Summary of your 'study carrel' ============================== This is a summary of your Distant Reader 'study carrel'. The Distant Reader harvested & cached your content into a collection/corpus. It then applied sets of natural language processing and text mining against the collection. The results of this process was reduced to a database file -- a 'study carrel'. The study carrel can then be queried, thus bringing light specific characteristics for your collection. These characteristics can help you summarize the collection as well as enumerate things you might want to investigate more closely. This report is a terse narrative report, and when processing is complete you will be linked to a more complete narrative report. Eric Lease Morgan Number of items in the collection; 'How big is my corpus?' ---------------------------------------------------------- 115 Average length of all items measured in words; "More or less, how big is each item?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 19468 Average readability score of all items (0 = difficult; 100 = easy) ------------------------------------------------------------------ 5 Top 50 statistically significant keywords; "What is my collection about?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 115 USA 16 cell 11 RNA 10 figure 10 China 9 dna 9 SARS 9 COVID-19 8 patient 8 Fig 7 virus 7 study 7 University 7 PCR 5 result 5 protein 5 infection 5 covid-19 5 Medical 5 HIV 4 disease 4 country 4 chinese 4 Research 4 Institute 4 Europe 4 ELISA 4 Center 4 CNS 3 system 3 social 3 response 3 research 3 method 3 die 3 conclusion 3 chapter 3 School 3 National 3 NIH 3 Medicine 3 Kong 3 Japan 3 January 3 Italy 3 Hospital 3 Hong 3 Health 3 HCV 3 Department Top 50 lemmatized nouns; "What is discussed?" --------------------------------------------- 12027 cell 8704 % 7176 patient 5647 study 5322 virus 4604 protein 4205 result 3577 ev 3556 expression 3221 mouse 3213 analysis 3190 level 3067 disease 3010 infection 2935 effect 2928 method 2899 influenza 2873 response 2748 gene 2687 datum 2678 control 2660 group 2657 time 2635 treatment 2567 activity 2333 system 2233 sample 2199 day 2183 health 2183 case 2114 model 2103 number 1907 role 1885 age 1879 year 1879 change 1875 neuron 1857 antibody 1823 country 1760 type 1699 function 1585 rate 1578 receptor 1556 factor 1548 p 1520 population 1509 conclusion 1438 tissue 1424 culture 1424 assay Top 50 proper nouns; "What are the names of persons or places?" -------------------------------------------------------------- 3069 USA 2308 ⁄ 2072 Japan 1823 CF 1738 University 1729 . 1350 CFTR 1189 China 1107 C 1094 al 1092 RNA 908 et 890 PCR 816 Department 785 H1N1 774 M 753 EV 688 A 650 US 635 Institute 621 SARS 617 Health 599 Tokyo 599 Fig 578 Univ 571 T 568 Summary 485 National 485 HA 483 Research 477 RT 472 Medical 468 School 463 COVID-19 459 S 446 Center 441 Medicine 436 H5N1 436 B 425 CIDP 420 ELISA 395 mg 392 mRNA 390 II 390 HIV 383 NA 380 Science 380 GBS 378 New 377 UK Top 50 personal pronouns nouns; "To whom are things referred?" ------------------------------------------------------------- 9063 we 3311 it 1156 they 926 i 472 them 261 he 194 us 149 she 99 itself 87 you 75 one 54 themselves 17 me 14 him 9 ourselves 9 her 7 iicas 6 yourself 5 il-4rα 5 igg4 4 imagej 3 pbp 3 nr-818 3 mrs 3 mrnas 3 igfbp2 3 i- 3 himself 3 bl21-codonplus(de3)-ripl 2 ncs-4 2 herself 2 he16 2 ecovs 1 ␤ 1 ™ 1 α−1 1 α1-pdx 1 und 1 uhfus 1 t202 1 sevs 1 or=0.12 1 nsp(+)-evs 1 n=9 1 myself 1 microev 1 its 1 itg2a+ 1 it-003 1 iquum Top 50 lemmatized verbs; "What do things do?" --------------------------------------------- 65616 be 10878 have 7481 use 4194 show 3199 increase 2584 include 2569 compare 2392 suggest 2056 associate 2025 do 2010 induce 1975 identify 1963 follow 1863 find 1720 base 1677 develop 1655 determine 1646 perform 1636 report 1572 observe 1485 express 1464 reduce 1435 demonstrate 1411 provide 1403 treat 1216 measure 1192 cause 1189 detect 1170 indicate 1147 derive 1123 relate 1119 isolate 1110 contain 1080 assess 1078 result 1075 investigate 1067 examine 1064 obtain 1032 evaluate 998 lead 996 require 993 reveal 992 involve 973 decrease 970 know 942 test 930 confirm 909 affect 903 describe 902 collect Top 50 lemmatized adjectives and adverbs; "How are things described?" --------------------------------------------------------------------- 5318 not 5044 - 3552 high 3423 also 2568 human 2504 other 2439 more 2069 well 2041 low 2029 however 2006 such 2000 different 1799 specific 1755 clinical 1723 significantly 1683 significant 1680 only 1631 first 1604 most 1461 non 1393 viral 1318 new 1284 anti 1271 further 1252 early 1241 as 1192 large 1127 small 1114 important 1089 then 1054 positive 1053 respectively 1045 normal 1043 similar 998 present 996 total 977 respiratory 929 many 911 previously 897 primary 890 fetal 884 single 863 severe 856 inflammatory 841 long 834 several 803 extracellular 799 immune 791 social 790 same Top 50 lemmatized superlative adjectives; "How are things described to the extreme?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 474 most 310 high 269 least 187 good 179 large 159 Most 71 low 50 great 27 big 25 strong 23 bad 21 early 17 long 15 ⁄ 15 late 12 small 12 close 12 busy 7 fast 6 simple 6 poor 5 short 4 young 4 slight 4 old 4 common 3 wealthy 3 weak 3 slow 3 easy 2 ® 2 pure 2 preS1 2 new 2 near 2 full 2 fit 2 deep 2 deadly 2 cfDNA 2 -β 1 wet 1 thin 1 thick 1 steep 1 soft 1 smart 1 sick 1 nonsevere 1 mild Top 50 lemmatized superlative adverbs; "How do things do to the extreme?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 1130 most 210 least 17 well 7 highest 4 hard 3 fast 1 worst 1 near 1 lowest 1 long 1 cfdna 1 -r Top 50 Internet domains; "What Webbed places are alluded to in this corpus?" ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 28 doi.org 6 pubs.acs.org 4 www.mdpi.com 3 www 3 orcid.org 2 www.who.int 2 www.gov.uk 2 www.genomedetective.com 2 sysbio.cvm.msstate.edu 2 metascape.org 2 dx.doi.org 2 dataverse.harvard.edu 2 creativecommons.org 2 creat 2 booksite.elsevier.com 1 wwwnc.cdc 1 www.ukev.org.uk 1 www.thingiverse 1 www.stat.gov.tw 1 www.r-project.org 1 www.publicdemocracy 1 www.plosone.org 1 www.normativasanitaria.it 1 www.netflixprize.com 1 www.jstatsoft.org 1 www.information.dk 1 www.gov.mo 1 www.google.com 1 www.gisaid.org 1 www.genome.jp 1 www.geneontology.org 1 www.geneious.com 1 www.gatesfoundation.org 1 www.frontiersin.org 1 www.flu.mn 1 www.flu.iss.it 1 www.euroflu.org 1 www.cites.org 1 www.census.gov 1 www.cdtdb.brain.riken.jp 1 www.a 1 sysbio.cvm 1 ssrn.com 1 ourworldindata.org 1 nybloodcenter.org 1 insaflu.insa.pt 1 hcc.unl.edu 1 github.com 1 erikgahner.dk 1 dsi-studio.labsolver.org Top 50 URLs; "What is hyperlinked from this corpus?" ---------------------------------------------------- 7 http://doi.org/10.1101/2020.04.29.20084483 6 http://doi.org/10.1101/2020.11.03.20225268 5 http://pubs.acs.org/journal/acsodf 4 http://doi.org/10.1101/2020.03.25.20043380 3 http://www 2 http://www.genomedetective.com/app/typingtool/virus/ 2 http://sysbio.cvm.msstate.edu/IPMiner 2 http://metascape.org 2 http://doi.org/10 2 http://dataverse.harvard.edu/ 2 http://creat 2 http://booksite.elsevier.com/9780124157668 1 http://wwwnc.cdc 1 http://www.who.int/csr/disease/avian_influenza/ 1 http://www.who.int 1 http://www.ukev.org.uk/public-engagementmaterials/ 1 http://www.thingiverse 1 http://www.stat.gov.tw/ 1 http://www.r-project.org/ 1 http://www.publicdemocracy 1 http://www.plosone.org/ 1 http://www.normativasanitaria.it 1 http://www.netflixprize.com/ 1 http://www.mdpi.com/2414-6366/4/3/99/s1 1 http://www.mdpi.com/2073-4409/8/9/986/s1 1 http://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/12/8/817/s1 1 http://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/12/6/679/s1 1 http://www.jstatsoft.org/v08/i21/paper 1 http://www.information.dk/udland/2019/12/new-data-reveals-serious-problems-with-the-eus-officialpublic-opinion-polls 1 http://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attach-ment_data/file/127106/121109-NHS-Outcomes-Framework-2013-14.pdf 1 http://www.gov.uk/government/organisations/department-of-health/about#our-priorities 1 http://www.gov.mo 1 http://www.google.com/covid19/ 1 http://www.gisaid.org 1 http://www.genome.jp/kegg/ 1 http://www.geneontology.org/ 1 http://www.geneious.com 1 http://www.gatesfoundation.org/What-We-Do/Global-Growth-andopportunity/Water-Sanitation-and-Hygiene/Reinvent-the-Toilet-Challenge 1 http://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg 1 http://www.flu.mn/eng/index.php?option=com_ 1 http://www.flu.iss.it 1 http://www.euroflu.org 1 http://www.cites.org/eng/re 1 http://www.census.gov/data-tools/demo/idb/region.php?T=10&RT=0&A=both&Y=2019&C=US&R= 1 http://www.cdtdb.brain.riken.jp 1 http://www.a 1 http://sysbio.cvm 1 http://ssrn.com/ 1 http://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsomega.0c03206 1 http://ourworldindata.org/coronavirus Top 50 email addresses; "Who are you gonna call?" ------------------------------------------------- 1 yhathout@binghamton.edu 1 vikram.misra@usask.ca 1 resen023@umn.edu 1 cancer@nature.com 1 amy.patick@pfizer.com Top 50 positive assertions; "What sentences are in the shape of noun-verb-noun?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 42 cells were then 26 levels were significantly 13 expression was significantly 13 levels were not 12 cells were also 12 treatment did not 10 cells were pre 10 patients did not 10 studies are necessary 9 data are consistent 9 levels were higher 9 mice did not 8 cells was significantly 8 expression was not 8 group were significantly 8 levels did not 8 results are consistent 8 samples were then 8 studies are underway 8 study did not 7 cell derived evs 7 cells has not 7 cells were cultured 7 cells were further 7 genes were significantly 7 levels were also 7 results were consistent 6 % were female 6 activity was also 6 cells are more 6 cells did not 6 data did not 6 effect was not 6 proteins were significantly 6 virus was not 5 % were male 5 activity was significantly 5 analysis did not 5 cells are not 5 cells was also 5 cells were not 5 cells were significantly 5 data are available 5 evs were also 5 evs were then 5 expression was also 5 expression was higher 5 genes were not 5 level was not 5 mice were then Top 50 negative assertions; "What sentences are in the shape of noun-verb-no|not-noun?" --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 3 data were not normally 3 levels were not different 2 analysis showed no significant 2 expression was not significantly 2 genes were not statistically 2 level was not different 2 patients is not entirely 2 system is not well 2 treatment did not significantly 1 % having no acute 1 % were not aware 1 % were not sure 1 activity is not co 1 activity is not essential 1 activity is not yet 1 activity was not different 1 activity was not due 1 analysis are not universally 1 analysis showed no amino 1 analysis shows no significant 1 cells are not central 1 cells are not critical 1 cells are not fully 1 cells has not so 1 cells is not fully 1 cells showed no difference 1 cells were not distinguishable 1 cells were not significantly 1 control is not sufficient 1 controls including no cells 1 data are not available 1 data were not available 1 days had no effect 1 disease does not significantly 1 disease is not fully 1 disease is not well 1 diseases have not yet 1 diseases were not reactive 1 effect are not fully 1 effect was not due 1 effect was not significant 1 effects are not further 1 evs does not significantly 1 evs expressing no detectable 1 evs was not significantly 1 evs were not positive 1 expression did not significantly 1 expression is not limited 1 gene is not solely 1 gene is not variable A rudimentary bibliography -------------------------- id = cord-272497-ww9o1kjr author = Al-Anzi, Bader S. title = An Overview of the World Current and Future Assessment of Novel COVID-19 Trajectory, Impact, and Potential Preventive Strategies at Healthcare Settings date = 2020-09-25 keywords = Group; USA; covid-19 summary = The current study aims to assess the trajectory of the recent pandemic due to the COVID-19 outbreak utilizing a new splitting methodology of the selected countries into two groups and developing regression-based and SIR-based statistical models and tools that depict the actual recorded data of COVID-19. Figure 1 was generated to show the recorded daily total infected cases of the world over a certain timeframe (22 January 2020 until present), which shows that the COVID-19 disease started to increase slowly until about 11 March and then accelerated at a faster speed afterwards. Figure 1 was generated to show the recorded daily total infected cases of the world over a certain timeframe (22 January 2020 until present), which shows that the COVID-19 disease started to increase slowly until about 11 March and then accelerated at a faster speed afterwards. doi = 10.3390/ijerph17197016 id = cord-034191-qqb2knmo author = Alayi, Tchilabalo D. title = Tandem Mass Tag-Based Serum Proteome Profiling for Biomarker Discovery in Young Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy Boys date = 2020-10-06 keywords = DMD; Duchenne; TMT; USA; figure; protein; serum summary = In this study, we sought to optimize and standardize a serum processing workflow in combination with tandem mass tag (TMT) multiplexing strategy to systematically survey the serum proteome of young untreated DMD boys and agematched healthy controls and identify biomarkers associated in the early stages of the disease. Serum samples from 4 year-old glucocorticoid naive DMD patients (n = 9) and age-matched healthy controls (n = 9) were processed for proteome profiling using our standardized multiplexing TMT-based mass spectrometry method described above. As expected, a large number of identified biomarkers (50%) that were found to be elevated in sera of these young DMD boys relative to the healthy controls were of muscle origin based on Gene Ontology molecular function annotations ( Figure S2 ) and information collected using Mass Spectrometry Data Analysis tools. doi = 10.1021/acsomega.0c03206 id = cord-262169-5x2oop1g author = Alola, Andrew Adewale title = The nCOVID-19 and financial stress in the USA: health is wealth date = 2020-10-08 keywords = COVID-19; USA; financial summary = By employing the empirical Markov switching regression approach and the compliments of cointegration techniques, the study establishes a two-state (stable and distressing) financial stress situation resulting from the effects of COVID-19 daily deaths, COVID-19 daily recovery, and the USA'' economic policy uncertainty. Giving that only a sparse study such as Nicola et al (2020) has explored the economic aspects of COVID-19, the novelty of the current study is expected to close the existing gap in the literature through the following approaches: (i) the examining of the impact of daily deaths from COVID-19, daily recoveries from COVID-19, and economic uncertainty on financial stress, (ii) illustrating with empirical evidence of the states of financial stress with the regime switching approach of Markov-Switch regression technique, and (iii) the use of daily frequency and quite up-to-date data spanning the period 25 February 2020-30 March 2020. doi = 10.1007/s10668-020-01029-w id = cord-328865-ekgqdjlk author = Anand, Shuchi title = Prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in a large nationwide sample of patients on dialysis in the USA: a cross-sectional study date = 2020-09-25 keywords = SARS; USA; hispanic; population summary = METHODS: For this cross-sectional study, in partnership with a central laboratory that receives samples from approximately 1300 dialysis facilities across the USA, we tested the remainder plasma of 28 503 randomly selected adult patients receiving dialysis in July, 2020, using a spike protein receptor binding domain total antibody chemiluminescence assay (100% sensitivity, 99·8% specificity). 