# pos

id: cord-326785-le2t1l8g
pos: NN
token:
  dnotaffecttheprevalenceofthethreepnenotypesbutincreasedthefrequencyofmPASposltlvecryptsinanegativebackground(t6

lemma:
  dnotaffecttheprevalenceofthethreepnenotypesbutincreasedthefrequencyofmpasposltlvecryptsinanegativebackground(t6


# ent

id: cord-001273-plz1ja2e
type: CHEMICAL
entity:
  interferon gamma receptor Virus Interference I The Interferon Mechanisms of type III interferon expression MyD88 and Type I interferon receptor mediated chemokine induction and monocyte recruitment during


id: cord-015503-j99cgsjt
type: ORG
entity:
  the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Spike Protein for Its Variation in Zoonotic Tropism Transition


id: cord-026548-z2ifu1d6
type: DNA
entity:
  mpst rust library 5 pub fn send_mpst_a_to_b T S1 S2 R x T 6 s SessionMpst Send T S1 S2 RoleAtoB R SessionMpst S1 S2 R 7


id: cord-103108-vmze2mdx
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  Nature Methods Reduced Expression of PLCXD3 Associates With Disruption of Glucose Sensing and Insulin Signaling


id: cord-103108-vmze2mdx
type: ORG
entity:
  IRE1 Single Cell Analysis of Human Pancreas Reveals Transcriptional Signatures of Aging and Somatic Mutation Patterns Regulation


id: cord-103108-vmze2mdx
type: PRODUCT
entity:
  Genome Editing of Lineage Determinants in Human Pluripotent Stem Cells Reveals Mechanisms of Pancreatic Development


id: cord-025995-nxeg03xj
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  Wastewater Treatment Viruses in Sewage Effect of Phosphate Removal with Calcium Hydroxide Lime Appropriate Technology for Water Supply and Sanitation Health Aspects of Excreta and Sillage Management A State of the Art Review Behavior and Transport of Microbial Pathogens and Indicator Organisms in Soils Treated with Organic Wastes Well Water Quality Deteri


id: cord-025995-nxeg03xj
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  Percolating Water through Selected Oahu Soils Comparative Adsorption of Human Enteroviruses Simian Rotavirus


id: cord-025995-nxeg03xj
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  Soil and Their Contribution to Storm water Pollution Persistence of Virus on Sewage Irrigated Vegetables Persistence of Poliovirus 1 in Soil


id: cord-030631-cc79j9j4
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  insulinomassoziierte Antigen 2 IA 2A und Zinktransporter 8 Autoantikörper ZnT8A Autoantikörpern markiert das Frühstadium des Typ 1 Diabetes Der Nachweis von 2 oder mehr dieser Autoantikörper beim asymptomatischen Kind ohne gestörten Glukosestoffwechsel ist


id: cord-030631-cc79j9j4
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  Tatsache dass anhand von Biomarkern HLA Merkmalen HLA humanes Leukozytenantigen und dem Fehlen von ZnT8A


id: cord-018595-x3tleomb
type: DISEASE
entity:
  Differential Diagnosis viral exanthems scarlet fever toxic shock syndrome acute graft versus host disease


id: cord-260793-bb4h255w
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  anti goat Jackson ImmunoResearch 705 545 147 and AlexaFluor 594 Donkey anti rabbit Jackson ImmunoResearch 711 585 152 secondary antibodies 1 300


id: cord-260793-bb4h255w
type: CELL_TYPE
entity:
  Granule cells 0 Granule cells 1 Immature neurons 2 Granule cells 3 Calretinin neurons 4 Astrocytes 5 Olfactory ensheathing cells 6 Immature neurons 7 Interneurons 8 Microglia 9 Oligodendrocytes


id: cord-260793-bb4h255w
type: CHEMICAL
entity:
  DAPI blue Bar 20 µm Granule cells 0 Granule cells 1 Immature neurons 2 Granule cells 3 Calretinin neurons 4 Astrocytes 5 Olfactory ensheathing cells 6 Immature neurons 7 Interneurons 8 Microglia 9


id: cord-254404-lrsqrc2u
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  H sapiens NPY type D melanogaster NPF type H sapiens PrRP type and D melanogaster sNPF type receptors


id: cord-254404-lrsqrc2u
type: TAXON
entity:
  S mediterranea Schmidtea mediterranea C gigas Crassostrea gigas D melanogaster Drosophila melanogaster C elegans Caenorhabditis elegans


id: cord-254404-lrsqrc2u
type: CHEMICAL
entity:
  rubens Asterias rubens P dumerilii Platynereis dumerilii L stagnalis Lymnaea stagnalis M expansa Moniezia expansa S mediterranea Schmidtea mediterranea C gigas Crassostrea gigas D melanogaster Drosophila melanogaster C elegans Caenorhabditis


