ysi8.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24580989/
doi: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2013.11.006
summary:
  Criteria for assigning vaccines into these categories, and a third category, "generally not recommended," are based on: (1) morbidity and mortality associated with the specific disease (does the organism cause serious illness or does it cause a mild, transient disease that may pose only minimal risk to the individual or population?); (2) the prevalence and/or incidence rate of the disease (although a specific disease may not commonly be seen, the organism is ubiquitous in the environment and therefore poses risk to the individual or population); (3) the risk of the individual for exposure to the disease (indoor-only animal vs free-roaming individual, regional variations of occurrence); (4) the efficacy of the vaccine (does the vaccine prevent infection or simply ameliorate some signs or length of disease?); (5) the risks associated with administering the vaccine (are the risks associated with that vaccine greater than the risk of the disease?); (6) the potential for zoonotic disease; (7) the route of infection or transmissibility. 9, 13 The current recommendation is to use the CAV-II modified live virus product, as it stimulates the immune system to protect against both CAV-I and CAV-II, without the associated adverse reaction caused by the type I vaccine.

abstract:
  Vaccines remain one of the practitioner’s greatest tools in preventing disease and maintaining individual and population health. This article is an update to “Current Vaccination Strategies in Puppies and Kittens” published in Veterinary Clinics of North America, Small Animal Practitioner, in May 2006. There are now comprehensive guidelines readily available for small animal practitioners regarding canine and feline pediatric (and adult) vaccination recommendations. Perhaps more importantly, there is an increased dialogue regarding all aspects of preventive medicine, of which vaccination is only a small, yet significant portion; and an increased drive to provide scientific evidence for developing vaccination recommendations.


id: cord-264522-u61m4x9l
author: Crupi, Robert S.
date: 2016-11-16
txt: ./txt/cord-264522-u61m4x9l.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-264522-u61m4x9l.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21090019/
doi: 10.1016/s1553-7250(10)36073-9
summary:
  In the 2008–2009 influenza season, Flushing Hospital Medical Center (FHMC; New York) adopted a "push/pull" point-of-dispensing (POD) vaccination model that was derived from emergency preparedness planning for mass vaccination and/or prophylaxis to respond to an infectious disease outbreak, whether occurring naturally or due to bioterrorism. In the 2008-2009 influenza season, Flushing Hospital Medi cal Center (FHMC; New York) adopted a "push/pull" point-ofdispensing (POD) vaccination model that was derived from emergency preparedness planning for mass vaccination and/or prophylaxis to respond to an infectious disease outbreak, whether occurring naturally or due to bioterrorism. Conclusions: This model provides a novel approach for institutions to improve their HCW influenza vaccination rates within a limited period through exercising emergency preparedness plans for infectious disease outbreaks. Conclusions: This model provides a novel approach for institutions to improve their HCW influenza vaccination rates within a limited period through exercising emergency preparedness plans for infectious disease outbreaks.

title:
  Linking Emergency Preparedness and Health Care Worker Vaccination Against Influenza: A Novel Approach

abstract:
  BACKGROUND: Health care workers (HCWs) can acquire and transmit influenza to their patients and coworkers, even while asymptomatic. The U.S. Healthy People 2010 initiative set a national goal of 60% coverage for HCW influenza vaccination by 2010. Yet vaccination rates remain low. In the 2008–2009 influenza season, Flushing Hospital Medical Center (FHMC; New York) adopted a “push/pull” point-of-dispensing (POD) vaccination model that was derived from emergency preparedness planning for mass vaccination and/or prophylaxis to respond to an infectious disease outbreak, whether occurring naturally or due to bioterrorism. LAUNCH OF THE HCW VACCINATION PROGRAM: In mid-September 2008, a two-week HCW vaccination program was launched using a sequential POD approach. In Push POD, teams assigned to specific patient units educated all HCWs about influenza vaccination and offered on-site vaccination; vaccinated HCWs received a 2009 identification (ID) validation sticker. In Pull POD, HCWs could enter the hospital only through one entrance; all other employee entrances were “locked down.” A 2009 ID validation sticker was required for entry and to punch in for duty. Employees without the new validation sticker were directed to a nearby vaccination team. After the Push/Pull POD was completed, the employee vaccination drive at FHMC was continued for the remainder of the influenza season by the Employee Health Service. RESULTS: Using this model, in two days 72% of the employees were reached, with 54% of those reached accepting vaccination. CONCLUSIONS: This model provides a novel approach for institutions to improve their HCW influenza vaccination rates within a limited period through exercising emergency preparedness plans for infectious disease outbreaks.


id: cord-265472-b1s4stvz
title: Vaccines, adjuvants and autoimmunity
author: Guimarães, Luísa Eça
date: 2015-10-31
txt: ./txt/cord-265472-b1s4stvz.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-265472-b1s4stvz.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S1043661815001711
doi: 10.1016/j.phrs.2015.08.003
summary:
  In conclusion, there are several case reports of autoimmune diseases following vaccines, however, due to the limited number of cases, the different classifications of symptoms and the long latency period of the diseases, every attempt for an epidemiological study has so far failed to deliver a connection. We can infer that a similar response may be associated with different safety in relation to the development of autoimmune reactions to vaccines, particularly in the patients with genetic predisposition to an enhanced response to vaccine inoculation [85] . HSP was associated with seasonal influenza, influenza A (H1N1), pneumococcal and meningococcal disease, hepatitis A virus (HAV), HBV, anti-human papilloma virus (HPV) vaccines, and following multiple combinations of vaccines, such as typhoid, cholera and yellow fever [139, [171] [172] [173] . Hepatitis B vaccination and undifferentiated connective tissue disease: another brick in the wall of the autoimmune/inflammatory syndrome induced by adjuvants (Asia)

abstract:
  Abstract Vaccines and autoimmunity are linked fields. Vaccine efficacy is based on whether host immune response against an antigen can elicit a memory T-cell response over time. Although the described side effects thus far have been mostly transient and acute, vaccines are able to elicit the immune system towards an autoimmune reaction. The diagnosis of a definite autoimmune disease and the occurrence of fatal outcome post-vaccination have been less frequently reported. Since vaccines are given to previously healthy hosts, who may have never developed the disease had they not been immunized, adverse events should be carefully accessed and evaluated even if they represent a limited number of occurrences. In this review of the literature, there is evidence of vaccine-induced autoimmunity and adjuvant-induced autoimmunity in both experimental models as well as human patients. Adjuvants and infectious agents may exert their immune-enhancing effects through various functional activities, encompassed by the adjuvant effect. These mechanisms are shared by different conditions triggered by adjuvants leading to the autoimmune/inflammatory syndrome induced by adjuvants (ASIA syndrome). In conclusion, there are several case reports of autoimmune diseases following vaccines, however, due to the limited number of cases, the different classifications of symptoms and the long latency period of the diseases, every attempt for an epidemiological study has so far failed to deliver a connection. Despite this, efforts to unveil the connection between the triggering of the immune system by adjuvants and the development of autoimmune conditions should be undertaken. Vaccinomics is a field that may bring to light novel customized, personalized treatment approaches in the future.


id: cord-269402-xzgfwu8a
author: Kamin-Friedman, Shelly
date: 2017-10-30
txt: ./txt/cord-269402-xzgfwu8a.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-269402-xzgfwu8a.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29084599/
doi: 10.1186/s13584-017-0182-z
summary:
  MAIN FINDINGS AND CONCLUSION: A mandatory vaccination backed by criminal sanctions in the service of the eradication of contagious diseases would probably be perceived as infringing on the constitutional right to autonomy to a greater extent than necessary according to Israeli law and case law precedents. Justice Barak-Erez did not positively hold that depriving the additional child allowance from families with an unvaccinated child represents a violation of the right to equality, but agreed with Justice Arbel that the law''s amendment complied with the stipulations provided in the Limitation Clause: The amendment has a proper purpose (to protect unvaccinated children and promote public health); there is high probability that a financial sanction would be effective and promote vaccination compliance; and the intervention is both minimally infringing and proportionate since it has been balanced by the parents'' right to opposition and appeal [28] .

title:
  Would it be legally justified to impose vaccination in Israel? Examining the issue in light of the 2013 detection of polio in Israeli sewage

abstract:
  BACKGROUND: The detection of wild poliovirus in Israeli sewage in May 2013 led the health authorities to decide that children who had been vaccinated with IPV would also be vaccinated with OPV. The decision sought to protect vulnerable Israeli individuals who were either not vaccinated with IPV or who suffered from an immune deficiency, to preserve Israel’s status as a polio-free country, to prevent the virus’ “exportation” into vulnerable polio-free countries, and to participate in the global efforts toward the eradication of polio. After a massive public persuasion campaign, 79% of the children born after 2004 were vaccinated as well as 69% of the children residing in central Israel. A 2014 State Comptroller Report stated that the Ministry of Health should draw conclusions from the low compliance rates in certain Israeli regions. GOALS: The article seeks to examine the legal legitimacy of mandatory vaccination in the service of eradicating a contagious disease (as opposed to preventing a pandemic outbreak), which was one of the objectives in the 2013 Polio case. It more specifically relates to current Israeli law as well as to a hypothetical new public health law which would authorize health officials to oblige vaccination and enforce this through the use of criminal sanctions. METHOD: Qualitative content analysis through the interpretation of court judgements, laws, legislative protocols, health ministry guidelines and documented discussions of the Advisory Committee on Infectious Diseases and Immunization. MAIN FINDINGS AND CONCLUSION: A mandatory vaccination backed by criminal sanctions in the service of the eradication of contagious diseases would probably be perceived as infringing on the constitutional right to autonomy to a greater extent than necessary according to Israeli law and case law precedents. There may be some added value inherent in a new public health law which would authorize health officials to oblige vaccination where nonrestrictive measures have been ineffective. However, the law should also specify a variety of sanctions to accompany the enforcement of mandatory vaccinations which would be formulated from least to most restrictive according to the “intervention ladder” concept. The law should also describe the circumstances which would justify the implementation of each and every sanction as well as the procedural safeguards designed for established decisions and fairness toward the individual(s) whose rights are infringed by the application of these sanctions.


id: cord-272512-gevrlcvy
title: Challenges in mucosal vaccination of cattle
author: Shewen, P.E.
date: 2009-03-15
txt: ./txt/cord-272512-gevrlcvy.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-272512-gevrlcvy.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0165242708004030
doi: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2008.10.297
summary:
  Mucosal immunity Vaccination Mannheimia haemolytica Cattle A B S T R A C T Recognition of the mucosal portal of entry for many infectious diseases and of the relevance of mucosal immune response to protection has encouraged the development of vaccines administered by mucosal routes, principally oral and intranasal, for stimulation of intestinal and nasopharyngeal lymphoid tissues respectively. An increase in anti-leukotoxin (Lkt) IgA was demonstrated in nasal secretions of calves following feeding of alfalfa expressing a truncated Lkt50 from Mannheimia haemolytica, and there is evidence suggesting that such vaccination may protect against experimentally induced pneumonia. An increase in anti-leukotoxin (Lkt) IgA was demonstrated in nasal secretions of calves following feeding of alfalfa expressing a truncated Lkt50 from Mannheimia haemolytica, and there is evidence suggesting that such vaccination may protect against experimentally induced pneumonia.