12 Testing remainder plasma from monthly samples obtained for routine care of patients on dialysis for SARS-CoV-2 antibodies therefore represents a practical approach to a population-representative surveillance strat egy, 13 informing risks faced by a susceptible population while ensuring representation from racial and ethnic minorities. In our analysis of seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein receptor binding antibodies from a nationwide representative sample of patients receiving dialysis, we find that despite the USA contemporaneously leading the world in the numbers of diagnosed cases, overall, fewer than 10% of US adults had evidence of seroconversion in July, 2020. doi = 10.1016/s0140-6736(20)32009-2 id = cord-282466-r2sjv9ih author = Antas, Marta title = Current Status of Porcine Epidemic Diarrhoea (PED) in European Pigs date = 2019-10-24 keywords = PEDV; USA; porcine summary = Porcine epidemic diarrhoea (PED) is a highly contagious and devastating enteric disease of pigs caused by porcine epidemic diarrhoea virus (PEDV), an enveloped, single-stranded RNA virus belonging to the Alphacoronavirus genus of the Coronaviridae family. Heavy economic losses in the pig-farming industry were sustained in the USA between 2013 and 2015 when PEDV spread very quickly and resulted in epidemics. The purpose of this review is a description of the current status of porcine epidemic diarrhoea in European pigs and the risk presented by the introduction of PEDV to Poland in comparison to the epidemics in the USA. Pathogenesis comparison between the United States porcine epidemic diarrhoea virus prototype and S-INDEL-variant strains in conventional neonatal piglets Isolation and characterization of porcine epidemic diarrhea viruses associated with the 2013 disease outbreak among swine in the United States Characterizing the rapid spread of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) through an animal food manufacturing facility doi = 10.2478/jvetres-2019-0064 id = cord-345430-yowyy5nr author = Balzano, Francesca title = Behavioral Changes in Stem-Cell Potency by HepG2-Exhausted Medium date = 2020-08-12 keywords = GAPDH; USA; cell; figure summary = Moreover, we observed a downregulation of DNMT1, and a simultaneous overexpression of Oct-4 and c-Myc. These findings suggest that WJ-MSCs are more likely to retain a stem phenotype and sometimes to switch to a highly undifferentiable proliferative-like behavior if treated with medium exhausted by human HepG2 cell lines. Here, we investigated the relative expression levels of the c-Myc, Oct-4, DNMT1, NANOG, SIRT1, p53, SOX2, GAPDH, p21waf1, p19, p16, and TERT genes in WJ-MSCs before and after treatment with HepG2-exhausted medium. Our results showed a path in which WJ-MSCs exposed to medium exhausted by HepG2 cells exhibited an increase in the expression levels of c-Myc, SIRT1, and GAPDH, and a simultaneous decrease in p53 and p21 gene expression ( Figure 2 ). Here, we highlight that p21 downregulation in treated WJ-MSCs (as compared to untreated controls) is related to an increase in cell proliferation, further implied by the greater expression of the stemness gene c-Myc, able itself to inhibit p21 [62, 63] . doi = 10.3390/cells9081890 id = cord-275787-5s442sy2 author = Banerjee, Arinjay title = Generation and Characterization of Eptesicus fuscus (Big brown bat) kidney cell lines immortalized using the Myotis polyomavirus large T-antigen date = 2016-09-14 keywords = PCR; PED; USA; cell summary = title: Generation and Characterization of Eptesicus fuscus (Big brown bat) kidney cell lines immortalized using the Myotis polyomavirus large T-antigen Here we describe a method to establish and immortalize big brown bat (Eptesicus fuscus) kidney (Efk3) cells using the Myotis polyomavirus T-antigen. Cell clones expressed interferon beta in response to poly(I:C) stimulation and supported the replication of four different viruses, namely, vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV), porcine epidemic diarrhea coronavirus (PED-CoV), Middle-East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) and herpes simplex virus (HSV). The parental cell line and clones were capable of expressing IFN beta and supported the replication of viruses such as vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV; family Rhabdoviridae, genus Vesiculovirus), herpes simplex virus (HSV; family Herpesviridae, subfamily Alphaherpesvirinae, genus Herpesvirus), PED-CoV and MERS-CoV. Bat kidney cells were immortalized by using ViaFect (Promega, USA) to transfect cells with either 2.5 g of pcDNA3 (Invitrogen, USA) empty vector or plasmids expressing either SV40 large T-antigen (SV40Tag) or Myotis polyomavirus large T-antigen (MyPVTag). doi = 10.1016/j.jviromet.2016.09.008 id = cord-260618-k0y0fz7k author = Belli, Simone title = Coronavirus mapping in scientific publications: When science advances rapidly and collectively, is access to this knowledge open to society? date = 2020-07-01 keywords = China; SARS; USA summary = Our main objectives are to identify the most productive countries in coronavirus publications, to analyse the international scientific collaboration on this topic, and to study the proportion and typology of open accessibility to these publications. (2004) , and collected 256 articles indexed in the Science Citation Index (SCI) in the period March-July 2003, analyzing traditional indicators (authorship, collaboration, journals, language, document type, organization, times cited, etc.). We offer a general search in all databases available at Web of Science (WoS) platform and a deeper bibliometric analysis of recent coronavirus scientific publications indexed in its Core Collection. For the 2001-2020 period (Table 1) , the value of the TLS in proportion to the number of documents provided is especially low in countries such as Japan, South Korea, Taiwan or Brazil, with 0.46, 0.35, 0.28 and 0.38 links per document and 35.87%, 25.81%, 19.89% and 31.79% of documents resulted from international collaboration respectively. doi = 10.1007/s11192-020-03590-7 id = cord-317583-jhulvfev author = Blanchflower, David G. title = Is happiness U-shaped everywhere? Age and subjective well-being in 145 countries date = 2020-09-09 keywords = USA; age; country; life; shape summary = Blanchflower and Oswald (2008a) find a U-shape for 39 developing countries in World Values Survey sweeps 1-4 4 that averages out at a minimum around age 43 when including control variables. I then turn to examining data for the UK and 36 European countries and find there is evidence of a U-shape whether controls are included or not, with very little difference in the age minima. Blanchflower and Graham examined the same data Ingelhardt used and estimated a series of happiness equations and found there were U-shapes in age with controls in all the countries and variables Ingelhardt examined. Fourteen of those countries have significant and well-defined U-shapes in age and they are not available in any of the other data files, so in Table 14 we report results for these developing countries using the Q1 question above for Cantril''s life satisfaction ladder measure. doi = 10.1007/s00148-020-00797-z id = cord-273557-t7t8qqkl author = Boumans, Dorine title = Expected effects of the US tax reform on other countries: global and local survey evidence date = 2020-08-11 keywords = TCJA; USA; german; tax summary = Against this background, this paper gathers survey evidence to shed light on the reform''s potential international effects on investment, trade and tax revenues. As Germany is among the world''s most export intensive economies (Statista 2020) and among the largest providers of US inbound FDI (Jackson 2017) , information on German firm responses is instructive for assessing the tax reform''s international effects. Our global survey results suggest a negative impact on tax revenues and investment in countries with close economic ties to the USA. The first ifo business survey (Panel A) focuses on the impact of the US tax reform on the tax burden of German firms, on their investment choices and on trade with the USA. These unique data sources offer the possibility to analyze the expected impact of the US tax reform on German businesses and to contrast these findings with other countries based on economic expert knowledge. doi = 10.1007/s10797-020-09618-1 id = cord-292231-vxaqizkj author = Bouquet, Jerome title = Microbial burden and viral exacerbations in a longitudinal multicenter COPD cohort date = 2020-03-30 keywords = COPD; Fig; USA; exacerbation summary = We performed nucleic acid detection for 20 respiratory viruses and 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing to evaluate the bacterial microbiota in 1179 sputum samples collected at stable, acute exacerbation and follow-up visits. The odds ratio of an acute exacerbation event and frequent exacerbations (≥2 events/ year) was calculated for demographic and clinical data, viral infections and abundance of certain bacterial taxa in the lung microbiota (Fig. 3 ). Microbiota variability in seemingly stable disease state were associated with higher exacerbation frequency and frequent viral infections (Fig. 4b) . Samples with high relative abundance of Streptococcus/Rothia (biotype 2) were found in greater proportion in USA patients, which was associated with longer history of COPD and less frequent detection of viruses at stable visits (Fig. 6a) . Streptococcus and Haemophilus were found in a majority of USA samples, and associated with longer COPD duration, higher exacerbation frequency, antibiotics and corticosteroid use, but did not significantly correlate with higher viral infections (Fig. 6b) . doi = 10.1186/s12931-020-01340-0 id = cord-318282-ocgfgx9r author = Boyce, John M title = Meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus date = 2005-10-31 keywords = MRSA; Staphylococcus; USA; hospital; infection; patient summary = Measures recommended by the Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America for controlling health-care-associated MRSA include the use of screening cultures to detect colonised patients, placing patients in private rooms or cohorting patients, wearing gloves for room entry, gowns for substantial contact with patients or their environment, and hand hygiene before and after patient contact. Further studies are necessary to establish the relative efficacy of control measures such as screening cultures, cohort nursing, increased staffing levels, and improved hand hygiene adherence rates in controlling transmission of MRSA in health-care facilities. Revised guidelines for the control of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections in hospitals Comparison of community-and health care-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infection Epidemiology of emerging methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in Denmark: a nationwide study in a country with low prevalence of MRSA infection Effectiveness of a hospitalwide selective screening programme for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) carriers at hospital admission to prevent hospital-acquired MRSA infections doi = 10.1016/s1473-3099(05)70243-7 id = cord-033974-0rzi7x22 author = Boyd, Rhea W title = In the 2020 US election, we can choose a just future date = 2020-10-19 keywords = USA; covid-19 summary = In terms of health, the current US administration has intentionally lied about the grave risks of COVID-19, failed to implement a coherent national pandemic strategy, hamstrung and underfunded public health agencies, initiated the process to withdraw the USA from WHO, reversed and weakened health regulations, attacked abortion and contraception access, eroded transgender health protections, and aired racist, anti-Asian, antiscience views. 11 The age-adjusted COVID-19 mortality rate among Black and Indigenous communities and people of colour in the USA is up to three times higher than among non-Hispanic white populations. 12 Latinx and Black children account for an astounding 74% of COVID-19 deaths among people aged 21 years and younger in the USA. 14 And every untimely death has occurred within the nation that spends more money on health care than any other country in the world. Deaths involving coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) by race and Hispanic origin and age, by state doi = 10.1016/s0140-6736(20)32140-1 id = cord-033146-2v1kuq50 author = Boylan, Brandon M. title = US–China Relations: Nationalism, the Trade War, and COVID-19 date = 2020-10-04 keywords = China; President; Trump; USA; chinese; economic; trade summary = However, in an effort to thwart China''s economic practices and boost the US economy, President Trump''s administration levied tariffs on Chinese imports shortly after taking office, moving US foreign economic policy from liberalism, practiced for decades, to protectionism. In the USA, the Trump administration''s plan to achieve energy autonomy, decrease reliance on foreign resources, and reinvigorate the manufacturing sector has led to protectionist policies, the othering of China, and hence the trade war. However, the Chinese state media employed a moderate approach in covering the trade conflict, criticizing the Trump administration for its protectionist policies instead of blaming the USA as a whole for economic aggression (Zeng and Sparks 2020) . Although the Trump administration initiated the trade war, China has retaliated with tit-for-tat measures and exerted a great deal of power to protect its economic and political interests and its burgeoning leadership role in global affairs. doi = 10.1007/s40647-020-00302-6 id = cord-256888-tdx12ccj author = Bradley, Benjamin T title = Histopathology and ultrastructural findings of fatal COVID-19 infections in Washington State: a case series date = 2020-07-16 keywords = COVID-19; CoV-2; SARS; USA; patient summary = To date, documentation of the histopathological features in fatal cases of the disease caused by SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) has been scarce due to sparse autopsy performance and incomplete organ sampling. 8 Post-mortem studies have shown pulmonary, renal, and small vessel injury, with particles resembling virus observed in the kidney by electron microscopy. By electron microscopy, aggregates of uniform, round enveloped particles ranging in size from around 70 nm to 100 nm with peripheral spike-like projections consistent with the morphology described for SARS-CoV-2 were observed in the lung, trachea, kidney, and large intestine of patient 8 and patient 13. [9] [10] [11] [12] We present a case series of autopsy findings in 14 patients who died after SARS-CoV-2 infection. The major histopathological observation in our series of patients who died with COVID-19 was diffuse alveolar damage-type lung injury in the acute or organising phases (12 [86%] of 14 patients). doi = 10.1016/s0140-6736(20)31305-2 id = cord-028341-93e30n3n author = Bünte, Claudia title = China und die Wirtschaft: Der Riese erwacht nicht, er ist längst auf der Überholspur date = 2020-06-26 keywords = China; Jahren; USA; Welt; Westen; den; der; die; und; von summary = Es liefert Zahlen zu den finanziellen Mitteln im eigenen Land, zur globalen Unterstützung von KI-Startups (hier ist China global führend) und bringt Beispiele für die unbürokratische Unterstützung der Behörden, sobald ein Thema im Fokus der chinesischen Planung steht. Es liefert Zahlen zu den finanziellen Mitteln im eigenen Land, zur globalen Unterstützung von KI-Startups (hier ist China global führend) und bringt Beispiele für die unbürokratische Unterstützung der Behörden, sobald ein Thema im Fokus der chinesischen Planung steht. Uns mag nicht alles gefallen, was wir sehen, angefangen von fehlender Mitbestimmung der Bürger * innen am politischen Geschehen über den aus westlicher Sicht mangelnden Datenschutz bis hin zu einem unguten Gefühl in westlichen Wirtschaftskreisen, die eigenen Innovationen, einmal in China auf den Markt gebracht, würden nicht mehr so geschützt, wie man es von einem europäischen Patentschutz erwarten könnte. doi = 10.1007/978-3-658-29795-4_2 id = cord-026579-k3w8h961 author = Carr, Paul R. title = Shooting Yourself First in the Foot, then in the Head: Normative Democracy Is Suffocating, and then the Coronavirus Came to Light date = 2020-06-10 keywords = Carr; Thésée; USA; democracy; medium; political; social summary = I highlight three points related to democracy in this text, formulating the following central arguments: 1) Social media and, consequently, citizen engagement are becoming a significant filter that can potentially re-imagine the political, economic, and social worlds (outside of and beyond normative democracy), which increasingly bleed over to how we might develop and engage with ''democracy'' (Garrett 2019) ; to this end, the advent of ''fake news'' is a worthy subject to explore here because a functioning democracy, to a certain degree, is dependent on media/political literacy, critical engagement/participation, and the capacity to communicate, analyze, and disseminate nuanced perspectives, ideas, and information; I introduce a brief case study on the nefarious interpretation of the killing of Jamal Khashoggi in 2018 (BBC News 2019) to underscore the tension points in normative democracy; 2) Capitalism, or neoliberalism, needs to be more fully exposed, interrogated, and confronted if ''normative, representative, hegemonic, electoral democracy'' is to be re-considered, re-imagined, and re-invented (Lydon 2017) ; the perpetuation of social inequalities lays bare the frailty of normative democratic institutions; 3) Covid-19 has exposed the fault lines and fissures of normative democracy, illustrating here the ''common sense'' ways that power imbalances are sustained, which leaves little room for social solidarity (Human Rights Watch 2020); I present here a small case study of the economic and labor dynamic in Quebec during the coronavirus. doi = 10.1007/s42438-020-00142-3 id = cord-012909-o6t2srim author = Chaudhari, Jayeshbhai title = Host Transcriptional Response to Persistent Infection with a Live-Attenuated Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus Strain date = 2020-07-28 keywords = IFN; ILN; PRRSV; RNA; USA; figure summary = doi = 10.3390/v12080817 id = cord-273199-xmq502gm author = Cherednik, I. title = A surprising formula for the spread of Covid-19 under aggressive management date = 2020-05-02 keywords = USA; number summary = We propose an algebraic-type formula that describes with high accuracy the spread of Covid-19 pandemic under aggressive management for the periods of the intensive growth of the total number of infections. Anyway a sociological approach to the spread, which "explains" under some assumptions the power growth of the number of total cases, is quite natural in our work, because the active managements of epidemics is clearly of sociological nature, applicable only to humans. . https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.04.29.20084483 doi: medRxiv preprint An important outcome of our modeling is that the measures of "hard type", like detecting and isolating infected people and closing the places where the spread is almost inevitable, are the key for ending an epidemic. The predictions are of course based on the assumption that the intensity of hard measures continues to be proportional to the total number of detected infections to date, as it was clearly the case for the red dots. doi = 10.1101/2020.04.29.20084483 id = cord-260653-5qwtvm9x author = Chikhlikar, Priya title = DNA Encoding an HIV-1 Gag/Human Lysosome-Associated Membrane Protein-1 Chimera Elicits a Broad Cellular and Humoral Immune Response in Rhesus Macaques date = 2006-12-27 keywords = CD8; Gag; USA; dna summary = Thomas; Marques, Ernesto T.A. title: DNA Encoding an HIV-1 Gag/Human Lysosome-Associated Membrane Protein-1 Chimera Elicits a Broad Cellular and Humoral Immune Response in Rhesus Macaques Previous studies of HIV-1 p55Gag immunization of mice have demonstrated the usefulness of targeting antigens to the cellular compartment containing the major histocompatibility complex type II (MHC II) complex molecules by use of a DNA antigen formulation encoding Gag as a chimera with the mouse lysosome-associated membrane protein (mLAMP/gag). In the present study, we have analyzed the magnitude and breadth of Gag-specific T-lymphocyte and antibody responses elicited in Rhesus macaques after immunization with DNA encoding a human LAMP/gag (hLAMP/gag) chimera. This study demonstrates that Rhesus macaques immunized with a DNA plasmid vaccine-encoding gag as an hLAMP/gag chimera develops strong antigen-specific humoral responses as well as CD4 + and CD8 + T-cell responses. doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0000135 id = cord-316430-idjkqcee author = Costa, Kauê M. title = Short-term scholar visas are essential for science date = 