id: cord-254404-lrsqrc2u
type: CHEMICAL
entity:
  D melanogaster GenBank AAF51909 3 a PrRP type receptor from H sapiens NP_004239 1 and sNPF type receptors from D melanogaster GenBank NP_524176 1 and C gigas GenBank XP_011451552 1 as query sequences A


id: cord-262545-bs8p50ig
type: ORG
entity:
  the International Classification of Primary Care World Organization of National Colleges Academics and Academic Associations of General Practitioners Family Physicians


id: cord-026005-f2khcjdy
type: CELL_TYPE
entity:
  thymus thymic branchial cysts bronchi bronchogenic cysts ectopic thyroid tissue thyroglossal duct cysts


id: cord-026005-f2khcjdy
type: CL
entity:
  Mannheimia haemolytica Pasteurella multocida parainfluenza virus 3 PI 3 adenovirus reovirus respiratory syncytial virus RSV chlamydiae


id: cord-026005-f2khcjdy
type: CL
entity:
  bronchiolar and alveolar epithelium edema and a few days later proliferation of type II pneumonocytes


id: cord-026005-f2khcjdy
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  Disorders of the Conducting System Species Specific Diseases of the Nasal Cavity and Paranasal Sinuses Disorders of Dogs Mycotic Infections Neoplasms


id: cord-026005-f2khcjdy
type: DISEASE
entity:
  rhinoviruses infectious bovine rhinotracheitis bovine herpesvirus 1 feline rhinotracheitis felid herpesvirus 1 and viruses of the canine infectious respiratory disease


id: cord-026005-f2khcjdy
type: DISEASE
entity:
  infectious canine hepatitis virus reovirus type 1 canid herpesvirus 1 CaHV 1 canine respiratory coronavirus CRCoV


id: cord-026005-f2khcjdy
type: DISEASE
entity:
  respiratory syndrome virus PRRSV swine influenza virus SIV porcine circovirus 2 PCV2 porcine respiratory coronavirus PRCoV Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae


id: cord-017248-a37t31u1
type: CL
entity:
  stem and spinal cord Prepare frozen sections and request Sudan stain Prepare frozen sections of one half of gland and paraffin sections of the other half Petechial hemorrhages of skin chest neck and face Wounds other traumatic lesions Bone fractures Petechiae of conjunctivas and retinas Fat may accumulate on surface ofblood


id: cord-017248-a37t31u1
type: CL
entity:
  stem encephalitis Listeria monocytogenes brain stem encephalitis viral brain stem encephalitis NOTE See also under Encephalitis limbic Brain For removal and specimen preparation see Chapter 4 Necrotizing encephalitis with or without abscess formation 1 Enterocolitis Other Types or Type Undetermined NOTE A multitude of infectious and noninfectious agents


id: cord-017248-a37t31u1
type: CL
entity:
  stem and spinal cord See also above under Skull and spine and under Possible Associated Conditions Incompetence See Insufficiency Related Terms Battered child syndrome child abuse or child neglect death NOTE Vitreous should not be aspirated until the skull has been opened and trauma ruled out because there is a risk of artifactual damage to the retina In the presence of craniocerebral trauma the pathologist can opt to examine the eyes by removal fixation and histologic study or retinal photography Follow general procedures described under Homicide and if necessary the procedures described under Rape External examination See above under Note Prepare roentgenograms of entire body See above under Note In other situations or after study of the fundus submit sample of vitreous for chemical and possible toxicologic study Umbilical cord attachment Prepare histologic sections of umbilicus and end of umbilical cord Blood Submit sample for toxicologic study Consider retaining dried blood on filter paper for possible DNA


id: cord-017248-a37t31u1
type: GGP
entity:
  Reye s syndrome differential diagnosis Prevalence and non specificity of microvesicular fatty changes


id: cord-017248-a37t31u1
type: DISEASE
entity:
  infectious angiitis necrotizing arteritis polyarteritis nodosa rheumatic arteritis rheumatoid arteritis syphilitic arteritis Takayasu s arteritis


id: cord-017248-a37t31u1
type: DISEASE
entity:
  iris cataracts retinal pigmentation Ischemic lesions Artery Patent Ductal Synonym Patent ductus arteriosus


id: cord-017248-a37t31u1
type: DISEASE
entity:
  Atrial or ventricular septal defect coarctation ofthe aorta conotruncal anomalies necrotizing enterocolitis


id: cord-017248-a37t31u1
type: DISEASE
entity:
  ventricular and atrial walls hypoplastic left atrium mitral valve left ventricle and ascending aorta mitral atresia


