cord-000244-wrru98zg	2010	title: A cross-sectional survey to evaluate knowledge, attitudes and practices (KAP) regarding seasonal influenza vaccination among European travellers to resource-limited destinations By performing two cross-sectional questionnaire surveys during winter 2009 and winter 2010 among European travellers to resource-limited destinations, we aimed to investigate knowledge, attitudes and practices (KAP) regarding seasonal influenza vaccination. CONCLUSIONS: Risk perception and vaccination coverage concerning seasonal and pandemic influenza was very poor among travellers to resource-limited destinations when compared to traditional at-risk groups. Questions included demographic data (gender, age, nationality, education, profession), travel-related characteristics (destination country, duration of stay, influenza risk perception, previous travel health advice, travel purpose, travel costs) and general attitudes and practices towards influenza vaccination (vaccination coverage, reasons to be vaccinated, reasons to refuse vaccination, motivations to consider vaccination with options for multiple answers except for the vaccination coverage). Risk perception and vaccination coverage regarding seasonal and pandemic influenza was very poor among European travellers to resource-limited destinations 
cord-000336-57es391o	2011	Greater perceived vaccine benefits (β = 0.15), less concerns regarding vaccine side-effects (β = −0.20), greater adherence to social norms of vaccination (β = 0.39), anticipated higher regret if not vaccinated (β = 0.47), perceived higher self-efficacy for vaccination (β = 0.12) and history of seasonal influenza vaccination (β = 0.12) were associated with higher intention to receive the pH1N1 vaccine, which in turn predicted self-reported vaccination uptake (β = 0.30). The model proposed that attitudes towards vaccination (perceived benefits of pH1N1 vaccination and concerns regarding possible adverse effects of pH1N1 vaccination), perceived social pressures from significant others and other people around regarding pH1N1 vaccination (social norms regarding pH1N1 vaccination), perceived self-efficacy in taking vaccination (perceived self-efficacy), anticipated regret for not taking the pH1N1 vaccination (anticipated regret) and seasonal influenza vaccination history would predict vaccination intention, which in turn predicts vaccination planning and future vaccination uptake; anticipated regret and perceived self-efficacy could also predict vaccination status directly; finally, vaccination planning was proposed to bridge the intention-behavior gap and predict vaccination status directly ( Figure 3 ).
cord-000724-lzhobnch	2011	The questionnaire collected the following data : (1) knowledge about seasonal influenza and vaccination (22 items requiring true, false or unsure responses) included five dimensions to assess general information, severity of influenza, influenza vaccination, high-risk groups and vaccination-recommended groups; (2) risk perception (12 items with a 4-point Likert scale) towards influenza and pandemic with three dimensions (i.e. personal vulnerability to illness, negative consequences of contracting influenza and severity of influenza) ; (3) health locus of control including internal, chance and powerful others dimensions assessed by the Multidimensional Health Locus of Control (MHLC) scales [28] (18 items) ; (4) vaccination behaviours (nine items) including vaccination status (whether respondents had been vaccinated in the previous season), vaccination intent (whether respondents intended to be vaccinated next season) and vaccination history (how many times respondents had been vaccinated in the last 5 years) ; (5) reasons for accepting or refusing vaccination using two open questions; and (6) demographic characteristics (10 items) including gender, age group, highest educational qualification, place of work, clinical speciality, year of qualification as a nurse and whether or not respondents had direct patient contact.
cord-002137-j5sfiyz8	2010	Nevertheless, these findings highlight that more needs to be done to understand barriers to vaccination in this group, to inform the development of appropriate strategies to increase vaccination coverage in primary health care staff, with a special focus on PNs. Influenza is a serious respiratory virus which costs the Australian healthcare system $115 million annually. Whilst there have been numerous Australian studies on influenza vaccine uptake amongst hospital and institutional HCWs 6, [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] and some studies on attitudes of primary care clinicians to influenza vaccination for their patients 14, 15 , there has been limited published studies to date on influenza vaccination coverage, barriers and enablers amongst primary health care staff in Australia. More recently, a national survey from the Australian General Practice Network (AGPN) 23 assessed influenza vaccination coverage in GPs and PNs in the same years as our study (2007 ⁄ 2008) with similar response rates (34% versus 36%).
cord-003828-bhfghcby	2019	In contrast to these case series, a case-control study (evidence class II) (48) including more than 440 patients with MS or optic neuritis and 950 controls without any underlying neuroimmunological disorder did not reveal an elevated risk for the development of MS or optic neuritis after immunization against hepatitis B, tetanus, influenza, measles/mumps/rubella, measles, or rubella (49) . While Hernan came to same results for immunization against influenza or tetanus in a case-control study (evidence class II), active immunization against hepatitis B was reported to pose a higher risk for MS (50) . A case-control study on vaccination against hepatitis B, influenza, polio, diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus, measles, mumps, rubella, Japanese encephalitis, meningitis, hepatitis A, varicella and rabies did not reveal an increased risk for the onset of ADEM in the time spans of 0-30 days and 61-180 days after vaccination, but between 31 and 60 days (78) .