abstract:
  Recognition of the mucosal portal of entry for many infectious diseases and of the relevance of mucosal immune response to protection has encouraged the development of vaccines administered by mucosal routes, principally oral and intranasal, for stimulation of intestinal and nasopharyngeal lymphoid tissues respectively. The oral route is problematic in cattle and other ruminants where antigen degradation in the rumen is likely, prior to transit to the intestine. On the other hand, rumination can be exploited for exposure of nasopharyngeal tissues during cudding if vaccine antigen is expressed by a fibrous feed like alfalfa. An increase in anti-leukotoxin (Lkt) IgA was demonstrated in nasal secretions of calves following feeding of alfalfa expressing a truncated Lkt50 from Mannheimia haemolytica, and there is evidence suggesting that such vaccination may protect against experimentally induced pneumonia. Intranasal vaccination is an alternative approach for use in pre-ruminating calves. Intranasal administration of ISCOMs carrying soluble antigens of M. haemolytica, including native Lkt, induced Lkt specific IgA in nasal secretions after vaccination at 4 and 6 weeks of age. Subcutaneous (s.c.) administration of the same vaccine induced Lkt specific IgG in both serum and nasal secretions, whereas s.c. administration of a commercial M. haemolytica vaccine did not. Regardless of the vaccination strategy employed it is difficult to assess the immunogenicity of mucosally administered vaccines because production of secreted antibodies tends to be transient, and they do not persist on the mucosal surface in the absence of ongoing antigenic stimulation. An additional challenge is demonstration of vaccine efficacy in response to experimental infection. Protection of the mucosally vaccinated animal will most probably result from recall response, which may not amplify sufficiently to counter the effects of experimental pulmonary delivery of a large bolus of virulent bacteria, even though the response would suffice over the more prolonged and gradual infection that occurs in natural induction of pneumonia.


id: cord-274052-rjud75iz
title: Vaccine use and disease prevalence in dogs and cats
author: Horzinek, Marian C.
date: 2006-10-05
txt: ./txt/cord-274052-rjud75iz.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-274052-rjud75iz.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S0378113506001362
doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2006.04.002
summary:
  Abstract A yearly revaccination of adult pets against distemper, the adenoviral and parvoviral diseases is scientifically unwarranted, professionally obsolete and ethically questionable; other vaccinal antigens, however, may need yearly or even more frequent injections. From the immunologist''s viewpoint, the veterinary profession should weigh the perceived risks of side effects due to overvaccination together with vaccination failures against the true risks of a decreased herd immunity with the re-emergence of epidemics as a consequence. Finally, duration of immunity (DOI) experiments in dogs have now proven beyond reasonable doubt that 3 years protection is achieved against challenge with distemper, adenovirus-1 and parvovirus (Gore et al., 2005) . Post-vaccinal serology, however, is not new to companion animal medicine: evidence of antibodies to rabies virus decides whether a dog may travel. Three-year duration of immunity in dogs following vaccination against canine adenovirus type-1, canine parvovirus, and canine distemper virus

abstract:
  Abstract A yearly revaccination of adult pets against distemper, the adenoviral and parvoviral diseases is scientifically unwarranted, professionally obsolete and ethically questionable; other vaccinal antigens, however, may need yearly or even more frequent injections. Base immunisation is redefined: it is complete only after the multivalent booster in the second year of life. A yearly revaccination interview, not necessarily an injection, should become the new standard. This interview is a professional service that must be taught, expertly performed and invoiced. Adult animals should be “vaccinated to measure”, taking age, breed, lifestyle, the epidemiologic situation, etc. into account. Post-vaccination serology should become a guide in revaccination decisions. For a solid herd immunity, more animals of the population must be vaccinated. The profession should issue regular updates of the ‘code of vaccination practice’. To counteract vaccination antagonism, a concerted action of academia, the veterinary profession and industry is required.


id: cord-275033-y9z9l0ji
title: The Role of Epidemiology in Informing United States Childhood Immunization Policy and Practice
author: Carter-Pokras, O.
date: 2020-10-14
txt: ./txt/cord-275033-y9z9l0ji.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-275033-y9z9l0ji.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annepidem.2020.09.017
doi: 10.1016/j.annepidem.2020.09.017
summary:
  For example, surveillance and studies of childhood infectious diseases provide the basis of morbidity and mortality data used to make J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f Immunization was selected as an example for examination of epidemiology in informing public health policy and practice because childhood immunization is one of the ten greatest public health achievements in the United States--it saves lives and is cost-effective. Since public health authorities across the United States have needed to urgently implement non-pharmaceutical public health disease containment measures (e.g., shelter-in-place, postponements of noncritical health care visits), early epidemiological studies are already documenting a dramatic decline in ordering and administration of childhood vaccines, VFC clinic capacity to vaccinate children, and immunization coverage rates for VPDs.

abstract:
  One of the ten greatest public health achievements is childhood vaccination because of its impact controlling and eliminating vaccine-preventable diseases (VPDs). Evidence-based immunization policies and practices are responsible for this success and are supported by epidemiology that has generated scientific evidence for informing policy and practice. The purpose of this report is to highlight the role of epidemiology in the development of immunization policy and successful intervention in public health practice that has resulted in a measurable public health impact: the control and elimination of VPDs in the United States. Examples in which epidemiology informed immunization policy were collected from a literature review and consultation with experts who have been working in this field for the past 30 years. Epidemiologic examples (e.g., thimerosal-containing vaccines and the alleged association between the measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine and autism) are presented to describe challenges that epidemiologists have addressed. Finally, we describe ongoing challenges to the nation’s ability to sustain high vaccination coverage, particularly with concerns about vaccine safety and effectiveness, increasing use of religious and philosophical belief exemptions to vaccination, and vaccine hesitancy. Learning from past and current experiences may help epidemiologists anticipate and address current and future challenges to respond to emerging infectious diseases, such as COVID-19, with new vaccines and enhance public health impact of immunization programs for years to come.


id: cord-275538-c44gmu22
title: Current Vaccination Strategies in Puppies and Kittens
author: Davis-Wurzler, Gina M.
date: 2006-03-24
txt: ./txt/cord-275538-c44gmu22.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-275538-c44gmu22.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16564416/
doi: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2005.12.003
summary:
  The current recommendation is to use the CAV-II MLV because it stimulates the immune system to protect against CAV-I and CAV-II without the associated adverse reaction caused by the type I vaccine [4, 14, 20] . There is a killed vaccine available; however, vaccination against this agent is typically not recommended, because most animals are not at risk to contract the parasite, the vaccine does not prevent infection (it may ameliorate clinical signs and decrease cyst shedding), and the disease is readily amenable to therapy (fenbendazole, albendazole, and metronidazole are off-label uses but commonly accepted as standard of care). Because the vaccine does not fully prevent infection and carries an association with adverse events that may be greater than the actual disease, routine vaccination of household pets with this product is generally not recommended.

abstract:
  Motivation in writing this article stems from many things: a lack of time spent in the veterinary curriculum discussing vaccines, a growing concern(by the general public and the veterinary community) regarding adverse reactions associated with vaccines, and a desire to prevent a recurrence of preventable infectious diseases resulting from a fear-driven cessation of vaccine administration. The objectives of this article are to present a basic review of immunology as related to vaccines, to discuss general guidelines for pediatric vaccines in canine and feline patients,and to offer suggestions as to how we can most positively influence our patients' health from the first visit.


id: cord-276363-m8di6dpt
author: Holm, Majbrit V.
date: 2008-06-28
txt: ./txt/cord-276363-m8di6dpt.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-276363-m8di6dpt.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1750-2659.2008.00036.x
doi: 10.1111/j.1750-2659.2008.00036.x
summary:
  Despite this knowledge and ongoing efforts by policy-makers, physicians and other healthcare providers, influenza vaccination rates in the five European countries surveyed remain limited, with the additional effect that manufacturing capacity may be too low for producing a sufficient amount of an appropriate monovalent vaccine when a pandemic occurs. Published literature evaluating vaccination coverage rates in Europe shows that importance placed on influenza vaccination varies greatly between countries. This survey is an ongoing assessment of influenza coverage rates in France, Great Britain, Italy, Spain, and Germany. The impact of chronic illness on the vaccination rate was significantly lower after multivariate adjustment, mainly due to taking into account the effect of age (Germany OR: 2AE3, 95% CI: 2AE0; 2AE6, Italy OR: 5AE0, 95% CI: 4AE2; 6AE0, France OR: 3AE4, 95% CI: 2AE7; 4AE2 and Spain OR: 3AE3, 95% CI: 2AE8; 4AE0).

title:
  Influenza vaccination coverage rates in Europe – covering five consecutive seasons (2001–2006) in five countries

abstract:
  Objective To understand potential drivers and barriers to influenza vaccination in the general population. Methods 47 982 household surveys were conducted in five European countries between 2001 and 2006. Results Overall influenza vaccination coverage increased over the years and reached 26·2% in 2005/06. Among the elderly ≥65 years, the rate increased significantly to 67·8% (2005/06). The most common reason for being vaccinated over the 5 years was the perception of influenza as a serious illness, which people want to avoid. The main reason for not getting vaccinated among those never previously vaccinated was feeling that they were unlikely to catch influenza. A recommendation by the family physician was the most encouraging factor for vaccination.


id: cord-279026-s3yx62u6
title: Adverse consequences of vaccination
author: Tizard, Ian R.
date: 2020-07-10
txt: ./txt/cord-279026-s3yx62u6.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-279026-s3yx62u6.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780323682992000198
doi: 10.1016/b978-0-323-68299-2.00019-8
summary:
  Adverse events associated with vaccination that might compromise the health of an animal are usually rare, mild, and transient. Traditionally, adverse events resulting from vaccine administration have been reported by veterinarians to manufacturers or government agencies. It has, however, proved possible by examining the electronic medical records of a very large small animal general practice, to determine the prevalence of vaccine-associated adverse events in over a million dogs. The use of a standardized reporting system within a very large population has permitted objective analysis of the prevalence of adverse events occurring within three days of vaccine administration. Out of 1,226,159 dogs receiving 3,439,576 vaccine doses, 4678 adverse events were recorded (38.2/10,000 dogs); 72.8% of these events occurred on the same day the vaccine was administered, 31.7% were considered to be allergic reactions, 1.7% were classified as anaphylaxis, and 65.8% were considered "vaccine reactions" and were likely caused by innate immune responses.