id: cord-017248-a37t31u1
type: DISEASE
entity:
  Congenital biliary atresia extrahepatic biliary atresia infantile obstructive cholangio pathy syndromic Alagille s syndrome


id: cord-017248-a37t31u1
type: DISEASE
entity:
  malrotation situs inversus preduodenal portal vein absent inferior vena cava anomalous hepatic artery


id: cord-017248-a37t31u1
type: DISEASE
entity:
  Hemosiderosis idiopathic pulmonary Lipoproteinosis pulmonary alveolar Microlithiasis pulmonary alveolar Pneumonia lipoid


id: cord-017248-a37t31u1
type: DISEASE
entity:
  acute hypersensitivity arteritis hyperthyroidism gastrointestinal hemorrhage hypothyroidism idiopathic arterial calcification


id: cord-017248-a37t31u1
type: DISEASE
entity:
  Dreifuss mucular dystrophy facioscapulohumeral dystrophy limb girdle dystrophy myotonic muscular dystrophy


id: cord-017248-a37t31u1
type: DISEASE
entity:
  Barre syndrome idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura IgA deficiency lichen planus


id: cord-017248-a37t31u1
type: DISEASE
entity:
  cirrhosis biliary atresia 3 Immunodeficiency See Syndrome acquired immunodeficiency and Syndrome primary immunodeficiency Impression Basilar NOTE Basilar


id: cord-017248-a37t31u1
type: DISEASE
entity:
  acquired immunodeficiency syndrome AIDS cancer cachexia inflammatory bowel disease liver or kidney failure


id: cord-017248-a37t31u1
type: DISEASE
entity:
  reflux 3 neoplasms of lungs esophagus intestine and liver chronic liver disease inflammatory bowel disease pulmonary disease


id: cord-017248-a37t31u1
type: DISEASE
entity:
  Pharynx and gastrointestinal tract Heart liver and kidneys Record skin changes and eye abnormalities


id: cord-017248-a37t31u1
type: DISEASE
entity:
  liver and biliary tract Pulmonary Related Terms Congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation congenital pulmonary lymphangiectasis intralobular bronchopulmonary sequestration


id: cord-017248-a37t31u1
type: DISEASE
entity:
  Collagenous inorganic dust pneumoconiosis nodular type Silicosis Noncollagenous inorganic dust pneumoconiosis


id: cord-017248-a37t31u1
type: DISEASE
entity:
  Acute lymphocytic leukemia acute myelocytic leukemia acute megakaryocytic leukemia Cardiovascular disease


id: cord-017248-a37t31u1
type: DISEASE
entity:
  atrioventricular septal defect subpulmonary stenosis pulmonary valve atresia midline symmetric liver malrotation


id: cord-017248-a37t31u1
type: DISEASE
entity:
  cerebral arteries aortic insufficiency calcific aortic stenosis coarctation of the aorta infective endocarditis Shone s syndrome Turner s syndrome


id: cord-284514-b7no0yrv
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  phosphorylase b 94 kDa bovine serum albumin 67 kDa ovalbumin 43 kDa carbonic anhydrase 30 kDa trypsin


id: cord-309795-2kozsv4z
type: ORG
entity:
  the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases EASL EASD EASO Clinical Practice Guidelines


id: cord-309795-2kozsv4z
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  Fatty Liver Disease Evidence against Pathway Selective Hepatic Insulin Resistance in Mice Mechanisms of Disease


id: cord-309795-2kozsv4z
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  The Opportunities and Challenges of Peroxisome Proliferator Activated Receptors Ligands in Clinical Drug Discovery and Development Elafibranor an Agonist of the Peroxisome Proliferator Activated Receptor


id: cord-309795-2kozsv4z
type: ORG
entity:
  the Phase 2b CENTAUR Study Statin Use and Risk of Cirrhosis and Related Complications in Patients With Chronic Liver Diseases


id: cord-284608-ba7wq52t
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  cord 284608 ba7wq52t authors Sias Catia Salichos Leonidas Lapa Daniele Del Nonno Franca Baiocchini Andrea Capobianchi Maria Rosaria Garbuglia Anna Rosa title Alpha Beta gamma human PapillomaViruses


id: cord-284608-ba7wq52t
type: DNA
entity:
  MY09 5 CGTCCMARRGGAWACTGATC3 and MY11 5 GCMCAGGGWCATAAYAATGG3 20 21 PCR and FastStart DNA polymerase Roche Diagnostics GmbH Mannheim Germany