cord-004073-k6ad4qgu	2019	However, Kabir & Tanimoto [54] claimed that an individual''s decision to take a vaccination after social learning (dynamical behaviour) also occurs on local time scales, so this strategy should be updated instantly. To model the social dual-dilemma as a two-stage game, the pre-emptive vaccination and ex post treatment are developed in the framework of SIR epidemic dynamics in a well-mixed population (figure 1). Based on a feedback loop between the resistance evolution and prescription norm, the game approach establishes a social learning dynamical process that somehow controls the optimum use of the antiviral treatment. Consequently, the treatment game is expressed by the following DC dynamics: Considering the defined payoff structure and the portion of individuals presented in table 2, the social average payoff π , expected value of vaccinators π C and expected value of nonvaccinators π D are, respectively, given by
cord-004203-mkr7n1i0	2008	What''s Private?: Policy Trade-offs and the Debate Over Mandatory Annual Influenza Vaccination for Health Care Workers In the debate over mandatory annual influenza vaccination for health care workers, for example, proponents as well as opponents of mandatory vaccination may convey arguments in security terms. Determining the place of mandatory influenza vaccination for health care workers thus demands reconciling policy trade-offs and clarifying the underlying disputes hidden in the language of the policy debate. The following commentary addresses the policy challenges represented in the language used by proponents and opponents of mandatory annual influenza vaccination for health care workers, in an attempt to shed light on this heated debate. In terms of language, proponents as well as opponents of mandatory vaccination may convey their arguments in security terms; proponents emphasize subclinical infections among workers and duty of care (public security) while opponents emphasize risk of adverse events (personal security/negative liberty).
cord-004638-ijncfuxi	2020	In this study, we use the data from a chronic disease management information system in Shanghai to estimate vaccination coverage and characterize predictors of seasonal influenza and 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPSV23) vaccination among people with chronic disease in Shanghai. The elderly and patients with chronic disease including diabetes, COPD and heart disease are recommended to be priority groups for pneumococcal and influenza vaccination by the World Health Organization (WHO) [15, 16] and by the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) [17] . In this study, we use the data from a chronic disease management information system in Shanghai to estimate vaccination coverage and characterize predictors of influenza and pneumococcal vaccination among people with chronic disease in Shanghai. In a large sample of individuals with chronic diseases residing in Shanghai, China, we found low pneumococcal vaccination coverage over a 4-year study period and even lower influenza vaccine coverage.
cord-006939-q5o3lrh2	2017	These approaches range from simple compartmental models based on differential equations (Alexander et Limited vaccine supplies as well as limited ancillary medical supplies are among the resources to be allocated in the case of influenza outbreak control. Allocating and scheduling limited number of resources for vaccination is a complex problem because: a) different subgroups may have different risk of infection and/or complications following it, b) epidemics of infectious diseases are nonlinear and dynamic, c) the time horizon impacts the scheduling decision, since short-term considerations may not yield the same results as long-term ones (Brandeau 2005) . For each possible vaccination initiation day, the solution (number of infective cases) yielded by the heuristic algorithm is compared to the baseline scenario, (no vaccination) and the maximum resources scenario (constant number of allocated mobile medical teams to each district by using population drivers as seen in Table 5 ).
cord-009947-0zz4x8li	2007	There is little doubt that in most developed countries the major infectious diseases of dogs and cats are considered at best uncommon in the pet population, but there do remain geographical pockets of infection and sporadic outbreaks of disease occur, and the situation regarding feral or shelter populations is distinctly different to that in owned pet animals. The following VGG guidelines are prepared when considering the optimum model of a committed pet owner, willing and able to bring their animal to the veterinarian, for the full recommended course of vaccination. In situations where, for example, a decision must be made that an individual pet may have to receive only a single core vaccination during its lifetime, the VGG would emphasise that this should optimally be given at a time when that animal is most capable of responding immunologically, i.e. at the age of 16 weeks or greater.
cord-010266-elhgew3x	1998	An example of the implications of these changes may be seen in the area of vaccines and vaccination which evinces the pressing need to review traditional ethical positions to take the maximum advantage of the potential for animal and human benefit inherent in this prophylactic approach to healthcare. Such an ethical problem is thrown up by the willingness of our communities to spend billions of dollars to provide therapeutic and prophylactic agents to control the spread and effects of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), while the disease would be eliminated were people to engage in safe, condom-protected, intercourse in their pre-or extramarital sexual relationships where the prospective partners had not been thoroughly tested for the presence of serum antibodies to the virus. Were we to have an effective orally deliverable contraceptive vaccine'' (pregnancy results from the infection of the female by a male spermatozoan) then ethical considerations will be required to determine the way in which such a powerful tool for population control might be used.
cord-010736-mc17142t	2018	The resulting strategy is the outcome of the evolutionary dynamics (see below) given the previous incidence, α, infection probability, β, recovery cost, T , the cost of the vaccine, c, and its failure rate, γ , or equivalently, its effectiveness (1 − γ ). The corresponding vaccine coverage-given by the fraction of vaccinated agents y eq -is used as the input of a new SIR spreading process, having the same β and T . In Fig. 3 , we display the vaccination coverage, y eq (panel a), and the fraction of recovered agents, R ∞ (panel b), as a function of the previous season incidence α, and the probability of infection β in the case of a perfect vaccine (γ = 0). The difference between theory and the simulation for the vaccine coverage, y, and fraction of infected agents, R ∞ , is plotted in Figs.
cord-011245-nkr0998x	2020	title: Immune thrombocytopenic purpura risk by live, inactivated and simultaneous vaccinations among Japanese adults, children and infants: a matched case–control study This case–control study investigated immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) risk following live, inactivated, and simultaneous vaccination, with a focus on infants aged < 2 years. We matched case patients with ITP to one or two control patients with other diseases by institution, hospital visit timing, sex, and age. These limited data suggest no significant ITP risk following vaccinations or simultaneous vaccination in any age group, including infants. In this case-control study, we aimed to determine the ITP risk after live, inactivated and simultaneous vaccination in Japan. To measure this exposure, participating physicians who treated case (ITP) and control (other diseases) patients completed questionnaires covering retrospective information on vaccination history and other characteristics. Participating physicians matched controls with case patients by the institution, timing of hospital visit (within a 1-month difference), sex and age.