abstract:
  The importance of adverse effects from vaccination must not be overstated. Vaccine benefits greatly exceed any risks from the procedure. Neither must they be minimized. Unnecessary vaccination must be discouraged. Hypersensitivity reactions to vaccine components are real and must be guarded against. Residual virulence, although a concern tends to be more a hypothetical than a real problem. Progressive improvements in animal vaccines have significantly reduced the chances of adverse effects occurring, although some issues persist. One such example is injection-site sarcomas in cats. Another issue is the influence of animal size on the prevalence of adverse events in dogs.


id: cord-282280-5pggpbrq
title: Determinants of Vaccination Uptake in Risk Populations: A Comprehensive Literature Review
author: Doornekamp, Laura
date: 2020-08-27
txt: ./txt/cord-282280-5pggpbrq.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-282280-5pggpbrq.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32867126/
doi: 10.3390/vaccines8030480
summary:
  The following concepts are used: (1) predisposing factors, including baseline characteristics of studied populations; (2) information factors, including information retrieved via media, social contacts and HCW; (3) awareness, of the infectious agent being present or a vaccine being available; (4) knowledge (either examined or self-evaluated), about the consequences of the infection, or about the efficacy and duration of protection of vaccination; (5a) perceived risk of the infection, which is divided into perceived severity of the disease and perceived susceptibility to get infected; (5b) perceived risk of vaccination, including vaccine-specific considerations such as fear of side-effects and trust in the effectiveness of the vaccine; (6) attitude, defined as a person''s disposition to respond favourably or unfavourably to vaccinations [14] , often reflected by a person''s general believes about vaccinations; (7) social influence, which can be social norms imposed by family, friends or religion, but also recommendations from a healthcare professional or tour guide; (8) self-efficacy, defined as beliefs in one''s own capacity to perform certain behaviour [15] ; (9) intention to behaviour, expressed by people before they perform the behaviour; (10) barriers and facilitators, that withhold individuals from or enable them to certain behaviour, such as time, costs, or accessibility.

abstract:
  Vaccination uptake has decreased globally in recent years, with a subsequent rise of vaccine-preventable diseases. Travellers, immunocompromised patients (ICP), and healthcare workers (HCW) are groups at increased risk for (severe) infectious diseases due to their behaviour, health, or occupation, respectively. While targeted vaccination guidelines are available, vaccination uptake seems low. In this review, we give a comprehensive overview of determinants—based on the integrated change model—predicting vaccination uptake in these groups. In travellers, low perceived risk of infection and low awareness of vaccination recommendations contributed to low uptake. Additionally, ICP were often unaware of the recommended vaccinations. A physician’s recommendation is strongly correlated with higher uptake. Furthermore, ICP appeared to be mainly concerned about the risks of vaccination and fear of deterioration of their underlying disease. For HCW, perceived risk of (the severity of) infection for themselves and for their patients together with perceived benefits of vaccination contribute most to their vaccination behaviour. As the determinants that affect uptake are numerous and diverse, we argue that future studies and interventions should be based on multifactorial health behaviour models, especially for travellers and ICP as only a limited number of such studies is available yet.


id: cord-283277-zmna5ovl
author: Lim, Dwee Wee
date: 2017-10-01
txt: ./txt/cord-283277-zmna5ovl.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-283277-zmna5ovl.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajic.2017.03.017
doi: 10.1016/j.ajic.2017.03.017
summary:
  From a self-administered questionnaire survey among inpatient nurses at a tertiary hospital, we observed that the strongest factors associated with intention for future vaccination were perceived benefits of and motivations for vaccination (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 3.30; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.55-4.27), and perceived nonsusceptibility to influenza and preference for vaccination alternatives (aOR, 0.26; 95% CI, 0.20-0.34). Principal component analysis revealed 8 latent factors on influenza vaccine, including (1) perceived benefits of and motivations for influenza vaccination, (2) global threat of emerging infectious diseases, (3) effectiveness of hospital''s influenza vaccination promotional efforts, (4) personal nonsusceptibility to influenza and preference for alternatives to influenza vaccination, (5) local threat of emerging infectious diseases, (6) reinforcement and cues to action, (7) fear of adverse effects, and (8) accessibility. The strongest determinants for future influenza vaccination intention among inpatient nurses were perceived benefits of and motivation for vaccination, awareness of easy access to vaccination at the occupational health clinic, and knowledge that the vaccine was free-of-charge.

title:
  Psychosocial determinants of influenza vaccination intention: A cross-sectional study on inpatient nurses in Singapore

abstract:
  Nurses have the closest interaction with inpatients and could transmit influenza to patients. From a self-administered questionnaire survey among inpatient nurses at a tertiary hospital, we observed that the strongest factors associated with intention for future vaccination were perceived benefits of and motivations for vaccination (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 3.30; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.55-4.27), and perceived nonsusceptibility to influenza and preference for vaccination alternatives (aOR, 0.26; 95% CI, 0.20-0.34). These factors need to be addressed to increase vaccination uptake and prevent nosocomial transmission.


id: cord-284554-3kod0oah
title: Protection of Newborn Animals through Maternal Immunization
author: Pravieux, J. J.
date: 2007-07-31
txt: ./txt/cord-284554-3kod0oah.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-284554-3kod0oah.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0021997507000576
doi: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2007.04.009
summary:
  Summary Providing protective immunity to neonatal animals in early life is associated with numerous challenges regarding vaccine safety and efficacy. A much simpler approach is maternal vaccination, either before or during pregnancy, to provide the neonate with passively transferred immunity. Although only passively transferred antibodies have been extensively studied, other immunological mechanisms may be equally important in providing maternally derived immunity. An alternative strategy to provide early life protection against infectious disease is maternal vaccination. By contrast, active maternal vaccination of various animal species has been practiced for a long time and provides a good level of safety and protection against some pathogens. Many other examples of maternal vaccination of animals exist, for example the vaccination of sows has been widely used in the ¢eld to protect piglets and pigs from neonatal colibacillosis, necrotizing diarrhoea, erysipelas, atrophic rhinitis, swine in£uenza and Aujesky''s disease.

abstract:
  Summary Providing protective immunity to neonatal animals in early life is associated with numerous challenges regarding vaccine safety and efficacy. A much simpler approach is maternal vaccination, either before or during pregnancy, to provide the neonate with passively transferred immunity. In humans, the medical, societal and legal risks of immunizing pregnant women are important considerations in undertaking this approach. By contrast, maternal vaccination has been successfully employed in the animal health industry for decades. These veterinary vaccines have proven to be safe and efficient. Although only passively transferred antibodies have been extensively studied, other immunological mechanisms may be equally important in providing maternally derived immunity.


id: cord-285306-leu2hygk
author: Gallagher, J.
date: 2020-06-05
txt: ./txt/cord-285306-leu2hygk.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-285306-leu2hygk.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: http://medrxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.06.03.20121624v1?rss=1
doi: 10.1101/2020.06.03.20121624
summary:
  Finally, we also analysed the peak Z score reflecting increases in total mortality from historical averages reported by EuroMOMO (Euromomo.eu), Results: Following adjustment for the effects of population size, median age, population density, the proportion of population living in an urban setting, life-expectancy, the elderly dependency ratio (or proportion over 65 years), net migration, days from day 1 to lockdown and case-fatality rate, only BCG vaccination score remained significantly associated with Covid-19 mortality at day 30. Following adjustment for the effects of population size, median age, population density, the proportion of population living in an urban setting, life-expectancy, the elderly dependency ratio (or proportion over 65 years), net migration, days from day 1 to lockdown and case-fatality rate, BCG vaccination score remained significantly associated with Covid 19 mortality at day 30.

title:
  Association of Bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG), Adult Pneumococcal and Adult Seasonal Influenza Vaccines with Covid-19 Adjusted Mortality Rates in Level 4 European countries

abstract:
  Introduction Non-specific effects of vaccines have gained increasing interest during the Covid-19 pandemic. In particular, population use of BCG vaccine has been associated with improved outcomes. This study sought to determine the association of population use of BCG, adult pneumococcal and adult seasonal influenza vaccination with Covid-19 mortality when adjusted for a number of confounding variables. Methods: Using publicly available data, mortality adjusted for the timeframe of crisis, population size and population characteristics was calculated. The primary analysis was the relationship between each of the day 15 and day 30 standardised mortality rates and BCG, adult pneumococcal and influenza vaccination scores using unadjusted measures and with adjustment for population structure and case fatality rates. Secondary analyses were measures of case increases and mortality increases from day 15 to day 30 for each of the relative vaccination scores. Finally, we also analysed the peak Z score reflecting increases in total mortality from historical averages reported by EuroMOMO (Euromomo.eu), Results: Following adjustment for the effects of population size, median age, population density, the proportion of population living in an urban setting, life-expectancy, the elderly dependency ratio (or proportion over 65 years), net migration, days from day 1 to lockdown and case-fatality rate, only BCG vaccination score remained significantly associated with Covid-19 mortality at day 30. In the best fit model, BCG vaccination score was associated with a 64% reduction in log(10) mortality per 10 million population (OR 0.362 reduction [95% CI 0.188 to 0.698]), following adjustment for population size, median age, density, urbanization, elderly dependency ratio, days to lockdown, yearly migration and case fatality rate. Conclusion BCG vaccine was associated with reduced mortality rates in level 4 countries while adult pneumococcal and adult seasonal influenza vaccines were not when adjusted for a number of confounding variables. A number of trials are ongoing to determine if BCG is protective against severe Covid-19 infection.


id: cord-285760-y37ji92k
author: Connell, Anna R.
date: 2020-09-18
txt: ./txt/cord-285760-y37ji92k.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-285760-y37ji92k.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33072071/
doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.02089
summary:
  Although a rise in IgG titer may also not occur in vaccinated individuals (87, 137) , numerous studies have documented a rapid, variable increase in mumps-specific IgG levels, with neutralization antibody concentrations present up to 10 months post-infection (130, 138, 139) . Potential waning immunity has been documented in the current mumps outbreaks seen in Europe and the USA, mostly affecting young adults within highly vaccinated populations attending tertiary education who have received two doses of the MMR vaccine in early childhood (40, 110, 126, 144, 145, (175) (176) (177) (178) (179) (180) (181) . Although MuV can be clinically asymptomatic in about 15-30% of those who become infected, the vaccine against mumps confers protection in a dose response manner; unvaccinated individuals saw an attack rate of Based on the reduction seen upon the introduction of a mumps vaccine, it has been proposed that MMR vaccination also prevents the transmission of the virus.

title:
  Mumps Outbreaks in Vaccinated Populations—Is It Time to Re-assess the Clinical Efficacy of Vaccines?

