Summary of your 'study carrel' ============================== This is a summary of your Distant Reader 'study carrel'. The Distant Reader harvested & cached your content into a collection/corpus. It then applied sets of natural language processing and text mining against the collection. The results of this process was reduced to a database file -- a 'study carrel'. The study carrel can then be queried, thus bringing light specific characteristics for your collection. These characteristics can help you summarize the collection as well as enumerate things you might want to investigate more closely. This report is a terse narrative report, and when processing is complete you will be linked to a more complete narrative report. Eric Lease Morgan Number of items in the collection; 'How big is my corpus?' ---------------------------------------------------------- 191 Average length of all items measured in words; "More or less, how big is each item?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 12241 Average readability score of all items (0 = difficult; 100 = easy) ------------------------------------------------------------------ 47 Top 50 statistically significant keywords; "What is my collection about?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 191 United 109 States 27 disease 19 infection 18 COVID-19 16 SARS 12 Health 11 child 11 HIV 11 China 10 vaccine 9 health 8 virus 8 study 8 patient 8 covid-19 7 cause 7 World 7 CDC 6 human 6 country 6 case 6 animal 6 Kingdom 6 Ebola 6 AIDS 5 treatment 5 risk 5 pandemic 5 figure 5 agent 5 U.S. 5 Africa 4 system 4 food 4 clinical 4 chemical 4 care 4 antibiotic 4 american 4 Salmonella 3 weapon 3 tick 3 social 3 person 3 outbreak 3 laboratory 3 infectious 3 blood 3 biological Top 50 lemmatized nouns; "What is discussed?" --------------------------------------------- 8047 disease 7807 % 7384 patient 5763 infection 4793 health 4188 virus 4106 study 4077 case 3812 risk 3704 vaccine 3555 child 3552 year 3249 country 3105 cell 2987 treatment 2784 animal 2702 time 2600 care 2381 system 2367 population 2225 use 2177 datum 2176 level 2157 outbreak 2156 result 2054 day 2050 control 2048 response 1982 transmission 1975 age 1974 group 1911 number 1906 rate 1794 effect 1650 therapy 1646 change 1646 agent 1644 area 1617 person 1612 people 1593 analysis 1576 state 1574 factor 1561 blood 1500 death 1464 diagnosis 1452 development 1449 food 1431 program 1420 pandemic Top 50 proper nouns; "What are the names of persons or places?" -------------------------------------------------------------- 4714 United 4009 States 2465 al 2036 et 1800 CF 1679 . 1349 CFTR 1298 Health 1092 US 1050 HIV 951 SARS 922 China 919 COVID-19 695 World 692 • 667 CDC 618 New 597 National 575 Africa 540 Kingdom 533 America 530 Salmonella 530 Europe 527 U.S. 510 Disease 468 AIDS 453 Ebola 446 C. 434 Lyme 433 A 416 West 400 Center 394 Department 379 Control 374 B 367 International 356 PCR 352 University 352 TB 346 Prevention 345 C 342 Canada 342 American 329 South 327 Organization 326 S. 320 B. 317 Coronavirus 316 North 316 Hospital Top 50 personal pronouns nouns; "To whom are things referred?" ------------------------------------------------------------- 5330 it 3993 we 2637 they 800 i 797 he 779 them 359 she 247 us 177 themselves 154 you 153 one 151 itself 121 him 74 me 74 her 38 himself 22 ourselves 15 oneself 11 herself 5 myself 4 s 4 's 2 i- 1 α1-pdx 1 yourself 1 toie 1 thereof 1 theirs 1 thee 1 ours 1 or=0.12 1 o139 1 mrnas 1 ly294002 1 il13ra2 1 ii.f.2.a 1 icd-9-cm 1 i.e.2 1 i.b.3.e 1 http://thomas.loc.gov 1 hers 1 fori/ 1 em 1 btb Top 50 lemmatized verbs; "What do things do?" --------------------------------------------- 68114 be 16054 have 4548 include 4500 use 2878 increase 2598 cause 2582 develop 2574 do 2475 associate 2344 report 2297 provide 2180 occur 1854 show 1822 base 1757 identify 1741 follow 1632 find 1629 make 1542 see 1536 reduce 1525 require 1334 lead 1229 relate 1226 result 1223 compare 1208 suggest 1175 become 1156 affect 1154 receive 1117 take 1113 give 1112 consider 1059 know 1054 prevent 1042 need 1041 produce 1020 involve 1012 improve 999 infect 990 treat 987 remain 982 determine 940 emerge 829 demonstrate 825 continue 822 support 820 describe 797 perform 761 establish 755 recommend Top 50 lemmatized adjectives and adverbs; "How are things described?" --------------------------------------------------------------------- 6709 not 4383 other 4107 also 4033 more 3561 such 3232 high 2885 most 2640 - 2534 clinical 2290 human 2218 well 2121 new 2066 however 1954 only 1934 many 1911 first 1849 low 1827 public 1660 infectious 1616 respiratory 1587 as 1569 large 1550 early 1502 important 1472 common 1360 acute 1355 medical 1333 significant 1302 severe 1289 specific 1245 often 1212 different 1176 available 1125 several 1124 long 1122 less 1110 even 1081 social 1074 effective 1065 small 1057 global 1053 international 1051 likely 1048 old 989 major 968 great 945 national 930 further 924 pediatric 923 positive Top 50 lemmatized superlative adjectives; "How are things described to the extreme?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 878 most 406 least 362 Most 271 good 245 high 174 large 145 great 53 bad 52 low 36 early 33 poor 32 late 28 big 24 strong 16 close 12 old 12 deadly 11 long 10 near 9 wide 9 simple 8 young 8 rich 8 fast 7 wealthy 7 small 7 easy 6 broad 5 short 5 safe 4 weak 4 warm 4 tall 4 common 3 grave 3 full 3 fine 2 slight 2 sick 2 severe 2 quick 2 postharv 2 overharv 2 new 2 few 2 dire 2 dense 2 deep 2 dark 2 costly Top 50 lemmatized superlative adverbs; "How do things do to the extreme?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 2007 most 297 least 87 well 8 worst 7 hard 3 lowest 2 youngest 2 highest 2 fast 1 farthest 1 early 1 cfdna 1 -particularly Top 50 Internet domains; "What Webbed places are alluded to in this corpus?" ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 18 www.cdc.gov 16 doi.org 9 www3.niaid.nih.gov 9 www.who.int 9 www 5 nextstrain.org 5 en.wikipedia.org 4 www.gpo.gov 4 www.fns.usda.gov 4 www.columbia-lyme.org 4 github.com 3 www3.niaid.nih 3 www3 3 www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov 3 www.frontiersin.org 2 wwwnc.cdc.gov 2 www3.niaid 2 www.who 2 www.microbialrosettastone.com 2 www.kff.org 2 www.fda.gov 2 www.ecfr.gov 2 www.drlinday.com 2 www.cdc 2 cc.in2p3.fr 1 youtu.be 1 www2.ncid.cdc.gov 1 www.usaid.gov 1 www.unhchr.ch 1 www.uis.unesco.org 1 www.southeasttourism.org 1 www.sas.com 1 www.presidency.ucsb.edu 1 www.payequity.org 1 www.oie.int 1 www.oas.org 1 www.oag.com 1 www.naturalearthdata.com 1 www.msh.org 1 www.milbank.org 1 www.milbank 1 www.microbialrosettas 1 www.michigan.gov 1 www.megasoftware.net 1 www.law.cornell.edu 1 www.kidsrisk.harvard.edu 1 www.jvmeonline.org 1 www.jcaho.org 1 www.iata.org 1 www.hpa.org.uk Top 50 URLs; "What is hyperlinked from this corpus?" ---------------------------------------------------- 8 http://www 5 http://doi.org/10.1101/2020.06.11.20128702 4 http://www3.niaid.nih.gov/ 4 http://doi.org/10.1101/2020.05.09.20096388 3 http://www3.niaid.nih 3 http://www3 3 http://www.cdc.gov/ 2 http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/EID/ 2 http://www3.niaid.nih.gov/research/topics/lyme 2 http://www3.niaid 2 http://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/new/2006/nw02/en 2 http://www.who 2 http://www.microbialrosettastone.com/ 2 http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-1996-06-10/pdf/96-14707.pdf 2 http://www.fns.usda.gov/wic/anprmcomments/ 2 http://www.fns.usda.gov/fsp/faqs.htm#9 2 http://www.drlinday.com 2 http://www.columbia-lyme.org/flatp/lymeoverview.html 2 http://www.cdc 2 http://nextstrain.org/community/grubaughlab/CT-SARS-CoV-2/paper1 2 http://doi.org/10 2 http://cc.in2p3.fr/ 1 http://youtu.be/0jfD4xzrJtc 1 http://www3.niaid.nih.gov/topics/ 1 http://www3.niaid.nih.gov/research/topics/lyme/centers/ 1 http://www3.niaid.nih.gov/research/topics/lyme/ 1 http://www2.ncid.cdc.gov/travel/yellowfever 1 http://www/who.int/ocp 1 http://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/ 1 http://www.who.int/ith/en/ 1 http://www.who.int/ith/diseases/lyme/en 1 http://www.who.int/csr/sarsarchive/2003_05_07a/en/ 1 http://www.who.int/csr/en/ 1 http://www.who.int/csr/don/en/ 1 http://www.who.int/ 1 http://www.usaid.gov/sites/default/files/documents/1860/EU% 1 http://www.unhchr.ch/html/menu3/b/h_cat39.htm 1 http://www.uis.unesco.org/template/ 1 http://www.southeasttourism.org/ 1 http://www.sas.com 1 http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/data/orders.php 1 http://www.payequity.org/info.html 1 http://www.oie.int 1 http://www.oas.org/main/english/. 1 http://www.oag.com/ 1 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/igblast/ 1 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genbank/ 1 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Genbank/index.html 1 http://www.naturalearthdata.com/ 1 http://www.msh.org/resource-center/international-drugprice-indicator-guide.cfm Top 50 email addresses; "Who are you gonna call?" ------------------------------------------------- 1 paul.crook@phe.gov.uk 1 nathan.grubaugh@yale.edu 1 mdcassoc@ix.netcom.com 1 ann.pearman@psych.gatech.edu 1 agrant12@gmu.edu 1 martin.isim@georgetown.edu Top 50 positive assertions; "What sentences are in the shape of noun-verb-noun?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 20 data are available 20 vaccines are available 18 disease is usually 17 vaccine is available 14 disease is not 12 treatment is supportive 11 % were male 11 infection is not 10 data are consistent 10 disease is more 10 studies are not 10 study did not 9 system is not 9 vaccine is not 8 % were female 8 disease is endemic 7 disease is also 7 disease is common 7 disease is now 7 disease is often 7 levels were significantly 7 studies have also 7 treatment is available 7 virus is not 7 virus was first 6 % did not 6 animals is not 6 disease is less 6 infection is often 6 infection is usually 6 infections are common 6 patients are alive 6 patients do not 6 results are consistent 6 treatment is not 6 use is not 6 vaccines are not 5 cases occur annually 5 children are often 5 data were available 5 disease is most 5 disease is rare 5 infection does not 5 infections are often 5 patients are not 5 results are not 5 studies are also 5 studies have not 5 vaccine is currently 5 vaccines do not Top 50 negative assertions; "What sentences are in the shape of noun-verb-no|not-noun?" --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 3 virus is not yet 2 % were no longer 2 studies are not ethical 2 system is not yet 2 systems are not yet 2 vaccine is not available 1 % found no link 1 animals is not productive 1 animals is not representative 1 animals is not well 1 care are not unique 1 care including not only 1 care is not able 1 care is not unique 1 care is not universally 1 cases was not available 1 cases were not effectively 1 cells showed no change 1 cells was no longer 1 cells were not distinguishable 1 children are not major 1 children are not routinely 1 children is not essential 1 countries are not conducive 1 countries are not immune 1 countries had not only 1 countries have no meaningful 1 countries is not necessarily 1 data are not detailed 1 data show no evidence 1 data show no notable 1 data showed no shifts 1 days showed no significant 1 disease are not likely 1 disease are not subject 1 disease are not very 1 disease is no longer 1 disease is not as 1 disease is not common 1 disease is not commonly 1 disease is not currently 1 disease is not well 1 disease is not yet 1 disease was not community 1 disease was not very 1 disease was not yet 1 diseases are not completely 1 diseases are not endemic 1 diseases is not currently 1 health are not only A rudimentary bibliography -------------------------- id = cord-021131-6zbe2qmd author = Abeyratne, Ruwantissa title = The ePassport — new technology to counter security threats date = 2012-11-11 keywords = Convention; ICAO; State; United; privacy; right summary = Foremost among these discussions was the ePassport, which is defined by ICAO as a passport which has a contactless integrated circuit (IC) chip within which is stored data from the machine readable passport page, a biometric measure of the passport and a security object to protect the public key infrastructure (PKI) cryptographic technology, and which conforms to the specifications of Doc 9303 part 1. 19 The main feature of this complex web of technological activity is that an enormous amount of personal information handled by such varied players from the public and private sector, may bring about concerns of possible "data leaks" in the system, a risk that could have drastic legal consequences affecting an individual''s rights to privacy. doi = 10.1007/s12198-012-0101-z id = cord-315726-ltjurdrq author = Acheson, D.W.K. title = Food and Waterborne Illnesses date = 2009-02-17 keywords = Campylobacter; Salmonella; States; United; food; infection summary = A wide variety of the common foodborne pathogens is discussed, with a brief description of what they are, the types of illness they cause, and the kinds of food most frequently associated with them along with some commentary with regard to treatment. Examples include the hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) secondary to Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC), the development of Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) after Campylobacter infection, and the association of a number of enteric bacterial pathogens with reactive arthritis and postinfectious irritable bowel syndrome. ETEC are transmitted through contaminated water and food and have caused a number of large outbreaks in the United States; however, their importance in sporadic disease is not known. doi = 10.1016/b978-012373944-5.00183-8 id = cord-353726-e0mr8kqb author = Adler, Nicole title = Strategies for managing risk in a changing aviation environment date = 2012-07-31 keywords = States; United; airline; airport; american; cost; market summary = Abstract Given the increasing volatility in the economic performance of airlines, partially reflecting the dynamics of demand for air transport and the fixed costs associated with the industry, all stakeholders need to consider appropriate strategies for better managing the risks. These strategies need to provide a cushion whereby companies can reasonably handle the risk of fuel price instability, the introduction of carbon cap and trade regulation, the need to finance airport infrastructure, air traffic management systems, aircraft and other assets, the competitive inequalities drawing from subsidies across the globe at various levels of the supply chain and the effects of increasing ad-hoc consumer protection laws. We discuss the on-going process of deregulation of the airline markets in section 5.1, the conditions under which airport regulation continues to be a necessity in a gradually privatized and corporatized airport industry in section 5.2 and the issues arising as a result of the changes in ownership form of the air traffic control sector in section 5.3. doi = 10.1016/j.jairtraman.2011.12.014 id = cord-177001-ron8oqrn author = Afshordi, Niayesh title = Diverse local epidemics reveal the distinct effects of population density, demographics, climate, depletion of susceptibles, and intervention in the first wave of COVID-19 in the United States date = 2020-07-01 keywords = COVID-19; States; United; density; figure; population summary = doi = nan id = cord-016557-f2mzwhrt author = Aggrawal, Anil title = Agrochemical Poisoning date = 2006 keywords = Fig; India; States; United; acute; case; chemical; death; herbicide; insecticide; paraquat; pesticide; poisoning; report summary = Out of the 18 deaths caused by pesticides reported by the 2002 AAPCC annual report (15) , two were the result of paraquat poisoning. Teare (46) reported a case of paraquat poisoning (a 44-year-old man dying of suicidal ingestion of paraquat after 17 days of illness), with the left lung weighing 1980 g and the right lung weighing 1920 g. Metaldehyde is a popular molluscicide that can cause fatal poisoning; the 2002 AAPCC annual report (15) mentions as many as 199 cases of exposure to this agent. According to Harry (4) , accidental pesticide intoxications are mainly caused by ingestions of diluted fertilizers, low-concentration antivitamin K rodenticides, ant-killing products, or granules of molluscicides containing 5% metaldehyde, whereas voluntary intoxications are mostly by chloralose, strychnine, organophosphorus or organochlorine insecticides, concentrated antivitamin K products, and herbicides, such as paraquat, chlorophenoxy compounds, glyphosate, and chlorates. doi = 10.1007/978-1-59259-921-9_10 id = cord-291443-ff80mr2a author = AlMutlak, Mohammed title = Future of Corneal Donation and Transplantation: Insights From COVID-19 Pandemic date = 2020-08-19 keywords = COVID-19; United summary = doi = 10.1097/ico.0000000000002538 id = cord-024061-gxv8y146 author = Alkhamis, Moh A. title = Animal Disease Surveillance in the 21st Century: Applications and Robustness of Phylodynamic Methods in Recent U.S. Human-Like H3 Swine Influenza Outbreaks date = 2020-04-21 keywords = PB2; United; figure; model summary = doi = 10.3389/fvets.2020.00176 id = cord-321194-xi4zy5ow author = Allam, Zaheer title = The Third 50 Days: A Detailed Chronological Timeline and Extensive Review of Literature Documenting the COVID-19 Pandemic From Day 100 to Day 150 date = 2020-07-24 keywords = April; COVID-19; China; Coronavirus; Italy; President; States; United; case; country summary = The build-up to this global pandemic announcement saw a national wide lockdown declared in Italy on 9th following an uncontrollable and astronomic increase in the number of new cases and deaths in the country (BBC, 2020c) . As the situation escalated, with over 1000 confirmed cases in the country, and over 31 deaths from the virus, the National Basketball Association (NBA), one of the most popular and fancied sporting activity in North America abruptly suspended its season, as of March 11, when a player of the Utah Jazz tested positive for coronavirus, just before their game with Oklahoma City began (Cacciola and Deb, 2020) . While a majority of countries, especially in Europe writhed in desperation from the impacts of COVID-19, China reported a third consecutive day with no local new case of coronavirus (The straits Times, 2020c). doi = 10.1016/b978-0-12-824313-8.00003-6 id = cord-324198-b8f99z8r author = Allam, Zaheer title = Underlining the Role of Data Science and Technology in Supporting Supply Chains, Political Stability and Health Networks During Pandemics date = 2020-07-24 keywords = COVID-19; China; Coronavirus; United; datum summary = Besides those, even when countries went on lockdown, the use of technology became even more apparent, as devices such as drones, robots, sensors, smart helmets, and thermal detectors were widely used for different purposes such as delivery, identifying potential coronavirus virus cases and other purposes (WHO, 2020b) . Going further, even post-COVID-19, the role of computation technologies will continue, especially in reevaluating the policy responses, and hence help different stakeholders to identify areas of weakness and how such could be strengthened in case of similar future major disruptive events. According to The World Bank (2020), data transparency not only would help in reducing political tension and win over the coronavirus but is also prerequisite in weathering down the economic shocks affecting the global economy, especially by helping enhancing trust in governments, hence promoting investments especially post-COVID-19. On the Coronavirus (COVID-19) Outbreak and the Smart City Network: Universal Data Sharing Standards Coupled with Artificial Intelligence (AI) to Benefit Urban Health Monitoring and Management doi = 10.1016/b978-0-12-824313-8.00010-3 id = cord-343021-gqem6bxj author = Allam, Zaheer title = Oil, Health Equipment, and Trade: Revisiting Political Economy and International Relations During the COVID-19 Pandemic date = 2020-07-24 keywords = COVID-19; China; Coronavirus; States; United summary = doi = 10.1016/b978-0-12-824313-8.00009-7 id = cord-018566-dd5gw66t author = Armbruster, Walter J. title = The Political Economy of US Antibiotic Use in Animal Feed date = 2018-05-30 keywords = FDA; Health; United; animal; antibiotic summary = This chapter examines the evidence for antibiotic resistance in the United States and globally, the public health implications, and the impact of—and related industry and political responses to—antibiotic use in animal feed. The major stakeholders include pharmaceutical companies, production integrators, feed suppliers, farm groups, producers, restaurants, food retailers, the public, the medical community, the scientific community, government regulators and policy makers. In 1969, the United Kingdom''s (UK) Parliament received the Swann Report, which concluded that using antimicrobials at sub-therapeutic levels in food-producing animals created risks to human and animal health (Joint Committee on the use of Antibiotics in Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine 1969). This scenario could be exacerbated to the extent FSIS approves additional international facilities, local regulations, and inspections as "equivalent to the United States." Future trade agreements will need to include provisions which address reduced use of medically important antibiotics in producing food animals. doi = 10.1007/978-3-319-92138-9_15 id = cord-021887-22lop0pk author = Artenstein, Andrew W. title = Biological Attack date = 2015-10-23 keywords = States; United; agent; anthrax; biological; bioterrorism summary = This trend culminated with the October 2001 anthrax attacks in the United States, which elevated bioterrorism to the forefront of international dialogue and heightened public concerns regarding systemic health care preparation against the threat of biological attacks. Physicians and other health care workers must therefore maintain a high index of suspicion of bioterrorism, and recognize suggestive epidemiologic clues and clinical features to enhance early recognition and guide initial management of casualties. Multiple features make smallpox an attractive biological weapon and ensure that any reintroduction into human populations would be a global public health catastrophe: it is stable in aerosol form, has a low infective dose, is associated with up to a 30% case-fatality rate, and has a large vulnerable target population because civilian vaccination was terminated in 1972. 