cord-018497-oy7hsrpt	2005	The share of health-care expenditures in the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of most industrialised countries has increased from 3%-5% in the early sixties to 7%-11% in 2001 (from 5% to 14% in the USA) [1] This rise has been attributed to medical advances (increasing the number and technological complexity of medical interventions), population aging, sociological changes (more, but smaller families and less familial support for the elderly) and insufficient productivity increases in the services sector. Because of the very long time spans over which benefits accrue, the analysis of most vaccination programs is very sensitive to discounting (of costs as well as health effects). It seems clear, though, that the smallpox eradication program and the establishment of the EPI have generated enormous benefits, not only by directly protecting against important vaccine-preventable diseases, but also by providing opportunities for health education and infrastructure in developing countries [30] .
cord-018792-oqwbmyft	2007	Usually, the strategy for the management of clinical cases of poxviruses includes the early detection of cases, rapid laboratory diagnosis, an assessment of the risk of further spread and containment measures. The strategy for the management of clinical cases of poxviruses (occurring sporadically or in outbreaks) usually includes the early detection of cases, rapid laboratory diagnosis, an assessment of the risk of further spread and containment measures. In addition to the national and international notifications based on given case definitions, certain measures are necessary to allow an initial risk assessment of the epidemic development. In addition to the national and international notifications based on given case definitions, certain measures are necessary to allow an initial risk assessment of the epidemic development. Various models have been developed to assist in identifying the best use of the available vaccines (e.g., [5] [6] [7] [8] ), as well as other control measures like case isolation and contact tracing or combinations thereof [9, 10] .
cord-029774-j3pyadqi	2020	BACKGROUND: Immunization with various vaccines is considered desirable for children with idiopathic nephrotic syndrome (NS) because of their high risk of severe infections. We report a retrospective cohort study of children with NS who received inactivated subunit-antigen flu vaccination in our hospital, with a focus on relapses of NS related to flu vaccinations. In 49 children with PSL, the difference in the relapse rate in each post-vaccination period was not significantly different compared with the relapse rate in the pre-vaccination period from days -180 to 0 (data not shown). In our retrospective cohort study, we showed that inactivated subunit-antigen flu vaccination caused a slight, but nonsignificant increase in the risk of NS relapse (1.2 to 1.3-1.5 times in one person within a year) in children. In the present study, the relative risk of NS relapses was not significantly increased in the post-flu vaccination period compared with the pre-vaccination period.
cord-257489-ruf4rzxm	2007	The most common reason for vaccination for both whole population and high risk groups was to prevent both influenza and common cold, while the most common reason for non-vaccination was the thought that he/she was healthy enough not to be in need for vaccination. 13 Korea shows relatively high influenza vaccine distribution rate, however, exact vaccination coverage among total population or priority group have not yet been studied. The coverage rates for influenza vaccination were 34.3%, 61.3%, 79.7%, and 54.9% among total adult population, high risk group, persons aged !65 years and persons with comorbid conditions, respectively (Table 1) . The most common reasons for vaccination were not different in high risk group, however, ''have interest in vaccination because of bad health status'' showed higher rank (18.4%) than the total population.
cord-258366-fu9b446y	2012	At Hospital das Clinicas, University of Sã o Paulo School of Medical Sciences, a previous study showed a 34% compliance with influenza vaccination among HCWs. In the mentioned study, the main reasons for non-compliance were the perception of vaccine inefficacy and the fear of adverse reactions [4] . To diminish the arguments of fear of adverse events or perception of vaccine inefficacy, this prospective study was conducted to demonstrate to a subset of HCWs from our hospital, that severe adverse events following influenza vaccination are rare and the episodes of respiratory symptoms occurring in the first four months after vaccination are generally caused by other respiratory viruses and not by influenza virus. As expected, no severe adverse event was observed in the present study, and the events more frequently reported, such as headache, myalgia and malaise could be related to influenza vaccine itself as well as to other causes, given their unspecificity.
cord-258626-p469ysi8	2014	Criteria for assigning vaccines into these categories, and a third category, "generally not recommended," are based on: (1) morbidity and mortality associated with the specific disease (does the organism cause serious illness or does it cause a mild, transient disease that may pose only minimal risk to the individual or population?); (2) the prevalence and/or incidence rate of the disease (although a specific disease may not commonly be seen, the organism is ubiquitous in the environment and therefore poses risk to the individual or population); (3) the risk of the individual for exposure to the disease (indoor-only animal vs free-roaming individual, regional variations of occurrence); (4) the efficacy of the vaccine (does the vaccine prevent infection or simply ameliorate some signs or length of disease?); (5) the risks associated with administering the vaccine (are the risks associated with that vaccine greater than the risk of the disease?); (6) the potential for zoonotic disease; (7) the route of infection or transmissibility. 9, 13 The current recommendation is to use the CAV-II modified live virus product, as it stimulates the immune system to protect against both CAV-I and CAV-II, without the associated adverse reaction caused by the type I vaccine.
cord-264522-u61m4x9l	2016	In the 2008–2009 influenza season, Flushing Hospital Medical Center (FHMC; New York) adopted a "push/pull" point-of-dispensing (POD) vaccination model that was derived from emergency preparedness planning for mass vaccination and/or prophylaxis to respond to an infectious disease outbreak, whether occurring naturally or due to bioterrorism. In the 2008-2009 influenza season, Flushing Hospital Medi cal Center (FHMC; New York) adopted a "push/pull" point-ofdispensing (POD) vaccination model that was derived from emergency preparedness planning for mass vaccination and/or prophylaxis to respond to an infectious disease outbreak, whether occurring naturally or due to bioterrorism. Conclusions: This model provides a novel approach for institutions to improve their HCW influenza vaccination rates within a limited period through exercising emergency preparedness plans for infectious disease outbreaks. Conclusions: This model provides a novel approach for institutions to improve their HCW influenza vaccination rates within a limited period through exercising emergency preparedness plans for infectious disease outbreaks.