abstract:
  History illustrates the remarkable public health impact of mass vaccination, by dramatically improving life expectancy and reducing the burden of infectious diseases and co-morbidities worldwide. It has been perceived that if an individual adhered to the MMR vaccine schedule that immunity to mumps virus (MuV) would be lifelong. Recent mumps outbreaks in individuals who had received two doses of the Measles Mumps Rubella (MMR) vaccine has challenged the efficacy of the MMR vaccine. However, clinical symptoms, complications, viral shedding and transmission associated with mumps infection has been shown to be reduced in vaccinated individuals, demonstrating a benefit of this vaccine. Therefore, the question of what constitutes a good mumps vaccine and how its impact is assessed in this modern era remains to be addressed. Epidemiology of the individuals most affected by the outbreaks (predominantly young adults) and variance in the circulating MuV genotype have been well-described alluding to a collection of influences such as vaccine hesitancy, heterogeneous vaccine uptake, primary, and/or secondary vaccine failures. This review aims to discuss in detail the interplay of factors thought to be contributing to the current mumps outbreaks seen in highly vaccinated populations. In addition, how mumps diagnoses has progressed and impacted the understanding of mumps infection since a mumps vaccine was first developed, the limitations of current laboratory tests in confirming protection in vaccinated individuals and how vaccine effectiveness is quantified are also considered. By highlighting knowledge gaps within this area, this state-of-the-art review proposes a change of perspective regarding the impact of a vaccine in a highly vaccinated population from a clinical, diagnostic and public perspective, highlighting a need for a paradigm shift on what is considered vaccine immunity.


id: cord-287067-rrsgl377
title: Funding of drugs: do vaccines warrant a different approach?
author: Beutels, Philippe
date: 2008-11-30
txt: ./txt/cord-287067-rrsgl377.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-287067-rrsgl377.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1473309908702585
doi: 10.1016/s1473-3099(08)70258-5
summary:
  2 The individual perception of risks of disease and risks of adverse events drives the demand Panel: Why many vaccines require a diff erent approach • Primary prevention in healthy people, but with possibility of adverse events • Unvaccinated or poorly vaccinated people may experience benefi cial or, more rarely, detrimental impact from herd immunity • Many vaccines prevent short-lived illness in very young children, causing extra family care and work loss, for which evaluation methods lack credibility and acceptability • The cost-eff ectiveness of many vaccines is highly sensitive to the choice of discount method • Some infections are eradicable • Some emerging infections (eg, SARS, pandemic infl uenza) would have a major macroeconomic impact that goes beyond lost productivity of sick people SARS=severe acute respiratory syndrome.

abstract:
  Summary Vaccines have features that require special consideration when assessing their cost-effectiveness. These features are related to herd immunity, quality-of-life losses in young children, parental care and work loss, time preference, uncertainty, eradication, macroeconomics, and tiered pricing. Advisory committees on public funding for vaccines, or for pharmaceuticals in general, should be knowledgable about these special features. We discuss key issues and difficulties in decision making for vaccines against rotavirus, human papillomavirus, varicella-zoster virus, influenza virus, and Streptococcus pneumoniae. We argue that guidelines for economic evaluation should be reconsidered generally to recommend (1) modelling options for the assessment of interventions against infectious diseases; (2) a wider perspective to account for impacts on third parties, if relevant; (3) a wider scope of costs than health-care system costs alone, if appropriate; and (4) alternative discounting techniques to explore social time preference over long periods.


id: cord-288933-q3b0r5ig
title: Evaluation of Vaccination Training in Pharmacy Curriculum: Preparing Students for Workforce Needs
author: Bushell, Mary
date: 2020-08-20
txt: ./txt/cord-288933-q3b0r5ig.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-288933-q3b0r5ig.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32825470/
doi: 10.3390/pharmacy8030151
summary:
  Background: To introduce and evaluate a university vaccination training program, preparing final year Bachelor of Pharmacy (BPharm) and Master of Pharmacy (MPharm) students to administer vaccinations to children and adults in community pharmacy and offsite (mobile and outreach) settings. Since then, regulations across all Australian states and territories have been modified to allow appropriately trained pharmacists to administer vaccinations to adults and more recently children aged 10 and over [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] . The vaccination training program developed by the authors and evaluated in this paper, used the learning outcomes for the National Immunization Education Framework for Health Professionals [14] . This framework was designed to facilitate the development of nationally consistent, quality education programs for Australian Health Professionals, who are not medical practitioners, who want to be recognized as competent to administer vaccinations within their scope of practice. The training, co delivered by pharmacists, pharmacy and nursing academics (all authorized immunizers), focused on teaching the knowledge and skills to administer vaccinations to adults.

abstract:
  Background: To introduce and evaluate a university vaccination training program, preparing final year Bachelor of Pharmacy (BPharm) and Master of Pharmacy (MPharm) students to administer vaccinations to children and adults in community pharmacy and offsite (mobile and outreach) settings. Methods: Final year BPharm and MPharm students were trained to administer intramuscular vaccinations to adults and children. The education program embedded in pharmacy degree curriculum was congruent with the requirements of the Australian National Immunisation Education Framework. The training used a mix of pedagogies including online learning; interactive lectures; and simulation, which included augmented reality and role play. All pharmacy students completing the program in 2019 were required to carry out pre- and post-knowledge assessments. Student skill of vaccination was assessed using an objective structured clinical assessment rubric. Students were invited to complete pre and post questionnaires on confidence. The post questionnaire incorporated student evaluation of learning experience questions. Results: In both cohorts, student vaccination knowledge increased significantly after the completion of the vaccination training program; pre-intervention and post-intervention mean knowledge score (SD) of BPharm and MPharm were (14.3 ± 2.7 vs. 22.7 ± 3.3; p < 0.001) and (15.7 ± 2.9 vs. 21.4 ± 3.2; p < 0.001) respectively. There was no difference between the BPharm and MPharm in the overall knowledge test scores, (p = 0.81; p = 0.95) pre and post scores respectively. Using the OSCA rubric, all students (n = 52) were identified as competent in the skill of injection and could administer an IM deltoid injection to a child and adult mannequin. Students agreed that the training increased their self-confidence to administer injections to both children and adults. Students found value in the use of mixed reality to enhance student understanding of the anatomy of injection sites. Conclusion: The developed vaccination training program improved both student knowledge and confidence. Pharmacy students who complete such training should be able to administer vaccinations to children and adults, improving workforce capability. Mixed reality in the education of pharmacy students can be used to improve student satisfaction and enhance learning.


id: cord-290133-4ou7ubb4
title: Rethinking Smallpox
author: Weiss, Martin M.
date: 2004-12-01
txt: ./txt/cord-290133-4ou7ubb4.txt
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extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15578369/
doi: 10.1086/425745
summary:
  The last recorded death due to smallpox, according to World Health Organization investigators, was likely associated with virus that had been transmitted by aerosol [16] . Such observations-along with the long incubation period of smallpox (mean, 12-14 days; range, 7-21 days)suggest that there would be adequate time to vaccinate the public and prevent a more widespread outbreak. Nonetheless, these masks, if distributed to the public, could prove to be critical for the control of a smallpox epidemic that was overwhelming our health care system, and they might also prove to be effective in limiting contagion of smaller viruses, such as influenza virus (either natural virus, as in 1918, or engineered virus [61] ). Because of the possibility of an attack involving bioengineered smallpox virus that is resistant to the current vaccine, methisazone should be reexamined, and research should be continued on other antiviral agents.

abstract:
  The potential consequences of a competently executed smallpox attack have not been adequately considered by policy makers. The possibility of release of an aerosolized and/or bioengineered virus must be anticipated and planned for. The transmission and infectivity of variola virus are examined. Arguments for and against pre-event vaccination are offered. The likely morbidity and mortality that would ensue from implementation of a mass pre-event vaccination program, within reasonable boundaries, are known. The extent of contagion that could result from an aerosolized release of virus is unknown and may have been underestimated. Pre-event vaccination of first responders is urged, and voluntary vaccination programs should be offered to the public. Two defenses against a vaccine-resistant, engineered variola virus are proposed for consideration. Methisazone, an overlooked drug, is reported to be effective for prophylaxis only. The extent of reduction in the incidence of smallpox with use of this agent is uncertain. It is useless for treatment of clinical smallpox. N-100 respirators (face masks) worn by uninfected members of the public may prevent transmission of the virus.


id: cord-294789-07hto8qn
author: Schoch-Spana, Monica
date: 2020-10-29
txt: ./txt/cord-294789-07hto8qn.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-294789-07hto8qn.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S0264410X20313682
doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.10.059
summary:
  Members of the working group-listed as authors on this paper-included national figures in public health and social science with research, policy, and practice expertise in vaccinology, vaccine hesitancy/confidence, health disparities, infectious disease, bioethics, epidemiology, bioinformatics, public health law, pandemic mitigation, public health preparedness, mass vaccination campaigns, community engagement, and crisis and emergency risk communication. A combination of literature reviews on vaccination, pandemic planning, and health crisis communication; an assessment of current news and social media trends regarding COVID-19 vaccines; and key informant interviews with each working group member focusing on their respective expertise formed the basis of the research presented in this article. To ensure a successful COVID-19 vaccination campaign, it is necessary for sponsors to invest in time-critical investigations on human factors related to vaccine acceptance, and for public health authorities and other stakeholders to act on the social and behavioral findings of this research.

title:
  The public’s role in COVID-19 vaccination: human-centered recommendations to enhance pandemic vaccine awareness, access, and acceptance in the United States

abstract:
  Given the social and economic upheavals caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, political leaders, health officials, and members of the public are eager for solutions. One of the most promising, if they can be successfully developed, is vaccines. While the technological development of such countermeasures is currently underway, a key social gap remains. Past experience in routine and crisis contexts demonstrates that uptake of vaccines is more complicated than simply making the technology available. Vaccine uptake, and especially the widespread acceptance of vaccines, is a social endeavor that requires consideration of human factors. To provide a starting place for this critical component of a future COVID-19 vaccination campaign in the United States, the 23-person Working Group on Readying Populations for COVID-19 Vaccines was formed. One outcome of this group is a synthesis of the major challenges and opportunities associated with a future COVID-19 vaccination campaign and empirically-informed recommendations to advance public understanding of, access to, and acceptance of vaccines that protect against SARS-CoV-2. While not inclusive of all possible steps than could or should be done to facilitate COVID-19 vaccination, the working group believes that the recommendations provided are essential for a successful vaccination program.


id: cord-298668-ry49o0xj
title: Effects of MS disease-modifying therapies on responses to vaccinations: a review.
author: Ciotti, John Robert
date: 2020-08-01
txt: ./txt/cord-298668-ry49o0xj.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-298668-ry49o0xj.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S2211034820305149
doi: 10.1016/j.msard.2020.102439
summary:
  A prospective, non-randomized, open label study compared responses to an inactivated influenza vaccine in 86 relapsing MS patients taking interferon beta-1a 44 mcg three times weekly and 77 untreated relapsing MS patients. A prospective observational study evaluated the effects of the inactivated influenza vaccine in 26 patients taking a variety of beta-interferon preparations, comparing anti-influenza IgM and IgG titers to those in 33 HC at multiple time-points post-vaccination. A prospective, multicenter, non-randomized study evaluated influenza vaccine responses in patients treated with a variety of DMTs. 25 Patients taking beta-interferons showed a significantly greater proportional vaccine response as measured by HI titer than other DMT groups taking glatiramer acetate, fingolimod, and natalizumab. The same group of investigators performed a prospective study of responses to the seasonal influenza vaccination in 2012/2013 in 90 MS patients on four different immunomodulatory therapies and 62 HC at baseline and 3, 6, and 12 months post-immunization.