id: cord-284608-ba7wq52t
type: DISEASE
entity:
  HIV positive and HIV negative subjects 21 21 33 63 6 vs 12 12 33 36 3 respectively Chi square test p 0 005 HIV positive


id: cord-284608-ba7wq52t
type: DISEASE
entity:
  squamous cell carcinoma of Waldeyer s tonsillar ring Incidence of human papillomavirus HPV positive tonsillar carcinoma


id: cord-299756-m0va36er
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  interferon regulatory factor 7 Irf7 signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 Stat1 and 2 5 oligoadenylate synthetase


id: cord-292908-rbn3foj3
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  immunogen 25 MAbs F2 1 F29 1 F16 4 F18 2 F19 1 F30 1 F34 1 F35 2 F36 1 F41 1 F51 1 F52 1 F70 2 F75 3 F15 2 F24 1 F25 1 F46 4 F49 1 F69 3 F80 1 F6 3 F22 3 F23 2 F50 4


id: cord-292908-rbn3foj3
type: CHEMICAL
entity:
  F34 1 F35 2 F36 1 F41 1 F51 1 F52 1 F70 2 F75 3 F15 2 F24 1 F25 1 F46 4 F49 1 F69 3 F80 1 F6 3 F22 3 F23 2 F50


id: cord-307128-wwjeu8ie
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  the Treatment of Covid 19 Preliminary Report Dexamethasone in Hospitalized Patients with Covid 19 Preliminary Report


id: cord-307128-wwjeu8ie
type: LAW
entity:
  Interferon Alfacon 1 Plus Corticosteroids in Severe Acute Respiratory SyndromeA Preliminary Study Epub


id: cord-265005-e6rpryrh
type: CHEMICAL
entity:
  IFN alpha beta IFN gamma and IFN lambda in host defense Suppressor of cytokine signaling 1 regulates the immune


id: cord-311332-n8tvglif
type: CHEMICAL
entity:
  Cimicifuga rhizoma Meliae cortex Coptidis rhizoma Phellodendron cortex and Sophora subprostrata radix


id: cord-311332-n8tvglif
type: DISEASE
entity:
  herpes simplex virus type I HSV 1 41 Combined treatment with pidotimod and red ginseng acidic polysaccharide


id: cord-321878-bnjupaik
type: DISEASE
entity:
  Final Diagnosis Acute respiratory distress syndrome ARDS COVID 19 multi organ failure septic shock pneumothorax Symptoms Cough dyspnea fatigue myalgia


id: cord-307110-eiobmxp2
type: CELL_LINE
entity:
  CCL81 human hepatoma cells Huh7 pig kidney epithelial cells LLC PK1 human embryonic kidney 293 cells


id: cord-004879-pgyzluwp
type: CELL_LINE
entity:
  cultured human muscle satellite cells R M Kranse C R Bader and L Berrtheim Department of Physiology and Division of Clinical Neurophysiohigy University Medical Center 1211 Geneva 4 Switzerland Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors


id: cord-004879-pgyzluwp
type: DNA
entity:
  IFN response element IRE nuclear factor KB NF B tumor necrosis factor response element TNF RE 7f activated sites GAS


id: cord-004879-pgyzluwp
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  mouse astrocyte glycogen synthase G Pellegri C Rossier S van Berchem P J Magistre i and J L Martin Institut de Physiologie Universit6


id: cord-004879-pgyzluwp
type: CELL_LINE
entity:
  mouse cerebral cortical astrocyte cultures Brain Res 563 227 233 1991 The question that we then addressed was the nature of the metabolic substrate


id: cord-004879-pgyzluwp
type: DNA
entity:
  PYRIDOXAL 5 P DEPENDENT AMINO ACID DECARBOXYLASES Sandmeier E Hale T I and Christen P Biochemisches Institut der Universit t ZGrich 8057 Z


id: cord-004879-pgyzluwp
type: ORG
entity:
  John M Lucocq Institute of Anatomy University of Berne CH 3012 Berne Depanment of Anatomy and Physiology University of Dundee UK Dundee


id: cord-004879-pgyzluwp
type: ORG
entity:
  methanolie ammonia hydrofluoric acid dephosphorylation nitrous acid deamination acetolysis exoglycosidase


id: cord-004879-pgyzluwp
type: CHEMICAL
entity:
  N linked glycosylation sites Ntcp encodes a 50 kD protein in rat liver PM vesicles The basolateral localization of Ntcp in liver


id: cord-332186-3jy9zoz2
type: TAXON
entity:
  particles enterovirus astrovirus birnavirus Serotype 2 rotavirus Type D reovirus bursa epithelial virus


id: cord-355239-fc52dn3v
type: CL
entity:
  trophozoites to host extracellular matrix components A novel multidomain mucin like glycoprotein of Cryptosporidium parvum