cord-265472-b1s4stvz	2015	In conclusion, there are several case reports of autoimmune diseases following vaccines, however, due to the limited number of cases, the different classifications of symptoms and the long latency period of the diseases, every attempt for an epidemiological study has so far failed to deliver a connection. We can infer that a similar response may be associated with different safety in relation to the development of autoimmune reactions to vaccines, particularly in the patients with genetic predisposition to an enhanced response to vaccine inoculation [85] . HSP was associated with seasonal influenza, influenza A (H1N1), pneumococcal and meningococcal disease, hepatitis A virus (HAV), HBV, anti-human papilloma virus (HPV) vaccines, and following multiple combinations of vaccines, such as typhoid, cholera and yellow fever [139, [171] [172] [173] . Hepatitis B vaccination and undifferentiated connective tissue disease: another brick in the wall of the autoimmune/inflammatory syndrome induced by adjuvants (Asia)
cord-269402-xzgfwu8a	2017	MAIN FINDINGS AND CONCLUSION: A mandatory vaccination backed by criminal sanctions in the service of the eradication of contagious diseases would probably be perceived as infringing on the constitutional right to autonomy to a greater extent than necessary according to Israeli law and case law precedents. Justice Barak-Erez did not positively hold that depriving the additional child allowance from families with an unvaccinated child represents a violation of the right to equality, but agreed with Justice Arbel that the law''s amendment complied with the stipulations provided in the Limitation Clause: The amendment has a proper purpose (to protect unvaccinated children and promote public health); there is high probability that a financial sanction would be effective and promote vaccination compliance; and the intervention is both minimally infringing and proportionate since it has been balanced by the parents'' right to opposition and appeal [28] .
cord-272512-gevrlcvy	2009	Mucosal immunity Vaccination Mannheimia haemolytica Cattle A B S T R A C T Recognition of the mucosal portal of entry for many infectious diseases and of the relevance of mucosal immune response to protection has encouraged the development of vaccines administered by mucosal routes, principally oral and intranasal, for stimulation of intestinal and nasopharyngeal lymphoid tissues respectively. An increase in anti-leukotoxin (Lkt) IgA was demonstrated in nasal secretions of calves following feeding of alfalfa expressing a truncated Lkt50 from Mannheimia haemolytica, and there is evidence suggesting that such vaccination may protect against experimentally induced pneumonia. An increase in anti-leukotoxin (Lkt) IgA was demonstrated in nasal secretions of calves following feeding of alfalfa expressing a truncated Lkt50 from Mannheimia haemolytica, and there is evidence suggesting that such vaccination may protect against experimentally induced pneumonia.
cord-274052-rjud75iz	2006	Abstract A yearly revaccination of adult pets against distemper, the adenoviral and parvoviral diseases is scientifically unwarranted, professionally obsolete and ethically questionable; other vaccinal antigens, however, may need yearly or even more frequent injections. From the immunologist''s viewpoint, the veterinary profession should weigh the perceived risks of side effects due to overvaccination together with vaccination failures against the true risks of a decreased herd immunity with the re-emergence of epidemics as a consequence. Finally, duration of immunity (DOI) experiments in dogs have now proven beyond reasonable doubt that 3 years protection is achieved against challenge with distemper, adenovirus-1 and parvovirus (Gore et al., 2005) . Post-vaccinal serology, however, is not new to companion animal medicine: evidence of antibodies to rabies virus decides whether a dog may travel. Three-year duration of immunity in dogs following vaccination against canine adenovirus type-1, canine parvovirus, and canine distemper virus
cord-275033-y9z9l0ji	2020	For example, surveillance and studies of childhood infectious diseases provide the basis of morbidity and mortality data used to make J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f Immunization was selected as an example for examination of epidemiology in informing public health policy and practice because childhood immunization is one of the ten greatest public health achievements in the United States--it saves lives and is cost-effective. Since public health authorities across the United States have needed to urgently implement non-pharmaceutical public health disease containment measures (e.g., shelter-in-place, postponements of noncritical health care visits), early epidemiological studies are already documenting a dramatic decline in ordering and administration of childhood vaccines, VFC clinic capacity to vaccinate children, and immunization coverage rates for VPDs.
cord-275538-c44gmu22	2006	The current recommendation is to use the CAV-II MLV because it stimulates the immune system to protect against CAV-I and CAV-II without the associated adverse reaction caused by the type I vaccine [4, 14, 20] . There is a killed vaccine available; however, vaccination against this agent is typically not recommended, because most animals are not at risk to contract the parasite, the vaccine does not prevent infection (it may ameliorate clinical signs and decrease cyst shedding), and the disease is readily amenable to therapy (fenbendazole, albendazole, and metronidazole are off-label uses but commonly accepted as standard of care). Because the vaccine does not fully prevent infection and carries an association with adverse events that may be greater than the actual disease, routine vaccination of household pets with this product is generally not recommended.
cord-276363-m8di6dpt	2008	Despite this knowledge and ongoing efforts by policy-makers, physicians and other healthcare providers, influenza vaccination rates in the five European countries surveyed remain limited, with the additional effect that manufacturing capacity may be too low for producing a sufficient amount of an appropriate monovalent vaccine when a pandemic occurs. Published literature evaluating vaccination coverage rates in Europe shows that importance placed on influenza vaccination varies greatly between countries. This survey is an ongoing assessment of influenza coverage rates in France, Great Britain, Italy, Spain, and Germany. The impact of chronic illness on the vaccination rate was significantly lower after multivariate adjustment, mainly due to taking into account the effect of age (Germany OR: 2AE3, 95% CI: 2AE0; 2AE6, Italy OR: 5AE0, 95% CI: 4AE2; 6AE0, France OR: 3AE4, 95% CI: 2AE7; 4AE2 and Spain OR: 3AE3, 95% CI: 2AE8; 4AE0).