abstract:
  BACKGROUND: : Development of long-term immunologic memory relies upon humoral and cellular immune responses. Vaccinations aim to stimulate these responses against pathogens. Several studies have evaluated the impact of multiple sclerosis disease-modifying therapies on immune response to vaccines. Findings from these studies have important implications for people with multiple sclerosis who require vaccination and are using disease-modifying therapies. METHODS: : Searches using PubMed and other engines were conducted in May 2020 to collect studies evaluating the impact of various disease-modifying therapies on immune responses to vaccination. RESULTS: : Several studies demonstrated preserved immune responses in people treated with beta-interferons to multiple vaccine types. Limited data suggest vaccine responses to be preserved with dimethyl fumarate treatment, as well. Vaccine responses were reduced to varying degrees in those treated with glatiramer acetate, teriflunomide, sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor modulators, and natalizumab. The timing of vaccination played an important role in those treated with alemtuzumab. Humoral vaccine responses were significantly impaired by B cell depleting anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody therapies, particularly to a neoantigen. Data are lacking on vaccine responses in patients with multiple sclerosis taking cladribine and high-dose corticosteroids. Notably, the majority of these studies have focused on humoral responses, with few examining cellular immune responses to vaccination. CONCLUSIONS: : Prior investigations into the effects of individual disease-modifying therapies on immune responses to existing vaccines can serve as a guide to expected responses to a SARS-CoV-2 vaccine. Responses to any vaccination depend on the vaccine type, the type of response (recall versus response to a novel antigen), and the impact of the individual disease-modifying therapy on humoral and cellular immunity in response to that vaccine type. When considering a given therapy, clinicians should weigh its efficacy against MS for the individual patient versus potential impact on responses to vaccinations that may be needed in the future.


id: cord-299475-p6cc98xa
title: Exploring determinants of acceptance of the pandemic influenza A (H1N1) 2009 vaccination in nurses
author: To, Kin-Wang
date: 2010-06-20
txt: ./txt/cord-299475-p6cc98xa.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-299475-p6cc98xa.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajic.2010.05.015
doi: 10.1016/j.ajic.2010.05.015
summary:
  Nurses registered as members of the Hong Kong Nurses General Union, the Nurses Branch, and the Enrolled Nurses Branch of the Hong Kong Chinese Civil Servants Association were invited to participate in a self-administered anonymous questionnaire survey on infection control practices relating to influenza prevention that has been conducted every 1-2 years since 2006. The factors associated with a declining H1N1 vaccination rate might well be similar to those for seasonal influenza vaccination, because many nurses considered the 2 diseases to be of similar severity. In our study, .60% of the nurses had received seasonal influenza vaccination in the previous year; however, the estimated vaccination rate for the coming flu season had dropped to 37.5%, though some 20% of the respondents were undecided at the time of the survey.

abstract:
  This study investigated the anticipated vaccination rate against pandemic human influenza A (H1N1) 2009 in the health care setting. Self-administered questionnaires were used to assess nurses' acceptance of vaccination against seasonal flu and H1N1. They were sent to nurses by post through various nurses' unions before initiation of the vaccination program. Only 13.3% of the respondents planned to receive the H1N1 vaccine, compared with 37.5% for the seasonal influenza vaccine. Vaccination against seasonal influenza in the preceding season strongly predicted the likelihood of H1N1 vaccination. The main reason cited for H1N1 vaccination was self-protection, and reasons for rejecting vaccination included possible side effects, ineffectiveness of the vaccine, and the mild nature of the disease. Personal contact with patients with H1N1 or severe acute respiratory syndrome at work did not significantly increase the likelihood of receiving the H1N1 vaccine. More than 40% of the respondents were undecided at the time of the survey. The promotion of vaccination against seasonal influenza may play a role in improving H1N1 vaccination coverage. Efforts are needed to address concerns about vaccination risk and to incorporate H1N1 vaccination in standard infection control practice with policy support.


id: cord-300900-0wfsr4iw
author: Yotsapon, Thewjitcharoen
date: 2020-05-11
txt: ./txt/cord-300900-0wfsr4iw.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-300900-0wfsr4iw.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214623720300430?v=s5
doi: 10.1016/j.jcte.2020.100227
summary:
  Trends in influenza and pneumococcal vaccine coverage in Thai patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus 2010-2018: Experience from a tertiary diabetes center in Bangkok BACKGROUND: Routine vaccination is an important part of preventive services in treating patients with type 2 diabetes (T2DM). METHOD: A retrospective study of randomly medical records stratified by 13 diabetologists was conducted in patients with T2DM from 2010-2018 at Theptarin Hospital, a private multi-disciplinary diabetes center in Bangkok. A retrospective study of randomly medical records stratified by 13 diabetologists was conducted in patients with T2DM from 2010-2018 at Theptarin Hospital, a private multi-disciplinary diabetes center in Bangkok. Patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) are a key target of routine annual influenza vaccination and periodically pneumococcal vaccination as epidemiologic studies suggested that these patients are at high risk for complications, hospitalization, and death from influenza and pneumococcal disease [2] .

title:
  Trends in influenza and pneumococcal vaccine coverage in Thai patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus 2010-2018: Experience from a tertiary diabetes center in Bangkok

abstract:
  Trends in influenza and pneumococcal vaccine coverage in Thai patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus 2010-2018: Experience from a tertiary diabetes center in Bangkok BACKGROUND: Routine vaccination is an important part of preventive services in treating patients with type 2 diabetes (T2DM). There are no available data in temporal trends of vaccination coverage rates in both influenza and pneumococcal vaccines among Thai patients with T2DM. AIM: This study aimed to elucidate influenza and pneumococcal vaccination trends and to identify factors that affect vaccination rates in those patients. METHOD: A retrospective study of randomly medical records stratified by 13 diabetologists was conducted in patients with T2DM from 2010-2018 at Theptarin Hospital, a private multi-disciplinary diabetes center in Bangkok. Adherence to influenza and pneumococcal vaccinations according to current guidance on adult immunization in Thailand had been studied. The rate of both vaccinations from each diabetologist had also been recorded. RESULTS: A total of 2,114 medical records (female 51.7%, mean age 65.2±12.8 years, BMI 26.5±4.6 kg/m(2), A1C 7.1±1.3%, median duration of diabetes 13 years) were retrospectively reviewed covering a 9-year period. We audited 3,554 selected outpatient visits for influenza and pneumococcal vaccinations rates as key performance index in each year. The overall vaccination rate was 39.6% for influenza, 17.4% for the pneumococcal vaccine, and only 13.7%, for both vaccines. The trends of influenza vaccination rates increased from 32.9% in 2010 to 52.2% in 2018 but the trends of pneumococcal vaccination rates were relatively stable at less than 20%. The rate of both vaccinations varied considerably from 0-44% among our diabetologists. Age ≥ 65 years, duration of DM ≥ 15 years, the presence of chronic respiratory disease, and moderate to severe Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI) score were positively associated with both received vaccinations. CONCLUSIONS: The completeness and timeliness of influenza and pneumococcal vaccinations were unsatisfactory in Thai patients with T2DM. More efforts are needed to increase both influenza and pneumococcal vaccination rates.


id: cord-302200-9gekjgr0
author: Kilich, Eliz
date: 2020-07-09
txt: ./txt/cord-302200-9gekjgr0.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-302200-9gekjgr0.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0234827
doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0234827
summary:
  Previous reviews have established a narrative of evidence that suggests a broad range of factors (vaccine cost, accessibility, maternal knowledge, social influences, context, healthcare professional (HCP) recommendation and the perception of risks and benefits) all contribute to vaccine uptake. Thus, we performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of qualitative and quantitative literature to provide comprehensive evidence on the magnitude of effect that factors influence maternal vaccination decisions globally with the aim to inform policy makers, public health strategists and researchers involved in designing vaccine interventions to increase uptake. For seasonal influenza, the data is inconclusive since women who believed that the disease could be harmful to their pregnancy or baby had four-times greater odds of being vaccinated than those who did not (OR 3.70, 95% CI 1.37-9.94) yet there was no evidence to suggest belief in the risk of the disease generally (OR 1.56, 95% CI 0.88-2.76) or its ability to result in hospitalisation (OR 0.57, 95% CI 0.22-1.45) were related to vaccine uptake.

title:
  Factors that influence vaccination decision-making among pregnant women: A systematic review and meta-analysis

abstract:
  BACKGROUND: The most important factor influencing maternal vaccination uptake is healthcare professional (HCP) recommendation. However, where data are available, one-third of pregnant women remain unvaccinated despite receiving a recommendation. Therefore, it is essential to understand the significance of other factors and distinguish between vaccines administered routinely and during outbreaks. This is the first systematic review and meta-analysis (PROSPERO: CRD 42019118299) to examine the strength of the relationships between identified factors and maternal vaccination uptake. METHODS: We searched MEDLINE, Embase Classic & Embase, PsycINFO, CINAHL Plus, Web of Science, IBSS, LILACS, AfricaWideInfo, IMEMR, and Global Health databases for studies reporting factors that influence maternal vaccination. We used random-effects models to calculate pooled odds ratios (OR) of being vaccinated by vaccine type. FINDINGS: We screened 17,236 articles and identified 120 studies from 30 countries for inclusion. Of these, 49 studies were eligible for meta-analysis. The odds of receiving a pertussis or influenza vaccination were ten to twelve-times higher among pregnant women who received a recommendation from HCPs. During the 2009 influenza pandemic an HCP recommendation increased the odds of antenatal H1N1 vaccine uptake six times (OR 6.76, 95% CI 3.12–14.64, I(2) = 92.00%). Believing there was potential for vaccine-induced harm had a negative influence on seasonal (OR 0.22, 95% CI 0.11–0.44 I(2) = 84.00%) and pandemic influenza vaccine uptake (OR 0.16, 95% CI 0.09–0.29, I(2) = 89.48%), reducing the odds of being vaccinated five-fold. Combined with our qualitative analysis the relationship between the belief in substantial disease risk and maternal seasonal and pandemic influenza vaccination uptake was limited. CONCLUSIONS: The effect of an HCP recommendation during an outbreak, whilst still powerful, may be muted by other factors. This requires further research, particularly when vaccines are novel. Public health campaigns which centre on the protectiveness and safety of a maternal vaccine rather than disease threat alone may prove beneficial.


