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Adams title: Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology (PAG) in the Time of a Pandemic date: 2020-05-04 journal: J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol DOI: 10.1016/j.jpag.2020.03.002 sha: doc_id: 351581 cord_uid: xm3na3as file: cache/cord-345402-brhvfsgy.json key: cord-345402-brhvfsgy authors: Miller, Ryan S.; Farnsworth, Matthew L.; Malmberg, Jennifer L. title: Diseases at the livestock–wildlife interface: Status, challenges, and opportunities in the United States date: 2013-06-01 journal: Preventive Veterinary Medicine DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2012.11.021 sha: doc_id: 345402 cord_uid: brhvfsgy file: cache/cord-339372-f3onp9mg.json key: cord-339372-f3onp9mg authors: Owen, James A.; Skelton, Jann B.; Maine, Lucinda L. title: Advancing the Adoption of Continuing Professional Development (CPD) in the United States date: 2020-08-31 journal: Pharmacy (Basel) DOI: 10.3390/pharmacy8030157 sha: doc_id: 339372 cord_uid: f3onp9mg file: cache/cord-337632-2q6gm7n3.json key: cord-337632-2q6gm7n3 authors: Pearman, Ann; Hughes, MacKenzie L.; Smith, Emily L.; Neupert, Shevaun D. title: Mental Health Challenges of United States Healthcare Professionals During COVID-19 date: 2020-08-13 journal: Front Psychol DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.02065 sha: doc_id: 337632 cord_uid: 2q6gm7n3 file: cache/cord-349765-90g5v697.json key: cord-349765-90g5v697 authors: Huang, Qingming title: The Pandemic and the Transformation of Liberal International Order date: 2020-10-16 journal: J Chin Polit Sci DOI: 10.1007/s11366-020-09698-0 sha: doc_id: 349765 cord_uid: 90g5v697 file: cache/cord-351231-aoz5jbf1.json key: cord-351231-aoz5jbf1 authors: Bartlett, John G. title: Why Infectious Diseases date: 2014-09-15 journal: Clin Infect Dis DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciu441 sha: doc_id: 351231 cord_uid: aoz5jbf1 file: cache/cord-342412-azkamnpa.json key: cord-342412-azkamnpa authors: Ecker, David J; Sampath, Rangarajan; Willett, Paul; Wyatt, Jacqueline R; Samant, Vivek; Massire, Christian; Hall, Thomas A; Hari, Kumar; McNeil, John A; Büchen-Osmond, Cornelia; Budowle, Bruce title: The Microbial Rosetta Stone Database: A compilation of global and emerging infectious microorganisms and bioterrorist threat agents date: 2005-04-25 journal: BMC Microbiol DOI: 10.1186/1471-2180-5-19 sha: doc_id: 342412 cord_uid: azkamnpa file: cache/cord-348807-9xxc5hyl.json key: cord-348807-9xxc5hyl authors: Cuomo, Raphael E.; Purushothaman, Vidya; Li, Jiawei; Cai, Mingxiang; Mackey, Timothy K. title: Sub-national longitudinal and geospatial analysis of COVID-19 tweets date: 2020-10-28 journal: PLoS One DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0241330 sha: doc_id: 348807 cord_uid: 9xxc5hyl file: cache/cord-353772-z1x52stl.json key: cord-353772-z1x52stl authors: Wilkening, Dean A. title: Combatting Bioterrorism date: 2008-09-05 journal: Encyclopedia of Violence, Peace, & Conflict DOI: 10.1016/b978-012373985-8.00223-3 sha: doc_id: 353772 cord_uid: z1x52stl file: cache/cord-350565-mejd7blb.json key: cord-350565-mejd7blb authors: Lewnard, Joseph A; Reingold, Arthur L title: Emerging Challenges and Opportunities in Infectious Disease Epidemiology date: 2019-03-16 journal: Am J Epidemiol DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwy264 sha: doc_id: 350565 cord_uid: mejd7blb file: cache/cord-354009-1ek4s8oe.json key: cord-354009-1ek4s8oe authors: Wang, Yun; Liu, Ying; Struthers, James; Lian, Min title: Spatiotemporal Characteristics of COVID-19 Epidemic in the United States date: 2020-07-08 journal: Clin Infect Dis DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciaa934 sha: doc_id: 354009 cord_uid: 1ek4s8oe file: cache/cord-349821-5ykwwq75.json key: cord-349821-5ykwwq75 authors: Ippolito, G.; Puro, V.; Heptonstall, J. title: Biological weapons: Hospital preparedness to bioterrorism and other infectious disease emergencies date: 2006-09-09 journal: Cell Mol Life Sci DOI: 10.1007/s00018-006-6309-y sha: doc_id: 349821 cord_uid: 5ykwwq75 file: cache/cord-023211-kt5gt26t.json key: cord-023211-kt5gt26t authors: nan title: Poster Session Abstracts date: 2007-08-29 journal: Pediatr Pulmonol DOI: 10.1002/ppul.20700 sha: doc_id: 23211 cord_uid: kt5gt26t file: cache/cord-009997-oecpqf1j.json key: cord-009997-oecpqf1j authors: nan title: 2018 ASPHO ABSTRACTS date: 2018-03-31 journal: Pediatr Blood Cancer DOI: 10.1002/pbc.27057 sha: doc_id: 9997 cord_uid: oecpqf1j Reading metadata file and updating bibliogrpahics === updating bibliographic database Building study carrel named keyword-united-cord === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 32177 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 33736 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 31161 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 33524 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 33340 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 33043 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" parallel: Warning: No more processes: Decreasing number of running jobs to 95. parallel: Warning: Raising ulimit -u or /etc/security/limits.conf may help. === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 31077 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 32597 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 33136 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 33300 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 31136 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" parallel: Warning: No more processes: Decreasing number of running jobs to 94. parallel: Warning: Raising ulimit -u or /etc/security/limits.conf may help. === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 33602 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 33681 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 33778 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 32699 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 33782 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 33267 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 33204 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 33661 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === id: cord-004227-lp63i56o author: Sofat, Reecha title: Drug and therapeutics committees as guardians of safe and rational medicines use date: 2019-10-18 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-004227-lp63i56o.txt cache: ./cache/cord-004227-lp63i56o.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-004227-lp63i56o.txt' === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 32727 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 33563 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 32505 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 31987 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 32492 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 32776 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === id: cord-002769-7xp143nc author: Crook, Paul title: Lack of Secondary Transmission of Ebola Virus from Healthcare Worker to 238 Contacts, United Kingdom, December 2014 date: 2017-12-17 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-002769-7xp143nc.txt cache: ./cache/cord-002769-7xp143nc.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-002769-7xp143nc.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-033873-5mexup0n author: Jain, Lucky title: Racial Disparities in Perinatal Outcomes Are a Blight on Our Progress date: 2020-10-16 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-033873-5mexup0n.txt cache: ./cache/cord-033873-5mexup0n.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-033873-5mexup0n.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-001197-bhlxglyd author: Olival, Kevin J. title: Linking the Historical Roots of Environmental Conservation with Human and Wildlife Health date: 2013-09-28 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-001197-bhlxglyd.txt cache: ./cache/cord-001197-bhlxglyd.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-001197-bhlxglyd.txt' === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 40955 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 40868 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === id: cord-010213-p4b08jtf author: Ijaz, M.K. title: Seasonality and prevalence of rotavirus in Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates date: 2002-11-05 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-010213-p4b08jtf.txt cache: ./cache/cord-010213-p4b08jtf.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-010213-p4b08jtf.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-009507-l74c9x0n author: Singh, Amandeep title: Clinicopathological Conference: Fever, Productive Cough, and Tachycardia in a 22‐year‐old Asian Male date: 2008-01-08 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-009507-l74c9x0n.txt cache: ./cache/cord-009507-l74c9x0n.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-009507-l74c9x0n.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-011280-o4ssggit author: Cummings, Brian M. title: A review of approaches for resolving disputes between physicians and families on end-of-life care for newborns date: 2020-05-11 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-011280-o4ssggit.txt cache: ./cache/cord-011280-o4ssggit.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-011280-o4ssggit.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-000463-31q7ftnd author: Jombart, T title: Reconstructing disease outbreaks from genetic data: a graph approach date: 2010-06-16 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-000463-31q7ftnd.txt cache: ./cache/cord-000463-31q7ftnd.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-000463-31q7ftnd.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-006131-t1ffey31 author: Chen, Jing title: TRIPS-plus and access to medicines in China date: 2013-04-04 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-006131-t1ffey31.txt cache: ./cache/cord-006131-t1ffey31.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-006131-t1ffey31.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-029236-6fptiwmy author: Walters, Anne title: Inequities in access to education: Lessons from the COVID‐19 pandemic date: 2020-07-01 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-029236-6fptiwmy.txt cache: ./cache/cord-029236-6fptiwmy.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-029236-6fptiwmy.txt' === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 41278 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 31374 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === id: cord-000029-qww6pe61 author: Blumenshine, Philip title: Pandemic Influenza Planning in the United States from a Health Disparities Perspective date: 2008-05-17 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-000029-qww6pe61.txt cache: ./cache/cord-000029-qww6pe61.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 89 resourceName b'cord-000029-qww6pe61.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-255477-okbxllit author: Grabau, John C. title: Investigation of sudden death from Mycobacterium tuberculosis in a foreign-born worker at a resort hotel() date: 2004-09-25 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-255477-okbxllit.txt cache: ./cache/cord-255477-okbxllit.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-255477-okbxllit.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-016855-hqs94hfa author: Simpson, William M. title: Pesticides date: 2006 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-016855-hqs94hfa.txt cache: ./cache/cord-016855-hqs94hfa.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-016855-hqs94hfa.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-013921-0aflv1ly author: Uhr, Joshua H. title: Training in and comfort with diagnosis and management of ophthalmic emergencies among emergency medicine physicians in the United States date: 2020-04-29 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-013921-0aflv1ly.txt cache: ./cache/cord-013921-0aflv1ly.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-013921-0aflv1ly.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-252121-s1zxu5vo author: Lowe, James title: Role of Transportation in Spread of Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus Infection, United States date: 2014-05-17 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-252121-s1zxu5vo.txt cache: ./cache/cord-252121-s1zxu5vo.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-252121-s1zxu5vo.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-001800-644lf8vn author: Biggerstaff, Matthew title: Estimating the Potential Effects of a Vaccine Program Against an Emerging Influenza Pandemic—United States date: 2015-05-01 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-001800-644lf8vn.txt cache: ./cache/cord-001800-644lf8vn.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-001800-644lf8vn.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-016379-lcog1654 author: Pimentel, David title: Plant,Animal, and Microbe Invasive Species in the United States and World date: 2007 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-016379-lcog1654.txt cache: ./cache/cord-016379-lcog1654.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-016379-lcog1654.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-022066-8aj480hz author: MacPherson, Douglas W. title: Health Screening in Immigrants, Refugees, and International Adoptees date: 2016-09-23 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-022066-8aj480hz.txt cache: ./cache/cord-022066-8aj480hz.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-022066-8aj480hz.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-024936-ncia0h9m author: Luker, Gary D. title: Transitioning to a New Normal after COVID-19: Preparing to Get Back on Track for Cancer Imaging date: 2020-04-15 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-024936-ncia0h9m.txt cache: ./cache/cord-024936-ncia0h9m.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-024936-ncia0h9m.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-007542-12dzeebn author: Jonas, Richard A. title: Rewards, risks, and responsibilities of globalization for the cardiothoracic surgeon date: 2007-06-26 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-007542-12dzeebn.txt cache: ./cache/cord-007542-12dzeebn.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-007542-12dzeebn.txt' === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 43052 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 33510 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 42605 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === id: cord-254978-m8i3q9ww author: Christian, Michael D. title: Definitive Care for the Critically Ill During a Disaster: Current Capabilities and Limitations From a Task Force for Mass Critical Care Summit Meeting, January 26–27, 2007, Chicago, IL date: 2008-05-31 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-254978-m8i3q9ww.txt cache: ./cache/cord-254978-m8i3q9ww.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-254978-m8i3q9ww.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-025767-scbteel5 author: Richards, Timothy J. title: COVID‐19 impact on fruit and vegetable markets date: 2020-05-18 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-025767-scbteel5.txt cache: ./cache/cord-025767-scbteel5.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-025767-scbteel5.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-269788-vfdoelk4 author: Atutornu, Jerome title: A Survey Exploring Personalized Medicine among of Radiography Academics within the United Kingdom date: 2020-07-01 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-269788-vfdoelk4.txt cache: ./cache/cord-269788-vfdoelk4.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-269788-vfdoelk4.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-021479-hwg9rqnq author: Oldstone, Michael B.A. title: Ebola’s Scorecard: Failure of the WHO and the International Community date: 2017-07-21 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-021479-hwg9rqnq.txt cache: ./cache/cord-021479-hwg9rqnq.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-021479-hwg9rqnq.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-021887-22lop0pk author: Artenstein, Andrew W. title: Biological Attack date: 2015-10-23 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-021887-22lop0pk.txt cache: ./cache/cord-021887-22lop0pk.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-021887-22lop0pk.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-021131-6zbe2qmd author: Abeyratne, Ruwantissa title: The ePassport — new technology to counter security threats date: 2012-11-11 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-021131-6zbe2qmd.txt cache: ./cache/cord-021131-6zbe2qmd.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-021131-6zbe2qmd.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-209730-nzcch4ji author: Cai, Hengjin title: On Digital Currency and the Transfer of World Wealth and Technology Centers date: 2020-08-13 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-209730-nzcch4ji.txt cache: ./cache/cord-209730-nzcch4ji.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-209730-nzcch4ji.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-018508-pk0ealu5 author: Hu, Yi title: A Farewell to the “Sick Man of East Asia”: The Irony, Deconstruction, and Reshaping of the Metaphor date: 2013-08-28 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-018508-pk0ealu5.txt cache: ./cache/cord-018508-pk0ealu5.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-018508-pk0ealu5.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-022176-hprwqi4n author: Löscher, Thomas title: Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases date: 2009-07-28 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-022176-hprwqi4n.txt cache: ./cache/cord-022176-hprwqi4n.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-022176-hprwqi4n.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-018677-gmitz3gg author: Clemens, John D. title: Sequential stages of clinical trials and overview of issues to be considered date: 2005 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-018677-gmitz3gg.txt cache: ./cache/cord-018677-gmitz3gg.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-018677-gmitz3gg.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-275420-zkxyxiv5 author: Crabtree, Scott J. title: The role of multidisciplinary infection prevention teams in identifying community transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in the United States date: 2020-07-23 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-275420-zkxyxiv5.txt cache: ./cache/cord-275420-zkxyxiv5.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-275420-zkxyxiv5.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-253161-oz1eziy1 author: Munyikwa, Michelle title: MY COVID‐19 DIARY date: 2020-06-04 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-253161-oz1eziy1.txt cache: ./cache/cord-253161-oz1eziy1.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-253161-oz1eziy1.txt' === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 44469 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 45028 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 45451 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === id: cord-021637-f5wwn45z author: Douglas, R. Gordon title: The Vaccine Industry date: 2017-07-17 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-021637-f5wwn45z.txt cache: ./cache/cord-021637-f5wwn45z.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-021637-f5wwn45z.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-016285-cwhmm3f6 author: nan title: Challenges to the European Exception: What Can S&T Do? date: 2006 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-016285-cwhmm3f6.txt cache: ./cache/cord-016285-cwhmm3f6.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-016285-cwhmm3f6.txt' === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 45071 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === id: cord-016840-p3sq99yg author: Bales, Connie Watkins title: Minimizing the Impact of Complex Emergencies on Nutrition and Geriatric Health: Planning for Prevention is Key date: 2008-09-09 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-016840-p3sq99yg.txt cache: ./cache/cord-016840-p3sq99yg.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-016840-p3sq99yg.txt' === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 45456 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 32893 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 45465 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === id: cord-022003-cvawdes6 author: Darling, Robert G. title: Future Biological and Chemical Weapons date: 2015-10-23 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-022003-cvawdes6.txt cache: ./cache/cord-022003-cvawdes6.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-022003-cvawdes6.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-290620-dvlnx2z3 author: Park, Jewel title: Consequences of COVID-19 on international medical graduates and students applying to residencies in the United States date: 2020-04-21 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-290620-dvlnx2z3.txt cache: ./cache/cord-290620-dvlnx2z3.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-290620-dvlnx2z3.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-015646-tt2p9uue author: Xue, Lan title: Global Strategies and Response Measures to the Influenza A (H1N1) Pandemic date: 2018-11-24 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-015646-tt2p9uue.txt cache: ./cache/cord-015646-tt2p9uue.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 135 resourceName b'cord-015646-tt2p9uue.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-018220-8m11ig06 author: Duncan, Coley B. title: Viral Infections date: 2009-02-02 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-018220-8m11ig06.txt cache: ./cache/cord-018220-8m11ig06.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-018220-8m11ig06.txt' === file2bib.sh === /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: fork: retry: No child processes /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: fork: retry: No child processes id: cord-274862-x580ktas author: Thomaier, L. title: Emotional health concerns of oncology physicians in the United States: fallout during the COVID-19 pandemic date: 2020-06-12 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-274862-x580ktas.txt cache: ./cache/cord-274862-x580ktas.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-274862-x580ktas.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-280792-nm30wct0 author: Neville, Ron title: What can health care professionals in the United Kingdom learn from Malawi? date: 2009-03-27 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-280792-nm30wct0.txt cache: ./cache/cord-280792-nm30wct0.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-280792-nm30wct0.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-017858-kugh9y8c author: De Sanctis, Fausto Martin title: Civil and Criminal Legislation Regarding Money Laundering and the Protection of Cultural Heritage date: 2013-06-09 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-017858-kugh9y8c.txt cache: ./cache/cord-017858-kugh9y8c.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-017858-kugh9y8c.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-265292-yyh1kikb author: Hossain, Liaquat title: Evolutionary longitudinal network dynamics of global zoonotic research date: 2015-03-18 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-265292-yyh1kikb.txt cache: ./cache/cord-265292-yyh1kikb.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-265292-yyh1kikb.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-022734-xpyldrw7 author: Zelicoff, Alan P. title: Laboratory biosecurity in the United States: Evolution and regulation date: 2016-02-19 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-022734-xpyldrw7.txt cache: ./cache/cord-022734-xpyldrw7.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-022734-xpyldrw7.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-018566-dd5gw66t author: Armbruster, Walter J. title: The Political Economy of US Antibiotic Use in Animal Feed date: 2018-05-30 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-018566-dd5gw66t.txt cache: ./cache/cord-018566-dd5gw66t.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-018566-dd5gw66t.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-029172-fctcfoak author: Romano, John L. title: Politics of Prevention: Reflections From the COVID-19 Pandemic date: 2020-07-13 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-029172-fctcfoak.txt cache: ./cache/cord-029172-fctcfoak.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-029172-fctcfoak.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-016322-dyjpfvvf author: Gardner, Anthony Luzzatto title: Foreign Aid and Humanitarian Assistance date: 2019-12-10 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-016322-dyjpfvvf.txt cache: ./cache/cord-016322-dyjpfvvf.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-016322-dyjpfvvf.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-018084-c48chbfa author: Reynolds, Chris title: Global Health Security and Weapons of Mass Destruction Chapter date: 2019-06-07 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-018084-c48chbfa.txt cache: ./cache/cord-018084-c48chbfa.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-018084-c48chbfa.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-003970-3e58229u author: Paploski, Igor Adolfo Dexheimer title: Temporal Dynamics of Co-circulating Lineages of Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus date: 2019-11-01 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-003970-3e58229u.txt cache: ./cache/cord-003970-3e58229u.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-003970-3e58229u.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-261788-f728j3bb author: Sabater González, Mikel title: Emergencies and Critical Care of Commonly Kept Fowl date: 2016-03-02 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-261788-f728j3bb.txt cache: ./cache/cord-261788-f728j3bb.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 5 resourceName b'cord-261788-f728j3bb.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-265017-byyx2y47 author: Ryan, Jeffrey R. title: Seeds of Destruction date: 2016-03-25 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-265017-byyx2y47.txt cache: ./cache/cord-265017-byyx2y47.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-265017-byyx2y47.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-294590-1niaplc2 author: Schrag, Stephanie J. title: SARS Surveillance during Emergency Public Health Response, United States, March–July 2003 date: 2004-02-17 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-294590-1niaplc2.txt cache: ./cache/cord-294590-1niaplc2.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-294590-1niaplc2.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-016536-8wfyaxcb author: Ubokudom, Sunday E. title: Physical, Social and Cultural, and Global Influences date: 2012-02-20 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-016536-8wfyaxcb.txt cache: ./cache/cord-016536-8wfyaxcb.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-016536-8wfyaxcb.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-022581-awivedxp author: Diaz, James H. title: Ticks, Including Tick Paralysis date: 2014-10-31 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-022581-awivedxp.txt cache: ./cache/cord-022581-awivedxp.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-022581-awivedxp.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-022351-qfhmwqgg author: Edgell, David L. title: Political and foreign policy implications of tourism date: 2009-11-16 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-022351-qfhmwqgg.txt cache: ./cache/cord-022351-qfhmwqgg.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-022351-qfhmwqgg.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-280059-i72ayr02 author: Perez, Andres M. title: Individual or Common Good? Voluntary Data Sharing to Inform Disease Surveillance Systems in Food Animals date: 2019-06-21 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-280059-i72ayr02.txt cache: ./cache/cord-280059-i72ayr02.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-280059-i72ayr02.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-017615-zjr6csla author: Hillman, John R. title: Food Security in an Insecure Future date: 2016-11-25 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-017615-zjr6csla.txt cache: ./cache/cord-017615-zjr6csla.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 5 resourceName b'cord-017615-zjr6csla.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-275494-fan1rta9 author: Childs, J.E. title: Animal-based national surveillance for zoonotic disease: Quality, limitations, and implications of a model system for monitoring rabies date: 2007-03-17 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-275494-fan1rta9.txt cache: ./cache/cord-275494-fan1rta9.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-275494-fan1rta9.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-281160-e00koo91 author: Shank, Nancy title: A Review of the Role of Cost–Benefit Analyses in 2-1-1 Diffusion date: 2012-12-31 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-281160-e00koo91.txt cache: ./cache/cord-281160-e00koo91.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-281160-e00koo91.txt' === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 31736 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 46983 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 46212 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 47023 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === id: cord-317441-tnde2jp5 author: Jewell, Jennifer S title: Mental Health During the COVID-19 Pandemic in the United States: Online Survey date: 2020-10-23 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-317441-tnde2jp5.txt cache: ./cache/cord-317441-tnde2jp5.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-317441-tnde2jp5.txt' === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 31899 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 47765 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 47419 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 46950 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === id: cord-295339-nzc47itk author: Baker, Marissa G. title: Estimating the burden of United States workers exposed to infection or disease: A key factor in containing risk of COVID-19 infection date: 2020-04-28 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-295339-nzc47itk.txt cache: ./cache/cord-295339-nzc47itk.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-295339-nzc47itk.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-016130-5q9ufu28 author: Linday, Linda A. title: Nutritional Supplements and Upper Respiratory Tract Illnesses in Young Children in the United States date: 2010-12-17 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-016130-5q9ufu28.txt cache: ./cache/cord-016130-5q9ufu28.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-016130-5q9ufu28.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-307013-80dup4sr author: Lu, Victor M. title: Letter to the Editor: Lessons to Learn from the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Pandemic for International Medical Graduate Applicants and United States Neurosurgery Residency Programs date: 2020-08-24 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-307013-80dup4sr.txt cache: ./cache/cord-307013-80dup4sr.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-307013-80dup4sr.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-310931-5165078t author: Oppong, Joseph R. title: Globalization of Communicable Diseases date: 2019-12-04 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-310931-5165078t.txt cache: ./cache/cord-310931-5165078t.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-310931-5165078t.txt' === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 48307 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 48120 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 49990 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 49578 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 46215 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 48432 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 49009 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 49689 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === id: cord-328908-2004vp48 author: Thombs, Brett D. title: Changes in mental health symptoms from pre-COVID-19 to COVID-19 among participants with systemic sclerosis from four countries: A scleroderma patient-centered intervention network (SPIN) cohort study date: 2020-10-03 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-328908-2004vp48.txt cache: ./cache/cord-328908-2004vp48.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-328908-2004vp48.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-333411-hqtb4a2c author: Tan, Tina Q title: Location Matters: Geographic Disparities and Impact of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) date: 2020-09-17 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-333411-hqtb4a2c.txt cache: ./cache/cord-333411-hqtb4a2c.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-333411-hqtb4a2c.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-271687-sxl8g85p author: Mathews, Fiona title: Chapter 8 Zoonoses in Wildlife: Integrating Ecology into Management date: 2009-03-14 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-271687-sxl8g85p.txt cache: ./cache/cord-271687-sxl8g85p.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-271687-sxl8g85p.txt' === file2bib.sh === /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: fork: retry: No child processes id: cord-276797-86hc3lbi author: Jamieson, Denise J. title: Emerging infectious disease outbreaks: Old lessons and new challenges for obstetrician-gynecologists date: 2006-06-30 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-276797-86hc3lbi.txt cache: ./cache/cord-276797-86hc3lbi.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-276797-86hc3lbi.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-291803-hsnz2qry author: Bhattacharjee, Barnali title: “The COVID-19 Pandemic and its Effect on Mental Health in USA – A Review with Some Coping Strategies” date: 2020-08-23 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-291803-hsnz2qry.txt cache: ./cache/cord-291803-hsnz2qry.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-291803-hsnz2qry.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-017554-yvx1gyp9 author: Martin, Susan F. title: Forced Migration and Refugee Policy date: 2017-09-15 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-017554-yvx1gyp9.txt cache: ./cache/cord-017554-yvx1gyp9.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-017554-yvx1gyp9.txt' === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 50459 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: fork: retry: No child processes id: cord-275033-y9z9l0ji author: Carter-Pokras, O. title: The Role of Epidemiology in Informing United States Childhood Immunization Policy and Practice date: 2020-10-14 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-275033-y9z9l0ji.txt cache: ./cache/cord-275033-y9z9l0ji.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-275033-y9z9l0ji.txt' === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 50246 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === id: cord-293930-n7cfs3ku author: Kading, Rebekah C. title: Emergence of Arboviruses in the United States: The Boom and Bust of Funding, Innovation, and Capacity date: 2020-06-06 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-293930-n7cfs3ku.txt cache: ./cache/cord-293930-n7cfs3ku.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-293930-n7cfs3ku.txt' === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 45183 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === id: cord-326138-16kpn9db author: Weinstein, Robert A. title: Laboratory-Acquired Infections date: 2009-07-01 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-326138-16kpn9db.txt cache: ./cache/cord-326138-16kpn9db.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-326138-16kpn9db.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-303034-w72oeoxq author: Haischer, Michael H. title: Who is wearing a mask? Gender-, age-, and location-related differences during the COVID-19 pandemic date: 2020-10-15 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-303034-w72oeoxq.txt cache: ./cache/cord-303034-w72oeoxq.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-303034-w72oeoxq.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-315428-uiezqa4p author: Tessler, Hannah title: The Anxiety of Being Asian American: Hate Crimes and Negative Biases During the COVID-19 Pandemic date: 2020-06-10 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-315428-uiezqa4p.txt cache: ./cache/cord-315428-uiezqa4p.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-315428-uiezqa4p.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-300371-6ja5o3sa author: Maloney, Susan A. title: Prevention of infectious diseases among international pediatric travelers: Considerations for clinicians date: 2004-11-24 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-300371-6ja5o3sa.txt cache: ./cache/cord-300371-6ja5o3sa.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-300371-6ja5o3sa.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-319463-erdwejd2 author: Diaz, J. H. title: Global Climate Changes and International Trade and Travel: Effects on Human Health Outcomes date: 2011-12-31 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-319463-erdwejd2.txt cache: ./cache/cord-319463-erdwejd2.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-319463-erdwejd2.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-005227-74ycwmyg author: Richardson, Jacques G. title: The bane of “inhumane” weapons and overkill: An overview of increasingly lethal arms and the inadequacy of regulatory controls date: 2004 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-005227-74ycwmyg.txt cache: ./cache/cord-005227-74ycwmyg.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-005227-74ycwmyg.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-273099-zkk5d6gd author: Muzumdar, Jagannath M. title: Vaccine supply, demand, and policy: A primer date: 2016-01-01 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-273099-zkk5d6gd.txt cache: ./cache/cord-273099-zkk5d6gd.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-273099-zkk5d6gd.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-263438-9ra94uda author: Snowden, Frank M. title: Emerging and reemerging diseases: a historical perspective date: 2008-09-19 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-263438-9ra94uda.txt cache: ./cache/cord-263438-9ra94uda.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-263438-9ra94uda.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-255574-gqekw0si author: Samanta, Indranil title: Chapter 14 Biosecurity Strategies for Backyard Poultry: A Controlled Way for Safe Food Production date: 2018-12-31 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-255574-gqekw0si.txt cache: ./cache/cord-255574-gqekw0si.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-255574-gqekw0si.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-304016-4o2bpedp author: Hanage, William P. title: COVID-19: US federal accountability for entry, spread, and inequities—lessons for the future date: 2020-11-02 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-304016-4o2bpedp.txt cache: ./cache/cord-304016-4o2bpedp.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-304016-4o2bpedp.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-336464-eslgz1ka author: Chomel, Bruno B. title: Wildlife, Exotic Pets, and Emerging Zoonoses date: 2007-01-17 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-336464-eslgz1ka.txt cache: ./cache/cord-336464-eslgz1ka.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-336464-eslgz1ka.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-016704-99v4brjf author: Nicholson, Felicity title: Infectious Diseases: The Role of the Forensic Physician date: 2005 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-016704-99v4brjf.txt cache: ./cache/cord-016704-99v4brjf.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-016704-99v4brjf.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-321642-efv9ovx9 author: Reicher, Stephen title: On order and disorder during the COVID‐19 pandemic date: 2020-07-01 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-321642-efv9ovx9.txt cache: ./cache/cord-321642-efv9ovx9.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-321642-efv9ovx9.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-284573-w0sk622m author: Caduff, Carlo title: What Went Wrong: Corona and the World after the Full Stop date: 2020-07-21 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-284573-w0sk622m.txt cache: ./cache/cord-284573-w0sk622m.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-284573-w0sk622m.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-017675-in9r33ww author: nan title: The Way Forward: Prevention, Treatment and Human Rights date: 2008 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-017675-in9r33ww.txt cache: ./cache/cord-017675-in9r33ww.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-017675-in9r33ww.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-303447-3a7jxl34 author: Cohn, Amanda C. title: Immunizations in the United States: A Rite of Passage date: 2005-05-28 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-303447-3a7jxl34.txt cache: ./cache/cord-303447-3a7jxl34.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-303447-3a7jxl34.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-017469-dnnkor2o author: Georgiev, Vassil St. title: Tick-Borne Bacterial, Rickettsial, Spirochetal, and Protozoal Diseases date: 2009 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-017469-dnnkor2o.txt cache: ./cache/cord-017469-dnnkor2o.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-017469-dnnkor2o.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-329283-s3ale8ko author: Grant, Aubrey title: Coronavirus, Refugees, and Government Policy: The State of U.S. Refugee Resettlement during the Coronavirus Pandemic date: 2020-08-09 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-329283-s3ale8ko.txt cache: ./cache/cord-329283-s3ale8ko.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-329283-s3ale8ko.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-332703-ohzkpbwy author: Hui, Jane Yuet Ching title: Cancer Management During the COVID-19 Pandemic in the United States: Results From a National Physician Cross-sectional Survey date: 2020-08-25 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-332703-ohzkpbwy.txt cache: ./cache/cord-332703-ohzkpbwy.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-332703-ohzkpbwy.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-326916-bakwk4tm author: Fauver, Joseph R. title: Coast-to-Coast Spread of SARS-CoV-2 during the Early Epidemic in the United States date: 2020-05-07 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-326916-bakwk4tm.txt cache: ./cache/cord-326916-bakwk4tm.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-326916-bakwk4tm.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-325052-7vlxa0i7 author: Williamson, E. D. title: Vaccines for emerging pathogens: prospects for licensure date: 2019-04-11 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-325052-7vlxa0i7.txt cache: ./cache/cord-325052-7vlxa0i7.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-325052-7vlxa0i7.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-025366-haf542y0 author: Offit, Paul A. title: Vaccine safety date: 2012-11-07 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-025366-haf542y0.txt cache: ./cache/cord-025366-haf542y0.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-025366-haf542y0.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-273789-sbppgkza author: Donohoe, Holly title: Lyme disease: Current issues, implications, and recommendations for tourism management date: 2014-08-20 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-273789-sbppgkza.txt cache: ./cache/cord-273789-sbppgkza.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-273789-sbppgkza.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-318407-uy0f7f2o author: Nara, Peter L. title: Perspectives on advancing preventative medicine through vaccinology at the comparative veterinary, human and conservation medicine interface: Not missing the opportunities date: 2008-11-18 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-318407-uy0f7f2o.txt cache: ./cache/cord-318407-uy0f7f2o.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-318407-uy0f7f2o.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-318845-w7q5o8wc author: Pendell, Dustin L. title: Economic Assessment of FMDv Releases from the National Bio and Agro Defense Facility date: 2015-06-26 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-318845-w7q5o8wc.txt cache: ./cache/cord-318845-w7q5o8wc.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-318845-w7q5o8wc.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-324185-zt88o3co author: Sovacool, Benjamin K. title: Contextualizing the Covid-19 pandemic for a carbon-constrained world: Insights for sustainability transitions, energy justice, and research methodology date: 2020-10-31 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-324185-zt88o3co.txt cache: ./cache/cord-324185-zt88o3co.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-324185-zt88o3co.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-354009-1ek4s8oe author: Wang, Yun title: Spatiotemporal Characteristics of COVID-19 Epidemic in the United States date: 2020-07-08 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-354009-1ek4s8oe.txt cache: ./cache/cord-354009-1ek4s8oe.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-354009-1ek4s8oe.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-021081-yqu1ykc9 author: nan title: Early Warning Systems A State of the Art Analysis and Future Directions date: 2012-11-02 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-021081-yqu1ykc9.txt cache: ./cache/cord-021081-yqu1ykc9.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-021081-yqu1ykc9.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-348807-9xxc5hyl author: Cuomo, Raphael E. title: Sub-national longitudinal and geospatial analysis of COVID-19 tweets date: 2020-10-28 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-348807-9xxc5hyl.txt cache: ./cache/cord-348807-9xxc5hyl.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-348807-9xxc5hyl.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-351231-aoz5jbf1 author: Bartlett, John G. title: Why Infectious Diseases date: 2014-09-15 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-351231-aoz5jbf1.txt cache: ./cache/cord-351231-aoz5jbf1.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-351231-aoz5jbf1.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-318826-l922zqci author: Holschbach, Chelsea L. title: Salmonella in Dairy Cattle date: 2018-03-31 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-318826-l922zqci.txt cache: ./cache/cord-318826-l922zqci.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 15 resourceName b'cord-318826-l922zqci.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-315726-ltjurdrq author: Acheson, D.W.K. title: Food and Waterborne Illnesses date: 2009-02-17 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-315726-ltjurdrq.txt cache: ./cache/cord-315726-ltjurdrq.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-315726-ltjurdrq.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-324198-b8f99z8r author: Allam, Zaheer title: Underlining the Role of Data Science and Technology in Supporting Supply Chains, Political Stability and Health Networks During Pandemics date: 2020-07-24 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-324198-b8f99z8r.txt cache: ./cache/cord-324198-b8f99z8r.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-324198-b8f99z8r.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-297125-la20vi9j author: Brower, Jennifer L. title: The Threat and Response to Infectious Diseases (Revised) date: 2016-08-01 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-297125-la20vi9j.txt cache: ./cache/cord-297125-la20vi9j.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-297125-la20vi9j.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-339372-f3onp9mg author: Owen, James A. title: Advancing the Adoption of Continuing Professional Development (CPD) in the United States date: 2020-08-31 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-339372-f3onp9mg.txt cache: ./cache/cord-339372-f3onp9mg.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-339372-f3onp9mg.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-348495-pa6iqc83 author: Perrotta, D. title: Behaviors and attitudes in response to the COVID-19 pandemic: Insights from a cross-national Facebook survey date: 2020-05-15 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-348495-pa6iqc83.txt cache: ./cache/cord-348495-pa6iqc83.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-348495-pa6iqc83.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-016557-f2mzwhrt author: Aggrawal, Anil title: Agrochemical Poisoning date: 2006 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-016557-f2mzwhrt.txt cache: ./cache/cord-016557-f2mzwhrt.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-016557-f2mzwhrt.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-327748-8ob6okeh author: Feng, Tianjun title: Product Quality Risk Perceptions and Decisions: Contaminated Pet Food and Lead‐Painted Toys date: 2010-07-09 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-327748-8ob6okeh.txt cache: ./cache/cord-327748-8ob6okeh.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-327748-8ob6okeh.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-327879-qrxoj8nc author: Nagurney, Anna title: Refugee migration networks and regulations: a multiclass, multipath variational inequality framework date: 2020-07-21 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-327879-qrxoj8nc.txt cache: ./cache/cord-327879-qrxoj8nc.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-327879-qrxoj8nc.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-342412-azkamnpa author: Ecker, David J title: The Microbial Rosetta Stone Database: A compilation of global and emerging infectious microorganisms and bioterrorist threat agents date: 2005-04-25 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-342412-azkamnpa.txt cache: ./cache/cord-342412-azkamnpa.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-342412-azkamnpa.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-350565-mejd7blb author: Lewnard, Joseph A title: Emerging Challenges and Opportunities in Infectious Disease Epidemiology date: 2019-03-16 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-350565-mejd7blb.txt cache: ./cache/cord-350565-mejd7blb.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-350565-mejd7blb.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-345402-brhvfsgy author: Miller, Ryan S. title: Diseases at the livestock–wildlife interface: Status, challenges, and opportunities in the United States date: 2013-06-01 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-345402-brhvfsgy.txt cache: ./cache/cord-345402-brhvfsgy.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-345402-brhvfsgy.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-334108-4ey725dv author: Seymour, I.J. title: Foodborne viruses and fresh produce date: 2008-07-07 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-334108-4ey725dv.txt cache: ./cache/cord-334108-4ey725dv.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-334108-4ey725dv.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-308066-lrbi5198 author: Childs, James E. title: Pre-spillover Prevention of Emerging Zoonotic Diseases: What Are the Targets and What Are the Tools? date: 2007 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-308066-lrbi5198.txt cache: ./cache/cord-308066-lrbi5198.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-308066-lrbi5198.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-353726-e0mr8kqb author: Adler, Nicole title: Strategies for managing risk in a changing aviation environment date: 2012-07-31 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-353726-e0mr8kqb.txt cache: ./cache/cord-353726-e0mr8kqb.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-353726-e0mr8kqb.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-349765-90g5v697 author: Huang, Qingming title: The Pandemic and the Transformation of Liberal International Order date: 2020-10-16 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-349765-90g5v697.txt cache: ./cache/cord-349765-90g5v697.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-349765-90g5v697.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-307899-427a7i3h author: BITTLE, JAMES L. title: Vaccines Produced by Conventional Means to Control Major Infectious Diseases of Man and Animals date: 1989-12-31 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-307899-427a7i3h.txt cache: ./cache/cord-307899-427a7i3h.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-307899-427a7i3h.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-302848-a246wl7f author: Lawler, J. J. title: 4.25 Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies to Reduce Climate Vulnerabilities and Maintain Ecosystem Services date: 2013-12-31 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-302848-a246wl7f.txt cache: ./cache/cord-302848-a246wl7f.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-302848-a246wl7f.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-337218-risqto89 author: Chu, Ellen W. title: Environmental Impact, Concept and Measurement of date: 2013-02-05 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-337218-risqto89.txt cache: ./cache/cord-337218-risqto89.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-337218-risqto89.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-292853-xihpfidg author: Ford, Julian D. title: Social, cultural, and other diversity issues in the traumatic stress field date: 2015-08-07 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-292853-xihpfidg.txt cache: ./cache/cord-292853-xihpfidg.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-292853-xihpfidg.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-023529-zrnczve3 author: Craighead, Geoff title: Security and Fire Life Safety Threats date: 2013-02-15 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-023529-zrnczve3.txt cache: ./cache/cord-023529-zrnczve3.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-023529-zrnczve3.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-321194-xi4zy5ow author: Allam, Zaheer title: The Third 50 Days: A Detailed Chronological Timeline and Extensive Review of Literature Documenting the COVID-19 Pandemic From Day 100 to Day 150 date: 2020-07-24 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-321194-xi4zy5ow.txt cache: ./cache/cord-321194-xi4zy5ow.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-321194-xi4zy5ow.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-027860-s97hdhh6 author: Zeimet, Anthony title: Infectious Diseases date: 2020-06-22 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-027860-s97hdhh6.txt cache: ./cache/cord-027860-s97hdhh6.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-027860-s97hdhh6.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-323311-xl2fv0qx author: Kahn, R. E. title: 6th International Conference on Emerging Zoonoses date: 2012-09-07 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-323311-xl2fv0qx.txt cache: ./cache/cord-323311-xl2fv0qx.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 5 resourceName b'cord-323311-xl2fv0qx.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-022736-38q8jbcl author: Coppola, Damon P. title: Participants – Multilateral Organizations and International Financial Institutions date: 2015-02-06 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-022736-38q8jbcl.txt cache: ./cache/cord-022736-38q8jbcl.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 5 resourceName b'cord-022736-38q8jbcl.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-325300-wawui0fd author: Tulchinsky, Theodore H. title: 4 Communicable Diseases date: 2000-12-31 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-325300-wawui0fd.txt cache: ./cache/cord-325300-wawui0fd.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-325300-wawui0fd.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-023767-rcv4pl0d author: O’Ryan, Miguel L. title: Microorganisms Responsible for Neonatal Diarrhea date: 2009-05-19 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-023767-rcv4pl0d.txt cache: ./cache/cord-023767-rcv4pl0d.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-023767-rcv4pl0d.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-276758-k2imddzr author: Siegel, Jane D. title: 2007 Guideline for Isolation Precautions: Preventing Transmission of Infectious Agents in Health Care Settings date: 2007-12-07 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-276758-k2imddzr.txt cache: ./cache/cord-276758-k2imddzr.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 7 resourceName b'cord-276758-k2imddzr.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-021555-rrverrsj author: Delano, Margaret L. title: Biology and Diseases of Ruminants: Sheep, Goats, and Cattle date: 2007-09-02 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-021555-rrverrsj.txt cache: ./cache/cord-021555-rrverrsj.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 5 resourceName b'cord-021555-rrverrsj.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-009997-oecpqf1j author: nan title: 2018 ASPHO ABSTRACTS date: 2018-03-31 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-009997-oecpqf1j.txt cache: ./cache/cord-009997-oecpqf1j.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 25 resourceName b'cord-009997-oecpqf1j.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-023211-kt5gt26t author: nan title: Poster Session Abstracts date: 2007-08-29 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-023211-kt5gt26t.txt cache: ./cache/cord-023211-kt5gt26t.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 30 resourceName b'cord-023211-kt5gt26t.txt' Que is empty; done keyword-united-cord === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-007542-12dzeebn author = Jonas, Richard A. title = Rewards, risks, and responsibilities of globalization for the cardiothoracic surgeon date = 2007-06-26 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5592 sentences = 263 flesch = 51 summary = The relatively recent subspecialization of cardiothoracic surgery into adult cardiac, general thoracic, and congenital has undoubtedly complicated the projection of manpower needs ( Figure 14 ). At this meeting, we have instituted a global session that will be held again this year on Wednesday morning, organized by Dr Philip Corcoran, the chief of cardiothoracic surgery at Walter Reed Medical Center in Washington, DC, with whom I have the pleasure of working. There is no international organization that has the resources to estimate the total number of cardiothoracic surgical procedures that will be performed globally in 10, 20, and 30 years. Within congenital cardiac surgery, the problem of matching supply and demand on a global scale has resulted in an interesting distribution of surgeons around the planet, often working in locations that are quite remote from their institution of training. What are the implications of a global mismatch of cardiothoracic surgical supply and demand for surgical training programs in the United States? cache = ./cache/cord-007542-12dzeebn.txt txt = ./txt/cord-007542-12dzeebn.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-004227-lp63i56o author = Sofat, Reecha title = Drug and therapeutics committees as guardians of safe and rational medicines use date = 2019-10-18 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 1356 sentences = 67 flesch = 49 summary = Now NICE has been established for 20 years, the committee has been largely relieved of the burden of making complex assessments of the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of newly licensed drugs; regional medicines optimization committees may also remove some of the decisions from local committees. However, there are continued and evolving challenges to ensuring the safe, effective, and cost-effective use of medicines within a single health care facility, and the drug and therapeutics committee needs to continue and to evolve to meet them. As a result, they commonly participate in committees responsible for overseeing the use of medicines in health care organizations, often called drugs and therapeutics committees (DTCs) in the United Kingdom and pharmacy and therapeutics committees in the United States. It introduces a BJCP series called "Drugs and Therapeutics Committees" to allow clinical pharmacologists and those participating in DTCs to share data and practices on how best to contribute to DTCs and to adapt to the changing landscape. cache = ./cache/cord-004227-lp63i56o.txt txt = ./txt/cord-004227-lp63i56o.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-000463-31q7ftnd author = Jombart, T title = Reconstructing disease outbreaks from genetic data: a graph approach date = 2010-06-16 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5094 sentences = 251 flesch = 45 summary = Within this framework, we developed an algorithm called SeqTrack, which directly reconstructs the most plausible genealogy of a set of sampled isolates, allowing for a direct assessment of the spatiotemporal dynamics of the epidemic under study. SeqTrack algorithm Our method aims to reconstruct the transmission tree of pathogens during a disease outbreak, using genotypes and collection dates to uncover ancestries between sampled isolates. Given the low levels of genetic diversity expected during the early stages of disease outbreaks, isolates with identical haplotypes but different collection dates and Figure 1 Illustration of possible reconstructions of genealogical relations. Having tested the ability of the method at reconstructing transmission trees from outbreak genetic data, we used SeqTrack to infer the spatiotemporal dynamics of the early stage of the 2009 swine-origin A/H1N1 influenza pandemic. Using simulated data, we showed the originality of this method compared to classical phylogenetic reconstruction, and its ability to infer correct genealogies of isolates in densely sampled disease outbreaks. cache = ./cache/cord-000463-31q7ftnd.txt txt = ./txt/cord-000463-31q7ftnd.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-016704-99v4brjf author = Nicholson, Felicity title = Infectious Diseases: The Role of the Forensic Physician date = 2005 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 14635 sentences = 861 flesch = 57 summary = The risk of exposure to infections, particularly blood-borne viruses (BBVs), can be minimized by adopting measures that are considered good practice in the United Kingdom, the United States, and Australia (1) (2) (3) . Studies of prisoners in western countries have shown a higher prevalence of antibodies to HBV and other BBVs than the general population (12) (13) (14) ; the most commonly reported risk factor is intravenous drug use. HBIG is given in conjunction with the first dose of vaccine to individuals who are deemed at high risk of acquiring disease and the incident occurred within 72 hours of presentation. In 1998, 56% of reported cases were from people born outside the United Kingdom and 3% were associated with HIV infection (70, 71) . Those in contact with disease (either through exposure at home or from an infected detainee) should receive prophylactic treatment as soon as possible (see Subheading 8.3.7.). cache = ./cache/cord-016704-99v4brjf.txt txt = ./txt/cord-016704-99v4brjf.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-006131-t1ffey31 author = Chen, Jing title = TRIPS-plus and access to medicines in China date = 2013-04-04 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3721 sentences = 214 flesch = 48 summary = Ample evidence shows that Trade-related aspects of intellectual property rights (TRIPS)-plus provisions have seriously affected access to and availability of drugs in the developing countries. This article focuses on IP and the health implications of limited access to medicines in China, explores the TRIPS-plus arrangements in Chinese IP laws and regulations, and makes suggestions for China's negotiation strategy in resisting pressure from developed countries to tighten IP laws and regulations. TRIPS-plus refers to provisions that either exceed the requirements of TRIPS or eliminate flexibilities in implementing TRIPs. Some studies 2,3 forecast that TRIPS-plus would result in: delayed entry of generics into developing countries; significant price increases, and reduced access to medicines, thus posing serious threats to public health. 24 A higher standard of patent protection could result in losses for pharmaceutical industries in developing countries; China has lost public health advantage as compared with India -higher drug prices, lower drug availability, and underdeveloped domestic innovation capacity. cache = ./cache/cord-006131-t1ffey31.txt txt = ./txt/cord-006131-t1ffey31.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-005227-74ycwmyg author = Richardson, Jacques G. title = The bane of “inhumane” weapons and overkill: An overview of increasingly lethal arms and the inadequacy of regulatory controls date = 2004 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 12240 sentences = 548 flesch = 53 summary = How did the scientifically based Haber's constant-the product of the concentration of a substance as parts per million in a fixed volume multiplied by time in minutesbecome, during the First World War, the measure of effectiveness of chemical agents as weapons? When the United Nations' Special Commission on Iraq (UNSCOM) was forced by that country's leader to abandon in December 1998 its monitoring of what Iraq might be developing as weapons of mass destruction, the international inspection group determined that Iraq had progressed in terms of developing • biological weapons: culturing enough anthrax bacteria to produce 26,000 liters of infectious agent to be held in reserve, • chemical arms including a supply of 550 artillery shells filled with mustard gas, together with at least one and a half tonnes of the nerve reagent VX, and • what may be a long-term missile project, spread among twelve different national facilities. cache = ./cache/cord-005227-74ycwmyg.txt txt = ./txt/cord-005227-74ycwmyg.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-001197-bhlxglyd author = Olival, Kevin J. title = Linking the Historical Roots of Environmental Conservation with Human and Wildlife Health date = 2013-09-28 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 2068 sentences = 100 flesch = 49 summary = We propose a modern-day synthesis of these ideologies that recognizes that environmental degradation and the emergence of zoonotic and epizootic diseases, affecting both humans and wildlife (i.e., pathogen pollution), are interconnected. On this 40th anniversary of the Endangered Species Act, it is appropriate to look at the historical roots of environmental protection and conservation in the United States, particularly as they relate to ecology and to health. While pollutants remain an insidious threat to health and the environment, there is now a growing acceptance that emerging infectious diseases (EID's) are on the rise and are having dramatic impacts on both global health and conservation (Daszak et al. The emergence of Nipah virus in Malaysia is a good example of how environmental drivers, including the industrialization and expansion of pig farms into bat habitat, led to pathogen spillover and a subsequent human outbreak (Daszak et al. Emerging infectious diseases of wildlif: threats to biodiversity and human health cache = ./cache/cord-001197-bhlxglyd.txt txt = ./txt/cord-001197-bhlxglyd.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-002769-7xp143nc author = Crook, Paul title = Lack of Secondary Transmission of Ebola Virus from Healthcare Worker to 238 Contacts, United Kingdom, December 2014 date = 2017-12-17 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 1933 sentences = 108 flesch = 54 summary = We report contact tracing after EVD was diagnosed in an HCW in the United Kingdom who had worked in an Ebola treatment center in Sierra Leone. If contact details were missing or incorrect, we sought additional information from Her Majesty's Passport Office, the UK Border Agency, PHE port entry screening and returning workers information, the National Health Service Patient Demographic Service, and online social networks. We report no evidence of secondary transmission of Ebola virus to contacts of a case-patient who contracted EVD during the Ebola epidemic in West Africa in 2014-2015 and who was given a diagnosis in the United Kingdom. EVD, Ebola virus disease; LHR, London Heathrow Airport; NA, not applicable; PHE, Public Health England. This study provides support for the conclusion that there is low risk for transmission of Ebola virus on aircraft from EVD case-patients in the early stages of disease. Public health response to commercial airline travel of a person with Ebola virus infection-United States cache = ./cache/cord-002769-7xp143nc.txt txt = ./txt/cord-002769-7xp143nc.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-009507-l74c9x0n author = Singh, Amandeep title = Clinicopathological Conference: Fever, Productive Cough, and Tachycardia in a 22‐year‐old Asian Male date = 2008-01-08 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4395 sentences = 291 flesch = 42 summary = To generate the appropriate differential diagnosis in this case, there are several key features of the patient's history and physical examination that aid in the understanding of his pathologic process: 1) symptom development occurred soon after emigration from Indonesia, 2) the patient's primary symptoms were pulmonary in origin, and 3) secondary cardiac involvement resulted in a large, initially asymptomatic pericardial effusion. 10 Acute infection begins with sudden onset of one or more of the following: high fevers (up to 104-1058F), severe headache, general malaise, myalgia, confusion, sore throat, chills, sweats, nonproductive cough, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, and chest pain. In our patient, the most likely cause of the pericardial effusion was infection with tuberculosis. To summarize, this patient's recent immigration, symptoms of intermittent fever and of chronic cough that failed to respond to outpatient antibiotics, and development of large pericardial effusion all are consistent with a diagnosis of tuberculosis. cache = ./cache/cord-009507-l74c9x0n.txt txt = ./txt/cord-009507-l74c9x0n.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-001800-644lf8vn author = Biggerstaff, Matthew title = Estimating the Potential Effects of a Vaccine Program Against an Emerging Influenza Pandemic—United States date = 2015-05-01 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4489 sentences = 175 flesch = 43 summary = For the second scenario, we clinical attack rate of the influenza pandemic is 20% and the overall case fatality ratio is 0.53% (high-severity scenario); 10 million doses (left) or 30 million doses (right) of vaccine are administered each week; the vaccination program begins 16 weeks after, 8 weeks after, the same week as, 8 weeks before, and 16 weeks before the first cases of a novel influenza virus occur in the United States; and the efficacy is "H1N1pmd09 monovalent vaccine-like." 2009 H1N1-like vaccine effectiveness: 2 doses of vaccine administered 3 weeks apart required to be fully effective (62% for persons aged <60 years and 43% for persons ≥60 years) in protecting against subclinical and clinical cases, hospitalizations, and deaths. For an influenza pandemic with a 30% overall cumulative attack rate and high-severity scenario, we estimated that a vaccination program beginning the same week as the pandemic started in the United States that administered 10 million doses of vaccine with the moderate VE per week could avert 260 000 hospitalizations and 32 000 deaths (6% reduction) (Tables 2 and 3 ; Figures 2 and 3) . cache = ./cache/cord-001800-644lf8vn.txt txt = ./txt/cord-001800-644lf8vn.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-016536-8wfyaxcb author = Ubokudom, Sunday E. title = Physical, Social and Cultural, and Global Influences date = 2012-02-20 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 10470 sentences = 480 flesch = 49 summary = The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) estimate that only about 10% of premature deaths in the United States can be attributed to inadequate access to medical care, while the remaining 90% can be accounted for by individual lifestyle and behaviors (50%), genetic profi les (20%), and social and environmental conditions (20%) (CDC 1979 ) . In summation, international trade and fi nance, infectious disease epidemics, global warming and climate change, population mobility, and natural disasters and terrorism signifi cantly affect the United States health care delivery and policymaking systems. Research demonstrates that most of the deaths in the country are attributable to a small number of largely controllable behaviors and exposures, or due to factors that fall under the preventive, social, economic, environmental, and lifestyle and behavioral determinants of health. But even though most of the deaths in the country are the result of social, cultural, economic, environmental, and global factors, medical care is also an important determinant of health that cannot be ignored. cache = ./cache/cord-016536-8wfyaxcb.txt txt = ./txt/cord-016536-8wfyaxcb.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-016130-5q9ufu28 author = Linday, Linda A. title = Nutritional Supplements and Upper Respiratory Tract Illnesses in Young Children in the United States date = 2010-12-17 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 11336 sentences = 528 flesch = 47 summary = Our clinical research demonstrates that daily supplementation with a flavored cod liver oil (which meets European purity standards) and a children's multivitamin-mineral with trace metals, including Se, can decrease morbidity from upper respiratory tract illnesses, otitis media, and sinusitis in young children living in the United States. This chapter discusses the role of essential fatty acids, vitamins, and trace metals in the pathophysiology of inflammation; reviews our clinical research on the use of a lemon-flavored cod liver oil (which meets European purity standards) and a children's chewable multivitamin-mineral with Se for the prevention and adjunctive treatment of these disorders; reviews the history of cod liver oil, including its importance in the discovery of vitamin D and the anti-infective properties of vitamin A; and discusses the current clinical use of these supplements. cache = ./cache/cord-016130-5q9ufu28.txt txt = ./txt/cord-016130-5q9ufu28.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-000029-qww6pe61 author = Blumenshine, Philip title = Pandemic Influenza Planning in the United States from a Health Disparities Perspective date = 2008-05-17 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4456 sentences = 170 flesch = 35 summary = However, given overwhelming evidence that low-income persons are generally more susceptible to infectious diseases, it is reasonable to plan on the basis of well-documented annual epidemic patterns, in which infl uenza disease development is infl uenced by factors that are differentially distributed across socioeconomic and racial/ ethnic groups. Given the current limitations of our public health infrastructure and the disparities in healthcare, a pandemic infl uenza outbreak in the United States is likely to disproportionately affect persons from socially disadvantaged groups. The Pandemic Infl uenza Plan of the US Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) (37) does not adequately address potential social disparities in exposure, vaccination, or treatment; the possible effects of such disparities; or strategies for minimizing or eliminating them. cache = ./cache/cord-000029-qww6pe61.txt txt = ./txt/cord-000029-qww6pe61.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-010213-p4b08jtf author = Ijaz, M.K. title = Seasonality and prevalence of rotavirus in Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates date = 2002-11-05 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 2423 sentences = 155 flesch = 51 summary = Study design: A total of 650 stool samples submitted to the laboratories of two University Teaching Hospitals (Al-Ain and Tawam) and a private hospital (Oasis) were examined for the presence of rotaviruses from January 1990–December, 1992, using a commercially available latex agglutination assay. There appeared to be a seasonal pattern of rotavirus occurrence in the cases studied, with a marked increase in the number of positive cases during the months when the relative humidity was low (25–45%) and there was no rainfall. The meteorological data (temperature, relative humidity and rainfall) recorded during the sampling period was analyzed statistically to examine the effect of seasonality on the prevalence of rotavirus cases in AI-Ain, United Arab Emirates. The meteorological data (temperature, relative humidity and rainfall) recorded during the sampling period was analyzed statistically to examine the effect of seasonality on the prevalence of rotavirus cases in AI-Ain, United Arab Emirates. cache = ./cache/cord-010213-p4b08jtf.txt txt = ./txt/cord-010213-p4b08jtf.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-016855-hqs94hfa author = Simpson, William M. title = Pesticides date = 2006 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4759 sentences = 300 flesch = 47 summary = Most toxicity from contact with skin or eyes or ingestion involves mucous membrane irritation. Otherwise, aggressive supportive care including protection of the airway, correction of hypotension, and treatment of arrhythmias, hyperthermia, and seizures may be required (3) . Urea-substituted herbicides have low systemic toxicity based on animal feeding studies; they may, however, produce methemoglobinemia with heavy ingestion. Treatment of paraquat ingestion is aimed at several points along the toxicity pathway-removing toxin from the GI tract, increasing excretion from the blood, and preventing pulmonary damage with anti-inflammatory agents. No human or animal toxicity has been reported with morfamquat, but poisoning with the chemical should probably be treated initially as a paraquat poisoning (6). Treatment of exposure is with skin and GI decontamination, oxygen supplementation, fluid support, and avoidance of alcohol. Treatment is skin and GI decontamination, respiratory support, and chelation therapy (for severe, acute poisoning, though the possibility of inducing renal failure with a large load of cadmium exists). cache = ./cache/cord-016855-hqs94hfa.txt txt = ./txt/cord-016855-hqs94hfa.