2020-10-16 keywords = USA summary = The recent (June 22nd) presidential proclamation suspending short-term work visas, including the H-1B and certain categories of J-1 programs [1] , has created significant distress among the community of visiting scholars in the USA. There are legitimate issues regarding the exploitation of short-term work visas and their recipients that should be addressed specifically, and while J-1 research scholars (the category encompassing most US postdoctoral researchers) are currently exempt from the proclamation, many scientists will still be affected. (3) There is empirical evidence that the impact of research by foreign-born scientists is on average higher than that of locals who have no international mobility experience, even when accounting for differences in relative career positions in their countries of origin [3] . (5) The proclamation causes unnecessary distress not only for the visiting scholar community but also for their American colleagues and group leaders who rely on their work for the continuation of their research, which is only exacerbated by the current disruption imposed by the COVID-19 pandemic. doi = 10.1038/s41386-020-00880-9 id = cord-275210-baqaqsli author = DREESEN, DAVID W. title = Animal Vaccines date = 2007-09-05 keywords = Compendium; Rabies; USA; vaccine summary = Using the SAD Berne strain of virus adapted from the ERA strain, several types of MLV ORV vaccines have been produced for use in baits for free-ranging animals that serve as vectors for the maintenance and transmission of the disease in wildlife species . The new generation of vectored recombinant vaccines now appearing on the market, such as the avipoxvirus vaccine recently licensed for use for cats in the USA (a rabies glycoprotein, live canarypox vectored vaccine) appears to produce few, if any, allergic or neoplastic reactions (Greene and Dreesen, 1998; Greene and Rupprecht, 2006) . All currently licensed killed rabies vaccines intended for use in carnivores must protect 22 of 25 or 26 of 30 (or a statistically equivalent number) animals from an IM challenge with a rabies virus for 90 days post challenge and 80% of controls must die from the challenge (Code of Federal Regulations, 2004). doi = 10.1016/b978-012369366-2/50016-6 id = cord-003334-ion97n4b author = De Silva Senapathi, Upasama title = The In Ovo Delivery of CpG Oligonucleotides Protects against Infectious Bronchitis with the Recruitment of Immune Cells into the Respiratory Tract of Chickens date = 2018-11-15 keywords = CD4; IBV; ODN; USA summary = Although the delivery of CpG ODNs in ovo at embryo day (ED) 18 has been shown to reduce infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) loads in embryonic chicken lungs pre-hatch, whether in ovo delivered CpG ODNs are capable of protecting chickens against a post-hatch challenge is unknown. We found significantly higher survival rates and reduced IBV infection in the chickens following the pre-treatment of the ED 18 eggs with CpG ODNs. At 3 days post infection (dpi), we found an increased recruitment of macrophages, cluster of differentiation (CD)8α+ and CD4+ T lymphocytes, and an up-regulation of interferon (IFN)-γ mRNA in the respiratory tract of the chickens. Considering that we observed a significant reduction in the IBV induced morbidity and mortality of in ovo CpG ODN pre-treated birds correlating with varying degrees of increased macrophages, CD4+, and CD8α+ T cells in the tracheal and lung tissues, we needed to further elucidate the mechanisms by which these immune cells were efficiently recruited. doi = 10.3390/v10110635 id = cord-003841-7uaj9hmx author = Desmonts de Lamache, D. title = Immuno-modulating properties of Tulathromycin in porcine monocyte-derived macrophages infected with porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus date = 2019-08-23 keywords = Fig; PRRSV; ROS; TUL; USA; porcine summary = The findings indicate that tulathromycin, in the absence of a direct anti-viral effect, is able to restore the phagocytic function and to attenuate the pro-inflammatory phenotype of PRRSV-infected monocyte-derived porcine macrophages. However, Immuno-modulating properties of Tulathromycin in PRRSV-infected porcine monocyte-derived macrophages PRRSV-induced IL-10 inhibition was abolished when the cells were pre-treated with tulathromycin at 2 and 12 hours post infection (Fig 6) . Another set of experiments assessed the effects of PRRSV, and of tulathromycin, on the nonopsonized and opsonized phagocytic functions of MDMs. PRRSV infection significantly Immuno-modulating properties of Tulathromycin in PRRSV-infected porcine monocyte-derived macrophages inhibited both phagocytic functions of the cells (Figs 10 and 11 ). The findings indicate that TUL inhibits PRRSV-induced inflammatory responses in porcine monocyte-derived macrophages and protects against the phagocytic impairment caused by the virus, in the absence of any direct anti-viral effects. doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0221560 id = cord-025010-3k17eyqx author = Diekmann, Berend title = Globale Handelsordnung — mit den oder ohne die USA? date = 2020-05-20 keywords = USA; WTO; der; die summary = Wesentliche Beweggründe waren die Idee, die ehemaligen Staatshandelsländer und etwas später auch das sich öffnende China in eine Welthandelsordnung zu integrieren, die von der Marktöffnung als Leitmotiv bestimmt war. Mit diesem handelspolitischen Ansatz können die USA die Rolle des kompensierenden Hegemons, die sie über Dekaden im GATT und zunächst auch in der WTO einnahmen, nicht mehr spielen. Hegemon sind die USA, weil sie über Jahrzehnte den Mitgliedern des GATT/der WTO nicht nur den Zugang zum lukrativen US-Markt zu stabilen Bedingungen boten, sondern auch ihr politisches Gewicht in die Waagschale warfen, damit die Regeln Glaubwürdigkeit und Gültigkeit behielten. Gleichzeitig ist das Abkommen mit seinen umfassenden Kaufverpfl ichtungen für China aber Ausdruck eines kleinteiligen "Managed Trade", der konzeptionell im scharfen Widerspruch zu den Grundsätzen des freien und regelbasierten Handels im Rahmen der WTO steht und im Zweifel zulasten von Drittländern geht. De facto stärkt der US-Ansatz eines "Managed Trade" mit China damit -paradoxerweise -den Staatshandelscharakter und die Rolle staatsnaher bzw. doi = 10.1007/s10273-020-2648-9 id = cord-309488-8guapzke author = Dodd, R. title = Other emerging viral pathogens date = 2006-08-15 keywords = USA; infection; virus summary = Attention was refocused on viral infections as a result of the outbreak of West Nile virus (WNV) disease in the USA along with the recognition that it was transmissible by transfusion [1] . In 1997, Blackbourn and colleagues [17] reported on the detection of HHV-8 DNA in the blood of a seropositive blood donor; based on evidence of in vitro passage of the virus to allogeneic cells, the authors expressed concern about the potential for transmission by transfusion. This concern is based upon the historical fact that there have been periodic pandemics associated with the circulation of new strains of the virus in humans and the current outbreak of the H5N1 strain of avian influenza, which causes high mortality when it does infect humans [27] . Seroprevalence of human herpes virus 8 antibody in populations at high or low risk of transfusion, graft, or sexual transmission of viruses Molecular cloning and disease association of hepatitis G virus: a transfusion-transmissible agent doi = 10.1111/j.1751-2824.2006.00043.x id = cord-013325-8lds7nti author = Ecker, Jeffrey W. title = High-Yield Expression and Purification of Recombinant Influenza Virus Proteins from Stably-Transfected Mammalian Cell Lines date = 2020-08-21 keywords = Fisher; Scientific; USA summary = title: High-Yield Expression and Purification of Recombinant Influenza Virus Proteins from Stably-Transfected Mammalian Cell Lines Herein, we describe the approach for developing stable transfected human cell lines for the expression of recombinant influenza virus hemagglutinin (HA) and recombinant influenza virus neuraminidase (NA) proteins for the purpose of in vitro and in vivo vaccine development. Herein, we describe an approach for developing stable transfected human cell lines expressing recombinant influenza virus hemagglutinin (HA) and influenza virus neuraminidase (NA) proteins for the purpose of in vitro and in vivo vaccine development. Plasmids for expressing recombinant wild-type HA influenza proteins were human codon optimized and ordered from Genewiz (South Plainfield, NJ, USA) or cloned from a full-length HA gene into a pcDNA3.1/Zeo (+) vector (Thermo Fisher Scientific) using the BamHI and HindIII restriction sites. As shown in Figure 4B , the maximal rHA yields were achieved by the previously described Computationally-Optimized Broadly Reactive Antigen (COBRA) P1 HA protein [3, 24] stable transfected cells. doi = 10.3390/vaccines8030462 id = cord-257190-iesysf3l author = Eshaghi, Majid title = Purification of the extra-cellular domain of Nipah virus glycoprotein produced in Escherichia coli and possible application in diagnosis date = 2005-03-30 keywords = ELISA; USA summary = The purified protein showed significant reactivity with the antibodies present in the sera of NiV-infected swine, as demonstrated in Western blot analysis and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The purified product was used as the capturing antigen in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to determine the presence of the anti-NiV antibodies in serum samples collected from naturally infected swine. It was found that the purified G protein reacted only with antibodies in NiV positive samples, suggesting a potential replacement for currently used whole virus antigen that requires containment facilities. An immunoreactive band of approximately 57 kDa was detected by the pooled anti-NiV sera on a Western blot (Fig. 1B) , confirming the expression of the recombinant G protein. In order to determine the specificity and sensitivity of the recombinant G protein as antigen for detecting antibodies in NiV positive swine sera a quantitive immunoassay was carried out. doi = 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2004.10.020 id = cord-275604-5u4kikov author = Feehan, Amy K. title = Seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 and Infection Fatality Ratio, Orleans and Jefferson Parishes, Louisiana, USA, May 2020 date = 2020-11-17 keywords = SARS; USA summary = doi = 10.3201/eid2611.203029 id = cord-326189-41t2sshy author = García-Colón, Ismael title = The COVID-19 spring and the expendability of guestworkers date = 2020-07-29 keywords = COVID-19; H-2A; USA summary = If the supply of local workers available to work under the wage and conditions set forth by growers and government officials was insufficient, the US Department of Labor certified the use of guestworkers. The argument from many government officials, growers, and labor advocates is that the need for guestworkers derives from the fact that only small numbers of local workers have applied for agricultural jobs, as most of the local population is unwilling to work under arduous agricultural labor conditions characterized by long hours and low wages (Thompson 2020) . Large agribusiness interests and their allied government officials continue to promote policies facilitating labor control and guestworker programs because of their reliance on deportable, low-wage, and immigrant workers. Agricultural businesses expect 200,000 seasonal guest farmworkers from Mexico and Central America to enter the USA with H-2A visas (Leslie 2020 When government officials and growers talk of labor shortages, they are signaling their inability to attract domestic workers who would settle for low wages and still earn enough to sustain their families. doi = 10.1007/s10624-020-09601-6 id = cord-342242-cynpob7b author = Godakova, Svetlana A. title = Camelid VHHs Fused to Human Fc Fragments Provide Long Term Protection Against Botulinum Neurotoxin A in Mice date = 2019-08-07 keywords = BoNT; USA; antibody; vhh summary = Based on the analysis of B11-Fc and G3-Fc clones'' circulation time in the serum (presence of antibodies 14 days after injection), we decided to conduct an experiment on the survival of these mice, which previously received a single injection of the VHHs with the Fc fragment, with a repeated administration of only the lethal toxin dose 14 days after the original administration. Overall, we obtained numerous clones after two rounds of biopanning; we selected 15 clones for initial analysis based on their CDR3s, chose two clones (B11 and G3) with the best pre-mixed results in phage form in vivo, produced them in protein form, and modified their structure and characteristics by dimerization via a (Gly4Ser) 3 linker and fusion to a human IgG Fc fragment to enhance their protective activity. doi = 10.3390/toxins11080464 id = cord-271176-wdc4p4bc author = González-Scarano, Francisco title = Infectious etiology in multiple sclerosis: the debate continues date = 1999-12-01 keywords = CNS; USA summary = Detectable as ''oligoclonal'' bands in electrophoresed samples of concentrated cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) proteins, antibodies produced by plasma cells within the CNS are usually seen in infectious diseases such as syphilis or AIDS, where they are directed against antigenic components of the invading microorganism. Although there were calls from conference ''break-out'' sessions for better stratification of MS patients in epidemiological studies, the consensus of studies pointing in the direction of an environmental cause, as well as the evidence from the oligoclonal immune responses, convinced the majority of delegates that MS is likely to be caused or triggered by an infectious agent. tuberculosis, even though a strong immune response involving both CD4 ϩ and CD8 ϩ T cells and production of IFN-␥, TNF-␣ and other cytokines is present. doi = 10.1016/s0966-842x(99)01634-0 id = cord-253609-vi2fb43t author = Gopinathannair, Rakesh title = COVID-19 and cardiac arrhythmias: a global perspective on arrhythmia characteristics and management strategies date = 2020-06-03 keywords = HCQ; USA; covid-19 summary = Sixty of 489 respondents (12.3%) reported having to discontinue therapy with HCQ + AZM due to significant QTc prolongation and 20 (4.1%) reported cases of Torsade de Pointes in patients on HCQ/chloroquine and AZM. To better understand the cardiac arrhythmic manifestations and treatment strategies employed in hospitalized COVID-19 patients through a worldwide cross-sectional survey of arrhythmia professionals. The major findings of this global survey include the following: (a) In hospitalized COVID-19 patients, EP professionals across the globe reported a wide variety of arrhythmic manifestations, with several reporting potentially life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias (sustained monomorphic VT, polymorphic VT/Torsade de Pointes, VT/VF arrest) as well as Fig. 3 Difference between US and non-US respondents regarding the percentage of hospitalized COVID-19 patients being treated with HCQ/chloroquine + azithromycin Fig. 2 Characteristics of bradyarrhythmias observed in hospitalized COVID-19 patients pulseless electrical activity. doi = 10.1007/s10840-020-00789-9 id = cord-345524-vre54bq9 author = Groneberg, David A. title = Needlestick injuries: a density-equalizing mapping and socioeconomic analysis of the global research date = 2020-05-05 keywords = NSI; USA; research summary = METHODS: We used the New Quality and Quantity Indices in Science platform to analyze global NSI research (n = 2987 articles) over the past 115 years using the Web of Science and parameters such as global versus country-specific research activities, semi-qualitative issues, and socioeconomic figures. We approached this issue by relating NSI research activity to the (1) total economic power index "gross domestic product" (GDP) per billion US-$, (2) GDP per capita, and (3) country population sizes (World Factbook (World Economic Outlook Database 2013)). A similar landscape is present, when the number of NSI publishing institutions/affiliations per country is analyzed (Fig. 2) : The USA is the leading country with i = 739 different affiliations, followed by Great Britain (i = 183), France (i = 148), Italy (i = 129), Germany (i = 110), and Japan (i = 109) (Fig. 3 ). Our approach aimed to visualize global research activities in the field of NSI and related areas of science. doi = 10.1007/s00420-020-01547-0 id = cord-292643-n6xp5mlz author = Hall, Richard J. title = Evaluation of rapid and simple techniques for the enrichment of viruses prior to metagenomic virus discovery date = 2013-09-13 keywords = RNA; USA; dna; virus summary = The relative abundance of a virus (or viral nucleic acid) in a sample, compared to that of other organisms such as bacteria or host cells (or their genomes), is a critical factor for the discovery of viruses when using metagenomics. A study on human liver tissue compared enrichment techniques of freeze-thaw, centrifugation and nuclease-treatment for the detection of Hepatitis C Virus using both Roche 454 and Illumina high-throughput sequencing platforms (Daly et al., 2011) . After an initial 10 min reverse transcription step at 45 • C and 10 min denaturation Table 1 Virus enrichment process prior to sequencing in metagenomic studies on human and animal samples. This artificial sample represents a starting point to evaluate simple and rapid viral enrichment methods for use in virus metagenomics studies that seek to detect a virus that is causing disease in humans or animals. doi = 10.1016/j.jviromet.2013.08.035 id = cord-336012-8klkojpo author = Harilal, Divinlal title = SARS-CoV-2 Whole Genome Amplification and Sequencing for Effective Population-Based Surveillance and Control of Viral Transmission date = 2020-06-18 keywords = RNA; SARS; USA summary = Unlike RT-qPCR, SARS-CoV-2 Whole Genome Sequencing (cWGS) has the added advantage of identifying cryptic origins of the virus, and the extent of community-based transmissions versus new viral introductions, which can in turn influence public health policy decisions. Methods We performed shotgun transcriptome sequencing using RNA extracted from nasopharyngeal swabs of patients with COVID-19, and compared it to targeted SARS-CoV-2 full genome amplification and sequencing with respect to virus detection, scalability, and