id: cord-307325-cgkhip5j
title: Vaccination of racing greyhounds: effects on humoral and cellular immunity
author: McMillen, G. L.
date: 1995-11-30
txt: ./txt/cord-307325-cgkhip5j.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-307325-cgkhip5j.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8588333/
doi: 10.1016/0165-2427(95)05446-d
summary:
  In order to determine the effects of multiple vaccination schedules on the immune system of racing greyhounds, three litters of greyhound pups raised in laboratory conditions were divided into two groups and subjected to either a maximum or a minimum vaccination schedule. Although antibody titers varied over time, no significant difference was detected between the maximum and minimum vaccination groups in the antibody response to CPV and CDV vaccination. At 10 and 14 weeks of age the minimum vaccination groups had a significantly higher percentage of lymphocytes expressing surface IgM than the maximum vaccination groups (P-values 0.02 and 0.01 respectively) ( Fig. 5 and Table 5 ). The significant treatment by time interaction observed in IgM expressing cells indicated that the minimum vaccination groups had a significantly higher percentage of peripheral blood lymphocytes expressing surface IgM at 10 and 14 weeks of age compared to the maximum vaccination groups (Fig 5) .

abstract:
  Abstract Greyhound kennel owners frequently employ multiple vaccination schedules in an attempt to reduce financial losses incurred as a result of infectious diseases. In order to determine the effects of multiple vaccination schedules on the immune system of racing greyhounds, three litters of greyhound pups raised in laboratory conditions were divided into two groups and subjected to either a maximum or a minimum vaccination schedule. Blood samples were collected biweekly for 6 months beginning at 2 weeks of age and analyzed to establish ‘baseline’ values for the lymphatic system of greyhounds. Lymphocyte transformation, total and differential leukocyte counts, and flow cytometry were used to evaluate cellular immunity. Humoral immunity was evaluated using serum neutralization and hemagglutination inhibition tests. Proliferation of peripheral blood lymphocytes in response to the mitogen concanavalin A (Con A) was higher for the maximum vaccination groups. The frequency distribution of circulating CD4 and IgG labeled lymphocytes was higher in the minimum vaccination groups. A significant treatment by time interaction in CD4, IgG, and IgM labeled cells was observed. This interaction, however, was not significant at any point in time for CD4 and IgG labeled cells. The percentage of lymphocytes expressing surface IgM was significantly higher in the minimum vaccination groups at 10 and 14 weeks of age. No significant differences were detected in humoral immunity between the maximum and minimum groups of each litter. Results of this study indicate that maximum vaccination schedules do not appear to be more effective or more immunosuppressive than minimum vaccination schedules.


id: cord-309268-sig0h723
author: Yeung, May PS
date: 2015-07-07
txt: ./txt/cord-309268-sig0h723.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-309268-sig0h723.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26148496/
doi: 10.1186/s12889-015-1990-0
summary:
  title: Factors associated with uptake of influenza vaccine in people aged 50 to 64 years in Hong Kong: a case–control study This study investigates the factors associated with the uptake of influenza vaccination among adults in Hong Kong aged 50–64 years. This study aimed to find out which factors were associated with the low uptake of influenza vaccination among people aged 50-64 years in Hong Kong. The hypothesis of this study was there were differences in associated factors (variables) between those Hong Kong residents aged 50-64 years who received the influenza vaccine in 2011/12 and 2012/13, and those who did not. The majority of the cases (80.8 %) and controls (93.9 %) were not aware that they were in a group recommended by the health authority to receive influenza vaccination.

title:
  Factors associated with uptake of influenza vaccine in people aged 50 to 64 years in Hong Kong: a case–control study

abstract:
  BACKGROUND: In Hong Kong, people aged 50–64 years were added as a recommended priority group (recommended group) for influenza vaccination by the Department of Health (DH) starting from 2011/12 onwards. The coverage rate of influenza vaccination for this age group was suboptimal at 8.5 % in 2012/13. This study investigates the factors associated with the uptake of influenza vaccination among adults in Hong Kong aged 50–64 years. METHODS: A case–control study was conducted in communities by street intercept interviews from 17 July to 15 August 2013. Cases were adults aged 50–64 years who had received the influenza vaccine in 2011/12 or 2012/13, while controls were the same as the cases, except they had not received the influenza vaccine in 2011/12 or 2012/13. Multiple logistic regression analysis was performed on the data to explore the associations between vaccination status and the variables. RESULTS: Six hundred and four respondents in total were interviewed and included in the analysis. There were 193 cases (vaccinated) and 411 controls (non-vaccinated), with a case-to-control ratio of 1:2.1. The following were strongly associated with vaccination compared to other factors: ‘eligible for free government vaccine’ (OR6.38, 95 % CI, 3.43-11.87, p < 0.001); ‘willing to receive flu vaccination for free’ (OR4.84, 95 % CI, 2.13-11.03, p < 0.001); ‘perceived having severe or moderate symptoms when contracting flu’ (OR2.90, 95 % CI, 1.21-6.97, p = 0.02), and ‘convenient to reach a vaccination location’ (OR2.87, 95 % CI, 1.06-7.74, p = 0.04). The majority of the cases (80.8 %) and controls (93.9 %) were not aware that they belonged to a recommended group for influenza vaccination and most (>80 %) were willing to be vaccinated if it was free. CONCLUSIONS: Factors related to free and convenient vaccination, the perception of the severity of symptoms when contracting influenza had a comparatively strong association with influenza vaccination uptake amongst 50–64 year olds, compared to other factors.


id: cord-309587-xc4jaw31
title: The Feasibility of Canine Rabies Elimination in Africa: Dispelling Doubts with Data
author: Lembo, Tiziana
date: 2010-02-23
txt: ./txt/cord-309587-xc4jaw31.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-309587-xc4jaw31.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0000626
doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0000626
summary:
  We conclude that (1) rabies substantially affects public and animal health sectors, hence regional and national priorities for control ought to be higher, (2) for practical purposes domestic dogs are the sole maintenance hosts and main source of infection for humans throughout most of Africa and Asia and sufficient levels of vaccination coverage in domestic dog populations should lead to elimination of canine rabies in most areas, (3) the vast majority of domestic dog populations across sub-Saharan Africa are accessible for vaccination with community sensitization being of paramount importance for the success of these programs, (4) improved local capacity in rabies surveillance and diagnostics will help evaluate the impact of control and elimination efforts, and (5) sustainable resources for effective dog vaccination campaigns are likely to be available through the development of intersectoral financing schemes involving both medical and veterinary sectors.

abstract:
  BACKGROUND: Canine rabies causes many thousands of human deaths every year in Africa, and continues to increase throughout much of the continent. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: This paper identifies four common reasons given for the lack of effective canine rabies control in Africa: (a) a low priority given for disease control as a result of lack of awareness of the rabies burden; (b) epidemiological constraints such as uncertainties about the required levels of vaccination coverage and the possibility of sustained cycles of infection in wildlife; (c) operational constraints including accessibility of dogs for vaccination and insufficient knowledge of dog population sizes for planning of vaccination campaigns; and (d) limited resources for implementation of rabies surveillance and control. We address each of these issues in turn, presenting data from field studies and modelling approaches used in Tanzania, including burden of disease evaluations, detailed epidemiological studies, operational data from vaccination campaigns in different demographic and ecological settings, and economic analyses of the cost-effectiveness of dog vaccination for human rabies prevention. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: We conclude that there are no insurmountable problems to canine rabies control in most of Africa; that elimination of canine rabies is epidemiologically and practically feasible through mass vaccination of domestic dogs; and that domestic dog vaccination provides a cost-effective approach to the prevention and elimination of human rabies deaths.


id: cord-319226-yvgvyif0
title: Key Guidelines in Developing a Pre-Emptive COVID-19 Vaccination Uptake Promotion Strategy
author: French, Jeff
date: 2020-08-13
txt: ./txt/cord-319226-yvgvyif0.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-319226-yvgvyif0.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32823775/
doi: 10.3390/ijerph17165893
summary:
  This paper makes the case for immediate planning for a COVID-19 vaccination uptake strategy in advance of vaccine availability for two reasons: first, the need to build a consensus about the order in which groups of the population will get access to the vaccine; second, to reduce any fear and concerns that exist in relation to vaccination and to create demand for vaccines. The paper explores key issues that relevant organizations must address and summarizes best practices that should be addressed when developing behavioral influence strategies to promote the uptake of COVID-19 vaccines effectively, efficiently, and ethically as they become available. Governments and their public health agencies need to develop a dialogue and joint strategy with social media platform providers to review and action against anti-vaccination misinformation and vaccine hesitancy promotion. Public health authorities need to build a proactive COVID-19 vaccine trust capacity for active engagement in the social media space as part of their overall promotional strategy [56] .

abstract:
  This paper makes the case for immediate planning for a COVID-19 vaccination uptake strategy in advance of vaccine availability for two reasons: first, the need to build a consensus about the order in which groups of the population will get access to the vaccine; second, to reduce any fear and concerns that exist in relation to vaccination and to create demand for vaccines. A key part of this strategy is to counter the anti-vaccination movement that is already promoting hesitancy and resistance. Since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic there has been a tsunami of misinformation and conspiracy theories that have the potential to reduce vaccine uptake. To make matters worse, sections of populations in many countries display low trust in governments and official information about the pandemic and how the officials are tackling it. This paper aims to set out in short form critical guidelines that governments and regional bodies should take to enhance the impact of a COVID-19 vaccination strategy. We base our recommendations on a review of existing best practice guidance. This paper aims to assist those responsible for promoting COVID-19 vaccine uptake to digest the mass of guidance that exists and formulate an effective locally relevant strategy. A summary of key guidelines is presented based on best practice guidance.


id: cord-321993-uazc3lyg
title: The Imperative to Vaccinate
author: Hedrick, Stephen M.
date: 2018-10-31
txt: ./txt/cord-321993-uazc3lyg.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-321993-uazc3lyg.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S0022347618308667
doi: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2018.06.041
abstract: nan
summary:
  A simplified version is that diffuse or small host populations cannot sustain an acutely infectious agent, meaning one in which infection is followed by clearance and long-term immunity. So, in addition to the endless parade of cold viruses that circulate among us, we acquired a great many deadly infectious agents, such as those that cause diphtheria, influenza, measles, meningitis, mumps, plague, rubella, smallpox, typhus, whooping cough, and others. Smallpox eradication was our first and thus far only complete victory over a human disease-causing agent, made possible by universal, global vaccination, and intensive surveillance. Vaccination effectively reduces the number and density of the disease-susceptible people, making acutely infectious agents unsustainable in the population. The risk of disease for any individual is thus most importantly dependent on the collective immunity of the population, especially those most susceptible to infection, usually the youngest children and oldest adults.