42 Although not always clinically apparent, the psychological effect of a bioterrorism event is certainly a significant and important consideration for ongoing public health management strategies following any biological threat or terrorist attack. doi = 10.1016/b978-0-323-28665-7.00079-0 id = cord-269788-vfdoelk4 author = Atutornu, Jerome title = A Survey Exploring Personalized Medicine among of Radiography Academics within the United Kingdom date = 2020-07-01 keywords = Kingdom; United; academic summary = In response to the aforementioned, the aim of this study was to investigate the extent to which PM was being taught or incorporated in contemporary radiographic curriculums in higher education institutions (HEIs) offering programmes of study leading to a BSc in Diagnostic Radiography or BSc in Radiotherapy and Oncology in the United Kingdom. Some participants in this study expressed their wishes to learn more about PM in order for them to enhance their academic work, whereas others fully understood its value in the delivery of contemporary education: ''''I think it is critical that we embrace personalised medicine in the curriculum. It is imperative, therefore, that we become much better informed ourselves so that we might support students'' learning and prepare them for a brave new world!'''' [Therapeutic academic] ''''Just to reiterate that in relation to teaching personalized medicine on a therapeutic radiography programme I think we would have to learn more about its emerging use in cancer specific pathways and how it links or will link to therapeutic radiography. doi = 10.1016/j.jmir.2020.05.013 id = cord-307899-427a7i3h author = BITTLE, JAMES L. title = Vaccines Produced by Conventional Means to Control Major Infectious Diseases of Man and Animals date = 1989-12-31 keywords = States; United; cause; disease; infection; vaccine; virus summary = Adenoviruses cause significant disease in dogs, foxes, and man, but have also been isolated from cattle, swine, goats, sheep, horses, turkeys, and chickens, where they produce mild infections, mainly associated with the respiratory and intestinal tracts. The latter modified the virus by serial passage in porcine and canine tissue cultures; the resulting vaccine immunized dogs and did not produce clinical signs of infection except for occasional corneal opacity similar to that caused by natural infection. The immunity produced by the attenuated live-virus CAV-1 vaccines is long lasting and has drastically reduced the incidence of the canine disease. The exception is human hepatitis A virus, which causes a serious disease and has one serotype; the development of both inactivated virus and attenuated live-virus vaccines is in progress (Hilleman et al., 1982; Provost et al., 1983) . An attenuated live-virus yellow fever vaccine was developed by passage of the virulent Asibi strain in mouse brain and cell culture until it had lost its pathogenicity for monkeys and man (Theiler, 1951) . doi = 10.1016/b978-0-12-039233-9.50005-6 id = cord-342939-b7qn6ynk author = Baillie, L. title = Dual Use of Biotechnology date = 2012-01-03 keywords = Kingdom; United; public; research; scientist summary = doi = 10.1016/b978-0-12-373932-2.00430-0 id = cord-295339-nzc47itk author = Baker, Marissa G. title = Estimating the burden of United States workers exposed to infection or disease: A key factor in containing risk of COVID-19 infection date = 2020-04-28 keywords = States; United summary = METHODS: To estimate the number of United States workers frequently exposed to infection and disease in the workplace, national employment data (by Standard Occupational Classification) maintained by the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) was merged with a BLS O*NET survey measure reporting how frequently workers in each occupation are exposed to infection or disease at work. Given the proportion of the United States workforce exposed to disease or infection at work, this analysis also serves as an important reminder that the workplace is a key locus for public health interventions, which could protect both workers and the communities they serve. To estimate the number of United States workers frequently exposed to infection and disease in the workplace, national employment data (by Standard Occupational Classification) maintained by the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) was merged with a BLS O*NET survey measure reporting how frequently workers in each occupation are exposed to infection or disease at work. doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0232452 id = cord-016840-p3sq99yg author = Bales, Connie Watkins title = Minimizing the Impact of Complex Emergencies on Nutrition and Geriatric Health: Planning for Prevention is Key date = 2008-09-09 keywords = States; United; emergency; food; health; old summary = Complex emergencies (CEs) can occur anywhere and are defined as crisis situations that greatly elevate the risk to nutrition and overall health (morbidity and mortality) of older individuals in the affected area. The major underlying threats to nutritional status for older adults during CEs are food insecurity, inadequate social support, and lack of access to health services. Any of a number of crisis situations that greatly elevate the health risk of individuals in the affected area; examples are natural disasters like floods and earthquakes; urban health emergencies like fires, epidemics, and blackouts; and terrorist acts like massive bombings or poisonings of food or water supplies. Examples include natural disasters like floods and earthquakes, urban health emergencies like fires, epidemics and blackouts, and terrorist acts like massive bombings or poisonings of food or water supplies (see Table 29 .2). doi = 10.1007/978-1-60327-385-5_29 id = cord-351231-aoz5jbf1 author = Bartlett, John G. title = Why Infectious Diseases date = 2014-09-15 keywords = States; United; antibiotic; disease; infectious summary = The value of the infectious disease practitioner is now magnified by the crisis of antibiotic resistance, the expanding consequences of international travel, the introduction of completely new pathogen diagnostics, and healthcare reform with emphasis on infection prevention and cost in dollars and lives. The point is that epidemics are the domain of infectious diseases and public health, with the expectation for management or prevention of outbreaks with requirements for detection, reporting, isolation, and case management. This began with a patient transferred from a New York City hospital with a KPC infection and became the source of an institutional outbreak that required extraordinary efforts to control, including a wall constructed to isolate cases, removal of plumbing (as a possible source), use of matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) molecular diagnostics to detect cases and carriers, hydrogen peroxide room aerosols, and "whole house" surveillance cultures. The new healthcare system should value infectious disease expertise based on its important role in addressing resistance and costs associated with nosocomial infections. doi = 10.1093/cid/ciu441 id = cord-268331-m4hqxna2 author = Beck, Teresa L. title = Medical Care for Undocumented Immigrants: National and International Issues date = 2018-11-16 keywords = States; United; care; health summary = doi = 10.1016/j.cpha.2018.08.002 id = cord-272630-2na1gndu author = Benito, Daniel A. title = Local spikes in COVID-19 cases: Recommendations for maintaining otolaryngology clinic operations date = 2020-08-20 keywords = COVID-19; United; patient summary = doi = 10.1016/j.amjoto.2020.102688 id = cord-291803-hsnz2qry author = Bhattacharjee, Barnali title = “The COVID-19 Pandemic and its Effect on Mental Health in USA – A Review with Some Coping Strategies” date = 2020-08-23 keywords = COVID-19; States; United; disorder summary = These observations suggest possible increase in mental health illnesses in United States as a consequence of the pandemic. The fear of being infected or dying from the disease is one of the most significant causes of mental health disorders. In this article, the authors critically examine the onset of the pandemic in United States of America focusing on its effect on the mental health of American people. May 28, 2020 With the increase in the number of COVID-19 cases in United States from March through April 2020, there has been a rise in fear in the minds of people. This suggests that the COVID-19 pandemic and its effect on the economy in United States may lead to an increase in mental health illness in the country. Recent stressors associated with the 2020 COVID-19 pandemic such as illnesses, social isolation, depressive home environment, and financial hardship can cause depressive disorders. Managing mental health challenges faced by healthcare workers during covid-19 pandemic doi = 10.1007/s11126-020-09836-0 id = cord-001800-644lf8vn author = Biggerstaff, Matthew title = Estimating the Potential Effects of a Vaccine Program Against an Emerging Influenza Pandemic—United States date = 2015-05-01 keywords = States; United summary = For the second scenario, we clinical attack rate of the influenza pandemic is 20% and the overall case fatality ratio is 0.53% (high-severity scenario); 10 million doses (left) or 30 million doses (right) of vaccine are administered each week; the vaccination program begins 16 weeks after, 8 weeks after, the same week as, 8 weeks before, and 16 weeks before the first cases of a novel influenza virus occur in the United States; and the efficacy is "H1N1pmd09 monovalent vaccine-like." 2009 H1N1-like vaccine effectiveness: 2 doses of vaccine administered 3 weeks apart required to be fully effective (62% for persons aged <60 years and 43% for persons ≥60 years) in protecting against subclinical and clinical cases, hospitalizations, and deaths. For an influenza pandemic with a 30% overall cumulative attack rate and high-severity scenario, we estimated that a vaccination program beginning the same week as the pandemic started in the United States that administered 10 million doses of vaccine with the moderate VE per week could avert 260 000 hospitalizations and 32 000 deaths (6% reduction) (Tables 2 and 3 ; Figures 2 and 3) . doi = 10.1093/cid/ciu1175 id = cord-326887-lyewg2c9 author = Bloomfield, Sally F. title = The effectiveness of hand hygiene procedures in reducing the risks of infections in home and community settings including handwashing and alcohol-based hand sanitizers date = 2007-12-10 keywords = ABHS; MRSA; United; hand; hygiene; infection summary = doi = 10.1016/j.ajic.2007.07.001 id = cord-000029-qww6pe61 author = Blumenshine, Philip title = Pandemic Influenza Planning in the United States from a Health Disparities Perspective date = 2008-05-17 keywords = United; infl; uenza summary = However, given overwhelming evidence that low-income persons are generally more susceptible to infectious diseases, it is reasonable to plan on the basis of well-documented annual epidemic patterns, in which infl uenza disease development is infl uenced by factors that are differentially distributed across socioeconomic and racial/ ethnic groups. Given the current limitations of our public health infrastructure and the disparities in healthcare, a pandemic infl uenza outbreak in the United States is likely to disproportionately affect persons from socially disadvantaged groups. The Pandemic Infl uenza Plan of the US Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) (37) does not adequately address potential social disparities in exposure, vaccination, or treatment; the possible effects of such disparities; or strategies for minimizing or eliminating them. doi = 10.3201/eid1405.071301 id = cord-021550-evh3b7o2 author = Brokopp, Charles title = Laboratories date = 2007-09-02 keywords = CDC; LIMS; LRN; United; laboratory; test summary = doi = 10.1016/b978-012369378-5/50010-7 id = cord-297125-la20vi9j author = Brower, Jennifer L. title = The Threat and Response to Infectious Diseases (Revised) date = 2016-08-01 keywords = CDC; HIV; President; States; United; antibiotic; disease; infectious; threat summary = In just the past year, the United States has been bombarded with headlines on the dangers of infectious diseases: "HIV ''Epidemic'' Triggered by Needle-Sharing Hits Scott County, Indiana [1] ;" "American with Ebola Now in Critical Condition [2] ;" "Seasonal Flu Vaccine Even Less Effective than Thought: CDC [3] ;" "''Superbug'' Outbreak at California Hospital, more than 160 Exposed [4] ;" "Deadly CRE Bugs Linked to Hard to Clean Medical Scopes [5] ;" "Painful Virus [Chikungunya] Sweeps Central America, Gains a Toehold in U.S. Many factors have reduced the number of new antibiotics approved in the United States each year as well as reduced domestic production including demanding Food and Drug Administration (FDA) regulations, the cost and time to market of development, the consolidation in the pharmaceutical industry, and the lack of financial impetus to produce and distribute antibiotics, which are generally used on a one-off basis versus drugs used to treat chronic conditions such as statins, Viagra, and allergy medications. doi = 10.1007/s00248-016-0806-9 id = cord-275620-b7iy3w6l author = Brown, Clive M. title = Airport Exit and Entry Screening for Ebola — August–November 10, 2014 date = 2014-12-12 keywords = Ebola; United summary = doi = nan id = cord-334925-csy5fekx author = COHEN, ALAN B. title = Living in a Covid‐19 World date = 2020-06-16 keywords = States; United; health summary = doi = 10.1111/1468-0009.12466 id = cord-284573-w0sk622m author = Caduff, Carlo title = What Went Wrong: Corona and the World after the Full Stop date = 2020-07-21 keywords = China; Italy; SARS; United; covid-19; health; pandemic summary = Published by a group of experts without peer review on an institutional website, the report compared Covid-19 with the great pandemic of 1918, which killed over 50 million people worldwide and suggested, without any evidence, that SARS-CoV-2 was "a virus with comparable lethality to H1N1 influenza in 1918." 1 Most frightening in all this was not so much the lethality of the SARS-CoV-2 virus but the license to rush forward with predictions, abandon basic standards of science, and make dramatic claims to scare people. This extreme and unprecedented blanket approach systematically imposed on entire populations was driven by a number of factors that variously prevailed in different countries across the world: a growing sense of panic, constant media sensationalism, deep authoritarian longings, increasing political pressure to contain the spread of the virus, disturbing accounts of overwhelmed hospitals unable to cope with the surge of patients, misleading mortality calculations, and, most importantly, a trust in the power of mathematical disease modeling. doi = 10.1111/maq.12599 id = cord-209730-nzcch4ji author = Cai, Hengjin title = On Digital Currency and the Transfer of World Wealth and Technology Centers date = 2020-08-13 keywords = China; States; U.S.; United summary = As means of overdrawing the future, sovereign currency and bonds have gradually become modern forms of wealth and have strongly promoted scientific and technological progress and social development. The world has been changing rapidly since the outbreak of COVID-19, and new forms of wealth need to be constructed as an extension of the Self of the masses, among which digital currency may be an effective carrier of value. If everyone uses existing assets (such as gold and silver) to serve as collateral for the full specified amount, we will find that even if all social wealth were taken as collateral, it would still not be enough to fill the gap because self-assertiveness demands function unceasingly to make the requirements of the people to exceed actual social output, thereby causing challenges to sustainability, which is also the major problem with Libra lacking a credit mechanism. doi = nan id = cord-335065-fv122304 author = Cain, William E. title = American Dreaming: Really Reading The Great Gatsby date = 2020-09-02 keywords = Daisy; Dream; Fitzgerald; Gatsby; Great; New; Nick; States; Tom; United; american summary = doi = 10.1007/s12115-020-00510-6 id = cord-275033-y9z9l0ji author = Carter-Pokras, O. title = The Role of Epidemiology in Informing United States Childhood Immunization Policy and Practice date = 2020-10-14 keywords = Immunization; National; States; United; vaccination; vaccine summary = For example, surveillance and studies of childhood infectious diseases provide the basis of morbidity and mortality data used to make J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f Immunization was selected as an example for examination of epidemiology in informing public health policy and practice because childhood immunization is one of the ten greatest public health achievements in the United States--it saves lives and is cost-effective. Since public health authorities across the United States have needed to urgently implement non-pharmaceutical public health disease containment measures (e.g., shelter-in-place, postponements of noncritical health care visits), early epidemiological studies are already documenting a dramatic decline in ordering and administration of childhood vaccines, VFC clinic capacity to vaccinate children, and immunization coverage rates for VPDs. doi = 10.1016/j.annepidem.2020.09.017 id = cord-006131-t1ffey31 author = Chen, Jing title = TRIPS-plus and access to medicines in China date = 2013-04-04 keywords = China; United; trip summary = Ample evidence shows that Trade-related aspects of intellectual property rights (TRIPS)-plus provisions have seriously affected access to and availability of drugs in the developing countries. This article focuses on IP and the health implications of limited access to medicines in China, explores the TRIPS-plus arrangements in Chinese IP laws and regulations, and makes suggestions for China''s negotiation strategy in resisting pressure from developed countries to tighten IP laws and regulations. TRIPS-plus refers to provisions that either exceed the requirements of TRIPS or eliminate flexibilities in implementing TRIPs. Some studies 2,3 forecast that TRIPS-plus would result in: delayed entry of generics into developing countries; significant price increases, and reduced access to medicines, thus posing serious threats to public health. 24 A higher standard of patent protection could result in losses for pharmaceutical industries in developing countries; China has lost public health advantage as compared with India -higher drug prices, lower drug availability, and underdeveloped domestic innovation capacity. doi = 10.1057/jphp.2013.13 id = cord-275494-fan1rta9 author = Childs, J.E. title = Animal-based national surveillance for zoonotic disease: Quality, limitations, and implications of a model system for monitoring rabies date = 2007-03-17 keywords = United; county; rabie summary = The suitability of passively collected surveillance data for determining the presence or absence of the raccoon-associated variant of rabies within states and within individual counties was assessed by determining critical threshold values from the regression analyses. Counts of rabies test results reported as national surveillance data are, therefore, the endpoint of a required activity and these data provide an important index as to the level and epidemiologic characteristics of rabies activity within the surveillance-unit of the individual county (Wilson et al., 1997; Fischman et al., 1992; Childs et al., 2000; Gordon et al., 2004) ; no other independent source of information on wildlife rabies exist. The numbers of animals tested for rabies and reported through surveillance were positively and strongly associated with human population size or, alternatively, median annual expenditures in the individual county. doi = 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2006.10.014 id = cord-308066-lrbi5198 author = Childs, James E. title = Pre-spillover Prevention of Emerging Zoonotic Diseases: What Are the Targets and What Are the Tools? date = 2007 keywords = Disease; H5N1; SARS; States; United; surveillance; virus summary = The uneven standards of surveillance, humanor animal-based, for zoonotic diseases or pathogens maintained and transmitted by wildlife H R s, or even domestic species, is a global problem, readily apparent even within the United States, where investment in public health, including surveillance systems, has a long and enviable history. Following an outbreak of human monkeypox in several US states (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 2003a; see the chapter by Regnery, this volume), local populations of indigenous North American rodents were captured and examined for infection from areas around animal-holding facilities housing African rodents imported for the pet-trade and implicated as the source of monkeypox virus (Cunha 2004; Check 2004) . National institutions charged with strategic planning for emerging diseases or intentional releases of zoonotic agents have emphasized improving diagnostic capabilities for detecting human infections, modifying the immune status of human or domestic animals through vaccines, producing better antiviral or antibacterial drugs, and enhancing human-based surveillance as an early warning system (Fauchi 2002 ; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 1998). doi = 10.1007/978-3-540-70962-6_16 id = cord-336464-eslgz1ka author = Chomel, Bruno B. title = Wildlife, Exotic Pets, and Emerging Zoonoses date = 2007-01-17 keywords = States; United; disease; human summary = The outbreak of Nipah virus infection in Malaysia during 1998-1999, which caused 265 human cases of viral encephalitis and a 38% mortality rate, was also the result of several major ecologic and environmental changes associated with deforestation and expansion of nonindustrial pig farming in association with production of fruit-bearing trees (16) . Wildlife may become new reservoirs of infection and may recontaminate domestic animals; examples include bovine tuberculosis in the United Kingdom associated with Mycobacterium bovis infection in badgers (Meles meles) (18) and brucellosis in outdoor-reared swine in Europe that resulted from spillover from the wild boar brucellosis (Brucella suis biovar 2) reservoir (19) . Another risk factor related to the emergence of zoonotic diseases from wildlife has been the considerable increase in consumption of bushmeat in many parts of the world, especially Central Africa and the Amazon Basin, where 1-3.4 million tons and 67-164 million kilograms, respectively, are consumed each year (7) . doi = 10.3201/eid1301.060480 id = cord-254978-m8i3q9ww author = Christian, Michael D. title = Definitive Care for the Critically Ill During a Disaster: Current Capabilities and Limitations From a Task Force for Mass Critical Care Summit Meeting, January 26–27, 2007, Chicago, IL date = 2008-05-31 keywords = States; United; care; critical summary = Baseline shortages of specialized resources such as critical care staff, medical supplies, and treatment spaces are likely to limit the number of critically ill victims who can receive life-sustaining interventions. However, with the anticipation of large volumes of critically ill patients in future disasters, some believe that hospital capacity, and in particular critical care capability, will be a major limiting factor for survival. Within an effective command and control system to coordinate regional response, 10 surge capacity in critical care depends on three crucial elements: (1) "stuff," medical equipment and supplies; (2) "staff," appropriately trained health professionals to competently care for critically ill and injured patients; and (3) "space," the physical location suitable for safe provision of critical care. Although great strides have been made to prepare the health-care system to respond to disaster, these plans fall short for mass casualty events with a large number of critically ill. doi = 10.1378/chest.07-2707 id = cord-337218-risqto89 author = Chu, Ellen W. title = Environmental Impact, Concept and Measurement of date = 2013-02-05 keywords = Earth; States; United; ecological; ecosystem; environmental; human; life; natural; system; water summary = 107 ) sums up what he calls the hazards of human progress this way: ''''Each time history repeats itself, the price goes up.'''' Indeed, as the second decade of the 21st century begins, humans are ecosystem engineers on a planetary scale, and our global civilization threatens the life-sustaining capacity of all of Earth''s environmental ''''spheres'''': But with nearly 7 billion people occupying or using resources from every place on Earth, humans are overwhelming the ability of other life-forms to make a living and depleting the planet''s natural wealth. Chemicals -as varied as prescription drugs flowing out of sewage plants, pesticides, heavy metals, and cancer-causing by-products of countless manufacturing processes -now lace the world''s water, soil, and air and the bodies of all living things, including humans. The list of chemicals'' effects on living things is so long that chemical pollution equals humans'' environmental impact in most people''s minds, yet it is just one form of biotic impoverishment. doi = 10.1016/b978-0-12-384719-5.00253-7 id = cord-018677-gmitz3gg author = Clemens, John D. title = Sequential stages of clinical trials and overview of issues to be considered date = 2005 keywords = Phase; United; trial; vaccine summary = In these studies volunteers are typically allocated at random to receive the vaccine or a comparison agent, usually a placebo, and are then challenged at a defined interval after vaccination with an inoculum of the pathogen predicted to cause the target disease in nearly 100% of the control group. Phase III studies are designed as randomized, controlled trials with clear hypotheses, and are conducted in the target group for whom vaccine licensure is desired and in a population that normally experiences the target infection. Definition of immunological correlates of vaccine protection is very important because such correlates permit assessments of the protection of the tested vaccine and ones suitably similar to it in small, short-term studies with immunological endpoints, without resort to full-scale, Phase III efficacy trials with clinical infection endpoints. The successive phases of clinical evaluation of vaccine candidates allow for acquisition of critical information about vaccine safety, immunogenicity, excretion, transmission, and protection in an incremental fashion, while minimizing the risks to subjects who volunteer to participate in these studies. doi = 10.1007/3-7643-7381-4_11 id = cord-303447-3a7jxl34 author = Cohn, Amanda C. title = Immunizations in the United States: A Rite of Passage date = 2005-05-28 keywords = ACIP; States; United; vaccine summary = This article reviews the US immunization program with an emphasis on its role in ensuring that vaccines are effective, safe, and available and highlights several new vaccines and recommendations that will affect the health of children and adolescents and the practice of pediatric medicine in future decades. This article reviews the US immunization program with an emphasis on its role in ensuring that vaccines are effective, safe, and available and highlights several new vaccines and recommendations that will affect the health of children and adolescents and the practice of pediatric medicine in future decades. Before introduction of PCV7, Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus) was a leading cause of infectious morbidity in young children in the United States, annually causing approximately 17,000 cases of invasive disease in children younger than 5 years old, including 700 cases of meningitis and 200 deaths. doi = 10.1016/j.pcl.2005.03.001 id = cord-022736-38q8jbcl author = Coppola, Damon P. title = Participants – Multilateral Organizations and International Financial Institutions date = 2015-02-06 keywords = Bank; Disaster; Emergency; FAO; NATO; OCHA; Reduction; UNDP; UNHCR; UNICEF; United; WFP; World summary = • Incorporating long-term risk reduction and preparedness measures in normal development planning and programs, including support for specific mitigation measures where required; • Assisting in the planning and implementation of post-disaster rehabilitation and reconstruction, including defining new development strategies that incorporate risk-reduction measures relevant to the affected area; • Reviewing the impact of large settlements of refugees or displaced persons on development, and seeking ways to incorporate the refugees and displaced persons in development strategies; • Providing technical assistance to the authorities managing major emergency assistance operations of extended duration (especially in relation to displaced persons and the possibilities for achieving durable solutions in such cases). doi = 10.1016/b978-0-12-801477-6.00010-1 id = cord-275420-zkxyxiv5 author = Crabtree, Scott J. title = The role of multidisciplinary infection prevention teams in identifying community transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in the United States date = 2020-07-23 keywords = SARS; United summary = title: The role of multidisciplinary infection prevention teams in identifying community transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in the United States This case study highlights the role of a multidisciplinary Infection Prevention team in the identification of the first community-transmitted SARS-CoV-2 case at a large, tertiary referral center in the United States. By rounding on the hospital units such teams can serve vital infection prevention, antibiotic stewardship, and disease surveillance functions. Through the coordinated efforts of UCD''s multidisciplinary infection prevention (IP) program, the patient was identified as a possible COVID-19 case and obtained SARS-CoV-2 testing. During rounds, each patient is reviewed through the electronic medical record and via discussion with the bedside nurse to evaluate for possible infection prevention and antimicrobial stewardship interventions. The patient''s case was discussed with her bedside nurse, who confirmed that SARS-CoV-2 was considered by her primary team, but given the absence of exposures, testing for this agent was not pursued. doi = 10.1017/ice.2020.360 id = cord-023529-zrnczve3 author = Craighead, Geoff title = Security and Fire Life Safety Threats date = 2013-02-15 keywords = Center; Fire; Protection; Report; Safety; September; States; Trade; U.S.; United; WTC; World; building; elevator; floor; high; rise summary = (1) The Council on Tall Buildings and Urban habitat (CTBUh) formed a task force to explore options "to further increase the level of safety in tall buildings including the establishment of guidelines to better educate its report, called the World Trade Center Building Performance Study: Data Collection, Preliminary Observations and Recommendations, "fulfilling its goal ''to determine probable failure mechanisms and to identify areas of future investigation that could lead to practical measures for improving the damage resistance of buildings against such unforeseen events. The new codes address areas such as increasing structural resistance to building collapse from fire and other incidents; requiring a third exit stairway for tall buildings; increasing the width of all stairways by 50 percent in new high-rises; strengthening criteria for the bonding, proper installation, and inspection of sprayed fire-resistive materials (commonly known as ''fireproofing''); improving the reliability of active fire protection systems (such as automatic sprinklers); requiring a new class of robust elevators for access by emergency responders in lieu of an additional stairway; making exit path markings more prevalent and more visible; and ensuring effective coverage throughout a building for emergency responder radio communications. doi = 10.1016/b978-1-85617-555-5.00003-1 id = cord-002769-7xp143nc author = Crook, Paul title = Lack of Secondary Transmission of Ebola Virus from Healthcare Worker to 238 Contacts, United Kingdom, December 2014 date = 2017-12-17 keywords = Ebola; United summary = We report contact tracing after EVD was diagnosed in an HCW in the United Kingdom who had worked in an Ebola treatment center in Sierra Leone. If contact details were missing or incorrect, we sought additional information from Her Majesty''s Passport Office, the UK Border Agency, PHE port entry screening and returning workers information, the National Health Service Patient Demographic Service, and online social networks. We report no evidence of secondary transmission of Ebola virus to contacts of a case-patient who contracted EVD during the Ebola epidemic in West Africa in 2014-2015 and who was given a diagnosis in the United Kingdom. EVD, Ebola virus disease; LHR, London Heathrow Airport; NA, not applicable; PHE, Public Health England. This study provides support for the conclusion that there is low risk for transmission of Ebola virus on aircraft from EVD case-patients in the early stages of disease. Public health response to commercial airline travel of a person with Ebola virus infection-United States doi = 10.3201/eid2312.171100 id = cord-011280-o4ssggit author = Cummings, Brian M. title = A review of approaches for resolving disputes between physicians and families on end-of-life care for newborns date = 2020-05-11 keywords = United; decision; parent summary = HCA [1], George Annas, the NEJM legal analyst, observed, "One bioethical issue is as intractable today as 30 years ago when the topic was first publicly discussed: the extent of parental authority to refuse life-sustaining medical treatment for an extremely premature infant" [2] . It is now agreed within the bioethical and medical communities in the United States that where the risk of mortality is significant and the prospect of benefit to an infant is suffused in ambiguity and uncertainty, the decision on whether or not to initiate treatment belongs to the parents. The changes in standards and norms on medical decisionmaking are observable in the different approaches to decision-making on end-of-life cases in British and American courts [17] . From the provider perspective, investigators recently interviewed physicians in pediatric and neonatal intensive care concerning end-of-life decision-making. In an earlier article, we provided a case of an experienced neonatologist who successfully utilized shared decision-making to resolve a potential conflict between the NICU staff and the family [26] . doi = 10.1038/s41372-020-0675-4 id = cord-348807-9xxc5hyl author = Cuomo, Raphael E. title = Sub-national longitudinal and geospatial analysis of COVID-19 tweets date = 2020-10-28 keywords = COVID-19; States; United summary = METHODS: In an effort to better understand the impacts of COVID-19, we concurrently assessed the geospatial and longitudinal distributions of Twitter messages about COVID-19 which were posted between March 3rd and April 13th and compared these results with the number of confirmed cases reported for sub-national levels of the United States. This study suggests that, across subnational areas within the United States, there exists a highly variable threshold of perceived dangerousness and/or intrusiveness required to activate outbreak-related conversations on social media platforms such as Twitter, a finding that can inform future outbreak communication and health promotion strategies. Concurrent geospatial and longitudinal analyses also indicate that predominantly rural areas of the United States increased engagement in COVID-19 social media conversations at later stages of the study timeframe. This study is unique in that it uses Twitter data as a proxy measure for assessing the concurrent longitudinal and geospatial distributions of attention to COVID-19 across local and regional communities in the United States. doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0241330 id = cord-022003-cvawdes6 author = Darling, Robert G. title = Future Biological and Chemical Weapons date = 2015-10-23 keywords = Biological; SARS; United; War; Weapons; World; agent; chemical summary = New, naturally occurring infections with the potential to cause large-scale human diseases and death continue to emerge at an ever-increasing rate throughout the world, and it is conceivable that these pathogens could also be weaponized by enterprising scientists. Important existing biological agents with the potential for weaponization for military or terrorist use include the following: Another way to view the relative importance of the above list of agents and diseases list is to consider The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) strategy. • Availability • Ease of production and dissemination • Potential for high morbidity and mortality rates and major health impact Agents • Emerging and reemerging infectious diseases such as Nipah virus, hantavirus, human influenza, avian influenza, SARS and SARSassociated coronavirus (SARS-CoV), and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) doi = 10.1016/b978-0-323-28665-7.00080-7 id = cord-017858-kugh9y8c author = De Sanctis, Fausto Martin title = Civil and Criminal Legislation Regarding Money Laundering and the Protection of Cultural Heritage date = 2013-06-09 keywords = Convention; Federal; Recommendation; States; United; article; crime; money summary = This was revoked in part by the Framework Decision 19 of the European Union Council dated 06/26/2001, whereby Member States agreed not to make reservations on Articles 2 and 6 of the European Convention of 1990 (including the rule that provides for money laundering resulting generically from criminal conduct), since only serious infractions can be at issue, and provided measures for confiscation and criminal action on the proceeds of crime having a maximum penalty of greater than one year, or crimes considered serious (Article 1). To increase the likelihood of recovering assets of criminal origin, States are urged to draft laws instituting Civil Forfeiture Actions for Illegally Acquired Assets as a means of fighting money laundering by interrupting the usufruct of the proceeds of crime. doi = 10.1007/978-3-319-00173-9_2 id = cord-021555-rrverrsj author = Delano, Margaret L. title = Biology and Diseases of Ruminants: Sheep, Goats, and Cattle date = 2007-09-02 keywords = Smith; States; United; animal; bovine; cattle; cause; clinical; day; diagnosis; differential; disease; etiology; goat; infection; lesion; necropsy; organism; ruminant; sheep; sign; treatment; virus summary = These references also provide information regarding vaccination products licensed for use in ruminants and typical herd and flock vaccination parasite control schedules ("Current Veterinary Therapy," 1986 , 1999 "Council report," 1994; "Large Animal Internal Medicine," 1996; Smith and Sherman, 1994) When designing a vaccination program during qualification of a source or at the research facility, it is important to evaluate the local disease incidence and the potential for exposure. Clinical signs in chronic cases in older animals, such as adult goats, include soft stools, weight loss, anorexia, depression, and severe diarrhea, sometimes with mucus and blood. This pathogen does present a complication due to the carrier status of some animals, the likelihood of herd outbreaks, the severity of disease in younger animals, and the morbidity, possible progression to uveitis, and time and treatment costs associated with infections. doi = 10.1016/b978-012263951-7/50017-x id = cord-023713-daz2vokz author = Devereux, Graham title = Epidemiology of Asthma and Allergic Airway Diseases date = 2013-09-06 keywords = HRV; Health; States; United; asthma; child; prevalence; study; year summary = doi = 10.1016/b978-0-323-08593-9.00049-8 id = cord-319463-erdwejd2 author = Diaz, J. H. title = Global Climate Changes and International Trade and Travel: Effects on Human Health Outcomes date = 2011-12-31 keywords = States; United; disease; malaria summary = The ultimate effects of climate changes and the increased distribution of pathogens by international trade and travel will not be limited to infectious disease outbreaks in immunologically naïve populations but will also impact world food production and quality, air quality, drinking water availability and quality, immigration, urban relocation, and civil unrest. Accessible airline connections now permit infected individuals to travel anywhere in the world in less than 24 h, delivering human reservoirs of malaria, dengue, West Nile virus, and Chikungunya fever to new temperate areas for autochthonous or local transmission by new and adaptable mosquito vectors, often recent air or sea arrivals themselves. Although the relationships among infected vector importation, index case immigration, reclaimed disease ecosystems, and malaria transmission are complex, future attempts to control and eradicate airport and imported malaria should be based on an understanding of disease transmission mechanisms and an appreciation that climate and ecosystem changes can support reemerging local mosquito-borne infectious diseases, especially malaria, dengue, Chikungunya fever, and West Nile virus (Table 1) . doi = 10.1016/b978-0-444-52272-6.00527-4 id = cord-022581-awivedxp author = Diaz, James H. title = Ticks, Including Tick Paralysis date = 2014-10-31 keywords = Lyme; RMSF; States; United; disease; tick summary = SHORT VIEW SUMMARY KEYWORDS anaplasmosis; argasid ticks; Babesia; babesiosis; Borrelia; borreliosis; ehrlichiosis; Francisella; ixodid ticks; Lyme disease; rickettsialpox; Rocky Mountain spotted fever; tick paralysis; tick-borne coltiviruses; tick-borne encephalitis viruses; tick-borne hemorrhagic fever viruses; tick-borne relapsing fever viruses; tick-borne rickettsioses; ticks; tularemia By the 1980s and 1990s, the causative agents of the ehrlichioses were stratified as newly emerging, Rickettsia-like species, and later (2001) were completely reorganized into separate genera, Ehrlichia and Anaplasma. africae causing African tick-bite fever); and regional clusters and epidemic cycles of more severe SFs worldwide (RMSF in the United States, Mediterranean SF [MSF] in Europe, and Queensland tick typhus [QTT] in Australia).* The reasons for such changes in rickettsial SF epidemiology are unclear and may include warming temperatures and increasing humidity, more frequent drought-rain cycles, residential development in preferred tick ecosystems, more competent tick vectors given competitive advantages by environmental and and there have been no long-term sequelae reported in STARI cases, some have questioned whether antibiotic therapy is indicated in STARI. doi = 10.1016/b978-1-4557-4801-3.00298-8 id = cord-273789-sbppgkza author = Donohoe, Holly title = Lyme disease: Current issues, implications, and recommendations for tourism management date = 2014-08-20 keywords = Lyme; States; United; disease; risk; tick summary = One study from the United States reported the results of a survey of workers regarding their knowledge of Lyme disease and their behaviour regarding tick-bite prevention and one article provided a comprehensive review of the occupational risks (Piacentino & Schwartz, 2002) . Early case studies in the United States failed to show a significant increase in risk associated with outdoor recreation (e.g. Bowen et al., 1984; Ciesielski et al., 1989; Falco & Fish, 1989) but Smith et al.''s (1988) research found that persons who had spent more than 30 h per week in outdoor activities in endemic areas were 2.5 times more likely to test positive for Lyme disease. doi = 10.1016/j.tourman.2014.07.006 id = cord-021637-f5wwn45z author = Douglas, R. Gordon title = The Vaccine Industry date = 2017-07-17 keywords = States; United; development; r&d; vaccine summary = The vaccine industry is composed of companies that are engaged in any of the following activities: research (including that performed in industry and biotech), development, manufacture, or sales, marketing, and distribution of vaccines. In addition, new alliances will be formed between the big four manufacturers and emerging companies in India, China, and Brazil, to take advantage of increasing immunization rates in those countries as well as growth of their private markets. These product development partnership organizations (PDPs; essentially not-for-profit biotech companies) bring together specialized knowledge, animal models, immunologic assays, and field sites for vaccine testing as well as early capital investment to reduce the scientific technical risks, opportunity costs, and financial risk to their biotech and large pharma industrial partners. doi = 10.1016/b978-0-323-35761-6.00004-3 id = cord-033687-djkljey2 author = Druckman, James N. title = How Affective Polarization Shapes Americans’ Political Beliefs: A Study of Response to the COVID-19 Pandemic date = 2020-08-24 keywords = States; Trump; United summary = doi = 10.1017/xps.2020.28 id = cord-018220-8m11ig06 author = Duncan, Coley B. title = Viral Infections date = 2009-02-02 keywords = HCV; RSV; United; infection summary = The recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) 2007 relating to the elderly, include vaccination of all persons ³ 50 years, vaccination of residents of nursing homes and chronic-care facilities, vaccination of healthcare personnel, and vaccination of healthy household contacts (including children) and caregivers of adults ³ 50 years (3) . In a prospective study from Rochester, NY, using a combination of viral culture, RT-PCR and serology for diagnosis, RSV infection was documented in 3-7% of 608 healthy elderly and 4-10% of adults with chronic cardiopulmonary conditions over four winter seasons (16) . In healthy elderly patients and in adults with chronic pulmonary disease, low serum neutralizing antibody titers are associated with increased risk of hospitalization with RSV infection suggesting a vaccine may be beneficial. Although PIV infections are not commonly documented in older adults, several studies of community-acquired pneumonia and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) exacerbations implicate PIV as a cause in 2-17% of cases (25, 26) . doi = 10.1007/978-1-60327-534-7_23 id = cord-342412-azkamnpa author = Ecker, David J title = The Microbial Rosetta Stone Database: A compilation of global and emerging infectious microorganisms and bioterrorist threat agents date = 2005-04-25 keywords = Additional; File; RNA; United; disease; figure; virus summary = This paper focuses on the information in the database for pathogens that impact global public health, emerging infectious organisms, and bioterrorist threat agents. For example, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) maintains an ever-changing list of notifiable diseases, the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease (NIAID) lists agents with potential for use in bioterrorist attacks, and the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) maintains a list of critical human pathogens. This article focuses on the information in the database for pathogens that impact global public health, emerging infectious organisms, and bioterrorist threat agents. It provides a compilation of lists, taken from the database, of important and/or regulated biological agents from a number of agencies including HHS, the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), the CDC, the World Health Organization (WHO), the NIAID, and other sources. doi = 10.1186/1471-2180-5-19 id = cord-022351-qfhmwqgg author = Edgell, David L. title = Political and foreign policy implications of tourism date = 2009-11-16 keywords = Committee; STPC; STS; States; Tourism; UNWTO; United; travel summary = • increasing two-way tourism, • supporting efforts by the National Tourism Organization travel promotion office(s), • improving tourism facilitation, • encouraging reciprocal investments in the two nations'' tourism industries, • promoting the sharing of research, statistics and information, • recognizing the importance of the safety and security of tourists, • suggesting mutual cooperation on policy issues in international tourism, • providing for regular consultations on tourism matters, • acknowledging benefits from education and training in tourism, • enhancing mutual understanding and goodwill. In July 2003, WTTC revealed its Blueprint for New Tourism that proffered the statement ''which issues a call to action for both government and the industry to make several long-term commitments to ensure the prosperity of travel and tourism -one of the world''s largest industries, responsible for over 200 million jobs and over 10 per cent of global GDP (Gross Domestic Product)''. STS continues its dedication to promoting and developing tourism and travel by leading regional and national organizations in innovative programmes and research. doi = 10.1016/b978-0-7506-8557-3.50010-3 id = cord-287839-cslrz4yp author = Ehnert, Karen title = Border Health: Who's Guarding the Gate? date = 2009-01-28 keywords = States; United; animal; import summary = doi = 10.1016/j.cvsm.2008.10.012 id = cord-274061-ynqxgyw6 author = Epstein, Jay S. title = Blood system changes since recognition of transfusion‐associated AIDS date = 2013-10-17 keywords = AIDS; FDA; States; United; blood summary = doi = 10.1111/trf.12373 id = cord-326916-bakwk4tm author = Fauver, Joseph R. title = Coast-to-Coast Spread of SARS-CoV-2 during the Early Epidemic in the United States date = 2020-05-07 keywords = Connecticut; SARS; States; United; covid-19 summary = To uncover the sources of SARS-CoV-2 introductions and patterns of spread within the United States, we sequenced nine viral genomes from early reported COVID-19 patients in Connecticut. To delineate the roles of domestic and international virus spread in the emergence of new United States COVID-19 outbreaks, we sequenced SARS-CoV-2 viruses collected from cases identified in Connecticut. We sequenced SARS-CoV-2 genomes from nine of the first COVID-19 cases reported in Connecticut, with sample collection dating from March 6-14, 2020 (Data S1). By combining daily passenger volumes ( Figure 2B ) with COVID-19 prevalence at the travel route origin (Figures 2C and 2D) and accounting for differences in reporting rates, we found that the domestic and international SARS-CoV-2 importation risk started to increase dramatically at the beginning of March 2020 ( Figure 2E ). doi = 10.1016/j.cell.2020.04.021 id = cord-327748-8ob6okeh author = Feng, Tianjun title = Product Quality Risk Perceptions and Decisions: Contaminated Pet Food and Lead‐Painted Toys date = 2010-07-09 keywords = States; United; food; product; risk summary = Those selecting our study were told: "We are conducting a study on how people react to product quality related crises, with a focus on the recent recalls of contaminated pet food and lead-painted children''s toys." We further analyzed the relationship between participants'' gender and their subjective probability judgment for all three versions, and we did not find significant differences. Using the psychometric paradigm, we now examine the ratings on seven risk perception dimensions of eight hazardous products or risky situations, including contaminated dog food, lead-painted toys, contaminated spinach, avian flu, mad cow disease, SARS, cell phone radiation, and