id: cord-355239-fc52dn3v
type: GO
entity:
  transmembrane heparan sulfate proteoglycans Integral membrane heparan sulfate proteoglycans Glycolipids


id: cord-326785-le2t1l8g
type: DNA
entity:
  7 nan small cell carcinomas 4 adenocarcmamas 3 squamous cell carcinomas 3 bronchiolaalveolar cell carcinomas 2 8 cell lymphomas 1 small cell carcinoma 1 atypical camnoid and 1 metastatic breast Carcmoma


id: cord-326785-le2t1l8g
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  J Qulnn N A Athanasau Nufield Depanment of Paihology and Bactenotogy Level 4 John RadcOffe Hospital Oxford


id: cord-326785-le2t1l8g
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  cell adhesion molecules ICAM t interCeIIUlar adhesion molecule 1 ELAM t lendothelial leucocyte adhesion molecule t


id: cord-326785-le2t1l8g
type: GGP
entity:
  Cand37 C werenegativeforAcPaswerealltissuesfixedinethana1 lnformalcalciumfixedtissueand formic acidlsodium citrate


id: cord-326785-le2t1l8g
type: GGP
entity:
  eXtinCliOn 01 cla s cal diagnostic surgical pathology but so far the reports of the death of our specialty have been grossly exaggerated Indeed the newtechnologies of the 1990sare seenas aids torathet


id: cord-326785-le2t1l8g
type: ORG
entity:
  Usingthistechniqueitisnowpossibletocombinehighresoiutioniightmicroscopywithaprecise immunocytochemicai


id: cord-336201-fl606l3b
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  mannose binding lectin MBL surfactant protein D SP D dendritic cell specific intercellular adhesion molecule 3


id: cord-336201-fl606l3b
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  granulocyte colony stimulating factor G CSF macrophage inflammatory protein 1α MIP1α serum ferritin fibrinogen plasminogen C reactive protein CRP


id: cord-336201-fl606l3b
type: GGP
entity:
  antibioticresistant Escherichia coli Proteus spp Klebsiella spp coagulasenegative staphylococci Enterobacter


id: cord-343982-ymaql0hx
type: ORG
entity:
  National Institute for Health Research NIHR Greater Manchester Patient Safety Translational Research Centre


id: cord-343409-oao75pzy
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  Paramyxoviridae Coronaviridae Herpesviridae Rhabdoviridae Arenaviridae Togaviridae Flaviviridae Orthomyxoviridae Reoviridae Bunyaviridae Filoviridae and Picornaviridae 31 Bats


id: cord-343409-oao75pzy
type: TAXON
entity:
  Paramyxoviridae Coronaviridae Herpesviridae Rhabdoviridae Arenaviridae Togaviridae Flaviviridae Orthomyxoviridae Reoviridae Bunyaviridae Filoviridae


id: cord-343409-oao75pzy
type: ORG
entity:
  the Paramyxoviridae Coronaviridae Herpesviridae Rhabdoviridae Arenaviridae Togaviridae Flaviviridae Orthomyxoviridae Reoviridae Bunyaviridae Filoviridae


id: cord-343409-oao75pzy
type: CHEMICAL
entity:
  Fa Tachedjian Gilda title Identification of diverse full length endogenous betaretroviruses in megabats and microbats date


id: cord-335382-fk4um9nw
type: DNA
entity:
  adenosine triphosphate APT binding cassette transporter subfamily A member 3 ABCA3 chromosome 16p13 3 Defects


id: cord-335382-fk4um9nw
type: GGP
entity:
  Stage IA T1 N0 M0 Stage IB T2 N0 M0 Stage IIA T1 N1 M0 Stage IIB T2 N1 M0 T3 N0 M0 Stage IIIA T1 N2 M0 T2 N2 M0 T3 N1 M0 T3 N2 M0 Stage IIIB Any T N3 M0 T4


id: cord-335382-fk4um9nw
type: CHEMICAL
entity:
  tropomyosin TPM N terminal coiled coil domains to the ALK C terminal kinase domain producing two ALK fusion genes TPM4


id: cord-335382-fk4um9nw
type: DISEASE
entity:
  preneoplastic preinvasive bronchial epithelium reveals multiple discontinuous sites of 3p allele loss


id: cord-335382-fk4um9nw
type: DISEASE
entity:
  interstitial diseases Pulmonary fibrosis sarcoidosis histiocytosis X autoimmune pulmonary disease lymphangioleiomyomatosis Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis


id: cord-344093-3bniy5b5
type: CELL_TYPE
entity:
  alveolar epithelial cells lung macrophages IAV 5 7 10 RSV 137 Necrosis of fibroblasts dendritic cells