cord-279026-s3yx62u6	2020	Adverse events associated with vaccination that might compromise the health of an animal are usually rare, mild, and transient. Traditionally, adverse events resulting from vaccine administration have been reported by veterinarians to manufacturers or government agencies. It has, however, proved possible by examining the electronic medical records of a very large small animal general practice, to determine the prevalence of vaccine-associated adverse events in over a million dogs. The use of a standardized reporting system within a very large population has permitted objective analysis of the prevalence of adverse events occurring within three days of vaccine administration. Out of 1,226,159 dogs receiving 3,439,576 vaccine doses, 4678 adverse events were recorded (38.2/10,000 dogs); 72.8% of these events occurred on the same day the vaccine was administered, 31.7% were considered to be allergic reactions, 1.7% were classified as anaphylaxis, and 65.8% were considered "vaccine reactions" and were likely caused by innate immune responses.
cord-282280-5pggpbrq	2020	The following concepts are used: (1) predisposing factors, including baseline characteristics of studied populations; (2) information factors, including information retrieved via media, social contacts and HCW; (3) awareness, of the infectious agent being present or a vaccine being available; (4) knowledge (either examined or self-evaluated), about the consequences of the infection, or about the efficacy and duration of protection of vaccination; (5a) perceived risk of the infection, which is divided into perceived severity of the disease and perceived susceptibility to get infected; (5b) perceived risk of vaccination, including vaccine-specific considerations such as fear of side-effects and trust in the effectiveness of the vaccine; (6) attitude, defined as a person''s disposition to respond favourably or unfavourably to vaccinations [14] , often reflected by a person''s general believes about vaccinations; (7) social influence, which can be social norms imposed by family, friends or religion, but also recommendations from a healthcare professional or tour guide; (8) self-efficacy, defined as beliefs in one''s own capacity to perform certain behaviour [15] ; (9) intention to behaviour, expressed by people before they perform the behaviour; (10) barriers and facilitators, that withhold individuals from or enable them to certain behaviour, such as time, costs, or accessibility.
cord-283277-zmna5ovl	2017	From a self-administered questionnaire survey among inpatient nurses at a tertiary hospital, we observed that the strongest factors associated with intention for future vaccination were perceived benefits of and motivations for vaccination (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 3.30; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.55-4.27), and perceived nonsusceptibility to influenza and preference for vaccination alternatives (aOR, 0.26; 95% CI, 0.20-0.34). Principal component analysis revealed 8 latent factors on influenza vaccine, including (1) perceived benefits of and motivations for influenza vaccination, (2) global threat of emerging infectious diseases, (3) effectiveness of hospital''s influenza vaccination promotional efforts, (4) personal nonsusceptibility to influenza and preference for alternatives to influenza vaccination, (5) local threat of emerging infectious diseases, (6) reinforcement and cues to action, (7) fear of adverse effects, and (8) accessibility. The strongest determinants for future influenza vaccination intention among inpatient nurses were perceived benefits of and motivation for vaccination, awareness of easy access to vaccination at the occupational health clinic, and knowledge that the vaccine was free-of-charge.
cord-284554-3kod0oah	2007	Summary Providing protective immunity to neonatal animals in early life is associated with numerous challenges regarding vaccine safety and efficacy. A much simpler approach is maternal vaccination, either before or during pregnancy, to provide the neonate with passively transferred immunity. Although only passively transferred antibodies have been extensively studied, other immunological mechanisms may be equally important in providing maternally derived immunity. An alternative strategy to provide early life protection against infectious disease is maternal vaccination. By contrast, active maternal vaccination of various animal species has been practiced for a long time and provides a good level of safety and protection against some pathogens. Many other examples of maternal vaccination of animals exist, for example the vaccination of sows has been widely used in the ¢eld to protect piglets and pigs from neonatal colibacillosis, necrotizing diarrhoea, erysipelas, atrophic rhinitis, swine in£uenza and Aujesky''s disease.
cord-285306-leu2hygk	2020	Finally, we also analysed the peak Z score reflecting increases in total mortality from historical averages reported by EuroMOMO (Euromomo.eu), Results: Following adjustment for the effects of population size, median age, population density, the proportion of population living in an urban setting, life-expectancy, the elderly dependency ratio (or proportion over 65 years), net migration, days from day 1 to lockdown and case-fatality rate, only BCG vaccination score remained significantly associated with Covid-19 mortality at day 30. Following adjustment for the effects of population size, median age, population density, the proportion of population living in an urban setting, life-expectancy, the elderly dependency ratio (or proportion over 65 years), net migration, days from day 1 to lockdown and case-fatality rate, BCG vaccination score remained significantly associated with Covid 19 mortality at day 30.
cord-285760-y37ji92k	2020	Although a rise in IgG titer may also not occur in vaccinated individuals (87, 137) , numerous studies have documented a rapid, variable increase in mumps-specific IgG levels, with neutralization antibody concentrations present up to 10 months post-infection (130, 138, 139) . Potential waning immunity has been documented in the current mumps outbreaks seen in Europe and the USA, mostly affecting young adults within highly vaccinated populations attending tertiary education who have received two doses of the MMR vaccine in early childhood (40, 110, 126, 144, 145, (175) (176) (177) (178) (179) (180) (181) . Although MuV can be clinically asymptomatic in about 15-30% of those who become infected, the vaccine against mumps confers protection in a dose response manner; unvaccinated individuals saw an attack rate of Based on the reduction seen upon the introduction of a mumps vaccine, it has been proposed that MMR vaccination also prevents the transmission of the virus.
cord-287067-rrsgl377	2008	2 The individual perception of risks of disease and risks of adverse events drives the demand Panel: Why many vaccines require a diff erent approach • Primary prevention in healthy people, but with possibility of adverse events • Unvaccinated or poorly vaccinated people may experience benefi cial or, more rarely, detrimental impact from herd immunity • Many vaccines prevent short-lived illness in very young children, causing extra family care and work loss, for which evaluation methods lack credibility and acceptability • The cost-eff ectiveness of many vaccines is highly sensitive to the choice of discount method • Some infections are eradicable • Some emerging infections (eg, SARS, pandemic infl uenza) would have a major macroeconomic impact that goes beyond lost productivity of sick people SARS=severe acute respiratory syndrome.