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-016379-lcog1654 author = Pimentel, David title = Plant,Animal, and Microbe Invasive Species in the United States and World date = 2007 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5743 sentences = 313 flesch = 57 summary = Calculating the negative economic impacts associated with the invasion of exotic species is difficult.For a few species, there are sufficient data to estimate some impacts on agriculture, forestry, fisheries, public health, and the natural ecosystem in the US and worldwide. Worldwide, an estimated 30,000 species of exotic plants have been intentionally introduced as crops, and have escaped to become established in various natural ecosystems. In the United States, introduced plant species are spreading and invading approximately 700,000 ha of US natural ecosystems per year (Babbitt 1998) . In the Great Lakes, for instance, nearly 50 invasive species are found, and these invaders are causing an estimated $ 5 billion in damages to the fisheries per year (Pimentel 2005) . This investigation reports on various economic damages associated with invasive species in various nations of the world that total more than $ 1.4 trillion per year (Pimentel 2002) . cache = ./cache/cord-016379-lcog1654.txt txt = ./txt/cord-016379-lcog1654.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-016322-dyjpfvvf author = Gardner, Anthony Luzzatto title = Foreign Aid and Humanitarian Assistance date = 2019-12-10 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 9073 sentences = 340 flesch = 48 summary = We are committed to develop and implement an effective global early warning system and response network for new and re-emerging communicable diseases such as AIDS and the Ebola virus, and to increase training and professional exchanges in this area. And in December the US Congress overwhelmingly supported legislation providing $5.4 billion in emergency funding for the CDC and other health services, the State Department, and USAID; much of this funding was earmarked for the prevention, detection, and response to the Ebola crisis in West Africa, as well for efforts to assist in the region's recovery. Ensuring that all people in sub-Saharan Africa have access to electricity by 2030, one of the UN's Sustainable Development Goals, will require a major effort by the region's governments and the international community, above all the United States and the European Union. cache = ./cache/cord-016322-dyjpfvvf.txt txt = ./txt/cord-016322-dyjpfvvf.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-011280-o4ssggit author = Cummings, Brian M. title = A review of approaches for resolving disputes between physicians and families on end-of-life care for newborns date = 2020-05-11 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3165 sentences = 162 flesch = 56 summary = HCA [1], George Annas, the NEJM legal analyst, observed, "One bioethical issue is as intractable today as 30 years ago when the topic was first publicly discussed: the extent of parental authority to refuse life-sustaining medical treatment for an extremely premature infant" [2] . It is now agreed within the bioethical and medical communities in the United States that where the risk of mortality is significant and the prospect of benefit to an infant is suffused in ambiguity and uncertainty, the decision on whether or not to initiate treatment belongs to the parents. The changes in standards and norms on medical decisionmaking are observable in the different approaches to decision-making on end-of-life cases in British and American courts [17] . From the provider perspective, investigators recently interviewed physicians in pediatric and neonatal intensive care concerning end-of-life decision-making. In an earlier article, we provided a case of an experienced neonatologist who successfully utilized shared decision-making to resolve a potential conflict between the NICU staff and the family [26] . cache = ./cache/cord-011280-o4ssggit.txt txt = ./txt/cord-011280-o4ssggit.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-016840-p3sq99yg author = Bales, Connie Watkins title = Minimizing the Impact of Complex Emergencies on Nutrition and Geriatric Health: Planning for Prevention is Key date = 2008-09-09 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 7275 sentences = 321 flesch = 49 summary = Complex emergencies (CEs) can occur anywhere and are defined as crisis situations that greatly elevate the risk to nutrition and overall health (morbidity and mortality) of older individuals in the affected area. The major underlying threats to nutritional status for older adults during CEs are food insecurity, inadequate social support, and lack of access to health services. Any of a number of crisis situations that greatly elevate the health risk of individuals in the affected area; examples are natural disasters like floods and earthquakes; urban health emergencies like fires, epidemics, and blackouts; and terrorist acts like massive bombings or poisonings of food or water supplies. Examples include natural disasters like floods and earthquakes, urban health emergencies like fires, epidemics and blackouts, and terrorist acts like massive bombings or poisonings of food or water supplies (see Table 29 .2). cache = ./cache/cord-016840-p3sq99yg.txt txt = ./txt/cord-016840-p3sq99yg.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-003970-3e58229u author = Paploski, Igor Adolfo Dexheimer title = Temporal Dynamics of Co-circulating Lineages of Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus date = 2019-11-01 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 8412 sentences = 363 flesch = 42 summary = Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), the etiological agent of PRRS, is one of the most important endemic viruses affecting the swine industry in the United States (Holtkamp et al., 2013) and globally (Stadejek et al., 2013; VanderWaal and Deen, 2018) . Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus was first recognized almost simultaneously in Europe (Wensvoort et al., 1991) and North America (Collins et al., 1992) in the late 1980s and early 1990s, but genetic differences suggested a much earlier evolutionary divergence between the North American and European viral types. Here, we describe the temporal dynamics of PRRSV occurrence in a swine-dense region of the United States, characterizing these patterns according to ORF5 genetic lineages and sub-lineages. Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus diversity of Eastern Canada swine herds in a large sequence dataset reveals two hypervariable regions under positive selection cache = ./cache/cord-003970-3e58229u.txt txt = ./txt/cord-003970-3e58229u.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-013921-0aflv1ly author = Uhr, Joshua H. title = Training in and comfort with diagnosis and management of ophthalmic emergencies among emergency medicine physicians in the United States date = 2020-04-29 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4159 sentences = 220 flesch = 47 summary = CONCLUSIONS: Many participants do not feel comfortable using ophthalmic equipment, performing an eye exam, making vision or potentially life-saving diagnoses, or performing vision-saving procedures, suggesting the need to increase ophthalmic training in EM curricula. Figure 2 summarizes the proportion of responders who feel comfortable diagnosing patients with specific diseases: retinal detachment (RD), acute angle closure glaucoma (AACG), central retinal artery occlusion (CRAO), giant cell arteritis (GCA), and acute retrobulbar hematoma (ARBH). In summary, EM physicians surveyed report feeling inadequately prepared by their medical school and residency training to encounter ophthalmic emergencies. • This is the first study to show that emergency medicine physicians in the United States report generally low levels of comfort using basic ophthalmic equipment; performing an eye exam; making vision saving or, in some cases, potentially life-saving diagnoses; and performing vision-saving procedures. cache = ./cache/cord-013921-0aflv1ly.txt txt = ./txt/cord-013921-0aflv1ly.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-016285-cwhmm3f6 author = nan title = Challenges to the European Exception: What Can S&T Do? date = 2006 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 7854 sentences = 410 flesch = 54 summary = Yet, because of population growth; consumption patterns; market, policy and political failures; features of existing technologies; and world views and values, Europe and the world at large are still far removed from a development trajectory that is truly sustainable, that is, which satisfies the current needs of society (growth, competitiveness, employment, etc.) without compromising the needs of future generations. A 2004 review of nine recent comprehensive analyses of global environmental problems (Table 1 .1) showed near-unanimous agreement that the three problems posing the greatest threats to the global environment and continuing economic development include: (1) water quality and access; (2) climate change; and (3) loss of biodiversity. Besides investing in education and developing skills, this means dedicating research programmes to find ways to fight inner-city poverty, to relieve the effects of urbanisation, to diminish the impacts of ever increasing mobility on our environment, and to improve the quality of life of the vulnerable groups in society, such as the handicapped and the ill, the elderly and the young. cache = ./cache/cord-016285-cwhmm3f6.txt txt = ./txt/cord-016285-cwhmm3f6.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-015646-tt2p9uue author = Xue, Lan title = Global Strategies and Response Measures to the Influenza A (H1N1) Pandemic date = 2018-11-24 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 9336 sentences = 368 flesch = 37 summary = 20 In response to the ongoing global pandemic, the WHO stressed the importance for countries to carry out inoculations and to set forth three goals for their vaccination strategies, i.e. ensuring the normal operation of national healthcare systems, lowering morbidity and mortality, and minimizing possibilities of community-level outbreaks. In Australia, funds for prevention and control against Influenza A (H1N1) originated mainly from the federal government, which was used specifically for monitoring pandemic development, stockpiling and distributing antiviral drugs, training medical personnel, providing free vaccinations for citizens, and assisting developing countries with prevention and control efforts. The federal government spent 43 million USD on antiviral drugs, 1.4 million USD on the purchasing of automatic detection equipment for the National Influenza Center and other public health laboratories, 4 million USD on training general practitioners across the country, and 3 million USD on a donation to the WHO which was used in aiding developing countries, especially those neighboring Australia, with pandemic monitoring, detection, preparation and response. cache = ./cache/cord-015646-tt2p9uue.txt txt = ./txt/cord-015646-tt2p9uue.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-017675-in9r33ww author = nan title = The Way Forward: Prevention, Treatment and Human Rights date = 2008 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 18417 sentences = 816 flesch = 53 summary = The United Nations International Guidelines on HIV/AIDS and Human Rights recommend that criminal law not be an impediment to measures taken by States to reduce the risk of HIV transmission among injecting drug users and to provide them with HIV-related care and treatment. Visitors entering the United States on the Visa Waiver Program (which waives the requirement to apply for a visa prior to traveling to the United 9 The Way Forward Prevention, Treatment and Human Rights government policy has been that people living with HIV/AIDS do not represent a and therefore denied a visa or entry at the border, if: (1) they are likely to be a 338 would add to existing waiting lists for those services and would increase the rate US Immigration and Nationality Act, applicants for a visa or for admission to the health significance", which includes HIV infection, although waivers are available ces by Canadian citizens or permanent residents. cache = ./cache/cord-017675-in9r33ww.txt txt = ./txt/cord-017675-in9r33ww.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-016557-f2mzwhrt author = Aggrawal, Anil title = Agrochemical Poisoning date = 2006 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 18134 sentences = 1109 flesch = 51 summary = Out of the 18 deaths caused by pesticides reported by the 2002 AAPCC annual report (15) , two were the result of paraquat poisoning. Teare (46) reported a case of paraquat poisoning (a 44-year-old man dying of suicidal ingestion of paraquat after 17 days of illness), with the left lung weighing 1980 g and the right lung weighing 1920 g. Metaldehyde is a popular molluscicide that can cause fatal poisoning; the 2002 AAPCC annual report (15) mentions as many as 199 cases of exposure to this agent. According to Harry (4) , accidental pesticide intoxications are mainly caused by ingestions of diluted fertilizers, low-concentration antivitamin K rodenticides, ant-killing products, or granules of molluscicides containing 5% metaldehyde, whereas voluntary intoxications are mostly by chloralose, strychnine, organophosphorus or organochlorine insecticides, concentrated antivitamin K products, and herbicides, such as paraquat, chlorophenoxy compounds, glyphosate, and chlorates. cache = ./cache/cord-016557-f2mzwhrt.txt txt = ./txt/cord-016557-f2mzwhrt.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-017858-kugh9y8c author = De Sanctis, Fausto Martin title = Civil and Criminal Legislation Regarding Money Laundering and the Protection of Cultural Heritage date = 2013-06-09 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 10887 sentences = 631 flesch = 50 summary = This was revoked in part by the Framework Decision 19 of the European Union Council dated 06/26/2001, whereby Member States agreed not to make reservations on Articles 2 and 6 of the European Convention of 1990 (including the rule that provides for money laundering resulting generically from criminal conduct), since only serious infractions can be at issue, and provided measures for confiscation and criminal action on the proceeds of crime having a maximum penalty of greater than one year, or crimes considered serious (Article 1). To increase the likelihood of recovering assets of criminal origin, States are urged to draft laws instituting Civil Forfeiture Actions for Illegally Acquired Assets as a means of fighting money laundering by interrupting the usufruct of the proceeds of crime. cache = ./cache/cord-017858-kugh9y8c.txt txt = ./txt/cord-017858-kugh9y8c.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-018566-dd5gw66t author = Armbruster, Walter J. title = The Political Economy of US Antibiotic Use in Animal Feed date = 2018-05-30 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 11422 sentences = 530 flesch = 35 summary = This chapter examines the evidence for antibiotic resistance in the United States and globally, the public health implications, and the impact of—and related industry and political responses to—antibiotic use in animal feed. The major stakeholders include pharmaceutical companies, production integrators, feed suppliers, farm groups, producers, restaurants, food retailers, the public, the medical community, the scientific community, government regulators and policy makers. In 1969, the United Kingdom's (UK) Parliament received the Swann Report, which concluded that using antimicrobials at sub-therapeutic levels in food-producing animals created risks to human and animal health (Joint Committee on the use of Antibiotics in Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine 1969). This scenario could be exacerbated to the extent FSIS approves additional international facilities, local regulations, and inspections as "equivalent to the United States." Future trade agreements will need to include provisions which address reduced use of medically important antibiotics in producing food animals. cache = ./cache/cord-018566-dd5gw66t.txt txt = ./txt/cord-018566-dd5gw66t.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-022581-awivedxp author = Diaz, James H. title = Ticks, Including Tick Paralysis date = 2014-10-31 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 10453 sentences = 494 flesch = 41 summary = SHORT VIEW SUMMARY KEYWORDS anaplasmosis; argasid ticks; Babesia; babesiosis; Borrelia; borreliosis; ehrlichiosis; Francisella; ixodid ticks; Lyme disease; rickettsialpox; Rocky Mountain spotted fever; tick paralysis; tick-borne coltiviruses; tick-borne encephalitis viruses; tick-borne hemorrhagic fever viruses; tick-borne relapsing fever viruses; tick-borne rickettsioses; ticks; tularemia By the 1980s and 1990s, the causative agents of the ehrlichioses were stratified as newly emerging, Rickettsia-like species, and later (2001) were completely reorganized into separate genera, Ehrlichia and Anaplasma. africae causing African tick-bite fever); and regional clusters and epidemic cycles of more severe SFs worldwide (RMSF in the United States, Mediterranean SF [MSF] in Europe, and Queensland tick typhus [QTT] in Australia).* The reasons for such changes in rickettsial SF epidemiology are unclear and may include warming temperatures and increasing humidity, more frequent drought-rain cycles, residential development in preferred tick ecosystems, more competent tick vectors given competitive advantages by environmental and and there have been no long-term sequelae reported in STARI cases, some have questioned whether antibiotic therapy is indicated in STARI. cache = ./cache/cord-022581-awivedxp.txt txt = ./txt/cord-022581-awivedxp.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-017615-zjr6csla author = Hillman, John R. title = Food Security in an Insecure Future date = 2016-11-25 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 9984 sentences = 421 flesch = 36 summary = Food security in the Middle East is directly affected by a challenging combination of ongoing destructive conflicts, a global economic downturn, widespread poverty, high population growth, corruption, intolerance, and the potentially damaging consequences of climate change. In a previous article , we considered definitions of food security in the modern era of rising global populations, discussing how food security might be attained in terms of security of water and fossil-fuel-derived energy supplies, climate change, rapid urbanisation, changing dietary trends, and modification of the natural environment leading to depleted natural resources, increasing environmental pollution, and the need to introduce modern technologies. Here, we consider potential adaptations to an insecure global future generally, and to the concerns in the Arab Middle East specifically, in the light of the economic realities of wide disparities in wealth, competition for resources, and widespread poverty in many parts of the globe, coupled to a relatively high population growth, on-going conflicts, attempted cultural genocides, potential conflicts, endemic corruption and nepotism, and epidemics of infectious diseases. cache = ./cache/cord-017615-zjr6csla.txt txt = ./txt/cord-017615-zjr6csla.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-018677-gmitz3gg author = Clemens, John D. title = Sequential stages of clinical trials and overview of issues to be considered date = 2005 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6423 sentences = 270 flesch = 36 summary = In these studies volunteers are typically allocated at random to receive the vaccine or a comparison agent, usually a placebo, and are then challenged at a defined interval after vaccination with an inoculum of the pathogen predicted to cause the target disease in nearly 100% of the control group. Phase III studies are designed as randomized, controlled trials with clear hypotheses, and are conducted in the target group for whom vaccine licensure is desired and in a population that normally experiences the target infection. Definition of immunological correlates of vaccine protection is very important because such correlates permit assessments of the protection of the tested vaccine and ones suitably similar to it in small, short-term studies with immunological endpoints, without resort to full-scale, Phase III efficacy trials with clinical infection endpoints. The successive phases of clinical evaluation of vaccine candidates allow for acquisition of critical information about vaccine safety, immunogenicity, excretion, transmission, and protection in an incremental fashion, while minimizing the risks to subjects who volunteer to participate in these studies. cache = ./cache/cord-018677-gmitz3gg.txt txt = ./txt/cord-018677-gmitz3gg.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-017554-yvx1gyp9 author = Martin, Susan F. title = Forced Migration and Refugee Policy date = 2017-09-15 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 14664 sentences = 613 flesch = 43 summary = Migration resulting from these natural and man-made events may correspond to current international, regional and national frameworks that are designed to protect and assist refugees-that is, persons who flee across an international boundary because of a well-founded fear of persecution-but often, these movements fall outside of the more traditional legal norms and policies. These crises lead to many different forms of displacement, including internal and cross border movements of nationals, evacuation of migrant workers, sea-borne departures that often involve unseaworthy vessels, and trafficking of persons. The State-led Nansen Initiative on cross-border disaster displacement issued an Agenda for Protection that spells out actions that governments can take today to provide humanitarian relief to persons requiring either admission or non-return in these contexts. cache = ./cache/cord-017554-yvx1gyp9.txt txt = ./txt/cord-017554-yvx1gyp9.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-022351-qfhmwqgg author = Edgell, David L. title = Political and foreign policy implications of tourism date = 2009-11-16 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 12152 sentences = 535 flesch = 43 summary = • increasing two-way tourism, • supporting efforts by the National Tourism Organization travel promotion office(s), • improving tourism facilitation, • encouraging reciprocal investments in the two nations' tourism industries, • promoting the sharing of research, statistics and information, • recognizing the importance of the safety and security of tourists, • suggesting mutual cooperation on policy issues in international tourism, • providing for regular consultations on tourism matters, • acknowledging benefits from education and training in tourism, • enhancing mutual understanding and goodwill. In July 2003, WTTC revealed its Blueprint for New Tourism that proffered the statement 'which issues a call to action for both government and the industry to make several long-term commitments to ensure the prosperity of travel and tourism -one of the world's largest industries, responsible for over 200 million jobs and over 10 per cent of global GDP (Gross Domestic Product)'. STS continues its dedication to promoting and developing tourism and travel by leading regional and national organizations in innovative programmes and research. cache = ./cache/cord-022351-qfhmwqgg.txt txt = ./txt/cord-022351-qfhmwqgg.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-017469-dnnkor2o author = Georgiev, Vassil St. title = Tick-Borne Bacterial, Rickettsial, Spirochetal, and Protozoal Diseases date = 2009 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 16529 sentences = 746 flesch = 40 summary = Infections transmitted by the Ixodidae family (hard ticks) include (i) Lyme disease (borreliosis); (ii) human ehrlichiosis; (iii) Rocky Mountain spotted fever; (iv) tularemia; Other developments of NIAID-supported Lyme borreliosis and tick-borne rickettsial disease research include: r The transmission of Lyme disease r Diagnostic procedures r Co-infection r Antibiotic therapy r The role of autoimmune reactivity r Vaccine production Lack of Evidence of Borrelia Involvement in Alzheimer's Disease. Because fatigue, which is a nonspecific symptom, was the only primary outcome measure affected and because the treatment examined was associated with adverse events, the results of the SUNY study do not support the use of additional antibiotic therapy with parenteral ceftriaxone in posttreatment, persistently fatigued PTCLD patients (http://www3.niaid.nih.gov/research/topics/lyme). burgdorferi often carry-and simultaneously transmit-other emerging pathogens, such as Anaplasma (Ehrlichia) species, the causative agent of human granulocytic ehrlichiosis (HGE), and Babesia microti, which causes babesiosis (http://www3.niaid.nih.gov/research/topics/lyme/ research/co-infection/). cache = ./cache/cord-017469-dnnkor2o.txt txt = ./txt/cord-017469-dnnkor2o.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-021131-6zbe2qmd author = Abeyratne, Ruwantissa title = The ePassport — new technology to counter security threats date = 2012-11-11 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 7932 sentences = 381 flesch = 46 summary = Foremost among these discussions was the ePassport, which is defined by ICAO as a passport which has a contactless integrated circuit (IC) chip within which is stored data from the machine readable passport page, a biometric measure of the passport and a security object to protect the public key infrastructure (PKI) cryptographic technology, and which conforms to the specifications of Doc 9303 part 1. 19 The main feature of this complex web of technological activity is that an enormous amount of personal information handled by such varied players from the public and private sector, may bring about concerns of possible "data leaks" in the system, a risk that could have drastic legal consequences affecting an individual's rights to privacy. cache = ./cache/cord-021131-6zbe2qmd.txt txt = ./txt/cord-021131-6zbe2qmd.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-022003-cvawdes6 author = Darling, Robert G. title = Future Biological and Chemical Weapons date = 2015-10-23 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 9049 sentences = 498 flesch = 45 summary = New, naturally occurring infections with the potential to cause large-scale human diseases and death continue to emerge at an ever-increasing rate throughout the world, and it is conceivable that these pathogens could also be weaponized by enterprising scientists. Important existing biological agents with the potential for weaponization for military or terrorist use include the following: Another way to view the relative importance of the above list of agents and diseases list is to consider The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) strategy. • Availability • Ease of production and dissemination • Potential for high morbidity and mortality rates and major health impact Agents • Emerging and reemerging infectious diseases such as Nipah virus, hantavirus, human influenza, avian influenza, SARS and SARSassociated coronavirus (SARS-CoV), and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) cache = ./cache/cord-022003-cvawdes6.txt txt = ./txt/cord-022003-cvawdes6.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-021637-f5wwn45z author = Douglas, R. Gordon title = The Vaccine Industry date = 2017-07-17 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6455 sentences = 302 flesch = 41 summary = The vaccine industry is composed of companies that are engaged in any of the following activities: research (including that performed in industry and biotech), development, manufacture, or sales, marketing, and distribution of vaccines. In addition, new alliances will be formed between the big four manufacturers and emerging companies in India, China, and Brazil, to take advantage of increasing immunization rates in those countries as well as growth of their private markets. These product development partnership organizations (PDPs; essentially not-for-profit biotech companies) bring together specialized knowledge, animal models, immunologic assays, and field sites for vaccine testing as well as early capital investment to reduce the scientific technical risks, opportunity costs, and financial risk to their biotech and large pharma industrial partners. cache = ./cache/cord-021637-f5wwn45z.txt txt = ./txt/cord-021637-f5wwn45z.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-021081-yqu1ykc9 author = nan title = Early Warning Systems A State of the Art Analysis and Future Directions date = 2012-11-02 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 17438 sentences = 844 flesch = 41 summary = The basic idea behind early warning is that the earlier and more accurately we are able to predict short-and long term potential risks associated with natural and human induced hazards, the more likely we will be able to manage and mitigate a disaster's impact on society, economies, and environment. Effective early warning systems embrace the following aspects: risk analysis; monitoring and predicting location and intensity of the disaster; communicating alerts to authorities and to those potentially affected; and responding to the disaster. EO includes measurements that can be made directly or by sensors in-situ or remotely (i.e. satellite remote sensing, aerial surveys, land or oceanbased monitoring systems, Fig. 3 ), to provide key information to models or other tools to support decision making processes. For each hazard type, a gap analysis has been carried out to identify critical aspects and future needs of EWS, considering aspects such as geographical coverage, and essential EWS elements such as monitoring and prediction capability, communication systems and application of early warning information in responses. cache = ./cache/cord-021081-yqu1ykc9.txt txt = ./txt/cord-021081-yqu1ykc9.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-021479-hwg9rqnq author = Oldstone, Michael B.A. title = Ebola’s Scorecard: Failure of the WHO and the International Community date = 2017-07-21 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5301 sentences = 318 flesch = 61 summary = A critique by a group of 20 experts from the Harvard Global Health Institute and the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine found that "The lack of capacity in Guinea to detect the virus for several months was a key failure, allowing Ebola eventually to spread to bordering Liberia and Sierra Leone, underscoring inadequate communication and arrangements between governments and the WHO to share, validate, and respond robustly to information on outbreak." 4 Indeed, after Ebola was initially identified, it still spread through the capital cities of Guinea and Liberia, and within 2 months appeared in other major cities and their international airports. Without sufficient protective gear, and initially without widespread understanding of the virus, hundreds of health workers themselves became ill and died." 4 In summary, early in the course of the Ebola infection, before its massive outbreak, Doctors Without Borders warned the WHO about the potential threat. cache = ./cache/cord-021479-hwg9rqnq.txt txt = ./txt/cord-021479-hwg9rqnq.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-018220-8m11ig06 author = Duncan, Coley B. title = Viral Infections date = 2009-02-02 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6477 sentences = 324 flesch = 45 summary = The recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) 2007 relating to the elderly, include vaccination of all persons ³ 50 years, vaccination of residents of nursing homes and chronic-care facilities, vaccination of healthcare personnel, and vaccination of healthy household contacts (including children) and caregivers of adults ³ 50 years (3) . In a prospective study from Rochester, NY, using a combination of viral culture, RT-PCR and serology for diagnosis, RSV infection was documented in 3-7% of 608 healthy elderly and 4-10% of adults with chronic cardiopulmonary conditions over four winter seasons (16) . In healthy elderly patients and in adults with chronic pulmonary disease, low serum neutralizing antibody titers are associated with increased risk of hospitalization with RSV infection suggesting a vaccine may be beneficial. Although PIV infections are not commonly documented in older adults, several studies of community-acquired pneumonia and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) exacerbations implicate PIV as a cause in 2-17% of cases (25, 26) . cache = ./cache/cord-018220-8m11ig06.txt txt = ./txt/cord-018220-8m11ig06.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-022176-hprwqi4n author = Löscher, Thomas title = Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases date = 2009-07-28 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 8287 sentences = 384 flesch = 46 summary = Since the detection of the etiologic infectious agent and the subsequent development of laboratory diagnostic tests in the 1980s, the number of reported cases of Lyme disease has increased from 0 to 16,000 per year, indicating that it is an "emerging diagnosis." The reported numbers vary depending on the reproduction of the hosting rodents for ticks as well as the contacts between humans and nature (Spach et al. In recent years, norovirus infections are increasingly recognized as the cause of large outbreaks of diarrheal diseases in the general population, school classes, nursing homes, hospitals, and cruise ships in western countries with peaks in colder seasons (winter epidemics) (Centers of disease control 2006; Verhoef et al. Definition: only infections that are newly discovered in humans are listed in this chapter: HIV, new variant of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD), hemorrhagic uremic syndrome (HUS) caused by enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli, viral hemorrhagic fevers like Hanta, Lassa, Ebola, and Marburg fever, Nipah virus encephalitis, monkeypox, human ehrlichiosis, severe acute respiratory syndrome (coronavirus infection, SARS), and avian influenza (H5N1) (see Fig. 3 .1 and Table 3 .2). cache = ./cache/cord-022176-hprwqi4n.txt txt = ./txt/cord-022176-hprwqi4n.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-018508-pk0ealu5 author = Hu, Yi title = A Farewell to the “Sick Man of East Asia”: The Irony, Deconstruction, and Reshaping of the Metaphor date = 2013-08-28 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5104 sentences = 221 flesch = 56 summary = From the very beginning of the war, the Chinese people and the Chinese government maintained to resort to peaceful methods when solving the Korea problem and that warnings be given to the United States about withdrawing the armed forces from Taiwan, stopping the aggression against North Korea, and solving the problem of Korea and the Far East peacefully. The metaphor of the "Sick Man of East Asia" implied physical and moral denigration to the oppressed state and its people; in addition, the world police system is to prevent, control, and eradicate what was, in their eyes, the physical diseases as well as the social "diseases" -resistance, revolts, rebels, etc. The "sick men" was turned from a metaphor to a self-portrait of and a realistic oppressive discourse to the Chinese people of the time. After the sick men awakened and began an organized resistance, however, the Western powers turned to violence (the War in North Korea) as a new parasitic means. cache = ./cache/cord-018508-pk0ealu5.txt txt = ./txt/cord-018508-pk0ealu5.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-018084-c48chbfa author = Reynolds, Chris title = Global Health Security and Weapons of Mass Destruction Chapter date = 2019-06-07 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 7448 sentences = 372 flesch = 45 summary = Dennis Blair [2] states in an DNI Threat Assessment, "Most terrorist groups that have shown some interest, intent or capability to conduct CBRN attacks have pursued only limited, technically simple approaches that have not yet caused large numbers of casualties. The potential for non-state actors, which includes both domestic and international terrorists, successfully obtaining access to WMD's is a very real threat to the safety and security of all people [4] . In 2004, the United Nations Security Council passed Resolution 1540, with the intent of keeping WMD out of the hands of non-state actors, which included nuclear, biological, and chemical weapons, their means of delivery, and related materials. 3. All States must adopt and enforce domestic controls over nuclear, chemical, and biological weapons, their means of delivery, and related materials, in order to prevent their proliferation. WMD's include chemical agents, biological pathogens, radiological agents, and nuclear weapons, each of which require special protective measures for responders and decontamination for victims. cache = ./cache/cord-018084-c48chbfa.txt txt = ./txt/cord-018084-c48chbfa.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-021887-22lop0pk author = Artenstein, Andrew W. title = Biological Attack date = 2015-10-23 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 7195 sentences = 367 flesch = 36 summary = This trend culminated with the October 2001 anthrax attacks in the United States, which elevated bioterrorism to the forefront of international dialogue and heightened public concerns regarding systemic health care preparation against the threat of biological attacks. Physicians and other health care workers must therefore maintain a high index of suspicion of bioterrorism, and recognize suggestive epidemiologic clues and clinical features to enhance early recognition and guide initial management of casualties. Multiple features make smallpox an attractive biological weapon and ensure that any reintroduction into human populations would be a global public health catastrophe: it is stable in aerosol form, has a low infective dose, is associated with up to a 30% case-fatality rate, and has a large vulnerable target population because civilian vaccination was terminated in 1972. 42 Although not always clinically apparent, the psychological effect of a bioterrorism event is certainly a significant and important consideration for ongoing public health management strategies following any biological threat or terrorist attack. cache = ./cache/cord-021887-22lop0pk.txt txt = ./txt/cord-021887-22lop0pk.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-022066-8aj480hz author = MacPherson, Douglas W. title = Health Screening in Immigrants, Refugees, and International Adoptees date = 2016-09-23 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3517 sentences = 171 flesch = 35 summary = The legal basis governing inadmissibility to the United States because of health-related conditions and authorization to undertake medical examination to determine that admissibility is found in the Immigration and Nationality Act (INA) (Title 8 US Code). Currently, the regulations list the following as communicable diseases of public health significance: • For example, smallpox, poliomyelitis due to wild-type poliovirus, cholera, or viral hemorrhagic fevers (including Ebola) Currently a medical examination is required for all refugees entering the United States and all those applying for an immigrant visa from outside the United States. Currently, some refugee populations being resettled in the United States who are determined to be at increased risk for specific infections receive population-based treatment for malaria and intestinal parasites in addition to the routine immigration medical screening. Those conditions, while not relevant for immigration purposes, can be significant for new arrivals, and their identification and clinical management in the United States is important in some migrant populations. cache = ./cache/cord-022066-8aj480hz.txt txt = ./txt/cord-022066-8aj480hz.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-022734-xpyldrw7 author = Zelicoff, Alan P. title = Laboratory biosecurity in the United States: Evolution and regulation date = 2016-02-19 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 9005 sentences = 373 flesch = 40 summary = Biosecurity laws passed by the Congress vest considerable authority in government departments such as Health and Human Services (HHS) and Agriculture (USDA) to formulate and then implement regulations (frequently referred to by officials as "rules") with which laboratory workers, researchers, staff and security personnel must comply. We will summarize the processes by which agencies with HHS and USDA -typically the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and the Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) -interpret the will of Congress (via laws that have been proposed, debated and passed), formulate proposed regulations, solicit comments from individuals and entities likely to be affected, and then disseminate final rules. cache = ./cache/cord-022734-xpyldrw7.txt txt = ./txt/cord-022734-xpyldrw7.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-033873-5mexup0n author = Jain, Lucky title = Racial Disparities in Perinatal Outcomes Are a Blight on Our Progress date = 2020-10-16 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 529 sentences = 36 flesch = 59 summary = title: Racial Disparities in Perinatal Outcomes Are a Blight on Our Progress Indeed, births to non-Hispanic black women are associated with a significantly higher risk of prematurity and other adverse outcomes when compared with non-Hispanic white women. 1 A systematic review and metaanalysis by and colleagues 2 showed that black women had a twofold higher risk of preterm birth compared with whites. Studies such as these questioned previously held beliefs about racial differences in birth outcomes resulting from genetic differences and laid bare the consequences of life in the United States as a person of color. Needless to say, there is more to improving perinatal outcomes than just eliminating racial and health disparities. The authors cover a wide array of topics, including prematurity, infections, maternal conditions, and racial disparities, to name just a few. Ethnic and racial disparities in the risk of preterm birth: a systematic review and meta-analysis cache = ./cache/cord-033873-5mexup0n.txt txt = ./txt/cord-033873-5mexup0n.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-029172-fctcfoak author = Romano, John L. title = Politics of Prevention: Reflections From the COVID-19 Pandemic date = 2020-07-13 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 8401 sentences = 408 flesch = 38 summary = Two theoretical perspectives that may help to inform effectiveness of COVID-19 prevention measures, Health Belief Model and Theory of Reasoned Action and Planned Behavior, are summarized. Studies of COVID-19 preventive interventions offer rich potential to prevention scientists, researching topics such as effectiveness of recommended behaviors, compliance across different demographic groups, and effectiveness of varying media messages. Systemic prevention interventions that enhance personal, social, and physical well-being across institutions, communities, and larger entities, such as cities, states, or countries, have been advocated across many different problem areas (American Psychological Association [APA], 2014). Interestingly, APA has a very active advocacy initiative within its structure, reporting regularly to the membership about its work with policy makers on topics such as promoting social justice and human rights, reducing health disparities, addressing violence prevention, and encouraging members to do likewise. In a school-based example, some parents will accept and deem important prevention programs that teach sex education to develop healthy sexual behavior, reduce teen pregnancy, and promote respect and acceptance of different sexual identities. cache = ./cache/cord-029172-fctcfoak.txt txt = ./txt/cord-029172-fctcfoak.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-209730-nzcch4ji author = Cai, Hengjin title = On Digital Currency and the Transfer of World Wealth and Technology Centers date = 2020-08-13 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5146 sentences = 245 flesch = 56 summary = As means of overdrawing the future, sovereign currency and bonds have gradually become modern forms of wealth and have strongly promoted scientific and technological progress and social development. The world has been changing rapidly since the outbreak of COVID-19, and new forms of wealth need to be constructed as an extension of the Self of the masses, among which digital currency may be an effective carrier of value. If everyone uses existing assets (such as gold and silver) to serve as collateral for the full specified amount, we will find that even if all social wealth were taken as collateral, it would still not be enough to fill the gap because self-assertiveness demands function unceasingly to make the requirements of the people to exceed actual social output, thereby causing challenges to sustainability, which is also the major problem with Libra lacking a credit mechanism. cache = ./cache/cord-209730-nzcch4ji.txt txt = ./txt/cord-209730-nzcch4ji.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-023529-zrnczve3 author = Craighead, Geoff title = Security and Fire Life Safety Threats date = 2013-02-15 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 31484 sentences = 1764 flesch = 58 summary = (1) The Council on Tall Buildings and Urban habitat (CTBUh) formed a task force to explore options "to further increase the level of safety in tall buildings including the establishment of guidelines to better educate its report, called the World Trade Center Building Performance Study: Data Collection, Preliminary Observations and Recommendations, "fulfilling its goal 'to determine probable failure mechanisms and to identify areas of future investigation that could lead to practical measures for improving the damage resistance of buildings against such unforeseen events. The new codes address areas such as increasing structural resistance to building collapse from fire and other incidents; requiring a third exit stairway for tall buildings; increasing the width of all stairways by 50 percent in new high-rises; strengthening criteria for the bonding, proper installation, and inspection of sprayed fire-resistive materials (commonly known as 'fireproofing'); improving the reliability of active fire protection systems (such as automatic sprinklers); requiring a new class of robust elevators for access by emergency responders in lieu of an additional stairway; making exit path markings more prevalent and more visible; and ensuring effective coverage throughout a building for emergency responder radio communications. cache = ./cache/cord-023529-zrnczve3.txt txt = ./txt/cord-023529-zrnczve3.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-024936-ncia0h9m author = Luker, Gary D. title = Transitioning to a New Normal after COVID-19: Preparing to Get Back on Track for Cancer Imaging date = 2020-04-15 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 2949 sentences = 140 flesch = 49 summary = The COVID-19 pandemic presents institutions and radiologists with two formidable challenges: 1) trying to maintain clinical and research operations in the face of social distancing and stay-at-home-orders; and 2) plotting a course to transition from the immediate threat of the SARS-CoV-2 virus to an uncertain future that certainly will not resemble conditions we previously regarded as normal. While recognizing that COVID-19 has disrupted essentially all aspects of life, this commentary focuses on the immediate and projected future impact on clinical care and research in cancer imaging and image-guided therapy. As the outbreak of COVID-19 emerged in the United States, there were two main priorities that clinics had with regard to decision-making on cancer imaging appointments: keeping people healthy and preserving personal protective equipment resources. As institutional review boards may be prioritizing COVID-19 related projects, there may be a delay in new cancer imaging studies that can be approved and initiated. cache = ./cache/cord-024936-ncia0h9m.txt txt = ./txt/cord-024936-ncia0h9m.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-023767-rcv4pl0d author = O’Ryan, Miguel L. title = Microorganisms Responsible for Neonatal Diarrhea date = 2009-05-19 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 45685 sentences = 2892 flesch = 44 summary = coli may disappear completely from stools of breast-fed children during the ensuing weeks, this disappearance is believed to be related to factors present in the human milk rather than the gastric secretions.5~302~303 The use of breast-feeding or expressed human milk has even been effective in terminating nursery epidemics caused by EPEC 0 11 1:B4, probably by reducing the incidence of crossinfections among infants.3033304 Although dose-effect studies have not been performed among newborns, severe diarrhea has occurred after ingestion of 10' EPEC organisms by very young The clinical syndrome is that of bloody, noninflammatory (sometimes voluminous) diarrhea that is distinct from febrile dysentery with fecal leukocytes seen in shigellosis or EIEC infection^.^^ Most cases of EHEC infections have been recognized in outbreaks of bloody diarrhea or HUS in daycare centers, schools, nursing homes, and c o m m~n i t i e s .~~~-~~~ Although EHEC infections often involve infants and young children, the frequency of this infection in neonates remains unclear; animal studies suggest that receptors for the Shiga toxin may be developmentally regulated and that susceptibility to disease may be age related. cache = ./cache/cord-023767-rcv4pl0d.txt txt = ./txt/cord-023767-rcv4pl0d.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-027860-s97hdhh6 author = Zeimet, Anthony title = Infectious Diseases date = 2020-06-22 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 28925 sentences = 1728 flesch = 45 summary = Although common upper respiratory bacterial pathogens, such as Moraxella (Branhamella) catarrhalis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Haemophilus influenzae, may be isolated from patients with acute bronchitis, their relevance is questionable because these bacteria can be present in the respiratory tract of healthy individuals. In the treatment of Bordetella pertussis, early administration of a macrolide antibiotic and patient isolation will likely decrease coughing paroxysms and limit spread of disease (Braman, 2006) (SOR: A). Risk factors for Pseudomonas infection include severe structural lung disease (e.g., bronchiectasis) and recent antibiotic therapy, health care-associated exposures or stay in hospital (especially in the ICU). Patients who present with severe infection or whose infection is progressing despite empiric antibiotic therapy should be treated more aggressively; the treatment strategy should be based on results of appropriate Gram stain, culture, and drug susceptibility analysis. For suspected MRSA skin infections, oral treatment options include trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, clindamycin, and doxycycline of purulent material when performing incision and drainage in the event that the patient fails to improve and antibiotic coverage becomes necessary. cache = ./cache/cord-027860-s97hdhh6.txt txt = ./txt/cord-027860-s97hdhh6.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-021555-rrverrsj author = Delano, Margaret L. title = Biology and Diseases of Ruminants: Sheep, Goats, and Cattle date = 2007-09-02 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 71765 sentences = 5075 flesch = 49 summary = These references also provide information regarding vaccination products licensed for use in ruminants and typical herd and flock vaccination parasite control schedules ("Current Veterinary Therapy," 1986 , 1999 "Council report," 1994; "Large Animal Internal Medicine," 1996; Smith and Sherman, 1994) When designing a vaccination program during qualification of a source or at the research facility, it is important to evaluate the local disease incidence and the potential for exposure. Clinical signs in chronic cases in older animals, such as adult goats, include soft stools, weight loss, anorexia, depression, and severe diarrhea, sometimes with mucus and blood. This pathogen does present a complication due to the carrier status of some animals, the likelihood of herd outbreaks, the severity of disease in younger animals, and the morbidity, possible progression to uveitis, and time and treatment costs associated with infections. cache = ./cache/cord-021555-rrverrsj.txt txt = ./txt/cord-021555-rrverrsj.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-025767-scbteel5 author = Richards, Timothy J. title = COVID‐19 impact on fruit and vegetable markets date = 2020-05-18 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4024 sentences = 166 flesch = 52 summary = In the long term, we expect lasting changes in consumers' online food‐purchasing habits, heightened constraints on immigrant labor markets, and tighter concentration in fresh produce distribution and perhaps retailing. Anecdotal evidence suggests that, like several nonperishable products, consumers have been stockpiling frozen fruits and vegetables, which has the potential to dampen current and future sales of fresh produce. In fact, in 2018, total retail sales of fresh fruits and vegetables produced domestically averaged about $125 million (CDN) per month (StatsCan, 2020a), while imports averaged approximately seven times that amount (Statista, 2020) . Consequently, most of the impact of changing consumption patterns will be felt by importers, including wholesalers, distributors, and retailers, and any impact on availability will be determined by conditions in the US fresh fruit and vegetable supply chain. We identify three of the most significant in this context as an access to labor issues in the fresh produce growing industries of the United States and Canada, consolidation, and the move to online food purchasing. cache = ./cache/cord-025767-scbteel5.txt txt = ./txt/cord-025767-scbteel5.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-025366-haf542y0 author = Offit, Paul A. title = Vaccine safety date = 2012-11-07 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 16621 sentences = 797 flesch = 44 summary = 147, 148 In the United States, the CDC established the Clinical Immunization Safety Assessment (CISA) network in 2001 with the following primary goals: (1) to develop research protocols for clinical evaluation, diagnosis, and management of adverse events following immunization (AEFI); (2) to improve the understanding of AEFI at the individual level, including determining possible genetic and other risk factors for predisposed persons and high-risk subpopulations; (3) to develop evidence-based algorithms for vaccination of persons at risk of serious adverse events following immunization; and (4) to provide a resource of subject matter experts for clinical vaccine safety inquiries. Third, large population-based systems that link computerized vaccination data with health care encounter codes were used to conduct rapid ongoing analyses to evaluate possible associations of H1N1 vaccination with selected adverse events, including potential associations suggested by VAERS or other sources. cache = ./cache/cord-025366-haf542y0.txt txt = ./txt/cord-025366-haf542y0.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-029236-6fptiwmy author = Walters, Anne title = Inequities in access to education: Lessons from the COVID‐19 pandemic date = 2020-07-01 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 946 sentences = 52 flesch = 61 summary = The COVID‐19 pandemic has brought attention to the stark inequities in public education worldwide, with the United Nations sharing these statistics: Schools closed in 191 countries, affecting 1.5 billion students and 63 million primary and secondary school teachers. T he COVID-19 pandemic has brought attention to the stark inequities in public education worldwide, with the United Nations sharing these statistics: Schools closed in 191 countries, affecting 1.5 billion students and 63 million primary and secondary school teachers. Most researchers on public education are noting the pressing need for a focus on access to the internet and investing in the technology needed to close the digital divide in online learning for all students. All suggestions seem to point to a need to expand resources for schools serving low-income children -not just with access to online learning, but with other interventions designed to address the achievement gap. cache = ./cache/cord-029236-6fptiwmy.txt txt = ./txt/cord-029236-6fptiwmy.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-255574-gqekw0si author = Samanta, Indranil title = Chapter 14 Biosecurity Strategies for Backyard Poultry: A Controlled Way for Safe Food Production date = 2018-12-31 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 13644 sentences = 699 flesch = 54 summary = The source of microbial infection (Salmonella, Escherichia coli) and their dissemination through the eggs in backyard flocks kept in different agroclimatic zones of West Bengal, a major egg producing state in India, was identified. In developing countries, the backyard poultry sector mostly suffers from two infectious diseases, such as Avian influenza (AI) and Newcastle disease (ND) due to lack of biosecurity and proper vaccination (Alexander, 2001) . Avian influenza virus (AIV) infection is reported from poultry and wild birds in Asia, Africa, and Europe (OIE, 2013). In Italy, eight HPAI outbreaks in backyard poultry flocks infected with H5N2 virus were reported in 1997-98 (Alexander, 2000) , while chickens raised for recreational purposes in the urban localities in the Netherlands acted as major risk factors for a HPAI outbreak in 2003 (Slingenbergh et al., 2004) . Risk for infection with highly pathogenic Avian influenza virus (H5N1) in backyard chickens in Bangladesh cache = ./cache/cord-255574-gqekw0si.txt txt = ./txt/cord-255574-gqekw0si.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-252121-s1zxu5vo author = Lowe, James title = Role of Transportation in Spread of Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus Infection, United States date = 2014-05-17 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 1500 sentences = 69 flesch = 50 summary = After porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) was detected in the United States in 2013, we tested environmental samples from trailers in which pigs had been transported. After porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) was detected in the United States in 2013, we tested environmental samples from trailers in which pigs had been transported. The objective of this study was to assess the risks that harvest facilities and transport vehicles engendered in promoting the initial outbreak of a novel disease organism by estimating the incidence of trailer contamination with PEDV during the unloading process at harvest facilities. This study suggests that collection points, such as harvest facilities and livestock auction markets, can be an efficient source of contamination of transport vehicles that return to pig farms and likely played a role in rapidly disseminating PEDV across vast geographic regions shortly after PEDV was first identified in the United States. cache = ./cache/cord-252121-s1zxu5vo.txt txt = ./txt/cord-252121-s1zxu5vo.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-254978-m8i3q9ww author = Christian, Michael D. title = Definitive Care for the Critically Ill During a Disaster: Current Capabilities and Limitations From a Task Force for Mass Critical Care Summit Meeting, January 26–27, 2007, Chicago, IL date = 2008-05-31 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4553 sentences = 253 flesch = 47 summary = Baseline shortages of specialized resources such as critical care staff, medical supplies, and treatment spaces are likely to limit the number of critically ill victims who can receive life-sustaining interventions. However, with the anticipation of large volumes of critically ill patients in future disasters, some believe that hospital capacity, and in particular critical care capability, will be a major limiting factor for survival. Within an effective command and control system to coordinate regional response, 10 surge capacity in critical care depends on three crucial elements: (1) "stuff," medical equipment and supplies; (2) "staff," appropriately trained health professionals to competently care for critically ill and injured patients; and (3) "space," the physical location suitable for safe provision of critical care. Although great strides have been made to prepare the health-care system to respond to disaster, these plans fall short for mass casualty events with a large number of critically ill. cache = ./cache/cord-254978-m8i3q9ww.txt txt = ./txt/cord-254978-m8i3q9ww.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-255477-okbxllit author = Grabau, John C. title = Investigation of sudden death from Mycobacterium tuberculosis in a foreign-born worker at a resort hotel() date = 2004-09-25 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 2836 sentences = 152 flesch = 56 summary = 9 An investigation conducted among inner city residents in a large United States city identified predictors of death to be underlying illnesses such as diabetes mellitus, renal failure, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and HIV infection. A TB-related sudden death, where TB disease was not suspected or detected until autopsy, led to a large contact investigation and prompted the New York State Department of Health to look into other TB deaths in an effort to identify patterns where TB disease may have gone undetected and to identify opportunities for intervention to prevent transmission of infection and subsequent development of disease. Firstround testing of close contacts looked at 171 individuals, 24 (14%) of whom were known by the local health department to be TB skin test (TST)-positive. In the investigation described here, the index patient was identified at death as having extensive TB disease and likely infected a substantial number of coworkers and social contacts. cache = ./cache/cord-255477-okbxllit.txt txt = ./txt/cord-255477-okbxllit.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-253161-oz1eziy1 author = Munyikwa, Michelle title = MY COVID‐19 DIARY date = 2020-06-04 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5021 sentences = 279 flesch = 64 summary = Written in weekly instalments, Michelle Munyikwa's Covid‐19 diary reflects upon the experience of an unfolding pandemic from her dual role as a medical trainee and anthropologist living in the United States. In this narrative, Michelle Munyikwa, an anthropologist and medical doctor-in-training, reflects on developments in the Covid-19 pandemic in the form of a diary from Philadelphia. Scrolling social media feeds, one is inundated by reports from other countries, graphs and tables attempting to predict the future, and calls to understand the past of previous epidemics such that we might not repeat our errors. This uniquely 21st-century crisis is an object lesson in what it feels like to live through an emerging epidemic during what has often been described as an age of anxiety. We will need to worry about the chronically ill and the fact that many American hospitals cannot handle a surge in patients at this time of year. cache = ./cache/cord-253161-oz1eziy1.txt txt = ./txt/cord-253161-oz1eziy1.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-022736-38q8jbcl author = Coppola, Damon P. title = Participants – Multilateral Organizations and International Financial Institutions date = 2015-02-06 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 39357 sentences = 1876 flesch = 40 summary = • Incorporating long-term risk reduction and preparedness measures in normal development planning and programs, including support for specific mitigation measures where required; • Assisting in the planning and implementation of post-disaster rehabilitation and reconstruction, including defining new development strategies that incorporate risk-reduction measures relevant to the affected area; • Reviewing the impact of large settlements of refugees or displaced persons on development, and seeking ways to incorporate the refugees and displaced persons in development strategies; • Providing technical assistance to the authorities managing major emergency assistance operations of extended duration (especially in relation to displaced persons and the possibilities for achieving durable solutions in such cases). cache = ./cache/cord-022736-38q8jbcl.txt txt = ./txt/cord-022736-38q8jbcl.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-261788-f728j3bb author = Sabater González, Mikel title = Emergencies and Critical Care of Commonly Kept Fowl date = 2016-03-02 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 7742 sentences = 493 flesch = 47 summary = 3 A complete anamnesis should include, but is not restricted to, species; breed; age; gender; presenting complaint; source of the bird; diet; number of birds in the household; open or closed flock; acquisition date; date of the last addition to the flock; number and species of animals affected; potential exposure to toxins; length of illness; changes in behavior; history of previous diseases, treatments, and outcomes; reproductive history; and clinical signs, including their duration and progression. However, Newcastle disease, avian influenza, and infectious laryngotracheitis are all rare in backyard poultry, and the most common causative agent of sinusitis in fowl in the US is Mycoplasma. Infectious bronchitis is caused by a highly infectious coronavirus and is characterized by having 2 main presentations depending on the age of the infected animals; in young chicks, respiratory disease is the predominant manifestation, whereas salpingitis and the subsequent decrease in egg production is most commonly seen in older laying hens. cache = ./cache/cord-261788-f728j3bb.txt txt = ./txt/cord-261788-f728j3bb.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-269788-vfdoelk4 author = Atutornu, Jerome title = A Survey Exploring Personalized Medicine among of Radiography Academics within the United Kingdom date = 2020-07-01 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4390 sentences = 236 flesch = 46 summary = In response to the aforementioned, the aim of this study was to investigate the extent to which PM was being taught or incorporated in contemporary radiographic curriculums in higher education institutions (HEIs) offering programmes of study leading to a BSc in Diagnostic Radiography or BSc in Radiotherapy and Oncology in the United Kingdom. Some participants in this study expressed their wishes to learn more about PM in order for them to enhance their academic work, whereas others fully understood its value in the delivery of contemporary education: ''I think it is critical that we embrace personalised medicine in the curriculum. It is imperative, therefore, that we become much better informed ourselves so that we might support students' learning and prepare them for a brave new world!'' [Therapeutic academic] ''Just to reiterate that in relation to teaching personalized medicine on a therapeutic radiography programme I think we would have to learn more about its emerging use in cancer specific pathways and how it links or will link to therapeutic radiography. cache = ./cache/cord-269788-vfdoelk4.txt txt = ./txt/cord-269788-vfdoelk4.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-263438-9ra94uda author = Snowden, Frank M. title = Emerging and reemerging diseases: a historical perspective date = 2008-09-19 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 14393 sentences = 608 flesch = 47 summary = Experience with human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, the return of cholera to the Americas in 1991, the plague outbreak in India in 1994, and the emergence of Ebola in Zaire in 1995 created awareness of a new vulnerability to epidemics due to population growth, unplanned urbanization, antimicrobial resistance, poverty, societal change, and rapid mass movement of people. The United States and the World Health Organization took devised rapid response systems to monitor and contain disease outbreaks and to develop new weapons against microbes. In 1996, in addition, President Bill Clinton (28) issued a fact sheet entitled 'Addressing the Threat of Emerging Infectious Diseases' in which he declared them 'one of the most significant health and security challenges facing the global community.' There were also highly visible hearings on emerging infections in the US Congress (29) . The Rand Corporation intelligence report The Global Threat of New and Reemerging Infectious Diseases: Reconciling U.S. National Security and Public Health Policy (53) had two leading themes. cache = ./cache/cord-263438-9ra94uda.txt txt = ./txt/cord-263438-9ra94uda.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-265017-byyx2y47 author = Ryan, Jeffrey R. title = Seeds of Destruction date = 2016-03-25 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 9264 sentences = 535 flesch = 55 summary = In the United States, bioterrorism became a household word in October 2001, when Bacillus anthracis (the causative agent of anthrax) spores were introduced into the US Postal Service system by several letters dropped into a mailbox in Trenton, New Jersey (see Fig. 1 .1). At the same time as the French were signing the 1925 Geneva Protocol, they were developing a biological warfare program to complement the one they had established for chemical weapons during World War I (Rosebury and Kabat, 1947) . What many people do not know about the group is that it developed and attempted to use biological agents (anthrax, Q fever, Ebola virus, and botulinum toxin) on at least 10 other occasions. To illustrate these points we will briefly discuss four items of international interest that have been emphasized in the media: accidental shipment of live anthrax-positive controls samples, the 2014/2015 Ebola outbreak in West Africa, cases of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) in South Korea and Saudi Arabia, and a massive outbreak of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI). cache = ./cache/cord-265017-byyx2y47.txt txt = ./txt/cord-265017-byyx2y47.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-265292-yyh1kikb author = Hossain, Liaquat title = Evolutionary longitudinal network dynamics of global zoonotic research date = 2015-03-18 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4246 sentences = 246 flesch = 54 summary = Our results show increasing close collaboration among scientists from the United States, several European countries including United Kingdom, Italy, France, Netherland, Switzerland, China and Australia with scientists from other parts of the world. The search for publications has been carried out with 240 search queries using combinations of keywords including ''coordination, collaboration, cooperation, communication, preparedness, surveillance, emergency response, crisis management, containment, recovery, zoonotic, zoonosis, animal human, disease outbreak, illness outbreak, epidemic, pandemic and social network'' occurring in the articles' titles, abstracts and keywords. In the first period (1991) (1992) (1993) (1994) (1995) (1996) (1997) (1998) (1999) (2000) (2001) , the density of the network is very low (3.9 %) indicating that a limited number of all possible collaboration links among countries are realized (see Fig. 5a ). cache = ./cache/cord-265292-yyh1kikb.txt txt = ./txt/cord-265292-yyh1kikb.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-280792-nm30wct0 author = Neville, Ron title = What can health care professionals in the United Kingdom learn from Malawi? date = 2009-03-27 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3226 sentences = 172 flesch = 55 summary = Debate on how resource-rich countries and their health care professionals should help the plight of sub-Saharan Africa appears locked in a mind-set dominated by gloomy statistics and one-way monetary aid. Having established a project to link primary care clinics based on two-way sharing of education rather than one-way aid, our United Kingdom colleagues often ask us: "But what can we learn from Malawi?" A recent fact-finding visit to Malawi helped us clarify some aspects of health care that may be of relevance to health care professionals in the developed world, including the United Kingdom. This article outlines some of the areas where health care professionals in the United Kingdom can learn from Malawi. An accepted task of Malawian midwives and clinical officers is to teach groups of patients about important public health matters such as condom use, good nutrition and obtaining fresh water. So what can health care professionals based in the United Kingdom and other resource-rich environments learn from Malawi? cache = ./cache/cord-280792-nm30wct0.txt txt = ./txt/cord-280792-nm30wct0.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-271687-sxl8g85p author = Mathews, Fiona title = Chapter 8 Zoonoses in Wildlife: Integrating Ecology into Management date = 2009-03-14 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 7882 sentences = 386 flesch = 51 summary = This review examines the pathways linking zoonoses in wildlife with infection in other hosts, using examples from a range of key zoonoses, including European bat lyssaviruses and bovine tuberculosis. For example, bovine tuberculosis (bTB) in the United Kingdom undoubtedly has a reservoir in wild badger populations, and the direct cost of the disease to agriculture is projected to reach £1 billion by 2011 (Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (DEFRA), 2004). Examples of recent successes include the control of canine distemper virus in black-footed ferrets (Mustela nigripes) (Williams et al., 1988) , and rabies in African wild dogs (Lycaon pictus) (Hofmayer et al., 2004) and Ethiopian wolves (Canis simensis) (Haydon et al., 2004) . It proposes that a shift to ecologically based control, explicitly considering the natural history of wildlife hosts and their pathogens, is crucial in minimising the risk presented to humans, domestic animals and endangered species from zoonoses. cache = ./cache/cord-271687-sxl8g85p.txt txt = ./txt/cord-271687-sxl8g85p.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-273099-zkk5d6gd author = Muzumdar, Jagannath M. title = Vaccine supply, demand, and policy: A primer date = 2016-01-01 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 7496 sentences = 466 flesch = 47 summary = According to the authors, an integrated policy approach that preserves incentives for market entry and innovation in the vaccine industry while addressing parental vaccine concerns and increasing immunization funding and reimbursement for both providers and patients is needed. 2 Push strategies seek to address supply-side issues in the vaccine market by providing direct assistance to ease the burden of research, development, and production costs, whereas pull strategies are designed to manipulate demand for vaccines, thereby improving the likelihood of a return on investment by increasing the number of immunizations administered. The United Kingdom has taken a lead in promoting an International Financing Facility for Immunization (IFFIm) 69 IFFIm has raised more than $1 billion in capital markets to immunize poor children in developing nations against Reviews VACCINE POLICY vaccine-preventable diseases. cache = ./cache/cord-273099-zkk5d6gd.txt txt = ./txt/cord-273099-zkk5d6gd.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-300371-6ja5o3sa author = Maloney, Susan A. title = Prevention of infectious diseases among international pediatric travelers: Considerations for clinicians date = 2004-11-24 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 7146 sentences = 363 flesch = 41 summary = Children should have a pretravel health assessment that includes recommendations for both routine and special travel-related vaccination; malaria chemoprophylaxis, if indicated; and prevention counseling regarding insect and animal exposures, food and water safety, and avoiding injuries. Children should have a pretravel health assessment that includes recommendations for both routine and special travelrelated vaccination; malaria chemoprophylaxis, if indicated; and prevention counseling regarding insect and animal exposures, food and water safety, and avoiding injuries. During the assessment, the caregiver should ensure the following: 1) the child has received up-to-date and appropriate vaccinations (both routine and special travel-related vaccines); 2) the child has received appropriate malaria and other chemoprophylaxis regimens tailored for use in pediatric travelers; 3) prevention counseling, particularly in the areas of insect barriers, food and water safety, and injury avoidance, has been given; and 4) anticipatory guidance for managing potential illnesses (eg, diarrhea and dehydration) and seeking medical resources overseas has been provided. cache = ./cache/cord-300371-6ja5o3sa.txt txt = ./txt/cord-300371-6ja5o3sa.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-280059-i72ayr02 author = Perez, Andres M. title = Individual or Common Good? Voluntary Data Sharing to Inform Disease Surveillance Systems in Food Animals date = 2019-06-21 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3942 sentences = 145 flesch = 37 summary = However, during the last decade, swine producers in the United States (US) and other countries have voluntarily begun to share data for the control and elimination of specific infectious diseases, such as the porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSv). Here, we provide evidence of a national program for voluntary sharing of disease status data that has helped the implementation of surveillance activities that, ultimately, allowed the generation of critically important scientific information to better support disease control activities. Additional pages are shared with the project participants referring only to their own systems, and including incidence and prevalence graphs for both PRRSv and PEDv. Since its inception in 2011, the MSHMP has played a critical role in providing data that scientists translated into science-driven solutions to help the US swine industry mitigating PRRSv impact. cache = ./cache/cord-280059-i72ayr02.txt txt = ./txt/cord-280059-i72ayr02.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-294590-1niaplc2 author = Schrag, Stephanie J. title = SARS Surveillance during Emergency Public Health Response, United States, March–July 2003 date = 2004-02-17 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4720 sentences = 214 flesch = 44 summary = In response to the emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), the United States established national surveillance using a sensitive case definition incorporating clinical, epidemiologic, and laboratory criteria. In response to the emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), the United States established national surveillance using a sensitive case definition incorporating clinical, epidemiologic, and laboratory criteria. Of 1,460 unexplained respiratory illnesses reported by state and local health departments to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention from March 17 to July 30, 2003 , a total of 398 (27%) met clinical and epidemiologic SARS case criteria. On March 14, 2003 , the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) launched an emergency public health response and established national surveillance for SARS to identify case-patients in the United States and determine if domestic transmission was occurring. cache = ./cache/cord-294590-1niaplc2.txt txt = ./txt/cord-294590-1niaplc2.