id: cord-344093-3bniy5b5
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  death domain TRAF TNF receptor associated protein JNK Janus kinase Bax Bcl 2 associated X protein c FLIP cellular FADD


id: cord-344093-3bniy5b5
type: GGP
entity:
  RIP kinase dependent necrosis enabling survival to mTOR inhibition Caspase mediated crosstalk between autophagy and apoptosis mutual adjustment or matter of


id: cord-344093-3bniy5b5
type: CHEMICAL
entity:
  alpha interferon in respiratory syncytial virus and human metapneumovirus experimental infections Pegylated interferon


id: cord-350571-6tapkjb6
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  P2Y 12 receptor inhibitor n 175 97 2 for statin n 174 93 9 for ACEI ARB n 168 and 87 5 for BB n 28 among 32 patients with LVEF 40 Ticagrelor 84 6


id: cord-350571-6tapkjb6
type: GGP
entity:
  Madopar Ò 3 Pravastatin Sandoz Ò 4 Carvedilol Mepha Ò 6 Plavix Ò 6 Pantoprazol Nycomed Ò 7 Adalat Ò CR 7


id: cord-350571-6tapkjb6
type: GGP
entity:
  medicines 11 6 n 31 p 0 001 This group of adolescents better accept the pharmacotherapy with parental supervision 33 2 n 89 p 0 0047


id: cord-350571-6tapkjb6
type: GGP
entity:
  ribavirin 2 5 7 sofosbuvir Simeprevir 4 11 4 sofosbuvir ledipasvir 6 17 1 sofosbuvir ledipasvir ribavirin 3 8 5


id: cord-350571-6tapkjb6
type: TAXON
entity:
  spp Enterococcus spp Pseudomonas aeruginosa Klebsiella spp E coli spp Streptococcus spp Corynebacterium spp


id: cord-350571-6tapkjb6
type: GGP
entity:
  timolol 68 8 brinzolamide 40 6 and latanoprost 37 5 Conclusion We consider of paramount importance the pharmacist evaluation availability at an Orthogeriatric Unit minimizing the impact of acute confusional state during hospital stay by medication reconciliation Please specify your abstract type


id: cord-350571-6tapkjb6
type: ORG
entity:
  Graduate Institute of Clinical Pharmacy 2 School of Pharmacy College of Medicine National Taiwan University


id: cord-350571-6tapkjb6
type: ORG
entity:
  Division of Clinical Pharmacology Service of Biomedicine 4 Institute of Microbiology Lausanne University


id: cord-350571-6tapkjb6
type: CHEMICAL
entity:
  Dobremez 1 Amélie Serra 2 Déborah Grosset Janin 2 Jacqueline Berlioz 1 Aymeric Dopter 3 Jean Henri Ruel 2 1 Pharmacy 2 Neurology Centre Hospitalier Annecy Genevois


id: cord-350571-6tapkjb6
type: DISEASE
entity:
  acute coronary syndromes Sadeer Fhadil Paul Wright Sotiris Antoniou Please specify your abstract type Descriptive abstract for projects Background and objective


id: cord-350571-6tapkjb6
type: CHEMICAL
entity:
  Monzat 1 1 OMEDIT Normandie CHU Rouen 2 CHU Rouen 3 Please specify your abstract type Descriptive abstract for projects Background


id: cord-010119-t1x9gknd
type: CELL_LINE
entity:
  Pluripotent Stem Cell Derived Cardiomyocyte Toxicity By Supernatant of Long Term Stored Red Blood Cells


id: cord-010119-t1x9gknd
type: DNA
entity:
  RhD protein IVS1 29C rs2301153 IVS3 1 117C rs28521909 and IVS3 1 124A rs28562109 Two 15 4 were D1 and heterozygous


id: cord-010119-t1x9gknd
type: DNA
entity:
  RHD wildtype exon 9 mutant RHD c 1154G C mutant RHD c 1154 31C T and double RHD mutants c 1154G C plus c 1154 31C T


id: cord-010119-t1x9gknd
type: CELL_TYPE
entity:
  blood center RBC 2RBC PLT P PLT PLT RBC P PLT RBC 2PLT 2PLT RBC 2PLT P donations 47990 63 1775 10832 968 476 67 1150 142 10252 Citrate exposure mls 41 85 71 138 263 266 300 322 349 478 Study Design Method A randomized 2 1


id: cord-010119-t1x9gknd
type: CELL_TYPE
entity:
  ABO Rh Beckman Coulter PK System Blood Grouping and Phenotyping during the period 7 1 2008 4 1 2017 ABO