cord-288933-q3b0r5ig	2020	Background: To introduce and evaluate a university vaccination training program, preparing final year Bachelor of Pharmacy (BPharm) and Master of Pharmacy (MPharm) students to administer vaccinations to children and adults in community pharmacy and offsite (mobile and outreach) settings. Since then, regulations across all Australian states and territories have been modified to allow appropriately trained pharmacists to administer vaccinations to adults and more recently children aged 10 and over [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] . The vaccination training program developed by the authors and evaluated in this paper, used the learning outcomes for the National Immunization Education Framework for Health Professionals [14] . This framework was designed to facilitate the development of nationally consistent, quality education programs for Australian Health Professionals, who are not medical practitioners, who want to be recognized as competent to administer vaccinations within their scope of practice. The training, co delivered by pharmacists, pharmacy and nursing academics (all authorized immunizers), focused on teaching the knowledge and skills to administer vaccinations to adults.
cord-290133-4ou7ubb4	2004	The last recorded death due to smallpox, according to World Health Organization investigators, was likely associated with virus that had been transmitted by aerosol [16] . Such observations-along with the long incubation period of smallpox (mean, 12-14 days; range, 7-21 days)suggest that there would be adequate time to vaccinate the public and prevent a more widespread outbreak. Nonetheless, these masks, if distributed to the public, could prove to be critical for the control of a smallpox epidemic that was overwhelming our health care system, and they might also prove to be effective in limiting contagion of smaller viruses, such as influenza virus (either natural virus, as in 1918, or engineered virus [61] ). Because of the possibility of an attack involving bioengineered smallpox virus that is resistant to the current vaccine, methisazone should be reexamined, and research should be continued on other antiviral agents.
cord-294789-07hto8qn	2020	Members of the working group-listed as authors on this paper-included national figures in public health and social science with research, policy, and practice expertise in vaccinology, vaccine hesitancy/confidence, health disparities, infectious disease, bioethics, epidemiology, bioinformatics, public health law, pandemic mitigation, public health preparedness, mass vaccination campaigns, community engagement, and crisis and emergency risk communication. A combination of literature reviews on vaccination, pandemic planning, and health crisis communication; an assessment of current news and social media trends regarding COVID-19 vaccines; and key informant interviews with each working group member focusing on their respective expertise formed the basis of the research presented in this article. To ensure a successful COVID-19 vaccination campaign, it is necessary for sponsors to invest in time-critical investigations on human factors related to vaccine acceptance, and for public health authorities and other stakeholders to act on the social and behavioral findings of this research.
cord-298668-ry49o0xj	2020	A prospective, non-randomized, open label study compared responses to an inactivated influenza vaccine in 86 relapsing MS patients taking interferon beta-1a 44 mcg three times weekly and 77 untreated relapsing MS patients. A prospective observational study evaluated the effects of the inactivated influenza vaccine in 26 patients taking a variety of beta-interferon preparations, comparing anti-influenza IgM and IgG titers to those in 33 HC at multiple time-points post-vaccination. A prospective, multicenter, non-randomized study evaluated influenza vaccine responses in patients treated with a variety of DMTs. 25 Patients taking beta-interferons showed a significantly greater proportional vaccine response as measured by HI titer than other DMT groups taking glatiramer acetate, fingolimod, and natalizumab. The same group of investigators performed a prospective study of responses to the seasonal influenza vaccination in 2012/2013 in 90 MS patients on four different immunomodulatory therapies and 62 HC at baseline and 3, 6, and 12 months post-immunization.
cord-299475-p6cc98xa	2010	Nurses registered as members of the Hong Kong Nurses General Union, the Nurses Branch, and the Enrolled Nurses Branch of the Hong Kong Chinese Civil Servants Association were invited to participate in a self-administered anonymous questionnaire survey on infection control practices relating to influenza prevention that has been conducted every 1-2 years since 2006. The factors associated with a declining H1N1 vaccination rate might well be similar to those for seasonal influenza vaccination, because many nurses considered the 2 diseases to be of similar severity. In our study, .60% of the nurses had received seasonal influenza vaccination in the previous year; however, the estimated vaccination rate for the coming flu season had dropped to 37.5%, though some 20% of the respondents were undecided at the time of the survey.
cord-300900-0wfsr4iw	2020	Trends in influenza and pneumococcal vaccine coverage in Thai patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus 2010-2018: Experience from a tertiary diabetes center in Bangkok BACKGROUND: Routine vaccination is an important part of preventive services in treating patients with type 2 diabetes (T2DM). METHOD: A retrospective study of randomly medical records stratified by 13 diabetologists was conducted in patients with T2DM from 2010-2018 at Theptarin Hospital, a private multi-disciplinary diabetes center in Bangkok. A retrospective study of randomly medical records stratified by 13 diabetologists was conducted in patients with T2DM from 2010-2018 at Theptarin Hospital, a private multi-disciplinary diabetes center in Bangkok. Patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) are a key target of routine annual influenza vaccination and periodically pneumococcal vaccination as epidemiologic studies suggested that these patients are at high risk for complications, hospitalization, and death from influenza and pneumococcal disease [2] .
cord-302200-9gekjgr0	2020	Previous reviews have established a narrative of evidence that suggests a broad range of factors (vaccine cost, accessibility, maternal knowledge, social influences, context, healthcare professional (HCP) recommendation and the perception of risks and benefits) all contribute to vaccine uptake. Thus, we performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of qualitative and quantitative literature to provide comprehensive evidence on the magnitude of effect that factors influence maternal vaccination decisions globally with the aim to inform policy makers, public health strategists and researchers involved in designing vaccine interventions to increase uptake. For seasonal influenza, the data is inconclusive since women who believed that the disease could be harmful to their pregnancy or baby had four-times greater odds of being vaccinated than those who did not (OR 3.70, 95% CI 1.37-9.94) yet there was no evidence to suggest belief in the risk of the disease generally (OR 1.56, 95% CI 0.88-2.76) or its ability to result in hospitalisation (OR 0.57, 95% CI 0.22-1.45) were related to vaccine uptake.