cigarette smoking. doi = 10.1111/j.1539-6924.2010.01459.x id = cord-292853-xihpfidg author = Ford, Julian D. title = Social, cultural, and other diversity issues in the traumatic stress field date = 2015-08-07 keywords = American; Cross; PTSD; Red; States; United; person; sexual; stress; study; traumatic; woman summary = A social-ecological framework is used to differentiate the impact of exposure to traumatic stressors and the development of (or resistance to) PTSD, based on the individual''s or group''s (i) personal, unique physical characteristics, including skin color, racial background, gender, and sexual orientation; and (ii) family, ethnocultural, and community membership, including majority or minority group status, religious beliefs and practices, socioeconomic resources, and political and civic affiliations. Depending on Social, cultural, and other diversity issues in the traumatic stress field 505 their cultural background and its traditions and beliefs, individuals may also have "multiple vulnerability status"-that is, to be members of more than one group or to have characteristic that cause them to be even more susceptible to discrimination or victimization (i.e., adolescent black male in the United States; a baby born with physical or developmental disabilities in a culture that endorses selective resources to the ablebodied; a gay man or lesbian woman of color in a highly homophobic and racist society). doi = 10.1016/b978-0-12-801288-8.00011-x id = cord-016322-dyjpfvvf author = Gardner, Anthony Luzzatto title = Foreign Aid and Humanitarian Assistance date = 2019-12-10 keywords = Africa; Commission; Ebola; European; States; United summary = We are committed to develop and implement an effective global early warning system and response network for new and re-emerging communicable diseases such as AIDS and the Ebola virus, and to increase training and professional exchanges in this area. And in December the US Congress overwhelmingly supported legislation providing $5.4 billion in emergency funding for the CDC and other health services, the State Department, and USAID; much of this funding was earmarked for the prevention, detection, and response to the Ebola crisis in West Africa, as well for efforts to assist in the region''s recovery. Ensuring that all people in sub-Saharan Africa have access to electricity by 2030, one of the UN''s Sustainable Development Goals, will require a major effort by the region''s governments and the international community, above all the United States and the European Union. doi = 10.1007/978-3-030-29966-8_12 id = cord-017469-dnnkor2o author = Georgiev, Vassil St. title = Tick-Borne Bacterial, Rickettsial, Spirochetal, and Protozoal Diseases date = 2009 keywords = Borrelia; HGA; Lyme; RMSF; States; United; disease; tick summary = Infections transmitted by the Ixodidae family (hard ticks) include (i) Lyme disease (borreliosis); (ii) human ehrlichiosis; (iii) Rocky Mountain spotted fever; (iv) tularemia; Other developments of NIAID-supported Lyme borreliosis and tick-borne rickettsial disease research include: r The transmission of Lyme disease r Diagnostic procedures r Co-infection r Antibiotic therapy r The role of autoimmune reactivity r Vaccine production Lack of Evidence of Borrelia Involvement in Alzheimer''s Disease. Because fatigue, which is a nonspecific symptom, was the only primary outcome measure affected and because the treatment examined was associated with adverse events, the results of the SUNY study do not support the use of additional antibiotic therapy with parenteral ceftriaxone in posttreatment, persistently fatigued PTCLD patients (http://www3.niaid.nih.gov/research/topics/lyme). burgdorferi often carry-and simultaneously transmit-other emerging pathogens, such as Anaplasma (Ehrlichia) species, the causative agent of human granulocytic ehrlichiosis (HGE), and Babesia microti, which causes babesiosis (http://www3.niaid.nih.gov/research/topics/lyme/ research/co-infection/). doi = 10.1007/978-1-60327-297-1_22 id = cord-263599-cqol8zf2 author = Goodman, Larry title = Infectious diarrhea date = 1999-07-31 keywords = Campylobacter; Salmonella; United; cause; diarrhea; organism; patient summary = doi = 10.1016/s0011-5029(99)90000-7 id = cord-343849-hmii6bvq author = Gostin, Lawrence O. title = Health Inequalities date = 2020-05-01 keywords = United; health; inequality summary = doi = 10.1002/hast.1108 id = cord-255477-okbxllit author = Grabau, John C. title = Investigation of sudden death from Mycobacterium tuberculosis in a foreign-born worker at a resort hotel() date = 2004-09-25 keywords = States; United summary = 9 An investigation conducted among inner city residents in a large United States city identified predictors of death to be underlying illnesses such as diabetes mellitus, renal failure, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and HIV infection. A TB-related sudden death, where TB disease was not suspected or detected until autopsy, led to a large contact investigation and prompted the New York State Department of Health to look into other TB deaths in an effort to identify patterns where TB disease may have gone undetected and to identify opportunities for intervention to prevent transmission of infection and subsequent development of disease. Firstround testing of close contacts looked at 171 individuals, 24 (14%) of whom were known by the local health department to be TB skin test (TST)-positive. In the investigation described here, the index patient was identified at death as having extensive TB disease and likely infected a substantial number of coworkers and social contacts. doi = 10.1016/j.hrtlng.2004.05.005 id = cord-329283-s3ale8ko author = Grant, Aubrey title = Coronavirus, Refugees, and Government Policy: The State of U.S. Refugee Resettlement during the Coronavirus Pandemic date = 2020-08-09 keywords = Refugees; States; United summary = The United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) continues to work with member states to provide guidance and assistance to those populations protected under their mandate. In the United States, the Trump Administration has responded to the crisis by further eroding refugee and asylum resettlement programs and failing to properly protect the asylum seekers currently being detained. In the United States, the Trump Administration has responded to the crisis by further eroding refugee and asylum resettlement programs and failing to properly protect the asylum seekers currently being detained. In Baltimore, Mera Kitchen Collective-founded in 2018 to empower refugee and immigrant women through food entrepreneurship (Meehan, 2018; Cassie, 2019) -has responded to the coronavirus pandemic by donating prepared meals to health-care workers and fellow Baltimoreans in need (Strickland, 2020) . doi = 10.1002/wmh3.362 id = cord-303034-w72oeoxq author = Haischer, Michael H. title = Who is wearing a mask? Gender-, age-, and location-related differences during the COVID-19 pandemic date = 2020-10-15 keywords = COVID-19; United; mask summary = To understand the demographics of mask wearers and resistors, and the impact of mandates on mask-wearing behavior, we observed shoppers (n = 9935) entering retail stores during periods of June, July, and August 2020. Wearing a mask in public is currently a controversial and politicized issue in the United States, even with case evidence from other countries that face coverings help to control the spread of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) [1] . To facilitate greater understanding and reliable experimental data on whether gender, age, location, and the presence of mask mandates influence mask wearing in the United States, we conducted a direct observational study at retail stores in Wisconsin. It is not surprising that our June data showed that older individuals wear masks more than middle-age and young people because older adults are at higher risk for more severe cases of COVID-19. doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0240785 id = cord-273064-c58nf9vb author = Hallowell, Benjamin D. title = Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Prevalence, Seroprevalence, and Exposure among Evacuees from Wuhan, China, 2020 date = 2020-09-17 keywords = SARS; United; Wuhan summary = doi = 10.3201/eid2609.201590 id = cord-257751-n7w1psr4 author = Halperin, Daniel T. title = Coping With COVID-19: Learning From Past Pandemics to Avoid Pitfalls and Panic date = 2020-06-30 keywords = SARS; States; United; child; covid-19 summary = doi = 10.9745/ghsp-d-20-00189 id = cord-304016-4o2bpedp author = Hanage, William P. title = COVID-19: US federal accountability for entry, spread, and inequities—lessons for the future date = 2020-11-02 keywords = Health; OSHA; SARS; United; covid-19 summary = In this article we assess the impact of missteps by the Federal Government in three specific areas: the introduction of the virus to the US and the establishment of community transmission; the lack of national COVID-19 workplace standards and enforcement, and lack of personal protective equipment (PPE) for workplaces as represented by complaints to the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) which we find are correlated with deaths 16 days later (ρ = 0.83); and the total excess deaths in 2020 to date already total more than 230,000, while COVID-19 mortality rates exhibit severe—and rising—inequities in race/ethnicity, including among working age adults. Finally, despite the initial federal failure to report COVID-19 data by race/ethnicity [6] , a combination of specific studies, state reporting, investigative journalism, and data trackers has revealed that a persistent feature of the pandemic has been the existence of racial/ethnic inequities in cases, hospitalizations, and mortality, especially with regard to increased risk among US Black, Latinx, and American Indian/Alaska Native populations compared to the US white non-Hispanic population [3-5, 7, 8, 69, 70] . doi = 10.1007/s10654-020-00689-2 id = cord-351581-xm3na3as author = Hillard, Paula J. Adams title = Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology (PAG) in the Time of a Pandemic date = 2020-05-04 keywords = United; adolescent summary = doi = 10.1016/j.jpag.2020.03.002 id = cord-017615-zjr6csla author = Hillman, John R. title = Food Security in an Insecure Future date = 2016-11-25 keywords = Arab; East; International; Middle; Region; United; country; food summary = Food security in the Middle East is directly affected by a challenging combination of ongoing destructive conflicts, a global economic downturn, widespread poverty, high population growth, corruption, intolerance, and the potentially damaging consequences of climate change. In a previous article , we considered definitions of food security in the modern era of rising global populations, discussing how food security might be attained in terms of security of water and fossil-fuel-derived energy supplies, climate change, rapid urbanisation, changing dietary trends, and modification of the natural environment leading to depleted natural resources, increasing environmental pollution, and the need to introduce modern technologies. Here, we consider potential adaptations to an insecure global future generally, and to the concerns in the Arab Middle East specifically, in the light of the economic realities of wide disparities in wealth, competition for resources, and widespread poverty in many parts of the globe, coupled to a relatively high population growth, on-going conflicts, attempted cultural genocides, potential conflicts, endemic corruption and nepotism, and epidemics of infectious diseases. doi = 10.1007/978-3-319-48920-9_12 id = cord-318826-l922zqci author = Holschbach, Chelsea L. title = Salmonella in Dairy Cattle date = 2018-03-31 keywords = Dublin; Salmonella; States; Typhimurium; United; dairy; infection summary = In large free stall dairies, it is increasingly common to encounter Salmonella infection as an endemic challenge with clinical presentations that are highly variable, ranging from the classic textbook description of reproductive losses and enteric disease in adult cattle through to lower impact problems with fevers of unknown origin, little to no diarrhea, and only modest consequences in terms of appetite and milk yield reduction. 29 Hence, if one is merely trying to obtain a yes or no answer or identify and track specific serovars, or antimicrobial susceptibility patterns over time, composite fecal samples are typically collected from areas on dairy operations where manure accumulates from a majority of adult animals, such as holding pens, alleyways, and lagoons. Prompt diagnosis, treatment, and isolation are important during an outbreak in adult cattle and environmental sampling to include bulk tank milk and high-risk housing areas should now be considered a routine part of disease prevention and surveillance. doi = 10.1016/j.cvfa.2017.10.005 id = cord-265292-yyh1kikb author = Hossain, Liaquat title = Evolutionary longitudinal network dynamics of global zoonotic research date = 2015-03-18 keywords = United; country summary = Our results show increasing close collaboration among scientists from the United States, several European countries including United Kingdom, Italy, France, Netherland, Switzerland, China and Australia with scientists from other parts of the world. The search for publications has been carried out with 240 search queries using combinations of keywords including ''''coordination, collaboration, cooperation, communication, preparedness, surveillance, emergency response, crisis management, containment, recovery, zoonotic, zoonosis, animal human, disease outbreak, illness outbreak, epidemic, pandemic and social network'''' occurring in the articles'' titles, abstracts and keywords. In the first period (1991) (1992) (1993) (1994) (1995) (1996) (1997) (1998) (1999) (2000) (2001) , the density of the network is very low (3.9 %) indicating that a limited number of all possible collaboration links among countries are realized (see Fig. 5a ). doi = 10.1007/s11192-015-1557-y id = cord-267960-r5m7o9dp author = Hourdel, Véronique title = Rapid Genomic Characterization of SARS-CoV-2 by Direct Amplicon-Based Sequencing Through Comparison of MinION and Illumina iSeq100(TM) System date = 2020-09-25 keywords = Illumina; SARS; United summary = doi = 10.3389/fmicb.2020.571328 id = cord-018508-pk0ealu5 author = Hu, Yi title = A Farewell to the “Sick Man of East Asia”: The Irony, Deconstruction, and Reshaping of the Metaphor date = 2013-08-28 keywords = China; East; Korea; States; United summary = From the very beginning of the war, the Chinese people and the Chinese government maintained to resort to peaceful methods when solving the Korea problem and that warnings be given to the United States about withdrawing the armed forces from Taiwan, stopping the aggression against North Korea, and solving the problem of Korea and the Far East peacefully. The metaphor of the "Sick Man of East Asia" implied physical and moral denigration to the oppressed state and its people; in addition, the world police system is to prevent, control, and eradicate what was, in their eyes, the physical diseases as well as the social "diseases" -resistance, revolts, rebels, etc. The "sick men" was turned from a metaphor to a self-portrait of and a realistic oppressive discourse to the Chinese people of the time. After the sick men awakened and began an organized resistance, however, the Western powers turned to violence (the War in North Korea) as a new parasitic means. doi = 10.1007/978-3-642-39982-4_12 id = cord-349765-90g5v697 author = Huang, Qingming title = The Pandemic and the Transformation of Liberal International Order date = 2020-10-16 keywords = China; States; United; international; liberal; order; western summary = This paper addresses three significant challenges to the foundations of the current liberal order: (1) the entrenchment of authoritarianism, characterized by authoritarian resilience, autocratization, and the consolidation of competing authoritarian political-economic models; (2) the exacerbation of nationalism enabled by nationalist and populist politicians; and (3) the intensified competition among major powers. The myth about an ideal and cohesive liberal order, forged by Western solidarity and a shared sense of purpose and righteousness, has been further debunked during the pandemic, leaving space for challengers like China to exploit the internal division and fragmentation within the West and extend its influence globally. The myth about an ideal and cohesive liberal order, forged by Western solidarity and a shared sense of purpose and righteousness, has been further debunked during the pandemic, leaving space for challengers like China to exploit the internal division and fragmentation within the West and extend its influence globally. doi = 10.1007/s11366-020-09698-0 id = cord-032716-i6hfj8ca author = Hufbauer, Gary Clyde title = What's new in economic sanctions? date = 2020-09-25 keywords = China; Iran; Russia; States; Trump; United; sanction summary = doi = 10.1016/j.euroecorev.2020.103572 id = cord-332703-ohzkpbwy author = Hui, Jane Yuet Ching title = Cancer Management During the COVID-19 Pandemic in the United States: Results From a National Physician Cross-sectional Survey date = 2020-08-25 keywords = States; United; covid-19 summary = METHODS: Participants were recruited to an anonymous cross-sectional online survey of oncology physicians (surgeons, medical oncologists, and radiation oncologists) using social media from March 27 to April 10, 2020. Though not statistically significant, radiation oncologists were also more likely than surgeons or medical oncologists to alter treatment plans due to concerns about exposure risk to health care workers (61.7% vs. At~10 to 11 weeks after the first confirmed case of COVID-19 in the United States, we found that the majority of physicians had already altered the oncology treatment plans, including surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy, for their patients. We did observe that physicians who practice in states with higher numbers of confirmed COVID-19 cases were more likely to have altered their treatment plans but do not have longitudinal data to assess how case numbers affect cancer care. We found that physicians who practice in states with a higher COVID-19 case count were more likely to have already altered cancer treatment plans. doi = 10.1097/coc.0000000000000757 id = cord-010213-p4b08jtf author = Ijaz, M.K. title = Seasonality and prevalence of rotavirus in Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates date = 2002-11-05 keywords = United; rotavirus summary = Study design: A total of 650 stool samples submitted to the laboratories of two University Teaching Hospitals (Al-Ain and Tawam) and a private hospital (Oasis) were examined for the presence of rotaviruses from January 1990–December, 1992, using a commercially available latex agglutination assay. There appeared to be a seasonal pattern of rotavirus occurrence in the cases studied, with a marked increase in the number of positive cases during the months when the relative humidity was low (25–45%) and there was no rainfall. The meteorological data (temperature, relative humidity and rainfall) recorded during the sampling period was analyzed statistically to examine the effect of seasonality on the prevalence of rotavirus cases in AI-Ain, United Arab Emirates. The meteorological data (temperature, relative humidity and rainfall) recorded during the sampling period was analyzed statistically to examine the effect of seasonality on the prevalence of rotavirus cases in AI-Ain, United Arab Emirates. doi = 10.1016/0928-0197(94)90002-7 id = cord-349821-5ykwwq75 author = Ippolito, G. title = Biological weapons: Hospital preparedness to bioterrorism and other infectious disease emergencies date = 2006-09-09 keywords = SARS; States; United; case; infection summary = doi = 10.1007/s00018-006-6309-y id = cord-323913-v32c2vda author = Istúriz, Raul E. title = Global Distribution of Infectious Diseases Requiring Intensive Care date = 2006-07-31 keywords = Africa; America; FLF; States; United; patient summary = doi = 10.1016/j.ccc.2006.03.004 id = cord-335691-lsuwsm43 author = Jackson, Michael L. title = The Burden of Community-Acquired Pneumonia in Seniors: Results of a Population-Based Study date = 2004-12-01 keywords = United; cap summary = doi = 10.1086/425615 id = cord-033873-5mexup0n author = Jain, Lucky title = Racial Disparities in Perinatal Outcomes Are a Blight on Our Progress date = 2020-10-16 keywords = United summary = title: Racial Disparities in Perinatal Outcomes Are a Blight on Our Progress Indeed, births to non-Hispanic black women are associated with a significantly higher risk of prematurity and other adverse outcomes when compared with non-Hispanic white women. 1 A systematic review and metaanalysis by and colleagues 2 showed that black women had a twofold higher risk of preterm birth compared with whites. Studies such as these questioned previously held beliefs about racial differences in birth outcomes resulting from genetic differences and laid bare the consequences of life in the United States as a person of color. Needless to say, there is more to improving perinatal outcomes than just eliminating racial and health disparities. The authors cover a wide array of topics, including prematurity, infections, maternal conditions, and racial disparities, to name just a few. Ethnic and racial disparities in the risk of preterm birth: a systematic review and meta-analysis doi = 10.1016/j.clp.2020.09.003 id = cord-276797-86hc3lbi author = Jamieson, Denise J. title = Emerging infectious disease outbreaks: Old lessons and new challenges for obstetrician-gynecologists date = 2006-06-30 keywords = Nile; SARS; States; United; West summary = Objective The purpose of this study was to summarize 3 recent high-profile infectious disease threats that have affected the United States: severe acute respiratory syndrome, West Nile virus, and anthrax. Results The 3 emerging infectious diseases pose very different threats: Severe acute respiratory syndrome is a newly identified pathogen that caused an international pandemic; the West Nile virus investigation involved an old pathogen that was identified in a new location; and the anthrax attacks involved the intentional introduction of a pathogen. This systematic review summarizes 3 recent, highprofile infectious disease threats that have affected the United States: (1) SARS, (2) West Nile virus, and (3) anthrax. The 3 emerging infectious disease threats that are described in this systematic review pose very different and novel health threats: SARS is a newly identified pathogen that caused an international pandemic; the West Nile virus investigation involved an old pathogen that was identified in a new location; and the anthrax attacks involved the intentional introduction of a pathogen. doi = 10.1016/j.ajog.2005.06.062 id = cord-317441-tnde2jp5 author = Jewell, Jennifer S title = Mental Health During the COVID-19 Pandemic in the United States: Online Survey date = 2020-10-23 keywords = COVID-19; United; health; mental summary = The current pandemic is likely to be associated with similar mental health outcomes, as a result of potential exposure to stressors including loss of loved ones, economic hardship, social isolation, and childcare responsibilities following school and day care closures. Across numerous studies, social isolation has been associated with increased morbidity and mortality, with an increase in coronary heart disease, stroke, and poor mental health outcomes such as depression and anxiety [18] [19] [20] [21] [22] . The current study examines demographic differences in mental health and well-being outcomes and specific sources of concern that impact these outcomes among a US sample of 1083 adults surveyed between April 7 and June 1, 2020, immediately following business closures and movement restrictions. Based on a review of the limited literature specifically related to the COVID-19 pandemic, Rajkumar [24] found that older adults were at greater risk for mental health concerns [35] . doi = 10.2196/22043 id = cord-000463-31q7ftnd author = Jombart, T title = Reconstructing disease outbreaks from genetic data: a graph approach date = 2010-06-16 keywords = H1N1; United; figure; isolate summary = Within this framework, we developed an algorithm called SeqTrack, which directly reconstructs the most plausible genealogy of a set of sampled isolates, allowing for a direct assessment of the spatiotemporal dynamics of the epidemic under study. SeqTrack algorithm Our method