id: cord-010119-t1x9gknd
type: CELL_LINE
entity:
  Cell SaverV R HaemoneticsV R Braintree MA patients own blood shed during surgery is collected washed concentrated and reinfused lessening the need for transfusion support This study sought to examine the amount of allogeneic donor RBC


id: cord-010119-t1x9gknd
type: DNA
entity:
  ceJAL ceMO ceBI 7 0 7 0 7 0 Total 106 8 110 4 113 2 142A TRANSFUSION 2017 Vol 57 Supplement S3 reagents


id: cord-010119-t1x9gknd
type: CELL_LINE
entity:
  Immucor Gamma clone Series 4 and 5 and Quotient ALBAclone blend and alpha anti D Papain treated RBCs


id: cord-010119-t1x9gknd
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  anti Mur Brian Adkins 1 Princess Maynie 1 Carol Chandler 1 Shelia Garret 1 and Pampee Young 2 1 Vanderbilt 2


id: cord-010119-t1x9gknd
type: GGP
entity:
  gHb 7 6 6 0 3 a 5 2 6 0 3 7 3 6 0 2 a 5 5 6 0 3 7 3 6 0 4 a 4 9 6 0 5 Extracellular Lactate mM 5 6 1 a 6 6 1 7 6 0 8 6 0 6 6 0 6 6 1 Extracellular Glucose mM 32 6 1


id: cord-010119-t1x9gknd
type: GGP
entity:
  Impl periods 3 4 Table More severe reactions showed an increasing trend that only became significant in Post Impl periods 3 4


id: cord-010119-t1x9gknd
type: CL
entity:
  allogeneic blood donors and autologous donors which were intended to represent a hospitalized patient population to determine a mean and range of normal levels This 2 5 year retrospective study was performed to assess levels of RBC bound IgG IgA and IgM in normal donors Study Design Method Residual EDTA


id: cord-010119-t1x9gknd
type: ORG
entity:
  TPE Cytoreductive Therapy for Cellular Hyperviscosity Utility of Cytapheresis Treatment for Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia


id: cord-010119-t1x9gknd
type: ORG
entity:
  Washington University School of Medicine 3 Nationwide Children s Hospital Background Case Studies Transfusion


id: cord-010119-t1x9gknd
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  Clinical Oral Abstract Session Novel Approaches to Processing and Assessing Cell Therapy Products A Paradigm Shift in Stem Cell Isolation and Storage Jeffrey Drew Cells4life Group LLP Background Case Studies Widespread


id: cord-010119-t1x9gknd
type: EVENT
entity:
  A Streamlined Mixed Lymphocyte Reaction MLR Assay for Evaluation of Human Mesenchymal Stem Cell Immunomodulation Activity Christopher P Delavan 1 Maryanne C Herzig 1


id: cord-010119-t1x9gknd
type: ORG
entity:
  US Army Institute of Surgical Research 2 U S Army Institute of Surgical Research Background Case Studies


id: cord-010119-t1x9gknd
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  Using Genetic Markers to Select Responders and Non Responders Sickle Cell Disease SCD Patients for Transfusion with RH Haplotype Matching Red Blood


id: cord-010119-t1x9gknd
type: ORG
entity:
  Department of Pathology University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus 2 Department of Medicine Division of Hematology University of Colorado Hospital 3


id: cord-010119-t1x9gknd
type: ORG
entity:
  University of California San Francisco 4 Nationwide Children s Hospital 5 Academic Medical Center 6 Canadian Blood Services Background Case


id: cord-010119-t1x9gknd
type: ORG
entity:
  US Army Institute of Surgical Research 2 U S Army Institute of Surgical Research 3 University of Washington


id: cord-010119-t1x9gknd
type: ORG
entity:
  Red Cell Concentrate Volume and Manufacturing Method Impact Post Thaw Quality in Cryopreserved Products


id: cord-010119-t1x9gknd
type: ORG
entity:
  National University Hospital 3 National University Hospital Singapore Background Case Studies Plasma


id: cord-010119-t1x9gknd
type: ORG
entity:
  University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center 2 UT Southwestern Medical Center Background Case Studies


id: cord-010119-t1x9gknd
type: ORG
entity:
  mother s sisters Management of Severe Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia A Case Report of an Infant Treated with Manual Whole Blood Exchange


id: cord-010119-t1x9gknd
type: PRODUCT
entity:
  anti e Automated Eluates Comparison of Solid Phase Red Cell Adherence and Gel Automated Eluate Testing Jayanna Slayten 1


id: cord-010119-t1x9gknd
type: ORG
entity:
  University Medical Center Department of Pathology Microbiology and Immunology Background Case Studies Antibody