cord-307325-cgkhip5j	1995	In order to determine the effects of multiple vaccination schedules on the immune system of racing greyhounds, three litters of greyhound pups raised in laboratory conditions were divided into two groups and subjected to either a maximum or a minimum vaccination schedule. Although antibody titers varied over time, no significant difference was detected between the maximum and minimum vaccination groups in the antibody response to CPV and CDV vaccination. At 10 and 14 weeks of age the minimum vaccination groups had a significantly higher percentage of lymphocytes expressing surface IgM than the maximum vaccination groups (P-values 0.02 and 0.01 respectively) ( Fig. 5 and Table 5 ). The significant treatment by time interaction observed in IgM expressing cells indicated that the minimum vaccination groups had a significantly higher percentage of peripheral blood lymphocytes expressing surface IgM at 10 and 14 weeks of age compared to the maximum vaccination groups (Fig 5) .
cord-309268-sig0h723	2015	title: Factors associated with uptake of influenza vaccine in people aged 50 to 64 years in Hong Kong: a case–control study This study investigates the factors associated with the uptake of influenza vaccination among adults in Hong Kong aged 50–64 years. This study aimed to find out which factors were associated with the low uptake of influenza vaccination among people aged 50-64 years in Hong Kong. The hypothesis of this study was there were differences in associated factors (variables) between those Hong Kong residents aged 50-64 years who received the influenza vaccine in 2011/12 and 2012/13, and those who did not. The majority of the cases (80.8 %) and controls (93.9 %) were not aware that they were in a group recommended by the health authority to receive influenza vaccination.
cord-309587-xc4jaw31	2010	We conclude that (1) rabies substantially affects public and animal health sectors, hence regional and national priorities for control ought to be higher, (2) for practical purposes domestic dogs are the sole maintenance hosts and main source of infection for humans throughout most of Africa and Asia and sufficient levels of vaccination coverage in domestic dog populations should lead to elimination of canine rabies in most areas, (3) the vast majority of domestic dog populations across sub-Saharan Africa are accessible for vaccination with community sensitization being of paramount importance for the success of these programs, (4) improved local capacity in rabies surveillance and diagnostics will help evaluate the impact of control and elimination efforts, and (5) sustainable resources for effective dog vaccination campaigns are likely to be available through the development of intersectoral financing schemes involving both medical and veterinary sectors.
cord-319226-yvgvyif0	2020	This paper makes the case for immediate planning for a COVID-19 vaccination uptake strategy in advance of vaccine availability for two reasons: first, the need to build a consensus about the order in which groups of the population will get access to the vaccine; second, to reduce any fear and concerns that exist in relation to vaccination and to create demand for vaccines. The paper explores key issues that relevant organizations must address and summarizes best practices that should be addressed when developing behavioral influence strategies to promote the uptake of COVID-19 vaccines effectively, efficiently, and ethically as they become available. Governments and their public health agencies need to develop a dialogue and joint strategy with social media platform providers to review and action against anti-vaccination misinformation and vaccine hesitancy promotion. Public health authorities need to build a proactive COVID-19 vaccine trust capacity for active engagement in the social media space as part of their overall promotional strategy [56] .
cord-321993-uazc3lyg	2018	A simplified version is that diffuse or small host populations cannot sustain an acutely infectious agent, meaning one in which infection is followed by clearance and long-term immunity. So, in addition to the endless parade of cold viruses that circulate among us, we acquired a great many deadly infectious agents, such as those that cause diphtheria, influenza, measles, meningitis, mumps, plague, rubella, smallpox, typhus, whooping cough, and others. Smallpox eradication was our first and thus far only complete victory over a human disease-causing agent, made possible by universal, global vaccination, and intensive surveillance. Vaccination effectively reduces the number and density of the disease-susceptible people, making acutely infectious agents unsustainable in the population. The risk of disease for any individual is thus most importantly dependent on the collective immunity of the population, especially those most susceptible to infection, usually the youngest children and oldest adults.
cord-326673-p8qbxi57	1995	This maternally-derived antibody (MDA) provides immediate protection against infection with FMD virus, but also interferes with the development of active immunity following vaccination. However, this maternally derived antibody (MDA) is equally effective in preventing the response to active vaccination in the young animal as it is in providing protection against disease. In the case of FMD vaccination in pigs, Francis and Black (1986) concluded that the complete immunological unresponsiveness seen in the first 2 weeks of life was due to immaturity of the immune system and antigen blockade by high titre MDA, and as this titre declined an active suppression of T and/or B cells occurred to variable degrees. Francis and Black (1984) found no evidence in the pig that vaccination in the presence of MDA depressed the specific antibody to FMD virus. The effect of maternally derived antibodies on the response of calves to vaccination against foot-and-mouth disease
cord-343183-5jlnw6e0	2020	In Brazil, administrative data indicate the impact of the covid-19 pandemic on this downward trend, which was already an important challenge of the National Immunization Program in recent years. In 2020, due to the pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19), face-to-face attendance in health services dropped dramatically in many countries; this included child vaccination, given the measures of social distancing to mitigate viral transmission [21] [22] [23] [24] [25] [26] [27] . The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that at least 80 million children will be susceptible to immunopreventable diseases such as measles, diphtheria and polio because of the decrease in vaccination coverage during the covid-19 pandemic 29 . The pandemic of the new coronavirus has challenged health systems around the world in providing essential services, including immunization programs, as routine vaccination and mass vaccination campaigns could contribute to the spread of covid-19 32 .