cost-effectiveness. Conclusions SARS-CoV-2 whole genome sequencing is a practical, cost-effective, and powerful approach for population-based surveillance and control of viral transmission in the next phase of the COVID-19 pandemic. Here we show that cWGS is cost-effective and is highly scalable when using a target enrichment sequencing method, and we also demonstrate its utility in tracking the origin of SARS-CoV-2 transmission. doi = 10.1101/2020.06.06.138339 id = cord-029201-hkq7wti5 author = Haukkala, Hiski title = Nonpolar Europe? Examining the causes and drivers behind the decline of ordering agents in Europe date = 2020-07-15 keywords = Europe; Great; Russia; USA; order summary = Taking its cue from International Relations (IR) debates about the effects of polarity (the number of Great Powers) on the evolution of international order (for a chronological lineage, see Waltz 1979; Kegley and Raymond 1994; Mearsheimer 2001; Brooks and Wohlforth 2008; Monteiro 2014) , this article poses the question whether Europe is experiencing not only a period of ''normal'' geopolitical contestation, but could it in fact be in a transition towards a state of affairs where it will become void of Great Powers capable of effectively ordering the continent, let alone the wider world. For Bull, it was indeed the existence of shared institutions, such as balance of power and international law, that formed the basis of what he called Table 1 Key characteristics of a successful ordering agent in international politics Material capability Competence, ability to act Political willingness to act in an ordering role Ideational/ideological foundation for organising principles External appeal/legitimacy of ideas, norms and values promoted ''international society''. doi = 10.1057/s41311-020-00257-1 id = cord-013178-li1x1m25 author = Hung, Ling-Chu title = The Monoclonal Antibody Recognized the Open Reading Frame Protein in Porcine Circovirus Type 2-Infected Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells date = 2020-08-29 keywords = ORF3; PCV2; USA; figure; protein summary = title: The Monoclonal Antibody Recognized the Open Reading Frame Protein in Porcine Circovirus Type 2-Infected Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells The purpose of this study in the context of the open reading frame 3 (ORF3) protein of porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) was especially its location and its relation to the capsid protein and the apoptosis protein in PCV2-infected porcine peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). The mAb 7D3 binds to the ORF3 peptide (residues 35–66) and the native ORF3 protein in PCV2-infected PBMCs, as shown by immunofluorescence assay (IFA). Overall, this study provides a blueprint to explore the ORF3 protein in PCV2-infected PBMCs. The Porcine circovirus (PCV) is a small virus and contains closed circular single-stranded DNA [1] . For these purposes, this study used the commercial capsid antigen-ELISA and homemade ORF3 protein-ELISA (anti-N1 polyclonal antibodies and mAb 7D3 based) to detect viral proteins in pig blood. doi = 10.3390/v12090961 id = cord-001117-llb4f74a author = Ji, Wen-Jie title = Spironolactone Attenuates Bleomycin-Induced Pulmonary Injury Partially via Modulating Mononuclear Phagocyte Phenotype Switching in Circulating and Alveolar Compartments date = 2013-11-19 keywords = BALF; USA; lung; macrophage summary = Moreover, serial flow cytometry analysis in blood, BALF and enzymatically digested lung tissue, revealed that spironolactone could partially inhibit bleomycin-induced circulating Ly6C(hi) monocyte expansion, and reduce alternative activation (F4/80+CD11c+CD206+) of mononuclear phagocyte in alveoli, whereas the phenotype of interstitial macrophage (F4/80+CD11c-) remained unaffected by spironolactone during investigation. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: The present work provides the experimental evidence that spironolactone could attenuate bleomycin-induced acute pulmonary injury and fibrosis, partially via inhibition of MR-mediated circulating monocyte and alveolar macrophage phenotype switching. Based on current evidence, we speculated that pharmacological inhibition of MR with clinically approved drug, may regulate lung macrophage phenotype switching, as well as their progenitors, bone marrow-derived circulating monocytes, and may confer novel therapeutic potential in a murine model of bleomycin-induced acute pulmonary injury and fibrosis. doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0081090 id = cord-325484-bd6ba0cp author = Johnstone, Phil title = World wars and the age of oil: Exploring directionality in deep energy transitions date = 2020-09-04 keywords = Europe; Second; USA; War; World; oil summary = This paper contributes to emerging literatures on war and energy transitions [3, 4, [11] [12] [13] , integrating insights from historical and geopolitical literatures with sociotechnical perspectives to understand the role of world war in the 20th century development of the ''age of oil'' [14] . In this paper we combine geopolitical and historical literatures with sociotechnical approaches to understand how the heightened conditions of maintaining abundant and constant supply during the First and Second World Wars influenced the emergence of the ''age of oil'' identified as being a key element in the fourth surge by Perez which forms the culmination of the first deep transition. Building on the DT framework and the recognition of the key rule of maintaining abundant and constant supply during world wars [27] , we build on diverse literatures to build an interpretive account of how the exceptional demand pressures of total war influenced dynamics in multiple sociotechnical systems and the relevance these changes had for oil transitions. doi = 10.1016/j.erss.2020.101732 id = cord-007383-5yb3dxse author = Kang, Jun-Gu title = Vaccination with single plasmid DNA encoding IL-12 and antigens of severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus elicits complete protection in IFNAR knockout mice date = 2020-03-20 keywords = SFTSV; USA; dna summary = doi = 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007813 id = cord-309379-ml75kvl5 author = Kanger, Laur title = Emergence, consolidation and dominance of meta-regimes: Exploring the historical evolution of mass production (1765–1972) from the deep transitions perspective date = 2020-09-09 keywords = Ford; USA; american; mass; production; regime; rule; system summary = Instead of focusing on dominant technologies or common practices the development of mass production is understood as the emergence of a meta-regime, i.e. a set of mutually aligned rules guiding production activities in multiple socio-technical systems. Secondly, given our focus on the engineering dimension, the narrative might somewhat overstate the prominence of USA while downplaying the contribution of different countries to the correlates of mass production in other dimensions (economy, policy, everyday life, culture), e.g. interwar era Soviet experiments with centralized planning as a precursor for large-scale state intervention in the entire Transatlantic region after World War II. These included a shortage of skilled labour (thereby providing incentives for investing in machinery), road and rail network enabling nation-wide markets, fast population growth coupled with rising purchasing power, the emergence and growth of large-scale corporations able to capture various economies of scale, the rise of the engineers as a new and increasingly influential social group but also the American cultural values favouring the development of a highly accelerated society [15,38, pp. doi = 10.1016/j.techsoc.2020.101393 id = cord-343740-vcys2q2t author = Kawachi, Ichiro title = COVID-19 and the ‘rediscovery’ of health inequities date = 2020-09-24 keywords = USA; covid-19; health summary = The social epidemiology of disaster shows that socio-economically disadvantaged groups are both more likely to be exposed to disaster (because they live in disaster-prone areas or live in structurally unsound houses) and more likely to suffer the consequences of exposure (because they suffer disproportionately from preexisting morbidity, making them vulnerable to problems such as the interruption of services that follow inevitably in the wake of disaster). Compounding the misery of Covid-19 morbidity and mortality, the public health response to the pandemic has come at the cost of a sharp global economic contraction. It may turn out to be the case that lockdowns produce a net health equity gain by saving the lives of the most vulnerable segments of the workforce (especially if adequate social protections are in place to mitigate the consequences of job loss). Global, regional, and national estimates of the population at increased risk of severe COVID-19 due to underlying health conditions in 2020: a modelling study doi = 10.1093/ije/dyaa159 id = cord-287807-4aee9wbu author = Kennedy, J. L. title = Complete Genome Sequence of a Novel WU Polyomavirus Isolate from Arkansas, USA, Associated with Acute Respiratory Infection date = 2017-01-12 keywords = USA summary = title: Complete Genome Sequence of a Novel WU Polyomavirus Isolate from Arkansas, USA, Associated with Acute Respiratory Infection We report here the complete genome sequence of a WU polyomavirus (WUPyV) isolate, also known as human polyomavirus 4, collected in 2016 from a patient in Arkansas with an acute respiratory infection. An Illumina stranded-RNA sequencing library was created from isolated RNA (Zymo Direct-zol; Zymo Research, USA), and hybridization-based enrichment was performed using the University of New Mexico (UNM) ResVir (respiratory viral) panel probe set designed to be complementary to coding sequence regions of 24 human respiratory viruses. The whole-genome sequence of the hPyV4/USA/AR001/2016 isolate has been deposited in GenBank under the accession number KX787894. Identification of a novel polyomavirus from patients with acute respiratory tract infections Presence of the newly discovered human polyomaviruses KI and WU in Australian patients with acute respiratory tract infection Complete genome sequence of a novel human WU polyomavirus isolate associated with acute respiratory infection doi = 10.1128/genomea.01452-16 id = cord-018839-yfaji9cv author = Kim, Yong-kyun title = Disaster Theory date = 2017-07-11 keywords = Act; FEMA; Japan; Korea; Management; Safety; Theory; USA; disaster; response summary = doi = 10.1007/978-981-10-4789-3_2 id = cord-321800-0h28pg3b author = Klingelhöfer, Doris title = Coronavirus: An insight into global research until outbreak of COVID-19 and its implications for the future date = 2020-09-23 keywords = MERS; SARS; USA; research summary = RESULTS: The trend in publication and citation numbers shows the strong influence of the past pandemics SARS and MERS with an untypical decline afterward. The current extremely rapid global spread of SARS-CoV-2 has led to the highly dangerous outbreak of the pandemic CoVID-19 with daily increasing numbers of new infections and deaths around the world. Additionally, socio-economic, scientific and epidemiological parameters were related to the publication numbers to obtain an even more meaningful picture of the global landscape of CoV research. The resulting scientific interest and the possible in-si-VIEWPOINTS RESEARCH THEME 1: COVID-19 PANDEMIC tu investigation of the cases caused the publication figures to rise at the beginning of the SARS disease and to fall rapidly thereafter. Here, the USA and China are the highest-ranking countries, demonstrating their overall interest in CoV research and also focusing on the MERS pandemic, despite the relatively low case numbers. doi = 10.7189/jogh.10.020508 id = cord-007425-l9c1x7tb author = Klomp, Richard W. title = CDC’s Multiple Approaches to Safeguard the Health, Safety, and Resilience of Ebola Responders date = 2019-12-10 keywords = CDC; Ebola; USA; deployment summary = A small subset of non-clinical deployers also participated in a three-day training designed in collaboration with the Center for the Study of Traumatic Stress (CSTS; Bethesda, Maryland USA) to train individuals to assess and address the well-being and resilience of themselves and their teammates in the field during a deployment. Senior CDC leadership tasked their Office of Safety, Security, and Asset Management''s (OSSAM) WorkLife Wellness Office (WWO) to set up a pre-deployment screening process to reduce the likelihood of deploying someone at-risk of negative mental health outcomes in an emergency response. 7 The CSTS also recommended that the CDC consider using Psychological First Aid (PFA) as the foundation for its resilience-supporting training initiative; 8 PFA could be described as a pragmatic, evidence-informed, public health or population-based framework designed to help non-clinicians organize a response to trauma at the individual or community level. doi = 10.1017/s1049023x19005144 id = cord-019032-vdiaexbw author = Kshetri, Nir title = China date = 2020 keywords = China; Council; GDP; Hong; January; July; Kong; March; People; Taiwan; USA; chinese summary = Regarded as the steward of the Chinese economy, Li has aimed to focus on securing China''s long-term expansion and on the further provision of basic national health care, affordable housing, employment growth, regional development and cleaner energy. China is the world''s third largest exporter of arms after the USA and Russia, with 6Á2% of the global major weapons total over the period 2012-16. GDP growth declined to 6Á9% in 2015 (the slowest rate in 25 years) and fell again to 6Á7% in 2016 as China attempted to reduce its reliance on exports, increase domestic consumption and develop its service sector. China''s economy overheated in the early 1990s, leading to inflation rates of 14Á7% in 1993, 24Á1% in 1994 and 17Á1% in 1995 Of the total revenues in 2015 central government accounted for 6,926Á7bn. doi = 10.1057/978-1-349-95940-2_49 id = cord-311214-eqwxkwqa author = Kumar, Roshan title = Comparative Genomic Analysis of Rapidly Evolving SARS-CoV-2 Viruses Reveal Mosaic Pattern of Phylogeographical Distribution date = 2020-04-16 keywords = CoV-2; SARS; USA summary = Through the construction of SARS-CoV-2-human interactome, we further revealed that multiple host proteins (PHB, PPP1CA, TGF-β, SOCS3, STAT3, JAK1/2, SMAD3, BCL2, CAV1 & SPECC1) are manipulated by the viral proteins (nsp2, PL-PRO, N-protein, ORF7a, M-S-ORF3a complex, nsp7-nsp8-nsp9-RdRp complex) for mediating host immune evasion. A manually annotated reference database was generated using the Genbank 128 file of Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 isolate-SARS-CoV-129 2/SH01/human/2020/CHN (Accession number: MT121215) and open reading frames (ORFs) 130 were predicted against the formatted database using prokka (-gcode 1) [22] . All these isolates 189 were found to harbor 9 open reading frames coding for ORF1a (13218 bp) and ORF1b (7788 190 bp) polyproteins, surface glycoprotein or S-protein (3822 bp), ORF3a protein (828 bp Our analysis revealed that strains of human infecting SARS-CoV-2 are novel and highly 201 identical (>99.9%). In this study, the analysis was 358 performed on the genomes of the novel SARS-CoV-2 isolates recently reported from different 359 countries to understand viral pathogenesis. doi = 10.1101/2020.03.25.006213 id = cord-293747-ds8rhbkv author = Lani, Rafidah title = Antiviral activity of silymarin against chikungunya virus date = 2015-06-16 keywords = CHIKV; RNA; USA summary = Three compounds: silymarin, quercetin and kaempferol were evaluated for their in vitro antiviral activities against CHIKV using a CHIKV replicon cell line and clinical isolate of CHIKV of Central/East African genotype. A cytopathic effect inhibition assay was used to determine their activities on CHIKV viral replication and quantitative reverse transcription PCR was used to calculate virus yield. Different non-cytotoxic concentrations of silymarin, kaempferol and quercetin were tested on CHIKV-infected Vero cells to find the effective compound. To confirm the post-entry antiviral activity of silymarin against CHIKV a virus yield assay using qRT-PCR was used. In contrast, dose-dependent reduction of amounts of nsP1, nsP3 and E2 proteins was observed (Fig. 6) indicating that silymarin limited CHIKV replication and virus-encoded protein synthesis within the treated cells. However, as in virus expression and replicon cell lines the synthesis of viral RNAs and proteins are coupled further study is necessary to evaluate the direct effect of silymarin on inhibition of newly synthesized CHIKV proteins. doi = 10.1038/srep11421 id = cord-350379-6l55soxu author = Lee, Jenny J. title = Scientific globalism during a global crisis: research collaboration and open access publications on COVID-19 date = 2020-07-24 keywords = COVID-19; China; USA; covid-192020 summary = Thus, this study specifically focused on internationally authored scientific articles on COVID-19 published at the beginning of January 2020 to early May 2020 to observe the extent of international collaboration and open access compared with (a) the past five pre-pandemic years and (b) non-COVID-19 articles published during the same 2020 time period. This study sought to explore the nature of scientific globalism, as measured by the extent of scientific research collaboration and open-access articles on COVID-19 and how they compare to non-COVID-19 research (a) during the pandemic as well as (b) the past five pre-pandemic years. In other words countries with a higher GDP, already producing a high domestic output, which also tend to be in restricted journals, may not engage in as much scientific globalism (via international collaboration and open-access publishing) compared with their lower GDP counterparts. doi = 10.1007/s10734-020-00589-0 id = cord-024047-wg7hew1b author = Lennox, Angela M. title = Equipment for Exotic Mammal and Reptile Diagnostics and Surgery date = 2006-06-29 keywords = USA; exotic; small summary = Exotic practitioners use standard or modified veterinary and human equipment, and now even enjoy the benefit of specialized products manufactured specifically for exotic pet practice. Today, equipment is modified from what is available for human or traditional pet medicine, or even manufactured specifically for exotic patients. Blood sample collection techniques used for exotic mammals and reptiles are modified from traditional pet medicine and utilize a variety of needles, syringes, and other collection devices and containers. The endoscope and light source are the minimum equipment required for visualization of the oral cavity, ear canal, and nasal cavity of small exotic mammals (Fig 2) . Recently, a vessel heat-sealing device has been described for use in small exotic patients. The device can be used via a diagnostic port for endoscopic surgeries, but is currently too large for traditional small exotic endoscopy equipment. Preparation and equipment useful for surgery in small exotic pets doi = 10.1053/j.jepm.2006.02.005 id = cord-001383-hww0watl author = Li, Wenchao title = Self-Assembly and Release of Peste des Petits Ruminants Virus-Like Particles in an Insect Cell-Baculovirus System and Their Immunogenicity in Mice and Goats date = 2014-08-12 keywords = PPRV; USA summary = doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0104791 id = cord-006771-n1w56x2m author = Liu, Chien-Ying title = Apoptotic neutrophils undergoing secondary necrosis induce human lung epithelial cell detachment date = 2003-10-17 keywords = USA; a549; cell; neutrophil summary = title: Apoptotic neutrophils undergoing secondary necrosis induce human lung epithelial cell detachment However, the apoptosing neutrophil-induced detachment of airway epithelial cells was completely abrogated by exogenous SLPI, a specific inhibitor of serine proteinases ( fig. To determine whether early apoptotic neutrophils release functional elastase, we examined elastase activity in supernatant from the annexin V-selected fraction cultured in vitro, and the data revealed that elastase activity continually increased with time ( fig. Our study demonstrates that early apoptotic neutrophils induce lung epithelial cell detachment. Furthermore, the timing of this release correlates with the progression of early apoptotic neutrophils to secondary necrosis and lung epithelial cell detachment in vitro. On the other hand, SLPI, one of the endogenous serine proteinase-specific antiproteinase defenses, abrogates both live, activated neutrophil-and apoptosing neutrophil-induced lung epithelial cell detachment. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that apoptosing neutrophils release, at least, functional elastase activity during secondary necrosis and induce a cytotoxic effect on airway epithelial cells. doi = 10.1007/bf02256327 id = cord-270425-1ughypnx author = Louis-Jean, James title = Coronavirus (COVID-19) and Racial Disparities: a Perspective Analysis date = 2020-10-06 keywords = African; Americans; COVID-19; USA summary = doi = 10.1007/s40615-020-00879-4 id = cord-321346-epsp3bbm author = Luppa, Peter B. title = Point-of-care testing (POCT): Current techniques and future perspectives date = 2011-03-21 keywords = POCT; USA; laboratory; patient; system summary = In contrast to this centralization and increased efficiency in laboratory diagnostics, there has been a recent trend towards a more decentralized diagnostic analysis, so-called point-of-care testing (POCT), which occurs directly at patientsÕ beds, in operating theatres or outpatient clinics, or at sites of accidents. Clinical pathology as a discipline needs to be responsible for this field, since adherence to quality-management systems ensures accurate, reliable biochemical-test results for optimal patient care and safety, regardless of whether the individual test is performed in a central laboratory or as POCT at the bedside [2] . These instruments are generally more complex than unit-use machines and use different analytical principles [1] : spectrophotometric substrate and enzyme-activity measurement; hematological particle counting; immunoassay; and, sensor-based blood-gas analysis tailored for special POCT applications. doi = 10.1016/j.trac.2011.01.019 id = cord-248932-i1v2lyd2 author = Madraki, Golshan title = Characterizing and Comparing COVID-19 Misinformation Across Languages, Countries and Platforms date = 2020-10-13 keywords = China; Iran; USA; chinese; misinformation summary = Our multi-cultural and multilingual team observed that the nature of COVID-19 misinformation on social media varied in substantial ways across different languages/countries depending on the cultures, beliefs/religions, popularity of social media, types of platforms, freedom of speech and the power of people versus governments. In this paper, COVID-19 misinformation, broadly defined to include disinformation and mal-information as well, will be investigated within multiple languages (Chinese, English, and Farsi) about multiple countries (China, Iran, and the USA) on different social media platforms. To the best of our knowledge, we are the first to examine the multilingual social media landscape by using the opportunistic sampling method to collect a dataset of verified and viral COVID-19 misinformation across 3 languages: Chinese, English, and Farsi. Our multicultural and multilingual team observed that the nature of COVID-19 misinformation on social media varies in substantial ways across different languages/countries depending on the cultures, beliefs, religions, popularity of social media, types of platforms, freedom of speech, the power of people versus governments, etc. doi = nan id = cord-258468-52gej3co author = Marcekova, Zuzana title = Heterologous expression of full-length capsid protein of porcine circovirus 2 in Escherichia coli and its potential use for detection of antibodies date = 2009-08-05 keywords = Cap; PCV; USA; protein summary = title: Heterologous expression of full-length capsid protein of porcine circovirus 2 in Escherichia coli and its potential use for detection of antibodies coli-expressed Cap protein to self-assemble into virus-like particles (VLPs), the immunization of mice with recombinant Cap yielded antibodies with the same specificity as those raised against native PCV 2 virions. In addition, the antigenic properties of the purified Cap protein were employed in a subunit-based indirect ELISA to monitor the levels of PCV 2 specific antibodies in piglets originating from a herd which was experiencing PCV 2 infection. In order to eliminate the cluster of rare codons from the 5 end of the cap gene, the expression vector encoding a truncated variant of Cap protein ( Cap-His), which was lacking the first 16 amino acid residues, was constructed (Fig. 1B) . In summary, a bacterial expression system has been developed for the production of the full-length recombinant capsid protein of porcine circovirus type 2. doi = 10.1016/j.jviromet.2009.07.028 id = cord-270143-muxrxvyo author = Markotter, Wanda title = Paramyxo- and Coronaviruses in Rwandan Bats date = 2019-07-02 keywords = Africa; RNA; USA; bat summary = A high diversity of coronaand paramyxoviruses have been detected in different bat species at study sites worldwide, including Africa, however no biosurveillance studies from Rwanda have been reported. In this study, samples from bats collected from caves in Ruhengeri, Rwanda, were tested for the presence of coronaand paramyxoviral RNA using reverse transcription PCR assays. Although several surveillance studies have been implemented to detect potential zoonotic viruses in bats, including from countries in the Congo basin and East Africa, limited information is available for Rwanda. Confirmation of species identification of bats, in which viral RNA was detected, was performed by amplifying the cytochrome b (cyt b) or cytochrome oxidase one (COI) gene region and determining the DNA sequence. aegyptiacus-derived viral sequence (BatPV/Rou_aeg/UP438/RWA/2008) grouped within a Henipavirus-related clade and was near identical to a paramyxoviral sequence detected in the same host species previously reported from Kenya [36] . doi = 10.3390/tropicalmed4030099 id = cord-273833-yf8kt84e author = Mejia, Rojelio title = Global COVID-19 Efforts as the Platform to Achieving the Sustainable Development Goals date = 2020-08-20 keywords = COVID-19; USA; disease summary = Therefore, and as highlighted by many others, we support the notion that a way forward to eliminate this coronavirus pandemic should include linking COVID-19 control to other tropical or poverty-related diseases. To be successful and achieve the global goals including the control of pandemics such as the one seen from the COVID-19, we must rely on strong leadership leading to impactful public policies and global collaborations, including global COVID-19 vaccinations, and potentially linking them to programs for childhood and adult vaccinations and programs for malaria, tuberculosis, HIV/AIDS, and neglected tropical disease treatments. Accordingly, these virus-related morbidities will add to the many already found in these populations already affected by non-communicable diseases functioning as major risk factors for COVID-19, as well as other infections, including the neglected tropical diseases (NTDs). The poor living in urban or rural areas of high-income countries and the most impoverished living in LMICs have increased risk for both COVID-19 and tropical diseases. doi = 10.1007/s40475-020-00209-y id = cord-034165-kf6a8hix author = Mendenhall, Emily title = The COVID-19 syndemic is not global: context matters date = 2020-10-22 keywords = USA summary = title: The COVID-19 syndemic is not global: context matters What is driving coronavirus to move through the population in the USA and interact with biological and social factors, however, differs from other contexts. US political failures have driven COVID-19 morbidity and mortality, and this cannot be divorced from our historical legacy of systemic racism 4 or our crisis of political leadership. 5 This matters because in other contexts COVID-19 is not syndemic. Recognising political determinants of health is central to the syndemic construct. By calling the COVID-19 syndemic global, we miss the point of the concept entirely. I do not write this to dampen Horton''s use of the term, as I believe COVID-19 is syndemic in my country (the USA). Recognising failures of wealthy countries is imperative as we think about where global knowledge and power sit within fields like global health. doi = 10.1016/s0140-6736(20)32218-2 id = cord-351666-q7dqsl7n author = Milani, Fabio title = COVID-19 outbreak, social response, and early economic effects: a global VAR analysis of cross-country interdependencies date = 2020-08-19 keywords = Italy; USA; country; covid-19; social summary = 2 In my global framework, for each country, COVID-19 cases can affect risk perceptions about the virus, which can trigger a social distancing response. The paper exploits a variety of newly available datasets to study the interrelationship between health shocks originating from the COVID-19 pandemic, people''s real-time perceptions about coronavirus risk, the extent of their social distancing response, and unemployment. 7 In the analysis, the number k * i is also equal to 4, as the vector x * i,t contains the country-specific global counterparts for the same variables in x i,t , i.e., the growth rate of COVID-19 cases, coronavirus risk perceptions, social mobility, and unemployment. Figures 4 and 5 show the impulse response functions for all countries in the sample for the risk perception and social distancing variables to a one-standard-deviation COVID shock originating in Italy. doi = 10.1007/s00148-020-00792-4 id = cord-331354-ungzlp6b author = Mimkes, J. title = Test-adjusted results of mortality for Covid-19 in Germany, USA, UK date = 2020-11-04 keywords = USA summary = Our investigations for Germany, USA and UK indicate that deaths do not follow the number of infections, but the positive rate of tests, multiplied by a constant factor F and shifted by about two weeks. These test adjusted results of mortality allow for the estimation of the number of deaths of Covid-19 about two weeks ahead, even in a sharply rising state of the pandemic. Normally, in mortality calculations the series of daily deaths (D k + L) follows the series of daily infections (I k) by a time lag (L) and is smaller by the case fatality ratio CFR, D k + L = CFR * I k. The daily test volume T k and the daily positive rate of infections P k are given by the Robert-Koch-Institute, in figs. In UK, the test adjusted infection data (I k / T k) also lead to a realistic prediction of the death series of the Covid-19 pandemic ( fig. doi = 10.1101/2020.11.03.20225268 id = cord-035181-l1heb3or author = Nagarajan, Kiran Koushik title = Prevalence of US-trained International Medical Graduates (IMG) physicians awaiting permanent residency: a quantitative analysis date = 2020-10-29 keywords = Medical; USA summary = title: Prevalence of US-trained International Medical Graduates (IMG) physicians awaiting permanent residency: a quantitative analysis CONCLUSIONS: The total number of US-trained immigrant physicians in active practice awaiting permanent residency to the USA is estimated to be ranging between 14,710 and 16,189. We formulated a stepwise approach to the problem, by first quantifying the number of non-US IMGs (International Medical Graduates who were not US citizens), who had sought residency training in the USA, from 2004 until 2020. These numbers were used to get an estimate of physicians who had likely applied for immigrant petitions currently practicing in the USA but were awaiting permanent residency. The 2018 FSMB census data suggested that while the proportion of physicians from China was relatively small and was not quantified, the majority of licensed IMGs that were currently in practice in the US had graduated from medical schools in India, with their numbers being estimated at 50,173 (23%) (Figure 1 ) [15] . doi = 10.1080/20009666.2020.1816274 id = cord-319884-d8n0aokl author = Natesan, Mohan title = Protein Microarrays and Biomarkers of Infectious Disease date = 2010-12-16 keywords = USA; antibody; dna; microarray; protein summary = Fluorescencebased detection of protein interactions is similar to gene array methods, and data analysis often employs approaches previously developed for genome and transcription studies. A standard assay for measuring antibody interactions with proteins of the vaccinia proteome microarray was first developed with a pool of therapeutic human sera collected from vaccinia-immune individuals (VIg) and this data was compared to results obtained from individuals vaccinated against smallpox using Dryvax. Results from this study suggested that antibodies from vaccination recognized a small number of proteins shared with pathogenic viral strains, while recovery from infection also involved humoral immunity to antigens uniquely recognized within the monkeypox virus proteome (unpublished data). For example, a protein array produced from the outer membrane proteins of Pseudomonas aeruginosa was constructed [38] to study the immune response in patients, and several antibody-binding antigens were identified by this group as potential diagnostic markers. doi = 10.3390/ijms11125165 id = cord-287647-0nyquokt author = Nemoto, Manabu title = The First Detection of Equine Coronavirus in Adult Horses and Foals in Ireland date = 2019-10-14 keywords = USA; irish summary = The objective of this study was to investigate the presence of equine coronavirus (ECoV) in clinical samples submitted to a diagnostic laboratory in Ireland. In contrast in Japan, although an outbreak of diarrhoea occurred among ECoV-infected draft horses at one racecourse [4] [5] [6] , there have been no similar outbreaks subsequently, and all rectal swabs collected from diarrheic Thoroughbred foals were negative. Furthermore, only 2.5% of the rectal swabs collected from healthy foals in the largest Thoroughbred horse breeding region in Japan were positive for ECoV [13] . This study provides the first report of ECoV circulating in Ireland, the third European country with a significant horse industry where the virus has been detected in horses with enteric disease. This is the first report of ECoV detection in faeces samples from both foals and adult horses in Ireland. Low prevalence of equine coronavirus in foals in the largest Thoroughbred horse breeding region of Japan doi = 10.3390/v11100946 id = cord-263453-7v4y02j6 author = Nishiura, Hiroshi title = Early Epidemiological Assessment of the Virulence of Emerging Infectious Diseases: A Case Study of an Influenza Pandemic date = 2009-08-31 keywords = Canada; USA summary = We first examine the approach by analyzing an outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome in Hong Kong (2003) with known unbiased cCFR estimate, and then investigate published epidemiological datasets of novel swine-origin influenza A (H1N1) virus infection in the USA and Canada (2009). Nevertheless, a much-used crude estimate of the cCFR, i.e. the ratio of the cumulative number of deaths to cases at calendar time t, tends to yield a biased (and mostly underestimated) cCFR due to the time-delay from onset to death [8] ; similar estimates of such a biased cCFR for severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) have shown how such estimates can vary substantially as an epidemic progresses, stabilizing only in the later stages of the outbreak [8, 9] . doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0006852.g003 Figure 6 shows the time course of biased cCFR estimates in the USA and Canada based on the reporting date of confirmed cases and deaths to the World Health Organization. doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0006852 id = cord-009439-wvlczk62 author = Park, Hyun-Jun title = The essential role of fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase 2 enzyme in thermal homeostasis upon cold stress date = 2020-03-16 keywords = Fbp2; Fig; USA summary = To measure in vivo whole-body and tissuespecific glucose fluxes under feeding-mimicking conditions where insulin and exogenous glucose are supplied, we performed hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp studies on WT and Fbp2 KO mice as previously reported 23, 30 . A decreased muscle glycogen content (Fig. 3d) and energy metabolism (Fig. 1) in KO mice were observed only after fasting; therefore, we assumed that Fbp2 might have more crucial roles in the severe glycogenolytic condition. Thus, both at room temperature and after 6 h of cold challenge, we conducted experiments using a radioisotope-labeled tracer ( 14 C(U)-lactate) to quantitatively measure the incorporation of lactate into glycogen in the