aims to reconstruct the transmission tree of pathogens during a disease outbreak, using genotypes and collection dates to uncover ancestries between sampled isolates. Given the low levels of genetic diversity expected during the early stages of disease outbreaks, isolates with identical haplotypes but different collection dates and Figure 1 Illustration of possible reconstructions of genealogical relations. Having tested the ability of the method at reconstructing transmission trees from outbreak genetic data, we used SeqTrack to infer the spatiotemporal dynamics of the early stage of the 2009 swine-origin A/H1N1 influenza pandemic. Using simulated data, we showed the originality of this method compared to classical phylogenetic reconstruction, and its ability to infer correct genealogies of isolates in densely sampled disease outbreaks. doi = 10.1038/hdy.2010.78 id = cord-007542-12dzeebn author = Jonas, Richard A. title = Rewards, risks, and responsibilities of globalization for the cardiothoracic surgeon date = 2007-06-26 keywords = States; United; World; figure; globalization summary = The relatively recent subspecialization of cardiothoracic surgery into adult cardiac, general thoracic, and congenital has undoubtedly complicated the projection of manpower needs ( Figure 14 ). At this meeting, we have instituted a global session that will be held again this year on Wednesday morning, organized by Dr Philip Corcoran, the chief of cardiothoracic surgery at Walter Reed Medical Center in Washington, DC, with whom I have the pleasure of working. There is no international organization that has the resources to estimate the total number of cardiothoracic surgical procedures that will be performed globally in 10, 20, and 30 years. Within congenital cardiac surgery, the problem of matching supply and demand on a global scale has resulted in an interesting distribution of surgeons around the planet, often working in locations that are quite remote from their institution of training. What are the implications of a global mismatch of cardiothoracic surgical supply and demand for surgical training programs in the United States? doi = 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2006.09.067 id = cord-293930-n7cfs3ku author = Kading, Rebekah C. title = Emergence of Arboviruses in the United States: The Boom and Bust of Funding, Innovation, and Capacity date = 2020-06-06 keywords = Aedes; CDC; United summary = The Ebola Grand Challenge program, funded by the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), United States Agency for International Development (USAID), the United States Executive Office, and the Department of Defense, provided financial backing to 14 innovative projects to improve the response to Ebola outbreaks. As the United States has experienced emergences and threats of first Culex and now also Aedes-borne viruses, innovations to traditional mosquito trapping tools targeting these vector groups have arisen, with the proportion of sales in different categories fluctuating over time in response to arbovirus outbreak and funding availability (Figure 1 ). As the United States has experienced emergences and threats of first Culex and now also Aedes-borne viruses, innovations to traditional mosquito trapping tools targeting these vector groups have arisen, with the proportion of sales in different categories fluctuating over time in response to arbovirus outbreak and funding availability (Figure 1 ). doi = 10.3390/tropicalmed5020096 id = cord-323311-xl2fv0qx author = Kahn, R. E. title = 6th International Conference on Emerging Zoonoses date = 2012-09-07 keywords = BSE; H1N1; H5N1; Health; Professor; States; United; University; disease; human; infection; virus summary = The three key characteristics of this integrated approach to so many infectious diseases are as follows: (i) to use cell culture, primary cells, nonhuman primate and human clinical models to study viral infection; (ii) to combine traditional histopathological, virological and biochemical approaches with functional genomics, proteomics and computational biology (Haagmans et al., 2009); and (iii) to obtain signatures of virulence and insights into mechanisms of host defense response, viral evasion and pathogenesis (Casadevaill et al., 2011) . The unity of human, animal and ecosystem health outlined by Professor Aguirre, as well as the interactions among multiple tick-borne pathogens in a natural reservoir host set out by Professor Fish and his research team, both summarized in Topic 1 above, highlight the necessity of cross-disciplinary collaboration in studying zoonotic bacterial diseases (Daszak et al., 2007, pp. doi = 10.1111/j.1863-2378.2012.01539.x id = cord-258783-ev0h95b9 author = Kapil, Sanjay title = Canine Distemper Spillover in Domestic Dogs from Urban Wildlife date = 2011-11-30 keywords = CDV; United; canine; distemper; dog; virus summary = doi = 10.1016/j.cvsm.2011.08.005 id = cord-283667-jqlz7yt8 author = Katz, Sophie E. title = Pediatric Community-Acquired Pneumonia in the United States Changing Epidemiology, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Challenges, and Areas for Future Research date = 2018-03-31 keywords = CAP; United; child; pneumonia summary = doi = 10.1016/j.idc.2017.11.002 id = cord-347601-kt2rqx8m author = Laird, Frank N. title = Sticky Policies, Dysfunctional Systems: Path Dependency and the Problems of Government Funding for Science in the United States date = 2020-06-11 keywords = Science; States; United; american; funding; r&d summary = doi = 10.1007/s11024-020-09409-2 id = cord-302848-a246wl7f author = Lawler, J. J. title = 4.25 Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies to Reduce Climate Vulnerabilities and Maintain Ecosystem Services date = 2013-12-31 keywords = GHG; United; change; climate; ecosystem; increase; strategy; system; water summary = Maintaining or increasing ecosystem services into the future will require integrating adaptation strategies (actions that help human and natural systems accommodate changes) and mitigation strategies (actions that reduce anthropogenic influences on climate) ( Figure 1 ). In this chapter, we provide an overview of what will likely be some of the most effective and most important mitigation and adaptation strategies for addressing changes to the climate system stemming from increased GHG emissions. We discuss various ways in which mitigation and adaptation strategies can help reduce the magnitude and the impacts of the changes we are likely to experience, as well as improve human health and directly or indirectly affect ecosystem functions and services. Restoring or protecting some semblance of the natural river flow conditions necessary to support ecosystem function (called environmental flows) into the future is one of the most important climate change adaptation strategies for flowing waters. doi = 10.1016/b978-0-12-384703-4.00436-6 id = cord-350565-mejd7blb author = Lewnard, Joseph A title = Emerging Challenges and Opportunities in Infectious Disease Epidemiology date = 2019-03-16 keywords = EBOV; Ebola; United; disease; study; vaccine summary = We next consider emerging paradigms in causal inference for infectious diseases, ranging from approaches to evaluating vaccines and antimicrobial therapies to the task of ascribing clinical syndromes to etiologic microorganisms, an age-old problem transformed by our increasing ability to characterize human-associated microbiota. We next consider emerging paradigms in causal inference for infectious diseases, ranging from approaches to evaluating vaccines and antimicrobial therapies to the task of ascribing clinical syndromes to etiologic microorganisms, an age-old problem transformed by our increasing ability to characterize human-associated microbiota. Although serosurveys have bolstered recent efforts to understand the geographic range and clinical spectrum of EBOV and Zika virus infections (47, 48) , the enhancement of dengue hemorrhagic fever risk by prior exposure (49) , and the role of immunologic history in influenza susceptibility and vaccine response (50) , there remain few examples of public health programs undertaking serological studies for routine surveillance, at least in civilian populations (51) . doi = 10.1093/aje/kwy264 id = cord-265300-jcpyrlw9 author = Lichtenstein, Bronwen title = From “Coffin Dodger” to “Boomer Remover”: Outbreaks of Ageism in Three Countries With Divergent Approaches to Coronavirus Control date = 2020-07-28 keywords = Australia; Kingdom; States; United summary = doi = 10.1093/geronb/gbaa102 id = cord-016130-5q9ufu28 author = Linday, Linda A. title = Nutritional Supplements and Upper Respiratory Tract Illnesses in Young Children in the United States date = 2010-12-17 keywords = States; United; child; cod; liver; oil; study; vitamin summary = Our clinical research demonstrates that daily supplementation with a flavored cod liver oil (which meets European purity standards) and a children''s multivitamin-mineral with trace metals, including Se, can decrease morbidity from upper respiratory tract illnesses, otitis media, and sinusitis in young children living in the United States. This chapter discusses the role of essential fatty acids, vitamins, and trace metals in the pathophysiology of inflammation; reviews our clinical research on the use of a lemon-flavored cod liver oil (which meets European purity standards) and a children''s chewable multivitamin-mineral with Se for the prevention and adjunctive treatment of these disorders; reviews the history of cod liver oil, including its importance in the discovery of vitamin D and the anti-infective properties of vitamin A; and discusses the current clinical use of these supplements. doi = 10.1007/978-1-59259-880-9_21 id = cord-170666-zjwlmzj3 author = Liu, Shinan title = Characterizing Service Provider Response to the COVID-19 Pandemic in the United States date = 2020-11-01 keywords = COVID-19; United; internet summary = doi = nan id = cord-022467-j2trahab author = Loo, May title = Select Populations: Children date = 2009-05-15 keywords = ADHD; United; acupuncture; asthma; cam; child; chinese; clinical; study; therapy; treatment summary = doi = 10.1016/b978-0-323-02028-2.50015-2 id = cord-252121-s1zxu5vo author = Lowe, James title = Role of Transportation in Spread of Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus Infection, United States date = 2014-05-17 keywords = PEDV; United summary = After porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) was detected in the United States in 2013, we tested environmental samples from trailers in which pigs had been transported. After porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) was detected in the United States in 2013, we tested environmental samples from trailers in which pigs had been transported. The objective of this study was to assess the risks that harvest facilities and transport vehicles engendered in promoting the initial outbreak of a novel disease organism by estimating the incidence of trailer contamination with PEDV during the unloading process at harvest facilities. This study suggests that collection points, such as harvest facilities and livestock auction markets, can be an efficient source of contamination of transport vehicles that return to pig farms and likely played a role in rapidly disseminating PEDV across vast geographic regions shortly after PEDV was first identified in the United States. doi = 10.3201/eid2005.131628 id = cord-307013-80dup4sr author = Lu, Victor M. title = Letter to the Editor: Lessons to Learn from the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Pandemic for International Medical Graduate Applicants and United States Neurosurgery Residency Programs date = 2020-08-24 keywords = United summary = title: Letter to the Editor: Lessons to Learn from the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Pandemic for International Medical Graduate Applicants and United States Neurosurgery Residency Programs In light of the current COVID-19 pandemic, a number of changes affecting the visa process in the United States has revealed particular immigration policies that are subject to change without notice. Therefore, being present in the United States before Match Day is recommended to ensure that if an IMG candidate is successful, changes in travel policies and plans will not impact their ability to start residency on time. As lockdowns in the United States began, the U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services suspended premium processing of H1-B visas, 5 which would have greatly impacted incoming IMG residents. The current COVID-19 pandemic has shed light on how difficult the immigration process can be for prospective IMG applicants and U.S. neurosurgery programs, as well as how unpredictable it can be. doi = 10.1016/j.wneu.2020.06.202 id = cord-024936-ncia0h9m author = Luker, Gary D. title = Transitioning to a New Normal after COVID-19: Preparing to Get Back on Track for Cancer Imaging date = 2020-04-15 keywords = States; United; covid-19 summary = The COVID-19 pandemic presents institutions and radiologists with two formidable challenges: 1) trying to maintain clinical and research operations in the face of social distancing and stay-at-home-orders; and 2) plotting a course to transition from the immediate threat of the SARS-CoV-2 virus to an uncertain future that certainly will not resemble conditions we previously regarded as normal. While recognizing that COVID-19 has disrupted essentially all aspects of life, this commentary focuses on the immediate and projected future impact on clinical care and research in cancer imaging and image-guided therapy. As the outbreak of COVID-19 emerged in the United States, there were two main priorities that clinics had with regard to decision-making on cancer imaging appointments: keeping people healthy and preserving personal protective equipment resources. As institutional review boards may be prioritizing COVID-19 related projects, there may be a delay in new cancer imaging studies that can be approved and initiated. doi = 10.1148/rycan.2020204011 id = cord-022176-hprwqi4n author = Löscher, Thomas title = Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases date = 2009-07-28 keywords = Africa; Europe; United; case; country; disease; infection summary = Since the detection of the etiologic infectious agent and the subsequent development of laboratory diagnostic tests in the 1980s, the number of reported cases of Lyme disease has increased from 0 to 16,000 per year, indicating that it is an "emerging diagnosis." The reported numbers vary depending on the reproduction of the hosting rodents for ticks as well as the contacts between humans and nature (Spach et al. In recent years, norovirus infections are increasingly recognized as the cause of large outbreaks of diarrheal diseases in the general population, school classes, nursing homes, hospitals, and cruise ships in western countries with peaks in colder seasons (winter epidemics) (Centers of disease control 2006; Verhoef et al. Definition: only infections that are newly discovered in humans are listed in this chapter: HIV, new variant of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD), hemorrhagic uremic syndrome (HUS) caused by enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli, viral hemorrhagic fevers like Hanta, Lassa, Ebola, and Marburg fever, Nipah virus encephalitis, monkeypox, human ehrlichiosis, severe acute respiratory syndrome (coronavirus infection, SARS), and avian influenza (H5N1) (see Fig. 3 .1 and Table 3 .2). doi = 10.1007/978-0-387-93835-6_3 id = cord-332622-9cty2uho author = MOSESON, Heidi title = Abortion experiences and preferences of transgender, nonbinary, and gender-expansive people in the United States date = 2020-09-25 keywords = TGE; United; abortion summary = doi = 10.1016/j.ajog.2020.09.035 id = cord-022066-8aj480hz author = MacPherson, Douglas W. title = Health Screening in Immigrants, Refugees, and International Adoptees date = 2016-09-23 keywords = States; United; health summary = The legal basis governing inadmissibility to the United States because of health-related conditions and authorization to undertake medical examination to determine that admissibility is found in the Immigration and Nationality Act (INA) (Title 8 US Code). Currently, the regulations list the following as communicable diseases of public health significance: • For example, smallpox, poliomyelitis due to wild-type poliovirus, cholera, or viral hemorrhagic fevers (including Ebola) Currently a medical examination is required for all refugees entering the United States and all those applying for an immigrant visa from outside the United States. Currently, some refugee populations being resettled in the United States who are determined to be at increased risk for specific infections receive population-based treatment for malaria and intestinal parasites in addition to the routine immigration medical screening. Those conditions, while not relevant for immigration purposes, can be significant for new arrivals, and their identification and clinical management in the United States is important in some migrant populations. doi = 10.1016/b978-0-323-37506-1.00019-2 id = cord-300371-6ja5o3sa author = Maloney, Susan A. title = Prevention of infectious diseases among international pediatric travelers: Considerations for clinicians date = 2004-11-24 keywords = States; U.S.; United; child; traveler summary = Children should have a pretravel health assessment that includes recommendations for both routine and special travel-related vaccination; malaria chemoprophylaxis, if indicated; and prevention counseling regarding insect and animal exposures, food and water safety, and avoiding injuries. Children should have a pretravel health assessment that includes recommendations for both routine and special travelrelated vaccination; malaria chemoprophylaxis, if indicated; and prevention counseling regarding insect and animal exposures, food and water safety, and avoiding injuries. During the assessment, the caregiver should ensure the following: 1) the child has received up-to-date and appropriate vaccinations (both routine and special travel-related vaccines); 2) the child has received appropriate malaria and other chemoprophylaxis regimens tailored for use in pediatric travelers; 3) prevention counseling, particularly in the areas of insect barriers, food and water safety, and injury avoidance, has been given; and 4) anticipatory guidance for managing potential illnesses (eg, diarrhea and dehydration) and seeking medical resources overseas has been provided. doi = 10.1053/j.spid.2004.05.002 id = cord-017554-yvx1gyp9 author = Martin, Susan F. title = Forced Migration and Refugee Policy date = 2017-09-15 keywords = Convention; States; UNHCR; United; country; crisis; migration summary = Migration resulting from these natural and man-made events may correspond to current international, regional and national frameworks that are designed to protect and assist refugees-that is, persons who flee across an international boundary because of a well-founded fear of persecution-but often, these movements fall outside of the more traditional legal norms and policies. These crises lead to many different forms of displacement, including internal and cross border movements of nationals, evacuation of migrant workers, sea-borne departures that often involve unseaworthy vessels, and trafficking of persons. The State-led Nansen Initiative on cross-border disaster displacement issued an Agenda for Protection that spells out actions that governments can take today to provide humanitarian relief to persons requiring either admission or non-return in these contexts. doi = 10.1007/978-3-319-67147-5_14 id = cord-271687-sxl8g85p author = Mathews, Fiona title = Chapter 8 Zoonoses in Wildlife: Integrating Ecology into Management date = 2009-03-14 keywords = United; bat; european; population summary = This review examines the pathways linking zoonoses in wildlife with infection in other hosts, using examples from a range of key zoonoses, including European bat lyssaviruses and bovine tuberculosis. For example, bovine tuberculosis (bTB) in the United Kingdom undoubtedly has a reservoir in wild badger populations, and the direct cost of the disease to agriculture is projected to reach £1 billion by 2011 (Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (DEFRA), 2004). Examples of recent successes include the control of canine distemper virus in black-footed ferrets (Mustela nigripes) (Williams et al., 1988) , and rabies in African wild dogs (Lycaon pictus) (Hofmayer et al., 2004) and Ethiopian wolves (Canis simensis) (Haydon et al., 2004) . It proposes that a shift to ecologically based control, explicitly considering the natural history of wildlife hosts and their pathogens, is crucial in minimising the risk presented to humans, domestic animals and endangered species from zoonoses. doi = 10.1016/s0065-308x(08)00608-8 id = cord-332610-t99l3zii author = Mayer, J.D. title = Emerging Diseases: Overview date = 2008-08-26 keywords = AIDS; Africa; HIV; SARS; States; United; disease summary = doi = 10.1016/b978-012373960-5.00453-6 id = cord-027679-89yt6fzo author = McLoud, Theresa C. title = Pulmonary Infections in the Normal Host date = 2020-06-22 keywords = Box; Fig; States; United; infection; pneumonia summary = doi = 10.1016/b978-0-323-02790-8.00003-2 id = cord-353828-ir14ywcv author = Mendes, Thiago title = Shifting Geographies of Knowledge Production: The Coronavirus Effect date = 2020-06-16 keywords = China; United summary = doi = 10.1111/tesg.12435 id = cord-022035-annn4qn1 author = Menitove, Jay E. title = Other Viral, Bacterial, Parasitic and Prion-Based Infectious Complications date = 2009-05-15 keywords = B19; CJD; States; United; WNV; blood; donor; transfusion summary = doi = 10.1016/b978-0-443-06981-9.50053-3 id = cord-345402-brhvfsgy author = Miller, Ryan S. title = Diseases at the livestock–wildlife interface: Status, challenges, and opportunities in the United States date = 2013-06-01 keywords = States; United; disease; wildlife summary = Specifically, the goals of the literature review were three fold: first to evaluate domestic animal diseases currently found in the United States where wildlife may play a role; second to identify critical issues faced in managing these diseases at the livestock–wildlife interface; and third to identify potential technical and policy strategies for addressing these issues. We found that of the 86 avian, ruminant, swine, poultry, and lagomorph diseases that are reportable to the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE), 53 are present in the United States; 42 (79%) of these have a putative wildlife component associated with the transmission, maintenance, or life cycle of the pathogen; and 21 (40%) are known to be zoonotic. Thirteen (62%) of these actively managed diseases have a wildlife component and at least 6 (bovine tuberculosis, paratuberculosis, brucellosis, avian influenza, rabies, and cattle fever tick [vector control]) have a wildlife reservoir that is a recognized impediment to eradication due to continued spillover to domestic populations. doi = 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2012.11.021 id = cord-333405-ji58jbct author = Morens, David M. title = The challenge of emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases date = 2004-07-08 keywords = AIDS; HIV; United; disease; human; infectious summary = doi = 10.1038/nature02759 id = cord-253161-oz1eziy1 author = Munyikwa, Michelle title = MY COVID‐19 DIARY date = 2020-06-04 keywords = Philadelphia; States; United; hospital; pandemic summary = Written in weekly instalments, Michelle Munyikwa''s Covid‐19 diary reflects upon the experience of an unfolding pandemic from her dual role as a medical trainee and anthropologist living in the United States. In this narrative, Michelle Munyikwa, an anthropologist and medical doctor-in-training, reflects on developments in the Covid-19 pandemic in the form of a diary from Philadelphia. Scrolling social media feeds, one is inundated by reports from other countries, graphs and tables attempting to predict the future, and calls to understand the past of previous epidemics such that we might not repeat our errors. This uniquely 21st-century crisis is an object lesson in what it feels like to live through an emerging epidemic during what has often been described as an age of anxiety. We will need to worry about the chronically ill and the fact that many American hospitals cannot handle a surge in patients at this time of year. doi = 10.1111/1467-8322.12575 id = cord-273099-zkk5d6gd author = Muzumdar, Jagannath M. title = Vaccine supply, demand, and policy: A primer date = 2016-01-01 keywords = Act; FDA; States; United; vaccine summary = According to the authors, an integrated policy approach that preserves incentives for market entry and innovation in the vaccine industry while addressing parental vaccine concerns and increasing immunization funding and reimbursement for both providers and patients is needed. 