cord-343347-guciupc8	2015	Consequently, this work tried to put together the major achievements through history stressing the importance, continuous vital role, and the need for immunization for health prevention and protection as well as its impact on human experience. A few years later, word of his success circulated among the public, and Jenner wrote "An Inquiry into the Causes and Effects of the Variolae Vaccinae, a Disease Discovered in some of the Western Counties of England, particularly Gloucestershire and Known by the Name of CowPox, " after adding several cases to his initial achievement with the boy Phipps. Takahashi was able to make this remarkable advance at a time when very few viruses had been attenuated to produce efficacious live-virus vaccines including yellow fever, polio, measles, mumps, and rubella as previously mentioned. As a result of these successful trials, the live varicella virus vaccine (Varivax) was licensed in 1995 for the active immunization of persons 12 months of age and older (51) .
cord-343896-c40fry35	2020	The goal of this study was to evaluate the ability of a live attenuated viral vaccine to stimulate innate immunity in the olfactory organ of rainbow trout, a teleost fish of commercial aquaculture value. The goal of this study is to compare the effects of three different vaccine delivery routes, including intranasal (IN), intramuscular (i.m.) injection and immersion (imm) routes on the trout nasal innate immune response. In this study, we compared three vaccination routes (intranasal (IN), intramuscular injection (i.m.) and immersion (imm) on trout nasal innate immune responses using a live attenuated IHNV vaccine and found strong and quick immune responses in the olfactory organ IN-vaccinated group. In this study, we vaccinated rainbow trout with live attenuated IHNV or PBS by different delivery routes (Figure 1a -d) and then investigated changes in expression of 13 immune-related genes at 1, 4 and 7 dpv in trout NALT by qPCR.
cord-345659-br5qk5xb	2012	The systematic national disease management system was urgently needed after the SARS epidemic, in order to protect life and property from the new and reemergence infectious diseases, the Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention which was integrated with a unified inspection and quarantine work and research capabilities by expanding and reorganizing the National Institutes of Health in January 17, 2004 [12] . Fourteen infectious diseases are belong to the national immunization program which includes tuberculosis, hepatitis B, diphtheria/tetanus/pertussis, measles/mumps/rubella, poliomyelitis, varicella, Japanese encephalitis, influenza, typhoid, and hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome for routine vaccination according to Communicable Diseases Preventive Measures, Enforcement [11] . The Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention developed computerized and standardized vaccination registration and management program for the management of the personal vaccination records from 2002 to 2009 [12] . As of the year 2000, public health authorities in Korea presented computerized vaccination registration and policies for infectious disease-i.e., the fight against tuberculosis, prevention of Vertical Transmission of Hepatitis B program, measles elimination, and influenza management-and continued to maintain it since then.
cord-348218-wyy4rvqb	2020	In a study of 208 newspaper articles occurring between 1993 and 1998, Leask and Chapman [24] found the Australian newsprint media reported vaccination with an emphasis frame on vaccine-preventable diseases and the issue of low immunisation rates. The medical/health profession dominated New Zealand stories, but political sources dominated the Australian media, largely due, it is suggested, to the January 2016 arrival of the No Jab -No Pay campaign, making vaccinations mandatory for families that receive certain government benefits. A partial possibility for this difference could be that a New Zealand sample was included in the current study, where a focus seemed to be more on medical information presented (regarding the vaccines), in contrast with the Australian media''s focus more on political information and community/social benefits.
cord-350497-qkykubnh	2020	In the current study, among a nationally representative sample of adults with DM, we report estimates of influenza vaccination, characterizing sociodemographic groups, both individually and in combination, who were at particularly high risk of lacking vaccination. To analyze the cumulative associations between these characteristics and influenza vaccination, we developed a composite model of increasing number of high-risk sociodemographic characteristics including the following 6 variables: (i) 18 to 39 years of age, (ii) non-Hispanic Black race/ethnicity, (iii) uninsured status, (iv) lack of usual source of care, (v) low-income level, and (vi) low education level (i.e., ≤high school). * High-risk sociodemographic characteristics include younger age, non-Hispanic Black race/ethnicity, lack of insurance coverage, no usual source of care, low-income, and lower level of completed education.
cord-354818-yf5lvbs1	2020	After written informed consent, participants filled-in a hard copy of a structured questionnaire including 1) sociodemographic and professional characteristics (sex, age, number of children at home, profession, year of graduation, years in present job, work place (ward, outpatient clinic or both)), 2) Self-reported immunity status and vaccine uptake (history of infection or vaccination against the following VPDs: varicella, measles, mumps, rubella, pertussis and diphtheria, and history of influenza vaccination), 3) knowledge of side-effects to vaccines against the above mentioned diseases marked as ''''great knowledge", ''''little knowledge" or ''''no knowledge"), and 4) attitudes towards vaccination of HCWs in Denmark (registered as the answer ''''yes", ''''no" or ''''don''t know" to the question ''''Do you approve mandatory vaccination of HCWs" and ''''Do you approve vaccination as an offer to HCWs" for each of the investigated diseases) .
cord-355689-mo4mvwch	2019	The results indicate that healthy individuals are often willing to inoculate the vaccine under the myopic update rule, which can stop the infectious disease from being spread, in particular, it is found that the vaccine efficacy influences the fraction of vaccinated individuals much more than the relative cost of vaccination on the regular lattice, Meanwhile, vaccine efficacy is more sensitive on the heterogeneous scale-free network. On the one hand, they classify these models according to source and type of information that individuals base their neighbors on, in which source of information may be local or global and the type of information that individuals change their behaviors are prevalence-based or belief-based; On the other hand, they classify the previous works based on the impact of individual behavior changes on the disease dynamics, which include the following three aspects: (i) the disease state; (ii) model parameters (infection or recovering rate); and (iii) the network contact structure relevant for the spread of epidemics.