skeletal muscle of WT and Fbp2 KO mice (Fig. 4a) . Although we focused on the relationship between cold tolerance and intramuscular glyconeogenesis, the physiological role of Fbp2 may be extended to other conditions where skeletal muscle glycogen breakdown replenishment is increased. doi = 10.1038/s12276-020-0402-4 id = cord-035277-napw1pxe author = Paul, Swarna Kamal title = A Multivariate Spatiotemporal Model of COVID-19 Epidemic Using Ensemble of ConvLSTM Networks date = 2020-11-11 keywords = USA summary = A proposed ensemble of convolutional LSTM-based spatiotemporal model can forecast the spread of the epidemic with high resolution and accuracy in a large geographic region. It achieved 5.57% and 0.3% mean absolute percent error for total number of predicted infection cases in a 5-day prediction period for USA and Italy, respectively. To address the problem of spatiotemporal prediction of Covid-19 spread in a large geographical region with high resolution, an ensemble of Convolutional LSTM [4]based model is proposed which needs to be trained with multilayer temporal geospatial data, transformed as sequence of frames. Experimentation is carried out with data of USA and Italy and achieved country-level mean absolute percent error (MAPE) of 5.57% and 0.3%, respectively, on forecasting of total infection cases in 5 days period. Thus, a large geographic region is divided into relatively smaller grids and model is trained with samples drawn from local distribution of infection cases. doi = 10.1007/s40031-020-00517-x id = cord-347053-m5m4zgfy author = Pharo, Elizabeth A. title = Host–Pathogen Responses to Pandemic Influenza H1N1pdm09 in a Human Respiratory Airway Model date = 2020-06-24 keywords = IAV; TEER; USA; cell; figure summary = wdNHBE cells produced an innate immune response to IAV-infection with increased transcription of proand anti-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines and the antiviral viperin but reduced expression of the mucin-encoding MUC5B, which may impair mucociliary clearance. The cytopathic effect of H1N1pdm09 included damage to the airway epithelium, the induction of innate immune responses including the expression of pro-and anti-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines and antiviral genes and proteins, consistent with pulmonary host defense. Key genes upregulated in our H1N1pdm09 in vitro challenge model, mimic the innate immune and inflammatory response in human patients in vivo infected with the 2009 pandemic IAV. The more than 350-fold induction of the antiviral-encoding RSAD2 (viperin) gene in our pandemic IAV-infected wdNHBE cells confirms the antiviral response of the airway epithelium in vitro. The disruption of the airway epithelium by IAV H1N1pdm09 and poly(I:C), plus the induction of the innate immune response and antiviral, and pro-and anti-inflammatory genes demonstrated the viability of this model to investigate pandemic influenza. doi = 10.3390/v12060679 id = cord-313821-5f5b107l author = Poelman, Randy title = The emergence of enterovirus D68 in a Dutch University Medical Center and the necessity for routinely screening for respiratory viruses date = 2014-11-15 keywords = D68; USA summary = BACKGROUND: Since August 2014, an increase in infections caused by enterovirus D68 (EV-D68) was reported in the USA and Canada, for the most part in children presenting with severe respiratory symptoms. STUDY DESIGN: Samples from patients with respiratory symptoms were screened for viral pathogens, including rhinovirus and enterovirus. Samples from patients with respiratory symptoms, are routinely screened for several viruses, including influenza A and B, RSV type A and B, metapneumovirus, parainfluenzavirus type 1-4, coronavirus (OC43, 229E and NL63), adenovirus, bocavirus, rhinovirus and enterovirus. However, it could also be caused by the under-diagnosis of EV-D68 infections due to insufficient sampling of patients with respiratory illness, or an insufficient detection of this virus in routine screening panels, whether using Laboratory Developed Tests (LDTs) or commercial assays. doi = 10.1016/j.jcv.2014.11.011 id = cord-025009-01hsn3us author = Poitiers, Niclas Frederic title = Institutionelle Aspekte einer neuen Handelsordnung date = 2020-05-20 keywords = China; USA; die summary = Indirekt betrifft der Handelskrieg Europa aber auch dadurch, dass die Zölle und Sanktionen, mit denen chinesische Produzenten belegt werden, auch Auswirkung auf ihre europäischen Geschäftspartner haben. 1 Am größten ist jedoch das Risiko, dass die USA das internationale Handelssystem in Richtung eines Systems von staatlich gelenktem Handel (managed trade) führen. Jedoch fehlen der EU viele der wirtschafts-und außenpolitischen Kompetenzen, um außerhalb von Handelsfragen mit dem gleichen Nachdruck wie China und die USA zu agieren. Dies ist zum Nachteil nicht nur Chinas und der meisten US-Bürger, die im Gegenzug höhere Preise für chinesische Güter zahlen müssen, sondern auch anderer Exporteure dieser Güter, insbesondere Brasiliens (Bown, 2020) . Langjährige fundamentale Vorbehalte der USA gegen zwischenstaatliche Organisationen haben sich mit dem Vorwurf gepaart, dass internationale Institutionen von China zu seinem Vorteil ausgenutzt werden. Der Welthandel steht durch den USA-China-Konfl ikt an einer Wegscheide, und durch die SARS-CoV-2-Pandemie ist die Unsicherheit noch weiter gestiegen. doi = 10.1007/s10273-020-2649-8 id = cord-254874-ug0ler5e author = Ramos-Rincón, José M. title = A snapshot of pneumonia research activity and collaboration patterns (2001–2015): a global bibliometric analysis date = 2019-09-05 keywords = China; USA; country; pneumonia; research summary = BACKGROUND: This article describes a bibliometric review of the scientific production, geographical distribution, collaboration, impact, and subject area focus of pneumonia research indexed on the Web of Science over a 15-year period. The only document types we studied were original articles and reviews, analyzing descriptive indicators by five-year periods and the scientific production by country, adjusting for population, economic, and research-related parameters. In this study, by analyzing scientific papers on pneumonia published in the main international scientific journals, we aimed to identify the scientific contribution of different countries to the worldwide research effort, the most cited landmark articles, the degree and nature of scientific collaboration, and the topics addressed. Specifically, we will analyze: (1) the evolution of scientific production; (2) its distribution by countries and regions; (3) the impact of the research papers; and (4) the degree of international collaboration. doi = 10.1186/s12874-019-0819-4 id = cord-295661-v3q1spmm author = Resende, Talita Pilar title = Evaluation of mouse enteroids as a model for Lawsonia intracellularis infection date = 2019-07-19 keywords = Lawsonia; USA; enteroid; intracellularis summary = intracellularis antigen is detectable in mouse enteroids, indicating susceptibility to infection, mouse enteroids fail to replicate the cellular proliferation and gene expression changes observed in proliferative enteropathy. Wnt3a protein, which regulates the signaling pathways related to the cellular proliferation in the intestinal crypt compartment [33] , was removed from the enteroid culture media at least 3 days before infection to enable cells to better differentiate. intracellularis infection induces changes in the proliferation and differentiation of enteroid epithelial cells, as observed in the swine intestine, we evaluated expression of Ki-67, Sox9 and Muc2 in enteroids harvested at 1, 3 and 7 dpi relative to expression in enteroids at 0 dpi. intracellularis antigen stained by immunohistochemistry is observed as small bacilli in the cytoplasm of cell cultures [5, 47, 48] and in the apical cytoplasm of intestinal epithelial cells of naturally and experimentally-infected pigs. doi = 10.1186/s13567-019-0672-9 id = cord-281395-qxu41hta author = Rogers, M. A. M. title = Haemovigilance of reactions associated with red blood cell transfusion: comparison across 17 Countries date = 2015-12-21 keywords = RBC; USA; transfusion summary = doi = 10.1111/vox.12367 id = cord-281713-3iu8qx7n author = Ronquillo, Jay G title = Using informatics to guide public health policy during the COVID-19 pandemic in the USA date = 2020-07-13 keywords = COVID-19; USA summary = METHODS: Cross-sectional study of all COVID-19 cases and deaths in the USA on a populationand resource-adjusted basis (as of 24 April 2020) by applying biomedical informatics and data visualization tools to several public and federal government datasets, including analysis of the impact of statewide stay-at-home orders. 6 Resource-adjusted characteristics were calculated by dividing state-level cases by (i) estimated state-level physician totals from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality 2018 Compendium of US Health Systems (https://www.a hrq.gov/chsp), and (ii) published state-level estimates for mechanical ventilators as described in the Society of Critical Care Medicine report on US ICU Resource Availability for COVID-19. Using information from available publication and news sources, we identified states with and without stay-at-home or similar nonpharmaceutical intervention (NPI) orders that were implemented statewide as of the study date. 1 Looking beyond raw case and death counts by adjusting for publicly accessible data on populations and resource estimates can help clarify risks and inform public health policy. doi = 10.1093/pubmed/fdaa081 id = cord-305303-82n96ukr author = Shapira, Assaf title = Removal of Hepatitis C Virus-Infected Cells by a Zymogenized Bacterial Toxin date = 2012-02-16 keywords = HCV; MazF; Tet; USA; cell; ns3 summary = As shown in Figure 2 , similar numbers of surviving colonies were observed when the cells were transfected with the plasmids encoding mCherry-NS3 activated MazF or the red fluorescent protein alone, suggesting that expression of NS3-activable ribonuclease in naïve HEK293 T-REx cells (that do not express NS3) cause minimal toxicity, if any. The ER membrane-targeted zymoxin colocalizes with NS3 protease in vivo Previously we described a HEK293 cell line which inducibly expresses (by addition of tetracycline) a fusion between EGFP and the coding sequence of the full length NS3 (including the helicase domain) followed by NS4A from HCV 1a genotype [10] . When infection reached ,50% (about 50% of the cultured cells showed expression of the HCV-core protein, as detected by immuno-staining and fluorescence microscopy), the mixed culture and a culture of uninfected cells were treated with NS3 activated MazF or uncleavable-MazF encoding adenoviruses at MOI of ,3. doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0032320 id = cord-350956-ytcwt9qk author = Smith, K. M. title = Summarizing US Wildlife Trade with an Eye Toward Assessing the Risk of Infectious Disease Introduction date = 2017-02-07 keywords = USA; USFWS; import; wildlife summary = Timber and plants are estimated to comprise nearly 70% of the known (broadly defined) wildlife global trade value, leaving non-aquaculture fisheries products responsible for 28% and ornamental fish, mammals, herpetofauna and other species responsible for roughly 2% (US $5.27 billion) (Engler and Parry-Jones 2007; Ahlenius 2008) . Nearly one-third of all wildlife shipments entering the USA contained live animals, the vast majority of which were imported by the aquatic and pet industry. Over 11 billion specimens and an additional 977 million kilograms of wildlife were imported during the period examined, with one-third of shipments containing live animals, mostly for the aquatic and pet trade. The majority of illegal shipments of live non-aquatic wildlife were confiscated at the Mexican border, especially those containing reptiles and birds imported for the pet trade (Ferrier 2009 ). doi = 10.1007/s10393-017-1211-7 id = cord-305858-gp1u4kh7 author = Song, Xiang title = High expression of angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 (ACE2) on tissue macrophages that may be targeted by virus SARS-CoV-2 in COVID-19 patients date = 2020-07-19 keywords = ACE2; COVID-19; SARS; USA; figure summary = To better understand the pathogenesis of COVID-19 and build up the host anti-viral immunity, we examined the levels of ACE2 expression on different types of immune cells including tissue macrophages. To determine whether platelets were directly targeted by SARS-CoV-2 or trigged by viral inflammatory reactions, we examined the ACE2 expression on the highly-purified CD41b + CD42a + platelets from human peripheral blood ( Figure 3A Our previous work established that platelets could release mitochondria contributing to the immune modulation and islet b-cell regeneration [13] . Thus, the virus-infected alveolar macrophages play a critical role in the pathogenesis of COVID-19 and SARS [28] [29] [30] and may recruit the lung infiltration of additional immune cells through predominantly releasing cytokines and chemokines [31, 32] , resulting in pulmonary edema and hypoxemia: the hallmark of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) ( Figure 6 ). doi = 10.1101/2020.07.18.210120 id = cord-000698-v9k7vpi8 author = St. Leger, Judy title = West Nile Virus Infection in Killer Whale, Texas, USA, 2007 date = 2011-08-17 keywords = USA; WNV summary = title: West Nile Virus Infection in Killer Whale, Texas, USA, 2007 In 2007, nonsuppurative encephalitis was identified in a killer whale at a Texas, USA, marine park. Panviral DNA microarray of brain tissue suggested West Nile virus (WNV); WNV was confirmed by reverse transcription PCR and sequencing. Among marine mammals, WNV infection has been reported in a harbor seal (Phoca vitulina) (1) . Meninges demonstrated moderate focally extensive and multifocal areas of acute meningeal congestion and hemorrhage. This staining demonstrated abundant WNV antigen within the cytoplasm of a small number of neurons and glial cells and in fewer macrophages in the brain tissue (Figure) . We demonstrate that WNV can infect and cause disease in killer whales. The serologic results demonstrate that subclinical infections can occur and that exposure can be variable. Serologic screening of bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) from the Indian River Lagoon demonstrated WNV titers (7) . doi = 10.3201/eid1708.101979 id = cord-002757-upwe0cpj author = Sullivan, Kathleen E. title = Emerging Infections and Pertinent Infections Related to Travel for Patients with Primary Immunodeficiencies date = 2017-08-07 keywords = Africa; CNS; Europe; HIV; Leishmania; PCR; PIDD; USA; disease; infection; patient; severe; virus summary = The first section addresses general considerations, the second section profiles specific infections organized according to mechanism of transmission, and the third section focuses on unique phenotypes and unique susceptibilities in patients with PIDDs. This review does not address most parasitic diseases. In developing countries where polio is still endemic and oral polio vaccine is essential for eradicating the disease, it is of utmost importance that all PIDD patients and family members should not receive live oral polio (OPV) because of the reported prolonged excretion of the virus for months and even years [24] . As for host factors, although severe and fatal cases have been described in healthy immunocompetent hosts [129, 130] , there is evidence to suggest that children under the age of 10 [130] and immunocompromised hosts either secondary to hematologic malignancies, immunosuppressant treatment for organ transplantation, or HIV infection are at a greater risk to develop more severe disease with higher case fatality rates [131, 132] . doi = 10.1007/s10875-017-0426-2 id = cord-003898-y6zpvw84 author = Tan, Kai Sen title = RNA Sequencing of H3N2 Influenza Virus-Infected Human Nasal Epithelial Cells from Multiple Subjects Reveals Molecular Pathways Associated with Tissue Injury and Complications date = 2019-08-27 keywords = RNA; USA; gene; influenza; response summary = title: RNA Sequencing of H3N2 Influenza Virus-Infected Human Nasal Epithelial Cells from Multiple Subjects Reveals Molecular Pathways Associated with Tissue Injury and Complications The aim of this study was to utilize RNA sequencing (RNAseq) technology to not only reveal the hNEC responses (from multiple individuals) against influenza infection, but also to identify those genes with high magnitude changes to serve as potential reference markers of the innate responses of influenza infection. After deriving the transcriptomes by RNAseq, we then further investigated whether the changes in expression of genes resulted in alterations in secretory cytokines and chemokines early in the infection of hNECs. Initially, we detected significant reductions in multiple cytokines at 8 hpi, with the exception of IL-15 which was increased ( Figure S2 ). In conclusion, RNAseq technology allowed us to accurately quantify the magnitude of gene expression changes, as well as the relevant enriched pathways during H3N2 influenza virus infection of hNECs, which can serve as a baseline for future clinical studies. doi = 10.3390/cells8090986 id = cord-280807-0g1uo0rd author = Tomani, Jean Claude Didelot title = The Inhibition of NLRP3 Inflammasome and IL-6 Production by Hibiscus noldeae Baker f. Derived Constituents Provides a Link to Its Anti-Inflammatory Therapeutic Potentials date = 2020-10-14 keywords = IL-6; NLRP3; USA; figure summary = doi = 10.3390/molecules25204693 id = cord-303165-ikepr2p2 author = Tulchinsky, Theodore H. title = Expanding the Concept of Public Health date = 2014-10-10 keywords = Europe; HIV; Health; New; Public; USA; care; chapter; community; country; disease; population; social summary = It also demands special attention through health promotion activities of all kinds at national and local societal levels to provide access for groups with special risks and needs to medical and community health care with the currently available and newly developing knowledge and technologies. 