id: cord-326673-p8qbxi57
author: Kitching, R. P.
date: 1995-12-31
txt: ./txt/cord-326673-p8qbxi57.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-326673-p8qbxi57.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7552194/
doi: 10.1016/s0007-1935(95)80127-8
summary:
  This maternally-derived antibody (MDA) provides immediate protection against infection with FMD virus, but also interferes with the development of active immunity following vaccination. However, this maternally derived antibody (MDA) is equally effective in preventing the response to active vaccination in the young animal as it is in providing protection against disease. In the case of FMD vaccination in pigs, Francis and Black (1986) concluded that the complete immunological unresponsiveness seen in the first 2 weeks of life was due to immaturity of the immune system and antigen blockade by high titre MDA, and as this titre declined an active suppression of T and/or B cells occurred to variable degrees. Francis and Black (1984) found no evidence in the pig that vaccination in the presence of MDA depressed the specific antibody to FMD virus. The effect of maternally derived antibodies on the response of calves to vaccination against foot-and-mouth disease

title:
  The interference by maternally-derived antibody with active immunization of farm animals against foot-and-mouth disease

abstract:
  Summary Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a highly contagious disease affectingruminants and pigs. In countries in which control of FMD relies predominantly on vaccination, young stock ingest specific anti-FMD virus antibodies in the colostrum. This maternally-derived antibody (MDA) provides immediate protection against infection with FMD virus, but also interferes with the development of active immunity following vaccination. However, susceptibility to infection precedes the ability to respond to vaccination in the presence of MDA. Currently available vaccines cannot overcome this inhibitory effect of MDA, and protection of young stock can only be provided by their- isolation from FMD virus.


id: cord-343183-5jlnw6e0
title: Pandemic and vaccine coverage: challenges of returning to schools
author: Sato, Ana Paula Sayuri
date: 2020-11-05
txt: ./txt/cord-343183-5jlnw6e0.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-343183-5jlnw6e0.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33175029/
doi: 10.11606/s1518-8787.2020054003142
summary:
  In Brazil, administrative data indicate the impact of the covid-19 pandemic on this downward trend, which was already an important challenge of the National Immunization Program in recent years. In 2020, due to the pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19), face-to-face attendance in health services dropped dramatically in many countries; this included child vaccination, given the measures of social distancing to mitigate viral transmission [21] [22] [23] [24] [25] [26] [27] . The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that at least 80 million children will be susceptible to immunopreventable diseases such as measles, diphtheria and polio because of the decrease in vaccination coverage during the covid-19 pandemic 29 . The pandemic of the new coronavirus has challenged health systems around the world in providing essential services, including immunization programs, as routine vaccination and mass vaccination campaigns could contribute to the spread of covid-19 32 .

abstract:
  Since March 2020, Brazil has faced the pandemic of the coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19), which has severely modified the way in which the population lives and uses health services. As such, face-to-face attendance has dropped dramatically, even for child vaccination, due to measures of social distancing to mitigate the transmission of the virus. Several countries have recorded a substantial drop in vaccination coverage in children, especially of those under two years of age. In Brazil, administrative data indicate the impact of the covid-19 pandemic on this downward trend, which was already an important challenge of the National Immunization Program in recent years. Many children will be susceptible to immunopreventable diseases, which reinforces the need to assess the vaccine status of schoolchildren before returning to face-to-face classes.


id: cord-343347-guciupc8
title: Vaccines Through Centuries: Major Cornerstones of Global Health
author: Hajj Hussein, Inaya
date: 2015-11-26
txt: ./txt/cord-343347-guciupc8.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-343347-guciupc8.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2015.00269
doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2015.00269
summary:
  Consequently, this work tried to put together the major achievements through history stressing the importance, continuous vital role, and the need for immunization for health prevention and protection as well as its impact on human experience. A few years later, word of his success circulated among the public, and Jenner wrote "An Inquiry into the Causes and Effects of the Variolae Vaccinae, a Disease Discovered in some of the Western Counties of England, particularly Gloucestershire and Known by the Name of CowPox, " after adding several cases to his initial achievement with the boy Phipps. Takahashi was able to make this remarkable advance at a time when very few viruses had been attenuated to produce efficacious live-virus vaccines including yellow fever, polio, measles, mumps, and rubella as previously mentioned. As a result of these successful trials, the live varicella virus vaccine (Varivax) was licensed in 1995 for the active immunization of persons 12 months of age and older (51) .

abstract:
  Multiple cornerstones have shaped the history of vaccines, which may contain live-attenuated viruses, inactivated organisms/viruses, inactivated toxins, or merely segments of the pathogen that could elicit an immune response. The story began with Hippocrates 400 B.C. with his description of mumps and diphtheria. No further discoveries were recorded until 1100 A.D. when the smallpox vaccine was described. During the eighteenth century, vaccines for cholera and yellow fever were reported and Edward Jenner, the father of vaccination and immunology, published his work on smallpox. The nineteenth century was a major landmark, with the “Germ Theory of disease” of Louis Pasteur, the discovery of the germ tubercle bacillus for tuberculosis by Robert Koch, and the isolation of pneumococcus organism by George Miller Sternberg. Another landmark was the discovery of diphtheria toxin by Emile Roux and its serological treatment by Emil Von Behring and Paul Ehrlih. In addition, Pasteur was able to generate the first live-attenuated viral vaccine against rabies. Typhoid vaccines were then developed, followed by the plague vaccine of Yersin. At the beginning of World War I, the tetanus toxoid was introduced, followed in 1915 by the pertussis vaccine. In 1974, The Expanded Program of Immunization was established within the WHO for bacille Calmette–Guerin, Polio, DTP, measles, yellow fever, and hepatitis B. The year 1996 witnessed the launching of the International AIDS Vaccine Initiative. In 1988, the WHO passed a resolution to eradicate polio by the year 2000 and in 2006; the first vaccine to prevent cervical cancer was developed. In 2010, “The Decade of vaccines” was launched, and on April 1st 2012, the United Nations launched the “shot@Life” campaign. In brief, the armamentarium of vaccines continues to grow with more emphasis on safety, availability, and accessibility. This mini review highlights the major historical events and pioneers in the course of development of vaccines, which have eradicated so many life-threatening diseases, despite the vaccination attitudes and waves appearing through history.


id: cord-343896-c40fry35
author: Dong, Fen
date: 2020-10-01
txt: ./txt/cord-343896-c40fry35.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-343896-c40fry35.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33019693/
doi: 10.3390/biology9100319
summary:
  The goal of this study was to evaluate the ability of a live attenuated viral vaccine to stimulate innate immunity in the olfactory organ of rainbow trout, a teleost fish of commercial aquaculture value. The goal of this study is to compare the effects of three different vaccine delivery routes, including intranasal (IN), intramuscular (i.m.) injection and immersion (imm) routes on the trout nasal innate immune response. In this study, we compared three vaccination routes (intranasal (IN), intramuscular injection (i.m.) and immersion (imm) on trout nasal innate immune responses using a live attenuated IHNV vaccine and found strong and quick immune responses in the olfactory organ IN-vaccinated group. In this study, we vaccinated rainbow trout with live attenuated IHNV or PBS by different delivery routes (Figure 1a -d) and then investigated changes in expression of 13 immune-related genes at 1, 4 and 7 dpv in trout NALT by qPCR.

title:
  Vaccination Route Determines the Kinetics and Magnitude of Nasal Innate Immune Responses in Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

abstract:
  SIMPLE SUMMARY: Many pathogens exploit the olfactory route to reach critical organs in the body such as the brain or lungs. Thus, effective onset of an early innate immune response in the nasal epithelium is key to stopping pathogen progression. The stimulation of nasal immunity by vaccines may depend on the type of vaccine and vaccination route. The goal of this study was to evaluate the ability of a live attenuated viral vaccine to stimulate innate immunity in the olfactory organ of rainbow trout, a teleost fish of commercial aquaculture value. The kinetics and magnitude of the innate immune response depended on the route of vaccination, with the strongest and fastest responses recorded in intranasally vaccinated fish. Injection vaccination had an intermediate effect, whereas immersion vaccination resulted in delayed and weak nasal innate immunity. Injection vaccination, even with the vehicle control, induced mortality in fingerlings, whereas nasal and immersion vaccines were safe. Challenge experiments with the live virus revealed that nasal and injected vaccines conferred very high and comparable levels of protection, but immersion vaccination only induced transient protection. In conclusion, the route of vaccination determines the type, magnitude and velocity of the innate immune response in the nasal epithelium of animals. ABSTRACT: Many pathogens infect animal hosts via the nasal route. Thus, understanding how vaccination stimulates early nasal immune responses is critical for animal and human health. Vaccination is the most effective method to prevent disease outbreaks in farmed fish. Nasal vaccination induces strong innate and adaptive immune responses in rainbow trout and was shown to be highly effective against infectious hematopoietic necrosis (IHN). However, direct comparisons between intranasal, injection and immersion vaccination routes have not been conducted in any fish species. Moreover, whether injection or immersion routes induce nasal innate immune responses is unknown. The goal of this study is to compare the effects of three different vaccine delivery routes, including intranasal (IN), intramuscular (i.m.) injection and immersion (imm) routes on the trout nasal innate immune response. Expression analyses of 13 immune-related genes in trout nasopharynx-associated lymphoid tissue (NALT), detected significant changes in immune expression in all genes analyzed in response to the three vaccination routes. However, nasal vaccination induced the strongest and fastest changes in innate immune gene expression compared to the other two routes. Challenge experiments 7 days post-vaccination (dpv) show the highest survival rates in the IN- and imm-vaccinated groups. However, survival rates in the imm group were significantly lower than the IN- and i.m.-vaccinated groups 28 dpv. Our results confirm that nasal vaccination of rainbow trout with live attenuated IHNV is highly effective and that the protection conferred by immersion vaccination is transient. These results also demonstrate for the first time that immersion vaccines stimulate NALT immune responses in salmonids.


id: cord-345659-br5qk5xb
title: The history of vaccination and current vaccination policies in Korea
author: Cha, Sung-Ho
date: 2012-07-31
txt: ./txt/cord-345659-br5qk5xb.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-345659-br5qk5xb.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23596573/
doi: 10.7774/cevr.2012.1.1.3
summary:
  The systematic national disease management system was urgently needed after the SARS epidemic, in order to protect life and property from the new and reemergence infectious diseases, the Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention which was integrated with a unified inspection and quarantine work and research capabilities by expanding and reorganizing the National Institutes of Health in January 17, 2004 [12] . Fourteen infectious diseases are belong to the national immunization program which includes tuberculosis, hepatitis B, diphtheria/tetanus/pertussis, measles/mumps/rubella, poliomyelitis, varicella, Japanese encephalitis, influenza, typhoid, and hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome for routine vaccination according to Communicable Diseases Preventive Measures, Enforcement [11] . The Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention developed computerized and standardized vaccination registration and management program for the management of the personal vaccination records from 2002 to 2009 [12] . As of the year 2000, public health authorities in Korea presented computerized vaccination registration and policies for infectious disease-i.e., the fight against tuberculosis, prevention of Vertical Transmission of Hepatitis B program, measles elimination, and influenza management-and continued to maintain it since then.