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-275420-zkxyxiv5 author = Crabtree, Scott J. title = The role of multidisciplinary infection prevention teams in identifying community transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in the United States date = 2020-07-23 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 1190 sentences = 67 flesch = 50 summary = title: The role of multidisciplinary infection prevention teams in identifying community transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in the United States This case study highlights the role of a multidisciplinary Infection Prevention team in the identification of the first community-transmitted SARS-CoV-2 case at a large, tertiary referral center in the United States. By rounding on the hospital units such teams can serve vital infection prevention, antibiotic stewardship, and disease surveillance functions. Through the coordinated efforts of UCD's multidisciplinary infection prevention (IP) program, the patient was identified as a possible COVID-19 case and obtained SARS-CoV-2 testing. During rounds, each patient is reviewed through the electronic medical record and via discussion with the bedside nurse to evaluate for possible infection prevention and antimicrobial stewardship interventions. The patient's case was discussed with her bedside nurse, who confirmed that SARS-CoV-2 was considered by her primary team, but given the absence of exposures, testing for this agent was not pursued. cache = ./cache/cord-275420-zkxyxiv5.txt txt = ./txt/cord-275420-zkxyxiv5.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-275494-fan1rta9 author = Childs, J.E. title = Animal-based national surveillance for zoonotic disease: Quality, limitations, and implications of a model system for monitoring rabies date = 2007-03-17 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4437 sentences = 196 flesch = 39 summary = The suitability of passively collected surveillance data for determining the presence or absence of the raccoon-associated variant of rabies within states and within individual counties was assessed by determining critical threshold values from the regression analyses. Counts of rabies test results reported as national surveillance data are, therefore, the endpoint of a required activity and these data provide an important index as to the level and epidemiologic characteristics of rabies activity within the surveillance-unit of the individual county (Wilson et al., 1997; Fischman et al., 1992; Childs et al., 2000; Gordon et al., 2004) ; no other independent source of information on wildlife rabies exist. The numbers of animals tested for rabies and reported through surveillance were positively and strongly associated with human population size or, alternatively, median annual expenditures in the individual county. cache = ./cache/cord-275494-fan1rta9.txt txt = ./txt/cord-275494-fan1rta9.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-290620-dvlnx2z3 author = Park, Jewel title = Consequences of COVID-19 on international medical graduates and students applying to residencies in the United States date = 2020-04-21 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 1212 sentences = 52 flesch = 41 summary = title: Consequences of COVID-19 on international medical graduates and students applying to residencies in the United States Previous immigration restrictions, such as Presidential Proclamation 9645 in 2018, had already raised concerns about hindering the entrance of international medical graduates (IMGs), who constitute 25% of the physician workforce in the United States [2] . Here, we summarize the potential consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic on the process of medical residency applications for current IMGs and international medical students (IMSs) and recommend measures that can be taken to minimize the disruption to their participation in US healthcare. Given the unavoidable human-to-human contact that takes place during the exam, the United States Medical Licensing Examination (USMLE) program has closed all of its five test centers as of March 16, 2020, and plans to reopen them on June 1 at the earliest [7] . Due to safety concerns arising from the COVID-19 pandemic, many medical schools in the United States have cancelled clinical rotations and stopped receiving visiting students. cache = ./cache/cord-290620-dvlnx2z3.txt txt = ./txt/cord-290620-dvlnx2z3.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-276797-86hc3lbi author = Jamieson, Denise J. title = Emerging infectious disease outbreaks: Old lessons and new challenges for obstetrician-gynecologists date = 2006-06-30 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 7263 sentences = 417 flesch = 50 summary = Objective The purpose of this study was to summarize 3 recent high-profile infectious disease threats that have affected the United States: severe acute respiratory syndrome, West Nile virus, and anthrax. Results The 3 emerging infectious diseases pose very different threats: Severe acute respiratory syndrome is a newly identified pathogen that caused an international pandemic; the West Nile virus investigation involved an old pathogen that was identified in a new location; and the anthrax attacks involved the intentional introduction of a pathogen. This systematic review summarizes 3 recent, highprofile infectious disease threats that have affected the United States: (1) SARS, (2) West Nile virus, and (3) anthrax. The 3 emerging infectious disease threats that are described in this systematic review pose very different and novel health threats: SARS is a newly identified pathogen that caused an international pandemic; the West Nile virus investigation involved an old pathogen that was identified in a new location; and the anthrax attacks involved the intentional introduction of a pathogen. cache = ./cache/cord-276797-86hc3lbi.txt txt = ./txt/cord-276797-86hc3lbi.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-284573-w0sk622m author = Caduff, Carlo title = What Went Wrong: Corona and the World after the Full Stop date = 2020-07-21 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 9277 sentences = 517 flesch = 58 summary = Published by a group of experts without peer review on an institutional website, the report compared Covid-19 with the great pandemic of 1918, which killed over 50 million people worldwide and suggested, without any evidence, that SARS-CoV-2 was "a virus with comparable lethality to H1N1 influenza in 1918." 1 Most frightening in all this was not so much the lethality of the SARS-CoV-2 virus but the license to rush forward with predictions, abandon basic standards of science, and make dramatic claims to scare people. This extreme and unprecedented blanket approach systematically imposed on entire populations was driven by a number of factors that variously prevailed in different countries across the world: a growing sense of panic, constant media sensationalism, deep authoritarian longings, increasing political pressure to contain the spread of the virus, disturbing accounts of overwhelmed hospitals unable to cope with the surge of patients, misleading mortality calculations, and, most importantly, a trust in the power of mathematical disease modeling. cache = ./cache/cord-284573-w0sk622m.txt txt = ./txt/cord-284573-w0sk622m.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-281160-e00koo91 author = Shank, Nancy title = A Review of the Role of Cost–Benefit Analyses in 2-1-1 Diffusion date = 2012-12-31 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5103 sentences = 293 flesch = 50 summary = Context The 2-1-1 helpline is a social services innovation that has spread rapidly throughout the U.S. Policy diffusion theory suggests that policymakers seek to reduce uncertainty by anticipating the effects of a proposed innovation through tools such as cost–benefit analyses. 13 United Way Worldwide and AIRS have served as networks for information sharing about the costs and benefıts of 2-1-1, typically by equipping local 2-1-1 supporters who were in contact with their state and local policymakers. AIRS and United Way Worldwide publicized documents and toolkits with information about the service's costs and benefıts through e-mail discussion groups, at national conferences, and through personal communications. Excluded from the study were analyses not specifıc to 2-1-1, information sources that were not formalized, or that presented costs or benefıts only in a very general way. cache = ./cache/cord-281160-e00koo91.txt txt = ./txt/cord-281160-e00koo91.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-275033-y9z9l0ji author = Carter-Pokras, O. title = The Role of Epidemiology in Informing United States Childhood Immunization Policy and Practice date = 2020-10-14 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 8531 sentences = 504 flesch = 41 summary = For example, surveillance and studies of childhood infectious diseases provide the basis of morbidity and mortality data used to make J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f Immunization was selected as an example for examination of epidemiology in informing public health policy and practice because childhood immunization is one of the ten greatest public health achievements in the United States--it saves lives and is cost-effective. Since public health authorities across the United States have needed to urgently implement non-pharmaceutical public health disease containment measures (e.g., shelter-in-place, postponements of noncritical health care visits), early epidemiological studies are already documenting a dramatic decline in ordering and administration of childhood vaccines, VFC clinic capacity to vaccinate children, and immunization coverage rates for VPDs. cache = ./cache/cord-275033-y9z9l0ji.txt txt = ./txt/cord-275033-y9z9l0ji.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-317441-tnde2jp5 author = Jewell, Jennifer S title = Mental Health During the COVID-19 Pandemic in the United States: Online Survey date = 2020-10-23 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4609 sentences = 266 flesch = 48 summary = The current pandemic is likely to be associated with similar mental health outcomes, as a result of potential exposure to stressors including loss of loved ones, economic hardship, social isolation, and childcare responsibilities following school and day care closures. Across numerous studies, social isolation has been associated with increased morbidity and mortality, with an increase in coronary heart disease, stroke, and poor mental health outcomes such as depression and anxiety [18] [19] [20] [21] [22] . The current study examines demographic differences in mental health and well-being outcomes and specific sources of concern that impact these outcomes among a US sample of 1083 adults surveyed between April 7 and June 1, 2020, immediately following business closures and movement restrictions. Based on a review of the limited literature specifically related to the COVID-19 pandemic, Rajkumar [24] found that older adults were at greater risk for mental health concerns [35] . cache = ./cache/cord-317441-tnde2jp5.txt txt = ./txt/cord-317441-tnde2jp5.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-318407-uy0f7f2o author = Nara, Peter L. title = Perspectives on advancing preventative medicine through vaccinology at the comparative veterinary, human and conservation medicine interface: Not missing the opportunities date = 2008-11-18 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 12527 sentences = 501 flesch = 40 summary = For vaccination as a public health tool to have its greatest impacts in human and veterinary medicine, these great medical sciences will have to come together, policy-relevant science for sustainable conservation in developing and developed countries needs to become the norm and address poverty (including lack of basic health care) in communities affected by conservation, and to consider costs and benefits (perceived or not) affecting the well-being of all stakeholders, from the local to the multinational. For vaccination as a public health tool to have its greatest impacts in human and veterinary medicine, these great medical sciences will have to come together, policy-relevant science for sustainable conservation in developing and developed countries needs to become the norm and address poverty (including lack of basic health care) in communities affected by conservation, and to consider costs and benefits (perceived or not) affecting the well-being of all stakeholders, from the local to the multinational. cache = ./cache/cord-318407-uy0f7f2o.txt txt = ./txt/cord-318407-uy0f7f2o.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-274862-x580ktas author = Thomaier, L. title = Emotional health concerns of oncology physicians in the United States: fallout during the COVID-19 pandemic date = 2020-06-12 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 2361 sentences = 144 flesch = 52 summary = Our objective was to evaluate the effect of the pandemic on the emotional well-being of oncology providers across the United States and explore factors associated with anxiety and depression symptoms. Factors significantly associated with both anxiety and depression included: degree to which COVID-19 has interfered with the ability to provide treatment to cancer patients and concern that patients will not receive the level of care needed for non-COVID-19 illness (all p-values <0.01). Conclusion: The prevalence of anxiety and depression symptoms among oncology physicians in the United States during the COVID-19 pandemic is high. We sought to evaluate the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on the emotional health of oncology physicians across the United States and explore factors associated with anxiety and depression symptoms. Oncology physicians report significant anxiety and depression symptoms during the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States. cache = ./cache/cord-274862-x580ktas.txt txt = ./txt/cord-274862-x580ktas.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-276758-k2imddzr author = Siegel, Jane D. title = 2007 Guideline for Isolation Precautions: Preventing Transmission of Infectious Agents in Health Care Settings date = 2007-12-07 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 46228 sentences = 2479 flesch = 35 summary = Activities currently assigned to ICPs in response to emerging challenges include (1) surveillance and infection prevention at facilities other than acute care hospitals (eg, ambulatory clinics, day surgery centers, LTCFs, rehabilitation centers, home care); (2) oversight of employee health services related to infection prevention (eg, assessment of risk and administration of recommended treatment after exposure to infectious agents, tuberculosis screening, influenza vaccination, respiratory protection fit testing, and administration of other vaccines as indicated, such as smallpox vaccine in 2003); (3) preparedness planning for annual influenza outbreaks, pandemic influenza, SARS, and bioweapons attacks; (4) adherence monitoring for selected infection control practices; (5) oversight of risk assessment and implementation of prevention measures associated with construction and renovation; (6) prevention of transmission of MDROs; (7) evaluation of new medical products that could be associated with increased infection risk (eg, intravenous infusion materials); (8) communication with the public, facility staff, and state and local health departments concerning infection control-related issues; and (9) participation in local and multicenter research projects. cache = ./cache/cord-276758-k2imddzr.txt txt = ./txt/cord-276758-k2imddzr.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-273789-sbppgkza author = Donohoe, Holly title = Lyme disease: Current issues, implications, and recommendations for tourism management date = 2014-08-20 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 10268 sentences = 409 flesch = 43 summary = One study from the United States reported the results of a survey of workers regarding their knowledge of Lyme disease and their behaviour regarding tick-bite prevention and one article provided a comprehensive review of the occupational risks (Piacentino & Schwartz, 2002) . Early case studies in the United States failed to show a significant increase in risk associated with outdoor recreation (e.g. Bowen et al., 1984; Ciesielski et al., 1989; Falco & Fish, 1989) but Smith et al.'s (1988) research found that persons who had spent more than 30 h per week in outdoor activities in endemic areas were 2.5 times more likely to test positive for Lyme disease. cache = ./cache/cord-273789-sbppgkza.txt txt = ./txt/cord-273789-sbppgkza.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-307899-427a7i3h author = BITTLE, JAMES L. title = Vaccines Produced by Conventional Means to Control Major Infectious Diseases of Man and Animals date = 1989-12-31 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 17476 sentences = 1073 flesch = 49 summary = Adenoviruses cause significant disease in dogs, foxes, and man, but have also been isolated from cattle, swine, goats, sheep, horses, turkeys, and chickens, where they produce mild infections, mainly associated with the respiratory and intestinal tracts. The latter modified the virus by serial passage in porcine and canine tissue cultures; the resulting vaccine immunized dogs and did not produce clinical signs of infection except for occasional corneal opacity similar to that caused by natural infection. The immunity produced by the attenuated live-virus CAV-1 vaccines is long lasting and has drastically reduced the incidence of the canine disease. The exception is human hepatitis A virus, which causes a serious disease and has one serotype; the development of both inactivated virus and attenuated live-virus vaccines is in progress (Hilleman et al., 1982; Provost et al., 1983) . An attenuated live-virus yellow fever vaccine was developed by passage of the virulent Asibi strain in mouse brain and cell culture until it had lost its pathogenicity for monkeys and man (Theiler, 1951) . cache = ./cache/cord-307899-427a7i3h.txt txt = ./txt/cord-307899-427a7i3h.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-295339-nzc47itk author = Baker, Marissa G. title = Estimating the burden of United States workers exposed to infection or disease: A key factor in containing risk of COVID-19 infection date = 2020-04-28 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3320 sentences = 139 flesch = 41 summary = METHODS: To estimate the number of United States workers frequently exposed to infection and disease in the workplace, national employment data (by Standard Occupational Classification) maintained by the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) was merged with a BLS O*NET survey measure reporting how frequently workers in each occupation are exposed to infection or disease at work. Given the proportion of the United States workforce exposed to disease or infection at work, this analysis also serves as an important reminder that the workplace is a key locus for public health interventions, which could protect both workers and the communities they serve. To estimate the number of United States workers frequently exposed to infection and disease in the workplace, national employment data (by Standard Occupational Classification) maintained by the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) was merged with a BLS O*NET survey measure reporting how frequently workers in each occupation are exposed to infection or disease at work. cache = ./cache/cord-295339-nzc47itk.txt txt = ./txt/cord-295339-nzc47itk.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-310931-5165078t author = Oppong, Joseph R. title = Globalization of Communicable Diseases date = 2019-12-04 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3188 sentences = 160 flesch = 48 summary = This entry examines the spatial patterns of familiar communicable diseases, including the syndemic of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and tuberculosis, as well as new diseases such as Ebola, Zika, and dengue. At the end of 2016, about 36.7 million people were living with HIV globally, with 25.6 million cases in sub-Saharan Africa, a region with 11% of the world's population, and 91% of the world's children living with the disease. Currently, more than 90% of the global TB burden occurs within developing countries due to widespread HIV/AIDS infection, crowding, medication shortages, and poor healthcare programs. In 2016, a total of 5,168 noncongenital ZIKAV disease cases were reported in the United States, mostly in travelers returning from ZIKAV-affected areas, but local mosquito-borne transmission increased. Zika virus disease in travelers returning to the United States cache = ./cache/cord-310931-5165078t.txt txt = ./txt/cord-310931-5165078t.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-297125-la20vi9j author = Brower, Jennifer L. title = The Threat and Response to Infectious Diseases (Revised) date = 2016-08-01 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 12334 sentences = 579 flesch = 44 summary = In just the past year, the United States has been bombarded with headlines on the dangers of infectious diseases: "HIV 'Epidemic' Triggered by Needle-Sharing Hits Scott County, Indiana [1] ;" "American with Ebola Now in Critical Condition [2] ;" "Seasonal Flu Vaccine Even Less Effective than Thought: CDC [3] ;" "'Superbug' Outbreak at California Hospital, more than 160 Exposed [4] ;" "Deadly CRE Bugs Linked to Hard to Clean Medical Scopes [5] ;" "Painful Virus [Chikungunya] Sweeps Central America, Gains a Toehold in U.S. Many factors have reduced the number of new antibiotics approved in the United States each year as well as reduced domestic production including demanding Food and Drug Administration (FDA) regulations, the cost and time to market of development, the consolidation in the pharmaceutical industry, and the lack of financial impetus to produce and distribute antibiotics, which are generally used on a one-off basis versus drugs used to treat chronic conditions such as statins, Viagra, and allergy medications. cache = ./cache/cord-297125-la20vi9j.txt txt = ./txt/cord-297125-la20vi9j.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-315726-ltjurdrq author = Acheson, D.W.K. title = Food and Waterborne Illnesses date = 2009-02-17 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 10890 sentences = 584 flesch = 47 summary = A wide variety of the common foodborne pathogens is discussed, with a brief description of what they are, the types of illness they cause, and the kinds of food most frequently associated with them along with some commentary with regard to treatment. Examples include the hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) secondary to Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC), the development of Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) after Campylobacter infection, and the association of a number of enteric bacterial pathogens with reactive arthritis and postinfectious irritable bowel syndrome. ETEC are transmitted through contaminated water and food and have caused a number of large outbreaks in the United States; however, their importance in sporadic disease is not known. cache = ./cache/cord-315726-ltjurdrq.txt txt = ./txt/cord-315726-ltjurdrq.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-303034-w72oeoxq author = Haischer, Michael H. title = Who is wearing a mask? Gender-, age-, and location-related differences during the COVID-19 pandemic date = 2020-10-15 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4429 sentences = 216 flesch = 55 summary = To understand the demographics of mask wearers and resistors, and the impact of mandates on mask-wearing behavior, we observed shoppers (n = 9935) entering retail stores during periods of June, July, and August 2020. Wearing a mask in public is currently a controversial and politicized issue in the United States, even with case evidence from other countries that face coverings help to control the spread of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) [1] . To facilitate greater understanding and reliable experimental data on whether gender, age, location, and the presence of mask mandates influence mask wearing in the United States, we conducted a direct observational study at retail stores in Wisconsin. It is not surprising that our June data showed that older individuals wear masks more than middle-age and young people because older adults are at higher risk for more severe cases of COVID-19. cache = ./cache/cord-303034-w72oeoxq.txt txt = ./txt/cord-303034-w72oeoxq.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-293930-n7cfs3ku author = Kading, Rebekah C. title = Emergence of Arboviruses in the United States: The Boom and Bust of Funding, Innovation, and Capacity date = 2020-06-06 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3738 sentences = 199 flesch = 50 summary = The Ebola Grand Challenge program, funded by the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), United States Agency for International Development (USAID), the United States Executive Office, and the Department of Defense, provided financial backing to 14 innovative projects to improve the response to Ebola outbreaks. As the United States has experienced emergences and threats of first Culex and now also Aedes-borne viruses, innovations to traditional mosquito trapping tools targeting these vector groups have arisen, with the proportion of sales in different categories fluctuating over time in response to arbovirus outbreak and funding availability (Figure 1 ). As the United States has experienced emergences and threats of first Culex and now also Aedes-borne viruses, innovations to traditional mosquito trapping tools targeting these vector groups have arisen, with the proportion of sales in different categories fluctuating over time in response to arbovirus outbreak and funding availability (Figure 1 ). cache = ./cache/cord-293930-n7cfs3ku.txt txt = ./txt/cord-293930-n7cfs3ku.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-291803-hsnz2qry author = Bhattacharjee, Barnali title = “The COVID-19 Pandemic and its Effect on Mental Health in USA – A Review with Some Coping Strategies” date = 2020-08-23 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4036 sentences = 245 flesch = 52 summary = These observations suggest possible increase in mental health illnesses in United States as a consequence of the pandemic. The fear of being infected or dying from the disease is one of the most significant causes of mental health disorders. In this article, the authors critically examine the onset of the pandemic in United States of America focusing on its effect on the mental health of American people. May 28, 2020 With the increase in the number of COVID-19 cases in United States from March through April 2020, there has been a rise in fear in the minds of people. This suggests that the COVID-19 pandemic and its effect on the economy in United States may lead to an increase in mental health illness in the country. Recent stressors associated with the 2020 COVID-19 pandemic such as illnesses, social isolation, depressive home environment, and financial hardship can cause depressive disorders. Managing mental health challenges faced by healthcare workers during covid-19 pandemic cache = ./cache/cord-291803-hsnz2qry.txt txt = ./txt/cord-291803-hsnz2qry.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-292853-xihpfidg author = Ford, Julian D. title = Social, cultural, and other diversity issues in the traumatic stress field date = 2015-08-07 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 18821 sentences = 665 flesch = 36 summary = A social-ecological framework is used to differentiate the impact of exposure to traumatic stressors and the development of (or resistance to) PTSD, based on the individual's or group's (i) personal, unique physical characteristics, including skin color, racial background, gender, and sexual orientation; and (ii) family, ethnocultural, and community membership, including majority or minority group status, religious beliefs and practices, socioeconomic resources, and political and civic affiliations. Depending on Social, cultural, and other diversity issues in the traumatic stress field 505 their cultural background and its traditions and beliefs, individuals may also have "multiple vulnerability status"-that is, to be members of more than one group or to have characteristic that cause them to be even more susceptible to discrimination or victimization (i.e., adolescent black male in the United States; a baby born with physical or developmental disabilities in a culture that endorses selective resources to the ablebodied; a gay man or lesbian woman of color in a highly homophobic and racist society). cache = ./cache/cord-292853-xihpfidg.txt txt = ./txt/cord-292853-xihpfidg.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-304016-4o2bpedp author = Hanage, William P. title = COVID-19: US federal accountability for entry, spread, and inequities—lessons for the future date = 2020-11-02 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5701 sentences = 249 flesch = 49 summary = In this article we assess the impact of missteps by the Federal Government in three specific areas: the introduction of the virus to the US and the establishment of community transmission; the lack of national COVID-19 workplace standards and enforcement, and lack of personal protective equipment (PPE) for workplaces as represented by complaints to the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) which we find are correlated with deaths 16 days later (ρ = 0.83); and the total excess deaths in 2020 to date already total more than 230,000, while COVID-19 mortality rates exhibit severe—and rising—inequities in race/ethnicity, including among working age adults. Finally, despite the initial federal failure to report COVID-19 data by race/ethnicity [6] , a combination of specific studies, state reporting, investigative journalism, and data trackers has revealed that a persistent feature of the pandemic has been the existence of racial/ethnic inequities in cases, hospitalizations, and mortality, especially with regard to increased risk among US Black, Latinx, and American Indian/Alaska Native populations compared to the US white non-Hispanic population [3-5, 7, 8, 69, 70] . cache = ./cache/cord-304016-4o2bpedp.txt txt = ./txt/cord-304016-4o2bpedp.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-319463-erdwejd2 author = Diaz, J. H. title = Global Climate Changes and International Trade and Travel: Effects on Human Health Outcomes date = 2011-12-31 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4963 sentences = 197 flesch = 37 summary = The ultimate effects of climate changes and the increased distribution of pathogens by international trade and travel will not be limited to infectious disease outbreaks in immunologically naïve populations but will also impact world food production and quality, air quality, drinking water availability and quality, immigration, urban relocation, and civil unrest. Accessible airline connections now permit infected individuals to travel anywhere in the world in less than 24 h, delivering human reservoirs of malaria, dengue, West Nile virus, and Chikungunya fever to new temperate areas for autochthonous or local transmission by new and adaptable mosquito vectors, often recent air or sea arrivals themselves. Although the relationships among infected vector importation, index case immigration, reclaimed disease ecosystems, and malaria transmission are complex, future attempts to control and eradicate airport and imported malaria should be based on an understanding of disease transmission mechanisms and an appreciation that climate and ecosystem changes can support reemerging local mosquito-borne infectious diseases, especially malaria, dengue, Chikungunya fever, and West Nile virus (Table 1) . cache = ./cache/cord-319463-erdwejd2.txt txt = ./txt/cord-319463-erdwejd2.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-308066-lrbi5198 author = Childs, James E. title = Pre-spillover Prevention of Emerging Zoonotic Diseases: What Are the Targets and What Are the Tools? date = 2007 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 15698 sentences = 714 flesch = 41 summary = The uneven standards of surveillance, humanor animal-based, for zoonotic diseases or pathogens maintained and transmitted by wildlife H R s, or even domestic species, is a global problem, readily apparent even within the United States, where investment in public health, including surveillance systems, has a long and enviable history. Following an outbreak of human monkeypox in several US states (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 2003a; see the chapter by Regnery, this volume), local populations of indigenous North American rodents were captured and examined for infection from areas around animal-holding facilities housing African rodents imported for the pet-trade and implicated as the source of monkeypox virus (Cunha 2004; Check 2004) . National institutions charged with strategic planning for emerging diseases or intentional releases of zoonotic agents have emphasized improving diagnostic capabilities for detecting human infections, modifying the immune status of human or domestic animals through vaccines, producing better antiviral or antibacterial drugs, and enhancing human-based surveillance as an early warning system (Fauchi 2002 ; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 1998). cache = ./cache/cord-308066-lrbi5198.txt txt = ./txt/cord-308066-lrbi5198.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-302848-a246wl7f author = Lawler, J. J. title = 4.25 Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies to Reduce Climate Vulnerabilities and Maintain Ecosystem Services date = 2013-12-31 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 17434 sentences = 803 flesch = 39 summary = Maintaining or increasing ecosystem services into the future will require integrating adaptation strategies (actions that help human and natural systems accommodate changes) and mitigation strategies (actions that reduce anthropogenic influences on climate) ( Figure 1 ). In this chapter, we provide an overview of what will likely be some of the most effective and most important mitigation and adaptation strategies for addressing changes to the climate system stemming from increased GHG emissions. We discuss various ways in which mitigation and adaptation strategies can help reduce the magnitude and the impacts of the changes we are likely to experience, as well as improve human health and directly or indirectly affect ecosystem functions and services. Restoring or protecting some semblance of the natural river flow conditions necessary to support ecosystem function (called environmental flows) into the future is one of the most important climate change adaptation strategies for flowing waters. cache = ./cache/cord-302848-a246wl7f.txt txt = ./txt/cord-302848-a246wl7f.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-318845-w7q5o8wc author = Pendell, Dustin L. title = Economic Assessment of FMDv Releases from the National Bio and Agro Defense Facility date = 2015-06-26 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 8168 sentences = 409 flesch = 48 summary = This study evaluates the economic consequences of hypothetical foot-and-mouth disease releases from the future National Bio and Agro Defense Facility in Manhattan, Kansas. To assess the economic impacts of unintentional FMDv releases from NBAF, we follow [4, 7, [21] [22] to link supply shocks from an animal disease spread model with a multi-commodity, multi-market partial equilibrium model. To determine the total economic impact for a scenario, the changes in producer returns to capital and management and consumer welfare, government indemnification and non-indemnification expenditures, and the costs to the non-agricultural regional sector were summed together. Because the duration of the FMD outbreaks and number of animals culled and vaccinated are similar to the aerosol scenarios, the total economic impacts of the transference release scenarios are similar to impacts of an aerosol release, including the distribution of impacts by production types across time. cache = ./cache/cord-318845-w7q5o8wc.txt txt = ./txt/cord-318845-w7q5o8wc.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-318826-l922zqci author = Holschbach, Chelsea L. title = Salmonella in Dairy Cattle date = 2018-03-31 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 11033 sentences = 532 flesch = 40 summary = In large free stall dairies, it is increasingly common to encounter Salmonella infection as an endemic challenge with clinical presentations that are highly variable, ranging from the classic textbook description of reproductive losses and enteric disease in adult cattle through to lower impact problems with fevers of unknown origin, little to no diarrhea, and only modest consequences in terms of appetite and milk yield reduction. 29 Hence, if one is merely trying to obtain a yes or no answer or identify and track specific serovars, or antimicrobial susceptibility patterns over time, composite fecal samples are typically collected from areas on dairy operations where manure accumulates from a majority of adult animals, such as holding pens, alleyways, and lagoons. Prompt diagnosis, treatment, and isolation are important during an outbreak in adult cattle and environmental sampling to include bulk tank milk and high-risk housing areas should now be considered a routine part of disease prevention and surveillance. cache = ./cache/cord-318826-l922zqci.txt txt = ./txt/cord-318826-l922zqci.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-303447-3a7jxl34 author = Cohn, Amanda C. title = Immunizations in the United States: A Rite of Passage date = 2005-05-28 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 7963 sentences = 381 flesch = 40 summary = This article reviews the US immunization program with an emphasis on its role in ensuring that vaccines are effective, safe, and available and highlights several new vaccines and recommendations that will affect the health of children and adolescents and the practice of pediatric medicine in future decades. This article reviews the US immunization program with an emphasis on its role in ensuring that vaccines are effective, safe, and available and highlights several new vaccines and recommendations that will affect the health of children and adolescents and the practice of pediatric medicine in future decades. Before introduction of PCV7, Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus) was a leading cause of infectious morbidity in young children in the United States, annually causing approximately 17,000 cases of invasive disease in children younger than 5 years old, including 700 cases of meningitis and 200 deaths. cache = ./cache/cord-303447-3a7jxl34.txt txt = ./txt/cord-303447-3a7jxl34.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-326138-16kpn9db author = Weinstein, Robert A. title = Laboratory-Acquired Infections date = 2009-07-01 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3648 sentences = 183 flesch = 38 summary = Although the precise risk of infection after an exposure remains poorly defined, surveys of laboratory-acquired infections suggest that Brucella species, Shigella species, Salmonella species, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and Neisseria meningitidis are the most common causes. Surveys of diagnostic laboratory workers in the United Kingdom conducted since 1971 have reported that tuberculosis and enteric infections (especially shigellosis) were the most common laboratory-acquired infections [7, 8] . Similar results were obtained from a survey of clinical microbiology laboratories in Utah from the period 1978-1992, with shigellosis reported to be the most common laboratory-acquired infection [10] . Although no controlled studies have been performed to assess the benefit of postexposure prophylaxis (PEP), it should be considered for laboratory workers who have high-risk exposure to Brucella species (e.g., because of direct manipulation of Brucella cultures outside of laminar-flow BSCs). Viral agents transmitted through blood and bodily fluids cause most of the laboratory-acquired infections in diagnostic laboratories and among health care workers [1] . cache = ./cache/cord-326138-16kpn9db.txt txt = ./txt/cord-326138-16kpn9db.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-315428-uiezqa4p author = Tessler, Hannah title = The Anxiety of Being Asian American: Hate Crimes and Negative Biases During the COVID-19 Pandemic date = 2020-06-10 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4635 sentences = 229 flesch = 53 summary = In this essay, we review how the COVID-19 (coronavirus) pandemic that began in the United States in early 2020 has elevated the risks of Asian Americans to hate crimes and Asian American businesses to vandalism. These hate crimes and bias incidents occur in the landscape of American racism in which Asian Americans are seen as the embodiment of China and potential carriers of COVID-19, regardless of their ethnicity or generational status. In New York City alone, from the start of the COVID-19 outbreak through April 2020, the NYPD's hate crime task force has investigated fourteen cases where all the victims were Asian and targeted due to coronavirus discrimination (NYPD, 2020) . While there have been numerous instances of anti-Asian bias and crime, there have not been similarly patterned anti-European tourist incidents or an avoidance of Italian restaurants, suggesting that COVID-19 illuminates the particular racialization of disease that extends beyond this virus, and further back in American history. cache = ./cache/cord-315428-uiezqa4p.txt txt = ./txt/cord-315428-uiezqa4p.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-307013-80dup4sr author = Lu, Victor M. title = Letter to the Editor: Lessons to Learn from the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Pandemic for International Medical Graduate Applicants and United States Neurosurgery Residency Programs date = 2020-08-24 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 1012 sentences = 54 flesch = 56 summary = title: Letter to the Editor: Lessons to Learn from the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Pandemic for International Medical Graduate Applicants and United States Neurosurgery Residency Programs In light of the current COVID-19 pandemic, a number of changes affecting the visa process in the United States has revealed particular immigration policies that are subject to change without notice. Therefore, being present in the United States before Match Day is recommended to ensure that if an IMG candidate is successful, changes in travel policies and plans will not impact their ability to start residency on time. As lockdowns in the United States began, the U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services suspended premium processing of H1-B visas, 5 which would have greatly impacted incoming IMG residents. The current COVID-19 pandemic has shed light on how difficult the immigration process can be for prospective IMG applicants and U.S. neurosurgery programs, as well as how unpredictable it can be. cache = ./cache/cord-307013-80dup4sr.txt txt = ./txt/cord-307013-80dup4sr.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-328908-2004vp48 author = Thombs, Brett D. title = Changes in mental health symptoms from pre-COVID-19 to COVID-19 among participants with systemic sclerosis from four countries: A scleroderma patient-centered intervention network (SPIN) cohort study date = 2020-10-03 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 2650 sentences = 155 flesch = 55 summary = title: Changes in mental health symptoms from pre-COVID-19 to COVID-19 among participants with systemic sclerosis from four countries: A scleroderma patient-centered intervention network (SPIN) cohort study Multiple linear and logistic regression were used to assess factors associated with continuous change and ≥ 1 minimal clinically important difference (MCID) change for anxiety (PROMIS Anxiety 4a v1.0; MCID = 4.0) and depression (Patient Health Questionnaire-8; MCID = 3.0) symptoms, controlling for pre-COVID-19 levels. Our objective was to compare anxiety (PROMIS Anxiety 4a v1.0 scale 11, 12 ) and depression (Patient Health Questionnaire-8 13 ) symptoms before and after onset of COVID-19 among people with SSc, including (1) continuous score changes; (2) proportion with change scores of at least one minimal clinically important difference (MCID); (3) proportion initially under a cutoff threshold who changed by at least 1 MCID and reached the threshold; and (4) factors associated with changes, including country, comparing results from Canada, France, the United Kingdom, and the United States. cache = ./cache/cord-328908-2004vp48.txt txt = ./txt/cord-328908-2004vp48.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-321642-efv9ovx9 author = Reicher, Stephen title = On order and disorder during the COVID‐19 pandemic date = 2020-07-01 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3605 sentences = 187 flesch = 54 summary = Using examples from different countries (principally the United Kingdom, the United States, and France), we first isolate three factors which determine whether people accept or reject control measures. This work puts flesh on John Turner's suggestion that the procedural justice framework 'points to a whole range of other factors relevant to identification with authorities and acceptance of their control as an ingroup norm (e.g. the ideology and goals of group members, the social comparative context, their history of success or failure for the group, the degree to which the authorities are perceived as more or less prototypical of the relevant identity) ' (2005, p. Echoing Turner, we suggest that, in addition to leadership and procedural justice, historical and structural context is a third antecedent of shared in-group identity and hence of adherence to authority. Let us turn next to the question of 'disorder' and more specifically to protests against government social distancing measures and to anti-authority rioting in the context of the pandemic. cache = ./cache/cord-321642-efv9ovx9.txt txt = ./txt/cord-321642-efv9ovx9.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-333411-hqtb4a2c author = Tan, Tina Q title = Location Matters: Geographic Disparities and Impact of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) date = 2020-09-17 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 1769 sentences = 110 flesch = 53 summary = The COVID-19 pandemic in the United States has revealed major disparities in the access to testing and messaging about the pandemic based on the geographic location of individuals, particularly in communities of color, rural areas, and areas of low income. The COVID-19 pandemic initially impacted the most densely populated areas in the United States particularly large urban areas in which health systems endured waves of cases that overwhelmed resources including hospital beds, personal protective equipment, intensive care capacity, ventilators, and personnel. The COVID-19 pandemic has accentuated longstanding racial/ethnic disparities in healthcare access and outcomes in the United States particularly in regard to geographic locations in rural and remote areas and low income settings. As rural and urban geographic areas remain interconnected, health policymakers and government authorities need to develop emergency and preparedness plans that address the limited access to COVID-19 testing, effective means of communication, provider shortage, and lack of healthcare facilities and intensive care units in rural areas. cache = ./cache/cord-333411-hqtb4a2c.txt txt = ./txt/cord-333411-hqtb4a2c.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-336464-eslgz1ka author = Chomel, Bruno B. title = Wildlife, Exotic Pets, and Emerging Zoonoses date = 2007-01-17 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3475 sentences = 166 flesch = 43 summary = The outbreak of Nipah virus infection in Malaysia during 1998-1999, which caused 265 human cases of viral encephalitis and a 38% mortality rate, was also the result of several major ecologic and environmental changes associated with deforestation and expansion of nonindustrial pig farming in association with production of fruit-bearing trees (16) . Wildlife may become new reservoirs of infection and may recontaminate domestic animals; examples include bovine tuberculosis in the United Kingdom associated with Mycobacterium bovis infection in badgers (Meles meles) (18) and brucellosis in outdoor-reared swine in Europe that resulted from spillover from the wild boar brucellosis (Brucella suis biovar 2) reservoir (19) . Another risk factor related to the emergence of zoonotic diseases from wildlife has been the considerable increase in consumption of bushmeat in many parts of the world, especially Central Africa and the Amazon Basin, where 1-3.4 million tons and 67-164 million kilograms, respectively, are consumed each year (7) . cache = ./cache/cord-336464-eslgz1ka.txt txt = ./txt/cord-336464-eslgz1ka.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-326916-bakwk4tm author = Fauver, Joseph R. title = Coast-to-Coast Spread of SARS-CoV-2 during the Early Epidemic in the United States date = 2020-05-07 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5556 sentences = 323 flesch = 53 summary = To uncover the sources of SARS-CoV-2 introductions and patterns of spread within the United States, we sequenced nine viral genomes from early reported COVID-19 patients in Connecticut. To delineate the roles of domestic and international virus spread in the emergence of new United States COVID-19 outbreaks, we sequenced SARS-CoV-2 viruses collected from cases identified in Connecticut. We sequenced SARS-CoV-2 genomes from nine of the first COVID-19 cases reported in Connecticut, with sample collection dating from March 6-14, 2020 (Data S1). By combining daily passenger volumes ( Figure 2B ) with COVID-19 prevalence at the travel route origin (Figures 2C and 2D) and accounting for differences in reporting rates, we found that the domestic and international SARS-CoV-2 importation risk started to increase dramatically at the beginning of March 2020 ( Figure 2E ). cache = ./cache/cord-326916-bakwk4tm.txt txt = ./txt/cord-326916-bakwk4tm.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-324185-zt88o3co author = Sovacool, Benjamin K. title = Contextualizing the Covid-19 pandemic for a carbon-constrained world: Insights for sustainability transitions, energy justice, and research methodology date = 2020-10-31 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 7229 sentences = 326 flesch = 43 summary = Jefferson (this volume) [18] writes "In the run-up to the collapse of crude oil prices in early 2020 it was primarily a division between Russia and Saudi Arabia within OPEC which appeared to be the main force at work, but then the COVID-19 pandemic took over, followed by US oil prices turning negative in April 2020, as May contracts expired and traders had to offload stocks with ongoing storage becoming extremely limited." He further states that despite the stimulus and recovery packages being offered by many nations, "there will be many oil sectors incurring losses, from US shale oil and Canadian tar sands producers, to many standard crude oil exporters incurring problems with production equipment access and costs, or experiencing lack of competitiveness in key markets." Recent data from the International Energy Agency confirms this point, noting severe reductions in global demand for oil and natural gas (see Fig. 2 ). cache = ./cache/cord-324185-zt88o3co.txt txt = ./txt/cord-324185-zt88o3co.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-325052-7vlxa0i7 author = Williamson, E. D. title = Vaccines for emerging pathogens: prospects for licensure date = 2019-04-11 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6218 sentences = 267 flesch = 42 summary = However, vaccines for pathogens which cause severe, but occasional, disease outbreaks in endemic pockets have suffered from a lack of commercial incentive for development to a clinical standard, encompassing Phase III clinical trials for efficacy. While approval of vaccines for diseases caused by such pathogens would Clinical and Experimental Immunology REvIEw ARtIClE Series Editor: E Diane williamson make a significant impact on disease outbreaks, taking niche vaccines into clinical development, including Phase III clinical trials for efficacy, requires a large investment in time and money. An alternative is to develop such vaccines to request US Emergency Use Authorization (EUA), or an alternative status in the United States, Canada and European Union (EU) making use of a considerable number of alternative regulatory mechanisms that are available prior to licensing, so that the products are deployable at the first indications of a disease outbreak. cache = ./cache/cord-325052-7vlxa0i7.txt txt = ./txt/cord-325052-7vlxa0i7.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-321194-xi4zy5ow author = Allam, Zaheer title = The Third 50 Days: A Detailed Chronological Timeline and Extensive Review of Literature Documenting the COVID-19 Pandemic From Day 100 to Day 150 date = 2020-07-24 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 17924 sentences = 938 flesch = 64 summary = The build-up to this global pandemic announcement saw a national wide lockdown declared in Italy on 9th following an uncontrollable and astronomic increase in the number of new cases and deaths in the country (BBC, 2020c) . As the situation escalated, with over 1000 confirmed cases in the country, and over 31 deaths from the virus, the National Basketball Association (NBA), one of the most popular and fancied sporting activity in North America abruptly suspended its season, as of March 11, when a player of the Utah Jazz tested positive for coronavirus, just before their game with Oklahoma City began (Cacciola and Deb, 2020) . While a majority of countries, especially in Europe writhed in desperation from the impacts of COVID-19, China reported a third consecutive day with no local new case of coronavirus (The straits Times, 2020c). cache = ./cache/cord-321194-xi4zy5ow.txt txt = ./txt/cord-321194-xi4zy5ow.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-323311-xl2fv0qx author = Kahn, R. E. title = 6th International Conference on Emerging Zoonoses date = 2012-09-07 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 19161 sentences = 802 flesch = 41 summary = The three key characteristics of this integrated approach to so many infectious diseases are as follows: (i) to use cell culture, primary cells, nonhuman primate and human clinical models to study viral infection; (ii) to combine traditional histopathological, virological and biochemical approaches with functional genomics, proteomics and computational biology (Haagmans et al., 2009); and (iii) to obtain signatures of virulence and insights into mechanisms of host defense response, viral evasion and pathogenesis (Casadevaill et al., 2011) . The unity of human, animal and ecosystem health outlined by Professor Aguirre, as well as the interactions among multiple tick-borne pathogens in a natural reservoir host set out by Professor Fish and his research team, both summarized in Topic 1 above, highlight the necessity of cross-disciplinary collaboration in studying zoonotic bacterial diseases (Daszak et al., 2007, pp. cache = ./cache/cord-323311-xl2fv0qx.txt txt = ./txt/cord-323311-xl2fv0qx.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-324198-b8f99z8r author = Allam, Zaheer title = Underlining the Role of Data Science and Technology in Supporting Supply Chains, Political Stability and Health Networks During Pandemics date = 2020-07-24 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6789 sentences = 286 flesch = 52 summary = Besides those, even when countries went on lockdown, the use of technology became even more apparent, as devices such as drones, robots, sensors, smart helmets, and thermal detectors were widely used for different purposes such as delivery, identifying potential coronavirus virus cases and other purposes (WHO, 2020b) . Going further, even post-COVID-19, the role of computation technologies will continue, especially in reevaluating the policy responses, and hence help different stakeholders to identify areas of weakness and how such could be strengthened in case of similar future major disruptive events. According to The World Bank (2020), data transparency not only would help in reducing political tension and win over the coronavirus but is also prerequisite in weathering down the economic shocks affecting the global economy, especially by helping enhancing trust in governments, hence promoting investments especially post-COVID-19. On the Coronavirus (COVID-19) Outbreak and the Smart City Network: Universal Data Sharing Standards Coupled with Artificial Intelligence (AI) to Benefit Urban Health Monitoring and Management cache = ./cache/cord-324198-b8f99z8r.txt txt = ./txt/cord-324198-b8f99z8r.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-325300-wawui0fd author = Tulchinsky, Theodore H. title = 4 Communicable Diseases date = 2000-12-31 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 31276 sentences = 1672 flesch = 47 summary = No less important are organized programs to promote self protection, case finding, and effective treatment of infections to stop their spread to other susceptible persons (e.g., HIV, sexually transmitted diseases, tuberculosis, malaria). Very great progress has been made in infectious disease control by clinical, public health, and societal means since 1900 in the industrialized countries and since the 1970s in the developing world. The WHO in 1998 has declared hepatitis prevention as a major public health crisis, with an estimated 170 million persons infected worldwide (1996) , stressing that this "silent epidemic" is being neglected and that screening of blood products is vital to reduce transmission of this disease as for HIu HCV is a major cause of chronic cirrhosis and liver cancer. Varicella vaccine is now recommended for routine immunization at age 12-18 months in the United States, with catch-up for children up to age 13 years and for occupationally exposed persons in health or child care settings. cache = ./cache/cord-325300-wawui0fd.txt txt = ./txt/cord-325300-wawui0fd.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-327748-8ob6okeh author = Feng, Tianjun title = Product Quality Risk Perceptions and Decisions: Contaminated Pet Food and Lead‐Painted Toys date = 2010-07-09 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 9437 sentences = 510 flesch = 59 summary = Those selecting our study were told: "We are conducting a study on how people react to product quality related crises, with a focus on the recent recalls of contaminated pet food and lead-painted children's toys." We further analyzed the relationship between participants' gender and their subjective probability judgment for all three versions, and we did not find significant differences. Using the psychometric paradigm, we now examine the ratings on seven risk perception dimensions of eight hazardous products or risky situations, including contaminated dog food, lead-painted toys, contaminated spinach, avian flu, mad cow disease, SARS, cell phone radiation, and cigarette smoking. cache = ./cache/cord-327748-8ob6okeh.txt txt = ./txt/cord-327748-8ob6okeh.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-329283-s3ale8ko author = Grant, Aubrey title = Coronavirus, Refugees, and Government Policy: The State of U.S. Refugee Resettlement during the Coronavirus Pandemic date = 2020-08-09 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3206 sentences = 151 flesch = 50 summary = The United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) continues to work with member states to provide guidance and assistance to those populations protected under their mandate. In the United States, the Trump Administration has responded to the crisis by further eroding refugee and asylum resettlement programs and failing to properly protect the asylum seekers currently being detained. In the United States, the Trump Administration has responded to the crisis by further eroding refugee and asylum resettlement programs and failing to properly protect the asylum seekers currently being detained. In Baltimore, Mera Kitchen Collective-founded in 2018 to empower refugee and immigrant women through food entrepreneurship (Meehan, 2018; Cassie, 2019) -has responded to the coronavirus pandemic by donating prepared meals to health-care workers and fellow Baltimoreans in need (Strickland, 2020) . cache = ./cache/cord-329283-s3ale8ko.txt txt = ./txt/cord-329283-s3ale8ko.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-334108-4ey725dv author = Seymour, I.J. title = Foodborne viruses and fresh produce date = 2008-07-07 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 10241 sentences = 596 flesch = 52 summary = The most frequently reported foodborne viral infections are viral gastroenteritis and hepatitis A: both have been associated with the consumption of fresh fruit or vegetables. There are many groups of viruses which could contaminate food items, but the major foodborne viral pathogens are those that infect via the gastrointestinal tract, such as the gastroenteritis viruses and hepatitis A virus. There is a need to develop more effective quantitative methods in order to assess the survival of viruses on fresh produce and to determine the decontamination ef®ciencies of current commercial washing systems for fruit and vegetables. Mounting evidence suggests that viruses can survive long enough and in high enough numbers to cause human diseases through direct contact with polluted water or contaminated foods (Nasser 1994; Bosch 1995) . When hepatitis A virus was detected in lettuce from Costa Rica, it was suggested that the possible source of contamination was the discharge of untreated sewage into river water used to irrigate crops, which is common practice in some less well-developed countries (Hernandez et al. cache = ./cache/cord-334108-4ey725dv.txt txt = ./txt/cord-334108-4ey725dv.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-332703-ohzkpbwy author = Hui, Jane Yuet Ching title = Cancer Management During the COVID-19 Pandemic in the United States: Results From a National Physician Cross-sectional Survey date = 2020-08-25 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3509 sentences = 170 flesch = 45 summary = METHODS: Participants were recruited to an anonymous cross-sectional online survey of oncology physicians (surgeons, medical oncologists, and radiation oncologists) using social media from March 27 to April 10, 2020. Though not statistically significant, radiation oncologists were also more likely than surgeons or medical oncologists to alter treatment plans due to concerns about exposure risk to health care workers (61.7% vs. At~10 to 11 weeks after the first confirmed case of COVID-19 in the United States, we found that the majority of physicians had already altered the oncology treatment plans, including surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy, for their patients. We did observe that physicians who practice in states with higher numbers of confirmed COVID-19 cases were more likely to have altered their treatment plans but do not have longitudinal data to assess how case numbers affect cancer care. We found that physicians who practice in states with a higher COVID-19 case count were more likely to have already altered cancer treatment plans. cache = ./cache/cord-332703-ohzkpbwy.txt txt = ./txt/cord-332703-ohzkpbwy.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-327879-qrxoj8nc author = Nagurney, Anna title = Refugee migration networks and regulations: a multiclass, multipath variational inequality framework date = 2020-07-21 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 8224 sentences = 559 flesch = 63 summary = In the network models of human migration, migrants reflect their preferences for destination versus origin nodes through utility functions, which are distinct for each class of migrant, and the utility functions depend on the populations at the different locations. In this section, we construct refugee migration models consisting of multiple classes of refugees and with the possibility of multiple routes/paths between an origin node and a destination node associated with refugee flows. Before presenting the computational procedure that we will apply to compute solutions to larger refugee migration problems, we establish a supernetwork equivalence between the refugee model with multiple paths, but with a single class, and a traffic network equilibrium problem with fixed demands. In this paper, we constructed refugee migration network equilibrium models that incorporate multiple classes of refugees, along with routes from origin to destination nodes that can consist of multiple links that capture congestion. cache = ./cache/cord-327879-qrxoj8nc.txt txt = ./txt/cord-327879-qrxoj8nc.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-337218-risqto89 author = Chu, Ellen W. title = Environmental Impact, Concept and Measurement of date = 2013-02-05 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 16635 sentences = 718 flesch = 46 summary = 107 ) sums up what he calls the hazards of human progress this way: ''Each time history repeats itself, the price goes up.'' Indeed, as the second decade of the 21st century begins, humans are ecosystem engineers on a planetary scale, and our global civilization threatens the life-sustaining capacity of all of Earth's environmental ''spheres'': But with nearly 7 billion people occupying or using resources from every place on Earth, humans are overwhelming the ability of other life-forms to make a living and depleting the planet's natural wealth. Chemicals -as varied as prescription drugs flowing out of sewage plants, pesticides, heavy metals, and cancer-causing by-products of countless manufacturing processes -now lace the world's water, soil, and air and the bodies of all living things, including humans. The list of chemicals' effects on living things is so long that chemical pollution equals humans' environmental impact in most people's minds, yet it is just one form of biotic impoverishment. cache = ./cache/cord-337218-risqto89.txt txt = ./txt/cord-337218-risqto89.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-353726-e0mr8kqb author = Adler, Nicole title = Strategies for managing risk in a changing aviation environment date = 2012-07-31 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 11639 sentences = 448 flesch = 42 summary = Abstract Given the increasing volatility in the economic performance of airlines, partially reflecting the dynamics of demand for air transport and the fixed costs associated with the industry, all stakeholders need to consider appropriate strategies for better managing the risks. These strategies need to provide a cushion whereby companies can reasonably handle the risk of fuel price instability, the introduction of carbon cap and trade regulation, the need to finance airport infrastructure, air traffic management systems, aircraft and other assets, the competitive inequalities drawing from subsidies across the globe at various levels of the supply chain and the effects of increasing ad-hoc consumer protection laws. We discuss the on-going process of deregulation of the airline markets in section 5.1, the conditions under which airport regulation continues to be a necessity in a gradually privatized and corporatized airport industry in section 5.2 and the issues arising as a result of the changes in ownership form of the air traffic control sector in section 5.3. cache = ./cache/cord-353726-e0mr8kqb.txt txt = ./txt/cord-353726-e0mr8kqb.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-348495-pa6iqc83 author = Perrotta, D. title = Behaviors and attitudes in response to the COVID-19 pandemic: Insights from a cross-national Facebook survey date = 2020-05-15 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 7494 sentences = 312 flesch = 50 summary = Our goal in this paper is to provide insights into the relation between participants' demographic characteristics and (i) the threat they perceive COVID-19 to pose to various levels of society, (ii) the confidence they have in the preparedness of different national and international organizations to handle the current crisis, and (iii) the behavioral measures (preventive measures and social distancing measures) they have taken to protect themselves from the coronavirus. The questionnaire consists of four topical sections: (i) socio-demographic indicators (age, sex, country of birth, country of residence, level of education, household size and composition); (ii) health indicators (underlying medical conditions, flu vaccination status, pregnancy, symptoms experienced in the previous seven days); (iii) opinions and behaviors (perceived threat from COVID-19, level of trust in institutions, level of confidence in sources of information, preventive measures taken, disruptions to daily routine); (iv) social contact data, i.e. the number of interactions that respondents had the day before participating in the survey in different settings (at home, at school, at work, or in other locations). cache = ./cache/cord-348495-pa6iqc83.txt txt = ./txt/cord-348495-pa6iqc83.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-345402-brhvfsgy author = Miller, Ryan S. title = Diseases at the livestock–wildlife interface: Status, challenges, and opportunities in the United States date = 2013-06-01 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 8147 sentences = 437 flesch = 42 summary = Specifically, the goals of the literature review were three fold: first to evaluate domestic animal diseases currently found in the United States where wildlife may play a role; second to identify critical issues faced in managing these diseases at the livestock–wildlife interface; and third to identify potential technical and policy strategies for addressing these issues. We found that of the 86 avian, ruminant, swine, poultry, and lagomorph diseases that are reportable to the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE), 53 are present in the United States; 42 (79%) of these have a putative wildlife component associated with the transmission, maintenance, or life cycle of the pathogen; and 21 (40%) are known to be zoonotic. Thirteen (62%) of these actively managed diseases have a wildlife component and at least 6 (bovine tuberculosis, paratuberculosis, brucellosis, avian influenza, rabies, and cattle fever tick [vector control]) have a wildlife reservoir that is a recognized impediment to eradication due to continued spillover to domestic populations. cache = ./cache/cord-345402-brhvfsgy.txt txt = ./txt/cord-345402-brhvfsgy.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-349765-90g5v697 author = Huang, Qingming title = The Pandemic and the Transformation of Liberal International Order date = 2020-10-16 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 12477 sentences = 573 flesch = 42 summary = This paper addresses three significant challenges to the foundations of the current liberal order: (1) the entrenchment of authoritarianism, characterized by authoritarian resilience, autocratization, and the consolidation of competing authoritarian political-economic models; (2) the exacerbation of nationalism enabled by nationalist and populist politicians; and (3) the intensified competition among major powers. The myth about an ideal and cohesive liberal order, forged by Western solidarity and a shared sense of purpose and righteousness, has been further debunked during the pandemic, leaving space for challengers like China to exploit the internal division and fragmentation within the West and extend its influence globally. The myth about an ideal and cohesive liberal order, forged by Western solidarity and a shared sense of purpose and righteousness, has been further debunked during the pandemic, leaving space for challengers like China to exploit the internal division and fragmentation within the West and extend its influence globally. cache = ./cache/cord-349765-90g5v697.txt txt = ./txt/cord-349765-90g5v697.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-339372-f3onp9mg author = Owen, James A. title = Advancing the Adoption of Continuing Professional Development (CPD) in the United States date = 2020-08-31 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6756 sentences = 311 flesch = 40 summary = Over the last four decades, the expanded patient care roles of pharmacists in the United States (U.S.) have increased focus on ensuring the implementation of processes to enhance continuing professional development within the profession. The concept of CPD within the profession of pharmacy was initially defined by the International Pharmaceutical Federation (FIP) as "the responsibility of individual pharmacists for systematic maintenance, development and broadening of knowledge, skills and attitudes, to ensure continuing competence as a professional, throughout their careers" [1] . Ensure that pharmacists maintain (at an appropriate level) their knowledge, skills, and competence to practice through their careers in their own specific (or current) areas of practice Improve the pharmacist's personal performance (i.e., develop knowledge and skills) Enhance the pharmacist's career progression While aligned with the FIP model, the CCP model was modified slightly to meet the identified needs of pharmacists in the United States. cache = ./cache/cord-339372-f3onp9mg.txt txt = ./txt/cord-339372-f3onp9mg.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-342412-azkamnpa author = Ecker, David J title = The Microbial Rosetta Stone Database: A compilation of global and emerging infectious microorganisms and bioterrorist threat agents date = 2005-04-25 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 7206 sentences = 409 flesch = 42 summary = This paper focuses on the information in the database for pathogens that impact global public health, emerging infectious organisms, and bioterrorist threat agents. For example, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) maintains an ever-changing list of notifiable diseases, the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease (NIAID) lists agents with potential for use in bioterrorist attacks, and the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) maintains a list of critical human pathogens. This article focuses on the information in the database for pathogens that impact global public health, emerging infectious organisms, and bioterrorist threat agents. It provides a compilation of lists, taken from the database, of important and/or regulated biological agents from a number of agencies including HHS, the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), the CDC, the World Health Organization (WHO), the NIAID, and other sources. cache = ./cache/cord-342412-azkamnpa.txt txt = ./txt/cord-342412-azkamnpa.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-351231-aoz5jbf1 author = Bartlett, John G. title = Why Infectious Diseases date = 2014-09-15 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5505 sentences = 276 flesch = 43 summary = The value of the infectious disease practitioner is now magnified by the crisis of antibiotic resistance, the expanding consequences of international travel, the introduction of completely new pathogen diagnostics, and healthcare reform with emphasis on infection prevention and cost in dollars and lives. The point is that epidemics are the domain of infectious diseases and public health, with the expectation for management or prevention of outbreaks with requirements for detection, reporting, isolation, and case management. This began with a patient transferred from a New York City hospital with a KPC infection and became the source of an institutional outbreak that required extraordinary efforts to control, including a wall constructed to isolate cases, removal of plumbing (as a possible source), use of matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) molecular diagnostics to detect cases and carriers, hydrogen peroxide room aerosols, and "whole house" surveillance cultures. The new healthcare system should value infectious disease expertise based on its important role in addressing resistance and costs associated with nosocomial infections. cache = ./cache/cord-351231-aoz5jbf1.txt txt = ./txt/cord-351231-aoz5jbf1.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-348807-9xxc5hyl author = Cuomo, Raphael E. title = Sub-national longitudinal and geospatial analysis of COVID-19 tweets date = 2020-10-28 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3235 sentences = 143 flesch = 43 summary = METHODS: In an effort to better understand the impacts of COVID-19, we concurrently assessed the geospatial and longitudinal distributions of Twitter messages about COVID-19 which were posted between March 3rd and April 13th and compared these results with the number of confirmed cases reported for sub-national levels of the United States. This study suggests that, across subnational areas within the United States, there exists a highly variable threshold of perceived dangerousness and/or intrusiveness required to activate outbreak-related conversations on social media platforms such as Twitter, a finding that can inform future outbreak communication and health promotion strategies. Concurrent geospatial and longitudinal analyses also indicate that predominantly rural areas of the United States increased engagement in COVID-19 social media conversations at later stages of the study timeframe. This study is unique in that it uses Twitter data as a proxy measure for assessing the concurrent longitudinal and geospatial distributions of attention to COVID-19 across local and regional communities in the United States. cache = ./cache/cord-348807-9xxc5hyl.txt txt = ./txt/cord-348807-9xxc5hyl.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-354009-1ek4s8oe author = Wang, Yun title = Spatiotemporal Characteristics of COVID-19 Epidemic in the United States date = 2020-07-08 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3143 sentences = 207 flesch = 59 summary = We characterized the dynamics of COVID-19 epidemic through detecting weekly hotspots of newly confirmed cases using Spatial and Space-Time Scan Statistics and quantifying the trends of incidence of COVID-19 by county characteristics using the Joinpoint analysis. The results would enhance our understanding of small area-based spatiotemporal dynamics of COVID-19 outbreak, thus help inform multilevel strategies to control the spread of coronavirus and appropriate allocations of public health and healthcare resources in the United States. To identify the characteristics of counties with a high burden of COVID-19, we examined county-level geographic and sociodemographic factors, including rural-urban context, distance to the nearest core airport, population density, percentage of non-white minority population, percentage of population 65 years or older, and percentage of population below the federal poverty line. cache = ./cache/cord-354009-1ek4s8oe.txt txt = ./txt/cord-354009-1ek4s8oe.