5. Environmental, biological, occupational, social, and economic factors that endanger health and human life, addressing: (a) physical and mental illness, diseases and infirmity, trauma and injuries (b) local and global sanitation and environmental ecology (c) healthful nutrition and food security including availability, quality, safety, access, and affordability of food products (d) disasters, natural and human-made, including war, terrorism, and genocide (e) population groups at special risk and with specific health needs. It acts to improve health and social welfare, and to reduce specific determinants of diseases and risk factors that adversely affect the health, well-being, and productive capacities of an individual or society, setting targets based on the size of the problem but also the feasibility of successful intervention, in a cost-effective way. doi = 10.1016/b978-0-12-415766-8.00002-1 id = cord-333599-hl11ln2r author = Tulchinsky, Theodore H. title = Planning and Managing Health Systems date = 2014-10-10 keywords = Public; USA; care; chapter; health; management; organization; service; system summary = Planning and management are changing in the era of the New Public Health with advances in prevention and treatment of disease, population health needs, innovative technologies such as genetic engineering, new immunizations that prevent cancers and infectious diseases, prevention of non-communicable diseases, environmental and nutritional health, and health promotion to reduce risk factors and improve healthful living for the individual and the community. Selection of the direction to be taken in organizing health services is usually based on a mix of factors, including the political view of the government, public opinion, and rational assessment of needs as indicated through epidemiological data, cost-benefit analysis, the experience of "good public health practice" from leading countries, and recommendations by expert groups. Health is a knowledge-based service industry, so that knowledge management and information technology are extremely important parts of the New Public Health, not only in patient care systems in hospitals, but also in public health delivery systems in the community, school, place of work, and home. doi = 10.1016/b978-0-12-415766-8.00012-4 id = cord-308328-wfiqbu3m author = Upadhyay, Ranjit Kumar title = Age-group-targeted testing for COVID-19 as a new prevention strategy date = 2020-09-01 keywords = India; Italy; USA summary = We observe a marked flattening of the infection curve upon simulating increased testing in the 15–40 year age groups in India. Robust testing and tracing are key to containing the pandemic and effectively ''flattening'' the infection curve, both by distributing cases over a longer period of time and by reducing the total number of cases, and thus lowering the epidemic peak. Here, we leverage the emerging information from COVID-19 in different countries, mainly USA, Italy and India, to develop a COVID-19 specific model that can inform on effective interventions for coronavirus containment. Our model recommends that testing and tracing be ramped up in the 15-40-year age-group population in India in order to flatten the infection curve in shortest time possible in the current situation. Finally, we have proposed a novel method of age-group-targeted testing to tackle the situation and have also showed how it can help in flattening the curve effectively. doi = 10.1007/s11071-020-05879-x id = cord-300904-folzz3nu author = Uzuner, Gizem title = Tourist arrivals in four major economies: another side of economic policy uncertainty and fear date = 2020-05-26 keywords = EPU; USA; tourism summary = In this paper, we examine the direction of causal relationships among migration-related fear, economic policy uncertainty, tourism, and economic growth in the panel economies of France, Germany, the UK, and the USA. Hence, the study hypothesizes that economic policy uncertainty and migration-related fear Granger cause tourism arrival in France, Germany, the UK, and the USA. In addition, results, as reported in Table 4 , show one-way causality nexus from fear and tourism in France, Germany, the UK, and the USA at p < 0.10, p < 0.05, and p < 0.05 significance level respectively. Empirical results show that migration-related fear is linked with EPU, tourism arrivals, and real income, implying that increase in the level of perceived fear influences tourists'' decision-making, enhances policy uncertainty, and, hence economic growth. doi = 10.1007/s11356-020-09219-9 id = cord-346185-qmu1mrmx author = Velásquez, Ricardo Manuel Arias title = Forecast and evaluation of COVID-19 spreading in USA with Reduced-space Gaussian process regression date = 2020-05-22 keywords = COVID-19; USA summary = title: Forecast and evaluation of COVID-19 spreading in USA with Reduced-space Gaussian process regression In this report, we analyze historical and forecast infections for COVID-19 death based on Reduced-Space Gaussian Process Regression associated to chaotic Dynamical Systems with information obtained in 82 days with continuous learning, day by day, from January 21(th), 2020 to April 12(th). According last results, COVID-19 could be predicted with Gaussian models mean-field models can be meaningfully used to gather a quantitative picture of the epidemic spreading, with infections, fatality and recovery rate. able on the Center for Systems Science and Engineering at Johns Hopkins University [6] , the available data analyzed is considered between January 21 th 2020 and April 39 12 th 2020, included, with a feedback process in a neural network applied; it allows 40 to examined the information in real time in each state, at Fig. 1 • . doi = 10.1016/j.chaos.2020.109924 id = cord-285505-8norumv6 author = Vere Hodge, R. Anthony title = Meeting report: 27th International conference on antiviral research, in Raleigh, NC, USA date = 2014-09-16 keywords = HBV; HCV; HIV; RNA; TDF; USA; dna summary = The focus of John''s presentation was on the research conducted in his own and his collaborators'' laboratories that ultimately led to the invention of three compounds which were discovered to have antiviral activity against human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) and which later entered clinical trials: BDCRB pyranoside (GW275175X) (Phase I), maribavir (Phases I, II and III) and cyclopropavir (Phase I). In monotherapy studies after oral dosing with TDF (300 mg) and TAF (25 mg), the plasma TFV AUC is reduced from 1920 to 268 ng.h/ml respectively whereas the reduction in HIV load from baseline is improved, from log 10 0.97 to log 10 1.46 copies/ml, respectively, reflecting the more efficient delivery of TAF to target cells and tissues. David Margolis, University of North Carolina, NC, USA In HIV-infected patients, there is a long-lasting reservoir of HIV in the form of integrated viral DNA in resting CD4+ memory cells of the host immune system. doi = 10.1016/j.antiviral.2014.08.009 id = cord-290837-8g7zfeb7 author = Wanandy, Troy title = Pharmaceutical and preclinical evaluation of Advax adjuvant as a dose-sparing strategy for ant venom immunotherapy date = 2019-08-05 keywords = Advax; JJAV; USA; VIT summary = The purpose of this study was to evaluate the physicochemical and microbiological stability and murine immunogenicity of low-dose JJA VIT formulated with a novel polysaccharide adjuvant referred to as delta inulin or Advax TM . Diffraction light scattering was used to assess particle size distribution of Advax; pH and benzyl alcohol quantification by UPLC-UV were used to assess the physicochemical stability of JJAV diluent, and endotoxin content and preservative efficacy test was used to investigate the microbiological properties of the adjuvanted VIT formulation. Diffraction light scattering was used to assess particle size distribution of Advax; pH and benzyl alcohol quantification by UPLC-UV were used to assess the physicochemical stability of JJAV diluent, and endotoxin content and preservative efficacy test was used to investigate the microbiological properties of the adjuvanted VIT formulation. doi = 10.1016/j.jpba.2019.04.017 id = cord-295445-f4p00yaw author = Wang, Hao title = Differential removal of human pathogenic viruses from sewage by conventional and ozone treatments date = 2018-02-01 keywords = PCR; USA; treatment; virus summary = doi = 10.1016/j.ijheh.2018.01.012 id = cord-297332-rzf0cw1x author = Wang, Qidi title = Immunodominant SARS Coronavirus Epitopes in Humans Elicited both Enhancing and Neutralizing Effects on Infection in Non-human Primates date = 2016-04-11 keywords = ADE; CoV; DPI; SARS; USA; figure summary = 15 Other observations include evidence of ADE reported here for the first time induced by an inactivated SARS-CoV vaccine in rhesus macaques ( Figure 1 ) and by antisera from SARS patients (Table S1) , as well as ADE in other coronavirus infections. Herein, we discovered that a peptide of the viral sequence simultaneously elicits the antibodies of disparate functions in protection and enhancement against SARS-CoV infection by the studies with host Vero E6 cells in vitro and in non-human primates. In contrast, the immunized monkeys in the Vac3 group had a strongly increased ability to control SARS-CoV infection in association with induction of high levels of anti-S 604−625 antibodies ( Figure 7E ). 44 This study demonstrates for the first time that an antibody (mAb43-3-14) targeting a specific linear epitope (S 597−603 ) of the SARS-CoV spike protein can mediate enhancement of virus infection both in vitro and in non-human primates via an epitope sequence-dependent mechanism. doi = 10.1021/acsinfecdis.6b00006 id = cord-301745-cuatqy1u author = Wei, Maryann title = Social Distancing and Lockdown – An Introvert’s Paradise? An Empirical Investigation on the Association Between Introversion and the Psychological Impact of COVID19-Related Circumstantial Changes date = 2020-09-17 keywords = USA; change; circumstantial summary = The current study investigated whether the psychological impact of COVID19-related circumstantial changes was moderated by introversion, based on outcome measures across psychosocial, cognitive, and affective domains. One hundred and fourteen individuals (64 USA residents) completed measures of introversion, and reported on the extent to which they experienced loneliness, anxiety, depression and cognitive impairments as a function of COVID19-related circumstantial changes. Additionally, the psychological impact of COVID19-related circumstantial changes (and mental health in general) has psychosocial, cognitive, and affective aspects, which in turn represent functional domains which may be differentially moderated by personality traits (Segel-Karpas and Lachman, 2018) . After controlling for age, gender, living condition and recent unemployment, higher introversion (higher Introversion Scale scores) uniquely predicted higher depression (PHQ-9) and anxiety (GAD-7) experienced as a function of COVID19-related circumstantial changes, β = 0.196, t = 2.12, p = 0.036 and β = 0.188, t = 2.02, p = 0.046, respectively. doi = 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.561609 id = cord-267168-qjktnnn6 author = Wille, Michelle title = Evolutionary genetics of canine respiratory coronavirus and recent introduction into Swedish dogs date = 2020-03-20 keywords = Fig; Sweden; USA summary = doi = 10.1016/j.meegid.2020.104290 id = cord-270556-lyrgwxit author = Winnicka, Beata title = CD13 is dispensable for normal hematopoiesis and myeloid cell functions in the mouse date = 2010-04-29 keywords = CD13; Fig; USA; cell; null summary = To address the function of myeloid CD13 directly, we created a CD13 null mouse and assessed the responses of purified primary macrophages or DCs from WT and CD13 null animals in cell assays and inflammatory disease models, where CD13 has been implicated previously. The latter study found enhanced phagocytosis of antibody-modified target cells and prolonged downstream signaling upon engagement of the Fc␥R in the presence of cross-linking mAb to CD13 in primary monocytes or myeloid cell lines, suggesting that CD13 may be a functional regulator of this receptor. Although overall adhesion of CD13 null cells was slightly lower than WT to untreated or control monolayers, treatment of the endothelial monolayer with cross-linking anti-mCD13 antibodies significantly increased the adhesion of WT but not CD13 null macrophages (Fig. 4D) , consistent with our results in human cells implicating CD13 as a myeloid adhesion molecule in a gain-of-function manner. doi = 10.1189/jlb.0210065 id = cord-012826-72mz834w author = Xu, Zhen-dong title = Propofol affects mouse embryonic fibroblast survival and proliferation in vitro via ATG5- and calcium-dependent regulation of autophagy date = 2019-10-23 keywords = ATG5; USA; cell summary = In addition, ATG5(−/−) MEF themselves released more Ca(2+) in cytosolic space and endoplasmic reticulum compared with WT cells, suggesting that autophagy deficiency made intracellular calcium signaling more vulnerable to external stimuli (propofol). After 24-h exposure to propofol, the MTT signal of ATG5 −/− cells was significantly enhanced at clinically relevant concentrations (10 µM); however, this effect was inverted at high pharmacological General anesthetics and autophagy ZD Xu et al. ATG5 plays a key role in propofol effects on cell growth We next determined whether the elevation of MTT by propofol at clinically relevant concentrations in ATG5 −/− cells (Fig. 1c) was caused by changes in mitochondrial reductase activity (early cell damage) or an increase in cell numbers (proliferation). While this enhances vulnerability to cell death triggered by calcium overload at high propofol doses, propofol at clinically relevant concentrations (10 μM) induces a moderate increase in Ca 2+ release from the ER into the cytosol, favoring cell survival and proliferation of autophagy-deficient cells (Fig. 6) . doi = 10.1038/s41401-019-0303-z id = cord-000402-unr44dvp author = Yoo, Hyun Jung title = Gene Expression Profile during Chondrogenesis in Human Bone Marrow derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells using a cDNA Microarray date = 2011-06-20 keywords = USA; cell; gene summary = title: Gene Expression Profile during Chondrogenesis in Human Bone Marrow derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells using a cDNA Microarray The expression levels of the 10 genes selected (Hrad 6B, annexin A2, BMP-7, contactin-1, peroxiredoxin-1, heat shock transcription factor-2, synaptotagmin IV, serotonin receptor-7, Axl, and IL-15) were analyzed by RT-PCR, by using total RNAs obtained from 5 samples (Fig. 4B) . The expression levels of 9 genes (Hrad 6B, annexin A2, BMP-7, contactin-1, peroxiredoxin-1, heat shock transcription factor-2, synaptotagmin IV, serotonin receptor-7, Axl) were low in undifferentiated cells and increased in differentiated cells by RT-PCR and microarray, but the expression pattern of IL-15 was different. Microarray data showed that Axl, synaptotagmin IV, Hrad6B, peroxiredoxin-1, BMP-7, heat shock transcription factor-2, annexin A2, contactin-1 and serotonin receptor-7 expressions were maintained in differentiating BM-MSCs until day 14. Gene expression profile of cytokine and growth factor during differentiation of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cell doi = 10.3346/jkms.2011.26.7.851 id = cord-352824-sbsg39ix author = Zhan, Choujun title = General Model for COVID-19 Spreading with Consideration of Intercity Migration, Insufficient Testing and Active Intervention: Application to Study of Pandemic Progression in Japan and USA date = 2020-03-30 keywords = March; USA summary = A new Susceptible-Exposed-Infected-Confirmed-Removed (SEICR) model with consideration of intercity travel and active intervention is proposed for predicting the spreading progression of the 2019 New Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19). Furthermore, the level of intervention in the form of travel restriction, regional lockdown or other active control measures would profoundly influence the rapidity of the spread of the virus and the eventual number of infected cases. A specific parameter is used to adjust the level of active intervention in the simulation of future progression profiles, which corresponds quantitatively to the increase in the number of individuals eventually infected due to an additional infected individual at any given time. With the public raising its level of vigilance in exercising strict protective measures and the government drastically elevating its active intervention, the percentage of population getting infected can be reduced to 0.23% in Japan and 2.7% in the USA. doi = 10.1101/2020.03.25.20043380 id = cord-003738-el0wyu74 author = Zhang, Qingxiu title = The interleukin-4/PPARγ signaling axis promotes oligodendrocyte differentiation and remyelination after brain injury date = 2019-06-21 keywords = CNS; Fig; IL-4; MBP; MCAO; OPC; USA summary = doi = 10.1371/journal.pbio.3000330 id = cord-284113-qboon2uv author = Zheljazkov, Valtcho D. title = Industrial, CBD, and Wild Hemp: How Different Are Their Essential Oil Profile and Antimicrobial Activity? date = 2020-10-12 keywords = CBD; Cannabis; USA; hemp summary = The hypothesis was that wild hemp would have a different EO content, composition, and antimicrobial activity compared with the EOs of registered industrial hemp cultivars, new hemp breeding lines, and a hemp strain (unregistered cultivar) that is currently used for the commercial production of CBD. Overall, the EOs of the wild hemps and registered cultivars in this study were similar to those reported previously: 0.23 to 0.31% in fresh inflorescences [14] , 0.29 to 0.19% depending on the collection time with higher EO yield from plants sampled earlier (in September than in October) [13] , and 0.1% in stems and 0.15% in the leaves of wild hemp from Austria [15] , respectively. Overall, the results from this study suggest that wild/spontaneous hemp in Europe is chemotaxonomically related to the industrial hemp varieties (cultivars) grown in Europe and deviate from the chemical profile of the USA hemp strain that was developed from marijuana-type cannabis for the commercial production of CBD. doi = 10.3390/molecules25204631 id = cord-013601-y8pc4qfc author = Zhou, Bo-ya title = Nintedanib inhibits keloid fibroblast functions by blocking the phosphorylation of multiple kinases and enhancing receptor internalization date = 2020-04-23 keywords = Fig; TGF; USA; cell; keloid summary = This study aimed to explore the targeted drug effect of nintedanib on antagonizing multiple signaling pathways related to VEGF-R, FGF-R, PDGF-R, and TGF-β-R and examine its therapeutic effect on keloid