abstract:
  There may be many reasons for the significant decrease in the incidence of the pediatric infectious diseases in modern Korea; this could be due to the improvement of sanitary facilities, significant growth of Korean economy, improvement of nutrition, development and dissemination of antibiotics and implantation of vaccination, and overall improvement of medical technology. The development of vaccination has been highlighted as a striking achievement of the modern medical sciences with new technologies in many fields of medicine. Since 1876, the method for vaccination has opened its new era by Suk-Young Jee, known as the Jenner in Korea who wrote a book about smallpox vaccination, and it led an opportunity to propagate the needs for the vaccination in Korea. There was a time when pediatric wards were full of patients with parasitic diseases and many vaccine-preventable diseases such as diphtheria, pertussis, Japanese B encephalitis, and poliomyelitis in 1950s-1960s. We do not see those infectious diseases that often any more in recent years. However, we still have patients with water-borne diseases and other communicable diseases related to increasing international travels. We just experienced the first pandemic influenza of the 21st century in 2009 and avian influenza is still a threat to humans in other parts of the world with an unpredictable potential of pandemicity. In addition, we have tough battles with emerging antibiotic resistance in many strains of bacteria and increased opportunistic infections due to improvement of medical technology involving more aggressive treatment modality and use of medical devices. Researches in many areas are under way and we hope that some of them may be preventable and decreased with a development of new vaccines in the future.


id: cord-348218-wyy4rvqb
author: Ashwell, Douglas
date: 2020-07-09
txt: ./txt/cord-348218-wyy4rvqb.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-348218-wyy4rvqb.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.06.070
doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.06.070
summary:
  In a study of 208 newspaper articles occurring between 1993 and 1998, Leask and Chapman [24] found the Australian newsprint media reported vaccination with an emphasis frame on vaccine-preventable diseases and the issue of low immunisation rates. The medical/health profession dominated New Zealand stories, but political sources dominated the Australian media, largely due, it is suggested, to the January 2016 arrival of the No Jab -No Pay campaign, making vaccinations mandatory for families that receive certain government benefits. A partial possibility for this difference could be that a New Zealand sample was included in the current study, where a focus seemed to be more on medical information presented (regarding the vaccines), in contrast with the Australian media''s focus more on political information and community/social benefits.

title:
  When being positive might be negative: An analysis of Australian and New Zealand newspaper framing of vaccination post Australia''s No Jab No Pay legislation

abstract:
  Vaccination rates are an ongoing global concern. Many developing and developed countries have rates of vaccination below rates required for herd immunity, for differing reasons. One way in which to communicate information about vaccination to the wider public is via the use of the news media. Communication agenda-setting and framing theory generally hold that the news media sets the issues of importance to society and also tells us how we should think about those issues. Emphasis framing theory however, would suggest that positively-framed statements in the media may actually be viewed as persuasive in a coercing way, leading to resistance to the messages. Further, this theory claims that negative news media is viewed as more credible and therefore, more easily accepted. We were interested to explore the framing of news reports about vaccination and the potential effects this framing may have had on the wider public over the years 2016–2017 in both Australia and New Zealand (when changes in vaccination policy and publicity respectively were on the agenda). We undertook a content analysis of 197 articles and emphasis frame, type of message, and other variables recorded. In both Australia and New Zealand, the news media messages were predominately positively framed and yet the vaccination rates of New Zealand particularly (where no policy changes mandating vaccination took place) have been decreasing. We suggest the media emphasis on positive vaccination reporting may be having the opposite effect of engendering resistance to vaccination within those who are vaccine-hesitant.


id: cord-350497-qkykubnh
author: Bhugra, Priyanka
date: 2020-09-24
txt: ./txt/cord-350497-qkykubnh.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-350497-qkykubnh.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33123656/
doi: 10.1210/jendso/bvaa139
summary:
  In the current study, among a nationally representative sample of adults with DM, we report estimates of influenza vaccination, characterizing sociodemographic groups, both individually and in combination, who were at particularly high risk of lacking vaccination. To analyze the cumulative associations between these characteristics and influenza vaccination, we developed a composite model of increasing number of high-risk sociodemographic characteristics including the following 6 variables: (i) 18 to 39 years of age, (ii) non-Hispanic Black race/ethnicity, (iii) uninsured status, (iv) lack of usual source of care, (v) low-income level, and (vi) low education level (i.e., ≤high school). * High-risk sociodemographic characteristics include younger age, non-Hispanic Black race/ethnicity, lack of insurance coverage, no usual source of care, low-income, and lower level of completed education.

title:
  Prevalence of and Sociodemographic Disparities in Influenza Vaccination Among Adults With Diabetes in the United States

abstract:
  National estimates describing the overall prevalence of and disparities in influenza vaccination among patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) in United States are not well described. Therefore, we analyzed the prevalence of influenza vaccination among adults with DM, overall and by sociodemographic characteristics, using the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey database from 2008 to 2016. Associations between sociodemographic factors and lack of vaccination were examined using adjusted logistic regression. Among adults with DM, 36% lacked influenza vaccination. Independent predictors of lacking influenza vaccination included age 18 to 39 years (odds ratio [OR] 2.54; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.14-3.00), Black race/ethnicity (OR 1.29; 95% CI, 1.14-1.46), uninsured status (OR 1.88; 95% CI, 1.59-2.21), and no usual source of care (OR 1.61; 95% CI, 1.39-1.85). Nearly 64% individuals with ≥ 4 higher-risk sociodemographic characteristics lacked influenza vaccination (OR 3.50; 95% CI 2.79-4.39). One-third of adults with DM in the United States lack influenza vaccination, with younger age, Black race, and lower socioeconomic status serving as strong predictors. These findings highlight the continued need for focused public health interventions to increase vaccine coverage and utilization among disadvantaged communities.


id: cord-354818-yf5lvbs1
author: von Linstow, Marie-Louise
date: 2020-08-13
txt: ./txt/cord-354818-yf5lvbs1.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-354818-yf5lvbs1.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.08.010
doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.08.010
summary:
  After written informed consent, participants filled-in a hard copy of a structured questionnaire including 1) sociodemographic and professional characteristics (sex, age, number of children at home, profession, year of graduation, years in present job, work place (ward, outpatient clinic or both)), 2) Self-reported immunity status and vaccine uptake (history of infection or vaccination against the following VPDs: varicella, measles, mumps, rubella, pertussis and diphtheria, and history of influenza vaccination), 3) knowledge of side-effects to vaccines against the above mentioned diseases marked as ''''great knowledge", ''''little knowledge" or ''''no knowledge"), and 4) attitudes towards vaccination of HCWs in Denmark (registered as the answer ''''yes", ''''no" or ''''don''t know" to the question ''''Do you approve mandatory vaccination of HCWs" and ''''Do you approve vaccination as an offer to HCWs" for each of the investigated diseases) .

title:
  Self-reported immunity and opinions on vaccination of hospital personnel among paediatric healthcare workers in Denmark

abstract:
  BACKGROUND: Denmark has no general recommendations for vaccination of healthcare workers (HCWs). We explored the self-reported immunity to varicella, measles, mumps, and rubella, reasons for receiving the influenza vaccine or not, and opinions on vaccination of HCWs against varicella, MMR, pertussis, diphtheria, and influenza among staff from departments with a high risk of exposure to infectious agents. METHODS: From May 2019 to August 2019, a structured questionnaire was distributed to clinical and non-clinical HCWs at a tertiary and a general paediatric department in Denmark. Self-reported immunity was defined as either previous infection or vaccination against the disease. RESULTS: Of 619 employed HCWs, 555 (90%) were included. A large proportion were unsure of or denied previous vaccination or infection with measles (20.1%), mumps (30.2%), rubella (21.4%), varicella (12.1%), pertussis (44.1%), and diphtheria (32.1%). Non-clinical personnel and employees born in 1974–1983 had the lowest level of self-reported immunity. Mandatory vaccination of non-immune HCWs was approved by 54–68.9% of participants, and any kind of vaccination (mandatory or as an offer at hospitals) was approved of up to 95.3% of all participants depending on the disease. During the season 2018/19, 214 (38.6%) HCWs received the influenza vaccine, including 20.3% of non-clinical staff, 34.8% of nurses and 56.5% of doctors (P < 0.001). Reasons for lack of vaccine uptake were mainly employees considering themselves rarely sick, the vaccine was not regarded as necessary, forgetfulness or lack of time. Only 37.8% was in favour of mandatory influenza vaccination. CONCLUSIONS: A large proportion of paediatric HCWs were not aware of their immune status against important vaccine-preventable diseases. >90% supported vaccination of HCWs, with two out of three supporting mandatory MMR, pertussis and diphtheria vaccination. Better information and an official immunisation policy of non-immune HCWs in Denmark is warranted.


id: cord-355689-mo4mvwch
title: Role of vaccine efficacy in the vaccination behavior under myopic update rule on complex networks
author: Huang, Jiechen
date: 2019-09-06
txt: ./txt/cord-355689-mo4mvwch.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-355689-mo4mvwch.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S0960077919303662
doi: 10.1016/j.chaos.2019.109425
summary:
  The results indicate that healthy individuals are often willing to inoculate the vaccine under the myopic update rule, which can stop the infectious disease from being spread, in particular, it is found that the vaccine efficacy influences the fraction of vaccinated individuals much more than the relative cost of vaccination on the regular lattice, Meanwhile, vaccine efficacy is more sensitive on the heterogeneous scale-free network. On the one hand, they classify these models according to source and type of information that individuals base their neighbors on, in which source of information may be local or global and the type of information that individuals change their behaviors are prevalence-based or belief-based; On the other hand, they classify the previous works based on the impact of individual behavior changes on the disease dynamics, which include the following three aspects: (i) the disease state; (ii) model parameters (infection or recovering rate); and (iii) the network contact structure relevant for the spread of epidemics.

abstract:
  How to effectively prevent the diffusion of infectious disease has become an intriguing topic in the field of public hygienics. To be noted that, for the non-periodic infectious diseases, many people hope to obtain the vaccine of epidemics in time to be inoculated, rather than at the end of the epidemic. However, the vaccine may fail as a result of invalid storage, transportation and usage, and then vaccinated individuals may become re-susceptible and be infected again during the outbreak. To this end, we build a new framework that considers the imperfect vaccination during the one cycle of infectious disease within the spatially structured and heterogeneous population. Meanwhile, we propose a new vaccination update rule: myopic update rule, which is only based on one focal player’s own perception regarding the disease outbreak, and one susceptible individual makes a decision to adopt the vaccine just by comparing the perceived payoffs vaccination with the perceived ones of being infected. Extensive Monte-Carlo simulations are performed to demonstrate the imperfect vaccination behavior under the myopic update rule in the spatially structured and heterogeneous population. The results indicate that healthy individuals are often willing to inoculate the vaccine under the myopic update rule, which can stop the infectious disease from being spread, in particular, it is found that the vaccine efficacy influences the fraction of vaccinated individuals much more than the relative cost of vaccination on the regular lattice, Meanwhile, vaccine efficacy is more sensitive on the heterogeneous scale-free network. Current results are helpful to further analyze and model the choice of vaccination strategy during the disease outbreaks.