2 Push strategies seek to address supply-side issues in the vaccine market by providing direct assistance to ease the burden of research, development, and production costs, whereas pull strategies are designed to manipulate demand for vaccines, thereby improving the likelihood of a return on investment by increasing the number of immunizations administered. The United Kingdom has taken a lead in promoting an International Financing Facility for Immunization (IFFIm) 69 IFFIm has raised more than $1 billion in capital markets to immunize poor children in developing nations against Reviews VACCINE POLICY vaccine-preventable diseases. doi = 10.1331/japha.2009.09007 id = cord-327879-qrxoj8nc author = Nagurney, Anna title = Refugee migration networks and regulations: a multiclass, multipath variational inequality framework date = 2020-07-21 keywords = Nagurney; United; refugee summary = In the network models of human migration, migrants reflect their preferences for destination versus origin nodes through utility functions, which are distinct for each class of migrant, and the utility functions depend on the populations at the different locations. In this section, we construct refugee migration models consisting of multiple classes of refugees and with the possibility of multiple routes/paths between an origin node and a destination node associated with refugee flows. Before presenting the computational procedure that we will apply to compute solutions to larger refugee migration problems, we establish a supernetwork equivalence between the refugee model with multiple paths, but with a single class, and a traffic network equilibrium problem with fixed demands. In this paper, we constructed refugee migration network equilibrium models that incorporate multiple classes of refugees, along with routes from origin to destination nodes that can consist of multiple links that capture congestion. doi = 10.1007/s10898-020-00936-6 id = cord-318407-uy0f7f2o author = Nara, Peter L. title = Perspectives on advancing preventative medicine through vaccinology at the comparative veterinary, human and conservation medicine interface: Not missing the opportunities date = 2008-11-18 keywords = CDC; U.S.; United; animal; disease; health; human; medicine summary = For vaccination as a public health tool to have its greatest impacts in human and veterinary medicine, these great medical sciences will have to come together, policy-relevant science for sustainable conservation in developing and developed countries needs to become the norm and address poverty (including lack of basic health care) in communities affected by conservation, and to consider costs and benefits (perceived or not) affecting the well-being of all stakeholders, from the local to the multinational. For vaccination as a public health tool to have its greatest impacts in human and veterinary medicine, these great medical sciences will have to come together, policy-relevant science for sustainable conservation in developing and developed countries needs to become the norm and address poverty (including lack of basic health care) in communities affected by conservation, and to consider costs and benefits (perceived or not) affecting the well-being of all stakeholders, from the local to the multinational. doi = 10.1016/j.vaccine.2008.07.094 id = cord-280792-nm30wct0 author = Neville, Ron title = What can health care professionals in the United Kingdom learn from Malawi? date = 2009-03-27 keywords = Kingdom; Malawi; United summary = Debate on how resource-rich countries and their health care professionals should help the plight of sub-Saharan Africa appears locked in a mind-set dominated by gloomy statistics and one-way monetary aid. Having established a project to link primary care clinics based on two-way sharing of education rather than one-way aid, our United Kingdom colleagues often ask us: "But what can we learn from Malawi?" A recent fact-finding visit to Malawi helped us clarify some aspects of health care that may be of relevance to health care professionals in the developed world, including the United Kingdom. This article outlines some of the areas where health care professionals in the United Kingdom can learn from Malawi. An accepted task of Malawian midwives and clinical officers is to teach groups of patients about important public health matters such as condom use, good nutrition and obtaining fresh water. So what can health care professionals based in the United Kingdom and other resource-rich environments learn from Malawi? doi = 10.1186/1478-4491-7-26 id = cord-023367-ujflw19b author = Newcomer, Benjamin W. title = Diseases of the hematologic, immunologic, and lymphatic systems (multisystem diseases) [Image: see text] date = 2020-04-17 keywords = States; United; animal; cause; chapter; clinical; clostridium; disease; goat; infection; sheep; sign summary = doi = 10.1016/b978-0-323-62463-3.00025-6 id = cord-016704-99v4brjf author = Nicholson, Felicity title = Infectious Diseases: The Role of the Forensic Physician date = 2005 keywords = HBV; HIV; Health; Kingdom; United; disease; infection; risk summary = The risk of exposure to infections, particularly blood-borne viruses (BBVs), can be minimized by adopting measures that are considered good practice in the United Kingdom, the United States, and Australia (1) (2) (3) . Studies of prisoners in western countries have shown a higher prevalence of antibodies to HBV and other BBVs than the general population (12) (13) (14) ; the most commonly reported risk factor is intravenous drug use. HBIG is given in conjunction with the first dose of vaccine to individuals who are deemed at high risk of acquiring disease and the incident occurred within 72 hours of presentation. In 1998, 56% of reported cases were from people born outside the United Kingdom and 3% were associated with HIV infection (70, 71) . Those in contact with disease (either through exposure at home or from an infected detainee) should receive prophylactic treatment as soon as possible (see Subheading 8.3.7.). doi = 10.1385/1-59259-913-3:235 id = cord-022034-o27mh4wz author = OLANO, JUAN P. title = Distinguishing Tropical Infectious Diseases from Bioterrorism date = 2009-05-15 keywords = PCR; United; agent; case; clinical; disease; laboratory summary = doi = 10.1016/b978-0-443-06668-9.50124-1 id = cord-025366-haf542y0 author = Offit, Paul A. title = Vaccine safety date = 2012-11-07 keywords = United; VAERS; adverse; immunization; risk; safety; study; vaccine summary = 147, 148 In the United States, the CDC established the Clinical Immunization Safety Assessment (CISA) network in 2001 with the following primary goals: (1) to develop research protocols for clinical evaluation, diagnosis, and management of adverse events following immunization (AEFI); (2) to improve the understanding of AEFI at the individual level, including determining possible genetic and other risk factors for predisposed persons and high-risk subpopulations; (3) to develop evidence-based algorithms for vaccination of persons at risk of serious adverse events following immunization; and (4) to provide a resource of subject matter experts for clinical vaccine safety inquiries. Third, large population-based systems that link computerized vaccination data with health care encounter codes were used to conduct rapid ongoing analyses to evaluate possible associations of H1N1 vaccination with selected adverse events, including potential associations suggested by VAERS or other sources. doi = 10.1016/b978-1-4557-0090-5.00076-8 id = cord-021479-hwg9rqnq author = Oldstone, Michael B.A. title = Ebola’s Scorecard: Failure of the WHO and the International Community date = 2017-07-21 keywords = Bank; Ebola; United summary = A critique by a group of 20 experts from the Harvard Global Health Institute and the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine found that "The lack of capacity in Guinea to detect the virus for several months was a key failure, allowing Ebola eventually to spread to bordering Liberia and Sierra Leone, underscoring inadequate communication and arrangements between governments and the WHO to share, validate, and respond robustly to information on outbreak." 4 Indeed, after Ebola was initially identified, it still spread through the capital cities of Guinea and Liberia, and within 2 months appeared in other major cities and their international airports. Without sufficient protective gear, and initially without widespread understanding of the virus, hundreds of health workers themselves became ill and died." 4 In summary, early in the course of the Ebola infection, before its massive outbreak, Doctors Without Borders warned the WHO about the potential threat. doi = 10.1016/b978-0-12-813888-5.00009-3 id = cord-001197-bhlxglyd author = Olival, Kevin J. title = Linking the Historical Roots of Environmental Conservation with Human and Wildlife Health date = 2013-09-28 keywords = Carson; States; United summary = We propose a modern-day synthesis of these ideologies that recognizes that environmental degradation and the emergence of zoonotic and epizootic diseases, affecting both humans and wildlife (i.e., pathogen pollution), are interconnected. On this 40th anniversary of the Endangered Species Act, it is appropriate to look at the historical roots of environmental protection and conservation in the United States, particularly as they relate to ecology and to health. While pollutants remain an insidious threat to health and the environment, there is now a growing acceptance that emerging infectious diseases (EID''s) are on the rise and are having dramatic impacts on both global health and conservation (Daszak et al. The emergence of Nipah virus in Malaysia is a good example of how environmental drivers, including the industrialization and expansion of pig farms into bat habitat, led to pathogen spillover and a subsequent human outbreak (Daszak et al. Emerging infectious diseases of wildlif: threats to biodiversity and human health doi = 10.1007/s10393-013-0862-2 id = cord-310931-5165078t author = Oppong, Joseph R. title = Globalization of Communicable Diseases date = 2019-12-04 keywords = HIV; United summary = This entry examines the spatial patterns of familiar communicable diseases, including the syndemic of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and tuberculosis, as well as new diseases such as Ebola, Zika, and dengue. At the end of 2016, about 36.7 million people were living with HIV globally, with 25.6 million cases in sub-Saharan Africa, a region with 11% of the world''s population, and 91% of the world''s children living with the disease. Currently, more than 90% of the global TB burden occurs within developing countries due to widespread HIV/AIDS infection, crowding, medication shortages, and poor healthcare programs. In 2016, a total of 5,168 noncongenital ZIKAV disease cases were reported in the United States, mostly in travelers returning from ZIKAV-affected areas, but local mosquito-borne transmission increased. Zika virus disease in travelers returning to the United States doi = 10.1016/b978-0-08-102295-5.10438-x id = cord-339372-f3onp9mg author = Owen, James A. title = Advancing the Adoption of Continuing Professional Development (CPD) in the United States date = 2020-08-31 keywords = CPD; States; United summary = Over the last four decades, the expanded patient care roles of pharmacists in the United States (U.S.) have increased focus on ensuring the implementation of processes to enhance continuing professional development within the profession. The concept of CPD within the profession of pharmacy was initially defined by the International Pharmaceutical Federation (FIP) as "the responsibility of individual pharmacists for systematic maintenance, development and broadening of knowledge, skills and attitudes, to ensure continuing competence as a professional, throughout their careers" [1] . Ensure that pharmacists maintain (at an appropriate level) their knowledge, skills, and competence to practice through their careers in their own specific (or current) areas of practice Improve the pharmacist''s personal performance (i.e., develop knowledge and skills) Enhance the pharmacist''s career progression While aligned with the FIP model, the CCP model was modified slightly to meet the identified needs of pharmacists in the United States. doi = 10.3390/pharmacy8030157 id = cord-023767-rcv4pl0d author = O’Ryan, Miguel L. title = Microorganisms Responsible for Neonatal Diarrhea date = 2009-05-19 keywords = Campylobacter; EAEC; EPEC; Escherichia; Salmonella; Shigella; States; United; cause; child; coli; diarrhea; human; infant; infection; neonatal; outbreak; rotavirus summary = coli may disappear completely from stools of breast-fed children during the ensuing weeks, this disappearance is believed to be related to factors present in the human milk rather than the gastric secretions.5~302~303 The use of breast-feeding or expressed human milk has even been effective in terminating nursery epidemics caused by EPEC 0 11 1:B4, probably by reducing the incidence of crossinfections among infants.3033304 Although dose-effect studies have not been performed among newborns, severe diarrhea has occurred after ingestion of 10'' EPEC organisms by very young The clinical syndrome is that of bloody, noninflammatory (sometimes voluminous) diarrhea that is distinct from febrile dysentery with fecal leukocytes seen in shigellosis or EIEC infection^.^^ Most cases of EHEC infections have been recognized in outbreaks of bloody diarrhea or HUS in daycare centers, schools, nursing homes, and c o m m~n i t i e s .~~~-~~~ Although EHEC infections often involve infants and young children, the frequency of this infection in neonates remains unclear; animal studies suggest that receptors for the Shiga toxin may be developmentally regulated and that susceptibility to disease may be age related. doi = 10.1016/b0-72-160537-0/50022-0 id = cord-022380-49oti4zg author = Panlilio, Adelisa L title = Occupational Infectious Diseases date = 2009-05-15 keywords = HCV; HIV; States; Table; United; infection; person summary = doi = 10.1016/b978-0-7216-8974-6.50026-9 id = cord-003970-3e58229u author = Paploski, Igor Adolfo Dexheimer title = Temporal Dynamics of Co-circulating Lineages of Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus date = 2019-11-01 keywords = PRRSV; States; United summary = Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), the etiological agent of PRRS, is one of the most important endemic viruses affecting the swine industry in the United States (Holtkamp et al., 2013) and globally (Stadejek et al., 2013; VanderWaal and Deen, 2018) . Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus was first recognized almost simultaneously in Europe (Wensvoort et al., 1991) and North America (Collins et al., 1992) in the late 1980s and early 1990s, but genetic differences suggested a much earlier evolutionary divergence between the North American and European viral types. Here, we describe the temporal dynamics of PRRSV occurrence in a swine-dense region of the United States, characterizing these patterns according to ORF5 genetic lineages and sub-lineages. Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus diversity of Eastern Canada swine herds in a large sequence dataset reveals two hypervariable regions under positive selection doi = 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02486 id = cord-290620-dvlnx2z3 author = Park, Jewel title = Consequences of COVID-19 on international medical graduates and students applying to residencies in the United States date = 2020-04-21 keywords = United summary = title: Consequences of COVID-19 on international medical graduates and students applying to residencies in the United States Previous immigration restrictions, such as Presidential Proclamation 9645 in 2018, had already raised concerns about hindering the entrance of international medical graduates (IMGs), who constitute 25% of the physician workforce in the United States [2] . Here, we summarize the potential consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic on the process of medical residency applications for current IMGs and international medical students (IMSs) and recommend measures that can be taken to minimize the disruption to their participation in US healthcare. Given the unavoidable human-to-human contact that takes place during the exam, the United States Medical Licensing Examination (USMLE) program has closed all of its five test centers as of March 16, 2020, and plans to reopen them on June 1 at the earliest [7] . Due to safety concerns arising from the COVID-19 pandemic, many medical schools in the United States have cancelled clinical rotations and stopped receiving visiting students. doi = 10.3946/kjme.2020.156 id = cord-337632-2q6gm7n3 author = Pearman, Ann title = Mental Health Challenges of United States Healthcare Professionals During COVID-19 date = 2020-08-13 keywords = States; United; covid-19 summary = doi = 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.02065 id = cord-318845-w7q5o8wc author = Pendell, Dustin L. title = Economic Assessment of FMDv Releases from the National Bio and Agro Defense Facility date = 2015-06-26 keywords = FMD; States; U.S.; United summary = This study evaluates the economic consequences of hypothetical foot-and-mouth disease releases from the future National Bio and Agro Defense Facility in Manhattan, Kansas. To assess the economic impacts of unintentional FMDv releases from NBAF, we follow [4, 7, [21] [22] to link supply shocks from an animal disease spread model with a multi-commodity, multi-market partial equilibrium model. To determine the total economic impact for a scenario, the changes in producer returns to capital and management and consumer welfare, government indemnification and non-indemnification expenditures, and the costs to the non-agricultural regional sector were summed together. Because the duration of the FMD outbreaks and number of animals culled and vaccinated are similar to the aerosol scenarios, the total economic impacts of the transference release scenarios are similar to impacts of an aerosol release, including the distribution of impacts by production types across time. doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0129134 id = cord-280059-i72ayr02 author = Perez, Andres M. title = Individual or Common Good? Voluntary Data Sharing to Inform Disease Surveillance Systems in Food Animals date = 2019-06-21 keywords = MSHMP; PRRS; United summary = However, during the last decade, swine producers in the United States (US) and other countries have voluntarily begun to share data for the control and elimination of specific infectious diseases, such as the porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSv). Here, we provide evidence of a national program for voluntary sharing of disease status data that has helped the implementation of surveillance activities that, ultimately, allowed the generation of critically important scientific information to better support disease control activities. Additional pages are shared with the project participants referring only to their own systems, and including incidence and prevalence graphs for both PRRSv and PEDv. Since its inception in 2011, the MSHMP has played a critical role in providing data that scientists translated into science-driven solutions to help the US swine industry mitigating PRRSv impact. doi = 10.3389/fvets.2019.00194 id = cord-348495-pa6iqc83 author = Perrotta, D. title = Behaviors and attitudes in response to the COVID-19 pandemic: Insights from a cross-national Facebook survey date = 2020-05-15 keywords = Germany; States; United summary = Our goal in this paper is to provide insights into the relation between participants'' demographic characteristics and (i) the threat they perceive COVID-19 to pose to various levels of society, (ii) the confidence they have in the preparedness of different national and international organizations to handle the current crisis, and (iii) the behavioral measures (preventive measures and social distancing measures) they have taken to protect themselves from the coronavirus. The questionnaire consists of four topical sections: (i) socio-demographic indicators (age, sex, country of birth, country of residence, level of education, household size and composition); (ii) health indicators (underlying medical conditions, flu vaccination status, pregnancy, symptoms experienced in the previous seven days); (iii) opinions and behaviors (perceived threat from COVID-19, level of trust in institutions, level of confidence in sources of information, preventive measures taken, disruptions to daily routine); (iv) social contact data, i.e. the number of interactions that respondents had the day before participating in the survey in different settings (at home, at school, at work, or in other locations). doi = 10.1101/2020.05.09.20096388 id = cord-354209-g1zynbul author = Person, Bobbie title = Fear and Stigma: The Epidemic within the SARS Outbreak date = 2004-02-17 keywords = SARS; United; asian summary = doi = 10.3201/eid1002.030750 id = cord-016379-lcog1654 author = Pimentel, David title = Plant,Animal, and Microbe Invasive Species in the United States and World date = 2007 keywords = Pimentel; States; United; specie summary = Calculating the negative economic impacts associated with the invasion of exotic species is difficult.For a few species, there are sufficient data to estimate some impacts on agriculture, forestry, fisheries, public health, and the natural ecosystem in the US and worldwide. Worldwide, an estimated 30,000 species of exotic plants have been intentionally introduced as crops, and have escaped to become established in various natural ecosystems. In the United States, introduced plant species are spreading and invading approximately 700,000 ha of US natural ecosystems per year (Babbitt 1998) . In the Great Lakes, for instance, nearly 50 invasive species are found, and these invaders are causing an estimated $ 5 billion in damages to the fisheries per year (Pimentel 2005) . This investigation reports on various economic damages associated with invasive species in various nations of the world that total more than $ 1.4 trillion per year (Pimentel 2002) . doi = 10.1007/978-3-540-36920-2_18 id = cord-017351-73hlwwdh author = Quarantelli, E. L. title = Studying Future Disasters and Crises: A Heuristic Approach date = 2017-09-12 keywords = Boin; Quarantelli; States; United; crisis; disaster; new; risk; social summary = doi = 10.1007/978-3-319-63254-4_4 id = cord-321642-efv9ovx9 author = Reicher, Stephen title = On order and disorder during the COVID‐19 pandemic date = 2020-07-01 keywords = United; authority; people; social summary = Using examples from different countries (principally the United Kingdom, the United States, and France), we first isolate three factors which determine whether people accept or reject control measures. This work puts flesh on John Turner''s suggestion that the procedural justice framework ''points to a whole range of other factors relevant to identification with authorities and acceptance of their control as an ingroup norm (e.g. the ideology and goals of group members, the social comparative context, their history of success or failure for the group, the degree to which the authorities are perceived as more or less prototypical of the relevant identity) '' (2005, p. Echoing Turner, we suggest that, in addition to leadership and procedural justice, historical and structural context is a third antecedent of shared in-group identity and hence of adherence to authority. Let us turn next to the question of ''disorder'' and more specifically to protests against government social distancing measures and to anti-authority rioting in the context of the pandemic. doi = 10.1111/bjso.12398 id = cord-018084-c48chbfa author = Reynolds, Chris title = Global Health Security and Weapons of Mass Destruction Chapter date = 2019-06-07 keywords = OPCW; States; United; WMD; Weapons; chemical summary = Dennis Blair [2] states in an DNI Threat Assessment, "Most terrorist groups that have shown some interest, intent or capability to conduct CBRN attacks have pursued only limited, technically simple approaches that have not yet caused large numbers of casualties. The potential for non-state actors, which includes both domestic and international terrorists, successfully obtaining access to WMD''s is a very real threat to the safety and security of all people [4] . In 2004, the United Nations Security Council passed Resolution 1540, with the intent of keeping WMD out of the hands of non-state actors, which included nuclear, biological, and chemical weapons, their means of delivery, and related materials. 