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-350565-mejd7blb author = Lewnard, Joseph A title = Emerging Challenges and Opportunities in Infectious Disease Epidemiology date = 2019-03-16 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6614 sentences = 289 flesch = 29 summary = We next consider emerging paradigms in causal inference for infectious diseases, ranging from approaches to evaluating vaccines and antimicrobial therapies to the task of ascribing clinical syndromes to etiologic microorganisms, an age-old problem transformed by our increasing ability to characterize human-associated microbiota. We next consider emerging paradigms in causal inference for infectious diseases, ranging from approaches to evaluating vaccines and antimicrobial therapies to the task of ascribing clinical syndromes to etiologic microorganisms, an age-old problem transformed by our increasing ability to characterize human-associated microbiota. Although serosurveys have bolstered recent efforts to understand the geographic range and clinical spectrum of EBOV and Zika virus infections (47, 48) , the enhancement of dengue hemorrhagic fever risk by prior exposure (49) , and the role of immunologic history in influenza susceptibility and vaccine response (50) , there remain few examples of public health programs undertaking serological studies for routine surveillance, at least in civilian populations (51) . cache = ./cache/cord-350565-mejd7blb.txt txt = ./txt/cord-350565-mejd7blb.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-023211-kt5gt26t author = nan title = Poster Session Abstracts date = 2007-08-29 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 221224 sentences = 11772 flesch = 52 summary = Previous studies performed using fluorescence halide efflux measurements and short-circuit current voltage clamp have shown that treatment with PPARγ (peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma) agonists, such as pioglitazone and FLL (FMOC-L-leucine), resulted in an increased biosynthesis and trafficking of ∆F508-CFTR to the cell surface. Physiology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom Recent progress in the development of small molecule correctors and potentiators capable of restoring CFTR function have increased the need for pre-clinical test models including cultured airway epithelial cells from human CF patients as well as CF mouse models. Clinical studies have linked increased sputum and peripheral blood neutrophil MPO activity with increased airflow obstruction in cystic fibrosis (CF) patients of the same age, gender, airway bacterial flora, and CFTR genotype. Because patients expressing low levels of normal CFTR mRNA (5-20%) have mild disease symptoms, these studies demonstrate that the incorporation of the ciliated cell-specific FOXJ1 promoter into gene therapy vectors may be useful for treatment of CF. cache = ./cache/cord-023211-kt5gt26t.txt txt = ./txt/cord-023211-kt5gt26t.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-009997-oecpqf1j author = nan title = 2018 ASPHO ABSTRACTS date = 2018-03-31 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 182060 sentences = 10342 flesch = 48 summary = Completed cranial radiation and proceeded to allogeneic stem cell transplant with unrelated cord marrow donor and is disease free at approximately day +200.Case 2: 5 year-old female diagnosed with FLT3 and MLL negative AML and completed treatment per COG AAML1031 study on the low risk arm without Bortezomib. Design/Method: This study was a retrospective chart review that included patients 3 to 23 years old with sickle cell disease type SS and S 0 followed at St. Christopher's Hospital for Children. Background: Hydroxyurea, chronic blood transfusion, and bone marrow transplantation can reduce complications, and improve survival in sickle cell disease (SCD), but are associated with a significant decisional dilemma because of the inherent risk-benefit tradeoffs, and the lack of comparative studies. Brown University -Hasbro Children's Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island, United States Background: Despite clinical advances in the treatment of sickle cell disease (SCD) in pediatric and young adult patients, pain remains a significant source of disease-related morbidity. cache = ./cache/cord-009997-oecpqf1j.txt txt = ./txt/cord-009997-oecpqf1j.txt ===== Reducing email addresses cord-002769-7xp143nc cord-017554-yvx1gyp9 cord-326916-bakwk4tm cord-325300-wawui0fd cord-329283-s3ale8ko cord-337632-2q6gm7n3 Creating transaction Updating adr table ===== Reducing keywords cord-007542-12dzeebn cord-004227-lp63i56o cord-006131-t1ffey31 cord-000463-31q7ftnd cord-016704-99v4brjf cord-005227-74ycwmyg cord-001197-bhlxglyd cord-002769-7xp143nc cord-009507-l74c9x0n cord-001800-644lf8vn cord-016536-8wfyaxcb cord-016130-5q9ufu28 cord-000029-qww6pe61 cord-016379-lcog1654 cord-010213-p4b08jtf cord-016855-hqs94hfa cord-016322-dyjpfvvf cord-011280-o4ssggit cord-016840-p3sq99yg cord-003970-3e58229u cord-013921-0aflv1ly cord-016285-cwhmm3f6 cord-015646-tt2p9uue cord-016557-f2mzwhrt cord-017675-in9r33ww cord-017858-kugh9y8c cord-018566-dd5gw66t cord-022581-awivedxp cord-017615-zjr6csla cord-017997-obvk2d8e cord-018677-gmitz3gg cord-022035-annn4qn1 cord-017351-73hlwwdh cord-017554-yvx1gyp9 cord-022351-qfhmwqgg cord-017469-dnnkor2o cord-021131-6zbe2qmd cord-022467-j2trahab cord-022003-cvawdes6 cord-021637-f5wwn45z cord-021081-yqu1ykc9 cord-021479-hwg9rqnq cord-018220-8m11ig06 cord-023367-ujflw19b cord-022176-hprwqi4n cord-018508-pk0ealu5 cord-021887-22lop0pk cord-018084-c48chbfa cord-022066-8aj480hz cord-022380-49oti4zg cord-023713-daz2vokz cord-022734-xpyldrw7 cord-033873-5mexup0n cord-029172-fctcfoak cord-023529-zrnczve3 cord-209730-nzcch4ji cord-021550-evh3b7o2 cord-024936-ncia0h9m cord-023767-rcv4pl0d cord-025767-scbteel5 cord-027860-s97hdhh6 cord-021555-rrverrsj cord-025366-haf542y0 cord-024061-gxv8y146 cord-022034-o27mh4wz cord-029236-6fptiwmy cord-032716-i6hfj8ca cord-255574-gqekw0si cord-027679-89yt6fzo cord-252121-s1zxu5vo cord-263667-5g51n27e cord-263599-cqol8zf2 cord-254978-m8i3q9ww cord-024981-yfuuirnw cord-255477-okbxllit cord-253161-oz1eziy1 cord-272630-2na1gndu cord-022736-38q8jbcl cord-170666-zjwlmzj3 cord-177001-ron8oqrn cord-258783-ev0h95b9 cord-257524-69fcw7ol cord-261788-f728j3bb cord-257751-n7w1psr4 cord-269788-vfdoelk4 cord-263261-xhem8l39 cord-263438-9ra94uda cord-033687-djkljey2 cord-269958-nj0ub9in cord-273610-cfoq3r3i cord-274061-ynqxgyw6 cord-287839-cslrz4yp cord-267960-r5m7o9dp cord-268331-m4hqxna2 cord-265300-jcpyrlw9 cord-265292-yyh1kikb cord-280792-nm30wct0 cord-265017-byyx2y47 cord-275620-b7iy3w6l cord-273064-c58nf9vb cord-273099-zkk5d6gd cord-271687-sxl8g85p cord-275033-y9z9l0ji cord-275420-zkxyxiv5 cord-294590-1niaplc2 cord-300371-6ja5o3sa cord-290620-dvlnx2z3 cord-280059-i72ayr02 cord-275494-fan1rta9 cord-284573-w0sk622m cord-262892-n38r8n70 cord-274862-x580ktas cord-281160-e00koo91 cord-317441-tnde2jp5 cord-276797-86hc3lbi cord-283667-jqlz7yt8 cord-318407-uy0f7f2o cord-291443-ff80mr2a cord-276758-k2imddzr cord-273789-sbppgkza cord-310931-5165078t cord-315726-ltjurdrq cord-295339-nzc47itk cord-307899-427a7i3h cord-297125-la20vi9j cord-291803-hsnz2qry cord-303034-w72oeoxq cord-293930-n7cfs3ku cord-292853-xihpfidg cord-323913-v32c2vda cord-319463-erdwejd2 cord-304016-4o2bpedp cord-308066-lrbi5198 cord-315428-uiezqa4p cord-302848-a246wl7f cord-318845-w7q5o8wc cord-315184-py8lbg97 cord-318826-l922zqci cord-303447-3a7jxl34 cord-307013-80dup4sr cord-332610-t99l3zii cord-326138-16kpn9db cord-334925-csy5fekx cord-335691-lsuwsm43 cord-326887-lyewg2c9 cord-333405-ji58jbct cord-328908-2004vp48 cord-321642-efv9ovx9 cord-333411-hqtb4a2c cord-336464-eslgz1ka cord-321194-xi4zy5ow cord-326916-bakwk4tm cord-323311-xl2fv0qx cord-324185-zt88o3co cord-325052-7vlxa0i7 cord-329905-dwfwwdbn cord-335065-fv122304 cord-324198-b8f99z8r cord-334108-4ey725dv cord-325300-wawui0fd cord-339062-tq0f6d01 cord-327748-8ob6okeh cord-329283-s3ale8ko cord-332622-9cty2uho cord-332703-ohzkpbwy cord-340195-425rd7ul cord-354209-g1zynbul cord-327879-qrxoj8nc cord-343021-gqem6bxj cord-337218-risqto89 cord-347601-kt2rqx8m cord-343849-hmii6bvq cord-342939-b7qn6ynk cord-353726-e0mr8kqb cord-353828-ir14ywcv cord-351581-xm3na3as cord-348495-pa6iqc83 cord-350156-fykm8ovm cord-345402-brhvfsgy cord-337632-2q6gm7n3 cord-339372-f3onp9mg cord-349765-90g5v697 cord-351231-aoz5jbf1 cord-342412-azkamnpa cord-348807-9xxc5hyl cord-354009-1ek4s8oe cord-353772-z1x52stl cord-350565-mejd7blb cord-349821-5ykwwq75 cord-023211-kt5gt26t cord-009997-oecpqf1j Creating transaction Updating wrd table ===== Reducing urls cord-000463-31q7ftnd cord-006131-t1ffey31 cord-016130-5q9ufu28 cord-016855-hqs94hfa cord-016840-p3sq99yg cord-016322-dyjpfvvf cord-003970-3e58229u cord-015646-tt2p9uue cord-017675-in9r33ww cord-017615-zjr6csla cord-022351-qfhmwqgg cord-017469-dnnkor2o cord-021131-6zbe2qmd cord-018220-8m11ig06 cord-022066-8aj480hz cord-021550-evh3b7o2 cord-023529-zrnczve3 cord-025767-scbteel5 cord-022734-xpyldrw7 cord-021555-rrverrsj cord-025366-haf542y0 cord-024061-gxv8y146 cord-024981-yfuuirnw cord-177001-ron8oqrn cord-269788-vfdoelk4 cord-263261-xhem8l39 cord-033687-djkljey2 cord-273610-cfoq3r3i cord-267960-r5m7o9dp cord-268331-m4hqxna2 cord-275620-b7iy3w6l cord-300371-6ja5o3sa cord-273064-c58nf9vb cord-318407-uy0f7f2o cord-274862-x580ktas cord-317441-tnde2jp5 cord-276758-k2imddzr cord-273789-sbppgkza cord-297125-la20vi9j cord-303034-w72oeoxq cord-304016-4o2bpedp cord-292853-xihpfidg cord-319463-erdwejd2 cord-308066-lrbi5198 cord-315184-py8lbg97 cord-307013-80dup4sr cord-328908-2004vp48 cord-334925-csy5fekx cord-326916-bakwk4tm cord-329905-dwfwwdbn cord-327748-8ob6okeh cord-325300-wawui0fd cord-332703-ohzkpbwy cord-351581-xm3na3as cord-348495-pa6iqc83 cord-342412-azkamnpa cord-009997-oecpqf1j cord-349821-5ykwwq75 Creating transaction Updating url table ===== Reducing named entities cord-007542-12dzeebn cord-004227-lp63i56o cord-006131-t1ffey31 cord-000463-31q7ftnd cord-016704-99v4brjf cord-002769-7xp143nc cord-005227-74ycwmyg cord-001197-bhlxglyd cord-001800-644lf8vn cord-009507-l74c9x0n cord-016536-8wfyaxcb cord-000029-qww6pe61 cord-016130-5q9ufu28 cord-016379-lcog1654 cord-010213-p4b08jtf cord-016855-hqs94hfa cord-016322-dyjpfvvf cord-011280-o4ssggit cord-016840-p3sq99yg cord-015646-tt2p9uue cord-013921-0aflv1ly cord-016285-cwhmm3f6 cord-003970-3e58229u cord-017615-zjr6csla cord-017858-kugh9y8c cord-016557-f2mzwhrt cord-017675-in9r33ww cord-018566-dd5gw66t cord-018677-gmitz3gg cord-017351-73hlwwdh cord-022581-awivedxp cord-017997-obvk2d8e cord-022035-annn4qn1 cord-017554-yvx1gyp9 cord-022351-qfhmwqgg cord-017469-dnnkor2o cord-021131-6zbe2qmd cord-022467-j2trahab cord-022003-cvawdes6 cord-021637-f5wwn45z cord-021081-yqu1ykc9 cord-021479-hwg9rqnq cord-018220-8m11ig06 cord-022176-hprwqi4n cord-018508-pk0ealu5 cord-018084-c48chbfa cord-021887-22lop0pk cord-023367-ujflw19b cord-022066-8aj480hz cord-023713-daz2vokz cord-022380-49oti4zg cord-033873-5mexup0n cord-029172-fctcfoak cord-209730-nzcch4ji cord-021550-evh3b7o2 cord-023529-zrnczve3 cord-024936-ncia0h9m cord-025767-scbteel5 cord-027860-s97hdhh6 cord-025366-haf542y0 cord-024061-gxv8y146 cord-022034-o27mh4wz cord-022734-xpyldrw7 cord-029236-6fptiwmy cord-023767-rcv4pl0d cord-032716-i6hfj8ca cord-255574-gqekw0si cord-027679-89yt6fzo cord-021555-rrverrsj cord-252121-s1zxu5vo cord-263667-5g51n27e cord-263599-cqol8zf2 cord-254978-m8i3q9ww cord-255477-okbxllit cord-253161-oz1eziy1 cord-024981-yfuuirnw cord-272630-2na1gndu cord-170666-zjwlmzj3 cord-177001-ron8oqrn cord-022736-38q8jbcl cord-258783-ev0h95b9 cord-257524-69fcw7ol cord-261788-f728j3bb cord-257751-n7w1psr4 cord-269788-vfdoelk4 cord-263261-xhem8l39 cord-263438-9ra94uda cord-033687-djkljey2 cord-273610-cfoq3r3i cord-269958-nj0ub9in cord-287839-cslrz4yp cord-274061-ynqxgyw6 cord-268331-m4hqxna2 cord-267960-r5m7o9dp cord-265300-jcpyrlw9 cord-265292-yyh1kikb cord-273064-c58nf9vb cord-273099-zkk5d6gd cord-265017-byyx2y47 cord-275620-b7iy3w6l cord-280792-nm30wct0 cord-262892-n38r8n70 cord-271687-sxl8g85p cord-300371-6ja5o3sa cord-274862-x580ktas cord-275033-y9z9l0ji cord-276797-86hc3lbi cord-290620-dvlnx2z3 cord-294590-1niaplc2 cord-275420-zkxyxiv5 cord-281160-e00koo91 cord-280059-i72ayr02 cord-284573-w0sk622m cord-275494-fan1rta9 cord-317441-tnde2jp5 cord-291443-ff80mr2a cord-318407-uy0f7f2o cord-283667-jqlz7yt8 cord-307899-427a7i3h cord-273789-sbppgkza cord-295339-nzc47itk cord-297125-la20vi9j cord-315726-ltjurdrq cord-310931-5165078t cord-276758-k2imddzr cord-303034-w72oeoxq cord-291803-hsnz2qry cord-292853-xihpfidg cord-293930-n7cfs3ku cord-304016-4o2bpedp cord-323913-v32c2vda cord-319463-erdwejd2 cord-315428-uiezqa4p cord-315184-py8lbg97 cord-308066-lrbi5198 cord-318845-w7q5o8wc cord-318826-l922zqci cord-303447-3a7jxl34 cord-302848-a246wl7f cord-332610-t99l3zii cord-307013-80dup4sr cord-326138-16kpn9db cord-335691-lsuwsm43 cord-326887-lyewg2c9 cord-328908-2004vp48 cord-334925-csy5fekx cord-333405-ji58jbct cord-321642-efv9ovx9 cord-333411-hqtb4a2c cord-336464-eslgz1ka cord-326916-bakwk4tm cord-324185-zt88o3co cord-325052-7vlxa0i7 cord-323311-xl2fv0qx cord-321194-xi4zy5ow cord-329905-dwfwwdbn cord-324198-b8f99z8r cord-335065-fv122304 cord-325300-wawui0fd cord-327748-8ob6okeh cord-329283-s3ale8ko cord-339062-tq0f6d01 cord-334108-4ey725dv cord-332622-9cty2uho cord-332703-ohzkpbwy cord-347601-kt2rqx8m cord-340195-425rd7ul cord-327879-qrxoj8nc cord-354209-g1zynbul cord-343021-gqem6bxj cord-337218-risqto89 cord-343849-hmii6bvq cord-342939-b7qn6ynk cord-353726-e0mr8kqb cord-348495-pa6iqc83 cord-350156-fykm8ovm cord-353828-ir14ywcv cord-351581-xm3na3as cord-339372-f3onp9mg cord-345402-brhvfsgy cord-342412-azkamnpa cord-337632-2q6gm7n3 cord-349765-90g5v697 cord-348807-9xxc5hyl cord-350565-mejd7blb cord-351231-aoz5jbf1 cord-354009-1ek4s8oe cord-353772-z1x52stl cord-349821-5ykwwq75 cord-009997-oecpqf1j cord-023211-kt5gt26t Creating transaction Updating ent table ===== Reducing parts of speech cord-004227-lp63i56o cord-006131-t1ffey31 cord-007542-12dzeebn cord-000463-31q7ftnd cord-001197-bhlxglyd cord-002769-7xp143nc cord-009507-l74c9x0n cord-001800-644lf8vn cord-010213-p4b08jtf cord-000029-qww6pe61 cord-016379-lcog1654 cord-016855-hqs94hfa cord-011280-o4ssggit cord-005227-74ycwmyg cord-013921-0aflv1ly cord-016704-99v4brjf cord-016536-8wfyaxcb cord-016130-5q9ufu28 cord-016322-dyjpfvvf cord-016840-p3sq99yg cord-003970-3e58229u cord-016285-cwhmm3f6 cord-015646-tt2p9uue cord-018677-gmitz3gg cord-017858-kugh9y8c cord-018566-dd5gw66t cord-022581-awivedxp cord-017615-zjr6csla cord-022035-annn4qn1 cord-021131-6zbe2qmd cord-017997-obvk2d8e cord-021637-f5wwn45z cord-016557-f2mzwhrt cord-017675-in9r33ww cord-017351-73hlwwdh cord-017554-yvx1gyp9 cord-022351-qfhmwqgg cord-022003-cvawdes6 cord-021479-hwg9rqnq cord-022176-hprwqi4n cord-018220-8m11ig06 cord-018508-pk0ealu5 cord-018084-c48chbfa cord-017469-dnnkor2o cord-021887-22lop0pk cord-022066-8aj480hz cord-022734-xpyldrw7 cord-033873-5mexup0n cord-029172-fctcfoak cord-021081-yqu1ykc9 cord-209730-nzcch4ji cord-021550-evh3b7o2 cord-024936-ncia0h9m cord-022380-49oti4zg cord-022467-j2trahab cord-025767-scbteel5 cord-029236-6fptiwmy cord-252121-s1zxu5vo cord-254978-m8i3q9ww cord-032716-i6hfj8ca cord-255477-okbxllit cord-022034-o27mh4wz cord-253161-oz1eziy1 cord-024061-gxv8y146 cord-272630-2na1gndu cord-027679-89yt6fzo cord-170666-zjwlmzj3 cord-263667-5g51n27e cord-263599-cqol8zf2 cord-257524-69fcw7ol cord-025366-haf542y0 cord-255574-gqekw0si cord-023713-daz2vokz cord-261788-f728j3bb cord-177001-ron8oqrn cord-258783-ev0h95b9 cord-023367-ujflw19b cord-257751-n7w1psr4 cord-269788-vfdoelk4 cord-033687-djkljey2 cord-273610-cfoq3r3i cord-274061-ynqxgyw6 cord-287839-cslrz4yp cord-267960-r5m7o9dp cord-268331-m4hqxna2 cord-265300-jcpyrlw9 cord-027860-s97hdhh6 cord-023529-zrnczve3 cord-263438-9ra94uda cord-269958-nj0ub9in cord-265292-yyh1kikb cord-265017-byyx2y47 cord-275620-b7iy3w6l cord-263261-xhem8l39 cord-024981-yfuuirnw cord-280792-nm30wct0 cord-273064-c58nf9vb cord-273099-zkk5d6gd cord-271687-sxl8g85p cord-262892-n38r8n70 cord-274862-x580ktas cord-300371-6ja5o3sa cord-276797-86hc3lbi cord-275033-y9z9l0ji cord-280059-i72ayr02 cord-294590-1niaplc2 cord-275420-zkxyxiv5 cord-290620-dvlnx2z3 cord-275494-fan1rta9 cord-023767-rcv4pl0d cord-284573-w0sk622m cord-281160-e00koo91 cord-317441-tnde2jp5 cord-291443-ff80mr2a cord-283667-jqlz7yt8 cord-318407-uy0f7f2o cord-273789-sbppgkza cord-310931-5165078t cord-295339-nzc47itk cord-303034-w72oeoxq cord-293930-n7cfs3ku cord-291803-hsnz2qry cord-297125-la20vi9j cord-315726-ltjurdrq cord-304016-4o2bpedp cord-315428-uiezqa4p cord-319463-erdwejd2 cord-323913-v32c2vda cord-318845-w7q5o8wc cord-307899-427a7i3h cord-318826-l922zqci cord-315184-py8lbg97 cord-022736-38q8jbcl cord-303447-3a7jxl34 cord-308066-lrbi5198 cord-332610-t99l3zii cord-326138-16kpn9db cord-292853-xihpfidg cord-307013-80dup4sr cord-335691-lsuwsm43 cord-328908-2004vp48 cord-302848-a246wl7f cord-334925-csy5fekx cord-333405-ji58jbct cord-333411-hqtb4a2c cord-336464-eslgz1ka cord-321642-efv9ovx9 cord-324185-zt88o3co cord-326916-bakwk4tm cord-325052-7vlxa0i7 cord-329905-dwfwwdbn cord-324198-b8f99z8r cord-329283-s3ale8ko cord-332622-9cty2uho cord-327748-8ob6okeh cord-332703-ohzkpbwy cord-334108-4ey725dv cord-021555-rrverrsj cord-326887-lyewg2c9 cord-339062-tq0f6d01 cord-340195-425rd7ul cord-347601-kt2rqx8m cord-323311-xl2fv0qx cord-327879-qrxoj8nc cord-321194-xi4zy5ow cord-354209-g1zynbul cord-343021-gqem6bxj cord-342939-b7qn6ynk cord-343849-hmii6bvq cord-353828-ir14ywcv cord-348495-pa6iqc83 cord-350156-fykm8ovm cord-351581-xm3na3as cord-348807-9xxc5hyl cord-335065-fv122304 cord-337632-2q6gm7n3 cord-339372-f3onp9mg cord-345402-brhvfsgy cord-342412-azkamnpa cord-276758-k2imddzr cord-351231-aoz5jbf1 cord-354009-1ek4s8oe cord-337218-risqto89 cord-353726-e0mr8kqb cord-349821-5ykwwq75 cord-353772-z1x52stl cord-350565-mejd7blb cord-349765-90g5v697 cord-325300-wawui0fd cord-009997-oecpqf1j cord-023211-kt5gt26t Creating transaction Updating pos table Building ./etc/reader.txt cord-009997-oecpqf1j cord-021555-rrverrsj cord-023211-kt5gt26t cord-009997-oecpqf1j cord-325300-wawui0fd cord-275033-y9z9l0ji number of items: 191 sum of words: 1,627,987 average size in words: 12,240 average readability score: 47 nouns: patients; disease; health; infection; risk; virus; children; treatment; cases; care; years; vaccine; countries; study; data; time; use; diseases; infections; transmission; age; control; studies; population; people; cells; results; animals; response; blood; number; cell; therapy; research; development; patient; diagnosis; case; system; food; pandemic; analysis; days; species; vaccines; influenza; information; outbreak; levels; fever verbs: including; use; increasing; caused; developing; associated; reported; provide; occurred; shows; based; identifies; following; found; make; seen; reduced; required; leading; related; result; compared; suggest; became; affected; receiving; take; gives; consider; known; prevents; needs; produce; involves; improve; infected; treat; remains; determining; emerged; demonstrated; continue; supported; describes; performed; established; recommended; indicate; assess; detect adjectives: clinical; human; new; high; many; public; infectious; respiratory; important; common; first; acute; medical; significant; severe; specific; different; available; large; several; early; social; effective; low; global; international; major; national; pediatric; positive; higher; non; viral; small; chronic; economic; local; potential; similar; possible; likely; primary; environmental; current; recent; natural; lower; biological; long; pulmonary adverbs: also; however; well; often; even; usually; especially; now; significantly; approximately; particularly; less; therefore; highly; still; previously; currently; respectively; first; generally; commonly; frequently; later; recently; rather; typically; already; worldwide; prior; potentially; much; relatively; rapidly; primarily; directly; together; almost; least; far; just; alone; likely; furthermore; specifically; nearly; yet; always; widely; sometimes; clinically pronouns: it; we; their; they; its; our; i; he; them; his; her; she; us; themselves; my; you; one; itself; him; me; your; himself; ourselves; oneself; herself; myself; s; 's; i-; ≥200; α1-pdx; yourself; toie; thereof; theirs; thee; p)ppgpp; ours; or=0.12; o139; mrnas; ly294002; iu/; ipv4; imperative?64; il13ra2; ii.f.2.a; icd-9-cm; i.e.2; i.b.3.e proper nouns: United; States; CF; CFTR; Health; US; HIV; SARS; China; COVID-19; World; •; CDC; New; National; Africa; Kingdom; America; Salmonella; Europe; U.S.; Disease; AIDS; Ebola; C.; Lyme; A; West; Center; Department; Control; B; International; PCR; University; TB; Prevention; C; Canada; American; South; Organization; S.; B.; Coronavirus; North; Hospital; Asia; E.; UN keywords: united; states; disease; covid-19; health; infection; sars; hiv; china; child; vaccine; virus; study; patient; world; human; cdc; cause; kingdom; ebola; country; case; animal; aids; u.s.; treatment; risk; pandemic; american; agent; africa; system; social; salmonella; infectious; food; clinical; chemical; care; biological; antibiotic; weapon; university; tick; person; outbreak; national; mrsa; medical; lyme one topic; one dimension: disease file(s): https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7118771/ titles(s): Rewards, risks, and responsibilities of globalization for the cardiothoracic surgeon three topics; one dimension: health; patients; states file(s): https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7161383/, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7167830/, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7122535/ titles(s): Participants – Multilateral Organizations and International Financial Institutions | Poster Session Abstracts | Civil and Criminal Legislation Regarding Money Laundering and the Protection of Cultural Heritage five topics; three dimensions: health states united; disease may infection; patients cftr cells; children care patients; fire used building file(s): https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7161383/, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7150219/, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7167830/, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7173512/, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7122535/ titles(s): Participants – Multilateral Organizations and International Financial Institutions | Biology and Diseases of Ruminants: Sheep, Goats, and Cattle | Poster Session Abstracts | Epidemiology of Asthma and Allergic Airway Diseases | Civil and Criminal Legislation Regarding Money Laundering and the Protection of Cultural Heritage Type: cord title: keyword-united-cord date: 2021-05-25 time: 17:08 username: emorgan patron: Eric Morgan email: emorgan@nd.edu input: keywords:united ==== make-pages.sh htm files ==== make-pages.sh complex files ==== make-pages.sh named enities ==== making bibliographics id: cord-021131-6zbe2qmd author: Abeyratne, Ruwantissa title: The ePassport — new technology to counter security threats date: 2012-11-11 words: 7932.0 sentences: 381.0 pages: flesch: 46.0 cache: ./cache/cord-021131-6zbe2qmd.txt txt: ./txt/cord-021131-6zbe2qmd.txt summary: Foremost among these discussions was the ePassport, which is defined by ICAO as a passport which has a contactless integrated circuit (IC) chip within which is stored data from the machine readable passport page, a biometric measure of the passport and a security object to protect the public key infrastructure (PKI) cryptographic technology, and which conforms to the specifications of Doc 9303 part 1. 19 The main feature of this complex web of technological activity is that an enormous amount of personal information handled by such varied players from the public and private sector, may bring about concerns of possible "data leaks" in the system, a risk that could have drastic legal consequences affecting an individual''s rights to privacy. abstract: The ePassport is the culmination of a sustained process of development of technical specifications for machine readable travel documents (MRTD). It introduces a new dimension to aviation security in that, within the conventional machine readable passport with its machine readable zone, an additional layer of verification of information contained in an electronic chip is placed, which verifies the information in the passport’s machine readable zone by the use of a special reader. Much research has gone into the areas of the technology and verification in the development of the ePassport. At a Symposium held at the International Civil Aviation Organization in early October 2012, the ePassport was subjected to much discussion by the various experts gathered from across the globe. This article discusses these deliberations and places them against the backdrop of the privacy of the individual and aviation security law. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7149056/ doi: 10.1007/s12198-012-0101-z id: cord-315726-ltjurdrq author: Acheson, D.W.K. title: Food and Waterborne Illnesses date: 2009-02-17 words: 10890.0 sentences: 584.0 pages: flesch: 47.0 cache: ./cache/cord-315726-ltjurdrq.txt txt: ./txt/cord-315726-ltjurdrq.txt summary: A wide variety of the common foodborne pathogens is discussed, with a brief description of what they are, the types of illness they cause, and the kinds of food most frequently associated with them along with some commentary with regard to treatment. Examples include the hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) secondary to Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC), the development of Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) after Campylobacter infection, and the association of a number of enteric bacterial pathogens with reactive arthritis and postinfectious irritable bowel syndrome. ETEC are transmitted through contaminated water and food and have caused a number of large outbreaks in the United States; however, their importance in sporadic disease is not known. abstract: There are many different biological, chemical, or radiological agents that when added to food can result in many different types of illness. Some may be rapidly fatal; others require long-term exposure to result in illness. Some lead to short-term illness and others result in long-term complications. The universe of such agents and situations is enormous. This article summarizes some of the principal foodborne microbiological agents that clinicians and those involved with public health have to deal with. While the range of agents is broad and the list is long there are several basic mechanisms such as ingestion of preformed toxins or toxin production once a microbe is present in the intestine that facilitate sorting these agents into some logical framework. However, at the end of the day it is always key to think about ingested agents as a cause for illness, whether that illness be confined to the intestinal system or more systemic. In principle all foodborne illness is preventable and of the key messages to consumers and health care professionals is to know if you or your patient is at greater risk from foodborne illness. If one is dealing with an ‘at risk’ patient, it is important they be educated on what foods to avoid and what precautions to take to minimize the likelihood of acquiring a foodborne illness. While treating most foodborne illness is straightforward, prevention is clearly the path of choice. url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780123739445001838 doi: 10.1016/b978-012373944-5.00183-8 id: cord-353726-e0mr8kqb author: Adler, Nicole title: Strategies for managing risk in a changing aviation environment date: 2012-07-31 words: 11639.0 sentences: 448.0 pages: flesch: 42.0 cache: ./cache/cord-353726-e0mr8kqb.txt txt: ./txt/cord-353726-e0mr8kqb.txt summary: Abstract Given the increasing volatility in the economic performance of airlines, partially reflecting the dynamics of demand for air transport and the fixed costs associated with the industry, all stakeholders need to consider appropriate strategies for better managing the risks. These strategies need to provide a cushion whereby companies can reasonably handle the risk of fuel price instability, the introduction of carbon cap and trade regulation, the need to finance airport infrastructure, air traffic management systems, aircraft and other assets, the competitive inequalities drawing from subsidies across the globe at various levels of the supply chain and the effects of increasing ad-hoc consumer protection laws. We discuss the on-going process of deregulation of the airline markets in section 5.1, the conditions under which airport regulation continues to be a necessity in a gradually privatized and corporatized airport industry in section 5.2 and the issues arising as a result of the changes in ownership form of the air traffic control sector in section 5.3. abstract: Abstract Given the increasing volatility in the economic performance of airlines, partially reflecting the dynamics of demand for air transport and the fixed costs associated with the industry, all stakeholders need to consider appropriate strategies for better managing the risks. Many risks were identified in the literature previously, some even decades ago, however most have yet to be satisfactorily addressed. Urgency is growing. Removal of the remaining barriers to competition at all levels, congestion management, open skies policies across continents, computer-centric air traffic management systems and increased research and development into the processes and technology needed to reduce environmental externalities remain among the top challenges for the next decade. url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0969699711001360 doi: 10.1016/j.jairtraman.2011.12.014 id: cord-177001-ron8oqrn author: Afshordi, Niayesh title: Diverse local epidemics reveal the distinct effects of population density, demographics, climate, depletion of susceptibles, and intervention in the first wave of COVID-19 in the United States date: 2020-07-01 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has caused significant mortality and morbidity worldwide, sparing almost no community. As the disease will likely remain a threat for years to come, an understanding of the precise influences of human demographics and settlement, as well as the dynamic factors of climate, susceptible depletion, and intervention, on the spread of localized epidemics will be vital for mounting an effective response. We consider the entire set of local epidemics in the United States; a broad selection of demographic, population density, and climate factors; and local mobility data, tracking social distancing interventions, to determine the key factors driving the spread and containment of the virus. Assuming first a linear model for the rate of exponential growth (or decay) in cases/mortality, we find that population-weighted density, humidity, and median age dominate the dynamics of growth and decline, once interventions are accounted for. A focus on distinct metropolitan areas suggests that some locales benefited from the timing of a nearly simultaneous nationwide shutdown, and/or the regional climate conditions in mid-March; while others suffered significant outbreaks prior to intervention. Using a first-principles model of the infection spread, we then develop predictions for the impact of the relaxation of social distancing and local climate conditions. A few regions, where a significant fraction of the population was infected, show evidence that the epidemic has partially resolved via depletion of the susceptible population (i.e.,"herd immunity"), while most regions in the United States remain overwhelmingly susceptible. These results will be important for optimal management of intervention strategies, which can be facilitated using our online dashboard. url: https://arxiv.org/pdf/2007.00159v1.pdf doi: nan id: cord-016557-f2mzwhrt author: Aggrawal, Anil title: Agrochemical Poisoning date: 2006 words: 18134.0 sentences: 1109.0 pages: flesch: 51.0 cache: ./cache/cord-016557-f2mzwhrt.txt txt: ./txt/cord-016557-f2mzwhrt.txt summary: Out of the 18 deaths caused by pesticides reported by the 2002 AAPCC annual report (15) , two were the result of paraquat poisoning. Teare (46) reported a case of paraquat poisoning (a 44-year-old man dying of suicidal ingestion of paraquat after 17 days of illness), with the left lung weighing 1980 g and the right lung weighing 1920 g. Metaldehyde is a popular molluscicide that can cause fatal poisoning; the 2002 AAPCC annual report (15) mentions as many as 199 cases of exposure to this agent. According to Harry (4) , accidental pesticide intoxications are mainly caused by ingestions of diluted fertilizers, low-concentration antivitamin K rodenticides, ant-killing products, or granules of molluscicides containing 5% metaldehyde, whereas voluntary intoxications are mostly by chloralose, strychnine, organophosphorus or organochlorine insecticides, concentrated antivitamin K products, and herbicides, such as paraquat, chlorophenoxy compounds, glyphosate, and chlorates. abstract: A general increase in the use of chemicals in agriculture has brought about a concomitant increase in the incidence of agrochemical poisoning. Organophosphates are the most common agrochemical poisons followed closely by herbicides. Many agricultural poisons, such as parathion and paraquat are now mixed with a coloring agent such as indigocarmine to prevent their use criminally. In addition, paraquat is fortified with a “stenching” agent. Organo-chlorines have an entirely different mechanism of action. Whereas organophosphates have an anticholinesterase activity, organochlorines act on nerve cells interfering with the transmission of impulses through them. A kerosene-like smell also emanates from death due to organochlorines. The diagnosis lies in the chemical identification of organochlorines in the stomach contents or viscera. Organochlorines also resist putrefaction and can be detected long after death. Paraquat has been involved in suicidal, accidental, and homicidal poisonings. It is mildly corrosive and ulceration around lips and mouth is common in this poisoning. However, the hallmark of paraquat poisoning, especially when the victim has survived a few days, are the profound changes in lungs. Other agrochemicals such as algicides, aphicides, herbicide safeneres, fertilizers, and so on, are less commonly encountered. Governments in most countries have passed legislations to prevent accidental poisonings with these agents. The US government passed the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) in 1962 and the Indian government passed The Insecticides Act in 1968. Among other things, these acts require manufacturers to use signal words on the labels of insecticides, so the public is warned of their toxicity and accompanying danger. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7120889/ doi: 10.1007/978-1-59259-921-9_10 id: cord-291443-ff80mr2a author: AlMutlak, Mohammed title: Future of Corneal Donation and Transplantation: Insights From COVID-19 Pandemic date: 2020-08-19 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32826649/ doi: 10.1097/ico.0000000000002538 id: cord-024061-gxv8y146 author: Alkhamis, Moh A. title: Animal Disease Surveillance in the 21st Century: Applications and Robustness of Phylodynamic Methods in Recent U.S. Human-Like H3 Swine Influenza Outbreaks date: 2020-04-21 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Emerging and endemic animal viral diseases continue to impose substantial impacts on animal and human health. Most current and past molecular surveillance studies of animal diseases investigated spatio-temporal and evolutionary dynamics of the viruses in a disjointed analytical framework, ignoring many uncertainties and made joint conclusions from both analytical approaches. Phylodynamic methods offer a uniquely integrated platform capable of inferring complex epidemiological and evolutionary processes from the phylogeny of viruses in populations using a single Bayesian statistical framework. In this study, we reviewed and outlined basic concepts and aspects of phylodynamic methods and attempted to summarize essential components of the methodology in one analytical pipeline to facilitate the proper use of the methods by animal health researchers. Also, we challenged the robustness of the posterior evolutionary parameters, inferred by the commonly used phylodynamic models, using hemagglutinin (HA) and polymerase basic 2 (PB2) segments of the currently circulating human-like H3 swine influenza (SI) viruses isolated in the United States and multiple priors. Subsequently, we compared similarities and differences between the posterior parameters inferred from sequence data using multiple phylodynamic models. Our suggested phylodynamic approach attempts to reduce the impact of its inherent limitations to offer less biased and biologically plausible inferences about the pathogen evolutionary characteristics to properly guide intervention activities. We also pinpointed requirements and challenges for integrating phylodynamic methods in routine animal disease surveillance activities. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7186338/ doi: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00176 id: cord-321194-xi4zy5ow author: Allam, Zaheer title: The Third 50 Days: A Detailed Chronological Timeline and Extensive Review of Literature Documenting the COVID-19 Pandemic From Day 100 to Day 150 date: 2020-07-24 words: 17924.0 sentences: 938.0 pages: flesch: 64.0 cache: ./cache/cord-321194-xi4zy5ow.txt txt: ./txt/cord-321194-xi4zy5ow.txt summary: The build-up to this global pandemic announcement saw a national wide lockdown declared in Italy on 9th following an uncontrollable and astronomic increase in the number of new cases and deaths in the country (BBC, 2020c) . As the situation escalated, with over 1000 confirmed cases in the country, and over 31 deaths from the virus, the National Basketball Association (NBA), one of the most popular and fancied sporting activity in North America abruptly suspended its season, as of March 11, when a player of the Utah Jazz tested positive for coronavirus, just before their game with Oklahoma City began (Cacciola and Deb, 2020) . While a majority of countries, especially in Europe writhed in desperation from the impacts of COVID-19, China reported a third consecutive day with no local new case of coronavirus (The straits Times, 2020c). abstract: This chapter surveys the global unfolding of events during the third 50 days of the COVID-19 pandemic that originated from China. The third 50 days of the unfolding of the events showcased how city-wide lockdowns were started to be considered globally, the moving of the epicenter from China to Europe, and major industries being impacted worldwide. To document this, an extensive review of the literature provides a daily overview of the situation covering health, economic, political, and social perspectives and outlines key events during the unfolding of the pandemic. This chapter surveys, and establishes a chronological timeline of the outbreak from day 50 to day 100, covering issues appertaining to health policy and dwells into socioeconomic measures and impacts during the unfolding of the pandemic. url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/B9780128243138000036 doi: 10.1016/b978-0-12-824313-8.00003-6 id: cord-324198-b8f99z8r author: Allam, Zaheer title: Underlining the Role of Data Science and Technology in Supporting Supply Chains, Political Stability and Health Networks During Pandemics date: 2020-07-24 words: 6789.0 sentences: 286.0 pages: flesch: 52.0 cache: ./cache/cord-324198-b8f99z8r.txt txt: ./txt/cord-324198-b8f99z8r.txt summary: Besides those, even when countries went on lockdown, the use of technology became even more apparent, as devices such as drones, robots, sensors, smart helmets, and thermal detectors were widely used for different purposes such as delivery, identifying potential coronavirus virus cases and other purposes (WHO, 2020b) . Going further, even post-COVID-19, the role of computation technologies will continue, especially in reevaluating the policy responses, and hence help different stakeholders to identify areas of weakness and how such could be strengthened in case of similar future major disruptive events. According to The World Bank (2020), data transparency not only would help in reducing political tension and win over the coronavirus but is also prerequisite in weathering down the economic shocks affecting the global economy, especially by helping enhancing trust in governments, hence promoting investments especially post-COVID-19. On the Coronavirus (COVID-19) Outbreak and the Smart City Network: Universal Data Sharing Standards Coupled with Artificial Intelligence (AI) to Benefit Urban Health Monitoring and Management abstract: This concluding chapter explores how data science and technology has been key in fighting COVID-19 through early detection and in the devising of tools for containing the spread. Interestingly, two precedence constraints are seen to emerge. First, data-driven modeling is the leading policy at an urban and national level, and second, legislations, which are being passed at record speed, will remain as a legacy postvirus. It is expected that those will accelerate the digital transition of communities for decades to come and lead to a resurgence of the smart cities concept which peaked in 2015. This chapter thus outlines the increasing role of data science in health sciences, the need for more robust digital infrastructures, and the role of technology in supporting livability of communities and world order. url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/B9780128243138000103 doi: 10.1016/b978-0-12-824313-8.00010-3 id: cord-343021-gqem6bxj author: Allam, Zaheer title: Oil, Health Equipment, and Trade: Revisiting Political Economy and International Relations During the COVID-19 Pandemic date: 2020-07-24 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: The COVID-19 pandemic saw disruptions at an unprecedented global scale with deep societal impacts in cities, countries, and regions. Moreover, in a time of global urgent need for personal protective equipment, ventilators, and other health appliances and gear, both air and sea transport were halted, disconnecting manufacturing nations with consumer nations. With steep rise in demand, and impacted supply chains, nations, which were previously hailing collaborative calls to fight the pandemic, were seen to enter into a trade war of health equipment. With borders closed, nationalist policies were on the rise coupled with fears of tech-powered surveillance states. On the commodities market, the price of oil crashed leading to uncertainties as to the future for oil producing nations as the end point of the pandemic was still unclear. Altogether, the pandemic put on test not only economic structures but also geopolitical ones, where it is seen as the biggest challenge since World War II. This chapter surveys the impacts of the pandemic on the global political landscape and outlines concerns and questions for sustaining a peaceful shared future. url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/B9780128243138000097 doi: 10.1016/b978-0-12-824313-8.00009-7 id: cord-018566-dd5gw66t author: Armbruster, Walter J. title: The Political Economy of US Antibiotic Use in Animal Feed date: 2018-05-30 words: 11422.0 sentences: 530.0 pages: flesch: 35.0 cache: ./cache/cord-018566-dd5gw66t.txt txt: ./txt/cord-018566-dd5gw66t.txt summary: This chapter examines the evidence for antibiotic resistance in the United States and globally, the public health implications, and the impact of—and related industry and political responses to—antibiotic use in animal feed. The major stakeholders include pharmaceutical companies, production integrators, feed suppliers, farm groups, producers, restaurants, food retailers, the public, the medical community, the scientific community, government regulators and policy makers. In 1969, the United Kingdom''s (UK) Parliament received the Swann Report, which concluded that using antimicrobials at sub-therapeutic levels in food-producing animals created risks to human and animal health (Joint Committee on the use of Antibiotics in Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine 1969). This scenario could be exacerbated to the extent FSIS approves additional international facilities, local regulations, and inspections as "equivalent to the United States." Future trade agreements will need to include provisions which address reduced use of medically important antibiotics in producing food animals. abstract: This chapter examines the evidence for antibiotic resistance in the United States and globally, the public health implications, and the impact of—and related industry and political responses to—antibiotic use in animal feed. In 1969, the Swann Report in the United Kingdom noted a dramatic increase in antibiotic-resistant bacteria in food animals receiving low levels of antibiotics in their feed. While the Food and Drug Administration of the United States sought to control antibiotics in animal feed as far back as 1977, only in 2016 were such regulations fully implemented. The farm-level costs of such controls are estimated by the US Department of Agriculture’s Economic Research Service to be minimal, while the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s estimates of the public health costs of antibiotic resistance without implementing controls are $7 billion annually. The complex interactions which exist between economic interests, regulatory policy, and human and animal health are explored in this chapter. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7123476/ doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-92138-9_15 id: cord-021887-22lop0pk author: Artenstein, Andrew W. title: Biological Attack date: 2015-10-23 words: 7195.0 sentences: 367.0 pages: flesch: 36.0 cache: ./cache/cord-021887-22lop0pk.txt txt: ./txt/cord-021887-22lop0pk.txt summary: This trend culminated with the October 2001 anthrax attacks in the United States, which elevated bioterrorism to the forefront of international dialogue and heightened public concerns regarding systemic health care preparation against the threat of biological attacks. Physicians and other health care workers must therefore maintain a high index of suspicion of bioterrorism, and recognize suggestive epidemiologic clues and clinical features to enhance early recognition and guide initial management of casualties. Multiple features make smallpox an attractive biological weapon and ensure that any reintroduction into human populations would be a global public health catastrophe: it is stable in aerosol form, has a low infective dose, is associated with up to a 30% case-fatality rate, and has a large vulnerable target population because civilian vaccination was terminated in 1972. 42 Although not always clinically apparent, the psychological effect of a bioterrorism event is certainly a significant and important consideration for ongoing public health management strategies following any biological threat or terrorist attack. abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7152162/ doi: 10.1016/b978-0-323-28665-7.00079-0 id: cord-269788-vfdoelk4 author: Atutornu, Jerome title: A Survey Exploring Personalized Medicine among of Radiography Academics within the United Kingdom date: 2020-07-01 words: 4390.0 sentences: 236.0 pages: flesch: 46.0 cache: ./cache/cord-269788-vfdoelk4.txt txt: ./txt/cord-269788-vfdoelk4.txt summary: In response to the aforementioned, the aim of this study was to investigate the extent to which PM was being taught or incorporated in contemporary radiographic curriculums in higher education institutions (HEIs) offering programmes of study leading to a BSc in Diagnostic Radiography or BSc in Radiotherapy and Oncology in the United Kingdom. Some participants in this study expressed their wishes to learn more about PM in order for them to enhance their academic work, whereas others fully understood its value in the delivery of contemporary education: ''''I think it is critical that we embrace personalised medicine in the curriculum. It is imperative, therefore, that we become much better informed ourselves so that we might support students'' learning and prepare them for a brave new world!'''' [Therapeutic academic] ''''Just to reiterate that in relation to teaching personalized medicine on a therapeutic radiography programme I think we would have to learn more about its emerging use in cancer specific pathways and how it links or will link to therapeutic radiography. abstract: INTRODUCTION: This article explores the application of personalized medicine (PM) within the academic environment in the United Kingdom. There is a growing acceptance of the utility of PM in health care and the role medical imaging can play. In response, this article explored the views and opinions of diagnostic and therapeutic academics and the utilization of PM in education. METHODS: This study primarily adopted a quantitative approach using an online survey. However, participants were also encouraged to provide qualitative comments in response to open-ended questions. The survey was distributed to radiography and radiotherapy academic departments, which received a response rate of 29%. RESULTS: The findings identify some important considerations. On the one hand some participants reported teaching PM on their programmes (24%, n = 16), whereas 30% (n = 20) did not. Importantly, the remaining academics (46%) were either unsure or did not know what PM was. This finding, coincided with qualitative commentary, highlights some discrepancies linked to knowledge and understanding of PM within higher education and highlights areas where academics may need additional support. CONCLUSION: This article concludes by recognizing the challenges of delivering PM by some academics. It is noted that although the findings cannot be fully generalized, it does highlight fragmented understanding of PM among academic staff. This is important to reflect upon following the increasing requirements for radiography to become “more personalized.” url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1939865420301454 doi: 10.1016/j.jmir.2020.05.013 id: cord-307899-427a7i3h author: BITTLE, JAMES L. title: Vaccines Produced by Conventional Means to Control Major Infectious Diseases of Man and Animals date: 1989-12-31 words: 17476.0 sentences: 1073.0 pages: flesch: 49.0 cache: ./cache/cord-307899-427a7i3h.txt txt: ./txt/cord-307899-427a7i3h.txt summary: Adenoviruses cause significant disease in dogs, foxes, and man, but have also been isolated from cattle, swine, goats, sheep, horses, turkeys, and chickens, where they produce mild infections, mainly associated with the respiratory and intestinal tracts. The latter modified the virus by serial passage in porcine and canine tissue cultures; the resulting vaccine immunized dogs and did not produce clinical signs of infection except for occasional corneal opacity similar to that caused by natural infection. The immunity produced by the attenuated live-virus CAV-1 vaccines is long lasting and has drastically reduced the incidence of the canine disease. The exception is human hepatitis A virus, which causes a serious disease and has one serotype; the development of both inactivated virus and attenuated live-virus vaccines is in progress (Hilleman et al., 1982; Provost et al., 1983) . An attenuated live-virus yellow fever vaccine was developed by passage of the virulent Asibi strain in mouse brain and cell culture until it had lost its pathogenicity for monkeys and man (Theiler, 1951) . abstract: Publisher Summary This chapter reviews the development of some of vaccines and their use in controlling such major diseases as diphtheria, rinderpest, Newcastle disease, smallpox, pertussis, yellow fever, rabies, etc. Park–Williams Number 8 (PW8) strain is used to make diphtherial toxoid for vaccines. As a source of toxin, it is rendered nontoxic by incubation with formalin under alkaline conditions. The product's retention of antigenicity, enabling it to induce antitoxin antibodies, makes it an excellent pediatric vaccine. Vaccine against Rinderpest Virus was developed by Koch in 1897 by administering bile from infected cattle. Animals that survived were permanently immune. Formalin- and chloroform-inactivated vaccines were developed using tissues from the infected animals. For the control of Newcastle disease, a number of attenuated live-virus vaccines have been developed which are widely used to control the disease. The Bl strain, the LaSota strain, and the F strain are used to immunize birds of all ages by different routes, including by addition to drinking water and by spraying. Protection against rabies correlates with SN antibody, which can be assessed by a number of tests. Pasteur's classical vaccine, developed from infected spinal cord tissue dried at room temperature for 3–14 days, was given in a series of 21–28 inoculations beginning with material dried the longest and progressing through material dried for only 3 days. url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780120392339500056 doi: 10.1016/b978-0-12-039233-9.50005-6 id: cord-342939-b7qn6ynk author: Baillie, L. title: Dual Use of Biotechnology date: 2012-01-03 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: This article addresses issues that are central to the dual use of biotechnology, such as the public perception of risk and the need for physical containment to prevent the release of potentially dangerous microorganisms. It also examines the public and media perception of the scientists who handle and manipulate these pathogens and discusses the controls that are currently in place to ensure that scientists engaged in defense-related dual-use medical research act in a transparent and ethical manner. Finally, the article discusses what can be done by scientists to allay the fears of their fellow citizens. url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/B9780123739322004300 doi: 10.1016/b978-0-12-373932-2.00430-0 id: cord-295339-nzc47itk author: Baker, Marissa G. title: Estimating the burden of United States workers exposed to infection or disease: A key factor in containing risk of COVID-19 infection date: 2020-04-28 words: 3320.0 sentences: 139.0 pages: flesch: 41.0 cache: ./cache/cord-295339-nzc47itk.txt txt: ./txt/cord-295339-nzc47itk.txt summary: METHODS: To estimate the number of United States workers frequently exposed to infection and disease in the workplace, national employment data (by Standard Occupational Classification) maintained by the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) was merged with a BLS O*NET survey measure reporting how frequently workers in each occupation are exposed to infection or disease at work. Given the proportion of the United States workforce exposed to disease or infection at work, this analysis also serves as an important reminder that the workplace is a key locus for public health interventions, which could protect both workers and the communities they serve. To estimate the number of United States workers frequently exposed to infection and disease in the workplace, national employment data (by Standard Occupational Classification) maintained by the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) was merged with a BLS O*NET survey measure reporting how frequently workers in each occupation are exposed to infection or disease at work. abstract: INTRODUCTION: With the global spread of COVID-19, there is a compelling public health interest in quantifying who is at increased risk of contracting disease. Occupational characteristics, such as interfacing with the public and being in close quarters with other workers, not only put workers at high risk for disease, but also make them a nexus of disease transmission to the community. This can further be exacerbated through presenteeism, the term used to describe the act of coming to work despite being symptomatic for disease. Quantifying the number of workers who are frequently exposed to infection and disease in the workplace, and understanding which occupational groups they represent, can help to prompt public health risk response and management for COVID-19 in the workplace, and subsequent infectious disease outbreaks. METHODS: To estimate the number of United States workers frequently exposed to infection and disease in the workplace, national employment data (by Standard Occupational Classification) maintained by the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) was merged with a BLS O*NET survey measure reporting how frequently workers in each occupation are exposed to infection or disease at work. This allowed us to estimate the number of United States workers, across all occupations, exposed to disease or infection at work more than once a month. RESULTS: Based on our analyses, approximately 10% (14.4 M) of United States workers are employed in occupations where exposure to disease or infection occurs at least once per week. Approximately 18.4% (26.7 M) of all United States workers are employed in occupations where exposure to disease or infection occurs at least once per month. While the majority of exposed workers are employed in healthcare sectors, other occupational sectors also have high proportions of exposed workers. These include protective service occupations (e.g. police officers, correctional officers, firefighters), office and administrative support occupations (e.g. couriers and messengers, patient service representatives), education occupations (e.g. preschool and daycare teachers), community and social services occupations (community health workers, social workers, counselors), and even construction and extraction occupations (e.g. plumbers, septic tank installers, elevator repair). CONCLUSIONS: The large number of persons employed in occupations with frequent exposure to infection and disease underscore the importance of all workplaces developing risk response plans for COVID-19. Given the proportion of the United States workforce exposed to disease or infection at work, this analysis also serves as an important reminder that the workplace is a key locus for public health interventions, which could protect both workers and the communities they serve. url: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0232452 doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0232452 id: cord-016840-p3sq99yg author: Bales, Connie Watkins title: Minimizing the Impact of Complex Emergencies on Nutrition and Geriatric Health: Planning for Prevention is Key date: 2008-09-09 words: 7275.0 sentences: 321.0 pages: flesch: 49.0 cache: ./cache/cord-016840-p3sq99yg.txt txt: ./txt/cord-016840-p3sq99yg.txt summary: Complex emergencies (CEs) can occur anywhere and are defined as crisis situations that greatly elevate the risk to nutrition and overall health (morbidity and mortality) of older individuals in the affected area. The major underlying threats to nutritional status for older adults during CEs are food insecurity, inadequate social support, and lack of access to health services. Any of a number of crisis situations that greatly elevate the health risk of individuals in the affected area; examples are natural disasters like floods and earthquakes; urban health emergencies like fires, epidemics, and blackouts; and terrorist acts like massive bombings or poisonings of food or water supplies. Examples include natural disasters like floods and earthquakes, urban health emergencies like fires, epidemics and blackouts, and terrorist acts like massive bombings or poisonings of food or water supplies (see Table 29 .2). abstract: Complex emergencies (CEs) can occur anywhere and are defined as crisis situations that greatly elevate the risk to nutrition and overall health (morbidity and mortality) of older individuals in the affected area. In urban areas with high population densities and heavy reliance on power-driven devices for day-to-day survival, CEs can precipitate a rapid deterioration of basic services that threatens nutritionally and medically vulnerable older adults. The major underlying threats to nutritional status for older adults during CEs are food insecurity, inadequate social support, and lack of access to health services. The most effective strategy for coping with CEs is to have detailed, individualized pre-event preparations. When a CE occurs, the immediate relief efforts focus on establishing access to food, safe water, and essential medical services. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7121257/ doi: 10.1007/978-1-60327-385-5_29 id: cord-351231-aoz5jbf1 author: Bartlett, John G. title: Why Infectious Diseases date: 2014-09-15 words: 5505.0 sentences: 276.0 pages: flesch: 43.0 cache: ./cache/cord-351231-aoz5jbf1.txt txt: ./txt/cord-351231-aoz5jbf1.txt summary: The value of the infectious disease practitioner is now magnified by the crisis of antibiotic resistance, the expanding consequences of international travel, the introduction of completely new pathogen diagnostics, and healthcare reform with emphasis on infection prevention and cost in dollars and lives. The point is that epidemics are the domain of infectious diseases and public health, with the expectation for management or prevention of outbreaks with requirements for detection, reporting, isolation, and case management. This began with a patient transferred from a New York City hospital with a KPC infection and became the source of an institutional outbreak that required extraordinary efforts to control, including a wall constructed to isolate cases, removal of plumbing (as a possible source), use of matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) molecular diagnostics to detect cases and carriers, hydrogen peroxide room aerosols, and "whole house" surveillance cultures. The new healthcare system should value infectious disease expertise based on its important role in addressing resistance and costs associated with nosocomial infections. abstract: Infectious diseases is a broad discipline that is almost unique in contemporary medicine with its ability to cure and prevent disease, to identify specific disease causes (microbes), and to deal with diverse, sometimes massive outbreaks. The value of the infectious disease practitioner is now magnified by the crisis of antibiotic resistance, the expanding consequences of international travel, the introduction of completely new pathogen diagnostics, and healthcare reform with emphasis on infection prevention and cost in dollars and lives. Infectious disease careers have great personal rewards to the practitioner based on these observations. It is unfortunate that we have been so effective in our work, but relatively ineffective in convincing the healthcare system of this value. url: https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciu441 doi: 10.1093/cid/ciu441 id: cord-268331-m4hqxna2 author: Beck, Teresa L. title: Medical Care for Undocumented Immigrants: National and International Issues date: 2018-11-16 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: The number of undocumented immigrants (UIs) varies worldwide, and most reside in the United States. With more than 12 million UIs in the United States, addressing the health care needs of this population presents unique challenges and opportunities. Most UIs are uninsured and rely on the safety-net health system for their care. Because of young age, this population is often considered to be healthier than the overall US population, but they have specific health conditions and risks. Adequate coverage is lacking; however, there are examples of how to better address the health care needs of UIs. url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S240579911830080X doi: 10.1016/j.cpha.2018.08.002 id: cord-272630-2na1gndu author: Benito, Daniel A. title: Local spikes in COVID-19 cases: Recommendations for maintaining otolaryngology clinic operations date: 2020-08-20 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: The Coronavirus Disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has created an unprecedented economic and public health crisis in the United States. Following efforts to mitigate disease spread, with a significant decline in some regions, many states began reopening their economies. As social distancing guidelines were relaxed and businesses opened, local outbreaks of COVID-19 continue to place person on healthcare systems. Among medical specialties, otolaryngologists and their staff are among the highest at risk for becoming exposed to COVID-19. As otolaryngologists prepare to weather the storm of impending local surges in COVID-19 infections there are several practical measures that can be taken to mitigate the risk to ourselves and our staff. url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjoto.2020.102688 doi: 10.1016/j.amjoto.2020.102688 id: cord-291803-hsnz2qry author: Bhattacharjee, Barnali title: “The COVID-19 Pandemic and its Effect on Mental Health in USA – A Review with Some Coping Strategies” date: 2020-08-23 words: 4036.0 sentences: 245.0 pages: flesch: 52.0 cache: ./cache/cord-291803-hsnz2qry.txt txt: ./txt/cord-291803-hsnz2qry.txt summary: These observations suggest possible increase in mental health illnesses in United States as a consequence of the pandemic. The fear of being infected or dying from the disease is one of the most significant causes of mental health disorders. In this article, the authors critically examine the onset of the pandemic in United States of America focusing on its effect on the mental health of American people. May 28, 2020 With the increase in the number of COVID-19 cases in United States from March through April 2020, there has been a rise in fear in the minds of people. This suggests that the COVID-19 pandemic and its effect on the economy in United States may lead to an increase in mental health illness in the country. Recent stressors associated with the 2020 COVID-19 pandemic such as illnesses, social isolation, depressive home environment, and financial hardship can cause depressive disorders. Managing mental health challenges faced by healthcare workers during covid-19 pandemic abstract: The COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in enormous losses in terms of human lives and economy in United States. The outbreak has been continuing to heavily impact the mental health of people. Developing key strategies to prevent mental illnesses is extremely important for the well-being of people. A survey conducted during the last week of March 2020 showed that 72% of Americans felt that their lives were impacted by the outbreak, which was a 32% increase from the survey conducted only 2 weeks earlier. The results show a positive correlation between COVID-19 infections/casualties and growing public concern. These observations suggest possible increase in mental health illnesses in United States as a consequence of the pandemic. The authors review a recently published model on COVID-19 related fear among the people. The fear of being infected or dying from the disease is one of the most significant causes of mental health disorders. Loss of employment or the fear of losing employment is another major concern leading to mental illnesses. Several unique strategies to prevent or mitigate mental illnesses are discussed. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32829449/ doi: 10.1007/s11126-020-09836-0 id: cord-001800-644lf8vn author: Biggerstaff, Matthew title: Estimating the Potential Effects of a Vaccine Program Against an Emerging Influenza Pandemic—United States date: 2015-05-01 words: 4489.0 sentences: 175.0 pages: flesch: 43.0 cache: ./cache/cord-001800-644lf8vn.txt txt: ./txt/cord-001800-644lf8vn.txt summary: For the second scenario, we clinical attack rate of the influenza pandemic is 20% and the overall case fatality ratio is 0.53% (high-severity scenario); 10 million doses (left) or 30 million doses (right) of vaccine are administered each week; the vaccination program begins 16 weeks after, 8 weeks after, the same week as, 8 weeks before, and 16 weeks before the first cases of a novel influenza virus occur in the United States; and the efficacy is "H1N1pmd09 monovalent vaccine-like." 2009 H1N1-like vaccine effectiveness: 2 doses of vaccine administered 3 weeks apart required to be fully effective (62% for persons aged <60 years and 43% for persons ≥60 years) in protecting against subclinical and clinical cases, hospitalizations, and deaths. For an influenza pandemic with a 30% overall cumulative attack rate and high-severity scenario, we estimated that a vaccination program beginning the same week as the pandemic started in the United States that administered 10 million doses of vaccine with the moderate VE per week could avert 260 000 hospitalizations and 32 000 deaths (6% reduction) (Tables 2 and 3 ; Figures 2 and 3) . abstract: Background. Human illness from influenza A(H7N9) was identified in March 2013, and candidate vaccine viruses were soon developed. To understand factors that may impact influenza vaccination programs, we developed a model to evaluate hospitalizations and deaths averted considering various scenarios. Methods. We utilized a model incorporating epidemic curves with clinical attack rates of 20% or 30% in a single wave of illness, case hospitalization ratios of 0.5% or 4.2%, and case fatality ratios of 0.08% or 0.53%. We considered scenarios that achieved 80% vaccination coverage, various starts of vaccination programs (16 or 8 weeks before, the same week of, or 8 or 16 weeks after start of pandemic), an administration rate of 10 or 30 million doses per week (the latter rate is an untested assumption), and 2 levels of vaccine effectiveness (2 doses of vaccine required; either 62% or 80% effective for persons aged <60 years, and either 43% or 60% effective for persons aged ≥60 years). Results. The start date of vaccination campaigns most influenced impact; 141 000–2 200 000 hospitalizations and 11 000–281 000 deaths were averted when campaigns started before a pandemic, and <100–1 300 000 hospitalizations and 0–165 000 deaths were averted for programs beginning the same time as or after the introduction of the pandemic virus. The rate of vaccine administration and vaccine effectiveness did not influence campaign impact as much as timing of the start of campaign. Conclusions. Our findings suggest that efforts to improve the timeliness of vaccine production will provide the greatest impacts for future pandemic vaccination programs. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4610126/ doi: 10.1093/cid/ciu1175 id: cord-326887-lyewg2c9 author: Bloomfield, Sally F. title: The effectiveness of hand hygiene procedures in reducing the risks of infections in home and community settings including handwashing and alcohol-based hand sanitizers date: 2007-12-10 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Infectious diseases (ID) circulating in the home and community remain a significant concern. Several demographic, environmental, and health care trends, as reviewed in this report, are combining to make it likely that the threat of ID will increase in coming years. Two factors are largely responsible for this trend: first, the constantly changing nature and range of pathogens to which we are exposed and, secondly, the demographic changes occurring in the community, which affect our resistance to infection. This report reviews the evidence base related to the impact of hand hygiene in reducing transmission of ID in the home and community. The report focuses on developed countries, most particularly North America and Europe. It also evaluates the use of alcohol-based hygiene procedures as an alternative to, or in conjunction with, handwashing. The report compiles data from intervention studies and considers it alongside risk modeling approaches (both qualitative and quantitative) based on microbiologic data. The main conclusions are as follows: (1) Hand hygiene is a key component of good hygiene practice in the home and community and can produce significant benefits in terms of reducing the incidence of infection, most particularly gastrointestinal infections but also respiratory tract and skin infections. (2) Decontamination of hands can be carried out either by handwashing with soap or by use of waterless hand sanitizers, which reduce contamination on hands by removal or by killing the organisms in situ. The health impact of hand hygiene within a given community can be increased by using products and procedures, either alone or in sequence, that maximize the log reduction of both bacteria and viruses on hands. (3) The impact of hand hygiene in reducing ID risks could be increased by convincing people to apply hand hygiene procedures correctly (eg, wash their hands correctly) and at the correct time. (4) To optimize health benefits, promotion of hand hygiene should be accompanied by hygiene education and should also involve promotion of other aspects of hygiene. url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0196655307005950 doi: 10.1016/j.ajic.2007.07.001 id: cord-000029-qww6pe61 author: Blumenshine, Philip title: Pandemic Influenza Planning in the United States from a Health Disparities Perspective date: 2008-05-17 words: 4456.0 sentences: 170.0 pages: flesch: 35.0 cache: ./cache/cord-000029-qww6pe61.txt txt: ./txt/cord-000029-qww6pe61.txt summary: However, given overwhelming evidence that low-income persons are generally more susceptible to infectious diseases, it is reasonable to plan on the basis of well-documented annual epidemic patterns, in which infl uenza disease development is infl uenced by factors that are differentially distributed across socioeconomic and racial/ ethnic groups. Given the current limitations of our public health infrastructure and the disparities in healthcare, a pandemic infl uenza outbreak in the United States is likely to disproportionately affect persons from socially disadvantaged groups. The Pandemic Infl uenza Plan of the US Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) (37) does not adequately address potential social disparities in exposure, vaccination, or treatment; the possible effects of such disparities; or strategies for minimizing or eliminating them. abstract: We explored how different socioeconomic and racial/ethnic groups in the United States might fare in an influenza pandemic on the basis of social factors that shape exposure, vulnerability to influenza virus, and timeliness and adequacy of treatment. We discuss policies that might differentially affect social groups’ risk for illness or death. Our purpose is not to establish the precise magnitude of disparities likely to occur; rather, it is to call attention to avoidable disparities that can be expected in the absence of systematic attention to differential social risks in pandemic preparedness plans. Policy makers at the federal, state, and local levels should consider potential sources of socioeconomic and racial/ethnic disparities during a pandemic and formulate specific plans to minimize these disparities. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2600245/ doi: 10.3201/eid1405.071301 id: cord-021550-evh3b7o2 author: Brokopp, Charles title: Laboratories date: 2007-09-02 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7150189/ doi: 10.1016/b978-012369378-5/50010-7 id: cord-297125-la20vi9j author: Brower, Jennifer L. title: The Threat and Response to Infectious Diseases (Revised) date: 2016-08-01 words: 12334.0 sentences: 579.0 pages: flesch: 44.0 cache: ./cache/cord-297125-la20vi9j.txt txt: ./txt/cord-297125-la20vi9j.txt summary: In just the past year, the United States has been bombarded with headlines on the dangers of infectious diseases: "HIV ''Epidemic'' Triggered by Needle-Sharing Hits Scott County, Indiana [1] ;" "American with Ebola Now in Critical Condition [2] ;" "Seasonal Flu Vaccine Even Less Effective than Thought: CDC [3] ;" "''Superbug'' Outbreak at California Hospital, more than 160 Exposed [4] ;" "Deadly CRE Bugs Linked to Hard to Clean Medical Scopes [5] ;" "Painful Virus [Chikungunya] Sweeps Central America, Gains a Toehold in U.S. Many factors have reduced the number of new antibiotics approved in the United States each year as well as reduced domestic production including demanding Food and Drug Administration (FDA) regulations, the cost and time to market of development, the consolidation in the pharmaceutical industry, and the lack of financial impetus to produce and distribute antibiotics, which are generally used on a one-off basis versus drugs used to treat chronic conditions such as statins, Viagra, and allergy medications. abstract: The threat from microorganisms is complex, and the approaches for reducing the challenges the world is facing are also multifaceted, but a combination approach including several simple steps can make a difference and reduce morbidity and mortality and the economic cost of fighting infectious diseases. This paper discusses the continually evolving infectious disease landscape, contributing factors in the rise of the threat, reasons for optimism, and the policies, technologies, actions, and institutions that might be harnessed to further reduce the dangers introduced by pathogens. It builds upon and updates the work of other authors that have recognized the dangers of emerging and re-emerging pathogens and have explored and documented potential solutions. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27480226/ doi: 10.1007/s00248-016-0806-9 id: cord-275620-b7iy3w6l author: Brown, Clive M. title: Airport Exit and Entry Screening for Ebola — August–November 10, 2014 date: 2014-12-12 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: In response to the largest recognized Ebola virus disease epidemic now occurring in West Africa, the governments of affected countries, CDC, the World Health Organization (WHO), and other international organizations have collaborated to implement strategies to control spread of the virus. One strategy recommended by WHO calls for countries with Ebola transmission to screen all persons exiting the country for "unexplained febrile illness consistent with potential Ebola infection." Exit screening at points of departure is intended to reduce the likelihood of international spread of the virus. To initiate this strategy, CDC, WHO, and other global partners were invited by the ministries of health of Guinea, Liberia, and Sierra Leone to assist them in developing and implementing exit screening procedures. Since the program began in August 2014, an estimated 80,000 travelers, of whom approximately 12,000 were en route to the United States, have departed by air from the three countries with Ebola transmission. Procedures were implemented to deny boarding to ill travelers and persons who reported a high risk for exposure to Ebola; no international air traveler from these countries has been reported as symptomatic with Ebola during travel since these procedures were implemented. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25503920/ doi: nan id: cord-334925-csy5fekx author: COHEN, ALAN B. title: Living in a Covid‐19 World date: 2020-06-16 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32542882/ doi: 10.1111/1468-0009.12466 id: cord-284573-w0sk622m author: Caduff, Carlo title: What Went Wrong: Corona and the World after the Full Stop date: 2020-07-21 words: 9277.0 sentences: 517.0 pages: flesch: 58.0 cache: ./cache/cord-284573-w0sk622m.txt txt: ./txt/cord-284573-w0sk622m.txt summary: Published by a group of experts without peer review on an institutional website, the report compared Covid-19 with the great pandemic of 1918, which killed over 50 million people worldwide and suggested, without any evidence, that SARS-CoV-2 was "a virus with comparable lethality to H1N1 influenza in 1918." 1 Most frightening in all this was not so much the lethality of the SARS-CoV-2 virus but the license to rush forward with predictions, abandon basic standards of science, and make dramatic claims to scare people. This extreme and unprecedented blanket approach systematically imposed on entire populations was driven by a number of factors that variously prevailed in different countries across the world: a growing sense of panic, constant media sensationalism, deep authoritarian longings, increasing political pressure to contain the spread of the virus, disturbing accounts of overwhelmed hospitals unable to cope with the surge of patients, misleading mortality calculations, and, most importantly, a trust in the power of mathematical disease modeling. abstract: This article examines the global response to the Covid‐19 pandemic. It argues that we urgently need to look beyond the virus if we want to understand the real seriousness of what is happening today. How did we end up in a space of thinking, acting, and feeling that has normalized extremes and is based on the assumption that biological life is an absolute value separate from politics? The author suggests that today's fear is fueled by mathematical disease modeling, neoliberal health policies, nervous media reporting, and authoritarian longings. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32692890/ doi: 10.1111/maq.12599 id: cord-209730-nzcch4ji author: Cai, Hengjin title: On Digital Currency and the Transfer of World Wealth and Technology Centers date: 2020-08-13 words: 5146.0 sentences: 245.0 pages: flesch: 56.0 cache: ./cache/cord-209730-nzcch4ji.txt txt: ./txt/cord-209730-nzcch4ji.txt summary: As means of overdrawing the future, sovereign currency and bonds have gradually become modern forms of wealth and have strongly promoted scientific and technological progress and social development. The world has been changing rapidly since the outbreak of COVID-19, and new forms of wealth need to be constructed as an extension of the Self of the masses, among which digital currency may be an effective carrier of value. If everyone uses existing assets (such as gold and silver) to serve as collateral for the full specified amount, we will find that even if all social wealth were taken as collateral, it would still not be enough to fill the gap because self-assertiveness demands function unceasingly to make the requirements of the people to exceed actual social output, thereby causing challenges to sustainability, which is also the major problem with Libra lacking a credit mechanism. abstract: The emergence and transfer of wealth promote the evolution of civilizations. Through the pursuit of the form of wealth valued by the members of society, the self-assertiveness demands of a society can be met and thus stimulate creativity. As means of overdrawing the future, sovereign currency and bonds have gradually become modern forms of wealth and have strongly promoted scientific and technological progress and social development. However, due to the unequal distribution of wealth, the sustainability of sovereign currency and bonds is not certain. The world has been changing rapidly since the outbreak of COVID-19, and new forms of wealth need to be constructed as an extension of the Self of the masses, among which digital currency may be an effective carrier of value. China is on an upward trajectory, and the complex and volatile global environment can provide an opportunity for China to focus on developing aspects of its science and technology, optimize its system of governance and strengthen its internal driving force. url: https://arxiv.org/pdf/2008.07383v1.pdf doi: nan id: cord-335065-fv122304 author: Cain, William E. title: American Dreaming: Really Reading The Great Gatsby date: 2020-09-02 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: F. Scott Fitzgerald’s The Great Gatsby (1925) is one of the best known and most widely read and taught novels in American literature. It is so familiar that even those who have not read it believe that they have and take for granted that they know about its main character and theme of the American Dream. We need to approach The Great Gatsby as if it were new and really read it, paying close attention to Fitzgerald’s literary language. His novel gives us a vivid depiction of and insight into income inequality as it existed in the 1920s and, by extension, as it exists today, when the American Dream is even more limited to the fortunate few, not within reach of the many. When we really read The Great Gatsby, we perceive and understand the American dimension of the novel and appreciate, too, the global range and relevance that in it Fitzgerald has achieved. It is a great American book and a great book of world literature. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32895582/ doi: 10.1007/s12115-020-00510-6 id: cord-275033-y9z9l0ji author: Carter-Pokras, O. title: The Role of Epidemiology in Informing United States Childhood Immunization Policy and Practice date: 2020-10-14 words: 8531.0 sentences: 504.0 pages: flesch: 41.0 cache: ./cache/cord-275033-y9z9l0ji.txt txt: ./txt/cord-275033-y9z9l0ji.txt summary: For example, surveillance and studies of childhood infectious diseases provide the basis of morbidity and mortality data used to make J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f Immunization was selected as an example for examination of epidemiology in informing public health policy and practice because childhood immunization is one of the ten greatest public health achievements in the United States--it saves lives and is cost-effective. Since public health authorities across the United States have needed to urgently implement non-pharmaceutical public health disease containment measures (e.g., shelter-in-place, postponements of noncritical health care visits), early epidemiological studies are already documenting a dramatic decline in ordering and administration of childhood vaccines, VFC clinic capacity to vaccinate children, and immunization coverage rates for VPDs. abstract: One of the ten greatest public health achievements is childhood vaccination because of its impact controlling and eliminating vaccine-preventable diseases (VPDs). Evidence-based immunization policies and practices are responsible for this success and are supported by epidemiology that has generated scientific evidence for informing policy and practice. The purpose of this report is to highlight the role of epidemiology in the development of immunization policy and successful intervention in public health practice that has resulted in a measurable public health impact: the control and elimination of VPDs in the United States. Examples in which epidemiology informed immunization policy were collected from a literature review and consultation with experts who have been working in this field for the past 30 years. Epidemiologic examples (e.g., thimerosal-containing vaccines and the alleged association between the measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine and autism) are presented to describe challenges that epidemiologists have addressed. Finally, we describe ongoing challenges to the nation’s ability to sustain high vaccination coverage, particularly with concerns about vaccine safety and effectiveness, increasing use of religious and philosophical belief exemptions to vaccination, and vaccine hesitancy. Learning from past and current experiences may help epidemiologists anticipate and address current and future challenges to respond to emerging infectious diseases, such as COVID-19, with new vaccines and enhance public health impact of immunization programs for years to come. url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annepidem.2020.09.017 doi: 10.1016/j.annepidem.2020.09.017 id: cord-006131-t1ffey31 author: Chen, Jing title: TRIPS-plus and access to medicines in China date: 2013-04-04 words: 3721.0 sentences: 214.0 pages: flesch: 48.0 cache: ./cache/cord-006131-t1ffey31.txt txt: ./txt/cord-006131-t1ffey31.txt summary: Ample evidence shows that Trade-related aspects of intellectual property rights (TRIPS)-plus provisions have seriously affected access to and availability of drugs in the developing countries. This article focuses on IP and the health implications of limited access to medicines in China, explores the TRIPS-plus arrangements in Chinese IP laws and regulations, and makes suggestions for China''s negotiation strategy in resisting pressure from developed countries to tighten IP laws and regulations. TRIPS-plus refers to provisions that either exceed the requirements of TRIPS or eliminate flexibilities in implementing TRIPs. Some studies 2,3 forecast that TRIPS-plus would result in: delayed entry of generics into developing countries; significant price increases, and reduced access to medicines, thus posing serious threats to public health. 24 A higher standard of patent protection could result in losses for pharmaceutical industries in developing countries; China has lost public health advantage as compared with India -higher drug prices, lower drug availability, and underdeveloped domestic innovation capacity. abstract: Ample evidence shows that Trade-related aspects of intellectual property rights (TRIPS)-plus provisions have seriously affected access to and availability of drugs in the developing countries. In recent years, developed countries have pressured many developing countries to implement TRIPS with stronger intellectual property (IP) protection than required by the TRIPS Agreement. The stronger provisions are called TRIPS-Plus provisions. This article focuses on IP and the health implications of limited access to medicines in China, explores the TRIPS-plus arrangements in Chinese IP laws and regulations, and makes suggestions for China's negotiation strategy in resisting pressure from developed countries to tighten IP laws and regulations. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7099318/ doi: 10.1057/jphp.2013.13 id: cord-275494-fan1rta9 author: Childs, J.E. title: Animal-based national surveillance for zoonotic disease: Quality, limitations, and implications of a model system for monitoring rabies date: 2007-03-17 words: 4437.0 sentences: 196.0 pages: flesch: 39.0 cache: ./cache/cord-275494-fan1rta9.txt txt: ./txt/cord-275494-fan1rta9.txt summary: The suitability of passively collected surveillance data for determining the presence or absence of the raccoon-associated variant of rabies within states and within individual counties was assessed by determining critical threshold values from the regression analyses. Counts of rabies test results reported as national surveillance data are, therefore, the endpoint of a required activity and these data provide an important index as to the level and epidemiologic characteristics of rabies activity within the surveillance-unit of the individual county (Wilson et al., 1997; Fischman et al., 1992; Childs et al., 2000; Gordon et al., 2004) ; no other independent source of information on wildlife rabies exist. The numbers of animals tested for rabies and reported through surveillance were positively and strongly associated with human population size or, alternatively, median annual expenditures in the individual county. abstract: Surveillance for zoonotic diseases among wildlife is a research and public health challenge. The inherent limitations posed by the requisite human–animal interactions are often undefined and underappreciated. The national surveillance system for animal rabies in the United States was examined as a model system; reporting of animal rabies is legally mandated, each case of rabies is laboratory confirmed, and data have been consistently collected for more than 50 years. Factors influencing the monthly counts of animal rabies tests reported during 1992–2001 were assessed by univariate and multivariable regression methods. The suitability of passively collected surveillance data for determining the presence or absence of the raccoon-associated variant of rabies within states and within individual counties was assessed by determining critical threshold values from the regression analyses. The size of the human population and total expenditures within a county accounted for 72% and 67%, respectively, of the variance in testing. The annual median number of rabies tests performed was seven for counties without rabies, 22 for counties with non-raccoon rabies, and 34 for counties with raccoon rabies. Active surveillance may be required in locales with sparse human populations when a high degree of confidence in the status of rabies is required. url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167587706002236 doi: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2006.10.014 id: cord-308066-lrbi5198 author: Childs, James E. title: Pre-spillover Prevention of Emerging Zoonotic Diseases: What Are the Targets and What Are the Tools? date: 2007 words: 15698.0 sentences: 714.0 pages: flesch: 41.0 cache: ./cache/cord-308066-lrbi5198.txt txt: ./txt/cord-308066-lrbi5198.txt summary: The uneven standards of surveillance, humanor animal-based, for zoonotic diseases or pathogens maintained and transmitted by wildlife H R s, or even domestic species, is a global problem, readily apparent even within the United States, where investment in public health, including surveillance systems, has a long and enviable history. Following an outbreak of human monkeypox in several US states (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 2003a; see the chapter by Regnery, this volume), local populations of indigenous North American rodents were captured and examined for infection from areas around animal-holding facilities housing African rodents imported for the pet-trade and implicated as the source of monkeypox virus (Cunha 2004; Check 2004) . National institutions charged with strategic planning for emerging diseases or intentional releases of zoonotic agents have emphasized improving diagnostic capabilities for detecting human infections, modifying the immune status of human or domestic animals through vaccines, producing better antiviral or antibacterial drugs, and enhancing human-based surveillance as an early warning system (Fauchi 2002 ; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 1998). abstract: The uneven standards of surveillance, human- or animal-based, for zoonotic diseases or pathogens maintained and transmitted by wildlife H R s, or even domestic species, is a global problem, readily apparent even within the United States, where investment in public health, including surveillance systems, has a long and enviable history. As of 2006, there appears to be little scientific, social, or political consensus that animalbased surveillance for zoonoses merits investment in international infrastructure, other than the fledgling efforts with avian influenza, or targeted nontraditional avenues of surveillance and research. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17848073/ doi: 10.1007/978-3-540-70962-6_16 id: cord-336464-eslgz1ka author: Chomel, Bruno B. title: Wildlife, Exotic Pets, and Emerging Zoonoses date: 2007-01-17 words: 3475.0 sentences: 166.0 pages: flesch: 43.0 cache: ./cache/cord-336464-eslgz1ka.txt txt: ./txt/cord-336464-eslgz1ka.txt summary: The outbreak of Nipah virus infection in Malaysia during 1998-1999, which caused 265 human cases of viral encephalitis and a 38% mortality rate, was also the result of several major ecologic and environmental changes associated with deforestation and expansion of nonindustrial pig farming in association with production of fruit-bearing trees (16) . Wildlife may become new reservoirs of infection and may recontaminate domestic animals; examples include bovine tuberculosis in the United Kingdom associated with Mycobacterium bovis infection in badgers (Meles meles) (18) and brucellosis in outdoor-reared swine in Europe that resulted from spillover from the wild boar brucellosis (Brucella suis biovar 2) reservoir (19) . Another risk factor related to the emergence of zoonotic diseases from wildlife has been the considerable increase in consumption of bushmeat in many parts of the world, especially Central Africa and the Amazon Basin, where 1-3.4 million tons and 67-164 million kilograms, respectively, are consumed each year (7) . abstract: Most emerging infectious diseases are zoonotic; wildlife constitutes a large and often unknown reservoir. Wildlife can also be a source for reemergence of previously controlled zoonoses. Although the discovery of such zoonoses is often related to better diagnostic tools, the leading causes of their emergence are human behavior and modifications to natural habitats (expansion of human populations and their encroachment on wildlife habitat), changes in agricultural practices, and globalization of trade. However, other factors include wildlife trade and translocation, live animal and bushmeat markets, consumption of exotic foods, development of ecotourism, access to petting zoos, and ownership of exotic pets. To reduce risk for emerging zoonoses, the public should be educated about the risks associated with wildlife, bushmeat, and exotic pet trades; and proper surveillance systems should be implemented. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17370509/ doi: 10.3201/eid1301.060480 id: cord-254978-m8i3q9ww author: Christian, Michael D. title: Definitive Care for the Critically Ill During a Disaster: Current Capabilities and Limitations From a Task Force for Mass Critical Care Summit Meeting, January 26–27, 2007, Chicago, IL date: 2008-05-31 words: 4553.0 sentences: 253.0 pages: flesch: 47.0 cache: ./cache/cord-254978-m8i3q9ww.txt txt: ./txt/cord-254978-m8i3q9ww.txt summary: Baseline shortages of specialized resources such as critical care staff, medical supplies, and treatment spaces are likely to limit the number of critically ill victims who can receive life-sustaining interventions. However, with the anticipation of large volumes of critically ill patients in future disasters, some believe that hospital capacity, and in particular critical care capability, will be a major limiting factor for survival. Within an effective command and control system to coordinate regional response, 10 surge capacity in critical care depends on three crucial elements: (1) "stuff," medical equipment and supplies; (2) "staff," appropriately trained health professionals to competently care for critically ill and injured patients; and (3) "space," the physical location suitable for safe provision of critical care. Although great strides have been made to prepare the health-care system to respond to disaster, these plans fall short for mass casualty events with a large number of critically ill. abstract: In the twentieth century, rarely have mass casualty events yielded hundreds or thousands of critically ill patients requiring definitive critical care. However, future catastrophic natural disasters, epidemics or pandemics, nuclear device detonations, or large chemical exposures may change usual disaster epidemiology and require a large critical care response. This article reviews the existing state of emergency preparedness for mass critical illness and presents an analysis of limitations to support the suggestions of the Task Force on Mass Casualty Critical Care, which are presented in subsequent articles. Baseline shortages of specialized resources such as critical care staff, medical supplies, and treatment spaces are likely to limit the number of critically ill victims who can receive life-sustaining interventions. The deficiency in critical care surge capacity is exacerbated by lack of a sufficient framework to integrate critical care within the overall institutional response and coordination of critical care across local institutions and broader geographic areas. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18460503/ doi: 10.1378/chest.07-2707 id: cord-337218-risqto89 author: Chu, Ellen W. title: Environmental Impact, Concept and Measurement of date: 2013-02-05 words: 16635.0 sentences: 718.0 pages: flesch: 46.0 cache: ./cache/cord-337218-risqto89.txt txt: ./txt/cord-337218-risqto89.txt summary: 107 ) sums up what he calls the hazards of human progress this way: ''''Each time history repeats itself, the price goes up.'''' Indeed, as the second decade of the 21st century begins, humans are ecosystem engineers on a planetary scale, and our global civilization threatens the life-sustaining capacity of all of Earth''s environmental ''''spheres'''': But with nearly 7 billion people occupying or using resources from every place on Earth, humans are overwhelming the ability of other life-forms to make a living and depleting the planet''s natural wealth. Chemicals -as varied as prescription drugs flowing out of sewage plants, pesticides, heavy metals, and cancer-causing by-products of countless manufacturing processes -now lace the world''s water, soil, and air and the bodies of all living things, including humans. The list of chemicals'' effects on living things is so long that chemical pollution equals humans'' environmental impact in most people''s minds, yet it is just one form of biotic impoverishment. abstract: Environments on Earth are always changing, and living systems evolve within them. For most of their history, human beings did the same. But in the last two centuries, humans have become the planet's dominant species, changing and impoverishing the environment for all life on Earth and even decimating humans' own cultural diversity. Contemporary cultural worldviews that have severed humans' ancient connections with the natural world, along with consumption and population growth, have deepened this impoverishment. Understanding, measuring, and managing human environmental impacts – the most important of which is the impoverishment of living systems – is the 21st century's greatest challenge. url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/B9780123847195002537 doi: 10.1016/b978-0-12-384719-5.00253-7 id: cord-018677-gmitz3gg author: Clemens, John D. title: Sequential stages of clinical trials and overview of issues to be considered date: 2005 words: 6423.0 sentences: 270.0 pages: flesch: 36.0 cache: ./cache/cord-018677-gmitz3gg.txt txt: ./txt/cord-018677-gmitz3gg.txt summary: In these studies volunteers are typically allocated at random to receive the vaccine or a comparison agent, usually a placebo, and are then challenged at a defined interval after vaccination with an inoculum of the pathogen predicted to cause the target disease in nearly 100% of the control group. Phase III studies are designed as randomized, controlled trials with clear hypotheses, and are conducted in the target group for whom vaccine licensure is desired and in a population that normally experiences the target infection. Definition of immunological correlates of vaccine protection is very important because such correlates permit assessments of the protection of the tested vaccine and ones suitably similar to it in small, short-term studies with immunological endpoints, without resort to full-scale, Phase III efficacy trials with clinical infection endpoints. The successive phases of clinical evaluation of vaccine candidates allow for acquisition of critical information about vaccine safety, immunogenicity, excretion, transmission, and protection in an incremental fashion, while minimizing the risks to subjects who volunteer to participate in these studies. abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7123620/ doi: 10.1007/3-7643-7381-4_11 id: cord-303447-3a7jxl34 author: Cohn, Amanda C. title: Immunizations in the United States: A Rite of Passage date: 2005-05-28 words: 7963.0 sentences: 381.0 pages: flesch: 40.0 cache: ./cache/cord-303447-3a7jxl34.txt txt: ./txt/cord-303447-3a7jxl34.txt summary: This article reviews the US immunization program with an emphasis on its role in ensuring that vaccines are effective, safe, and available and highlights several new vaccines and recommendations that will affect the health of children and adolescents and the practice of pediatric medicine in future decades. This article reviews the US immunization program with an emphasis on its role in ensuring that vaccines are effective, safe, and available and highlights several new vaccines and recommendations that will affect the health of children and adolescents and the practice of pediatric medicine in future decades. Before introduction of PCV7, Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus) was a leading cause of infectious morbidity in young children in the United States, annually causing approximately 17,000 cases of invasive disease in children younger than 5 years old, including 700 cases of meningitis and 200 deaths. abstract: Today, vaccination is a cornerstone of pediatric preventive health care and a rite of passage for nearly all of the approximately 11,000 infants born daily in the United States. This article reviews the US immunization program with an emphasis on its role in ensuring that vaccines are effective, safe, and available and highlights several new vaccines and recommendations that will affect the health of children and adolescents and the practice of pediatric medicine in future decades. url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S0031395505000647 doi: 10.1016/j.pcl.2005.03.001 id: cord-022736-38q8jbcl author: Coppola, Damon P. title: Participants – Multilateral Organizations and International Financial Institutions date: 2015-02-06 words: 39357.0 sentences: 1876.0 pages: flesch: 40.0 cache: ./cache/cord-022736-38q8jbcl.txt txt: ./txt/cord-022736-38q8jbcl.txt summary: • Incorporating long-term risk reduction and preparedness measures in normal development planning and programs, including support for specific mitigation measures where required; • Assisting in the planning and implementation of post-disaster rehabilitation and reconstruction, including defining new development strategies that incorporate risk-reduction measures relevant to the affected area; • Reviewing the impact of large settlements of refugees or displaced persons on development, and seeking ways to incorporate the refugees and displaced persons in development strategies; • Providing technical assistance to the authorities managing major emergency assistance operations of extended duration (especially in relation to displaced persons and the possibilities for achieving durable solutions in such cases). abstract: Multilateral organizations are composed of sovereign governments. They may be regional, organized around a common issue or function, or global. International financial institutions (IFIs) are international banks composed of sovereign member states that use public money from the Member States to provide technical and financial support for developing countries. The United Nations is the organization most involved in the mitigation of, preparedness for, response to, and recovery from disasters around the world. It is considered the best equipped to do so because of its strong relationships with most countries, especially the developing countries where assistance is most needed. When disasters strike, the UN is one of the first organizations to mobilize, and it remains in the affected countries during the recovery period for many years after. The Consolidated Appeal Process is one way the UN garners international support for relief and reconstruction. In many regions, governments have formed smaller international organizations, many of which address risk, as well. The IFIs provide nations with low capital reserves funding in the aftermath of disasters recovery reconstruction. The World Bank is regarded as one of the largest sources of development assistance. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7161383/ doi: 10.1016/b978-0-12-801477-6.00010-1 id: cord-275420-zkxyxiv5 author: Crabtree, Scott J. title: The role of multidisciplinary infection prevention teams in identifying community transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in the United States date: 2020-07-23 words: 1190.0 sentences: 67.0 pages: flesch: 50.0 cache: ./cache/cord-275420-zkxyxiv5.txt txt: ./txt/cord-275420-zkxyxiv5.txt summary: title: The role of multidisciplinary infection prevention teams in identifying community transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in the United States This case study highlights the role of a multidisciplinary Infection Prevention team in the identification of the first community-transmitted SARS-CoV-2 case at a large, tertiary referral center in the United States. By rounding on the hospital units such teams can serve vital infection prevention, antibiotic stewardship, and disease surveillance functions. Through the coordinated efforts of UCD''s multidisciplinary infection prevention (IP) program, the patient was identified as a possible COVID-19 case and obtained SARS-CoV-2 testing. During rounds, each patient is reviewed through the electronic medical record and via discussion with the bedside nurse to evaluate for possible infection prevention and antimicrobial stewardship interventions. The patient''s case was discussed with her bedside nurse, who confirmed that SARS-CoV-2 was considered by her primary team, but given the absence of exposures, testing for this agent was not pursued. abstract: This case study highlights the role of a multidisciplinary Infection Prevention team in the identification of the first community-transmitted SARS-CoV-2 case at a large, tertiary referral center in the United States. By rounding on the hospital units such teams can serve vital infection prevention, antibiotic stewardship, and disease surveillance functions. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32698916/ doi: 10.1017/ice.2020.360 id: cord-023529-zrnczve3 author: Craighead, Geoff title: Security and Fire Life Safety Threats date: 2013-02-15 words: 31484.0 sentences: 1764.0 pages: flesch: 58.0 cache: ./cache/cord-023529-zrnczve3.txt txt: ./txt/cord-023529-zrnczve3.txt summary: (1) The Council on Tall Buildings and Urban habitat (CTBUh) formed a task force to explore options "to further increase the level of safety in tall buildings including the establishment of guidelines to better educate its report, called the World Trade Center Building Performance Study: Data Collection, Preliminary Observations and Recommendations, "fulfilling its goal ''to determine probable failure mechanisms and to identify areas of future investigation that could lead to practical measures for improving the damage resistance of buildings against such unforeseen events. The new codes address areas such as increasing structural resistance to building collapse from fire and other incidents; requiring a third exit stairway for tall buildings; increasing the width of all stairways by 50 percent in new high-rises; strengthening criteria for the bonding, proper installation, and inspection of sprayed fire-resistive materials (commonly known as ''fireproofing''); improving the reliability of active fire protection systems (such as automatic sprinklers); requiring a new class of robust elevators for access by emergency responders in lieu of an additional stairway; making exit path markings more prevalent and more visible; and ensuring effective coverage throughout a building for emergency responder radio communications. abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7171910/ doi: 10.1016/b978-1-85617-555-5.00003-1 id: cord-002769-7xp143nc author: Crook, Paul title: Lack of Secondary Transmission of Ebola Virus from Healthcare Worker to 238 Contacts, United Kingdom, December 2014 date: 2017-12-17 words: 1933.0 sentences: 108.0 pages: flesch: 54.0 cache: ./cache/cord-002769-7xp143nc.txt txt: ./txt/cord-002769-7xp143nc.txt summary: We report contact tracing after EVD was diagnosed in an HCW in the United Kingdom who had worked in an Ebola treatment center in Sierra Leone. If contact details were missing or incorrect, we sought additional information from Her Majesty''s Passport Office, the UK Border Agency, PHE port entry screening and returning workers information, the National Health Service Patient Demographic Service, and online social networks. We report no evidence of secondary transmission of Ebola virus to contacts of a case-patient who contracted EVD during the Ebola epidemic in West Africa in 2014-2015 and who was given a diagnosis in the United Kingdom. EVD, Ebola virus disease; LHR, London Heathrow Airport; NA, not applicable; PHE, Public Health England. This study provides support for the conclusion that there is low risk for transmission of Ebola virus on aircraft from EVD case-patients in the early stages of disease. Public health response to commercial airline travel of a person with Ebola virus infection-United States abstract: In December 2014, Ebola virus disease (EVD) was diagnosed in a healthcare worker in the United Kingdom after the worker returned from an Ebola treatment center in Sierra Leone. The worker flew on 2 flights during the early stages of disease. Follow-up of 238 contacts showed no evidence of secondary transmission of Ebola virus. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5708221/ doi: 10.3201/eid2312.171100 id: cord-011280-o4ssggit author: Cummings, Brian M. title: A review of approaches for resolving disputes between physicians and families on end-of-life care for newborns date: 2020-05-11 words: 3165.0 sentences: 162.0 pages: flesch: 56.0 cache: ./cache/cord-011280-o4ssggit.txt txt: ./txt/cord-011280-o4ssggit.txt summary: HCA [1], George Annas, the NEJM legal analyst, observed, "One bioethical issue is as intractable today as 30 years ago when the topic was first publicly discussed: the extent of parental authority to refuse life-sustaining medical treatment for an extremely premature infant" [2] . It is now agreed within the bioethical and medical communities in the United States that where the risk of mortality is significant and the prospect of benefit to an infant is suffused in ambiguity and uncertainty, the decision on whether or not to initiate treatment belongs to the parents. The changes in standards and norms on medical decisionmaking are observable in the different approaches to decision-making on end-of-life cases in British and American courts [17] . From the provider perspective, investigators recently interviewed physicians in pediatric and neonatal intensive care concerning end-of-life decision-making. In an earlier article, we provided a case of an experienced neonatologist who successfully utilized shared decision-making to resolve a potential conflict between the NICU staff and the family [26] . abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7223960/ doi: 10.1038/s41372-020-0675-4 id: cord-348807-9xxc5hyl author: Cuomo, Raphael E. title: Sub-national longitudinal and geospatial analysis of COVID-19 tweets date: 2020-10-28 words: 3235.0 sentences: 143.0 pages: flesch: 43.0 cache: ./cache/cord-348807-9xxc5hyl.txt txt: ./txt/cord-348807-9xxc5hyl.txt summary: METHODS: In an effort to better understand the impacts of COVID-19, we concurrently assessed the geospatial and longitudinal distributions of Twitter messages about COVID-19 which were posted between March 3rd and April 13th and compared these results with the number of confirmed cases reported for sub-national levels of the United States. This study suggests that, across subnational areas within the United States, there exists a highly variable threshold of perceived dangerousness and/or intrusiveness required to activate outbreak-related conversations on social media platforms such as Twitter, a finding that can inform future outbreak communication and health promotion strategies. Concurrent geospatial and longitudinal analyses also indicate that predominantly rural areas of the United States increased engagement in COVID-19 social media conversations at later stages of the study timeframe. This study is unique in that it uses Twitter data as a proxy measure for assessing the concurrent longitudinal and geospatial distributions of attention to COVID-19 across local and regional communities in the United States. abstract: OBJECTIVES: According to current reporting, the number of active coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infections is not evenly distributed, both spatially and temporally. Reported COVID-19 infections may not have properly conveyed the full extent of attention to the pandemic. Furthermore, infection metrics are unlikely to illustrate the full scope of negative consequences of the pandemic and its associated risk to communities. METHODS: In an effort to better understand the impacts of COVID-19, we concurrently assessed the geospatial and longitudinal distributions of Twitter messages about COVID-19 which were posted between March 3rd and April 13th and compared these results with the number of confirmed cases reported for sub-national levels of the United States. Geospatial hot spot analysis was also conducted to detect geographic areas that might be at elevated risk of spread based on both volume of tweets and number of reported cases. RESULTS: Statistically significant aberrations of high numbers of tweets were detected in approximately one-third of US states, most of which had relatively high proportions of rural inhabitants. Geospatial trends toward becoming hotspots for tweets related to COVID-19 were observed for specific rural states in the United States. DISCUSSION: Population-adjusted results indicate that rural areas in the U.S. may not have engaged with the COVID-19 topic until later stages of an outbreak. Future studies should explore how this dynamic can inform future outbreak communication and health promotion. url: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0241330 doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0241330 id: cord-022003-cvawdes6 author: Darling, Robert G. title: Future Biological and Chemical Weapons date: 2015-10-23 words: 9049.0 sentences: 498.0 pages: flesch: 45.0 cache: ./cache/cord-022003-cvawdes6.txt txt: ./txt/cord-022003-cvawdes6.txt summary: New, naturally occurring infections with the potential to cause large-scale human diseases and death continue to emerge at an ever-increasing rate throughout the world, and it is conceivable that these pathogens could also be weaponized by enterprising scientists. Important existing biological agents with the potential for weaponization for military or terrorist use include the following: Another way to view the relative importance of the above list of agents and diseases list is to consider The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) strategy. • Availability • Ease of production and dissemination • Potential for high morbidity and mortality rates and major health impact Agents • Emerging and reemerging infectious diseases such as Nipah virus, hantavirus, human influenza, avian influenza, SARS and SARSassociated coronavirus (SARS-CoV), and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7152330/ doi: 10.1016/b978-0-323-28665-7.00080-7 id: cord-017858-kugh9y8c author: De Sanctis, Fausto Martin title: Civil and Criminal Legislation Regarding Money Laundering and the Protection of Cultural Heritage date: 2013-06-09 words: 10887.0 sentences: 631.0 pages: flesch: 50.0 cache: ./cache/cord-017858-kugh9y8c.txt txt: ./txt/cord-017858-kugh9y8c.txt summary: This was revoked in part by the Framework Decision 19 of the European Union Council dated 06/26/2001, whereby Member States agreed not to make reservations on Articles 2 and 6 of the European Convention of 1990 (including the rule that provides for money laundering resulting generically from criminal conduct), since only serious infractions can be at issue, and provided measures for confiscation and criminal action on the proceeds of crime having a maximum penalty of greater than one year, or crimes considered serious (Article 1). To increase the likelihood of recovering assets of criminal origin, States are urged to draft laws instituting Civil Forfeiture Actions for Illegally Acquired Assets as a means of fighting money laundering by interrupting the usufruct of the proceeds of crime. abstract: The aim of this chapter is to understand how States combat money laundering and its possible links to organized crime and other financial crimes. The illegal flow of capital poses a great threat to States. Through international joint actions, States can fight crime and curtail the enjoyment of property illegally acquired through criminal activity, particularly with respect to the acquisition of works of art on the black market. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7122535/ doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-00173-9_2 id: cord-021555-rrverrsj author: Delano, Margaret L. title: Biology and Diseases of Ruminants: Sheep, Goats, and Cattle date: 2007-09-02 words: 71765.0 sentences: 5075.0 pages: flesch: 49.0 cache: ./cache/cord-021555-rrverrsj.txt txt: ./txt/cord-021555-rrverrsj.txt summary: These references also provide information regarding vaccination products licensed for use in ruminants and typical herd and flock vaccination parasite control schedules ("Current Veterinary Therapy," 1986 , 1999 "Council report," 1994; "Large Animal Internal Medicine," 1996; Smith and Sherman, 1994) When designing a vaccination program during qualification of a source or at the research facility, it is important to evaluate the local disease incidence and the potential for exposure. Clinical signs in chronic cases in older animals, such as adult goats, include soft stools, weight loss, anorexia, depression, and severe diarrhea, sometimes with mucus and blood. This pathogen does present a complication due to the carrier status of some animals, the likelihood of herd outbreaks, the severity of disease in younger animals, and the morbidity, possible progression to uveitis, and time and treatment costs associated with infections. abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7150219/ doi: 10.1016/b978-012263951-7/50017-x id: cord-023713-daz2vokz author: Devereux, Graham title: Epidemiology of Asthma and Allergic Airway Diseases date: 2013-09-06 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7173512/ doi: 10.1016/b978-0-323-08593-9.00049-8 id: cord-319463-erdwejd2 author: Diaz, J. H. title: Global Climate Changes and International Trade and Travel: Effects on Human Health Outcomes date: 2011-12-31 words: 4963.0 sentences: 197.0 pages: flesch: 37.0 cache: ./cache/cord-319463-erdwejd2.txt txt: ./txt/cord-319463-erdwejd2.txt summary: The ultimate effects of climate changes and the increased distribution of pathogens by international trade and travel will not be limited to infectious disease outbreaks in immunologically naïve populations but will also impact world food production and quality, air quality, drinking water availability and quality, immigration, urban relocation, and civil unrest. Accessible airline connections now permit infected individuals to travel anywhere in the world in less than 24 h, delivering human reservoirs of malaria, dengue, West Nile virus, and Chikungunya fever to new temperate areas for autochthonous or local transmission by new and adaptable mosquito vectors, often recent air or sea arrivals themselves. Although the relationships among infected vector importation, index case immigration, reclaimed disease ecosystems, and malaria transmission are complex, future attempts to control and eradicate airport and imported malaria should be based on an understanding of disease transmission mechanisms and an appreciation that climate and ecosystem changes can support reemerging local mosquito-borne infectious diseases, especially malaria, dengue, Chikungunya fever, and West Nile virus (Table 1) . abstract: There is now near-unanimous scientific agreement that greenhouse gas emissions generated by human activities have increased global temperatures and changed the earth's climate. There is, however, no universal agreement on how rapidly, regionally, or asymmetrically the earth will warm; or on the true impact of global warming on infectious disease outbreaks and natural disasters and their inevitable public health outcomes. In addition, many other factors influence the emergence and reemergence of infectious diseases in a changing environment including international trade and travel, exotic eating habits, lifestyle and residential choices, host susceptibility, and microbial adaptation. The ultimate effects of climate changes and the increased distribution of pathogens by international trade and travel will not be limited to infectious disease outbreaks in immunologically naïve populations but will also impact world food production and quality, air quality, drinking water availability and quality, immigration, urban relocation, and civil unrest. Despite the uncertainties in outcomes and their magnitudes, the active responses to climate changes in a global economy must include combinations of environmental, political, regulatory, socioeconomic, and public health measures. url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780444522726005274 doi: 10.1016/b978-0-444-52272-6.00527-4 id: cord-022581-awivedxp author: Diaz, James H. title: Ticks, Including Tick Paralysis date: 2014-10-31 words: 10453.0 sentences: 494.0 pages: flesch: 41.0 cache: ./cache/cord-022581-awivedxp.txt txt: ./txt/cord-022581-awivedxp.txt summary: SHORT VIEW SUMMARY KEYWORDS anaplasmosis; argasid ticks; Babesia; babesiosis; Borrelia; borreliosis; ehrlichiosis; Francisella; ixodid ticks; Lyme disease; rickettsialpox; Rocky Mountain spotted fever; tick paralysis; tick-borne coltiviruses; tick-borne encephalitis viruses; tick-borne hemorrhagic fever viruses; tick-borne relapsing fever viruses; tick-borne rickettsioses; ticks; tularemia By the 1980s and 1990s, the causative agents of the ehrlichioses were stratified as newly emerging, Rickettsia-like species, and later (2001) were completely reorganized into separate genera, Ehrlichia and Anaplasma. africae causing African tick-bite fever); and regional clusters and epidemic cycles of more severe SFs worldwide (RMSF in the United States, Mediterranean SF [MSF] in Europe, and Queensland tick typhus [QTT] in Australia).* The reasons for such changes in rickettsial SF epidemiology are unclear and may include warming temperatures and increasing humidity, more frequent drought-rain cycles, residential development in preferred tick ecosystems, more competent tick vectors given competitive advantages by environmental and and there have been no long-term sequelae reported in STARI cases, some have questioned whether antibiotic therapy is indicated in STARI. abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7158346/ doi: 10.1016/b978-1-4557-4801-3.00298-8 id: cord-273789-sbppgkza author: Donohoe, Holly title: Lyme disease: Current issues, implications, and recommendations for tourism management date: 2014-08-20 words: 10268.0 sentences: 409.0 pages: flesch: 43.0 cache: ./cache/cord-273789-sbppgkza.txt txt: ./txt/cord-273789-sbppgkza.txt summary: One study from the United States reported the results of a survey of workers regarding their knowledge of Lyme disease and their behaviour regarding tick-bite prevention and one article provided a comprehensive review of the occupational risks (Piacentino & Schwartz, 2002) . Early case studies in the United States failed to show a significant increase in risk associated with outdoor recreation (e.g. Bowen et al., 1984; Ciesielski et al., 1989; Falco & Fish, 1989) but Smith et al.''s (1988) research found that persons who had spent more than 30 h per week in outdoor activities in endemic areas were 2.5 times more likely to test positive for Lyme disease. abstract: Lyme disease is a bacterial infection spread through the bite of an infected tick. In the last few decades, the number and spatial reach of new cases has increased globally and in the United States, Lyme disease is now the most commonly reported vector-borne disease. Despite this evolving public health crisis, there has been little-to-no discussion of the implications for tourism supply and demand. This paper reviews the scientific literature to identify Lyme disease risk factors and the implications for tourism management are discussed. The major contribution of this paper is a set of recommendations for tourism managers who may be tasked with mitigating the risks for visitors and employees as well as the potential impacts of Lyme disease on destination sustainability. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32287743/ doi: 10.1016/j.tourman.2014.07.006 id: cord-021637-f5wwn45z author: Douglas, R. Gordon title: The Vaccine Industry date: 2017-07-17 words: 6455.0 sentences: 302.0 pages: flesch: 41.0 cache: ./cache/cord-021637-f5wwn45z.txt txt: ./txt/cord-021637-f5wwn45z.txt summary: The vaccine industry is composed of companies that are engaged in any of the following activities: research (including that performed in industry and biotech), development, manufacture, or sales, marketing, and distribution of vaccines. In addition, new alliances will be formed between the big four manufacturers and emerging companies in India, China, and Brazil, to take advantage of increasing immunization rates in those countries as well as growth of their private markets. These product development partnership organizations (PDPs; essentially not-for-profit biotech companies) bring together specialized knowledge, animal models, immunologic assays, and field sites for vaccine testing as well as early capital investment to reduce the scientific technical risks, opportunity costs, and financial risk to their biotech and large pharma industrial partners. abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7151793/ doi: 10.1016/b978-0-323-35761-6.00004-3 id: cord-033687-djkljey2 author: Druckman, James N. title: How Affective Polarization Shapes Americans’ Political Beliefs: A Study of Response to the COVID-19 Pandemic date: 2020-08-24 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Affective polarization – partisans’ dislike and distrust of those from the other party – has reached historically high levels in the United States. While numerous studies estimate its effect on apolitical outcomes (e.g., dating and economic transactions), we know much less about its effects on political beliefs. We argue that those who exhibit high levels of affective polarization politicize ostensibly apolitical issues and actors. An experiment focused on responses to COVID-19 that relies on pre-pandemic, exogenous measures of affective polarization supports our expectations. Partisans who harbor high levels of animus towards the other party do not differentiate the “United States’” response to COVID-19 from that of the Trump administration. Less affectively polarized partisans, in contrast, do not politicize evaluations of the country’s response. Our results provide evidence of how affective polarization, apart from partisanship itself, shapes substantive beliefs. Affective polarization has political consequences and political beliefs stem, in part, from partisan animus. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7550884/ doi: 10.1017/xps.2020.28 id: cord-018220-8m11ig06 author: Duncan, Coley B. title: Viral Infections date: 2009-02-02 words: 6477.0 sentences: 324.0 pages: flesch: 45.0 cache: ./cache/cord-018220-8m11ig06.txt txt: ./txt/cord-018220-8m11ig06.txt summary: The recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) 2007 relating to the elderly, include vaccination of all persons ³ 50 years, vaccination of residents of nursing homes and chronic-care facilities, vaccination of healthcare personnel, and vaccination of healthy household contacts (including children) and caregivers of adults ³ 50 years (3) . In a prospective study from Rochester, NY, using a combination of viral culture, RT-PCR and serology for diagnosis, RSV infection was documented in 3-7% of 608 healthy elderly and 4-10% of adults with chronic cardiopulmonary conditions over four winter seasons (16) . In healthy elderly patients and in adults with chronic pulmonary disease, low serum neutralizing antibody titers are associated with increased risk of hospitalization with RSV infection suggesting a vaccine may be beneficial. Although PIV infections are not commonly documented in older adults, several studies of community-acquired pneumonia and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) exacerbations implicate PIV as a cause in 2-17% of cases (25, 26) . abstract: Although influenza remains indisputably the most significant viral pathogen in adults, other viruses such as respiratory syncytial virus, parainfluenza viruses, and human metapneumovirus are now recognized as significant pathogens in older populations. Oseltamivir and zanamivir are antiviral agents that are effective for the treatment and prophylaxis of influenza A and B. For treatment and for optimal effect, therapy should be initiated within 48 h of symptom onset. Infection with hepatitis viruses may be more severe in older adults with more fulminate disease as observed with acute hepatitis A and a more rapid progression to cirrhosis with hepatitis C. Outbreaks of viral gastroenteritis are common in long-term care facilities, and infection may lead to death due to dehydration and oliguria. The incidence of herpes zoster increases with advancing age and carries with it a significant risk of post herpetic neuralgia. The use of antiviral medications and corticosteroids may reduce the incidence and severity of chronic pain. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7123043/ doi: 10.1007/978-1-60327-534-7_23 id: cord-342412-azkamnpa author: Ecker, David J title: The Microbial Rosetta Stone Database: A compilation of global and emerging infectious microorganisms and bioterrorist threat agents date: 2005-04-25 words: 7206.0 sentences: 409.0 pages: flesch: 42.0 cache: ./cache/cord-342412-azkamnpa.txt txt: ./txt/cord-342412-azkamnpa.txt summary: This paper focuses on the information in the database for pathogens that impact global public health, emerging infectious organisms, and bioterrorist threat agents. For example, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) maintains an ever-changing list of notifiable diseases, the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease (NIAID) lists agents with potential for use in bioterrorist attacks, and the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) maintains a list of critical human pathogens. This article focuses on the information in the database for pathogens that impact global public health, emerging infectious organisms, and bioterrorist threat agents. It provides a compilation of lists, taken from the database, of important and/or regulated biological agents from a number of agencies including HHS, the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), the CDC, the World Health Organization (WHO), the NIAID, and other sources. abstract: BACKGROUND: Thousands of different microorganisms affect the health, safety, and economic stability of populations. Many different medical and governmental organizations have created lists of the pathogenic microorganisms relevant to their missions; however, the nomenclature for biological agents on these lists and pathogens described in the literature is inexact. This ambiguity can be a significant block to effective communication among the diverse communities that must deal with epidemics or bioterrorist attacks. RESULTS: We have developed a database known as the Microbial Rosetta Stone. The database relates microorganism names, taxonomic classifications, diseases, specific detection and treatment protocols, and relevant literature. The database structure facilitates linkage to public genomic databases. This paper focuses on the information in the database for pathogens that impact global public health, emerging infectious organisms, and bioterrorist threat agents. CONCLUSION: The Microbial Rosetta Stone is available at . The database provides public access to up-to-date taxonomic classifications of organisms that cause human diseases, improves the consistency of nomenclature in disease reporting, and provides useful links between different public genomic and public health databases. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15850481/ doi: 10.1186/1471-2180-5-19 id: cord-022351-qfhmwqgg author: Edgell, David L. title: Political and foreign policy implications of tourism date: 2009-11-16 words: 12152.0 sentences: 535.0 pages: flesch: 43.0 cache: ./cache/cord-022351-qfhmwqgg.txt txt: ./txt/cord-022351-qfhmwqgg.txt summary: • increasing two-way tourism, • supporting efforts by the National Tourism Organization travel promotion office(s), • improving tourism facilitation, • encouraging reciprocal investments in the two nations'' tourism industries, • promoting the sharing of research, statistics and information, • recognizing the importance of the safety and security of tourists, • suggesting mutual cooperation on policy issues in international tourism, • providing for regular consultations on tourism matters, • acknowledging benefits from education and training in tourism, • enhancing mutual understanding and goodwill. In July 2003, WTTC revealed its Blueprint for New Tourism that proffered the statement ''which issues a call to action for both government and the industry to make several long-term commitments to ensure the prosperity of travel and tourism -one of the world''s largest industries, responsible for over 200 million jobs and over 10 per cent of global GDP (Gross Domestic Product)''. STS continues its dedication to promoting and developing tourism and travel by leading regional and national organizations in innovative programmes and research. abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7155601/ doi: 10.1016/b978-0-7506-8557-3.50010-3 id: cord-287839-cslrz4yp author: Ehnert, Karen title: Border Health: Who's Guarding the Gate? date: 2009-01-28 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Changes in the global trade market have led to a thriving international pet trade in exotic animals, birds, and puppies. The flood of animals crossing the United States' borders satisfies the public demand for these pets but is not without risk. Imported pets may be infected with diseases that put animals or the public at risk. Numerous agencies work together to reduce the risk of animal disease introduction, but regulations may need to be modified to ensure compliance. With more than 280,000 dogs and 183,000 wildlife shipments being imported into the United States each year, veterinarians must remain vigilant so they can recognize potential threats quickly. url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0195561608001976 doi: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2008.10.012 id: cord-274061-ynqxgyw6 author: Epstein, Jay S. title: Blood system changes since recognition of transfusion‐associated AIDS date: 2013-10-17 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24032622/ doi: 10.1111/trf.12373 id: cord-326916-bakwk4tm author: Fauver, Joseph R. title: Coast-to-Coast Spread of SARS-CoV-2 during the Early Epidemic in the United States date: 2020-05-07 words: 5556.0 sentences: 323.0 pages: flesch: 53.0 cache: ./cache/cord-326916-bakwk4tm.txt txt: ./txt/cord-326916-bakwk4tm.txt summary: To uncover the sources of SARS-CoV-2 introductions and patterns of spread within the United States, we sequenced nine viral genomes from early reported COVID-19 patients in Connecticut. To delineate the roles of domestic and international virus spread in the emergence of new United States COVID-19 outbreaks, we sequenced SARS-CoV-2 viruses collected from cases identified in Connecticut. We sequenced SARS-CoV-2 genomes from nine of the first COVID-19 cases reported in Connecticut, with sample collection dating from March 6-14, 2020 (Data S1). By combining daily passenger volumes ( Figure 2B ) with COVID-19 prevalence at the travel route origin (Figures 2C and 2D) and accounting for differences in reporting rates, we found that the domestic and international SARS-CoV-2 importation risk started to increase dramatically at the beginning of March 2020 ( Figure 2E ). abstract: The novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 was first detected in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States in January 2020, with subsequent COVID-19 outbreaks detected in all 50 states by early March. To uncover the sources of SARS-CoV-2 introductions and patterns of spread within the United States, we sequenced nine viral genomes from early reported COVID-19 patients in Connecticut. Our phylogenetic analysis places the majority of these genomes with viruses sequenced from Washington state. By coupling our genomic data with domestic and international travel patterns, we show that early SARS-CoV-2 transmission in Connecticut was likely driven by domestic introductions. Moreover, the risk of domestic importation to Connecticut exceeded that of international importation by mid-March regardless of our estimated effects of federal travel restrictions. This study provides evidence of widespread sustained transmission of SARS-CoV-2 within the United States and highlights the critical need for local surveillance. url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2020.04.021 doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2020.04.021 id: cord-327748-8ob6okeh author: Feng, Tianjun title: Product Quality Risk Perceptions and Decisions: Contaminated Pet Food and Lead‐Painted Toys date: 2010-07-09 words: 9437.0 sentences: 510.0 pages: flesch: 59.0 cache: ./cache/cord-327748-8ob6okeh.txt txt: ./txt/cord-327748-8ob6okeh.txt summary: Those selecting our study were told: "We are conducting a study on how people react to product quality related crises, with a focus on the recent recalls of contaminated pet food and lead-painted children''s toys." We further analyzed the relationship between participants'' gender and their subjective probability judgment for all three versions, and we did not find significant differences. Using the psychometric paradigm, we now examine the ratings on seven risk perception dimensions of eight hazardous products or risky situations, including contaminated dog food, lead-painted toys, contaminated spinach, avian flu, mad cow disease, SARS, cell phone radiation, and cigarette smoking. abstract: In the context of the recent recalls of contaminated pet food and lead‐painted toys in the United States, we examine patterns of risk perceptions and decisions when facing consumer product‐caused quality risks. Two approaches were used to explore risk perceptions of the product recalls. In the first approach, we elicited judged probabilities and found that people appear to have greatly overestimated the actual risks for both product scenarios. In the second approach, we applied the psychometric paradigm to examine risk perception dimensions concerning these two specific products through factor analysis. There was a similar risk perception pattern for both products: they are seen as unknown risks and are relatively not dread risks. This pattern was also similar to what prior research found for lead paint. Further, we studied people's potential actions to deal with the recalls of these two products. Several factors were found to be significant predictors of respondents’ cautious actions for both product scenarios. Policy considerations regarding product quality risks are discussed. For example, risk communicators could reframe information messages to prompt people to consider total risks packed together from different causes, even when the risk message has been initiated due to a specific recall event. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20626691/ doi: 10.1111/j.1539-6924.2010.01459.x id: cord-292853-xihpfidg author: Ford, Julian D. title: Social, cultural, and other diversity issues in the traumatic stress field date: 2015-08-07 words: 18821.0 sentences: 665.0 pages: flesch: 36.0 cache: ./cache/cord-292853-xihpfidg.txt txt: ./txt/cord-292853-xihpfidg.txt summary: A social-ecological framework is used to differentiate the impact of exposure to traumatic stressors and the development of (or resistance to) PTSD, based on the individual''s or group''s (i) personal, unique physical characteristics, including skin color, racial background, gender, and sexual orientation; and (ii) family, ethnocultural, and community membership, including majority or minority group status, religious beliefs and practices, socioeconomic resources, and political and civic affiliations. Depending on Social, cultural, and other diversity issues in the traumatic stress field 505 their cultural background and its traditions and beliefs, individuals may also have "multiple vulnerability status"-that is, to be members of more than one group or to have characteristic that cause them to be even more susceptible to discrimination or victimization (i.e., adolescent black male in the United States; a baby born with physical or developmental disabilities in a culture that endorses selective resources to the ablebodied; a gay man or lesbian woman of color in a highly homophobic and racist society). abstract: This chapter describes how the impact of psychological trauma and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) differ, depending on individual differences and the social and cultural context and culture-specific teachings and resources available to individuals, families, and communities. A social-ecological framework is used to differentiate the impact of exposure to traumatic stressors and the development of (or resistance to) PTSD, based on the individual’s or group’s (i) personal, unique physical characteristics, including skin color, racial background, gender, and sexual orientation; and (ii) family, ethnocultural, and community membership, including majority or minority group status, religious beliefs and practices, socioeconomic resources, and political and civic affiliations. While personal, familial, social, and cultural factors can be a positive resource contributing to safety and well-being, they also can be a basis for placing the person, group, or entire community or population in harm’s way or at heightened risk of developing PTSD. url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/B978012801288800011X doi: 10.1016/b978-0-12-801288-8.00011-x id: cord-016322-dyjpfvvf author: Gardner, Anthony Luzzatto title: Foreign Aid and Humanitarian Assistance date: 2019-12-10 words: 9073.0 sentences: 340.0 pages: flesch: 48.0 cache: ./cache/cord-016322-dyjpfvvf.txt txt: ./txt/cord-016322-dyjpfvvf.txt summary: We are committed to develop and implement an effective global early warning system and response network for new and re-emerging communicable diseases such as AIDS and the Ebola virus, and to increase training and professional exchanges in this area. And in December the US Congress overwhelmingly supported legislation providing $5.4 billion in emergency funding for the CDC and other health services, the State Department, and USAID; much of this funding was earmarked for the prevention, detection, and response to the Ebola crisis in West Africa, as well for efforts to assist in the region''s recovery. Ensuring that all people in sub-Saharan Africa have access to electricity by 2030, one of the UN''s Sustainable Development Goals, will require a major effort by the region''s governments and the international community, above all the United States and the European Union. abstract: Together the US and EU provide two-thirds of global humanitarian assistance for the alleviation of emergencies arising from natural and man-made disasters and 80% of global foreign aid for longer-term development assistance programs. It is therefore vital that they continue their close partnership to ensure their dollars and euros are spent as effectively as possible in an era of increasingly tight budgetary constraints. The outbreak of Ebola in West Africa in 2014 is a good example of how the US and the EU successfully addressed (albeit belatedly) a major health crisis that could have turned into a global pandemic. In many areas in Africa, they are collaborating closely on the foundation of shared priorities, including on food security, resilience, and electrification. They are also among the largest donors to the Global Fund to fight HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, and malaria and to the Global Alliance for Vaccines and Immunisation. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7120568/ doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-29966-8_12 id: cord-017469-dnnkor2o author: Georgiev, Vassil St. title: Tick-Borne Bacterial, Rickettsial, Spirochetal, and Protozoal Diseases date: 2009 words: 16529.0 sentences: 746.0 pages: flesch: 40.0 cache: ./cache/cord-017469-dnnkor2o.txt txt: ./txt/cord-017469-dnnkor2o.txt summary: Infections transmitted by the Ixodidae family (hard ticks) include (i) Lyme disease (borreliosis); (ii) human ehrlichiosis; (iii) Rocky Mountain spotted fever; (iv) tularemia; Other developments of NIAID-supported Lyme borreliosis and tick-borne rickettsial disease research include: r The transmission of Lyme disease r Diagnostic procedures r Co-infection r Antibiotic therapy r The role of autoimmune reactivity r Vaccine production Lack of Evidence of Borrelia Involvement in Alzheimer''s Disease. Because fatigue, which is a nonspecific symptom, was the only primary outcome measure affected and because the treatment examined was associated with adverse events, the results of the SUNY study do not support the use of additional antibiotic therapy with parenteral ceftriaxone in posttreatment, persistently fatigued PTCLD patients (http://www3.niaid.nih.gov/research/topics/lyme). burgdorferi often carry-and simultaneously transmit-other emerging pathogens, such as Anaplasma (Ehrlichia) species, the causative agent of human granulocytic ehrlichiosis (HGE), and Babesia microti, which causes babesiosis (http://www3.niaid.nih.gov/research/topics/lyme/ research/co-infection/). abstract: Approximately 900 tick species exist worldwide, parasitizing a broad array of mammals, including humans, and thereby playing a significant role in the transmission of infectious diseases (1). In the United States, tick-borne diseases are generally seasonal and geographically distributed. They occur mostly during the spring and summer but can occur throughout the year. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7122040/ doi: 10.1007/978-1-60327-297-1_22 id: cord-263599-cqol8zf2 author: Goodman, Larry title: Infectious diarrhea date: 1999-07-31 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Abstract Infectious diarrhea is an extremely common illness that affects millions of Americans annually. For most patients, the illness is a self-limited one. Its major risk is dehydration. However, for some patients, diarrhea can lead to severe dehydration or be associated with bacteremia and metastatic infection. Patients with these conditions require prompt treatment. A large number of organisms have been associated with diarrhea in humans, and most laboratories routinely screen for Salmonella, Shigella, and Campylobacter. Other bacteria, parasites, and viruses account for a significant percentage of diarrhea cases and frequently go undetected. This article summarizes many of these pathogens and describes the settings in which they can be acquired. Food distribution networks have made the delivery of previously rare foods to remote areas a commonplace occurrence; this has also led to new challenges in the diagnosis and prevention of food-borne illnesses. Outbreaks of diarrhea now frequently extend across many states. The identification of a rare strain of a bacterial pathogen or changes in the isolation rate of common pathogens may be early clues to the cause of such an ongoing outbreak. Most enteric pathogens cause disease by either stimulating the secretion of fluids at the level of the small bowel or by irritating and invading the colon. Organisms that cause disease by the latter mechanism have the potential to invade the blood stream and spread to other parts of the body, including the bones and the central nervous system. Several organisms have been associated with specific postinfectious syndromes that are responsible for additional morbidity and mortality. The antibiotic resistance of bacterial pathogens has been increasing, and this has a limiting effect on the empiric treatment choices available for suspected bacterial diarrhea. Careful attention to local sensitivity patterns and appropriate testing of the patient's isolate are among the important factors that lead to successful treatment decisions. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10480543/ doi: 10.1016/s0011-5029(99)90000-7 id: cord-343849-hmii6bvq author: Gostin, Lawrence O. title: Health Inequalities date: 2020-05-01 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Health inequalities are embedded in a complex array of social, political, and economic inequalities. Responding to health inequalities will require systematic action targeting all the underlying (“upstream”) social determinants that powerfully affect health and well‐being. Systemic inequalities are a major reason for the rise of modern populism that has deeply divided polities and infected politics, perhaps nowhere more so than in the United States. Concerted action to mitigate shocking levels of inequality could be a powerful antidote to nationalist populism. A basic yet critical start to addressing health inequalities is to recognize them, which demands improving data collection and analysis. Certainly, global indicators show vast progress in reducing poverty and extending life. Yet aggregate health data mask a deeper reality: health gains have disproportionately benefited the well‐off, leaving the poor and middle‐class behind. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32356918/ doi: 10.1002/hast.1108 id: cord-255477-okbxllit author: Grabau, John C. title: Investigation of sudden death from Mycobacterium tuberculosis in a foreign-born worker at a resort hotel() date: 2004-09-25 words: 2836.0 sentences: 152.0 pages: flesch: 56.0 cache: ./cache/cord-255477-okbxllit.txt txt: ./txt/cord-255477-okbxllit.txt summary: 9 An investigation conducted among inner city residents in a large United States city identified predictors of death to be underlying illnesses such as diabetes mellitus, renal failure, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and HIV infection. A TB-related sudden death, where TB disease was not suspected or detected until autopsy, led to a large contact investigation and prompted the New York State Department of Health to look into other TB deaths in an effort to identify patterns where TB disease may have gone undetected and to identify opportunities for intervention to prevent transmission of infection and subsequent development of disease. Firstround testing of close contacts looked at 171 individuals, 24 (14%) of whom were known by the local health department to be TB skin test (TST)-positive. In the investigation described here, the index patient was identified at death as having extensive TB disease and likely infected a substantial number of coworkers and social contacts. abstract: A 60 year-old man born in Central America died suddenly in the hallway of his residence on the grounds of a resort hotel where he worked as a dishwasher. The dishwashing station was in a large, poorly ventilated area where a substantial number of food service workers (cooks, wait staff, bus persons, dishwashers, supervisors, etc.) shared air space with the index patient. Several social contacts of the patient reported that he had been coughing for many months before his death. The County Department Of Health conducted a contact investigation, which identified 171 individuals in need of follow-up. Thirty-six percent of those tested in the first round were tuberculin skin test-positive; a second round of testing yielded a 15% (8 of 52) conversion rate. url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S0147956304001086 doi: 10.1016/j.hrtlng.2004.05.005 id: cord-329283-s3ale8ko author: Grant, Aubrey title: Coronavirus, Refugees, and Government Policy: The State of U.S. Refugee Resettlement during the Coronavirus Pandemic date: 2020-08-09 words: 3206.0 sentences: 151.0 pages: flesch: 50.0 cache: ./cache/cord-329283-s3ale8ko.txt txt: ./txt/cord-329283-s3ale8ko.txt summary: The United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) continues to work with member states to provide guidance and assistance to those populations protected under their mandate. In the United States, the Trump Administration has responded to the crisis by further eroding refugee and asylum resettlement programs and failing to properly protect the asylum seekers currently being detained. In the United States, the Trump Administration has responded to the crisis by further eroding refugee and asylum resettlement programs and failing to properly protect the asylum seekers currently being detained. In Baltimore, Mera Kitchen Collective-founded in 2018 to empower refugee and immigrant women through food entrepreneurship (Meehan, 2018; Cassie, 2019) -has responded to the coronavirus pandemic by donating prepared meals to health-care workers and fellow Baltimoreans in need (Strickland, 2020) . abstract: The novel coronavirus pandemic poses unique challenges to forcibly displaced populations around the world. Months into the pandemic, countries are still scrambling to enact policies that mitigate the outbreak and minimize the strain on their health‐care infrastructures and economies. The United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees continues to work with member states to provide guidance and assistance to those populations protected under their mandate. However, there is great concern regarding the ability to appropriately provide for displaced populations, as they tend to be hosted in areas that lack access to health care and proper hygiene materials. The situation has been exacerbated by the temporary suspension of refugee resettlement across the globe. In the United States, the Trump Administration has responded to the crisis by further eroding refugee and asylum resettlement programs and failing to properly protect the asylum seekers currently being detained. At the local level, resettled refugees and asylees have responded to the unique challenges posed by coronavirus by using their skillsets to provide assistance and services to community members in need. The coronavirus, and the Trump Administration's response, are likely to have long‐term negative impacts on refugee resettlement and asylum programs. url: https://doi.org/10.1002/wmh3.362 doi: 10.1002/wmh3.362 id: cord-303034-w72oeoxq author: Haischer, Michael H. title: Who is wearing a mask? Gender-, age-, and location-related differences during the COVID-19 pandemic date: 2020-10-15 words: 4429.0 sentences: 216.0 pages: flesch: 55.0 cache: ./cache/cord-303034-w72oeoxq.txt txt: ./txt/cord-303034-w72oeoxq.txt summary: To understand the demographics of mask wearers and resistors, and the impact of mandates on mask-wearing behavior, we observed shoppers (n = 9935) entering retail stores during periods of June, July, and August 2020. Wearing a mask in public is currently a controversial and politicized issue in the United States, even with case evidence from other countries that face coverings help to control the spread of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) [1] . To facilitate greater understanding and reliable experimental data on whether gender, age, location, and the presence of mask mandates influence mask wearing in the United States, we conducted a direct observational study at retail stores in Wisconsin. It is not surprising that our June data showed that older individuals wear masks more than middle-age and young people because older adults are at higher risk for more severe cases of COVID-19. abstract: Masks are an effective tool in combatting the spread of COVID-19, but some people still resist wearing them and mask-wearing behavior has not been experimentally studied in the United States. To understand the demographics of mask wearers and resistors, and the impact of mandates on mask-wearing behavior, we observed shoppers (n = 9935) entering retail stores during periods of June, July, and August 2020. Approximately 41% of the June sample wore a mask. At that time, the odds of an individual wearing a mask increased significantly with age and was also 1.5x greater for females than males. Additionally, the odds of observing a mask on an urban or suburban shopper were ~4x that for rural areas. Mask mandates enacted in late July and August increased mask-wearing compliance to over 90% in all groups, but a small percentage of resistors remained. Thus, gender, age, and location factor into whether shoppers in the United States wear a mask or face covering voluntarily. Additionally, mask mandates are necessary to increase mask wearing among the public to a level required to mitigate the spread of COVID-19. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33057375/ doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0240785 id: cord-273064-c58nf9vb author: Hallowell, Benjamin D. title: Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Prevalence, Seroprevalence, and Exposure among Evacuees from Wuhan, China, 2020 date: 2020-09-17 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: To determine prevalence of, seroprevalence of, and potential exposure to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) among a cohort of evacuees returning to the United States from Wuhan, China, in January 2020, we conducted a cross-sectional study of quarantined evacuees from 1 repatriation flight. Overall, 193 of 195 evacuees completed exposure surveys and submitted upper respiratory or serum specimens or both at arrival in the United States. Nearly all evacuees had taken preventive measures to limit potential exposure while in Wuhan, and none had detectable SARS-CoV-2 in upper respiratory tract specimens, suggesting the absence of asymptomatic respiratory shedding among this group at the time of testing. Evidence of antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 was detected in 1 evacuee, who reported experiencing no symptoms or high-risk exposures in the previous 2 months. These findings demonstrated that this group of evacuees posed a low risk of introducing SARS-CoV-2 to the United States. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32620182/ doi: 10.3201/eid2609.201590 id: cord-257751-n7w1psr4 author: Halperin, Daniel T. title: Coping With COVID-19: Learning From Past Pandemics to Avoid Pitfalls and Panic date: 2020-06-30 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: It is imperative to concur on the main transmission routes of COVID-19 to explain risk and determine the most effective means to reduce illness and mortality. We must avoid generating irrational fear and maintain a broader perspective in the pandemic response, including assessing the possibility for substantial unintended consequences. url: https://doi.org/10.9745/ghsp-d-20-00189 doi: 10.9745/ghsp-d-20-00189 id: cord-304016-4o2bpedp author: Hanage, William P. title: COVID-19: US federal accountability for entry, spread, and inequities—lessons for the future date: 2020-11-02 words: 5701.0 sentences: 249.0 pages: flesch: 49.0 cache: ./cache/cord-304016-4o2bpedp.txt txt: ./txt/cord-304016-4o2bpedp.txt summary: In this article we assess the impact of missteps by the Federal Government in three specific areas: the introduction of the virus to the US and the establishment of community transmission; the lack of national COVID-19 workplace standards and enforcement, and lack of personal protective equipment (PPE) for workplaces as represented by complaints to the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) which we find are correlated with deaths 16 days later (ρ = 0.83); and the total excess deaths in 2020 to date already total more than 230,000, while COVID-19 mortality rates exhibit severe—and rising—inequities in race/ethnicity, including among working age adults. Finally, despite the initial federal failure to report COVID-19 data by race/ethnicity [6] , a combination of specific studies, state reporting, investigative journalism, and data trackers has revealed that a persistent feature of the pandemic has been the existence of racial/ethnic inequities in cases, hospitalizations, and mortality, especially with regard to increased risk among US Black, Latinx, and American Indian/Alaska Native populations compared to the US white non-Hispanic population [3-5, 7, 8, 69, 70] . abstract: The United States (US) has been among those nations most severely affected by the first—and subsequent—phases of the pandemic of COVID-19, the disease caused by SARS-CoV-2. With only 4% of the worldwide population, the US has seen about 22% of COVID-19 deaths. Despite formidable advantages in resources and expertise, presently the per capita mortality rate is over 585/million, respectively 2.4 and 5 times higher compared to Canada and Germany. As we enter Fall 2020, the US is enduring ongoing outbreaks across large regions of the country. Moreover, within the US, an early and persistent feature of the pandemic has been the disproportionate impact on populations already made vulnerable by racism and dangerous jobs, inadequate wages, and unaffordable housing, and this is true for both the headline public health threat and the additional disastrous economic impacts. In this article we assess the impact of missteps by the Federal Government in three specific areas: the introduction of the virus to the US and the establishment of community transmission; the lack of national COVID-19 workplace standards and enforcement, and lack of personal protective equipment (PPE) for workplaces as represented by complaints to the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) which we find are correlated with deaths 16 days later (ρ = 0.83); and the total excess deaths in 2020 to date already total more than 230,000, while COVID-19 mortality rates exhibit severe—and rising—inequities in race/ethnicity, including among working age adults. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33136249/ doi: 10.1007/s10654-020-00689-2 id: cord-351581-xm3na3as author: Hillard, Paula J. Adams title: Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology (PAG) in the Time of a Pandemic date: 2020-05-04 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: nan url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1083318820301923 doi: 10.1016/j.jpag.2020.03.002 id: cord-017615-zjr6csla author: Hillman, John R. title: Food Security in an Insecure Future date: 2016-11-25 words: 9984.0 sentences: 421.0 pages: flesch: 36.0 cache: ./cache/cord-017615-zjr6csla.txt txt: ./txt/cord-017615-zjr6csla.txt summary: Food security in the Middle East is directly affected by a challenging combination of ongoing destructive conflicts, a global economic downturn, widespread poverty, high population growth, corruption, intolerance, and the potentially damaging consequences of climate change. In a previous article , we considered definitions of food security in the modern era of rising global populations, discussing how food security might be attained in terms of security of water and fossil-fuel-derived energy supplies, climate change, rapid urbanisation, changing dietary trends, and modification of the natural environment leading to depleted natural resources, increasing environmental pollution, and the need to introduce modern technologies. Here, we consider potential adaptations to an insecure global future generally, and to the concerns in the Arab Middle East specifically, in the light of the economic realities of wide disparities in wealth, competition for resources, and widespread poverty in many parts of the globe, coupled to a relatively high population growth, on-going conflicts, attempted cultural genocides, potential conflicts, endemic corruption and nepotism, and epidemics of infectious diseases. abstract: Food security in the Middle East is directly affected by a challenging combination of ongoing destructive conflicts, a global economic downturn, widespread poverty, high population growth, corruption, intolerance, and the potentially damaging consequences of climate change. Many Arab countries demonstrate nearly all the features of those countries classified as poor, less developed, or failing to achieve the eight Millennium Goals. Even the economies of the richer oil-exporting countries in the Region have been seriously damaged by the downturn in oil and gas prices as new sources come on stream elsewhere and demand falls as a result of renewable sources of energy becoming available. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7122219/ doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-48920-9_12 id: cord-318826-l922zqci author: Holschbach, Chelsea L. title: Salmonella in Dairy Cattle date: 2018-03-31 words: 11033.0 sentences: 532.0 pages: flesch: 40.0 cache: ./cache/cord-318826-l922zqci.txt txt: ./txt/cord-318826-l922zqci.txt summary: In large free stall dairies, it is increasingly common to encounter Salmonella infection as an endemic challenge with clinical presentations that are highly variable, ranging from the classic textbook description of reproductive losses and enteric disease in adult cattle through to lower impact problems with fevers of unknown origin, little to no diarrhea, and only modest consequences in terms of appetite and milk yield reduction. 29 Hence, if one is merely trying to obtain a yes or no answer or identify and track specific serovars, or antimicrobial susceptibility patterns over time, composite fecal samples are typically collected from areas on dairy operations where manure accumulates from a majority of adult animals, such as holding pens, alleyways, and lagoons. Prompt diagnosis, treatment, and isolation are important during an outbreak in adult cattle and environmental sampling to include bulk tank milk and high-risk housing areas should now be considered a routine part of disease prevention and surveillance. abstract: As an infectious, contagious pathogen, Salmonella is probably rivaled by only bovine viral diarrhea virus in its ability to cause clinical disease, such as enteritis, septicemia, pneumonia, and reproductive losses. The increasing prevalence of Salmonella, particularly Salmonella Dublin, on dairies presents new challenges to producers and veterinarians. No current discussion of bovine salmonellosis is complete without acknowledging the increasing public health concern. Increasing antimicrobial resistance among enteric pathogens brings the use of antimicrobials by veterinarians and producers under ever stricter scrutiny. This article provides a comprehensive review of Salmonella etiology, prevalence, pathogenesis, diagnostics, treatment, and control. url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S0749072017300853 doi: 10.1016/j.cvfa.2017.10.005 id: cord-265292-yyh1kikb author: Hossain, Liaquat title: Evolutionary longitudinal network dynamics of global zoonotic research date: 2015-03-18 words: 4246.0 sentences: 246.0 pages: flesch: 54.0 cache: ./cache/cord-265292-yyh1kikb.txt txt: ./txt/cord-265292-yyh1kikb.txt summary: Our results show increasing close collaboration among scientists from the United States, several European countries including United Kingdom, Italy, France, Netherland, Switzerland, China and Australia with scientists from other parts of the world. The search for publications has been carried out with 240 search queries using combinations of keywords including ''''coordination, collaboration, cooperation, communication, preparedness, surveillance, emergency response, crisis management, containment, recovery, zoonotic, zoonosis, animal human, disease outbreak, illness outbreak, epidemic, pandemic and social network'''' occurring in the articles'' titles, abstracts and keywords. In the first period (1991) (1992) (1993) (1994) (1995) (1996) (1997) (1998) (1999) (2000) (2001) , the density of the network is very low (3.9 %) indicating that a limited number of all possible collaboration links among countries are realized (see Fig. 5a ). abstract: At global and local levels, we are observing an increasing range and rate of disease outbreaks that show evidence of jumping from animals to humans, and from food to humans. Zoonotic infections (i.e. Hendra, swine flu, anthrax) affect animal health and can be deadly to humans. The increasing rate of outbreaks of infectious diseases transferring from animals to humans (i.e. zoonotic diseases) necessitates detailed understanding of the education, research and practice of animal health and its connection to human health. These emerging microbial threats underline the need to exploring the evolutionary dynamics of zoonotic research across public health and animal health. This study investigates the collaboration network of different countries engaged in conducting zoonotic research. We explore the dynamics of this network from 1980 to 2012 based on large scientific data developed from Scopus. In our analyses, we compare several properties of the network including density, clustering coefficient, giant component and centrality measures over time. We also map the network over different time intervals using VOSviewer. We analyzed 5182 publication records. We found United States and United Kingdom as the most collaborative countries working with 110 and 74 other countries in 1048 and 599 cases, respectively. Our results show increasing close collaboration among scientists from the United States, several European countries including United Kingdom, Italy, France, Netherland, Switzerland, China and Australia with scientists from other parts of the world. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32214547/ doi: 10.1007/s11192-015-1557-y id: cord-267960-r5m7o9dp author: Hourdel, Véronique title: Rapid Genomic Characterization of SARS-CoV-2 by Direct Amplicon-Based Sequencing Through Comparison of MinION and Illumina iSeq100(TM) System date: 2020-09-25 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Global human health is increasingly challenged by emerging viral threats, especially those observed over the last 20 years with coronavirus-related human diseases, such as the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) and the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS). Recently, in late December 2019, a novel Betacoronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, originating from the Chinese city of Wuhan, emerged and was then identified as the causative agent of a new severe form of pneumonia, COVID-19. Real-time genome sequencing in such viral outbreaks is a key issue to confirm identification and characterization of the involved pathogen and to help establish public health measures. Here, we implemented an amplicon-based sequencing approach combined with easily deployable next-generation sequencers, the small and hand-held MinION sequencer and the latest most compact Illumina sequencer, the iSeq100(TM) system. Our results highlighted the great potential of the amplicon-based approach to obtain consensus genomes of SARS-CoV-2 from clinical samples in just a few hours. Both these mobile next-generation sequencers are proven to be efficient to obtain viral sequences and easy to implement, with a minimal laboratory environment requirement, providing useful opportunities in the field and in remote areas. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33101244/ doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.571328 id: cord-018508-pk0ealu5 author: Hu, Yi title: A Farewell to the “Sick Man of East Asia”: The Irony, Deconstruction, and Reshaping of the Metaphor date: 2013-08-28 words: 5104.0 sentences: 221.0 pages: flesch: 56.0 cache: ./cache/cord-018508-pk0ealu5.txt txt: ./txt/cord-018508-pk0ealu5.txt summary: From the very beginning of the war, the Chinese people and the Chinese government maintained to resort to peaceful methods when solving the Korea problem and that warnings be given to the United States about withdrawing the armed forces from Taiwan, stopping the aggression against North Korea, and solving the problem of Korea and the Far East peacefully. The metaphor of the "Sick Man of East Asia" implied physical and moral denigration to the oppressed state and its people; in addition, the world police system is to prevent, control, and eradicate what was, in their eyes, the physical diseases as well as the social "diseases" -resistance, revolts, rebels, etc. The "sick men" was turned from a metaphor to a self-portrait of and a realistic oppressive discourse to the Chinese people of the time. After the sick men awakened and began an organized resistance, however, the Western powers turned to violence (the War in North Korea) as a new parasitic means. abstract: Susan Sontag revealed how a disease could be turned into a metaphor in social evolution, from merely a disease of the body to moral judgment or even political oppression. In her article “AIDS and its Metaphors” written in 1989, she offers a plan to do away with the metaphor: “With this illness, one that elicits so much guilt and shame, the effort to detach it from these meanings, these metaphors, seems particularly liberating, even consoling. But the metaphors cannot be distanced just by abstaining from them. They have to be exposed, criticized, belabored, used up” (Songtag 2003). In Sontag’s terms, “metaphor” mainly refers to the symbolic social oppression of the diseases. For example, cancer is a metaphor for the defect of the sick person in personality. While diseases were a biological phenomenon, the “metaphor” was a social one. What I would like to demonstrate here was none other than the related “political metaphor” started by the “anti-germ warfare.” url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7123395/ doi: 10.1007/978-3-642-39982-4_12 id: cord-349765-90g5v697 author: Huang, Qingming title: The Pandemic and the Transformation of Liberal International Order date: 2020-10-16 words: 12477.0 sentences: 573.0 pages: flesch: 42.0 cache: ./cache/cord-349765-90g5v697.txt txt: ./txt/cord-349765-90g5v697.txt summary: This paper addresses three significant challenges to the foundations of the current liberal order: (1) the entrenchment of authoritarianism, characterized by authoritarian resilience, autocratization, and the consolidation of competing authoritarian political-economic models; (2) the exacerbation of nationalism enabled by nationalist and populist politicians; and (3) the intensified competition among major powers. The myth about an ideal and cohesive liberal order, forged by Western solidarity and a shared sense of purpose and righteousness, has been further debunked during the pandemic, leaving space for challengers like China to exploit the internal division and fragmentation within the West and extend its influence globally. The myth about an ideal and cohesive liberal order, forged by Western solidarity and a shared sense of purpose and righteousness, has been further debunked during the pandemic, leaving space for challengers like China to exploit the internal division and fragmentation within the West and extend its influence globally. abstract: In 2018, 43 leading International Relations scholars in the United States signed a public statement in support of an urgent call to preserve the current international order, triggering heated scholarly debates. The idealized form of the liberal international order was criticized by many scholars for its chronic problems, including the contradictions between proclaimed liberal values and illiberal behaviors, the inability to reform its institutional pillars to accommodate the diverse group of emerging powers, and the tensions between the defenders of this order and its challengers. These problems became fully exposed under the external shock caused by the coronavirus pandemic. As the coronavirus spreads globally and disrupts the world’s political, economic, and social fabric, several forces that have gained momentum and strength during the last decade are now converging as a formidable force that may reconfigure the post-pandemic international order. This paper addresses three significant challenges to the foundations of the current liberal order: (1) the entrenchment of authoritarianism, characterized by authoritarian resilience, autocratization, and the consolidation of competing authoritarian political-economic models; (2) the exacerbation of nationalism enabled by nationalist and populist politicians; and (3) the intensified competition among major powers. China has played mixed roles in the process of reconfiguring the current order. It challenges the mythologized liberal international order and exposes the contradictions in the dominant Western model, while promoting an alternative hybrid political-economic model. The shock brought by the pandemic has provided ample opportunities for China to extend its networks and expand international space for its model. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33082701/ doi: 10.1007/s11366-020-09698-0 id: cord-032716-i6hfj8ca author: Hufbauer, Gary Clyde title: What's new in economic sanctions? date: 2020-09-25 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7518878/ doi: 10.1016/j.euroecorev.2020.103572 id: cord-332703-ohzkpbwy author: Hui, Jane Yuet Ching title: Cancer Management During the COVID-19 Pandemic in the United States: Results From a National Physician Cross-sectional Survey date: 2020-08-25 words: 3509.0 sentences: 170.0 pages: flesch: 45.0 cache: ./cache/cord-332703-ohzkpbwy.txt txt: ./txt/cord-332703-ohzkpbwy.txt summary: METHODS: Participants were recruited to an anonymous cross-sectional online survey of oncology physicians (surgeons, medical oncologists, and radiation oncologists) using social media from March 27 to April 10, 2020. Though not statistically significant, radiation oncologists were also more likely than surgeons or medical oncologists to alter treatment plans due to concerns about exposure risk to health care workers (61.7% vs. At~10 to 11 weeks after the first confirmed case of COVID-19 in the United States, we found that the majority of physicians had already altered the oncology treatment plans, including surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy, for their patients. We did observe that physicians who practice in states with higher numbers of confirmed COVID-19 cases were more likely to have altered their treatment plans but do not have longitudinal data to assess how case numbers affect cancer care. We found that physicians who practice in states with a higher COVID-19 case count were more likely to have already altered cancer treatment plans. abstract: OBJECTIVES: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has significantly impacted health care delivery across the United States, including treatment of cancer. We aim to describe the determinants of treatment plan changes from the perspective of oncology physicians across the United States during the COVID-19 pandemic. METHODS: Participants were recruited to an anonymous cross-sectional online survey of oncology physicians (surgeons, medical oncologists, and radiation oncologists) using social media from March 27 to April 10, 2020. Physician demographics, practice characteristics, and cancer treatment decisions were collected. RESULTS: The analytic cohort included 411 physicians: 241 (58.6%) surgeons, 106 (25.8%) medical oncologists, and 64 (15.6%) radiation oncologists. In all, 38.0% were practicing in states with 1001 to 5000 confirmed COVID-19 cases as of April 3, 2020, and 37.2% were in states with >5000 cases. Most physicians (N=285; 70.0% of surgeons, 64.4% of medical oncologists, and 73.4% of radiation oncologists) had altered cancer treatment plans. Most respondents were concerned about their patients’ COVID-19 exposure risks, but this was the primary driver for treatment alterations only for medical oncologists. For surgeons, the primary driver for treatment alterations was conservation of personal protective equipment, institutional mandates, and external society recommendations. Radiation oncologists were primarily driven by operational changes such as visitor restrictions. CONCLUSIONS: The COVID-19 pandemic has caused a majority of oncologists to alter their treatment plans, but the primary motivators for changes differed by oncologic specialty. This has implications for reinstitution of standard cancer treatment, which may occur at differing time points by treatment modality. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32852291/ doi: 10.1097/coc.0000000000000757 id: cord-010213-p4b08jtf author: Ijaz, M.K. title: Seasonality and prevalence of rotavirus in Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates date: 2002-11-05 words: 2423.0 sentences: 155.0 pages: flesch: 51.0 cache: ./cache/cord-010213-p4b08jtf.txt txt: ./txt/cord-010213-p4b08jtf.txt summary: Study design: A total of 650 stool samples submitted to the laboratories of two University Teaching Hospitals (Al-Ain and Tawam) and a private hospital (Oasis) were examined for the presence of rotaviruses from January 1990–December, 1992, using a commercially available latex agglutination assay. There appeared to be a seasonal pattern of rotavirus occurrence in the cases studied, with a marked increase in the number of positive cases during the months when the relative humidity was low (25–45%) and there was no rainfall. The meteorological data (temperature, relative humidity and rainfall) recorded during the sampling period was analyzed statistically to examine the effect of seasonality on the prevalence of rotavirus cases in AI-Ain, United Arab Emirates. The meteorological data (temperature, relative humidity and rainfall) recorded during the sampling period was analyzed statistically to examine the effect of seasonality on the prevalence of rotavirus cases in AI-Ain, United Arab Emirates. abstract: Background: Rotaviruses are the single most important causative agent of acute neonatal enteritis in most avian and mammalian species including humans. Rotaviruses infections have also been shown to be associated with the elderly, immunocompromised individuals and more recently with epidemic diarrheal illness in adults. Objectives: To study the incidence and the effect of seasonality on the prevalence of rotaviruses in Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates. Study design: A total of 650 stool samples submitted to the laboratories of two University Teaching Hospitals (Al-Ain and Tawam) and a private hospital (Oasis) were examined for the presence of rotaviruses from January 1990–December, 1992, using a commercially available latex agglutination assay. The meteorological data (temperature, relative humidity and rainfall) recorded during the sampling period was analyzed statistically to examine the effect of seasonality on the prevalence of rotavirus cases in Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates. Results: Rotavirus was detected in 21.4% of the samples examined. The predominant number of positive cases (35%) were in the 7–12 months age group. It was interesting to find rotavirus-positive cases in as low an age group as <3 months (3.6%) and as high as 10 years (8.04%). There was no significant difference on infection rates between male and female groups in the study. However, there was a significant difference between the national (38.18%) and non-national children (61.28%). The higher rate of the latter may be due to import of infections. There appeared to be a seasonal pattern of rotavirus occurrence in the cases studied, with a marked increase in the number of positive cases during the months when the relative humidity was low (25–45%) and there was no rainfall. Conclusions: Rotavirus was detected in all age groups with a predominance in 7–12 month age groups, and a higher incidence in non-nationals. There was a marked increase in the number of positive cases during the months when the relative humidity was low (25–45%) and there was no rainfall. These findings are discussed in relation to the epidemiology and prophylaxis of rotavirus infections. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7172816/ doi: 10.1016/0928-0197(94)90002-7 id: cord-349821-5ykwwq75 author: Ippolito, G. title: Biological weapons: Hospital preparedness to bioterrorism and other infectious disease emergencies date: 2006-09-09 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: In the last 2 decades, successive outbreaks caused by new, newly recognised and resurgent pathogens, and the risk that high-consequence pathogens might be used as bioterrorism agents amply demonstrated the need to enhance capacity in clinical and public health management of highly infectious diseases. In this article we review these recent and current threats to public health, whether naturally occurring or caused by accidental or intentional release. Moreover, we discuss some components of hospital preparedness for, and response to, infectious disease of the emergencies in developed countries. The issues of clinical awareness and education, initial investigation and management, surge capacity, communication, and caring for staff and others affected by the emergency are discussed. We also emphasise the importance of improving the everyday practice of infection control by healthcare professionals. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16964581/ doi: 10.1007/s00018-006-6309-y id: cord-323913-v32c2vda author: Istúriz, Raul E. title: Global Distribution of Infectious Diseases Requiring Intensive Care date: 2006-07-31 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: This article describes infectious diseases that are of special importance to intensivists. The emphasis on epidemiology notwithstanding, it also addresses clinical, diagnostic, and treatment issues related to each infection described. The discussion avoids terrorism-related aspects of these infections, because they were very well covered in the October 2005 issue of the Critical Care Clinics. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16893734/ doi: 10.1016/j.ccc.2006.03.004 id: cord-335691-lsuwsm43 author: Jackson, Michael L. title: The Burden of Community-Acquired Pneumonia in Seniors: Results of a Population-Based Study date: 2004-12-01 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Background. Pneumonia is recognized as a leading cause of morbidity in seniors. However, the overall burden of this disease—and, in particular, the contribution of ambulatory cases to that burden—is not well defined. To estimate rates of community-acquired pneumonia and to identify risk factors for this disease, we conducted a large, population-based cohort study of persons aged ⩾65 years that included both hospitalizations and outpatient visits for pneumonia. Methods. The study population consisted of 46,237 seniors enrolled at Group Health Cooperative who were observed over a 3-year period. Pneumonia episodes presumptively identified by International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification codes assigned to medical encounters were validated by medical record review. Characteristics of participants were defined by administrative data sources. Results. The overall rate of community-acquired pneumonia ranged from 18.2 cases per 1000 person-years among persons aged 65–69 years to 52.3 cases per 1000 person-years among those aged ⩾85 years. In this population, 59.3% of all pneumonia episodes were treated on an outpatient basis. In multivariate analysis, risk factors for community-acquired pneumonia included age, male sex, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, asthma, diabetes mellitus, congestive heart failure, and smoking. Conclusions. On the basis of these data, we estimate that roughly 915,900 cases of community-acquired pneumonia occur annually among seniors in the United States and that ∼1 of every 20 persons aged ⩾85 years will have a new episode of community-acquired pneumonia each year. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15578365/ doi: 10.1086/425615 id: cord-033873-5mexup0n author: Jain, Lucky title: Racial Disparities in Perinatal Outcomes Are a Blight on Our Progress date: 2020-10-16 words: 529.0 sentences: 36.0 pages: flesch: 59.0 cache: ./cache/cord-033873-5mexup0n.txt txt: ./txt/cord-033873-5mexup0n.txt summary: title: Racial Disparities in Perinatal Outcomes Are a Blight on Our Progress Indeed, births to non-Hispanic black women are associated with a significantly higher risk of prematurity and other adverse outcomes when compared with non-Hispanic white women. 1 A systematic review and metaanalysis by and colleagues 2 showed that black women had a twofold higher risk of preterm birth compared with whites. Studies such as these questioned previously held beliefs about racial differences in birth outcomes resulting from genetic differences and laid bare the consequences of life in the United States as a person of color. Needless to say, there is more to improving perinatal outcomes than just eliminating racial and health disparities. The authors cover a wide array of topics, including prematurity, infections, maternal conditions, and racial disparities, to name just a few. Ethnic and racial disparities in the risk of preterm birth: a systematic review and meta-analysis abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7566666/ doi: 10.1016/j.clp.2020.09.003 id: cord-276797-86hc3lbi author: Jamieson, Denise J. title: Emerging infectious disease outbreaks: Old lessons and new challenges for obstetrician-gynecologists date: 2006-06-30 words: 7263.0 sentences: 417.0 pages: flesch: 50.0 cache: ./cache/cord-276797-86hc3lbi.txt txt: ./txt/cord-276797-86hc3lbi.txt summary: Objective The purpose of this study was to summarize 3 recent high-profile infectious disease threats that have affected the United States: severe acute respiratory syndrome, West Nile virus, and anthrax. Results The 3 emerging infectious diseases pose very different threats: Severe acute respiratory syndrome is a newly identified pathogen that caused an international pandemic; the West Nile virus investigation involved an old pathogen that was identified in a new location; and the anthrax attacks involved the intentional introduction of a pathogen. This systematic review summarizes 3 recent, highprofile infectious disease threats that have affected the United States: (1) SARS, (2) West Nile virus, and (3) anthrax. The 3 emerging infectious disease threats that are described in this systematic review pose very different and novel health threats: SARS is a newly identified pathogen that caused an international pandemic; the West Nile virus investigation involved an old pathogen that was identified in a new location; and the anthrax attacks involved the intentional introduction of a pathogen. abstract: Objective The purpose of this study was to summarize 3 recent high-profile infectious disease threats that have affected the United States: severe acute respiratory syndrome, West Nile virus, and anthrax. Study design A systematic review was conducted with the use of Medline searches, searches of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention website, and review by experts at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Results The 3 emerging infectious diseases pose very different threats: Severe acute respiratory syndrome is a newly identified pathogen that caused an international pandemic; the West Nile virus investigation involved an old pathogen that was identified in a new location; and the anthrax attacks involved the intentional introduction of a pathogen. Conclusion All 3 outbreaks highlight the importance of obstetrician-gynecologists keeping current with new information as it emerges. In this global environment, it is likely that novel disease threats will continue to emerge in the United States. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16731070/ doi: 10.1016/j.ajog.2005.06.062 id: cord-317441-tnde2jp5 author: Jewell, Jennifer S title: Mental Health During the COVID-19 Pandemic in the United States: Online Survey date: 2020-10-23 words: 4609.0 sentences: 266.0 pages: flesch: 48.0 cache: ./cache/cord-317441-tnde2jp5.txt txt: ./txt/cord-317441-tnde2jp5.txt summary: The current pandemic is likely to be associated with similar mental health outcomes, as a result of potential exposure to stressors including loss of loved ones, economic hardship, social isolation, and childcare responsibilities following school and day care closures. Across numerous studies, social isolation has been associated with increased morbidity and mortality, with an increase in coronary heart disease, stroke, and poor mental health outcomes such as depression and anxiety [18] [19] [20] [21] [22] . The current study examines demographic differences in mental health and well-being outcomes and specific sources of concern that impact these outcomes among a US sample of 1083 adults surveyed between April 7 and June 1, 2020, immediately following business closures and movement restrictions. Based on a review of the limited literature specifically related to the COVID-19 pandemic, Rajkumar [24] found that older adults were at greater risk for mental health concerns [35] . abstract: BACKGROUND: The COVID-19 pandemic has had numerous worldwide effects. In the United States, there have been 8.3 million cases and nearly 222,000 deaths as of October 21, 2020. Based on previous studies of mental health during outbreaks, the mental health of the population will be negatively affected in the aftermath of this pandemic. The long-term nature of this pandemic may lead to unforeseen mental health outcomes and/or unexpected relationships between demographic factors and mental health outcomes. OBJECTIVE: This research focused on assessing the mental health status of adults in the United States during the early weeks of an unfolding pandemic. METHODS: Data was collected from English-speaking adults from early April to early June 2020 using an online survey. The final convenience sample included 1083 US residents. The 71-item survey consisted of demographic questions, mental health and well-being measures, a coping mechanisms checklist, and questions about COVID-19–specific concerns. Hierarchical multivariable logistic regression was used to explore associations among demographic variables and mental health outcomes. Hierarchical linear regression was conducted to examine associations among demographic variables, COVID-19–specific concerns, and mental health and well-being outcomes. RESULTS: Approximately 50% (536/1076) of the US sample was aged ≥45 years. Most of the sample was White (1013/1054, 96%), non-Hispanic (985/1058, 93%), and female (884/1073, 82%). Participants reported high rates of depression (295/1034, 29%), anxiety (342/1007, 34%), and stress (773/1058, 73%). Older individuals were less likely to report depressive symptomology (OR 0.78, P<.001) and anxiety symptomology (OR 0.72, P<.001); in addition, they had lower stress scores (–0.15 points, SE 0.01, P<.001) and increased well-being scores (1.86 points, SE 0.22, P<.001). Individuals who were no longer working due to COVID-19 were 2.25 times more likely to report symptoms of depression (P=.02), had a 0.51-point increase in stress (SE 0.17, P=.02), and a 3.9-point decrease in well-being scores (SE 1.49, P=.009) compared to individuals who were working remotely before and after COVID-19. Individuals who had partial or no insurance coverage were 2-3 times more likely to report depressive symptomology compared to individuals with full coverage (P=.02 and P=.01, respectively). Individuals who were on Medicare/Medicaid and individuals with no coverage were 1.97 and 4.48 times more likely to report moderate or severe anxiety, respectively (P=.03 and P=.01, respectively). Financial and food access concerns were significantly and positively related to depression, anxiety, and stress (all P<.05), and significantly negatively related to well-being (both P<.001). Economy, illness, and death concerns were significantly positively related to overall stress scores (all P<.05). CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that many US residents are experiencing high stress, depressive, and anxiety symptomatology, especially those who are underinsured, uninsured, or unemployed. Longitudinal investigation of these variables is recommended. Health practitioners may provide opportunities to allay concerns or offer coping techniques to individuals in need of mental health care. These messages should be shared in person and through practice websites and social media. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33006939/ doi: 10.2196/22043 id: cord-000463-31q7ftnd author: Jombart, T title: Reconstructing disease outbreaks from genetic data: a graph approach date: 2010-06-16 words: 5094.0 sentences: 251.0 pages: flesch: 45.0 cache: ./cache/cord-000463-31q7ftnd.txt txt: ./txt/cord-000463-31q7ftnd.txt summary: Within this framework, we developed an algorithm called SeqTrack, which directly reconstructs the most plausible genealogy of a set of sampled isolates, allowing for a direct assessment of the spatiotemporal dynamics of the epidemic under study. SeqTrack algorithm Our method aims to reconstruct the transmission tree of pathogens during a disease outbreak, using genotypes and collection dates to uncover ancestries between sampled isolates. Given the low levels of genetic diversity expected during the early stages of disease outbreaks, isolates with identical haplotypes but different collection dates and Figure 1 Illustration of possible reconstructions of genealogical relations. Having tested the ability of the method at reconstructing transmission trees from outbreak genetic data, we used SeqTrack to infer the spatiotemporal dynamics of the early stage of the 2009 swine-origin A/H1N1 influenza pandemic. Using simulated data, we showed the originality of this method compared to classical phylogenetic reconstruction, and its ability to infer correct genealogies of isolates in densely sampled disease outbreaks. abstract: Epidemiology and public health planning will increasingly rely on the analysis of genetic sequence data. In particular, genetic data coupled with dates and locations of sampled isolates can be used to reconstruct the spatiotemporal dynamics of pathogens during outbreaks. Thus far, phylogenetic methods have been used to tackle this issue. Although these approaches have proved useful for informing on the spread of pathogens, they do not aim at directly reconstructing the underlying transmission tree. Instead, phylogenetic models infer most recent common ancestors between pairs of isolates, which can be inadequate for densely sampled recent outbreaks, where the sample includes ancestral and descendent isolates. In this paper, we introduce a novel method based on a graph approach to reconstruct transmission trees directly from genetic data. Using simulated data, we show that our approach can efficiently reconstruct genealogies of isolates in situations where classical phylogenetic approaches fail to do so. We then illustrate our method by analyzing data from the early stages of the swine-origin A/H1N1 influenza pandemic. Using 433 isolates sequenced at both the hemagglutinin and neuraminidase genes, we reconstruct the likely history of the worldwide spread of this new influenza strain. The presented methodology opens new perspectives for the analysis of genetic data in the context of disease outbreaks. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3183872/ doi: 10.1038/hdy.2010.78 id: cord-007542-12dzeebn author: Jonas, Richard A. title: Rewards, risks, and responsibilities of globalization for the cardiothoracic surgeon date: 2007-06-26 words: 5592.0 sentences: 263.0 pages: flesch: 51.0 cache: ./cache/cord-007542-12dzeebn.txt txt: ./txt/cord-007542-12dzeebn.txt summary: The relatively recent subspecialization of cardiothoracic surgery into adult cardiac, general thoracic, and congenital has undoubtedly complicated the projection of manpower needs ( Figure 14 ). At this meeting, we have instituted a global session that will be held again this year on Wednesday morning, organized by Dr Philip Corcoran, the chief of cardiothoracic surgery at Walter Reed Medical Center in Washington, DC, with whom I have the pleasure of working. There is no international organization that has the resources to estimate the total number of cardiothoracic surgical procedures that will be performed globally in 10, 20, and 30 years. Within congenital cardiac surgery, the problem of matching supply and demand on a global scale has resulted in an interesting distribution of surgeons around the planet, often working in locations that are quite remote from their institution of training. What are the implications of a global mismatch of cardiothoracic surgical supply and demand for surgical training programs in the United States? abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7118771/ doi: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2006.09.067 id: cord-293930-n7cfs3ku author: Kading, Rebekah C. title: Emergence of Arboviruses in the United States: The Boom and Bust of Funding, Innovation, and Capacity date: 2020-06-06 words: 3738.0 sentences: 199.0 pages: flesch: 50.0 cache: ./cache/cord-293930-n7cfs3ku.txt txt: ./txt/cord-293930-n7cfs3ku.txt summary: The Ebola Grand Challenge program, funded by the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), United States Agency for International Development (USAID), the United States Executive Office, and the Department of Defense, provided financial backing to 14 innovative projects to improve the response to Ebola outbreaks. As the United States has experienced emergences and threats of first Culex and now also Aedes-borne viruses, innovations to traditional mosquito trapping tools targeting these vector groups have arisen, with the proportion of sales in different categories fluctuating over time in response to arbovirus outbreak and funding availability (Figure 1 ). As the United States has experienced emergences and threats of first Culex and now also Aedes-borne viruses, innovations to traditional mosquito trapping tools targeting these vector groups have arisen, with the proportion of sales in different categories fluctuating over time in response to arbovirus outbreak and funding availability (Figure 1 ). abstract: Mosquito-borne viruses will continue to emerge and generate a significant public health burden around the globe. Here, we provide a longitudinal perspective on how the emergence of mosquito-borne viruses in the Americas has triggered reactionary funding by sponsored agencies, stimulating a number of publications, innovative development of traps, and augmented capacity. We discuss the return on investment (ROI) from the oscillation in federal funding that influences demand for surveillance and control traps and leads to innovation and research productivity. url: https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed5020096 doi: 10.3390/tropicalmed5020096 id: cord-323311-xl2fv0qx author: Kahn, R. E. title: 6th International Conference on Emerging Zoonoses date: 2012-09-07 words: 19161.0 sentences: 802.0 pages: flesch: 41.0 cache: ./cache/cord-323311-xl2fv0qx.txt txt: ./txt/cord-323311-xl2fv0qx.txt summary: The three key characteristics of this integrated approach to so many infectious diseases are as follows: (i) to use cell culture, primary cells, nonhuman primate and human clinical models to study viral infection; (ii) to combine traditional histopathological, virological and biochemical approaches with functional genomics, proteomics and computational biology (Haagmans et al., 2009); and (iii) to obtain signatures of virulence and insights into mechanisms of host defense response, viral evasion and pathogenesis (Casadevaill et al., 2011) . The unity of human, animal and ecosystem health outlined by Professor Aguirre, as well as the interactions among multiple tick-borne pathogens in a natural reservoir host set out by Professor Fish and his research team, both summarized in Topic 1 above, highlight the necessity of cross-disciplinary collaboration in studying zoonotic bacterial diseases (Daszak et al., 2007, pp. abstract: The 6th International Conference on Emerging Zoonoses, held at Cancun, Mexico, 24–27 February 2011, offered 84 participants from 18 countries, a snapshot of current research in numerous zoonoses caused by viruses, bacteria or prions. Co‐chaired by Professors Heinz Feldmann and Jürgen Richt, the conference explored 10 topics: (i) The ecology of emerging zoonotic diseases; (ii) The role of wildlife in emerging zoonoses; (iii) Cross‐species transmission of zoonotic pathogens; (iv) Emerging and neglected influenza viruses; (v) Haemorrhagic fever viruses; (vi) Emerging bacterial diseases; (vii) Outbreak responses to zoonotic diseases; (viii) Food‐borne zoonotic diseases; (ix) Prion diseases; and (x) Modelling and prediction of emergence of zoonoses. Human medicine, veterinary medicine and environmental challenges are viewed as a unity, which must be considered under the umbrella of ‘One Health’. Several presentations attempted to integrate the insights gained from field data with mathematical models in the search for effective control measures of specific zoonoses. The overriding objective of the research presentations was to create, improve and use the tools essential to address the risk of contagions in a globalized society. In seeking to fulfil this objective, a three‐step approach has often been applied: (i) use cultured cells, model and natural animal hosts and human clinical models to study infection; (ii) combine traditional histopathological and biochemical approaches with functional genomics, proteomics and computational biology; and (iii) obtain signatures of virulence and insights into mechanisms of host defense response, immune evasion and pathogenesis. This meeting review summarizes 39 of the conference presentations and mentions briefly the 16 articles in this Special Supplement, most of which were presented at the conference in earlier versions. The full affiliations of all presenters and many colleagues have been included to facilitate further inquiries from readers. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22958247/ doi: 10.1111/j.1863-2378.2012.01539.x id: cord-258783-ev0h95b9 author: Kapil, Sanjay title: Canine Distemper Spillover in Domestic Dogs from Urban Wildlife date: 2011-11-30 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Canine distemper virus (CDV) causes a major disease of domestic dogs that develops as a serious systemic infection in unvaccinated or improperly vaccinated dogs. Domesticated dogs are the main reservoir of CDV, a multihost pathogen. This virus of the genus Morbillivirus in the family Paramyxoviridae occurs in other carnivorous species including all members of the Canidae and Mustelidae families and in some members of the Procyonidae, Hyaenidae, Ursidae, and Viverridae families. Canine distemper also has been reported in the Felidae family and marine mammals. The spread and incidences of CDV epidemics in dogs and wildlife here and worldwide are increasing. url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cvsm.2011.08.005 doi: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2011.08.005 id: cord-283667-jqlz7yt8 author: Katz, Sophie E. title: Pediatric Community-Acquired Pneumonia in the United States Changing Epidemiology, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Challenges, and Areas for Future Research date: 2018-03-31 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is one of the most common serious infections in childhood. This review focuses on pediatric CAP in the United States and other industrialized nations, specifically highlighting the changing epidemiology of CAP, diagnostic and therapeutic challenges, and areas for further research. url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S0891552017301071 doi: 10.1016/j.idc.2017.11.002 id: cord-347601-kt2rqx8m author: Laird, Frank N. title: Sticky Policies, Dysfunctional Systems: Path Dependency and the Problems of Government Funding for Science in the United States date: 2020-06-11 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Leaders of the scientific community have declared that American science is in a crisis due to inadequate federal funding. They misconstrue the problem; its roots lie instead in the institutional interactions between federal funding agencies and higher education. After World War II, science policy elites advocated for a system of funding that addressed what they perceived at the time as their most pressing problems of science-government relations: the need for greater federal funding for science, especially to universities, while maintaining scientific autonomy in the distribution and use of those funds. The agencies that fund university research developed institutional rules, norms, and procedures that created unintended consequences when they interacted with those of American higher education. The project system for funding, justified by peer-review and coupled with rapidly increasing R&D budgets, created incentives for universities to expand their research programs massively, which led to unsustainable growth in the demand for federal research money. That system produced spectacular successes but also created the unintended longer-term problem that demand for science funding has grown more quickly than government funding ever could. Most analysts neglect potentially painful reforms that might address these problems. This case demonstrates that successful political coalitions can create intractable long-term problems for themselves. url: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11024-020-09409-2 doi: 10.1007/s11024-020-09409-2 id: cord-302848-a246wl7f author: Lawler, J. J. title: 4.25 Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies to Reduce Climate Vulnerabilities and Maintain Ecosystem Services date: 2013-12-31 words: 17434.0 sentences: 803.0 pages: flesch: 39.0 cache: ./cache/cord-302848-a246wl7f.txt txt: ./txt/cord-302848-a246wl7f.txt summary: Maintaining or increasing ecosystem services into the future will require integrating adaptation strategies (actions that help human and natural systems accommodate changes) and mitigation strategies (actions that reduce anthropogenic influences on climate) ( Figure 1 ). In this chapter, we provide an overview of what will likely be some of the most effective and most important mitigation and adaptation strategies for addressing changes to the climate system stemming from increased GHG emissions. We discuss various ways in which mitigation and adaptation strategies can help reduce the magnitude and the impacts of the changes we are likely to experience, as well as improve human health and directly or indirectly affect ecosystem functions and services. Restoring or protecting some semblance of the natural river flow conditions necessary to support ecosystem function (called environmental flows) into the future is one of the most important climate change adaptation strategies for flowing waters. abstract: Abstract Increasing temperatures and altered precipitation regimes associated with human-caused changes in the earth s climate are having substantial impacts on ecological systems and human well-being. Maintaining functioning ecosystems, the provision of ecosystem services, and healthy human populations into the future will require integrating adaptation and mitigation strategies. Adaptation strategies are actions that help human and natural systems accommodate changes. Mitigation strategies are actions that reduce anthropogenic influences on climate. Here, we provide an overview of what will likely be some of the most effective and most important mitigation and adaptation strategies for addressing climate change. In addition to describing the ways in which these strategies can address impacts to natural and human systems, we discuss the social considerations that we believe must be incorporated into the development and application of mitigation or adaptation strategies to address political situations, cultural differences, and economic limitations. url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780123847034004366 doi: 10.1016/b978-0-12-384703-4.00436-6 id: cord-350565-mejd7blb author: Lewnard, Joseph A title: Emerging Challenges and Opportunities in Infectious Disease Epidemiology date: 2019-03-16 words: 6614.0 sentences: 289.0 pages: flesch: 29.0 cache: ./cache/cord-350565-mejd7blb.txt txt: ./txt/cord-350565-mejd7blb.txt summary: We next consider emerging paradigms in causal inference for infectious diseases, ranging from approaches to evaluating vaccines and antimicrobial therapies to the task of ascribing clinical syndromes to etiologic microorganisms, an age-old problem transformed by our increasing ability to characterize human-associated microbiota. We next consider emerging paradigms in causal inference for infectious diseases, ranging from approaches to evaluating vaccines and antimicrobial therapies to the task of ascribing clinical syndromes to etiologic microorganisms, an age-old problem transformed by our increasing ability to characterize human-associated microbiota. Although serosurveys have bolstered recent efforts to understand the geographic range and clinical spectrum of EBOV and Zika virus infections (47, 48) , the enhancement of dengue hemorrhagic fever risk by prior exposure (49) , and the role of immunologic history in influenza susceptibility and vaccine response (50) , there remain few examples of public health programs undertaking serological studies for routine surveillance, at least in civilian populations (51) . abstract: Much of the intellectual tradition of modern epidemiology stems from efforts to understand and combat chronic diseases persisting through the 20th century epidemiologic transition of countries such as the United States and United Kingdom. After decades of relative obscurity, infectious disease epidemiology has undergone an intellectual rebirth in recent years amid increasing recognition of the threat posed by both new and familiar pathogens. Here, we review the emerging coalescence of infectious disease epidemiology around a core set of study designs and statistical methods bearing little resemblance to the chronic disease epidemiology toolkit. We offer our outlook on challenges and opportunities facing the field, including the integration of novel molecular and digital information sources into disease surveillance, the assimilation of such data into models of pathogen spread, and the increasing contribution of models to public health practice. We next consider emerging paradigms in causal inference for infectious diseases, ranging from approaches to evaluating vaccines and antimicrobial therapies to the task of ascribing clinical syndromes to etiologic microorganisms, an age-old problem transformed by our increasing ability to characterize human-associated microbiota. These areas represent an increasingly important component of epidemiology training programs for future generations of researchers and practitioners. url: https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwy264 doi: 10.1093/aje/kwy264 id: cord-265300-jcpyrlw9 author: Lichtenstein, Bronwen title: From “Coffin Dodger” to “Boomer Remover”: Outbreaks of Ageism in Three Countries With Divergent Approaches to Coronavirus Control date: 2020-07-28 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: OBJECTIVES: This article compares responses to coronavirus control in Australia, the United Kingdom, and the United States, 3 countries in which public ageism erupted over the social and economic costs of protecting older adults from Covid-19. METHODS: Thirty-five (35) newspapers, media websites, and current affairs magazines were sourced for the study: 8 for Australia, 12 for the United Kingdom, and 15 for the United States. Searches were conducted daily from April to June 2020, using key words to identify age-related themes on pandemic control. RESULTS: Despite divergent policies in the 3 countries, ageism took similar forms. Public responses to lockdowns and other measures cast older adults as a problem to be ignored or solved through segregation. Name-calling, blame, and “so-be-it” reactions toward age vulnerability were commonplace. Policies banning visits to aged care homes angered many relatives and older adults. Indefinite isolation for older adults was widely accepted, especially as a vehicle to end public lockdowns and economic crises. DISCUSSION: Older adults have and will continue to bear the brunt of Covid-19 in terms of social burdens and body counts as the pandemic continues to affect people around the globe. The rhetoric of disposability underscores age discrimination on a broader scale, with blame toward an age cohort considered to have lived past its usefulness for society and to have enriched itself at the expense of future generations. url: https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbaa102 doi: 10.1093/geronb/gbaa102 id: cord-016130-5q9ufu28 author: Linday, Linda A. title: Nutritional Supplements and Upper Respiratory Tract Illnesses in Young Children in the United States date: 2010-12-17 words: 11336.0 sentences: 528.0 pages: flesch: 47.0 cache: ./cache/cord-016130-5q9ufu28.txt txt: ./txt/cord-016130-5q9ufu28.txt summary: Our clinical research demonstrates that daily supplementation with a flavored cod liver oil (which meets European purity standards) and a children''s multivitamin-mineral with trace metals, including Se, can decrease morbidity from upper respiratory tract illnesses, otitis media, and sinusitis in young children living in the United States. This chapter discusses the role of essential fatty acids, vitamins, and trace metals in the pathophysiology of inflammation; reviews our clinical research on the use of a lemon-flavored cod liver oil (which meets European purity standards) and a children''s chewable multivitamin-mineral with Se for the prevention and adjunctive treatment of these disorders; reviews the history of cod liver oil, including its importance in the discovery of vitamin D and the anti-infective properties of vitamin A; and discusses the current clinical use of these supplements. abstract: KEY POINTS: In the United States, children have lower blood levels than adults of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), an important ω-3 fatty acid that helps decrease inflammation; vitamin A, the “anti-infective” vitamin; and selenium (Se), a trace metal that is an intrinsic part of glutathione peroxidase, an important free-radical scavenging enzyme. EPA, vitamin A, and Se are important in controlling inflammation and can be supplied by oral nutritional supplements. Cod liver oil contains EPA (and other important ω-3 fatty acids), and vitamin A as well as vitamin D. Fish oil contains ω-3 fatty acids (including EPA) but no vitamins. Our clinical research demonstrates that daily supplementation with a flavored cod liver oil (which meets European purity standards) and a children’s multivitamin-mineral with trace metals, including Se, can decrease morbidity from upper respiratory tract illnesses, otitis media, and sinusitis in young children living in the United States. These supplements can be used by practitioners on an individual basis, when clinically indicated; the supplements can be purchased in the United States without a prescription. Socioeconomically disadvantaged children are at risk for micronutrient deficiencies. However, their families may not be able to afford to purchase these supplements, which are not available through Medicaid, The Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants and Children, or the Food Stamp Program. If our results are confirmed in larger studies, a system change will be needed to provide these supplements to nutritionally vulnerable, socioeconomically disadvantaged children living in the United States. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7120316/ doi: 10.1007/978-1-59259-880-9_21 id: cord-170666-zjwlmzj3 author: Liu, Shinan title: Characterizing Service Provider Response to the COVID-19 Pandemic in the United States date: 2020-11-01 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: The COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in dramatic changes to the daily habits of billions of people. Users increasingly have to rely on home broadband Internet access for work, education, and other activities. These changes have resulted in corresponding changes to Internet traffic patterns. This paper aims to characterize the effects of these changes with respect to Internet service providers in the United States. We study three questions: (1)How did traffic demands change in the United States as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic?; (2)What effects have these changes had on Internet performance?; (3)How did service providers respond to these changes? We study these questions using data from a diverse collection of sources. Our analysis of interconnection data for two large ISPs in the United States shows a 30-60% increase in peak traffic rates in the first quarter of 2020. In particular, we observe traffic downstream peak volumes for a major ISP increase of 13-20% while upstream peaks increased by more than 30%. Further, we observe significant variation in performance across ISPs in conjunction with the traffic volume shifts, with evident latency increases after stay-at-home orders were issued, followed by a stabilization of traffic after April. Finally, we observe that in response to changes in usage, ISPs have aggressively augmented capacity at interconnects, at more than twice the rate of normal capacity augmentation. Similarly, video conferencing applications have increased their network footprint, more than doubling their advertised IP address space. url: https://arxiv.org/pdf/2011.00419v1.pdf doi: nan id: cord-022467-j2trahab author: Loo, May title: Select Populations: Children date: 2009-05-15 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7155731/ doi: 10.1016/b978-0-323-02028-2.50015-2 id: cord-252121-s1zxu5vo author: Lowe, James title: Role of Transportation in Spread of Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus Infection, United States date: 2014-05-17 words: 1500.0 sentences: 69.0 pages: flesch: 50.0 cache: ./cache/cord-252121-s1zxu5vo.txt txt: ./txt/cord-252121-s1zxu5vo.txt summary: After porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) was detected in the United States in 2013, we tested environmental samples from trailers in which pigs had been transported. After porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) was detected in the United States in 2013, we tested environmental samples from trailers in which pigs had been transported. The objective of this study was to assess the risks that harvest facilities and transport vehicles engendered in promoting the initial outbreak of a novel disease organism by estimating the incidence of trailer contamination with PEDV during the unloading process at harvest facilities. This study suggests that collection points, such as harvest facilities and livestock auction markets, can be an efficient source of contamination of transport vehicles that return to pig farms and likely played a role in rapidly disseminating PEDV across vast geographic regions shortly after PEDV was first identified in the United States. abstract: After porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) was detected in the United States in 2013, we tested environmental samples from trailers in which pigs had been transported. PEDV was found in 5.2% of trailers not contaminated at arrival, , suggesting that the transport process is a source of transmission if adequate hygiene measures are not implemented. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24750785/ doi: 10.3201/eid2005.131628 id: cord-307013-80dup4sr author: Lu, Victor M. title: Letter to the Editor: Lessons to Learn from the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Pandemic for International Medical Graduate Applicants and United States Neurosurgery Residency Programs date: 2020-08-24 words: 1012.0 sentences: 54.0 pages: flesch: 56.0 cache: ./cache/cord-307013-80dup4sr.txt txt: ./txt/cord-307013-80dup4sr.txt summary: title: Letter to the Editor: Lessons to Learn from the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Pandemic for International Medical Graduate Applicants and United States Neurosurgery Residency Programs In light of the current COVID-19 pandemic, a number of changes affecting the visa process in the United States has revealed particular immigration policies that are subject to change without notice. Therefore, being present in the United States before Match Day is recommended to ensure that if an IMG candidate is successful, changes in travel policies and plans will not impact their ability to start residency on time. As lockdowns in the United States began, the U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services suspended premium processing of H1-B visas, 5 which would have greatly impacted incoming IMG residents. The current COVID-19 pandemic has shed light on how difficult the immigration process can be for prospective IMG applicants and U.S. neurosurgery programs, as well as how unpredictable it can be. abstract: nan url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1878875020314704 doi: 10.1016/j.wneu.2020.06.202 id: cord-024936-ncia0h9m author: Luker, Gary D. title: Transitioning to a New Normal after COVID-19: Preparing to Get Back on Track for Cancer Imaging date: 2020-04-15 words: 2949.0 sentences: 140.0 pages: flesch: 49.0 cache: ./cache/cord-024936-ncia0h9m.txt txt: ./txt/cord-024936-ncia0h9m.txt summary: The COVID-19 pandemic presents institutions and radiologists with two formidable challenges: 1) trying to maintain clinical and research operations in the face of social distancing and stay-at-home-orders; and 2) plotting a course to transition from the immediate threat of the SARS-CoV-2 virus to an uncertain future that certainly will not resemble conditions we previously regarded as normal. While recognizing that COVID-19 has disrupted essentially all aspects of life, this commentary focuses on the immediate and projected future impact on clinical care and research in cancer imaging and image-guided therapy. As the outbreak of COVID-19 emerged in the United States, there were two main priorities that clinics had with regard to decision-making on cancer imaging appointments: keeping people healthy and preserving personal protective equipment resources. As institutional review boards may be prioritizing COVID-19 related projects, there may be a delay in new cancer imaging studies that can be approved and initiated. abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7233388/ doi: 10.1148/rycan.2020204011 id: cord-022176-hprwqi4n author: Löscher, Thomas title: Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases date: 2009-07-28 words: 8287.0 sentences: 384.0 pages: flesch: 46.0 cache: ./cache/cord-022176-hprwqi4n.txt txt: ./txt/cord-022176-hprwqi4n.txt summary: Since the detection of the etiologic infectious agent and the subsequent development of laboratory diagnostic tests in the 1980s, the number of reported cases of Lyme disease has increased from 0 to 16,000 per year, indicating that it is an "emerging diagnosis." The reported numbers vary depending on the reproduction of the hosting rodents for ticks as well as the contacts between humans and nature (Spach et al. In recent years, norovirus infections are increasingly recognized as the cause of large outbreaks of diarrheal diseases in the general population, school classes, nursing homes, hospitals, and cruise ships in western countries with peaks in colder seasons (winter epidemics) (Centers of disease control 2006; Verhoef et al. Definition: only infections that are newly discovered in humans are listed in this chapter: HIV, new variant of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD), hemorrhagic uremic syndrome (HUS) caused by enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli, viral hemorrhagic fevers like Hanta, Lassa, Ebola, and Marburg fever, Nipah virus encephalitis, monkeypox, human ehrlichiosis, severe acute respiratory syndrome (coronavirus infection, SARS), and avian influenza (H5N1) (see Fig. 3 .1 and Table 3 .2). abstract: Emerging infectious diseases (EIDs) are characterized by a new or an increased occurrence within the last few decades. They include the following categories Emerging diagnosis of infectious diseases: old diseases that are newly classified as infectious diseases because of the discovery of a responsible infectious agent. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7153742/ doi: 10.1007/978-0-387-93835-6_3 id: cord-332622-9cty2uho author: MOSESON, Heidi title: Abortion experiences and preferences of transgender, nonbinary, and gender-expansive people in the United States date: 2020-09-25 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Background Transgender, nonbinary, and gender-expansive (TGE) people who were assigned female or intersex at birth experience pregnancy and have abortions. No data have been published on individual abortion experiences or preferences of this understudied population. Objective(s) To fill existing evidence gaps on the abortion experiences and preferences of TGE people in the United States to inform policies and practices to improve access to and quality of abortion care for this population. Study Design In 2019, we recruited TGE people assigned female or intersex at birth and aged 18 years and older from across the United States to participate in an online survey about sexual and reproductive health recruited through The PRIDE Study and online postings. We descriptively analyzed closed- and open-ended survey responses related to pregnancy history, abortion experiences, preferences for abortion method, recommendations to improve abortion care for TGE people, and respondent sociodemographic characteristics. Results The majority of the 1,694 respondents were less than 30 years of age. Respondents represented multiple gender identities and sexual orientations and resided across all four United States Census Regions. Overall, 210 (12%) respondents had ever been pregnant; these 210 reported 421 total pregnancies, of which 92 (22%) ended in abortion. For respondents’ most recent abortion, 41 (61%) were surgical, 23 (34%) were medication, and 3 (4.5%) used another method (primarily herbal). Most recent abortions took place at or before nine weeks gestation (n=41, 61%). If they were to need an abortion today, respondents preferred medication abortion to surgical abortion three to one (n=703 versus n=217), but 514 (30%) respondents did not know which method they would prefer. Reasons for medication abortion preference among the 703 respondents included a belief that it is the least invasive method (n=553, 79%) and the most private method (n=388, 55%). To improve accessibility and quality of abortion care for TGE patients, respondents most frequently recommended that abortion clinics adopt gender-neutral or gender-affirming intake forms, that providers utilize gender-neutral language, and that greater privacy be incorporated into the clinic. Conclusion(s) These data contribute significantly to the evidence base on individual experiences of and preferences for abortion care for TGE people. Findings can be used to adapt abortion care to better include and affirm the experiences of this underserved population. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32986990/ doi: 10.1016/j.ajog.2020.09.035 id: cord-022066-8aj480hz author: MacPherson, Douglas W. title: Health Screening in Immigrants, Refugees, and International Adoptees date: 2016-09-23 words: 3517.0 sentences: 171.0 pages: flesch: 35.0 cache: ./cache/cord-022066-8aj480hz.txt txt: ./txt/cord-022066-8aj480hz.txt summary: The legal basis governing inadmissibility to the United States because of health-related conditions and authorization to undertake medical examination to determine that admissibility is found in the Immigration and Nationality Act (INA) (Title 8 US Code). Currently, the regulations list the following as communicable diseases of public health significance: • For example, smallpox, poliomyelitis due to wild-type poliovirus, cholera, or viral hemorrhagic fevers (including Ebola) Currently a medical examination is required for all refugees entering the United States and all those applying for an immigrant visa from outside the United States. Currently, some refugee populations being resettled in the United States who are determined to be at increased risk for specific infections receive population-based treatment for malaria and intestinal parasites in addition to the routine immigration medical screening. Those conditions, while not relevant for immigration purposes, can be significant for new arrivals, and their identification and clinical management in the United States is important in some migrant populations. abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7152420/ doi: 10.1016/b978-0-323-37506-1.00019-2 id: cord-300371-6ja5o3sa author: Maloney, Susan A. title: Prevention of infectious diseases among international pediatric travelers: Considerations for clinicians date: 2004-11-24 words: 7146.0 sentences: 363.0 pages: flesch: 41.0 cache: ./cache/cord-300371-6ja5o3sa.txt txt: ./txt/cord-300371-6ja5o3sa.txt summary: Children should have a pretravel health assessment that includes recommendations for both routine and special travel-related vaccination; malaria chemoprophylaxis, if indicated; and prevention counseling regarding insect and animal exposures, food and water safety, and avoiding injuries. Children should have a pretravel health assessment that includes recommendations for both routine and special travelrelated vaccination; malaria chemoprophylaxis, if indicated; and prevention counseling regarding insect and animal exposures, food and water safety, and avoiding injuries. During the assessment, the caregiver should ensure the following: 1) the child has received up-to-date and appropriate vaccinations (both routine and special travel-related vaccines); 2) the child has received appropriate malaria and other chemoprophylaxis regimens tailored for use in pediatric travelers; 3) prevention counseling, particularly in the areas of insect barriers, food and water safety, and injury avoidance, has been given; and 4) anticipatory guidance for managing potential illnesses (eg, diarrhea and dehydration) and seeking medical resources overseas has been provided. abstract: An estimated 1.9 million children travel overseas annually. Infectious disease risks associated with international travel are diverse and depend on the destination, planned activities, and baseline medical history. Children have special needs and vulnerabilities that should be addressed when preparing for travel abroad. Children should have a pretravel health assessment that includes recommendations for both routine and special travel-related vaccination; malaria chemoprophylaxis, if indicated; and prevention counseling regarding insect and animal exposures, food and water safety, and avoiding injuries. Special consideration should be given to children with chronic diseases. Families should be given anticipatory guidance for management of potential illnesses and information about the location of medical resources overseas. url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1045187004000408 doi: 10.1053/j.spid.2004.05.002 id: cord-017554-yvx1gyp9 author: Martin, Susan F. title: Forced Migration and Refugee Policy date: 2017-09-15 words: 14664.0 sentences: 613.0 pages: flesch: 43.0 cache: ./cache/cord-017554-yvx1gyp9.txt txt: ./txt/cord-017554-yvx1gyp9.txt summary: Migration resulting from these natural and man-made events may correspond to current international, regional and national frameworks that are designed to protect and assist refugees-that is, persons who flee across an international boundary because of a well-founded fear of persecution-but often, these movements fall outside of the more traditional legal norms and policies. These crises lead to many different forms of displacement, including internal and cross border movements of nationals, evacuation of migrant workers, sea-borne departures that often involve unseaworthy vessels, and trafficking of persons. The State-led Nansen Initiative on cross-border disaster displacement issued an Agenda for Protection that spells out actions that governments can take today to provide humanitarian relief to persons requiring either admission or non-return in these contexts. abstract: This chapter focuses on international, regional and national legal norms, policies, organizational roles and relations and good practices that are applicable to a broad range of humanitarian crises that have migration consequences. These crises and the resulting displacement differ by their causes, intensity, geography, phases and affected populations. The chapter examines movements stemming directly and indirectly from: persecution, armed conflict, extreme natural hazards that cause extensive destruction of lives and infrastructure; slower onset environmental degradation, such as drought and desertification, which undermine livelihoods; manmade environmental disasters, such as nuclear accidents, which destroy habitat and livelihoods; communal violence, civil strife and political instability; and global pandemics that cause high levels of mortality and morbidity. Demographic trends are themselves drivers of displacement in conjunction with other factors. This can play out in two ways—demography as a macro-level factor and demographic composition as a micro-level driver of movement. The chapter compares the paucity of legal, policy and institutional frameworks for addressing crisis-related movements with the more abundant frameworks for addressing the consequences of refugee movements. The chapter discusses the policy implications of the findings, positing that State-led initiatives such as the Nansen and Migrants in Countries in Crisis initiatives are useful mechanisms to fill protection gaps in the absence of political will to adopt and implement more binding legal frameworks. It also argues that, in the context of slow onset climate change, in particular, there is a need for better understanding of how population density, distribution and growth as well as household composition affect vulnerability and resilience to the drivers of displacement. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7122144/ doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-67147-5_14 id: cord-271687-sxl8g85p author: Mathews, Fiona title: Chapter 8 Zoonoses in Wildlife: Integrating Ecology into Management date: 2009-03-14 words: 7882.0 sentences: 386.0 pages: flesch: 51.0 cache: ./cache/cord-271687-sxl8g85p.txt txt: ./txt/cord-271687-sxl8g85p.txt summary: This review examines the pathways linking zoonoses in wildlife with infection in other hosts, using examples from a range of key zoonoses, including European bat lyssaviruses and bovine tuberculosis. For example, bovine tuberculosis (bTB) in the United Kingdom undoubtedly has a reservoir in wild badger populations, and the direct cost of the disease to agriculture is projected to reach £1 billion by 2011 (Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (DEFRA), 2004). Examples of recent successes include the control of canine distemper virus in black-footed ferrets (Mustela nigripes) (Williams et al., 1988) , and rabies in African wild dogs (Lycaon pictus) (Hofmayer et al., 2004) and Ethiopian wolves (Canis simensis) (Haydon et al., 2004) . It proposes that a shift to ecologically based control, explicitly considering the natural history of wildlife hosts and their pathogens, is crucial in minimising the risk presented to humans, domestic animals and endangered species from zoonoses. abstract: Zoonoses in wildlife not only play an important ecological role, but pose significant threats to the health of humans, domestic animals and some endangered species. More than two‐thirds of emerging, or re‐emerging, infectious diseases are thought to originate in wildlife. Despite this, co‐ordinated surveillance schemes are rare, and most efforts at disease control operate at the level of crisis management. This review examines the pathways linking zoonoses in wildlife with infection in other hosts, using examples from a range of key zoonoses, including European bat lyssaviruses and bovine tuberculosis. Ecologically based control, including the management of conditions leading to spill‐overs into target host populations, is likely to be more effective and sustainable than simple reductions in wildlife populations alone. url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S0065308X08006088 doi: 10.1016/s0065-308x(08)00608-8 id: cord-332610-t99l3zii author: Mayer, J.D. title: Emerging Diseases: Overview date: 2008-08-26 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Emerging infectious diseases are diseases that are either new, are newly recognized, or are increasing in prevalence in new areas. Resurgent diseases are also usually grouped in this category, as is antimicrobial resistance. These diseases have been given formal recognition in the past two decades, although a historical outlook demonstrates that the phenomenon has probably been persistent, although largely undetected, through recorded history. Emergence has accelerated recently, driven by factors such as demographic change, land use change, increased rapidity and frequency of intercontinental transportation, and other mostly social trends. Continued infectious disease emergence poses, and will continue to pose, significant challenges for public health and for basic science. url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/B9780123739605004536 doi: 10.1016/b978-012373960-5.00453-6 id: cord-027679-89yt6fzo author: McLoud, Theresa C. title: Pulmonary Infections in the Normal Host date: 2020-06-22 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7310947/ doi: 10.1016/b978-0-323-02790-8.00003-2 id: cord-353828-ir14ywcv author: Mendes, Thiago title: Shifting Geographies of Knowledge Production: The Coronavirus Effect date: 2020-06-16 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: This research note analyses the evolving geographies of coronavirus disease research before and during the first three months of the 2020 epidemic outbreak. An examination of global networks of scientific co‐production highlights the increasing centrality and knowledge intermediation profile of Chinese organisations. It is argued that it is important to understand these global geographies and networks, as they may signal varying (and cumulative) abilities to generate, intermediate, and access relevant knowledge in the face of epidemic outbreaks. url: https://doi.org/10.1111/tesg.12435 doi: 10.1111/tesg.12435 id: cord-022035-annn4qn1 author: Menitove, Jay E. title: Other Viral, Bacterial, Parasitic and Prion-Based Infectious Complications date: 2009-05-15 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7152373/ doi: 10.1016/b978-0-443-06981-9.50053-3 id: cord-345402-brhvfsgy author: Miller, Ryan S. title: Diseases at the livestock–wildlife interface: Status, challenges, and opportunities in the United States date: 2013-06-01 words: 8147.0 sentences: 437.0 pages: flesch: 42.0 cache: ./cache/cord-345402-brhvfsgy.txt txt: ./txt/cord-345402-brhvfsgy.txt summary: Specifically, the goals of the literature review were three fold: first to evaluate domestic animal diseases currently found in the United States where wildlife may play a role; second to identify critical issues faced in managing these diseases at the livestock–wildlife interface; and third to identify potential technical and policy strategies for addressing these issues. We found that of the 86 avian, ruminant, swine, poultry, and lagomorph diseases that are reportable to the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE), 53 are present in the United States; 42 (79%) of these have a putative wildlife component associated with the transmission, maintenance, or life cycle of the pathogen; and 21 (40%) are known to be zoonotic. Thirteen (62%) of these actively managed diseases have a wildlife component and at least 6 (bovine tuberculosis, paratuberculosis, brucellosis, avian influenza, rabies, and cattle fever tick [vector control]) have a wildlife reservoir that is a recognized impediment to eradication due to continued spillover to domestic populations. abstract: Abstract In the last half century, significant attention has been given to animal diseases; however, our understanding of disease processes and how to manage them at the livestock–wildlife interface remains limited. In this study, we conduct a systematic review of the scientific literature to evaluate the status of diseases at the livestock–wildlife interface in the United States. Specifically, the goals of the literature review were three fold: first to evaluate domestic animal diseases currently found in the United States where wildlife may play a role; second to identify critical issues faced in managing these diseases at the livestock–wildlife interface; and third to identify potential technical and policy strategies for addressing these issues. We found that of the 86 avian, ruminant, swine, poultry, and lagomorph diseases that are reportable to the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE), 53 are present in the United States; 42 (79%) of these have a putative wildlife component associated with the transmission, maintenance, or life cycle of the pathogen; and 21 (40%) are known to be zoonotic. At least six of these reportable diseases—bovine tuberculosis, paratuberculosis, brucellosis, avian influenza, rabies, and cattle fever tick (vector control)—have a wildlife reservoir that is a recognized impediment to eradication in domestic populations. The complex nature of these systems highlights the need to understand the role of wildlife in the epidemiology, transmission, and maintenance of infectious diseases of livestock. Successful management or eradication of these diseases will require the development of cross-discipline and institutional collaborations. Despite social and policy challenges, there remain opportunities to develop new collaborations and new technologies to mitigate the risks posed at the livestock–wildlife interface. url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.prevetmed.2012.11.021 doi: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2012.11.021 id: cord-333405-ji58jbct author: Morens, David M. title: The challenge of emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases date: 2004-07-08 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Infectious diseases have for centuries ranked with wars and famine as major challenges to human progress and survival. They remain among the leading causes of death and disability worldwide. Against a constant background of established infections, epidemics of new and old infectious diseases periodically emerge, greatly magnifying the global burden of infections. Studies of these emerging infections reveal the evolutionary properties of pathogenic microorganisms and the dynamic relationships between microorganisms, their hosts and the environment. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15241422/ doi: 10.1038/nature02759 id: cord-253161-oz1eziy1 author: Munyikwa, Michelle title: MY COVID‐19 DIARY date: 2020-06-04 words: 5021.0 sentences: 279.0 pages: flesch: 64.0 cache: ./cache/cord-253161-oz1eziy1.txt txt: ./txt/cord-253161-oz1eziy1.txt summary: Written in weekly instalments, Michelle Munyikwa''s Covid‐19 diary reflects upon the experience of an unfolding pandemic from her dual role as a medical trainee and anthropologist living in the United States. In this narrative, Michelle Munyikwa, an anthropologist and medical doctor-in-training, reflects on developments in the Covid-19 pandemic in the form of a diary from Philadelphia. Scrolling social media feeds, one is inundated by reports from other countries, graphs and tables attempting to predict the future, and calls to understand the past of previous epidemics such that we might not repeat our errors. This uniquely 21st-century crisis is an object lesson in what it feels like to live through an emerging epidemic during what has often been described as an age of anxiety. We will need to worry about the chronically ill and the fact that many American hospitals cannot handle a surge in patients at this time of year. abstract: Written in weekly instalments, Michelle Munyikwa's Covid‐19 diary reflects upon the experience of an unfolding pandemic from her dual role as a medical trainee and anthropologist living in the United States. Her observations centre on everyday encounters with scenes or objects that reflect the growing crisis, from the absence of masks outside patient rooms to emergent forms of care through telemedicine. The diary follows the author as she experiences grief, ambivalence and disorientation in the first weeks of the pandemic. url: https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8322.12575 doi: 10.1111/1467-8322.12575 id: cord-273099-zkk5d6gd author: Muzumdar, Jagannath M. title: Vaccine supply, demand, and policy: A primer date: 2016-01-01 words: 7496.0 sentences: 466.0 pages: flesch: 47.0 cache: ./cache/cord-273099-zkk5d6gd.txt txt: ./txt/cord-273099-zkk5d6gd.txt summary: According to the authors, an integrated policy approach that preserves incentives for market entry and innovation in the vaccine industry while addressing parental vaccine concerns and increasing immunization funding and reimbursement for both providers and patients is needed. 2 Push strategies seek to address supply-side issues in the vaccine market by providing direct assistance to ease the burden of research, development, and production costs, whereas pull strategies are designed to manipulate demand for vaccines, thereby improving the likelihood of a return on investment by increasing the number of immunizations administered. The United Kingdom has taken a lead in promoting an International Financing Facility for Immunization (IFFIm) 69 IFFIm has raised more than $1 billion in capital markets to immunize poor children in developing nations against Reviews VACCINE POLICY vaccine-preventable diseases. abstract: OBJECTIVE: To provide an overview of supply and demand issues in the vaccine industry and the policy options that have been implemented to resolve these issues. DATA SOURCES: Medline, Policy File, and International Pharmaceutical Abstracts were searched to locate academic journal articles. Other sources reviewed included texts on the topics of vaccine history and policy, government agency reports, and reports from independent think tanks. Keywords included vaccines, immunizations, supply, demand, and policy. STUDY SELECTION: Search criteria were limited to English language and human studies. Articles pertaining to vaccine demand, supply, and public policy were selected and reviewed for inclusion. DATA EXTRACTION: By the authors. DATA SYNTHESIS: Vaccines are biologic medications, therefore making their development and production more difficult and costly compared with “small-molecule” drugs. Research and development costs for vaccines can exceed $800 million, and development may require 10 years or more. Strict manufacturing regulations and facility upgrades add to these costs. Policy options to increase and stabilize the supply of vaccines include those aimed at increasing supply, such as government subsidies for basic vaccine research, liability protection for manufacturers, and fast-track approval for new vaccines. Options to increase vaccine demand include advance purchase commitments, government stockpiles, and government financing for select populations. CONCLUSION: High development costs and multiple barriers to entry have led to a decline in the number of vaccine manufacturers. Although a number of vaccine policies have met with mixed success in increasing the supply of and demand for vaccines, a variety of concerns remain, including developing vaccines for complex pathogens and increasing immunization rates with available vaccines. New policy innovations such as advance market commitments and Medicare Part D vaccine coverage have been implemented and may aid in resolving some of the problems in the vaccine industry. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19589753/ doi: 10.1331/japha.2009.09007 id: cord-327879-qrxoj8nc author: Nagurney, Anna title: Refugee migration networks and regulations: a multiclass, multipath variational inequality framework date: 2020-07-21 words: 8224.0 sentences: 559.0 pages: flesch: 63.0 cache: ./cache/cord-327879-qrxoj8nc.txt txt: ./txt/cord-327879-qrxoj8nc.txt summary: In the network models of human migration, migrants reflect their preferences for destination versus origin nodes through utility functions, which are distinct for each class of migrant, and the utility functions depend on the populations at the different locations. In this section, we construct refugee migration models consisting of multiple classes of refugees and with the possibility of multiple routes/paths between an origin node and a destination node associated with refugee flows. Before presenting the computational procedure that we will apply to compute solutions to larger refugee migration problems, we establish a supernetwork equivalence between the refugee model with multiple paths, but with a single class, and a traffic network equilibrium problem with fixed demands. In this paper, we constructed refugee migration network equilibrium models that incorporate multiple classes of refugees, along with routes from origin to destination nodes that can consist of multiple links that capture congestion. abstract: In this paper, we take up the timely topic of the modeling, analysis, and solution of refugee migration networks. We construct a general, multiclass, multipath model, determine the governing equilibrium conditions, and provide alternative variational inequality formulations in path flows and in link flows. We also demonstrate how governmental imposed regulations associated with refugees can be captured via constraints. We provide qualitative properties and then establish, via a supernetwork transformation, that the model(s) are isomorphic to traffic network equilibrium models with fixed demands. Illustrative examples are given, along with numerical examples, inspired by a refugee crisis from Mexico to the United States, which are solved using the Euler method embedded with exact equilibration. The work sets the foundation for the development of additional models and algorithms and also provides insights as to who wins and who loses under certain refugee regulations. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32836871/ doi: 10.1007/s10898-020-00936-6 id: cord-318407-uy0f7f2o author: Nara, Peter L. title: Perspectives on advancing preventative medicine through vaccinology at the comparative veterinary, human and conservation medicine interface: Not missing the opportunities date: 2008-11-18 words: 12527.0 sentences: 501.0 pages: flesch: 40.0 cache: ./cache/cord-318407-uy0f7f2o.txt txt: ./txt/cord-318407-uy0f7f2o.txt summary: For vaccination as a public health tool to have its greatest impacts in human and veterinary medicine, these great medical sciences will have to come together, policy-relevant science for sustainable conservation in developing and developed countries needs to become the norm and address poverty (including lack of basic health care) in communities affected by conservation, and to consider costs and benefits (perceived or not) affecting the well-being of all stakeholders, from the local to the multinational. For vaccination as a public health tool to have its greatest impacts in human and veterinary medicine, these great medical sciences will have to come together, policy-relevant science for sustainable conservation in developing and developed countries needs to become the norm and address poverty (including lack of basic health care) in communities affected by conservation, and to consider costs and benefits (perceived or not) affecting the well-being of all stakeholders, from the local to the multinational. abstract: Abstract Vaccination has historically and remains one of the most cost-effective and safest forms of medicine today. Along with basic understanding of germ theory and sanitation, vaccination, over the past 50 years, has transformed lives and economies in both rich and poor countries by its direct impact on human and animal life—resulting in the eradication of small pox, huge reductions in the burden of previously common human and animal diseases such as polio, typhoid, measles in human medicine and contagious bovine pleuropneumonia, foot-and-mouth disease, screwworm and hog cholera and the verge of eradicating brucellosis, tuberculosis, and pseudorabies in veterinary medicine. In addition vaccination along with other animal production changes has provided the ability to produce otherwise unaffordable animal protein and animal health worldwide. The landscape however on which vaccinology was discovered and applied over the past 200 years, even in the past 10 years has and is undergoing continuous change. For vaccination as a public health tool to have its greatest impacts in human and veterinary medicine, these great medical sciences will have to come together, policy-relevant science for sustainable conservation in developing and developed countries needs to become the norm and address poverty (including lack of basic health care) in communities affected by conservation, and to consider costs and benefits (perceived or not) affecting the well-being of all stakeholders, from the local to the multinational. The need to return to and/or develop new education-based models for turning the tide from the heavily return-on-investment therapeutic era of the last century into one where the investment into the preventative sciences and medicine lead to sustainable cultural and cost-effective public health and economic changes of the future is never more evident than today. The new complex problems of the new millennium will require new educational models that train para- and professional people for thinking and solving complex inter-related biological, ecological, public-, political/economic problems. The single profession that is best positioned to impact vaccinology is Veterinary Medicine. It’s melding with human medicine and their role in future comparative and conservation-based programs will be critical to the successful application of vaccines into the 21st century. url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0264410X08010268 doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2008.07.094 id: cord-280792-nm30wct0 author: Neville, Ron title: What can health care professionals in the United Kingdom learn from Malawi? date: 2009-03-27 words: 3226.0 sentences: 172.0 pages: flesch: 55.0 cache: ./cache/cord-280792-nm30wct0.txt txt: ./txt/cord-280792-nm30wct0.txt summary: Debate on how resource-rich countries and their health care professionals should help the plight of sub-Saharan Africa appears locked in a mind-set dominated by gloomy statistics and one-way monetary aid. Having established a project to link primary care clinics based on two-way sharing of education rather than one-way aid, our United Kingdom colleagues often ask us: "But what can we learn from Malawi?" A recent fact-finding visit to Malawi helped us clarify some aspects of health care that may be of relevance to health care professionals in the developed world, including the United Kingdom. This article outlines some of the areas where health care professionals in the United Kingdom can learn from Malawi. An accepted task of Malawian midwives and clinical officers is to teach groups of patients about important public health matters such as condom use, good nutrition and obtaining fresh water. So what can health care professionals based in the United Kingdom and other resource-rich environments learn from Malawi? abstract: Debate on how resource-rich countries and their health care professionals should help the plight of sub-Saharan Africa appears locked in a mind-set dominated by gloomy statistics and one-way monetary aid. Having established a project to link primary care clinics based on two-way sharing of education rather than one-way aid, our United Kingdom colleagues often ask us: "But what can we learn from Malawi?" A recent fact-finding visit to Malawi helped us clarify some aspects of health care that may be of relevance to health care professionals in the developed world, including the United Kingdom. This commentary article is focused on encouraging debate and discussion as to how we might wish to re-think our relationship with colleagues in other health care environments and consider how we can work together on a theme of two-way shared learning rather than one-way aid. url: https://doi.org/10.1186/1478-4491-7-26 doi: 10.1186/1478-4491-7-26 id: cord-023367-ujflw19b author: Newcomer, Benjamin W. title: Diseases of the hematologic, immunologic, and lymphatic systems (multisystem diseases) [Image: see text] date: 2020-04-17 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7169350/ doi: 10.1016/b978-0-323-62463-3.00025-6 id: cord-016704-99v4brjf author: Nicholson, Felicity title: Infectious Diseases: The Role of the Forensic Physician date: 2005 words: 14635.0 sentences: 861.0 pages: flesch: 57.0 cache: ./cache/cord-016704-99v4brjf.txt txt: ./txt/cord-016704-99v4brjf.txt summary: The risk of exposure to infections, particularly blood-borne viruses (BBVs), can be minimized by adopting measures that are considered good practice in the United Kingdom, the United States, and Australia (1) (2) (3) . Studies of prisoners in western countries have shown a higher prevalence of antibodies to HBV and other BBVs than the general population (12) (13) (14) ; the most commonly reported risk factor is intravenous drug use. HBIG is given in conjunction with the first dose of vaccine to individuals who are deemed at high risk of acquiring disease and the incident occurred within 72 hours of presentation. In 1998, 56% of reported cases were from people born outside the United Kingdom and 3% were associated with HIV infection (70, 71) . Those in contact with disease (either through exposure at home or from an infected detainee) should receive prophylactic treatment as soon as possible (see Subheading 8.3.7.). abstract: Infections have plagued doctors for centuries, in both the diagnosis of the specific diseases and the identification and subsequent management of the causative agents. There is a constant need for information as new organisms emerge, existing ones develop resistance to current drugs or vaccines, and changes in epidemiology and prevalence occur. In the 21st century, obtaining this information has never been more important. Population migration and the relatively low cost of flying means that unfamiliar infectious diseases may be brought into industrialized countries. An example of this was an outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), which was first recognized in 2003. Despite modern technology and a huge input of money, it took months for the agent to be identified, a diagnostic test to be produced, and a strategy for disease reporting and isolation to be established. There is no doubt that other new and fascinating diseases will continue to emerge. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7121068/ doi: 10.1385/1-59259-913-3:235 id: cord-022034-o27mh4wz author: OLANO, JUAN P. title: Distinguishing Tropical Infectious Diseases from Bioterrorism date: 2009-05-15 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7152372/ doi: 10.1016/b978-0-443-06668-9.50124-1 id: cord-025366-haf542y0 author: Offit, Paul A. title: Vaccine safety date: 2012-11-07 words: 16621.0 sentences: 797.0 pages: flesch: 44.0 cache: ./cache/cord-025366-haf542y0.txt txt: ./txt/cord-025366-haf542y0.txt summary: 147, 148 In the United States, the CDC established the Clinical Immunization Safety Assessment (CISA) network in 2001 with the following primary goals: (1) to develop research protocols for clinical evaluation, diagnosis, and management of adverse events following immunization (AEFI); (2) to improve the understanding of AEFI at the individual level, including determining possible genetic and other risk factors for predisposed persons and high-risk subpopulations; (3) to develop evidence-based algorithms for vaccination of persons at risk of serious adverse events following immunization; and (4) to provide a resource of subject matter experts for clinical vaccine safety inquiries. Third, large population-based systems that link computerized vaccination data with health care encounter codes were used to conduct rapid ongoing analyses to evaluate possible associations of H1N1 vaccination with selected adverse events, including potential associations suggested by VAERS or other sources. abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7252257/ doi: 10.1016/b978-1-4557-0090-5.00076-8 id: cord-021479-hwg9rqnq author: Oldstone, Michael B.A. title: Ebola’s Scorecard: Failure of the WHO and the International Community date: 2017-07-21 words: 5301.0 sentences: 318.0 pages: flesch: 61.0 cache: ./cache/cord-021479-hwg9rqnq.txt txt: ./txt/cord-021479-hwg9rqnq.txt summary: A critique by a group of 20 experts from the Harvard Global Health Institute and the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine found that "The lack of capacity in Guinea to detect the virus for several months was a key failure, allowing Ebola eventually to spread to bordering Liberia and Sierra Leone, underscoring inadequate communication and arrangements between governments and the WHO to share, validate, and respond robustly to information on outbreak." 4 Indeed, after Ebola was initially identified, it still spread through the capital cities of Guinea and Liberia, and within 2 months appeared in other major cities and their international airports. Without sufficient protective gear, and initially without widespread understanding of the virus, hundreds of health workers themselves became ill and died." 4 In summary, early in the course of the Ebola infection, before its massive outbreak, Doctors Without Borders warned the WHO about the potential threat. abstract: Ebola’s Curse: 2013–2016 Outbreak in West Africa, a timely, needed and well-presented book by Michael Oldstone and Madeleine Rose Oldstone, unlocks the mysteries of the largest outbreak of one of the world’s most fearsome viruses. What is Ebola? Why did this happen? Here you will find the answers to these questions, while meeting fascinating people thrust into a situation as dramatic as any that could be imagined in a blockbuster novel or movie. By reading this book you will come to understand why the world was unprepared for the outbreak of such a deadly pathogen as Ebola virus and why it still is. You will gain intimate knowledge of a pathogen that spread like a tsunami over a region of the world that lacked the resources to fight it. You will meet a group of people that by chance were already there to fight another deadly virus. You will find out how in a matter of weeks this small group of doctors, nurses, and scientists were overwhelmed and why this matters. You will meet people that fought with limited resources at hand and became heroes that put the possibility of saving their patients ahead of their own lives. In the end you will gain insights into steps that must be taken to ensure that such a horrific virus outbreak never happens again anywhere in the world. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7149971/ doi: 10.1016/b978-0-12-813888-5.00009-3 id: cord-001197-bhlxglyd author: Olival, Kevin J. title: Linking the Historical Roots of Environmental Conservation with Human and Wildlife Health date: 2013-09-28 words: 2068.0 sentences: 100.0 pages: flesch: 49.0 cache: ./cache/cord-001197-bhlxglyd.txt txt: ./txt/cord-001197-bhlxglyd.txt summary: We propose a modern-day synthesis of these ideologies that recognizes that environmental degradation and the emergence of zoonotic and epizootic diseases, affecting both humans and wildlife (i.e., pathogen pollution), are interconnected. On this 40th anniversary of the Endangered Species Act, it is appropriate to look at the historical roots of environmental protection and conservation in the United States, particularly as they relate to ecology and to health. While pollutants remain an insidious threat to health and the environment, there is now a growing acceptance that emerging infectious diseases (EID''s) are on the rise and are having dramatic impacts on both global health and conservation (Daszak et al. The emergence of Nipah virus in Malaysia is a good example of how environmental drivers, including the industrialization and expansion of pig farms into bat habitat, led to pathogen spillover and a subsequent human outbreak (Daszak et al. Emerging infectious diseases of wildlif: threats to biodiversity and human health abstract: We examine the historical and philosophical roots of environmental stewardship and how they relate to conservation and human health. Concern for the environment in the United States derives from two distinct historical ideologies that we term “green” and “brown” environmentalism. We propose a modern-day synthesis of these ideologies that recognizes that environmental degradation and the emergence of zoonotic and epizootic diseases, affecting both humans and wildlife (i.e., pathogen pollution), are interconnected. This interconnection provides a compelling new reason to protect and preserve biodiversity. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3914161/ doi: 10.1007/s10393-013-0862-2 id: cord-310931-5165078t author: Oppong, Joseph R. title: Globalization of Communicable Diseases date: 2019-12-04 words: 3188.0 sentences: 160.0 pages: flesch: 48.0 cache: ./cache/cord-310931-5165078t.txt txt: ./txt/cord-310931-5165078t.txt summary: This entry examines the spatial patterns of familiar communicable diseases, including the syndemic of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and tuberculosis, as well as new diseases such as Ebola, Zika, and dengue. At the end of 2016, about 36.7 million people were living with HIV globally, with 25.6 million cases in sub-Saharan Africa, a region with 11% of the world''s population, and 91% of the world''s children living with the disease. Currently, more than 90% of the global TB burden occurs within developing countries due to widespread HIV/AIDS infection, crowding, medication shortages, and poor healthcare programs. In 2016, a total of 5,168 noncongenital ZIKAV disease cases were reported in the United States, mostly in travelers returning from ZIKAV-affected areas, but local mosquito-borne transmission increased. Zika virus disease in travelers returning to the United States abstract: Fueled by globalization and human behavior, communicable diseases pose a serious threat to humankind despite unparalleled technological advances. New viruses and devastating communicable diseases such as Ebola and Zika are emerging; diseases previously considered eradicated such as measles are reemerging, while antibiotic resistance is increasing to dangerously high levels worldwide. Increased human population and accelerated global travel make local outbreaks instant global threats. Researchers are concerned that an avian influenza outbreak could kill many more people when it emerges because of the absence of immunity and human travel interaction patterns. Yet the threat of communicable disease varies by geographic location—where you live matters. This entry examines the spatial patterns of familiar communicable diseases, including the syndemic of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and tuberculosis, as well as new diseases such as Ebola, Zika, and dengue. It highlights the huge potential of mapping communicable disease genotypes while raising the alarm on the urgent need for effective global disease surveillance systems and new tools for fighting communicable diseases. Because communicable diseases do not respect political boundaries, global cooperation is vital to prevent this threat to humankind. url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/B978008102295510438X doi: 10.1016/b978-0-08-102295-5.10438-x id: cord-339372-f3onp9mg author: Owen, James A. title: Advancing the Adoption of Continuing Professional Development (CPD) in the United States date: 2020-08-31 words: 6756.0 sentences: 311.0 pages: flesch: 40.0 cache: ./cache/cord-339372-f3onp9mg.txt txt: ./txt/cord-339372-f3onp9mg.txt summary: Over the last four decades, the expanded patient care roles of pharmacists in the United States (U.S.) have increased focus on ensuring the implementation of processes to enhance continuing professional development within the profession. The concept of CPD within the profession of pharmacy was initially defined by the International Pharmaceutical Federation (FIP) as "the responsibility of individual pharmacists for systematic maintenance, development and broadening of knowledge, skills and attitudes, to ensure continuing competence as a professional, throughout their careers" [1] . Ensure that pharmacists maintain (at an appropriate level) their knowledge, skills, and competence to practice through their careers in their own specific (or current) areas of practice Improve the pharmacist''s personal performance (i.e., develop knowledge and skills) Enhance the pharmacist''s career progression While aligned with the FIP model, the CCP model was modified slightly to meet the identified needs of pharmacists in the United States. abstract: Over the last four decades, the expanded patient care roles of pharmacists in the United States (U.S.) have increased focus on ensuring the implementation of processes to enhance continuing professional development within the profession. The transition from a model of continuing pharmacy education (CPE) to a model of continuing professional development (CPD) is still evolving. As pharmacists assume more complex roles in patient care delivery, particularly in community-based settings, the need to demonstrate and maintain professional competence becomes more critical. In addition, long-held processes for post-graduate education and licensure must also continue to adapt to meet these changing needs. Members of the pharmacy profession in the U.S. must adopt the concept of CPD and implement processes to support the thoughtful completion of professional development plans. Comprehensive, state-of-the-art technology solutions are available to assist pharmacists with understanding, implementing and applying CPD to their professional lives. url: https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmacy8030157 doi: 10.3390/pharmacy8030157 id: cord-023767-rcv4pl0d author: O’Ryan, Miguel L. title: Microorganisms Responsible for Neonatal Diarrhea date: 2009-05-19 words: 45685.0 sentences: 2892.0 pages: flesch: 44.0 cache: ./cache/cord-023767-rcv4pl0d.txt txt: ./txt/cord-023767-rcv4pl0d.txt summary: coli may disappear completely from stools of breast-fed children during the ensuing weeks, this disappearance is believed to be related to factors present in the human milk rather than the gastric secretions.5~302~303 The use of breast-feeding or expressed human milk has even been effective in terminating nursery epidemics caused by EPEC 0 11 1:B4, probably by reducing the incidence of crossinfections among infants.3033304 Although dose-effect studies have not been performed among newborns, severe diarrhea has occurred after ingestion of 10'' EPEC organisms by very young The clinical syndrome is that of bloody, noninflammatory (sometimes voluminous) diarrhea that is distinct from febrile dysentery with fecal leukocytes seen in shigellosis or EIEC infection^.^^ Most cases of EHEC infections have been recognized in outbreaks of bloody diarrhea or HUS in daycare centers, schools, nursing homes, and c o m m~n i t i e s .~~~-~~~ Although EHEC infections often involve infants and young children, the frequency of this infection in neonates remains unclear; animal studies suggest that receptors for the Shiga toxin may be developmentally regulated and that susceptibility to disease may be age related. abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7173613/ doi: 10.1016/b0-72-160537-0/50022-0 id: cord-022380-49oti4zg author: Panlilio, Adelisa L title: Occupational Infectious Diseases date: 2009-05-15 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7155632/ doi: 10.1016/b978-0-7216-8974-6.50026-9 id: cord-003970-3e58229u author: Paploski, Igor Adolfo Dexheimer title: Temporal Dynamics of Co-circulating Lineages of Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus date: 2019-11-01 words: 8412.0 sentences: 363.0 pages: flesch: 42.0 cache: ./cache/cord-003970-3e58229u.txt txt: ./txt/cord-003970-3e58229u.txt summary: Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), the etiological agent of PRRS, is one of the most important endemic viruses affecting the swine industry in the United States (Holtkamp et al., 2013) and globally (Stadejek et al., 2013; VanderWaal and Deen, 2018) . Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus was first recognized almost simultaneously in Europe (Wensvoort et al., 1991) and North America (Collins et al., 1992) in the late 1980s and early 1990s, but genetic differences suggested a much earlier evolutionary divergence between the North American and European viral types. Here, we describe the temporal dynamics of PRRSV occurrence in a swine-dense region of the United States, characterizing these patterns according to ORF5 genetic lineages and sub-lineages. Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus diversity of Eastern Canada swine herds in a large sequence dataset reveals two hypervariable regions under positive selection abstract: Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus (PRRSV) is the most important endemic pathogen in the U.S. swine industry. Despite control efforts involving improved biosecurity and different vaccination protocols, the virus continues to circulate and evolve. One of the foremost challenges in its control is high levels of genetic and antigenic diversity. Here, we quantify the co-circulation, emergence and sequential turnover of multiple PRRSV lineages in a single swine-producing region in the United States over a span of 9 years (2009–2017). By classifying over 4,000 PRRSV sequences (open-reading frame 5) into phylogenetic lineages and sub-lineages, we document the ongoing diversification and temporal dynamics of the PRRSV population, including the rapid emergence of a novel sub-lineage that appeared to be absent globally pre-2008. In addition, lineage 9 was the most prevalent lineage from 2009 to 2010, but its occurrence fell to 0.5% of all sequences identified per year after 2014, coinciding with the emergence or re-emergence of lineage 1 as the dominant lineage. The sequential dominance of different lineages, as well as three different sub-lineages within lineage 1, is consistent with the immune-mediated selection hypothesis for the sequential turnover in the dominant lineage. As host populations build immunity through natural infection or vaccination toward the most common variant, this dominant (sub-) lineage may be replaced by an emerging variant to which the population is more susceptible. An analysis of patterns of non- synonymous and synonymous mutations revealed evidence of positive selection on immunologically important regions of the genome, further supporting the potential that immune-mediated selection shapes the evolutionary and epidemiological dynamics for this virus. This has important implications for patterns of emergence and re-emergence of genetic variants of PRRSV that have negative impacts on the swine industry. Constant surveillance on PRRSV occurrence is crucial to a better understanding of the epidemiological and evolutionary dynamics of co-circulating viral lineages. Further studies utilizing whole genome sequencing and exploring the extent of cross-immunity between heterologous PRRS viruses could shed further light on PRRSV immunological response and aid in developing strategies that might be able to diminish disease impact. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6839445/ doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02486 id: cord-290620-dvlnx2z3 author: Park, Jewel title: Consequences of COVID-19 on international medical graduates and students applying to residencies in the United States date: 2020-04-21 words: 1212.0 sentences: 52.0 pages: flesch: 41.0 cache: ./cache/cord-290620-dvlnx2z3.txt txt: ./txt/cord-290620-dvlnx2z3.txt summary: title: Consequences of COVID-19 on international medical graduates and students applying to residencies in the United States Previous immigration restrictions, such as Presidential Proclamation 9645 in 2018, had already raised concerns about hindering the entrance of international medical graduates (IMGs), who constitute 25% of the physician workforce in the United States [2] . Here, we summarize the potential consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic on the process of medical residency applications for current IMGs and international medical students (IMSs) and recommend measures that can be taken to minimize the disruption to their participation in US healthcare. Given the unavoidable human-to-human contact that takes place during the exam, the United States Medical Licensing Examination (USMLE) program has closed all of its five test centers as of March 16, 2020, and plans to reopen them on June 1 at the earliest [7] . Due to safety concerns arising from the COVID-19 pandemic, many medical schools in the United States have cancelled clinical rotations and stopped receiving visiting students. abstract: nan url: https://doi.org/10.3946/kjme.2020.156 doi: 10.3946/kjme.2020.156 id: cord-337632-2q6gm7n3 author: Pearman, Ann title: Mental Health Challenges of United States Healthcare Professionals During COVID-19 date: 2020-08-13 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: As COVID-19 continues to impact global society, healthcare professionals (HCPs) are at risk for a number of negative well-being outcomes due to their role as care providers. The objective of this study was to better understand the current psychological impact of COVID-19 on HCPs in the United States This study used an online survey tool to collect demographic data and measures of well-being of adults age 18 and older living in the United States between March 20, 2020 and May 14, 2020. Measures included anxiety and stress related to COVID-19, depressive symptoms, current general anxiety, health questions, tiredness, control beliefs, proactive coping, and past and future appraisals of COVID-related stress. The sample included 90 HCPs and 90 age-matched controls (M(age) = 34.72 years, SD = 9.84, range = 23 – 67) from 35 states of the United States. A multivariate analysis of variance was performed, using education as a covariate, to identify group differences in the mental and physical health measures. HCPs reported higher levels of depressive symptoms, past and future appraisal of COVID-related stress, concern about their health, tiredness, current general anxiety, and constraint, in addition to lower levels of proactive coping compared to those who were not HCPs (p < 0.001, η(2) = 0.28). Within the context of this pandemic, HCPs were at increased risk for a number of negative well-being outcomes. Potential targets, such as adaptive coping training, for intervention are discussed. url: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.02065 doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.02065 id: cord-318845-w7q5o8wc author: Pendell, Dustin L. title: Economic Assessment of FMDv Releases from the National Bio and Agro Defense Facility date: 2015-06-26 words: 8168.0 sentences: 409.0 pages: flesch: 48.0 cache: ./cache/cord-318845-w7q5o8wc.txt txt: ./txt/cord-318845-w7q5o8wc.txt summary: This study evaluates the economic consequences of hypothetical foot-and-mouth disease releases from the future National Bio and Agro Defense Facility in Manhattan, Kansas. To assess the economic impacts of unintentional FMDv releases from NBAF, we follow [4, 7, [21] [22] to link supply shocks from an animal disease spread model with a multi-commodity, multi-market partial equilibrium model. To determine the total economic impact for a scenario, the changes in producer returns to capital and management and consumer welfare, government indemnification and non-indemnification expenditures, and the costs to the non-agricultural regional sector were summed together. Because the duration of the FMD outbreaks and number of animals culled and vaccinated are similar to the aerosol scenarios, the total economic impacts of the transference release scenarios are similar to impacts of an aerosol release, including the distribution of impacts by production types across time. abstract: This study evaluates the economic consequences of hypothetical foot-and-mouth disease releases from the future National Bio and Agro Defense Facility in Manhattan, Kansas. Using an economic framework that estimates the impacts to agricultural firms and consumers, quantifies costs to non-agricultural activities in the epidemiologically impacted region, and assesses costs of response to the government, we find the distribution of economic impacts to be very significant. Furthermore, agricultural firms and consumers bear most of the impacts followed by the government and the regional non-agricultural firms. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26114546/ doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0129134 id: cord-280059-i72ayr02 author: Perez, Andres M. title: Individual or Common Good? Voluntary Data Sharing to Inform Disease Surveillance Systems in Food Animals date: 2019-06-21 words: 3942.0 sentences: 145.0 pages: flesch: 37.0 cache: ./cache/cord-280059-i72ayr02.txt txt: ./txt/cord-280059-i72ayr02.txt summary: However, during the last decade, swine producers in the United States (US) and other countries have voluntarily begun to share data for the control and elimination of specific infectious diseases, such as the porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSv). Here, we provide evidence of a national program for voluntary sharing of disease status data that has helped the implementation of surveillance activities that, ultimately, allowed the generation of critically important scientific information to better support disease control activities. Additional pages are shared with the project participants referring only to their own systems, and including incidence and prevalence graphs for both PRRSv and PEDv. Since its inception in 2011, the MSHMP has played a critical role in providing data that scientists translated into science-driven solutions to help the US swine industry mitigating PRRSv impact. abstract: Livestock producers have traditionally been reluctant to share information related to their business, including data on health status of their animals, which, sometimes, has impaired the ability to implement surveillance programs. However, during the last decade, swine producers in the United States (US) and other countries have voluntarily begun to share data for the control and elimination of specific infectious diseases, such as the porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSv). Those surveillance programs have played a pivotal role in bringing producers and veterinarians together for the benefit of the industry. Examples of situations in which producers have decided to voluntarily share data for extended periods of time to support applied research and, ultimately, disease control in the absence of a regulatory framework have rarely been documented in the peer-reviewed literature. Here, we provide evidence of a national program for voluntary sharing of disease status data that has helped the implementation of surveillance activities that, ultimately, allowed the generation of critically important scientific information to better support disease control activities. Altogether, this effort has supported, and is supporting, the design and implementation of prevention and control approaches for the most economically devastating swine disease affecting the US. The program, which has been voluntarily sustained and supported over an extended period of time by the swine industry in the absence of any regulatory framework and that includes data on approximately 50% of the sow population in the US, represents a unique example of a livestock industry self-organized surveillance program to generate scientific-driven solutions for emerging swine health issues in North America. url: https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2019.00194 doi: 10.3389/fvets.2019.00194 id: cord-348495-pa6iqc83 author: Perrotta, D. title: Behaviors and attitudes in response to the COVID-19 pandemic: Insights from a cross-national Facebook survey date: 2020-05-15 words: 7494.0 sentences: 312.0 pages: flesch: 50.0 cache: ./cache/cord-348495-pa6iqc83.txt txt: ./txt/cord-348495-pa6iqc83.txt summary: Our goal in this paper is to provide insights into the relation between participants'' demographic characteristics and (i) the threat they perceive COVID-19 to pose to various levels of society, (ii) the confidence they have in the preparedness of different national and international organizations to handle the current crisis, and (iii) the behavioral measures (preventive measures and social distancing measures) they have taken to protect themselves from the coronavirus. The questionnaire consists of four topical sections: (i) socio-demographic indicators (age, sex, country of birth, country of residence, level of education, household size and composition); (ii) health indicators (underlying medical conditions, flu vaccination status, pregnancy, symptoms experienced in the previous seven days); (iii) opinions and behaviors (perceived threat from COVID-19, level of trust in institutions, level of confidence in sources of information, preventive measures taken, disruptions to daily routine); (iv) social contact data, i.e. the number of interactions that respondents had the day before participating in the survey in different settings (at home, at school, at work, or in other locations). abstract: In the absence of medical treatment and vaccination, the mitigation and containment of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic relies on behavioral changes. Timely data on attitudes and behaviors are thus necessary to develop optimal intervention strategies and to assess the consequences of the pandemic for different demographic groups. We developed a rapid response monitoring system via a continuously run online survey (the "COVID-19 Health Behavior Survey") across eight countries (Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Spain, the United Kingdom, the United States). The survey was specifically designed to collect key information on people's health status, behaviors, close social contacts, and attitudes in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. We developed an innovative approach to recruit participants via targeted Facebook advertisement campaigns in order to generate balanced samples for post-stratification. In this paper, we present results for the period from March 13-April 19, 2020. We estimate important differences by sex: women show a substantially higher perception of threat along with a lower level of confidence in the health system. This is paralleled by sex-specific behaviors, with women more likely to adopt a wide range of preventive behaviors. We thus expect behavior to serve as a protective factor for women. Our findings also show a higher level of awareness and concern among older respondents, in line with the evidence that the elderly are at highest risk of severe complications following infection from COVID-19. While across all the samples respondents were less concerned for themselves than for their country or for the world, we also observed substantial temporal and spatial heterogeneity in terms of confidence in institutions and responses to non-pharmaceutical interventions. url: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.05.09.20096388 doi: 10.1101/2020.05.09.20096388 id: cord-354209-g1zynbul author: Person, Bobbie title: Fear and Stigma: The Epidemic within the SARS Outbreak date: 2004-02-17 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Because of their evolving nature and inherent scientific uncertainties, outbreaks of emerging infectious diseases can be associated with considerable fear in the general public or in specific communities, especially when illness and deaths are substantial. Mitigating fear and discrimination directed toward persons infected with, and affected by, infectious disease can be important in controlling transmission. Persons who are feared and stigmatized may delay seeking care and remain in the community undetected. This article outlines efforts to rapidly assess, monitor, and address fears associated with the 2003 severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) epidemic in the United States. Although fear, stigmatization, and discrimination were not widespread in the general public, Asian-American communities were particularly affected. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15030713/ doi: 10.3201/eid1002.030750 id: cord-016379-lcog1654 author: Pimentel, David title: Plant,Animal, and Microbe Invasive Species in the United States and World date: 2007 words: 5743.0 sentences: 313.0 pages: flesch: 57.0 cache: ./cache/cord-016379-lcog1654.txt txt: ./txt/cord-016379-lcog1654.txt summary: Calculating the negative economic impacts associated with the invasion of exotic species is difficult.For a few species, there are sufficient data to estimate some impacts on agriculture, forestry, fisheries, public health, and the natural ecosystem in the US and worldwide. Worldwide, an estimated 30,000 species of exotic plants have been intentionally introduced as crops, and have escaped to become established in various natural ecosystems. In the United States, introduced plant species are spreading and invading approximately 700,000 ha of US natural ecosystems per year (Babbitt 1998) . In the Great Lakes, for instance, nearly 50 invasive species are found, and these invaders are causing an estimated $ 5 billion in damages to the fisheries per year (Pimentel 2005) . This investigation reports on various economic damages associated with invasive species in various nations of the world that total more than $ 1.4 trillion per year (Pimentel 2002) . abstract: Approximately 50,000 plant, animal, and microbe invasive species are present in the United States, and an estimated 500,000 plant, animal, and microbe invasive species have invaded other nations of the world. Immediately, it should be pointed out that the US and world agriculture depend on introduced food crops and livestock.Approximately 99 % of all crops and livestock in all nations are intentionally introduced plants, animals, and microbes (Pimentel 2002). Worldwide, the value of agriculture (including beneficial non-indigenous species) is estimated to total $ 30 trillion per year. Other exotic species have been introduced for landscape restoration, biological pest control, sport, and food processing, also contributing significant benefits. Calculating the negative economic impacts associated with the invasion of exotic species is difficult.For a few species, there are sufficient data to estimate some impacts on agriculture, forestry, fisheries, public health, and the natural ecosystem in the US and worldwide. In this article, we estimate the magnitude of the economic benefits, and environmental and economic costs associated with a variety of invasive species that exist in the United States and elsewhere in the world. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7120639/ doi: 10.1007/978-3-540-36920-2_18 id: cord-017351-73hlwwdh author: Quarantelli, E. L. title: Studying Future Disasters and Crises: A Heuristic Approach date: 2017-09-12 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Over time, new types of crises and disasters have emerged. We argue that new types of adversity will continue to emerge. In this chapter, we offer a framework to study and interpret new forms of crises and disasters. This framework is informed by historical insights on societal interpretations of crises and disasters. We are particularly focused here on the rise of transboundary crises – those crises that traverse boundaries between countries and policy systems. We identify the characteristics of these transboundary disruptions, sketch a few scenarios and explore the societal vulnerabilities to this type of threat. We end by discussing some possible implications for planning and preparation practices. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7121892/ doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-63254-4_4 id: cord-321642-efv9ovx9 author: Reicher, Stephen title: On order and disorder during the COVID‐19 pandemic date: 2020-07-01 words: 3605.0 sentences: 187.0 pages: flesch: 54.0 cache: ./cache/cord-321642-efv9ovx9.txt txt: ./txt/cord-321642-efv9ovx9.txt summary: Using examples from different countries (principally the United Kingdom, the United States, and France), we first isolate three factors which determine whether people accept or reject control measures. This work puts flesh on John Turner''s suggestion that the procedural justice framework ''points to a whole range of other factors relevant to identification with authorities and acceptance of their control as an ingroup norm (e.g. the ideology and goals of group members, the social comparative context, their history of success or failure for the group, the degree to which the authorities are perceived as more or less prototypical of the relevant identity) '' (2005, p. Echoing Turner, we suggest that, in addition to leadership and procedural justice, historical and structural context is a third antecedent of shared in-group identity and hence of adherence to authority. Let us turn next to the question of ''disorder'' and more specifically to protests against government social distancing measures and to anti-authority rioting in the context of the pandemic. abstract: In this paper, we analyse the conditions under which the COVID‐19 pandemic will lead either to social order (adherence to measures put in place by authorities to control the pandemic) or to social disorder (resistance to such measures and the emergence of open conflict). Using examples from different countries (principally the United Kingdom, the United States, and France), we first isolate three factors which determine whether people accept or reject control measures. These are the historical context of state‐public relations, the nature of leadership during the pandemic and procedural justice in the development and operation of these measures. Second, we analyse the way the crisis is policed and how forms of policing determine whether dissent will escalate into open conflict. We conclude by considering the prospects for order/disorder as the pandemic unfolds. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32609398/ doi: 10.1111/bjso.12398 id: cord-018084-c48chbfa author: Reynolds, Chris title: Global Health Security and Weapons of Mass Destruction Chapter date: 2019-06-07 words: 7448.0 sentences: 372.0 pages: flesch: 45.0 cache: ./cache/cord-018084-c48chbfa.txt txt: ./txt/cord-018084-c48chbfa.txt summary: Dennis Blair [2] states in an DNI Threat Assessment, "Most terrorist groups that have shown some interest, intent or capability to conduct CBRN attacks have pursued only limited, technically simple approaches that have not yet caused large numbers of casualties. The potential for non-state actors, which includes both domestic and international terrorists, successfully obtaining access to WMD''s is a very real threat to the safety and security of all people [4] . In 2004, the United Nations Security Council passed Resolution 1540, with the intent of keeping WMD out of the hands of non-state actors, which included nuclear, biological, and chemical weapons, their means of delivery, and related materials. 3. All States must adopt and enforce domestic controls over nuclear, chemical, and biological weapons, their means of delivery, and related materials, in order to prevent their proliferation. WMD''s include chemical agents, biological pathogens, radiological agents, and nuclear weapons, each of which require special protective measures for responders and decontamination for victims. abstract: The global proliferation of weapons of mass destruction (WMD) presents a clear and present danger to global health security. Unlike conventional weapons that confine themselves to a defined and targeted area, WMD’s cross international boundaries and borders. Moreover, the release of WMDs can be achieved using a low technology approach resulting in a transformation and redefinition of the mission of global health providers. This chapter will focus on the ease of access to WMDs, the impact biological weapons and bioterrorism plays on global health security, United States global policies on public health, and the role actors and non-state actors play in the global health landscape. In addition, this chapter will focus on global WMD proliferation prevention to include international efforts, treaties, and conventions. The chapter will conclude with a discussion of ongoing research initiatives, identification of emerging threats, and additional recommended readings. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7122872/ doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-23491-1_9 id: cord-025767-scbteel5 author: Richards, Timothy J. title: COVID‐19 impact on fruit and vegetable markets date: 2020-05-18 words: 4024.0 sentences: 166.0 pages: flesch: 52.0 cache: ./cache/cord-025767-scbteel5.txt txt: ./txt/cord-025767-scbteel5.txt summary: In the long term, we expect lasting changes in consumers'' online food‐purchasing habits, heightened constraints on immigrant labor markets, and tighter concentration in fresh produce distribution and perhaps retailing. Anecdotal evidence suggests that, like several nonperishable products, consumers have been stockpiling frozen fruits and vegetables, which has the potential to dampen current and future sales of fresh produce. In fact, in 2018, total retail sales of fresh fruits and vegetables produced domestically averaged about $125 million (CDN) per month (StatsCan, 2020a), while imports averaged approximately seven times that amount (Statista, 2020) . Consequently, most of the impact of changing consumption patterns will be felt by importers, including wholesalers, distributors, and retailers, and any impact on availability will be determined by conditions in the US fresh fruit and vegetable supply chain. We identify three of the most significant in this context as an access to labor issues in the fresh produce growing industries of the United States and Canada, consolidation, and the move to online food purchasing. abstract: Canadian fruit and vegetable markets were significantly impacted by the spread of the novel coronavirus SARS‐CoV‐2 (and COVID‐19 disease), beginning in March 2020. Due to the closure of restaurants, bars, and schools, produce growers and distributors were forced to shift supplies almost entirely from the foodservice to the retail channel. Shippers reported labor and logistical constraints in making the change, but the fresh produce supply chain remained robust. In the long term, we expect lasting changes in consumers’ online food‐purchasing habits, heightened constraints on immigrant labor markets, and tighter concentration in fresh produce distribution and perhaps retailing. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7264629/ doi: 10.1111/cjag.12231 id: cord-005227-74ycwmyg author: Richardson, Jacques G. title: The bane of “inhumane” weapons and overkill: An overview of increasingly lethal arms and the inadequacy of regulatory controls date: 2004 words: 12240.0 sentences: 548.0 pages: flesch: 53.0 cache: ./cache/cord-005227-74ycwmyg.txt txt: ./txt/cord-005227-74ycwmyg.txt summary: How did the scientifically based Haber''s constant-the product of the concentration of a substance as parts per million in a fixed volume multiplied by time in minutesbecome, during the First World War, the measure of effectiveness of chemical agents as weapons? When the United Nations'' Special Commission on Iraq (UNSCOM) was forced by that country''s leader to abandon in December 1998 its monitoring of what Iraq might be developing as weapons of mass destruction, the international inspection group determined that Iraq had progressed in terms of developing • biological weapons: culturing enough anthrax bacteria to produce 26,000 liters of infectious agent to be held in reserve, • chemical arms including a supply of 550 artillery shells filled with mustard gas, together with at least one and a half tonnes of the nerve reagent VX, and • what may be a long-term missile project, spread among twelve different national facilities. abstract: Weapons of both defense and offense have grown steadily in their effectiveness—especially since the industrial revolution. The mass destruction of humanity, by parts or in whole, became reality with the advent of toxic agents founded on chemistry and biology or nuclear weapons derived from physics. The military’s new non-combat roles, combined with a quest for non-lethal weapons, may change the picture in regard to conventional defense establishments but are unlikely to deter bellicose tyrants or the new terrorists from using the unlimited potential of today’s and tomorrow’s arsenals. The author addresses the issues that are raised by this developing situation with the intent of seeking those ethics that will enable us to survive in a future and uncertain world. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7089138/ doi: 10.1007/s11948-004-0046-0 id: cord-029172-fctcfoak author: Romano, John L. title: Politics of Prevention: Reflections From the COVID-19 Pandemic date: 2020-07-13 words: 8401.0 sentences: 408.0 pages: flesch: 38.0 cache: ./cache/cord-029172-fctcfoak.txt txt: ./txt/cord-029172-fctcfoak.txt summary: Two theoretical perspectives that may help to inform effectiveness of COVID-19 prevention measures, Health Belief Model and Theory of Reasoned Action and Planned Behavior, are summarized. Studies of COVID-19 preventive interventions offer rich potential to prevention scientists, researching topics such as effectiveness of recommended behaviors, compliance across different demographic groups, and effectiveness of varying media messages. Systemic prevention interventions that enhance personal, social, and physical well-being across institutions, communities, and larger entities, such as cities, states, or countries, have been advocated across many different problem areas (American Psychological Association [APA], 2014). Interestingly, APA has a very active advocacy initiative within its structure, reporting regularly to the membership about its work with policy makers on topics such as promoting social justice and human rights, reducing health disparities, addressing violence prevention, and encouraging members to do likewise. In a school-based example, some parents will accept and deem important prevention programs that teach sex education to develop healthy sexual behavior, reduce teen pregnancy, and promote respect and acceptance of different sexual identities. abstract: The COVID-19 pandemic from a prevention science perspective, including research topics, is discussed. Political considerations that influence prevention activities, with examples from the pandemic and from more typical prevention initiatives in schools and communities, are presented. The definitions of prevention science and prevention interventions are delineated, and a brief summary of prevention history is given. The relationship between health disparities and COVID-19 is discussed. Two theoretical perspectives that may help to inform effectiveness of COVID-19 prevention measures, Health Belief Model and Theory of Reasoned Action and Planned Behavior, are summarized. The article emphasizes the importance of adapting prevention applications to the intended recipients, especially ethnic and cultural groups. The need to strengthen prevention training in graduate education and strategies to reform the education to meet accreditation and licensing standards are suggested. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7358972/ doi: 10.1177/2632077020938360 id: cord-265017-byyx2y47 author: Ryan, Jeffrey R. title: Seeds of Destruction date: 2016-03-25 words: 9264.0 sentences: 535.0 pages: flesch: 55.0 cache: ./cache/cord-265017-byyx2y47.txt txt: ./txt/cord-265017-byyx2y47.txt summary: In the United States, bioterrorism became a household word in October 2001, when Bacillus anthracis (the causative agent of anthrax) spores were introduced into the US Postal Service system by several letters dropped into a mailbox in Trenton, New Jersey (see Fig. 1 .1). At the same time as the French were signing the 1925 Geneva Protocol, they were developing a biological warfare program to complement the one they had established for chemical weapons during World War I (Rosebury and Kabat, 1947) . What many people do not know about the group is that it developed and attempted to use biological agents (anthrax, Q fever, Ebola virus, and botulinum toxin) on at least 10 other occasions. To illustrate these points we will briefly discuss four items of international interest that have been emphasized in the media: accidental shipment of live anthrax-positive controls samples, the 2014/2015 Ebola outbreak in West Africa, cases of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) in South Korea and Saudi Arabia, and a massive outbreak of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI). abstract: This chapter provides the reader with an understanding and appreciation for the scope and importance of biological threats and the opportunity to see where they may be and have become the desire of terrorist groups and the makings of weapons of mass destruction. The history of biological warfare is covered in depth. These major events are important in helping us understand the issues related to using biological substances against an adversary. The difference between biosecurity and biodefense are explained and then related to homeland security and homeland defense, respectively. This chapter also details how expensive these programs are, with nearly $80 billion having been spent on civilian biodefense since fiscal year 2001 in the United States alone. As discussed herein, there is a significant difference in the reality and the potential of bioterrorism. Bioterrorism on a large scale is a low-probability event. Bioterrorism on a small scale is a fairly routine occurrence with little potential. Biological threats remain very much in the news. Recent examples, such as laboratory incidents, the Ebola outbreak of 2014, and other emerging threats, are covered in this chapter. url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128020296000013 doi: 10.1016/b978-0-12-802029-6.00001-3 id: cord-261788-f728j3bb author: Sabater González, Mikel title: Emergencies and Critical Care of Commonly Kept Fowl date: 2016-03-02 words: 7742.0 sentences: 493.0 pages: flesch: 47.0 cache: ./cache/cord-261788-f728j3bb.txt txt: ./txt/cord-261788-f728j3bb.txt summary: 3 A complete anamnesis should include, but is not restricted to, species; breed; age; gender; presenting complaint; source of the bird; diet; number of birds in the household; open or closed flock; acquisition date; date of the last addition to the flock; number and species of animals affected; potential exposure to toxins; length of illness; changes in behavior; history of previous diseases, treatments, and outcomes; reproductive history; and clinical signs, including their duration and progression. However, Newcastle disease, avian influenza, and infectious laryngotracheitis are all rare in backyard poultry, and the most common causative agent of sinusitis in fowl in the US is Mycoplasma. Infectious bronchitis is caused by a highly infectious coronavirus and is characterized by having 2 main presentations depending on the age of the infected animals; in young chicks, respiratory disease is the predominant manifestation, whereas salpingitis and the subsequent decrease in egg production is most commonly seen in older laying hens. abstract: Fowl are birds belonging to one of the 2 biological orders, the game fowl or land fowl (Galliformes) and the waterfowl (Anseriformes). Studies of anatomic and molecular similarities suggest these two groups are close evolutionary relatives. Multiple fowl species have a long history of domestication. Fowl are considered food-producing animals in most countries and clinicians should follow legislation regarding reportable diseases and antibiotic use, even if they are pets. This article reviews aspects of emergency care for most commonly kept fowl, including triage, patient assessment, diagnostic procedures, supportive care, short-term hospitalization, and common emergency presentations. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26948266/ doi: 10.1016/j.cvex.2016.01.007 id: cord-255574-gqekw0si author: Samanta, Indranil title: Chapter 14 Biosecurity Strategies for Backyard Poultry: A Controlled Way for Safe Food Production date: 2018-12-31 words: 13644.0 sentences: 699.0 pages: flesch: 54.0 cache: ./cache/cord-255574-gqekw0si.txt txt: ./txt/cord-255574-gqekw0si.txt summary: The source of microbial infection (Salmonella, Escherichia coli) and their dissemination through the eggs in backyard flocks kept in different agroclimatic zones of West Bengal, a major egg producing state in India, was identified. In developing countries, the backyard poultry sector mostly suffers from two infectious diseases, such as Avian influenza (AI) and Newcastle disease (ND) due to lack of biosecurity and proper vaccination (Alexander, 2001) . Avian influenza virus (AIV) infection is reported from poultry and wild birds in Asia, Africa, and Europe (OIE, 2013). In Italy, eight HPAI outbreaks in backyard poultry flocks infected with H5N2 virus were reported in 1997-98 (Alexander, 2000) , while chickens raised for recreational purposes in the urban localities in the Netherlands acted as major risk factors for a HPAI outbreak in 2003 (Slingenbergh et al., 2004) . Risk for infection with highly pathogenic Avian influenza virus (H5N1) in backyard chickens in Bangladesh abstract: Abstract The people of rural and periurban India depend on backyard farming system for poultry meat and eggs. It is used by weaker sections of society, such as marginal farmers as insurance against crop failure, for ready cash and to ensure basic economic returns and the empowerment of women and children. However, backyard farming does not appear to be a promising strategy to achieve the poverty reduction until the production level is increased. The major constraint in increasing the production in backyard birds is microbial infection due to lack of biosecurity knowledge among the farmers. The mitigation of the microbial infection depends on the detection of the infection route and its prevention. The source of microbial infection (Salmonella, Escherichia coli) and their dissemination through the eggs in backyard flocks kept in different agroclimatic zones of West Bengal, a major egg producing state in India, was identified. The pattern of virulence gene specially associated with urinary tract infection and antibiotic resistance genes, such as extended spectrum β lactamase (ESBL) genes of the isolates was studied. The chapter will elaborate the backyard farming including breeds reared, housing, feeding with special emphasis on suggested biosecurity strategies and consequence of the adapted strategy. url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128114452000143 doi: 10.1016/b978-0-12-811445-2.00014-3 id: cord-294590-1niaplc2 author: Schrag, Stephanie J. title: SARS Surveillance during Emergency Public Health Response, United States, March–July 2003 date: 2004-02-17 words: 4720.0 sentences: 214.0 pages: flesch: 44.0 cache: ./cache/cord-294590-1niaplc2.txt txt: ./txt/cord-294590-1niaplc2.txt summary: In response to the emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), the United States established national surveillance using a sensitive case definition incorporating clinical, epidemiologic, and laboratory criteria. In response to the emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), the United States established national surveillance using a sensitive case definition incorporating clinical, epidemiologic, and laboratory criteria. Of 1,460 unexplained respiratory illnesses reported by state and local health departments to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention from March 17 to July 30, 2003 , a total of 398 (27%) met clinical and epidemiologic SARS case criteria. On March 14, 2003 , the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) launched an emergency public health response and established national surveillance for SARS to identify case-patients in the United States and determine if domestic transmission was occurring. abstract: In response to the emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), the United States established national surveillance using a sensitive case definition incorporating clinical, epidemiologic, and laboratory criteria. Of 1,460 unexplained respiratory illnesses reported by state and local health departments to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention from March 17 to July 30, 2003, a total of 398 (27%) met clinical and epidemiologic SARS case criteria. Of these, 72 (18%) were probable cases with radiographic evidence of pneumonia. Eight (2%) were laboratory-confirmed SARS-coronavirus (SARS-CoV) infections, 206 (52%) were SARS-CoV negative, and 184 (46%) had undetermined SARS-CoV status because of missing convalescent-phase serum specimens. Thirty-one percent (124/398) of case-patients were hospitalized; none died. Travel was the most common epidemiologic link (329/398, 83%), and mainland China was the affected area most commonly visited. One case of possible household transmission was reported, and no laboratory-confirmed infections occurred among healthcare workers. Successes and limitations of this emergency surveillance can guide preparations for future outbreaks of SARS or respiratory diseases of unknown etiology. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15030681/ doi: 10.3201/eid1002.030752 id: cord-024981-yfuuirnw author: Severin, Paul N. title: Types of Disasters date: 2020-05-14 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Disasters are increasing around the world. Children are greatly impacted by both natural disasters (forces of nature) and man-made (intentional, accidental) disasters. Their unique anatomical, physiological, behavioral, developmental, and psychological vulnerabilities must be considered when planning and preparing for disasters. The nurse or health care provider (HCP) must be able to rapidly identify acutely ill children during a disaster. Whether it is during a natural or man-made event, the nurse or HCP must intervene effectively to improve survival and outcomes. It is extremely vital to understand the medical management of these children during disasters, especially the use of appropriate medical countermeasures such as medications, antidotes, supplies, and equipment. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7235629/ doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-43428-1_5 id: cord-334108-4ey725dv author: Seymour, I.J. title: Foodborne viruses and fresh produce date: 2008-07-07 words: 10241.0 sentences: 596.0 pages: flesch: 52.0 cache: ./cache/cord-334108-4ey725dv.txt txt: ./txt/cord-334108-4ey725dv.txt summary: The most frequently reported foodborne viral infections are viral gastroenteritis and hepatitis A: both have been associated with the consumption of fresh fruit or vegetables. There are many groups of viruses which could contaminate food items, but the major foodborne viral pathogens are those that infect via the gastrointestinal tract, such as the gastroenteritis viruses and hepatitis A virus. There is a need to develop more effective quantitative methods in order to assess the survival of viruses on fresh produce and to determine the decontamination ef®ciencies of current commercial washing systems for fruit and vegetables. Mounting evidence suggests that viruses can survive long enough and in high enough numbers to cause human diseases through direct contact with polluted water or contaminated foods (Nasser 1994; Bosch 1995) . When hepatitis A virus was detected in lettuce from Costa Rica, it was suggested that the possible source of contamination was the discharge of untreated sewage into river water used to irrigate crops, which is common practice in some less well-developed countries (Hernandez et al. abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11722652/ doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2672.2001.01427.x id: cord-281160-e00koo91 author: Shank, Nancy title: A Review of the Role of Cost–Benefit Analyses in 2-1-1 Diffusion date: 2012-12-31 words: 5103.0 sentences: 293.0 pages: flesch: 50.0 cache: ./cache/cord-281160-e00koo91.txt txt: ./txt/cord-281160-e00koo91.txt summary: Context The 2-1-1 helpline is a social services innovation that has spread rapidly throughout the U.S. Policy diffusion theory suggests that policymakers seek to reduce uncertainty by anticipating the effects of a proposed innovation through tools such as cost–benefit analyses. 13 United Way Worldwide and AIRS have served as networks for information sharing about the costs and benefıts of 2-1-1, typically by equipping local 2-1-1 supporters who were in contact with their state and local policymakers. AIRS and United Way Worldwide publicized documents and toolkits with information about the service''s costs and benefıts through e-mail discussion groups, at national conferences, and through personal communications. Excluded from the study were analyses not specifıc to 2-1-1, information sources that were not formalized, or that presented costs or benefıts only in a very general way. abstract: Context The 2-1-1 helpline is a social services innovation that has spread rapidly throughout the U.S. Policy diffusion theory suggests that policymakers seek to reduce uncertainty by anticipating the effects of a proposed innovation through tools such as cost–benefit analyses. Few policy diffusion studies have examined use of information, such as cost–benefit analyses, in the diffusion process. The purpose of this study is to examine how cost–benefit analyses were used during the rapid diffusion of 2-1-1 across states. The paper also describes components of 2-1-1 cost–benefit analyses. Evidence acquisition In 2011, cost–benefit analyses of 2-1-1 and substantive citations of them were identified through scholarly key word searches using Academic Search Premier and Web of Science, general Internet searches using Google search terms, and communications with academicians and 2-1-1 practitioners through personal contact and e-mail discussion groups. To be included in this study, documents had to be related to 2-1-1 helplines, present information about their costs and benefits, and be formal documents. The documents were catalogued and analyzed for cost–benefit analyses or references to analyses, and stated purpose. Evidence synthesis Of the 19 documents that met eligibility inclusion criteria, nine were original cost–benefit analyses and ten referenced analyses conducted for other jurisdictions. Conclusions The diffusion of 2-1-1 helplines in the U.S. has been influenced by interjurisdictional exchange of cost–benefit analyses, in both the creation of original analyses and/or the referencing of previous work. url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S0749379712006174 doi: 10.1016/j.amepre.2012.08.020 id: cord-262892-n38r8n70 author: Sheikh, Jamila title: Nutritional Care of the Child with Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection in the United States: A Historical and Contemporary Perspective date: 2015-05-08 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: In well-resourced settings, early infant diagnosis and administration of life-saving antiretrovirals (ARVs) have significantly improved clinical outcomes in pediatric human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. The dramatic increase in survival rates is associated with enhancements in overall quality of life, which reflect a multidisciplinary, holistic approach to care. Current optimism starkly contrasts with the outlook and prognosis two decades ago, when failure to thrive and wasting syndrome from uncontrolled pediatric HIV infection resulted from poor oral intake, malabsorption, chronic diarrhea, and a persistently catabolic state. The tenets of care developed from that era still hold true in that all infants, children, and adolescents with HIV require comprehensive nutritional services in addition to effective combination antiretroviral therapy (cART). This chapter will review the principles of nutrition in the pre- and post-cART eras and discuss the etiologic factors associated with malnutrition, with an emphasis on interventions that have favorably impacted the growth and body composition of infants, children and adolescents with HIV. url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128007693000093 doi: 10.1016/b978-0-12-800769-3.00009-3 id: cord-276758-k2imddzr author: Siegel, Jane D. title: 2007 Guideline for Isolation Precautions: Preventing Transmission of Infectious Agents in Health Care Settings date: 2007-12-07 words: 46228.0 sentences: 2479.0 pages: flesch: 35.0 cache: ./cache/cord-276758-k2imddzr.txt txt: ./txt/cord-276758-k2imddzr.txt summary: Activities currently assigned to ICPs in response to emerging challenges include (1) surveillance and infection prevention at facilities other than acute care hospitals (eg, ambulatory clinics, day surgery centers, LTCFs, rehabilitation centers, home care); (2) oversight of employee health services related to infection prevention (eg, assessment of risk and administration of recommended treatment after exposure to infectious agents, tuberculosis screening, influenza vaccination, respiratory protection fit testing, and administration of other vaccines as indicated, such as smallpox vaccine in 2003); (3) preparedness planning for annual influenza outbreaks, pandemic influenza, SARS, and bioweapons attacks; (4) adherence monitoring for selected infection control practices; (5) oversight of risk assessment and implementation of prevention measures associated with construction and renovation; (6) prevention of transmission of MDROs; (7) evaluation of new medical products that could be associated with increased infection risk (eg, intravenous infusion materials); (8) communication with the public, facility staff, and state and local health departments concerning infection control-related issues; and (9) participation in local and multicenter research projects. abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18068815/ doi: 10.1016/j.ajic.2007.10.007 id: cord-016855-hqs94hfa author: Simpson, William M. title: Pesticides date: 2006 words: 4759.0 sentences: 300.0 pages: flesch: 47.0 cache: ./cache/cord-016855-hqs94hfa.txt txt: ./txt/cord-016855-hqs94hfa.txt summary: Most toxicity from contact with skin or eyes or ingestion involves mucous membrane irritation. Otherwise, aggressive supportive care including protection of the airway, correction of hypotension, and treatment of arrhythmias, hyperthermia, and seizures may be required (3) . Urea-substituted herbicides have low systemic toxicity based on animal feeding studies; they may, however, produce methemoglobinemia with heavy ingestion. Treatment of paraquat ingestion is aimed at several points along the toxicity pathway-removing toxin from the GI tract, increasing excretion from the blood, and preventing pulmonary damage with anti-inflammatory agents. No human or animal toxicity has been reported with morfamquat, but poisoning with the chemical should probably be treated initially as a paraquat poisoning (6). Treatment of exposure is with skin and GI decontamination, oxygen supplementation, fluid support, and avoidance of alcohol. Treatment is skin and GI decontamination, respiratory support, and chelation therapy (for severe, acute poisoning, though the possibility of inducing renal failure with a large load of cadmium exists). abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7121274/ doi: 10.1007/0-387-30105-4_16 id: cord-009507-l74c9x0n author: Singh, Amandeep title: Clinicopathological Conference: Fever, Productive Cough, and Tachycardia in a 22‐year‐old Asian Male date: 2008-01-08 words: 4395.0 sentences: 291.0 pages: flesch: 42.0 cache: ./cache/cord-009507-l74c9x0n.txt txt: ./txt/cord-009507-l74c9x0n.txt summary: To generate the appropriate differential diagnosis in this case, there are several key features of the patient''s history and physical examination that aid in the understanding of his pathologic process: 1) symptom development occurred soon after emigration from Indonesia, 2) the patient''s primary symptoms were pulmonary in origin, and 3) secondary cardiac involvement resulted in a large, initially asymptomatic pericardial effusion. 10 Acute infection begins with sudden onset of one or more of the following: high fevers (up to 104-1058F), severe headache, general malaise, myalgia, confusion, sore throat, chills, sweats, nonproductive cough, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, and chest pain. In our patient, the most likely cause of the pericardial effusion was infection with tuberculosis. To summarize, this patient''s recent immigration, symptoms of intermittent fever and of chronic cough that failed to respond to outpatient antibiotics, and development of large pericardial effusion all are consistent with a diagnosis of tuberculosis. abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7159384/ doi: 10.1111/j.1553-2712.2004.tb01429.x id: cord-017997-obvk2d8e author: Slater, Margaret R. title: The Welfare Of Feral Cats date: 2007 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7122712/ doi: 10.1007/978-1-4020-3227-1_6 id: cord-340195-425rd7ul author: Smith, Kristine M. title: Zoonotic Viruses Associated with Illegally Imported Wildlife Products date: 2012-01-10 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: The global trade in wildlife has historically contributed to the emergence and spread of infectious diseases. The United States is the world's largest importer of wildlife and wildlife products, yet minimal pathogen surveillance has precluded assessment of the health risks posed by this practice. This report details the findings of a pilot project to establish surveillance methodology for zoonotic agents in confiscated wildlife products. Initial findings from samples collected at several international airports identified parts originating from nonhuman primate (NHP) and rodent species, including baboon, chimpanzee, mangabey, guenon, green monkey, cane rat and rat. Pathogen screening identified retroviruses (simian foamy virus) and/or herpesviruses (cytomegalovirus and lymphocryptovirus) in the NHP samples. These results are the first demonstration that illegal bushmeat importation into the United States could act as a conduit for pathogen spread, and suggest that implementation of disease surveillance of the wildlife trade will help facilitate prevention of disease emergence. url: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0029505 doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0029505 id: cord-263438-9ra94uda author: Snowden, Frank M. title: Emerging and reemerging diseases: a historical perspective date: 2008-09-19 words: 14393.0 sentences: 608.0 pages: flesch: 47.0 cache: ./cache/cord-263438-9ra94uda.txt txt: ./txt/cord-263438-9ra94uda.txt summary: Experience with human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, the return of cholera to the Americas in 1991, the plague outbreak in India in 1994, and the emergence of Ebola in Zaire in 1995 created awareness of a new vulnerability to epidemics due to population growth, unplanned urbanization, antimicrobial resistance, poverty, societal change, and rapid mass movement of people. The United States and the World Health Organization took devised rapid response systems to monitor and contain disease outbreaks and to develop new weapons against microbes. In 1996, in addition, President Bill Clinton (28) issued a fact sheet entitled ''Addressing the Threat of Emerging Infectious Diseases'' in which he declared them ''one of the most significant health and security challenges facing the global community.'' There were also highly visible hearings on emerging infections in the US Congress (29) . The Rand Corporation intelligence report The Global Threat of New and Reemerging Infectious Diseases: Reconciling U.S. National Security and Public Health Policy (53) had two leading themes. abstract: Summary: Between mid‐century and 1992, there was a consensus that the battle against infectious diseases had been won, and the Surgeon General announced that it was time to close the book. Experience with human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, the return of cholera to the Americas in 1991, the plague outbreak in India in 1994, and the emergence of Ebola in Zaire in 1995 created awareness of a new vulnerability to epidemics due to population growth, unplanned urbanization, antimicrobial resistance, poverty, societal change, and rapid mass movement of people. The increasing virulence of dengue fever with dengue hemorrhagic fever and dengue shock syndrome disproved the theory of the evolution toward commensalism, and the discovery of the microbial origins of peptic ulcer demonstrated the reach of infectious diseases. The Institute of Medicine coined the term ‘emerging and reemerging diseases’ to explain that the world had entered an era in which the vulnerability to epidemics in the United States and globally was greater than ever. The United States and the World Health Organization took devised rapid response systems to monitor and contain disease outbreaks and to develop new weapons against microbes. These mechanisms were tested by severe acute respiratory syndrome in 2003, and a series of practical and conceptual blind spots in preparedness were revealed. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18837773/ doi: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.2008.00677.x id: cord-004227-lp63i56o author: Sofat, Reecha title: Drug and therapeutics committees as guardians of safe and rational medicines use date: 2019-10-18 words: 1356.0 sentences: 67.0 pages: flesch: 49.0 cache: ./cache/cord-004227-lp63i56o.txt txt: ./txt/cord-004227-lp63i56o.txt summary: Now NICE has been established for 20 years, the committee has been largely relieved of the burden of making complex assessments of the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of newly licensed drugs; regional medicines optimization committees may also remove some of the decisions from local committees. However, there are continued and evolving challenges to ensuring the safe, effective, and cost-effective use of medicines within a single health care facility, and the drug and therapeutics committee needs to continue and to evolve to meet them. As a result, they commonly participate in committees responsible for overseeing the use of medicines in health care organizations, often called drugs and therapeutics committees (DTCs) in the United Kingdom and pharmacy and therapeutics committees in the United States. It introduces a BJCP series called "Drugs and Therapeutics Committees" to allow clinical pharmacologists and those participating in DTCs to share data and practices on how best to contribute to DTCs and to adapt to the changing landscape. abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6983503/ doi: 10.1111/bcp.14088 id: cord-324185-zt88o3co author: Sovacool, Benjamin K. title: Contextualizing the Covid-19 pandemic for a carbon-constrained world: Insights for sustainability transitions, energy justice, and research methodology date: 2020-10-31 words: 7229.0 sentences: 326.0 pages: flesch: 43.0 cache: ./cache/cord-324185-zt88o3co.txt txt: ./txt/cord-324185-zt88o3co.txt summary: Jefferson (this volume) [18] writes "In the run-up to the collapse of crude oil prices in early 2020 it was primarily a division between Russia and Saudi Arabia within OPEC which appeared to be the main force at work, but then the COVID-19 pandemic took over, followed by US oil prices turning negative in April 2020, as May contracts expired and traders had to offload stocks with ongoing storage becoming extremely limited." He further states that despite the stimulus and recovery packages being offered by many nations, "there will be many oil sectors incurring losses, from US shale oil and Canadian tar sands producers, to many standard crude oil exporters incurring problems with production equipment access and costs, or experiencing lack of competitiveness in key markets." Recent data from the International Energy Agency confirms this point, noting severe reductions in global demand for oil and natural gas (see Fig. 2 ). abstract: Abstract The global Covid-19 pandemic has rapidly overwhelmed our societies, shocked the global economy and overburdened struggling health care systems and other social institutions around the world. While such impacts of Covid-19 are becoming clearer, the implications of the disease for energy and climate policy are more prosaic. This Special Section seeks to offer more clarity on the emerging connections between Covid-19 and energy supply and demand, energy governance, future low-carbon transitions, social justice, and even the practice of research methodology. It features articles that ask, and answer: What are the known and anticipated impacts of Covid-19 on energy demand and climate change? How has the disease shaped institutional responses and varying energy policy frameworks, especially in Africa? How will the disease impact ongoing social practices, innovations and sustainability transitions, including not only renewable energy but also mobility? How might the disease, and social responses to it, exacerbate underlying patterns of energy poverty, energy vulnerability, and energy injustice? Lastly, what challenges and insights does the pandemic offer for the practice of research, and for future research methodology? We find that without careful guidance and consideration, the brave new age wrought by Covid-19 could very well collapse in on itself with bloated stimulus packages that counter sustainability goals, misaligned incentives that exacerbate climate change, the entrenchment of unsustainable practices, and acute and troubling consequences for vulnerable groups. url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2020.101701 doi: 10.1016/j.erss.2020.101701 id: cord-329905-dwfwwdbn author: Staat, Dana D. title: International Adoption: Issues in Infectious Diseases date: 2012-01-06 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: International adoptions have become increasingly common in the United States. Children awaiting international adoption and families traveling to adopt these children can be exposed to a variety of infectious diseases. Compared with the United States, foreign countries often have different immunization practices and methods of diagnosing, treating, and monitoring disease. Reporting of medical conditions can also differ from that of the United States. The prevalence of infectious diseases varies from country to country and may or may not be common among adopted children. The transmission of tuberculosis, hepatitis B, and measles from adopted children to family members has been documented. Furthermore, infectious organisms (e.g., intestinal parasites), bacterial pathogens (e.g., Bordetella pertussis and Treponema pallidum), and viruses (e.g., human immunodeficiency virus and hepatitis viruses) may cause clinically significant morbidity and mortality among infected children. Diseases such as severe acute respiratory syndrome or avian influenza have not been reported among international adoptees, but transmission is possible if infection is present. Family members may be infected by others during travel or by their adopted child after returning home. Families preparing to adopt a child from abroad should pay special attention to the infectious diseases they may encounter and to the precautions they should take on returning home. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16945042/ doi: 10.1592/phco.26.9.1207 id: cord-263667-5g51n27e author: Steele, James Harlan title: Veterinary public health: Past success, new opportunities date: 2008-09-15 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Abstract Animal diseases are known to be the origin of many human diseases, and there are many examples from ancient civilizations of plagues that arose from animals, domesticated and wild. Records of attempts to control zoonoses are almost as old. The early focus on food-borne illness evolved into veterinary medicine's support of public health efforts. Key historical events, disease outbreaks, and individuals responsible for their control are reviewed and serve as a foundation for understanding the current and future efforts in veterinary public health. Animal medicine and veterinary public health have been intertwined since humans first began ministrations to their families and animals. In the United States, the veterinary medical profession has effectively eliminated those major problems of animal health that had serious public health ramifications. These lessons and experiences can serve as a model for other countries. Our past must also be a reminder that the battle for human and animal health is ongoing. New agents emerge to threaten human and animal populations. With knowledge of the past, coupled with new technologies and techniques, we must be vigilant and carry on. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18417229/ doi: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2008.02.014 id: cord-315184-py8lbg97 author: Stephany, Fabian title: Distancing Bonus Or Downscaling Loss? The Changing Livelihood of Us Online Workers in Times of COVID‐19 date: 2020-06-28 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: We draw on data from the Online Labour Index and interviews with freelancers in the United States securing work on online platforms, to illuminate effects of the COVID‐19 pandemic. The pandemic's global economic upheaval is shuttering shops and offices. Those able to do so are now working remotely from their homes. They join workers who have always been working remotely: freelancers who earn some or all of their income from projects secured via online labour platforms. Data allow us to sketch a first picture of how the initial months of the COVID‐19 pandemic have affected the livelihoods of online freelancers. The data shows online labour demand falling rapidly in early March 2020, but with an equally rapid recovery. We also find significant differences between countries and occupations. Data from interviews make clear jobs are increasingly scarce even as more people are creating profiles and seeking freelance work online. url: https://doi.org/10.1111/tesg.12455 doi: 10.1111/tesg.12455 id: cord-333411-hqtb4a2c author: Tan, Tina Q title: Location Matters: Geographic Disparities and Impact of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) date: 2020-09-17 words: 1769.0 sentences: 110.0 pages: flesch: 53.0 cache: ./cache/cord-333411-hqtb4a2c.txt txt: ./txt/cord-333411-hqtb4a2c.txt summary: The COVID-19 pandemic in the United States has revealed major disparities in the access to testing and messaging about the pandemic based on the geographic location of individuals, particularly in communities of color, rural areas, and areas of low income. The COVID-19 pandemic initially impacted the most densely populated areas in the United States particularly large urban areas in which health systems endured waves of cases that overwhelmed resources including hospital beds, personal protective equipment, intensive care capacity, ventilators, and personnel. The COVID-19 pandemic has accentuated longstanding racial/ethnic disparities in healthcare access and outcomes in the United States particularly in regard to geographic locations in rural and remote areas and low income settings. As rural and urban geographic areas remain interconnected, health policymakers and government authorities need to develop emergency and preparedness plans that address the limited access to COVID-19 testing, effective means of communication, provider shortage, and lack of healthcare facilities and intensive care units in rural areas. abstract: The COVID-19 pandemic in the United States has revealed major disparities in the access to testing and messaging about the pandemic based on the geographic location of individuals, particularly in communities of color, rural areas, and areas of low income. This geographic disparity, in addition to deeply rooted structural inequities, have posed additional challenges to adequately diagnose and provide care for individuals of all ages living in these settings. We describe the impact that COVID-19 has had on geographic disparate populations in the United States and share our recommendations to what might be done to ameliorate the current situation. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32942299/ doi: 10.1093/infdis/jiaa583 id: cord-315428-uiezqa4p author: Tessler, Hannah title: The Anxiety of Being Asian American: Hate Crimes and Negative Biases During the COVID-19 Pandemic date: 2020-06-10 words: 4635.0 sentences: 229.0 pages: flesch: 53.0 cache: ./cache/cord-315428-uiezqa4p.txt txt: ./txt/cord-315428-uiezqa4p.txt summary: In this essay, we review how the COVID-19 (coronavirus) pandemic that began in the United States in early 2020 has elevated the risks of Asian Americans to hate crimes and Asian American businesses to vandalism. These hate crimes and bias incidents occur in the landscape of American racism in which Asian Americans are seen as the embodiment of China and potential carriers of COVID-19, regardless of their ethnicity or generational status. In New York City alone, from the start of the COVID-19 outbreak through April 2020, the NYPD''s hate crime task force has investigated fourteen cases where all the victims were Asian and targeted due to coronavirus discrimination (NYPD, 2020) . While there have been numerous instances of anti-Asian bias and crime, there have not been similarly patterned anti-European tourist incidents or an avoidance of Italian restaurants, suggesting that COVID-19 illuminates the particular racialization of disease that extends beyond this virus, and further back in American history. abstract: In this essay, we review how the COVID-19 (coronavirus) pandemic that began in the United States in early 2020 has elevated the risks of Asian Americans to hate crimes and Asian American businesses to vandalism. During the COVID-19 pandemic, the incidents of negative bias and microaggressions against Asian Americans have also increased. COVID-19 is directly linked to China, not just in terms of the origins of the disease, but also in the coverage of it. Because Asian Americans have historically been viewed as perpetually foreign no matter how long they have lived in the United States, we posit that it has been relatively easy for people to treat Chinese or Asian Americans as the physical embodiment of foreignness and disease. We examine the historical antecedents that link Asian Americans to infectious diseases. Finally, we contemplate the possibility that these experiences will lead to a reinvigoration of a panethnic Asian American identity and social movement. url: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12103-020-09541-5 doi: 10.1007/s12103-020-09541-5 id: cord-257524-69fcw7ol author: Tetro, Jason A. title: From hidden outbreaks to epidemic emergencies: the threat associated with neglecting emerging pathogens date: 2018-06-27 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Not all infectious disease outbreaks undergo full epidemiological investigations. In certain situations, the resultant lack of knowledge has led to the development of epidemics and public health emergencies. This review will examine six emerging pathogens including their history, present status, and potential to expand to epidemics. Recommendations to improve our understanding of these hidden outbreaks and others also will be provided in the context of health systems policy. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29959095/ doi: 10.1016/j.micinf.2018.06.004 id: cord-274862-x580ktas author: Thomaier, L. title: Emotional health concerns of oncology physicians in the United States: fallout during the COVID-19 pandemic date: 2020-06-12 words: 2361.0 sentences: 144.0 pages: flesch: 52.0 cache: ./cache/cord-274862-x580ktas.txt txt: ./txt/cord-274862-x580ktas.txt summary: Our objective was to evaluate the effect of the pandemic on the emotional well-being of oncology providers across the United States and explore factors associated with anxiety and depression symptoms. Factors significantly associated with both anxiety and depression included: degree to which COVID-19 has interfered with the ability to provide treatment to cancer patients and concern that patients will not receive the level of care needed for non-COVID-19 illness (all p-values <0.01). Conclusion: The prevalence of anxiety and depression symptoms among oncology physicians in the United States during the COVID-19 pandemic is high. We sought to evaluate the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on the emotional health of oncology physicians across the United States and explore factors associated with anxiety and depression symptoms. Oncology physicians report significant anxiety and depression symptoms during the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States. abstract: Introduction: Cancer care is significantly impacted by the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Our objective was to evaluate the effect of the pandemic on the emotional well-being of oncology providers across the United States and explore factors associated with anxiety and depression symptoms. Methods and Materials: A cross-sectional survey was administered to United States cancer-care physicians recruited over a two-week period (3/27/2020-4/10/2020) using snowball-convenience sampling through social media. Symptoms of anxiety and depression were measured using the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-4). Results: Of 486 participants, 374 (77.0%) completed the PHQ-4: mean age 45.7 +/- 9.6 years; 63.2% female; all oncologic specialties were represented. The rates of anxiety and depression symptoms were 62.0% and 23.5%, respectively. Demographic factors associated with anxiety included female sex, younger age, and less time in clinical practice. Perception of inadequate PPE (68.6% vs. 57.4%, p=0.03) and practicing in a state with more COVID-19 cases (65.8% vs. 51.1%, p=0.01) were associated with anxiety symptoms. Factors significantly associated with both anxiety and depression included: degree to which COVID-19 has interfered with the ability to provide treatment to cancer patients and concern that patients will not receive the level of care needed for non-COVID-19 illness (all p-values <0.01). Conclusion: The prevalence of anxiety and depression symptoms among oncology physicians in the United States during the COVID-19 pandemic is high. Our findings highlight factors associated with and sources of psychological distress to be addressed to protect the well-being of oncology physicians. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32587986/ doi: 10.1101/2020.06.11.20128702 id: cord-328908-2004vp48 author: Thombs, Brett D. title: Changes in mental health symptoms from pre-COVID-19 to COVID-19 among participants with systemic sclerosis from four countries: A scleroderma patient-centered intervention network (SPIN) cohort study date: 2020-10-03 words: 2650.0 sentences: 155.0 pages: flesch: 55.0 cache: ./cache/cord-328908-2004vp48.txt txt: ./txt/cord-328908-2004vp48.txt summary: title: Changes in mental health symptoms from pre-COVID-19 to COVID-19 among participants with systemic sclerosis from four countries: A scleroderma patient-centered intervention network (SPIN) cohort study Multiple linear and logistic regression were used to assess factors associated with continuous change and ≥ 1 minimal clinically important difference (MCID) change for anxiety (PROMIS Anxiety 4a v1.0; MCID = 4.0) and depression (Patient Health Questionnaire-8; MCID = 3.0) symptoms, controlling for pre-COVID-19 levels. Our objective was to compare anxiety (PROMIS Anxiety 4a v1.0 scale 11, 12 ) and depression (Patient Health Questionnaire-8 13 ) symptoms before and after onset of COVID-19 among people with SSc, including (1) continuous score changes; (2) proportion with change scores of at least one minimal clinically important difference (MCID); (3) proportion initially under a cutoff threshold who changed by at least 1 MCID and reached the threshold; and (4) factors associated with changes, including country, comparing results from Canada, France, the United Kingdom, and the United States. abstract: Introduction No studies have reported mental health symptom comparisons prior to and during COVID-19 in vulnerable medical populations. Objective To compare anxiety and depression symptoms among people with a pre-existing medical condition and factors associated with changes. Methods Pre-COVID-19 Scleroderma Patient-centered Intervention Network Cohort data were linked to COVID-19 data from April 2020. Multiple linear and logistic regression were used to assess factors associated with continuous change and ≥ 1 minimal clinically important difference (MCID) change for anxiety (PROMIS Anxiety 4a v1.0; MCID = 4.0) and depression (Patient Health Questionnaire-8; MCID = 3.0) symptoms, controlling for pre-COVID-19 levels. Results Mean anxiety symptoms increased 4.9 points (95% confidence interval [CI] 4.0 to 5.7). Depression symptom change was negligible (0.3 points; 95% CI -0.7 to 0.2). Compared to France (N = 159), adjusted anxiety symptom change scores were significantly higher in the United Kingdom (N = 50; 3.3 points, 95% CI 0.9 to 5.6), United States (N = 128; 2.5 points, 95% CI 0.7 to 4.2), and Canada (N = 98; 1.9 points, 95% CI 0.1 to 3.8). Odds of ≥1 MCID increase were 2.6 for the United Kingdom (95% CI 1.2 to 5.7) but not significant for the United States (1.6, 95% CI 0.9 to 2.9) or Canada (1.4, 95% CI 0.7 to 2.5). Older age and adequate financial resources were associated with less continuous anxiety increase. Employment and shorter time since diagnosis were associated with lower odds of a ≥ 1 MCID increase. Conclusions Anxiety symptoms, but not depression symptoms, increased dramatically during COVID-19 among people with a pre-existing medical condition. url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022399920308242?v=s5 doi: 10.1016/j.jpsychores.2020.110262 id: cord-273610-cfoq3r3i author: Tian, Peng-Fei title: Evidence of Recombinant Strains of Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus, United States, 2013 date: 2014-10-17 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: To investigate the evolutionary process by which porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) in the United States hypothetically descended from strains in China, we analyzed PEDV-positive samples collected in China during January 2012–July 2013. Recombination in 2 strain sublineages was likely associated with identification of PEDV in the United States in 2013. url: https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2010.140338 doi: 10.3201/eid2010.140338 id: cord-263261-xhem8l39 author: Tulchinsky, Theodore H. title: Bismarck and the Long Road to Universal Health Coverage date: 2018-03-30 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: The 2015 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) state that All United Nations Member States have agreed to try to achieve Universal Health Coverage by 2030. This includes financial risk protection, access to quality essential health care services and access to safe, effective, quality and affordable essential medicines and vaccines for all. Universal health coverage (UHC) means inclusion and empowerment for all people to access medical care, including treatment and prevention services. UHC exists in all the industrial nations except the US, which has a mixed public-private system and struggles with closing the gap between the insured and the uninsured population. Middle- and low-income countries face many challenges for UHC achievement, including low levels of funding, lack of personnel, weak health management, and issues of availability of services favoring middle- and upper-class communities. Community health services for preventive and curative health services for needs in populations at risk for poor health in low-income countries must be addressed with proactive health promotion initiatives for the double burden of infectious and noncommunicable diseases. Each nation will develop its own unique approach to national health systems, but there are models used by a number of countries based on principles of national responsibility for health, social solidarity for providing funding, and for effective ways of providing care with comprehensiveness, efficiency, quality, and cost containment. Universal access does not eliminate social inequalities in health by itself, including a wide context of reducing social inequities. Understanding national health systems requires examining representative models of different systems. Health reform is necessarily a continuing process as all countries must adapt to face challenges of cost constraints, inequalities in access to care, aging populations, emergence of new disease conditions and advancing technology including the growing capacity of medicine, public health and health promotion. The growing stress of increasing obesity, diabetes, and other chronic diseases, requires nations to modify their health care systems. Learning from the systems developed in different countries helps to learn from the processes of change in other countries. url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128045718000317 doi: 10.1016/b978-0-12-804571-8.00031-7 id: cord-325300-wawui0fd author: Tulchinsky, Theodore H. title: 4 Communicable Diseases date: 2000-12-31 words: 31276.0 sentences: 1672.0 pages: flesch: 47.0 cache: ./cache/cord-325300-wawui0fd.txt txt: ./txt/cord-325300-wawui0fd.txt summary: No less important are organized programs to promote self protection, case finding, and effective treatment of infections to stop their spread to other susceptible persons (e.g., HIV, sexually transmitted diseases, tuberculosis, malaria). Very great progress has been made in infectious disease control by clinical, public health, and societal means since 1900 in the industrialized countries and since the 1970s in the developing world. The WHO in 1998 has declared hepatitis prevention as a major public health crisis, with an estimated 170 million persons infected worldwide (1996) , stressing that this "silent epidemic" is being neglected and that screening of blood products is vital to reduce transmission of this disease as for HIu HCV is a major cause of chronic cirrhosis and liver cancer. Varicella vaccine is now recommended for routine immunization at age 12-18 months in the United States, with catch-up for children up to age 13 years and for occupationally exposed persons in health or child care settings. abstract: Publisher Summary In a world of rapid international transport and contact between populations, systems are needed to monitor the potential explosive spread of pathogens that may be transferred from their normal habitat. The potential for the international spread of new or reinvigorated infectious diseases constitute threat to mankind akin to ecological and other man-made disasters. Public health has addressed the issues of communicable disease as one of its key issues in protecting individual and population health. Methods of intervention include classic public health through sanitation, immunization, and well beyond that into nutrition, education, case finding, and treatment, and changing human behavior. The knowledge, attitudes, beliefs, and practices of policy makers, health care providers, and parents is as important in the success of communicable disease control as are the technology available and methods of financing health systems. Together, these encompass the broad programmatic approach of the New Public Health to control of communicable diseases. url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/B9780127033501500061 doi: 10.1016/b978-012703350-1/50006-1 id: cord-016536-8wfyaxcb author: Ubokudom, Sunday E. title: Physical, Social and Cultural, and Global Influences date: 2012-02-20 words: 10470.0 sentences: 480.0 pages: flesch: 49.0 cache: ./cache/cord-016536-8wfyaxcb.txt txt: ./txt/cord-016536-8wfyaxcb.txt summary: The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) estimate that only about 10% of premature deaths in the United States can be attributed to inadequate access to medical care, while the remaining 90% can be accounted for by individual lifestyle and behaviors (50%), genetic profi les (20%), and social and environmental conditions (20%) (CDC 1979 ) . In summation, international trade and fi nance, infectious disease epidemics, global warming and climate change, population mobility, and natural disasters and terrorism signifi cantly affect the United States health care delivery and policymaking systems. Research demonstrates that most of the deaths in the country are attributable to a small number of largely controllable behaviors and exposures, or due to factors that fall under the preventive, social, economic, environmental, and lifestyle and behavioral determinants of health. But even though most of the deaths in the country are the result of social, cultural, economic, environmental, and global factors, medical care is also an important determinant of health that cannot be ignored. abstract: In Chap. 5, we examined the technological environment of the health care policy-making system. Specifically, we examined the classification, evolution, and diffusion of medical technology; the effects of medical technology on medical training and the practice of medicine; effects on medical costs, quality of care, and quality of life; effects on access to care; the ethical concerns raised by medical technology; and the practice of technology assessment. We concluded the chapter by observing that the growth of technology, as well as other human endeavors, affects other important aspects of our lives, most notably, the air we breathe, the food we eat, the generation of radioactive by-products and toxic chemicals, the manufacture of illicit drugs, and the generation of natural and man-made hazards. In other words, in addition to their effects on the health care system, technology and other human activities affect many other aspects of our lives that are associated with health. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7120848/ doi: 10.1007/978-1-4614-3169-5_6 id: cord-013921-0aflv1ly author: Uhr, Joshua H. title: Training in and comfort with diagnosis and management of ophthalmic emergencies among emergency medicine physicians in the United States date: 2020-04-29 words: 4159.0 sentences: 220.0 pages: flesch: 47.0 cache: ./cache/cord-013921-0aflv1ly.txt txt: ./txt/cord-013921-0aflv1ly.txt summary: CONCLUSIONS: Many participants do not feel comfortable using ophthalmic equipment, performing an eye exam, making vision or potentially life-saving diagnoses, or performing vision-saving procedures, suggesting the need to increase ophthalmic training in EM curricula. Figure 2 summarizes the proportion of responders who feel comfortable diagnosing patients with specific diseases: retinal detachment (RD), acute angle closure glaucoma (AACG), central retinal artery occlusion (CRAO), giant cell arteritis (GCA), and acute retrobulbar hematoma (ARBH). In summary, EM physicians surveyed report feeling inadequately prepared by their medical school and residency training to encounter ophthalmic emergencies. • This is the first study to show that emergency medicine physicians in the United States report generally low levels of comfort using basic ophthalmic equipment; performing an eye exam; making vision saving or, in some cases, potentially life-saving diagnoses; and performing vision-saving procedures. abstract: BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Patients with ophthalmic emergencies often present to emergency rooms. Emergency medicine (EM) physicians should feel comfortable encountering these conditions. We assessed EM physicians’ comfort working up, diagnosing, and managing ophthalmic emergencies. SUBJECTS/METHODS: 329 EM physicians participated in this cross-sectional multicentre survey. Questions inquired about the amount, type, and self-perceived adequacy of ophthalmic training. Likert scales were used to assess confidence and comfort working up, diagnosing, and managing ophthalmic emergencies. RESULTS: Participants recall receiving a median of 5 and 10 h of ophthalmic training in medical school and residency, respectively. Few feel this prepared them for residency (16.5%) or practice (52.0%). Only 50.6% feel confident with their ophthalmic exam. Most (75.0%) feel confident in their ability to identify an ophthalmic emergency, but 58.8% feel well prepared to work them up. Responders feel more comfortable diagnosing acute retrobulbar hematoma (72.5%), retinal detachment (69.8%), and acute angle closure glaucoma (78.0%) than central retinal artery occlusion (28.9%) or giant cell arteritis (53.2%). Only 60.2% feel comfortable determining if canthotomy and cantholysis is necessary in the setting of acute retrobulbar hematoma, and 40.3% feel comfortable performing the procedure. There was a trend towards attending physicians and providers in urban and academic settings feeling more comfortable diagnosing and managing ophthalmic emergencies compared to trainees, non-urban, and non-academic physicians. CONCLUSIONS: Many participants do not feel comfortable using ophthalmic equipment, performing an eye exam, making vision or potentially life-saving diagnoses, or performing vision-saving procedures, suggesting the need to increase ophthalmic training in EM curricula. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7609324/ doi: 10.1038/s41433-020-0889-x id: cord-029236-6fptiwmy author: Walters, Anne title: Inequities in access to education: Lessons from the COVID‐19 pandemic date: 2020-07-01 words: 946.0 sentences: 52.0 pages: flesch: 61.0 cache: ./cache/cord-029236-6fptiwmy.txt txt: ./txt/cord-029236-6fptiwmy.txt summary: The COVID‐19 pandemic has brought attention to the stark inequities in public education worldwide, with the United Nations sharing these statistics: Schools closed in 191 countries, affecting 1.5 billion students and 63 million primary and secondary school teachers. T he COVID-19 pandemic has brought attention to the stark inequities in public education worldwide, with the United Nations sharing these statistics: Schools closed in 191 countries, affecting 1.5 billion students and 63 million primary and secondary school teachers. Most researchers on public education are noting the pressing need for a focus on access to the internet and investing in the technology needed to close the digital divide in online learning for all students. All suggestions seem to point to a need to expand resources for schools serving low-income children -not just with access to online learning, but with other interventions designed to address the achievement gap. abstract: The COVID‐19 pandemic has brought attention to the stark inequities in public education worldwide, with the United Nations sharing these statistics: Schools closed in 191 countries, affecting 1.5 billion students and 63 million primary and secondary school teachers. Half of students did not have access to a computer, and 40% did not have internet access. A total of 56 million children live in areas that are not served by mobile networks — for example, in sub‐Saharan Africa. In the United States, about 7 million school‐aged children are in homes without home internet service. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7361713/ doi: 10.1002/cbl.30483 id: cord-354009-1ek4s8oe author: Wang, Yun title: Spatiotemporal Characteristics of COVID-19 Epidemic in the United States date: 2020-07-08 words: 3143.0 sentences: 207.0 pages: flesch: 59.0 cache: ./cache/cord-354009-1ek4s8oe.txt txt: ./txt/cord-354009-1ek4s8oe.txt summary: We characterized the dynamics of COVID-19 epidemic through detecting weekly hotspots of newly confirmed cases using Spatial and Space-Time Scan Statistics and quantifying the trends of incidence of COVID-19 by county characteristics using the Joinpoint analysis. The results would enhance our understanding of small area-based spatiotemporal dynamics of COVID-19 outbreak, thus help inform multilevel strategies to control the spread of coronavirus and appropriate allocations of public health and healthcare resources in the United States. To identify the characteristics of counties with a high burden of COVID-19, we examined county-level geographic and sociodemographic factors, including rural-urban context, distance to the nearest core airport, population density, percentage of non-white minority population, percentage of population 65 years or older, and percentage of population below the federal poverty line. abstract: BACKGROUND: A range of near-real-time online/mobile mapping dashboards and applications have been used to track the COVID-19 pandemic worldwide. It remains unknown about small area-based spatiotemporal patterns of COVID-19 in the United States. METHODS: We obtained county-based counts of COVID-19 cases confirmed in the United States from January 22 to May 13, 2020 (N=1,386,050). We characterized the dynamics of COVID-19 epidemic through detecting weekly hotspots of newly confirmed cases using Spatial and Space-Time Scan Statistics and quantifying the trends of incidence of COVID-19 by county characteristics using the Joinpoint analysis. RESULTS: Along with the national plateau reached in early April, COVID-19 incidence significantly decreased in the Northeast (estimated weekly percentage changes [EWPC]: -16.6%), but remained increasing in the Midwest, South and West Regions (EWPCs: 13.2%, 5.6%, and 5.7%, respectively). Higher risks of clustering and incidence of COVID-19 were consistently observed in metropolitan vs rural counties, counties closest to core airports, most populous counties, and counties with highest proportion of racial/ethnic minority counties. However, geographic differences in the incidence have shrunk since early April, driven by a significant decrease in the incidence in these counties (EWPC range: -2.0% – -4.2%) and a consistent increase in other areas (EWPC range: 1.5% – 20.3%). CONCLUSIONS: To substantially decrease the nationwide incidence of COVID-19, strict social distancing measures should be continuously implemented, especially in geographic areas with increasing risks, including rural areas. Spatiotemporal characteristics and trends of COVID-19 should be considered in decision-making on the timeline of re-opening for states and localities. url: https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciaa934 doi: 10.1093/cid/ciaa934 id: cord-339062-tq0f6d01 author: Weaver, Scott C. title: Transmission cycles, host range, evolution and emergence of arboviral disease date: 2004 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Many pandemics have been attributed to the ability of some RNA viruses to change their host range to include humans. Here, we review the mechanisms of disease emergence that are related to the host-range specificity of selected mosquito-borne alphaviruses and flaviviruses. We discuss viruses of medical importance, including Venezuelan equine and Japanese encephalitis viruses, dengue viruses and West Nile viruses. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15378043/ doi: 10.1038/nrmicro1006 id: cord-326138-16kpn9db author: Weinstein, Robert A. title: Laboratory-Acquired Infections date: 2009-07-01 words: 3648.0 sentences: 183.0 pages: flesch: 38.0 cache: ./cache/cord-326138-16kpn9db.txt txt: ./txt/cord-326138-16kpn9db.txt summary: Although the precise risk of infection after an exposure remains poorly defined, surveys of laboratory-acquired infections suggest that Brucella species, Shigella species, Salmonella species, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and Neisseria meningitidis are the most common causes. Surveys of diagnostic laboratory workers in the United Kingdom conducted since 1971 have reported that tuberculosis and enteric infections (especially shigellosis) were the most common laboratory-acquired infections [7, 8] . Similar results were obtained from a survey of clinical microbiology laboratories in Utah from the period 1978-1992, with shigellosis reported to be the most common laboratory-acquired infection [10] . Although no controlled studies have been performed to assess the benefit of postexposure prophylaxis (PEP), it should be considered for laboratory workers who have high-risk exposure to Brucella species (e.g., because of direct manipulation of Brucella cultures outside of laminar-flow BSCs). Viral agents transmitted through blood and bodily fluids cause most of the laboratory-acquired infections in diagnostic laboratories and among health care workers [1] . abstract: Laboratory-acquired infections due to a wide variety of bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites have been described. Although the precise risk of infection after an exposure remains poorly defined, surveys of laboratory-acquired infections suggest that Brucella species, Shigella species, Salmonella species, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and Neisseria meningitidis are the most common causes. Infections due to the bloodborne pathogens (hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus, and human immunodeficiency virus) remain the most common reported viral infections, whereas the dimorphic fungi are responsible for the greatest number of fungal infections. Because of the increasing attention on the role of the laboratory in bioterrorism preparation, I discuss the risk of laboratory-acquired infection with uncommon agents, such as Francisella tularensis and Bacillus anthracis. Physicians who care for a sick laboratory worker need to consider the likelihood of an occupationally acquired infection while advising exposed laboratory workers about postexposure prophylaxis. In addition, physicians should be aware of the importance of alerting the laboratory if infection with a high-risk agent is suspected. url: https://doi.org/10.1086/599104 doi: 10.1086/599104 id: cord-353772-z1x52stl author: Wilkening, Dean A. title: Combatting Bioterrorism date: 2008-09-05 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Concern that a terrorist group might attack civilian populations or agriculture by releasing deadly pathogens has grown in the past decade. Failed attempts by the Japanese cult Aum Shinrikyo to release botulinum toxin and anthrax in Tokyo on several occasions in the early 1990s, and the 2001 anthrax letter attacks in the United States seem to confirm these fears. However, there were only five fatalities in the US case and none in the Japanese case. The question naturally arises: How serious is this threat and, if it is serious, what strategy should states take to combat it? This article draws on US experience to outline a strategy for combating bioterrorism that is general enough to apply to most states, especially ones with well developed public health and medical infrastructures. url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/B9780123739858002233 doi: 10.1016/b978-012373985-8.00223-3 id: cord-325052-7vlxa0i7 author: Williamson, E. D. title: Vaccines for emerging pathogens: prospects for licensure date: 2019-04-11 words: 6218.0 sentences: 267.0 pages: flesch: 42.0 cache: ./cache/cord-325052-7vlxa0i7.txt txt: ./txt/cord-325052-7vlxa0i7.txt summary: However, vaccines for pathogens which cause severe, but occasional, disease outbreaks in endemic pockets have suffered from a lack of commercial incentive for development to a clinical standard, encompassing Phase III clinical trials for efficacy. While approval of vaccines for diseases caused by such pathogens would Clinical and Experimental Immunology REvIEw ARtIClE Series Editor: E Diane williamson make a significant impact on disease outbreaks, taking niche vaccines into clinical development, including Phase III clinical trials for efficacy, requires a large investment in time and money. An alternative is to develop such vaccines to request US Emergency Use Authorization (EUA), or an alternative status in the United States, Canada and European Union (EU) making use of a considerable number of alternative regulatory mechanisms that are available prior to licensing, so that the products are deployable at the first indications of a disease outbreak. abstract: Globally, there are a number of emerging pathogens. For most, there are no licensed vaccines available for human use, although there is ongoing research and development. However, given the extensive and increasing list of emerging pathogens and the investment required to bring vaccines into clinical use, the task is huge. Overlaid on this task is the risk of anti‐microbial resistance (AMR) acquisition by micro‐organisms which can endow a relatively harmless organism with pathogenic potential. Furthermore, climate change also introduces a challenge by causing some of the insect vectors and environmental conditions prevalent in tropical regions to begin to spread out from these traditional areas, thus increasing the risk of migration of zoonotic disease. Vaccination provides a defence against these emerging pathogens. However, vaccines for pathogens which cause severe, but occasional, disease outbreaks in endemic pockets have suffered from a lack of commercial incentive for development to a clinical standard, encompassing Phase III clinical trials for efficacy. An alternative is to develop such vaccines to request US Emergency Use Authorization (EUA), or equivalent status in the United States, Canada and the European Union, making use of a considerable number of regulatory mechanisms that are available prior to licensing. This review covers the status of vaccine development for some of the emerging pathogens, the hurdles that need to be overcome to achieve EUA or an equivalent regional or national status and how these considerations may impact vaccine development for the future, such that a more comprehensive stockpile of promising vaccines can be achieved. url: https://doi.org/10.1111/cei.13284 doi: 10.1111/cei.13284 id: cord-269958-nj0ub9in author: Woods, Eric Taylor title: COVID‐19, nationalism, and the politics of crisis: A scholarly exchange date: 2020-07-19 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: In this article, several scholars of nationalism discuss the potential for the COVID‐19 pandemic to impact the development of nationalism and world politics. To structure the discussion, the contributors respond to three questions: (1) how should we understand the relationship between nationalism and COVID‐19; (2) will COVID‐19 fuel ethnic and nationalist conflict; and (3) will COVID‐19 reinforce or erode the nation‐state in the long run? The contributors formulated their responses to these questions near to the outset of the pandemic, amid intense uncertainty. This made it acutely difficult, if not impossible, to make predictions. Nevertheless, it was felt that a historically and theoretically informed discussion would shed light on the types of political processes that could be triggered by the COVID‐19 pandemic. In doing so, the aim is to help orient researchers and policy‐makers as they grapple with what has rapidly become the most urgent issue of our times. url: https://doi.org/10.1111/nana.12644 doi: 10.1111/nana.12644 id: cord-015646-tt2p9uue author: Xue, Lan title: Global Strategies and Response Measures to the Influenza A (H1N1) Pandemic date: 2018-11-24 words: 9336.0 sentences: 368.0 pages: flesch: 37.0 cache: ./cache/cord-015646-tt2p9uue.txt txt: ./txt/cord-015646-tt2p9uue.txt summary: 20 In response to the ongoing global pandemic, the WHO stressed the importance for countries to carry out inoculations and to set forth three goals for their vaccination strategies, i.e. ensuring the normal operation of national healthcare systems, lowering morbidity and mortality, and minimizing possibilities of community-level outbreaks. In Australia, funds for prevention and control against Influenza A (H1N1) originated mainly from the federal government, which was used specifically for monitoring pandemic development, stockpiling and distributing antiviral drugs, training medical personnel, providing free vaccinations for citizens, and assisting developing countries with prevention and control efforts. The federal government spent 43 million USD on antiviral drugs, 1.4 million USD on the purchasing of automatic detection equipment for the National Influenza Center and other public health laboratories, 4 million USD on training general practitioners across the country, and 3 million USD on a donation to the WHO which was used in aiding developing countries, especially those neighboring Australia, with pandemic monitoring, detection, preparation and response. abstract: As an infectious respiratory disease, influenza is prone to cause pandemics for its fast mutation, easy dissemination, susceptibility to humans, and its elusive nature in terms of treatment. Three influenza pandemics occurred in the 20th century which caused huge losses worldwide. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7114975/ doi: 10.1007/978-981-13-0644-0_2 id: cord-027860-s97hdhh6 author: Zeimet, Anthony title: Infectious Diseases date: 2020-06-22 words: 28925.0 sentences: 1728.0 pages: flesch: 45.0 cache: ./cache/cord-027860-s97hdhh6.txt txt: ./txt/cord-027860-s97hdhh6.txt summary: Although common upper respiratory bacterial pathogens, such as Moraxella (Branhamella) catarrhalis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Haemophilus influenzae, may be isolated from patients with acute bronchitis, their relevance is questionable because these bacteria can be present in the respiratory tract of healthy individuals. In the treatment of Bordetella pertussis, early administration of a macrolide antibiotic and patient isolation will likely decrease coughing paroxysms and limit spread of disease (Braman, 2006) (SOR: A). Risk factors for Pseudomonas infection include severe structural lung disease (e.g., bronchiectasis) and recent antibiotic therapy, health care-associated exposures or stay in hospital (especially in the ICU). Patients who present with severe infection or whose infection is progressing despite empiric antibiotic therapy should be treated more aggressively; the treatment strategy should be based on results of appropriate Gram stain, culture, and drug susceptibility analysis. For suspected MRSA skin infections, oral treatment options include trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, clindamycin, and doxycycline of purulent material when performing incision and drainage in the event that the patient fails to improve and antibiotic coverage becomes necessary. abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7315328/ doi: 10.1016/b978-1-4377-1160-8.10016-8 id: cord-022734-xpyldrw7 author: Zelicoff, Alan P. title: Laboratory biosecurity in the United States: Evolution and regulation date: 2016-02-19 words: 9005.0 sentences: 373.0 pages: flesch: 40.0 cache: ./cache/cord-022734-xpyldrw7.txt txt: ./txt/cord-022734-xpyldrw7.txt summary: Biosecurity laws passed by the Congress vest considerable authority in government departments such as Health and Human Services (HHS) and Agriculture (USDA) to formulate and then implement regulations (frequently referred to by officials as "rules") with which laboratory workers, researchers, staff and security personnel must comply. We will summarize the processes by which agencies with HHS and USDA -typically the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and the Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) -interpret the will of Congress (via laws that have been proposed, debated and passed), formulate proposed regulations, solicit comments from individuals and entities likely to be affected, and then disseminate final rules. abstract: In light of terrorist events in the United States and in recognition of the potential for diversion of highly pathogenic organisms for illicit purposes, the US Congress has in the past 15 years enacted a series of laws designed to enhance laboratory biosecurity. The Office of the President has also issued orders intended to implement and augment these new statutes imposing additional procedural and technical requirements on laboratories working with Select Agents and Toxins. Researchers and laboratory managers can substantially influence the implementation of new mandates with a thorough understanding of the regulatory process, reviewed in this chapter from a historical perspective with an emphasis on the practical aspects of rule-making procedures carried out by the Departments of Agriculture and Health and Human Services. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7161380/ doi: 10.1016/b978-0-12-801885-9.00001-9 id: cord-350156-fykm8ovm author: Zyoud, Sa’ed H. title: Global toxocariasis research trends from 1932 to 2015: a bibliometric analysis date: 2017-02-23 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: BACKGROUND: Toxocariasis is a highly prevalent parasitic disease in the tropical regions of the world, with its impact on public health being typically underestimated. To better recognise the trends and characteristics of toxocariasis research, this study is a bibliometric analysis of the global toxocariasis research. METHODS: Searches were completed on April 5, 2016, using the Scopus database. A search without any language restriction was performed to extract publications dealing with toxocariasis. Terms related to toxocariasis were used to perform a title keyword search. RESULTS: A total of 2765 publications comprising 11 document types and published between 1932 and 2015 were included in the analysis. Articles were the most popular document form, accounting for 83.62% of all publications, followed by letters (3.80%) and reviews (3.4%). The annual number of research publications increased from 30 in 1980 to 111 in 2015, indicating that the number of publications on toxocariasis has increased slowly over the past 35 years. The United States of America and Japan are the predominant countries of origin, with 303 articles and 207 articles, respectively, followed by Brazil and the United Kingdom, with 180 (6.5%) each. The h-index for all the publications was 60. The highest h-index were for publications from the United Kingdom (h-index value = 43) and the United States (h-index value = 39); these two countries were also involved with the highest number of international collaborations, with 27 and 28 countries, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Developed countries, including the United States, Japan, the United Kingdom, France, Germany and Italy, are the world’s leaders in toxocariasis research, contributing to more than 34% of the total published literature. In addition, developing countries, such as Brazil, Poland, Argentina and India, showed a noticeable increase in published papers on toxocariasis research in recent years. A push for more collaboration is needed to achieve a superior research strategy related to toxocariasis at the global level from the viewpoint of epidemiological data, clinical aspects, medical ecology, molecular aspects and treatment practices associated with toxocariasis. url: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12961-017-0178-8 doi: 10.1186/s12961-017-0178-8 id: cord-009997-oecpqf1j author: nan title: 2018 ASPHO ABSTRACTS date: 2018-03-31 words: 182060.0 sentences: 10342.0 pages: flesch: 48.0 cache: ./cache/cord-009997-oecpqf1j.txt txt: ./txt/cord-009997-oecpqf1j.txt summary: Completed cranial radiation and proceeded to allogeneic stem cell transplant with unrelated cord marrow donor and is disease free at approximately day +200.Case 2: 5 year-old female diagnosed with FLT3 and MLL negative AML and completed treatment per COG AAML1031 study on the low risk arm without Bortezomib. Design/Method: This study was a retrospective chart review that included patients 3 to 23 years old with sickle cell disease type SS and S 0 followed at St. Christopher''s Hospital for Children. Background: Hydroxyurea, chronic blood transfusion, and bone marrow transplantation can reduce complications, and improve survival in sickle cell disease (SCD), but are associated with a significant decisional dilemma because of the inherent risk-benefit tradeoffs, and the lack of comparative studies. Brown University -Hasbro Children''s Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island, United States Background: Despite clinical advances in the treatment of sickle cell disease (SCD) in pediatric and young adult patients, pain remains a significant source of disease-related morbidity. abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7167873/ doi: 10.1002/pbc.27057 id: cord-016285-cwhmm3f6 author: nan title: Challenges to the European Exception: What Can S&T Do? date: 2006 words: 7854.0 sentences: 410.0 pages: flesch: 54.0 cache: ./cache/cord-016285-cwhmm3f6.txt txt: ./txt/cord-016285-cwhmm3f6.txt summary: Yet, because of population growth; consumption patterns; market, policy and political failures; features of existing technologies; and world views and values, Europe and the world at large are still far removed from a development trajectory that is truly sustainable, that is, which satisfies the current needs of society (growth, competitiveness, employment, etc.) without compromising the needs of future generations. A 2004 review of nine recent comprehensive analyses of global environmental problems (Table 1 .1) showed near-unanimous agreement that the three problems posing the greatest threats to the global environment and continuing economic development include: (1) water quality and access; (2) climate change; and (3) loss of biodiversity. Besides investing in education and developing skills, this means dedicating research programmes to find ways to fight inner-city poverty, to relieve the effects of urbanisation, to diminish the impacts of ever increasing mobility on our environment, and to improve the quality of life of the vulnerable groups in society, such as the handicapped and the ill, the elderly and the young. abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7120524/ doi: 10.1007/978-1-4020-5551-5_1 id: cord-017675-in9r33ww author: nan title: The Way Forward: Prevention, Treatment and Human Rights date: 2008 words: 18417.0 sentences: 816.0 pages: flesch: 53.0 cache: ./cache/cord-017675-in9r33ww.txt txt: ./txt/cord-017675-in9r33ww.txt summary: The United Nations International Guidelines on HIV/AIDS and Human Rights recommend that criminal law not be an impediment to measures taken by States to reduce the risk of HIV transmission among injecting drug users and to provide them with HIV-related care and treatment. Visitors entering the United States on the Visa Waiver Program (which waives the requirement to apply for a visa prior to traveling to the United 9 The Way Forward Prevention, Treatment and Human Rights government policy has been that people living with HIV/AIDS do not represent a and therefore denied a visa or entry at the border, if: (1) they are likely to be a 338 would add to existing waiting lists for those services and would increase the rate US Immigration and Nationality Act, applicants for a visa or for admission to the health significance", which includes HIV infection, although waivers are available ces by Canadian citizens or permanent residents. abstract: There now is a considerable body of evidence to support the view that an effective HIV/AIDS strategy integrates prevention, treatment and human rights. In this chapter, we emphasize the importance of each of these aspects and draw upon the conclusions reached in previous chapters to map out the future of HIV/AIDS. While medicine and science have a crucial role to play in addressing pandemics, whether slow-moving (like HIV/AIDS) or fast-moving (like influenza), the social, legal, political, financial and economic ramifications of pandemics can not be ignored. Well-considered social, legal, political and financial strategies are essential in order to address any pandemic effectively. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7122313/ doi: 10.1007/978-3-540-78392-3_9 id: cord-021081-yqu1ykc9 author: nan title: Early Warning Systems A State of the Art Analysis and Future Directions date: 2012-11-02 words: 17438.0 sentences: 844.0 pages: flesch: 41.0 cache: ./cache/cord-021081-yqu1ykc9.txt txt: ./txt/cord-021081-yqu1ykc9.txt summary: The basic idea behind early warning is that the earlier and more accurately we are able to predict short-and long term potential risks associated with natural and human induced hazards, the more likely we will be able to manage and mitigate a disaster''s impact on society, economies, and environment. Effective early warning systems embrace the following aspects: risk analysis; monitoring and predicting location and intensity of the disaster; communicating alerts to authorities and to those potentially affected; and responding to the disaster. EO includes measurements that can be made directly or by sensors in-situ or remotely (i.e. satellite remote sensing, aerial surveys, land or oceanbased monitoring systems, Fig. 3 ), to provide key information to models or other tools to support decision making processes. For each hazard type, a gap analysis has been carried out to identify critical aspects and future needs of EWS, considering aspects such as geographical coverage, and essential EWS elements such as monitoring and prediction capability, communication systems and application of early warning information in responses. abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7148997/ doi: 10.1016/j.envdev.2012.09.004 id: cord-023211-kt5gt26t author: nan title: Poster Session Abstracts date: 2007-08-29 words: 221224.0 sentences: 11772.0 pages: flesch: 52.0 cache: ./cache/cord-023211-kt5gt26t.txt txt: ./txt/cord-023211-kt5gt26t.txt summary: Previous studies performed using fluorescence halide efflux measurements and short-circuit current voltage clamp have shown that treatment with PPARγ (peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma) agonists, such as pioglitazone and FLL (FMOC-L-leucine), resulted in an increased biosynthesis and trafficking of ∆F508-CFTR to the cell surface. Physiology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom Recent progress in the development of small molecule correctors and potentiators capable of restoring CFTR function have increased the need for pre-clinical test models including cultured airway epithelial cells from human CF patients as well as CF mouse models. Clinical studies have linked increased sputum and peripheral blood neutrophil MPO activity with increased airflow obstruction in cystic fibrosis (CF) patients of the same age, gender, airway bacterial flora, and CFTR genotype. Because patients expressing low levels of normal CFTR mRNA (5-20%) have mild disease symptoms, these studies demonstrate that the incorporation of the ciliated cell-specific FOXJ1 promoter into gene therapy vectors may be useful for treatment of CF. abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7167830/ doi: 10.1002/ppul.20700 ==== make-pages.sh questions [ERIC WAS HERE] ==== make-pages.sh search /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/make-pages.sh: line 77: /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/tmp/search.htm: No such file or directory Traceback (most recent call last): File "/data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/tsv2htm-search.py", line 51, in with open( TEMPLATE, 'r' ) as handle : htm = handle.read() FileNotFoundError: [Errno 2] No such file or directory: '/data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/tmp/search.htm' ==== make-pages.sh topic modeling corpus Zipping study carrel