fibroblast behaviors, including cell proliferation, cell cycle progression, overproduction of extracellular matrix, cell migration, and cell invasion, using in vitro and ex vivo models. However, treatment with increasing concentrations of nintedanib for 7 days significantly inhibited KFs from migrating out of the tissue explants in a dose-dependent manner with significant differences from that of the control group (P < 0.05). As presented in Fig. 4a , at the transcriptional level, treatment with the drug at concentrations of 1, 2, and 4 μM for 72 h significantly suppressed the gene expression of COL-1, FN, connective tissue growth factor (CTGF), plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), and FK506-binding protein 10 (FKBP10) in a dose-dependent manner, with significant differences among the groups (P < 0.05). doi = 10.1038/s41401-020-0381-y id = cord-003256-8plv9q8b author = Zhou, Xiaoqin title = Review of global sanitation development date = 2018-11-17 keywords = Science; USA; article; sanitation; urine summary = doi = 10.1016/j.envint.2018.07.047 id = cord-001521-l36f1gp7 author = nan title = Oral and Poster Manuscripts date = 2011-04-08 keywords = A(H1N1; CDC; China; ELISA; H1N1; H3N2; H5N1; H9N2; HAI; Health; Hong; ILI; Influenza; Kong; LAIV; MDCK; PB1-F2; PCR; RNA; TCID; USA; cell; figure; infection; ns1; pandemic; table; virus summary = The IC 50 values determined in functional NI assays provide valuable information for detection of resistant viruses, but should not be used to draw direct correlations with drug concentrations needed to inhibit virus replication in the infected human host, as clinical data to support such inferences are inadequate. • Standardized reagents and protocols • Choice of detection technology • Simple instrumentation requirements • High sensitivity for use with low virus concentrations • Compatibility with batch-mode processing and largescale assay throughput • Broad specificity of influenza detection • Flexibility in assay format • Additional NA assay applications -cell-based viral assays, screening for new NIs, detection of NA from other organisms Functional neuraminidase inhibition assays enable detection of any resistance mutation and are extremely important in conjunction with sequence-based screening assays for global monitoring of virus isolates for NI resistance mutations, including known and new mutations. Such new assays need to include methods to measure local antibodies and virus-specific lymphocytes, especially in the case of live attenuated influenza vaccines, because of their potential to induce such broad-based immune responses. doi = 10.1111/j.1750-2659.2011.00209.x id = cord-006876-v2m5l5wz author = nan title = Neurocritical Care Society 14(th) Annual Meeting date = 2016-08-11 keywords = CPP; Care; DCI; EEG; GCS; ICH; ICP; ICU; INR; January; MRI; NIHSS; PCC; SAGE-547; SAH; SRSE; TBI; USA; University; brain; day; outcome; patient; study summary = We conducted a prospective cohort study among mild and moderate-severe TBI patients admitted to a level 1 trauma center with these inclusion criteria: 1) Age < 65 years, 2) No severe non-TBI injuries, 3) No prior cardiac disease, and 4) Minimal comorbidities. In most instances, DC has been performed based on neurosurgical evaluation of the patient with or without intracranial pressure (ICP) monitoring and evidence of increased shown variable outcomes in emergency (within 4 hours of injury) neurosurgical procedure in Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI). This is an observational cohort study of adult patients (>18 years) in a 10-bed NSICU at an academic, tertiary care center evaluating quality outcome measures pre-and post-neurointensivists. Intensivists in neuro ICU must consistently assess and treat the non-neurological complications in traumatic brain and spine-injured patients and deliver appropriate care to bring down the mortality and morbidity and improve outcome. doi = 10.1007/s12028-016-0301-7 id = cord-008764-j9qmw4zy author = nan title = Chapter 1 The need for chemotherapy and prophylaxis against viral diseases date = 2008-05-29 keywords = USA; chapter; disease; virus summary = doi = 10.1016/s0168-7069(08)70009-0 id = cord-015391-zf3bx8i7 author = nan title = President’s Plenary Session date = 2012-12-30 keywords = USA summary = key: cord-015391-zf3bx8i7 cord_uid: zf3bx8i7 nan Hector Barrera-Villa Zevallos, Donna Lai, Jonathan Arthur, Cecilia Ng, Robert Markham, and Ian S Fraser. Ismail Mert, and David Kmak. Muna Noori, Ann E Donald, Aroon D Hingorani, and David J Williams. Probiotic Attenuation of Infl ammatory Responses in Amnion: A Possible Role in the Prevention of Preterm Labor? Poster Session III -Douglas Pavilion S-089 Infl ammation Provoking a Cytokine Response and Disrupting the Epithelial Barrier Is Mitigated with Dexamethasone: A Possible Mechanism of Premature Cervical Remodeling and Preterm Birth Appropriate for Gestational Age-Preterm Neonates Born to Mothers with Moderate, but Not Mild or Severe, Intensity of Histologic Chorioamnionitis, Funisitis, and Intraamniotic Infl ammation without Microbial Invasion of Amniotic Cavity Have a Lower Rate of RDS. Human β Defensin -3 in Human Pregnancy: The Effect of Gestational Age, Parturition, and Intra-Amniotic Infection/Infl ammation. Infl ammation of the Fetal Skin Following Low-Grade Microbial Stimulation doi = 10.1177/1933719112442492 id = cord-015394-uj7fe5y6 author = nan title = Scientific Abstracts date = 2008-12-23 keywords = ACTH; AEA; ANOVA; BMI; CRF; Center; ELISA; EOC; ERK; GDM; Gynecology; Hospital; IL-1; IL-6; IL-8; IUGR; IVF; LPS; Medical; Medicine; NIH; Netherlands; Obstetrics; P<0.05; PCOS; PCR; PPROM; RNA; Research; School; TNF; USA; University; VEGF; cell; conclusion; control; dna; expression; fetal; fsh; human; increase; level; maternal; method; objective; placental; pregnancy; result; study; western; woman summary = Studies involving immunohistochemical analysis of normal ovaries have shown that granulosa cells express significantly higher levels of the activator protein-1 (AP-1) transcription factor, cFos compared to theca cells, where cFos expression is virtually absent. Following acute hypoxia (0.5% O2) for one to six hours, RhoA mRNA, total protein and activation (RhoA-GTP) levels were analysed, using semi-quantitative PCRs and western blot, and compared to normoxic non-pregnant human uterine smooth muscle control cells. Since there is an urgent need for non-invasive methods for determination of fetal (F) and placental (P) function, this study was designed to evaluate the genes differently and commonly expressed in P tissue and leukocytes in maternal (M) and F circulation.Material and Methods. The current study: 1) localized IL-6 mRNA levels in preeclamptic versus normal decidual sections; 2) evaluated mechanisms regulating IL-6 synthesis by targeting intracellular signaling pathways with specific inhibitors; 3) identified potential IL-6 targets by immunolocalizing the IL-6 receptor (IL-6R) to specific cell types in placental bed biopsies. doi = 10.1177/19337191080150020102 id = cord-020010-q58x6xb0 author = nan title = 19th ICAR Abstracts: date = 2006-03-13 keywords = CDV; Department; HCMV; HCV; HIV; HIV-1; Institute; REP; RNA; Research; ST-246; Sciences; USA; University; Virology; WNV; activity; antiviral; cell; compound; dna; infection; virus summary = In the present study we reported the antiviral activity of neuraminidase inhibitor oseltamivir against lethal H5N1 influenza virus infection in ferrets, an appropriate animal model that closely resembles clinical signs of human influenza. Earl Kern 1 , Kathy Keith 2 , Robert Jordan 2 , Dennis Hruby 2 , Debra Quenelle 2 1 Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama School of Medicine, Birmingham, AL, USA; 2 SIGA Technologies, Inc., Corvallis, OR, USA Although cidofovir (CDV) has been approved as an investigational new drug for emergency treatment of smallpox, its lack of oral activity and dose limiting toxicity dictates a need for continued development of better therapeutic agents for this potential bioterror disease. The in vitro antiviral activity of one of the most selective compounds, i.e. CHI-033, was assessed by (i) MTS-based cytopathic effect assays, (ii) virus yield reduction assays, (iii) real-time quantitative PCR (RT-QPCR) and (iv) by monitoring viral antigen expression. doi = 10.1016/j.antiviral.2006.02.001 id = cord-023049-fio7cjj5 author = nan title = 2017 Peripheral Nerve Society Meeting July 8–12, 2017 Sitges, Barcelona, Spain date = 2017-06-22 keywords = AMAN; Barré; CIDP; CMT; CSA; Center; Charcot; DRG; Department; EMG; FAP; France; GBS; GM1; Guillain; Hospital; IENFD; IVIG; Institute; Italy; Japan; MMN; MRC; MRI; Marie; Medical; Medicine; NCS; National; Neurology; Neuropathy; PMP22; PNS; School; Schwann; Singapore; TTR; Tooth; USA; University; cmt1a; mag; nerve; patient; study summary = Clinical efficacy (Medical Research Council sum score, 10-m walk, modified Inflammatory Neuropathy Cause and Treatment score, Overall Neuropathy Limitations Scale, Romberg test) and patient-reported outcomes (36-item Short Form Health Survey , Life Quality Index [LQI] ) were assessed at baseline and at regular intervals until the final visit (10-14 months after switching). To explore the issue of early biomarkers in FAP, we performed skin biopsy and compared IENF density with parameters of nerve conduction studies (NCS) and quantitative sensory testing (QST) on 36 subjects (23 men, aged 55.1 ± 11.1 years) with genetic confirmation of TTR-A97S: 17 patients and 19 carriers. Results: The Gly112Ser mutation causing CMT1C is a mild form of CMT, as patients walked on time, had less weakness than those with Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease type 1A (CMT1A), had a Charcot Marie Tooth neuropathy score (CMTNS) indicative of mild disease, and had faster ulnar and median motor nerve conduction velocities compared to those with CMT1A. doi = 10.1111/jns.12225 id = cord-023211-kt5gt26t author = nan title = Poster Session Abstracts date = 2007-08-29 keywords = ASL; ATP; BMI; CFF; CFQ; CFRD; CFTR; Center; Cystic; DHA; FEV1; FVC; Fibrosis; Foundation; GFP; HBE; Hospital; IL-8; Isc; MRSA; Medical; NBD1; NIH; PCR; PKA; Pseudomonas; USA; United; University; airway; cell; conclusion; dna; increase; lung; method; patient; result; study; ∆F508; ∆F508-CFTR summary = Previous studies performed using fluorescence halide efflux measurements and short-circuit current voltage clamp have shown that treatment with PPARγ (peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma) agonists, such as pioglitazone and FLL (FMOC-L-leucine), resulted in an increased biosynthesis and trafficking of ∆F508-CFTR to the cell surface. Physiology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom Recent progress in the development of small molecule correctors and potentiators capable of restoring CFTR function have increased the need for pre-clinical test models including cultured airway epithelial cells from human CF patients as well as CF mouse models. Clinical studies have linked increased sputum and peripheral blood neutrophil MPO activity with increased airflow obstruction in cystic fibrosis (CF) patients of the same age, gender, airway bacterial flora, and CFTR genotype. Because patients expressing low levels of normal CFTR mRNA (5-20%) have mild disease symptoms, these studies demonstrate that the incorporation of the ciliated cell-specific FOXJ1 promoter into gene therapy vectors may be useful for treatment of CF. doi = 10.1002/ppul.20700 id = cord-023442-4vzwc2d2 author = nan title = Proceedings of SCANNING 94/SEEMS 94 Charleston, South Carolina, USA date = 2006-12-05 keywords = Carlo; EPMA; Fig; Monte; Mott; SEM; Scanning; Supplement; TEM; USA; Vol; beam; cell; electron; figure; high; image; microscopy; result; sample; section; specimen; structure; study; surface summary = IV-4 Scanning Vol. 16, Supplement IV (1994) Simulation of image formation and detection systems in the SEM is a vital link in performing image analysis to obtain precise measurements, to provide the necessary connection between image parameters and structural dimensions, and to reflect important microscope beam and detector parameters. By knowing the transfer function, noise, and distortion figure in digital form, it is relatively easy to obtain more accurate comparison of the measured and calculated signal (Fig. 1 The calculation of image contrast in the scanning electron microscope (SEM) can be done using Monte Carlo techniques if the electron trajectories can be calculated through the composition profiles in the specimen. Specimens providing IV-18 Scanning Vol. 16, Supplement IV (1994) FIG highly redundant structures and relatively smooth fractures, such as cell suspensions or o/w emulsions, were investigated using freeze fracture/replication and ambient temperature transmission electron microscopy (AT-TEM). doi = 10.1002/sca.4950160315 id = cord-023837-kenstpja author = nan title = China date = 2019 keywords = China; GDP; Hong; January; July; Kong; People; Republic; Taiwan; USA; chinese summary = In foreign affairs, regional concerns over China''s territorial and military intentions were raised in Nov. 2013 by the government''s declaration of a new ''air defence identification zone'' over a swathe of the East China Sea including disputed islands claimed by Japan and South Korea. Regarded as the steward of the Chinese economy, Li was expected to focus on securing China''s long-term expansion and on the further provision of basic national healthcare, affordable housing, employment growth, regional development and cleaner energy. China is the world''s third largest exporter of arms after the USA and Russia, with 6·2% of the global major weapons total over the period 2012-16. GDP growth declined to 6·9% in 2015 (the slowest rate in 25 years) and fell again to 6·7% in 2016 as China attempted to reduce its reliance on exports, increase domestic consumption and develop its service sector. doi = 10.1007/978-1-349-95321-9_204 id = cord-031907-ilhr3iu5 author = nan title = ISEV2020 Abstract Book date = 2020-07-15 keywords = CD63; CD81; CD9; CDC; CRC; CSF; ELISA; Exo; Extracellular; GBM; HER2; HIV; Health; Institute; L1CAM; MDA; MSC; NIH; NTA; Nanoparticle; National; PCR; RNA; Research; SEC; TEM; Tau; USA; University; analysis; cancer; cell; conclusion; dna; exosome; expression; high; human; introduction; isolate; marker; method; patient; plasma; protein; result; sample; size; study; summary; vesicle; western summary = L.M., and the National Institutes of Health (R35GM119623) to T.R.G. The addition of a size exclusion chromatography step to various urinary extracellular vesicle concentrating methods reveals differences in the small RNA profile Introduction: Urinary extracellular vesicles (EVs) and their RNA cargo are a novel source of biomarkers for various diseases, however non-vesicular RNA (e.g. associated with proteins) is also present within urine. We then evaluated efficiency of heart targeting for eAAV9 or eAAV6 and standard AAV9 or AAV6 encoding for EGFP, mCherry or firefly luciferase in different human cell lines in vitro, in black mouse and in passive immunity nude mouse model in vivo using flow cytometry, confocal microscopy, Langendorff perfusion system and Methods: HLHS patients (n = 3) after Glenn procedure and swine (n = 3) after PAB were given RV injections of allogeneic/xenogeneic MSCs. Donor-specific, HLA-I+, exosomes were isolated from plasma. doi = 10.1080/20013078.2020.1784511 id = cord-257167-rz4r5sj7 author = nan title = Abstracts for the 29th Annual Meeting of the Japan Neuroscience Society (Neuroscience2006) date = 2006-12-31 keywords = Anatomy; BDNF; BSI; Biology; Brain; CA1; CNS; CREST; Center; Chiba; Department; Dept; Div; Division; Engineering; Fos; GABA; GFP; Graduate; Hiroshi; Institute; JST; Japan; KAKENHI; Kobe; Kyoto; LTD; LTP; Laboratory; Life; Medical; Medicine; NMDA; Nagoya; National; Neuroscience; Niigata; Okazaki; Osaka; PS1A; PS2P; PS3A; Physiology; Purkinje; RIKEN; Research; Saitama; Sato; School; Science; Sendai; Takashi; Technology; Tohoku; Tokyo; Tsukuba; USA; University; Wako; activity; cell; effect; mouse; neuron; neuronal; ps3p; response; result; study summary = SY1-3-11-3 SAD: A novel kinase implicated in phosphoproteome at the presynaptic active zone Toshihisa Ohtsuka Department of Clinical and Molecular Pathology, Faculty of Medicine/Graduate School of Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan SAD is a serine/threonine kianse, which has been shown to regulate various neuronal functions during development, including clustering synaptic vesicles, maturation of synapses, and axon/dendrite polarization: these have recently been revealed by genetic studies in C. The results suggest that EAAT4 plays a major role in regulating the concentration of CF transmitters, possibly glutamate, in the route of its extrasynaptic diffusion, and determining the degree of CF-induced inhibition of GABA release from BCs depending on the regional difference of EAAT4 expression in postsynaptic PCs. Chitoshi Takayama 1 , Yoshiro Inoue 1 1 Department of Molecular Neuroanatomy, Hokkaido University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan GABA mediates inhibitory transmission in the adult central nervous system (CNS). doi = 10.1016/j.neures.2006.04.004 id = cord-304492-ntme8w6i author = nan title = Speaking up against inequity and racism date = 2020-06-16 keywords = Cancer; USA summary = The causes of these disparities are complex and include historical and structural racism, implicit racial and social biases, entrenched economic, educational and healthcare inequities, and the cultural and behavioral trends of communities and individuals. In the USA, the National Institutes of Health (NIH) have a long-held policy on the inclusion of minorities in clinical research. It has been estimated that 22% of the cancer deaths in 2018 in the USA could have been avoided had these patients had access to and quality of health care and treatment similar to that of college-educated people 7 . From access to diagnosis, treatment and care, to population representation in the patient cohorts that inform research findings and drive clinical discovery, racial and ethnic minorities remain disadvantaged around the world. Nature Cancer stands with the Black community and minority and underrepresented groups against discrimination and intolerance. doi = 10.1038/s43018-020-0091-x