3. All States must adopt and enforce domestic controls over nuclear, chemical, and biological weapons, their means of delivery, and related materials, in order to prevent their proliferation. WMD''s include chemical agents, biological pathogens, radiological agents, and nuclear weapons, each of which require special protective measures for responders and decontamination for victims. doi = 10.1007/978-3-030-23491-1_9 id = cord-025767-scbteel5 author = Richards, Timothy J. title = COVID‐19 impact on fruit and vegetable markets date = 2020-05-18 keywords = Canada; States; United summary = In the long term, we expect lasting changes in consumers'' online food‐purchasing habits, heightened constraints on immigrant labor markets, and tighter concentration in fresh produce distribution and perhaps retailing. Anecdotal evidence suggests that, like several nonperishable products, consumers have been stockpiling frozen fruits and vegetables, which has the potential to dampen current and future sales of fresh produce. In fact, in 2018, total retail sales of fresh fruits and vegetables produced domestically averaged about $125 million (CDN) per month (StatsCan, 2020a), while imports averaged approximately seven times that amount (Statista, 2020) . Consequently, most of the impact of changing consumption patterns will be felt by importers, including wholesalers, distributors, and retailers, and any impact on availability will be determined by conditions in the US fresh fruit and vegetable supply chain. We identify three of the most significant in this context as an access to labor issues in the fresh produce growing industries of the United States and Canada, consolidation, and the move to online food purchasing. doi = 10.1111/cjag.12231 id = cord-005227-74ycwmyg author = Richardson, Jacques G. title = The bane of “inhumane” weapons and overkill: An overview of increasingly lethal arms and the inadequacy of regulatory controls date = 2004 keywords = Haber; Institute; States; United; War; World; american; chemical; french; gas; german; weapon summary = How did the scientifically based Haber''s constant-the product of the concentration of a substance as parts per million in a fixed volume multiplied by time in minutesbecome, during the First World War, the measure of effectiveness of chemical agents as weapons? When the United Nations'' Special Commission on Iraq (UNSCOM) was forced by that country''s leader to abandon in December 1998 its monitoring of what Iraq might be developing as weapons of mass destruction, the international inspection group determined that Iraq had progressed in terms of developing • biological weapons: culturing enough anthrax bacteria to produce 26,000 liters of infectious agent to be held in reserve, • chemical arms including a supply of 550 artillery shells filled with mustard gas, together with at least one and a half tonnes of the nerve reagent VX, and • what may be a long-term missile project, spread among twelve different national facilities. doi = 10.1007/s11948-004-0046-0 id = cord-029172-fctcfoak author = Romano, John L. title = Politics of Prevention: Reflections From the COVID-19 Pandemic date = 2020-07-13 keywords = COVID-19; States; United; intervention; prevention summary = Two theoretical perspectives that may help to inform effectiveness of COVID-19 prevention measures, Health Belief Model and Theory of Reasoned Action and Planned Behavior, are summarized. Studies of COVID-19 preventive interventions offer rich potential to prevention scientists, researching topics such as effectiveness of recommended behaviors, compliance across different demographic groups, and effectiveness of varying media messages. Systemic prevention interventions that enhance personal, social, and physical well-being across institutions, communities, and larger entities, such as cities, states, or countries, have been advocated across many different problem areas (American Psychological Association [APA], 2014). Interestingly, APA has a very active advocacy initiative within its structure, reporting regularly to the membership about its work with policy makers on topics such as promoting social justice and human rights, reducing health disparities, addressing violence prevention, and encouraging members to do likewise. In a school-based example, some parents will accept and deem important prevention programs that teach sex education to develop healthy sexual behavior, reduce teen pregnancy, and promote respect and acceptance of different sexual identities. doi = 10.1177/2632077020938360 id = cord-265017-byyx2y47 author = Ryan, Jeffrey R. title = Seeds of Destruction date = 2016-03-25 keywords = EVD; Ebola; States; United; agent; biological; program; weapon summary = In the United States, bioterrorism became a household word in October 2001, when Bacillus anthracis (the causative agent of anthrax) spores were introduced into the US Postal Service system by several letters dropped into a mailbox in Trenton, New Jersey (see Fig. 1 .1). At the same time as the French were signing the 1925 Geneva Protocol, they were developing a biological warfare program to complement the one they had established for chemical weapons during World War I (Rosebury and Kabat, 1947) . What many people do not know about the group is that it developed and attempted to use biological agents (anthrax, Q fever, Ebola virus, and botulinum toxin) on at least 10 other occasions. To illustrate these points we will briefly discuss four items of international interest that have been emphasized in the media: accidental shipment of live anthrax-positive controls samples, the 2014/2015 Ebola outbreak in West Africa, cases of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) in South Korea and Saudi Arabia, and a massive outbreak of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI). doi = 10.1016/b978-0-12-802029-6.00001-3 id = cord-261788-f728j3bb author = Sabater González, Mikel title = Emergencies and Critical Care of Commonly Kept Fowl date = 2016-03-02 keywords = Kingdom; United; avian; bird; blood; cause; disease summary = 3 A complete anamnesis should include, but is not restricted to, species; breed; age; gender; presenting complaint; source of the bird; diet; number of birds in the household; open or closed flock; acquisition date; date of the last addition to the flock; number and species of animals affected; potential exposure to toxins; length of illness; changes in behavior; history of previous diseases, treatments, and outcomes; reproductive history; and clinical signs, including their duration and progression. However, Newcastle disease, avian influenza, and infectious laryngotracheitis are all rare in backyard poultry, and the most common causative agent of sinusitis in fowl in the US is Mycoplasma. Infectious bronchitis is caused by a highly infectious coronavirus and is characterized by having 2 main presentations depending on the age of the infected animals; in young chicks, respiratory disease is the predominant manifestation, whereas salpingitis and the subsequent decrease in egg production is most commonly seen in older laying hens. doi = 10.1016/j.cvex.2016.01.007 id = cord-255574-gqekw0si author = Samanta, Indranil title = Chapter 14 Biosecurity Strategies for Backyard Poultry: A Controlled Way for Safe Food Production date = 2018-12-31 keywords = Bangladesh; H5N1; HPAI; India; United; West; avian; backyard summary = The source of microbial infection (Salmonella, Escherichia coli) and their dissemination through the eggs in backyard flocks kept in different agroclimatic zones of West Bengal, a major egg producing state in India, was identified. In developing countries, the backyard poultry sector mostly suffers from two infectious diseases, such as Avian influenza (AI) and Newcastle disease (ND) due to lack of biosecurity and proper vaccination (Alexander, 2001) . Avian influenza virus (AIV) infection is reported from poultry and wild birds in Asia, Africa, and Europe (OIE, 2013). In Italy, eight HPAI outbreaks in backyard poultry flocks infected with H5N2 virus were reported in 1997-98 (Alexander, 2000) , while chickens raised for recreational purposes in the urban localities in the Netherlands acted as major risk factors for a HPAI outbreak in 2003 (Slingenbergh et al., 2004) . Risk for infection with highly pathogenic Avian influenza virus (H5N1) in backyard chickens in Bangladesh doi = 10.1016/b978-0-12-811445-2.00014-3 id = cord-294590-1niaplc2 author = Schrag, Stephanie J. title = SARS Surveillance during Emergency Public Health Response, United States, March–July 2003 date = 2004-02-17 keywords = CDC; SARS; States; United summary = In response to the emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), the United States established national surveillance using a sensitive case definition incorporating clinical, epidemiologic, and laboratory criteria. In response to the emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), the United States established national surveillance using a sensitive case definition incorporating clinical, epidemiologic, and laboratory criteria. Of 1,460 unexplained respiratory illnesses reported by state and local health departments to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention from March 17 to July 30, 2003 , a total of 398 (27%) met clinical and epidemiologic SARS case criteria. On March 14, 2003 , the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) launched an emergency public health response and established national surveillance for SARS to identify case-patients in the United States and determine if domestic transmission was occurring. doi = 10.3201/eid1002.030752 id = cord-024981-yfuuirnw author = Severin, Paul N. title = Types of Disasters date = 2020-05-14 keywords = Department; Education; Emergency; Health; High; Homeland; National; Office; School; Security; States; United; agent; child; disaster; injury; occur; pediatric; table summary = doi = 10.1007/978-3-030-43428-1_5 id = cord-334108-4ey725dv author = Seymour, I.J. title = Foodborne viruses and fresh produce date = 2008-07-07 keywords = United; hepatitis; outbreak; virus summary = The most frequently reported foodborne viral infections are viral gastroenteritis and hepatitis A: both have been associated with the consumption of fresh fruit or vegetables. There are many groups of viruses which could contaminate food items, but the major foodborne viral pathogens are those that infect via the gastrointestinal tract, such as the gastroenteritis viruses and hepatitis A virus. There is a need to develop more effective quantitative methods in order to assess the survival of viruses on fresh produce and to determine the decontamination ef®ciencies of current commercial washing systems for fruit and vegetables. Mounting evidence suggests that viruses can survive long enough and in high enough numbers to cause human diseases through direct contact with polluted water or contaminated foods (Nasser 1994; Bosch 1995) . When hepatitis A virus was detected in lettuce from Costa Rica, it was suggested that the possible source of contamination was the discharge of untreated sewage into river water used to irrigate crops, which is common practice in some less well-developed countries (Hernandez et al. doi = 10.1046/j.1365-2672.2001.01427.x id = cord-281160-e00koo91 author = Shank, Nancy title = A Review of the Role of Cost–Benefit Analyses in 2-1-1 Diffusion date = 2012-12-31 keywords = United; Way; cost summary = Context The 2-1-1 helpline is a social services innovation that has spread rapidly throughout the U.S. Policy diffusion theory suggests that policymakers seek to reduce uncertainty by anticipating the effects of a proposed innovation through tools such as cost–benefit analyses. 13 United Way Worldwide and AIRS have served as networks for information sharing about the costs and benefıts of 2-1-1, typically by equipping local 2-1-1 supporters who were in contact with their state and local policymakers. AIRS and United Way Worldwide publicized documents and toolkits with information about the service''s costs and benefıts through e-mail discussion groups, at national conferences, and through personal communications. Excluded from the study were analyses not specifıc to 2-1-1, information sources that were not formalized, or that presented costs or benefıts only in a very general way. doi = 10.1016/j.amepre.2012.08.020 id = cord-262892-n38r8n70 author = Sheikh, Jamila title = Nutritional Care of the Child with Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection in the United States: A Historical and Contemporary Perspective date = 2015-05-08 keywords = HIV; States; United; child; infection summary = doi = 10.1016/b978-0-12-800769-3.00009-3 id = cord-276758-k2imddzr author = Siegel, Jane D. title = 2007 Guideline for Isolation Precautions: Preventing Transmission of Infectious Agents in Health Care Settings date = 2007-12-07 keywords = CDC; Control; MRSA; PPE; Precautions; SARS; Standard; Staphylococcus; States; United; base; care; health; infection; outbreak; patient; transmission summary = Activities currently assigned to ICPs in response to emerging challenges include (1) surveillance and infection prevention at facilities other than acute care hospitals (eg, ambulatory clinics, day surgery centers, LTCFs, rehabilitation centers, home care); (2) oversight of employee health services related to infection prevention (eg, assessment of risk and administration of recommended treatment after exposure to infectious agents, tuberculosis screening, influenza vaccination, respiratory protection fit testing, and administration of other vaccines as indicated, such as smallpox vaccine in 2003); (3) preparedness planning for annual influenza outbreaks, pandemic influenza, SARS, and bioweapons attacks; (4) adherence monitoring for selected infection control practices; (5) oversight of risk assessment and implementation of prevention measures associated with construction and renovation; (6) prevention of transmission of MDROs; (7) evaluation of new medical products that could be associated with increased infection risk (eg, intravenous infusion materials); (8) communication with the public, facility staff, and state and local health departments concerning infection control-related issues; and (9) participation in local and multicenter research projects. doi = 10.1016/j.ajic.2007.10.007 id = cord-016855-hqs94hfa author = Simpson, William M. title = Pesticides date = 2006 keywords = States; United; ingestion; treatment summary = Most toxicity from contact with skin or eyes or ingestion involves mucous membrane irritation. Otherwise, aggressive supportive care including protection of the airway, correction of hypotension, and treatment of arrhythmias, hyperthermia, and seizures may be required (3) . Urea-substituted herbicides have low systemic toxicity based on animal feeding studies; they may, however, produce methemoglobinemia with heavy ingestion. Treatment of paraquat ingestion is aimed at several points along the toxicity pathway-removing toxin from the GI tract, increasing excretion from the blood, and preventing pulmonary damage with anti-inflammatory agents. No human or animal toxicity has been reported with morfamquat, but poisoning with the chemical should probably be treated initially as a paraquat poisoning (6). Treatment of exposure is with skin and GI decontamination, oxygen supplementation, fluid support, and avoidance of alcohol. Treatment is skin and GI decontamination, respiratory support, and chelation therapy (for severe, acute poisoning, though the possibility of inducing renal failure with a large load of cadmium exists). doi = 10.1007/0-387-30105-4_16 id = cord-009507-l74c9x0n author = Singh, Amandeep title = Clinicopathological Conference: Fever, Productive Cough, and Tachycardia in a 22‐year‐old Asian Male date = 2008-01-08 keywords = States; United; infection; patient summary = To generate the appropriate differential diagnosis in this case, there are several key features of the patient''s history and physical examination that aid in the understanding of his pathologic process: 1) symptom development occurred soon after emigration from Indonesia, 2) the patient''s primary symptoms were pulmonary in origin, and 3) secondary cardiac involvement resulted in a large, initially asymptomatic pericardial effusion. 10 Acute infection begins with sudden onset of one or more of the following: high fevers (up to 104-1058F), severe headache, general malaise, myalgia, confusion, sore throat, chills, sweats, nonproductive cough, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, and chest pain. In our patient, the most likely cause of the pericardial effusion was infection with tuberculosis. To summarize, this patient''s recent immigration, symptoms of intermittent fever and of chronic cough that failed to respond to outpatient antibiotics, and development of large pericardial effusion all are consistent with a diagnosis of tuberculosis. doi = 10.1111/j.1553-2712.2004.tb01429.x id = cord-017997-obvk2d8e author = Slater, Margaret R. title = The Welfare Of Feral Cats date = 2007 keywords = FIV; Island; States; TNR; United; cat; feral summary = doi = 10.1007/978-1-4020-3227-1_6 id = cord-340195-425rd7ul author = Smith, Kristine M. title = Zoonotic Viruses Associated with Illegally Imported Wildlife Products date = 2012-01-10 keywords = NHP; SFV; States; United summary = doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0029505 id = cord-263438-9ra94uda author = Snowden, Frank M. title = Emerging and reemerging diseases: a historical perspective date = 2008-09-19 keywords = AIDS; HIV; Health; IOM; Infectious; SARS; States; United; disease summary = Experience with human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, the return of cholera to the Americas in 1991, the plague outbreak in India in 1994, and the emergence of Ebola in Zaire in 1995 created awareness of a new vulnerability to epidemics due to population growth, unplanned urbanization, antimicrobial resistance, poverty, societal change, and rapid mass movement of people. The United States and the World Health Organization took devised rapid response systems to monitor and contain disease outbreaks and to develop new weapons against microbes. In 1996, in addition, President Bill Clinton (28) issued a fact sheet entitled ''Addressing the Threat of Emerging Infectious Diseases'' in which he declared them ''one of the most significant health and security challenges facing the global community.'' There were also highly visible hearings on emerging infections in the US Congress (29) . The Rand Corporation intelligence report The Global Threat of New and Reemerging Infectious Diseases: Reconciling U.S. National Security and Public Health Policy (53) had two leading themes. doi = 10.1111/j.1600-065x.2008.00677.x id = cord-004227-lp63i56o author = Sofat, Reecha title = Drug and therapeutics committees as guardians of safe and rational medicines use date = 2019-10-18 keywords = United; committee summary = Now NICE has been established for 20 years, the committee has been largely relieved of the burden of making complex assessments of the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of newly licensed drugs; regional medicines optimization committees may also remove some of the decisions from local committees. However, there are continued and evolving challenges to ensuring the safe, effective, and cost-effective use of medicines within a single health care facility, and the drug and therapeutics committee needs to continue and to evolve to meet them. As a result, they commonly participate in committees responsible for overseeing the use of medicines in health care organizations, often called drugs and therapeutics committees (DTCs) in the United Kingdom and pharmacy and therapeutics committees in the United States. It introduces a BJCP series called "Drugs and Therapeutics Committees" to allow clinical pharmacologists and those participating in DTCs to share data and practices on how best to contribute to DTCs and to adapt to the changing landscape. doi = 10.1111/bcp.14088 id = cord-324185-zt88o3co author = Sovacool, Benjamin K. title = Contextualizing the Covid-19 pandemic for a carbon-constrained world: Insights for sustainability transitions, energy justice, and research methodology date = 2020-10-31 keywords = States; United; covid-19; energy; pandemic; social summary = Jefferson (this volume) [18] writes "In the run-up to the collapse of crude oil prices in early 2020 it was primarily a division between Russia and Saudi Arabia within OPEC which appeared to be the main force at work, but then the COVID-19 pandemic took over, followed by US oil prices turning negative in April 2020, as May contracts expired and traders had to offload stocks with ongoing storage becoming extremely limited." He further states that despite the stimulus and recovery packages being offered by many nations, "there will be many oil sectors incurring losses, from US shale oil and Canadian tar sands producers, to many standard crude oil exporters incurring problems with production equipment access and costs, or experiencing lack of competitiveness in key markets." Recent data from the International Energy Agency confirms this point, noting severe reductions in global demand for oil and natural gas (see Fig. 2 ). doi = 10.1016/j.erss.2020.101701 id = cord-329905-dwfwwdbn author = Staat, Dana D. title = International Adoption: Issues in Infectious Diseases date = 2012-01-06 keywords = States; United; child summary = doi = 10.1592/phco.26.9.1207 id = cord-263667-5g51n27e author = Steele, James Harlan title = Veterinary public health: Past success, new opportunities date = 2008-09-15 keywords = Dr.; Health; Meyer; Public; States; United; Veterinary; animal; disease summary = doi = 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2008.02.014 id = cord-315184-py8lbg97 author = Stephany, Fabian title = Distancing Bonus Or Downscaling Loss? The Changing Livelihood of Us Online Workers in Times of COVID‐19 date = 2020-06-28 keywords = States; United; labour; online summary = doi = 10.1111/tesg.12455 id = cord-333411-hqtb4a2c author = Tan, Tina Q title = Location Matters: Geographic Disparities and Impact of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) date = 2020-09-17 keywords = COVID-19; United summary = The COVID-19 pandemic in the United States has revealed major disparities in the access to testing and messaging about the pandemic based on the geographic location of individuals, particularly in communities of color, rural areas, and areas of low income. The COVID-19 pandemic initially impacted the most densely populated areas in the United States particularly large urban areas in which health systems endured waves of cases that overwhelmed resources including hospital beds, personal protective equipment, intensive care capacity, ventilators, and personnel. The COVID-19 pandemic has accentuated longstanding racial/ethnic disparities in healthcare access and outcomes in the United States particularly in regard to geographic locations in rural and remote areas and low income settings. As rural and urban geographic areas remain interconnected, health policymakers and government authorities need to develop emergency and preparedness plans that address the limited access to COVID-19 testing, effective means of communication, provider shortage, and lack of healthcare facilities and intensive care units in rural areas. doi = 10.1093/infdis/jiaa583 id = cord-315428-uiezqa4p author = Tessler, Hannah title = The Anxiety of Being Asian American: Hate Crimes and Negative Biases During the COVID-19 Pandemic date = 2020-06-10 keywords = Americans; COVID-19; United; asian summary = In this essay, we review how the COVID-19 (coronavirus) pandemic that began in the United States in early 2020 has elevated the risks of Asian Americans to hate crimes and Asian American businesses to vandalism. These hate crimes and bias incidents occur in the landscape of American racism in which Asian Americans are seen as the embodiment of China and potential carriers of COVID-19, regardless of their ethnicity or generational status. In New York City alone, from the start of the COVID-19 outbreak through April 2020, the NYPD''s hate crime task force has investigated fourteen cases where all the victims were Asian and targeted due to coronavirus discrimination (NYPD, 2020) . While there have been numerous instances of anti-Asian bias and crime, there have not been similarly patterned anti-European tourist incidents or an avoidance of Italian restaurants, suggesting that COVID-19 illuminates the particular racialization of disease that extends beyond this virus, and further back in American history. doi = 10.1007/s12103-020-09541-5 id = cord-257524-69fcw7ol author = Tetro, Jason A. title = From hidden outbreaks to epidemic emergencies: the threat associated with neglecting emerging pathogens date = 2018-06-27 keywords = Buruli; Candida; Mycobacterium; United summary = doi = 10.1016/j.micinf.2018.06.004 id = cord-274862-x580ktas author = Thomaier, L. title = Emotional health concerns of oncology physicians in the United States: fallout during the COVID-19 pandemic date = 2020-06-12 keywords = COVID-19; United summary = Our objective was to evaluate the effect of the pandemic on the emotional well-being of oncology providers across the United States and explore factors associated with anxiety and depression symptoms. Factors significantly associated with both anxiety and depression included: degree to which COVID-19 has interfered with the ability to provide treatment to cancer patients and concern that patients will not receive the level of care needed for non-COVID-19 illness (all p-values <0.01). Conclusion: The prevalence of anxiety and depression symptoms among oncology physicians in the United States during the COVID-19 pandemic is high. We sought to evaluate the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on the emotional health of oncology physicians across the United States and explore factors associated with anxiety and depression symptoms. Oncology physicians report significant anxiety and depression symptoms during the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States. doi = 10.1101/2020.06.11.20128702 id = cord-328908-2004vp48 author = Thombs, Brett D. title = Changes in mental health symptoms from pre-COVID-19 to COVID-19 among participants with systemic sclerosis from four countries: A scleroderma patient-centered intervention network (SPIN) cohort study date = 2020-10-03 keywords = COVID-19; United summary = title: Changes in mental health symptoms from pre-COVID-19 to COVID-19 among participants with systemic sclerosis from four countries: A scleroderma patient-centered intervention network (SPIN) cohort study Multiple linear and logistic regression were used to assess factors associated with continuous change and ≥ 1 minimal clinically important difference (MCID) change for anxiety (PROMIS Anxiety 4a v1.0; MCID = 4.0) and depression (Patient Health Questionnaire-8; MCID = 3.0) symptoms, controlling for pre-COVID-19 levels. Our objective was to compare anxiety (PROMIS Anxiety 4a v1.0 scale 11, 12 ) and depression (Patient Health Questionnaire-8 13 ) symptoms before and after onset of COVID-19 among people with SSc, including (1) continuous score changes; (2) proportion with change scores of at least one minimal clinically important difference (MCID); (3) proportion initially under a cutoff threshold who changed by at least 1 MCID and reached the threshold; and (4) factors associated with changes, including country, comparing results from Canada, France, the United Kingdom, and the United States. doi = 10.1016/j.jpsychores.2020.110262 id = cord-273610-cfoq3r3i author = Tian, Peng-Fei title = Evidence of Recombinant Strains of Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus, United States, 2013 date = 2014-10-17 keywords = PEDV; United summary = doi = 10.3201/eid2010.140338 id = cord-263261-xhem8l39 author = Tulchinsky, Theodore H. title = Bismarck and the Long Road to Universal Health Coverage date = 2018-03-30 keywords = Canada; Health; National; States; United; World; care; country; system summary = doi = 10.1016/b978-0-12-804571-8.00031-7 id = cord-325300-wawui0fd author = Tulchinsky, Theodore H. title = 4 Communicable Diseases date = 2000-12-31 keywords = AIDS; Africa; America; HIV; Health; OPV; States; United; World; case; control; disease; person; vaccine summary = No less important are organized programs to promote self protection, case finding, and effective treatment of infections to stop their spread to other susceptible persons (e.g., HIV, sexually transmitted diseases, tuberculosis, malaria). Very great progress has been made in infectious disease control by clinical, public health, and societal means since 1900 in the industrialized countries and since the 1970s in the developing world. The WHO in 1998 has declared hepatitis prevention as a major public health crisis, with an estimated 170 million persons infected worldwide (1996) , stressing that this "silent epidemic" is being neglected and that screening of blood products is vital to reduce transmission of this disease as for HIu HCV is a major cause of chronic cirrhosis and liver cancer. Varicella vaccine is now recommended for routine immunization at age 12-18 months in the United States, with catch-up for children up to age 13 years and for occupationally exposed persons in health or child care settings. doi = 10.1016/b978-012703350-1/50006-1 id = cord-016536-8wfyaxcb author = Ubokudom, Sunday E. title = Physical, Social and Cultural, and Global Influences date = 2012-02-20 keywords = Health; Social; States; United; death; disease summary = The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) estimate that only about 10% of premature deaths in the United States can be attributed to inadequate access to medical care, while the remaining 90% can be accounted for by individual lifestyle and behaviors (50%), genetic profi les (20%), and social and environmental conditions (20%) (CDC 1979 ) . In summation, international trade and fi nance, infectious disease epidemics, global warming and climate change, population mobility, and natural disasters and terrorism signifi cantly affect the United States health care delivery and policymaking systems. Research demonstrates that most of the deaths in the country are attributable to a small number of largely controllable behaviors and exposures, or due to factors that fall under the preventive, social, economic, environmental, and lifestyle and behavioral determinants of health. But even though most of the deaths in the country are the result of social, cultural, economic, environmental, and global factors, medical care is also an important determinant of health that cannot be ignored. doi = 10.1007/978-1-4614-3169-5_6 id = cord-013921-0aflv1ly author = Uhr, Joshua H. title = Training in and comfort with diagnosis and management of ophthalmic emergencies among emergency medicine physicians in the United States date = 2020-04-29 keywords = United; comfortable summary = CONCLUSIONS: Many participants do not feel comfortable using ophthalmic equipment, performing an eye exam, making vision or potentially life-saving diagnoses, or performing vision-saving procedures, suggesting the need to increase ophthalmic training in EM curricula. Figure 2 summarizes the proportion of responders who feel comfortable diagnosing patients with specific diseases: retinal detachment (RD), acute angle closure glaucoma (AACG), central retinal artery occlusion (CRAO), giant cell arteritis (GCA), and acute retrobulbar hematoma (ARBH). In summary, EM physicians surveyed report feeling inadequately prepared by their medical school and residency training to encounter ophthalmic emergencies. • This is the first study to show that emergency medicine physicians in the United States report generally low levels of comfort using basic ophthalmic equipment; performing an eye exam; making vision saving or, in some cases, potentially life-saving diagnoses; and performing vision-saving procedures. doi = 10.1038/s41433-020-0889-x id = cord-029236-6fptiwmy author = Walters, Anne title = Inequities in access to education: Lessons from the COVID‐19 pandemic date = 2020-07-01 keywords = United summary = The COVID‐19 pandemic has brought attention to the stark inequities in public education worldwide, with the United Nations sharing these statistics: Schools closed in 191 countries, affecting 1.5 billion students and 63 million primary and secondary school teachers. T he COVID-19 pandemic has brought attention to the stark inequities in public education worldwide, with the United Nations sharing these statistics: Schools closed in 191 countries, affecting 1.5 billion students and 63 million primary and secondary school teachers. Most researchers on public education are noting the pressing need for a focus on access to the internet and investing in the technology needed to close the digital divide in online learning for all students. All suggestions seem to point to a need to expand resources for schools serving low-income children -not just with access to online learning, but with other interventions designed to address the achievement gap. doi = 10.1002/cbl.30483 id = cord-354009-1ek4s8oe author = Wang, Yun title = Spatiotemporal Characteristics of COVID-19 Epidemic in the United States date = 2020-07-08 keywords = COVID-19; States; United summary = We characterized the dynamics of COVID-19 epidemic through detecting weekly hotspots of newly confirmed cases using Spatial and Space-Time Scan Statistics and quantifying the trends of incidence of COVID-19 by county characteristics using the Joinpoint analysis. The results would enhance our understanding of small area-based spatiotemporal dynamics of COVID-19 outbreak, thus help inform multilevel strategies to control the spread of coronavirus and appropriate allocations of public health and healthcare resources in the United States. To identify the characteristics of counties with a high burden of COVID-19, we examined county-level geographic and sociodemographic factors, including rural-urban context, distance to the nearest core airport, population density, percentage of non-white minority population, percentage of population 65 years or older, and percentage of population below the federal poverty line. doi = 10.1093/cid/ciaa934 id = cord-339062-tq0f6d01 author = Weaver, Scott C. title = Transmission cycles, host range, evolution and emergence of arboviral disease date = 2004 keywords = JEV; United; VEEV; venezuelan; virus summary = doi = 10.1038/nrmicro1006 id = cord-326138-16kpn9db author = Weinstein, Robert A. title = Laboratory-Acquired Infections date = 2009-07-01 keywords = United; infection; laboratory summary = Although the precise risk of infection after an exposure remains poorly defined, surveys of laboratory-acquired infections suggest that Brucella species, Shigella species, Salmonella species, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and Neisseria meningitidis are the most common causes. Surveys of diagnostic laboratory workers in the United Kingdom conducted since 1971 have reported that tuberculosis and enteric infections (especially shigellosis) were the most common laboratory-acquired infections [7, 8] . Similar results were obtained from a survey of clinical microbiology laboratories in Utah from the period 1978-1992, with shigellosis reported to be the most common laboratory-acquired infection [10] . Although no controlled studies have been performed to assess the benefit of postexposure prophylaxis (PEP), it should be considered for laboratory workers who have high-risk exposure to Brucella species (e.g., because of direct manipulation of Brucella cultures outside of laminar-flow BSCs). Viral agents transmitted through blood and bodily fluids cause most of the laboratory-acquired infections in diagnostic laboratories and among health care workers [1] . doi = 10.1086/599104 id = cord-353772-z1x52stl author = Wilkening, Dean A. title = Combatting Bioterrorism date = 2008-09-05 keywords = States; United; attack; biological; medical; weapon summary = doi = 10.1016/b978-012373985-8.00223-3 id = cord-325052-7vlxa0i7 author = Williamson, E. D. title = Vaccines for emerging pathogens: prospects for licensure date = 2019-04-11 keywords = EUA; United; disease; pathogen; vaccine summary = However, vaccines for pathogens which cause severe, but occasional, disease outbreaks in endemic pockets have suffered from a lack of commercial incentive for development to a clinical standard, encompassing Phase III clinical trials for efficacy. While approval of vaccines for diseases caused by such pathogens would Clinical and Experimental Immunology REvIEw ARtIClE Series Editor: E Diane williamson make a significant impact on disease outbreaks, taking niche vaccines into clinical development, including Phase III clinical trials for efficacy, requires a large investment in time and money. An alternative is to develop such vaccines to request US Emergency Use Authorization (EUA), or an alternative status in the United States, Canada and European Union (EU) making use of a considerable number of alternative regulatory mechanisms that are available prior to licensing, so that the products are deployable at the first indications of a disease outbreak. doi = 10.1111/cei.13284 id = cord-269958-nj0ub9in author = Woods, Eric Taylor title = COVID‐19, nationalism, and the politics of crisis: A scholarly exchange date = 2020-07-19 keywords = COVID-19; China; Greenfeld; States; United; chinese; nationalism; pandemic summary = doi = 10.1111/nana.12644 id = cord-015646-tt2p9uue author = Xue, Lan title = Global Strategies and Response Measures to the Influenza A (H1N1) Pandemic date = 2018-11-24 keywords = H1N1; Influenza; States; United; pandemic summary = 20 In response to the ongoing global pandemic, the WHO stressed the importance for countries to carry out inoculations and to set forth three goals for their vaccination strategies, i.e. ensuring the normal operation of national healthcare systems, lowering morbidity and mortality, and minimizing possibilities of community-level outbreaks. In Australia, funds for prevention and control against Influenza A (H1N1) originated mainly from the federal government, which was used specifically for monitoring pandemic development, stockpiling and distributing antiviral drugs, training medical personnel, providing free vaccinations for citizens, and assisting developing countries with prevention and control efforts. The federal government spent 43 million USD on antiviral drugs, 1.4 million USD on the purchasing of automatic detection equipment for the National Influenza Center and other public health laboratories, 4 million USD on training general practitioners across the country, and 3 million USD on a donation to the WHO which was used in aiding developing countries, especially those neighboring Australia, with pandemic monitoring, detection, preparation and response. doi = 10.1007/978-981-13-0644-0_2 id = cord-027860-s97hdhh6 author = Zeimet, Anthony title = Infectious Diseases date = 2020-06-22 keywords = HBV; HCV; HIV; HSV; PPD; SOR; States; UTI; United; antibiotic; cause; infection; patient; treatment summary = Although common upper respiratory bacterial pathogens, such as Moraxella (Branhamella) catarrhalis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Haemophilus influenzae, may be isolated from patients with acute bronchitis, their relevance is questionable because these bacteria can be present in the respiratory tract of healthy individuals. In the treatment of Bordetella pertussis, early administration of a macrolide antibiotic and patient isolation will likely decrease coughing paroxysms and limit spread of disease (Braman, 2006) (SOR: A). Risk factors for Pseudomonas infection include severe structural lung disease (e.g., bronchiectasis) and recent antibiotic therapy, health care-associated exposures or stay in hospital (especially in the ICU). Patients who present with severe infection or whose infection is progressing despite empiric antibiotic therapy should be treated more aggressively; the treatment strategy should be based on results of appropriate Gram stain, culture, and drug susceptibility analysis. For suspected MRSA skin infections, oral treatment options include trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, clindamycin, and doxycycline of purulent material when performing incision and drainage in the event that the patient fails to improve and antibiotic coverage becomes necessary. doi = 10.1016/b978-1-4377-1160-8.10016-8 id = cord-022734-xpyldrw7 author = Zelicoff, Alan P. title = Laboratory biosecurity in the United States: Evolution and regulation date = 2016-02-19 keywords = Act; CDC; Congress; SATL; States; United summary = Biosecurity laws passed by the Congress vest considerable authority in government departments such as Health and Human Services (HHS) and Agriculture (USDA) to formulate and then implement regulations (frequently referred to by officials as "rules") with which laboratory workers, researchers, staff and security personnel must comply. We will summarize the processes by which agencies with HHS and USDA -typically the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and the Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) -interpret the will of Congress (via laws that have been proposed, debated and passed), formulate proposed regulations, solicit comments from individuals and entities likely to be affected, and then disseminate final rules. doi = 10.1016/b978-0-12-801885-9.00001-9 id = cord-350156-fykm8ovm author = Zyoud, Sa’ed H. title = Global toxocariasis research trends from 1932 to 2015: a bibliometric analysis date = 2017-02-23 keywords = United; toxocariasis summary = doi = 10.1186/s12961-017-0178-8 id = cord-009997-oecpqf1j author = nan title = 2018 ASPHO ABSTRACTS date = 2018-03-31 keywords = AKI; AML; AYA; BRAF; Background; CNS; Cancer; Center; Children; EBV; GVHD; Group; HLH; HSCT; Hospital; January; MRD; MRI; Medical; Method; S301; SCD; States; TCD; United; University; VOC; VTE; cell; child; disease; high; patient; pediatric; result; study; therapy; treatment; tumor; year summary = Completed cranial radiation and proceeded to allogeneic stem cell transplant with unrelated cord marrow donor and is disease free at approximately day +200.Case 2: 5 year-old female diagnosed with FLT3 and MLL negative AML and completed treatment per COG AAML1031 study on the low risk arm without Bortezomib. Design/Method: This study was a retrospective chart review that included patients 3 to 23 years old with sickle cell disease type SS and S 0 followed at St. Christopher''s Hospital for Children. Background: Hydroxyurea, chronic blood transfusion, and bone marrow transplantation can reduce complications, and improve survival in sickle cell disease (SCD), but are associated with a significant decisional dilemma because of the inherent risk-benefit tradeoffs, and the lack of comparative studies. Brown University -Hasbro Children''s Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island, United States Background: Despite clinical advances in the treatment of sickle cell disease (SCD) in pediatric and young adult patients, pain remains a significant source of disease-related morbidity. doi = 10.1002/pbc.27057 id = cord-016285-cwhmm3f6 author = nan title = Challenges to the European Exception: What Can S&T Do? date = 2006 keywords = Europe; S&T; States; United; european summary = Yet, because of population growth; consumption patterns; market, policy and political failures; features of existing technologies; and world views and values, Europe and the world at large are still far removed from a development trajectory that is truly sustainable, that is, which satisfies the current needs of society (growth, competitiveness, employment, etc.) without compromising the needs of future generations. A 2004 review of nine recent comprehensive analyses of global environmental problems (Table 1 .1) showed near-unanimous agreement that the three problems posing the greatest threats to the global environment and continuing economic development include: (1) water quality and access; (2) climate change; and (3) loss of biodiversity. Besides investing in education and developing skills, this means dedicating research programmes to find ways to fight inner-city poverty, to relieve the effects of urbanisation, to diminish the impacts of ever increasing mobility on our environment, and to improve the quality of life of the vulnerable groups in society, such as the handicapped and the ill, the elderly and the young. doi = 10.1007/978-1-4020-5551-5_1 id = cord-017675-in9r33ww author = nan title = The Way Forward: Prevention, Treatment and Human Rights date = 2008 keywords = AIDS; Chap; HIV; Health; Human; Nations; Prevention; Rights; States; United summary = The United Nations International Guidelines on HIV/AIDS and Human Rights recommend that criminal law not be an impediment to measures taken by States to reduce the risk of HIV transmission among injecting drug users and to provide them with HIV-related care and treatment. Visitors entering the United States on the Visa Waiver Program (which waives the requirement to apply for a visa prior to traveling to the United 9 The Way Forward Prevention, Treatment and Human Rights government policy has been that people living with HIV/AIDS do not represent a and therefore denied a visa or entry at the border, if: (1) they are likely to be a 338 would add to existing waiting lists for those services and would increase the rate US Immigration and Nationality Act, applicants for a visa or for admission to the health significance", which includes HIV infection, although waivers are available ces by Canadian citizens or permanent residents. doi = 10.1007/978-3-540-78392-3_9 id = cord-021081-yqu1ykc9 author = nan title = Early Warning Systems A State of the Art Analysis and Future Directions date = 2012-11-02 keywords = Earth; Global; NOAA; Nations; Ocean; United; WMO; early; information; system; warning summary = The basic idea behind early warning is that the earlier and more accurately we are able to predict short-and long term potential risks associated with natural and human induced hazards, the more likely we will be able to manage and mitigate a disaster''s impact on society, economies, and environment. Effective early warning systems embrace the following aspects: risk analysis; monitoring and predicting location and intensity of the disaster; communicating alerts to authorities and to those potentially affected; and responding to the disaster. EO includes measurements that can be made directly or by sensors in-situ or remotely (i.e. satellite remote sensing, aerial surveys, land or oceanbased monitoring systems, Fig. 3 ), to provide key information to models or other tools to support decision making processes. For each hazard type, a gap analysis has been carried out to identify critical aspects and future needs of EWS, considering aspects such as geographical coverage, and essential EWS elements such as monitoring and prediction capability, communication systems and application of early warning information in responses. doi = 10.1016/j.envdev.2012.09.004 id = cord-023211-kt5gt26t author = nan title = Poster Session Abstracts date = 2007-08-29 keywords = ASL; ATP; BMI; CFF; CFQ; CFRD; CFTR; Center; Cystic; DHA; FEV1; FVC; Fibrosis; Foundation; GFP; HBE; Hospital; IL-8; Isc; MRSA; Medical; NBD1; NIH; PCR; PKA; Pseudomonas; USA; United; University; airway; cell; conclusion; dna; increase; lung; method; patient; result; study; ∆F508; ∆F508-CFTR summary = Previous studies performed using fluorescence halide efflux measurements and short-circuit current voltage clamp have shown that treatment with PPARγ (peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma) agonists, such as pioglitazone and FLL (FMOC-L-leucine), resulted in an increased biosynthesis and trafficking of ∆F508-CFTR to the cell surface. Physiology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom Recent progress in the development of small molecule correctors and potentiators capable of restoring CFTR function have increased the need for pre-clinical test models including cultured airway epithelial cells from human CF patients as well as CF mouse models. Clinical studies have linked increased sputum and peripheral blood neutrophil MPO activity with increased airflow obstruction in cystic fibrosis (CF) patients of the same age, gender, airway bacterial flora, and CFTR genotype. Because patients expressing low levels of normal CFTR mRNA (5-20%) have mild disease symptoms, these studies demonstrate that the incorporation of the ciliated cell-specific FOXJ1 promoter into gene therapy vectors may be useful for treatment of CF. doi = 10.1002/ppul.20700