id: cord-010119-t1x9gknd
type: ORG
entity:
  Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine College of Medicine National Taiwan University 3 Division of Hepatogastroenterology Department of Internal Medicine


id: cord-010119-t1x9gknd
type: ORG
entity:
  the FDA Guidance entitled Revised Recommendations for Reducing the Risk of Zika Virus Transmission by Blood


id: cord-010119-t1x9gknd
type: ORG
entity:
  Microbiology Department Cerus Corporation 2 Scientific Affairs Department Cerus Corporation Background Case Studies


id: cord-010119-t1x9gknd
type: ORG
entity:
  Centers for Disease Control and Prevention National Health Insurance and Health Promotion Administration


id: cord-010119-t1x9gknd
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  Transfusion Transmissible Infections Among Blood Donors and Strategy on Direct Laboratory Testing Cost of Blood Screening


id: cord-010119-t1x9gknd
type: ORG
entity:
  Federal State Regulations Inventory Structure Management Product Storage Testing Tracking Traceability Emergency Release Protocol


id: cord-010119-t1x9gknd
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  Transfusion Service Workflow Comparison of Two High Volume High Throughput Analyzers Aaron Samson 1 Kimberly Monnin 1


id: cord-010119-t1x9gknd
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  The Merging of Immunohematology Reference Lab s IRL Inventories Using Technology to Create Advanced Search


id: cord-010119-t1x9gknd
type: ORG
entity:
  Guidance for Industry Recommendations for Donor Screening Deferral and Product Management to Reduce the Risk of Transfusion Transmission of Zika Virus


id: cord-010119-t1x9gknd
type: CHEMICAL
entity:
  Cheryl Lobo 4 Michael Paul Busch 3 Susan L Stramer 2 and Jeffrey M Linnen 1 1 Grifols Diagnostic Solutions Inc 2 American Red Cross 3 Blood Systems Research Institute 4 New York Blood


# bib

id: cord-001124-qcjbtflt
title: Confounding roles for type I interferons during bacterial and viral pathogenesis
author: Carrero, Javier Antonio
date: 2013-10-24
txt: ./txt/cord-001124-qcjbtflt.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-001124-qcjbtflt.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://academic.oup.com/intimm/article-pdf/25/12/663/2038704/dxt050.pdf
doi: 10.1093/intimm/dxt050
summary:
  Although type I interferons (IFN-I) were initially defined as potent antiviral agents, they can also cause decreased host resistance to some bacterial and viral infections. In contrast, there is a negative effect of IFN-I on host resistance during chronic infection with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) and acute infections with intracellular bacteria. Following Listeria infection, IFN-I promote the cell death of macrophages and lymphocytes, which leads to innate immune suppression. Because of the extent of the IFN-I literature, this review will mostly limit itself to experiments that have examined viral and bacterial pathogenesis in IFNAR -/mice with a particular emphasis on work that has examined lethality and pathogen burden. In the case of influenza and potentially other respiratory viruses, the type III interferon system (which comprises IFN-λ subtypes and signals using IL-10R2-IFNLR1) plays a dominant role in restricting acute epithelial cell infection, thereby limiting the requirement of IFN-I signaling (10, 11) . Production of type I IFN sensitizes macrophages to cell death induced by Listeria monocytogenes

abstract:
  Although type I interferons (IFN-I) were initially defined as potent antiviral agents, they can also cause decreased host resistance to some bacterial and viral infections. The many antiviral functions of the IFN-I include direct suppression of viral replication and activation of the immune response against viruses. In addition to their antiviral effects, IFN-I are also protective against several extracellular bacterial infections, in part, by promoting the induction of TNF-α and nitric oxide. In contrast, there is a negative effect of IFN-I on host resistance during chronic infection with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) and acute infections with intracellular bacteria. In the case of LCMV, chronic IFN-I signaling induces adaptive immune system suppression. Blockade of IFN-I signaling removes the suppression and allows CD4 T-cell- and IFN-γ-mediated resolution of the infection. During acute intracellular bacterial infection, IFN-I suppress innate immunity by at least two defined mechanisms. During Francisella infection, IFN-I prevent IL-17 upregulation on γδ T cells and neutrophil recruitment. Following Listeria infection, IFN-I promote the cell death of macrophages and lymphocytes, which leads to innate immune suppression. These divergent findings for the role of IFN-I on pathogen control emphasize the complexity of the interferons system and force more mechanistic evaluation of its role in pathogenesis. This review evaluates IFN-I during infection with an emphasis on work carried out IFN-I-receptor-deficient mice.


id: cord-001273-plz1ja2e
author: Dussurget, Olivier
date: 2014-04-28
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4009421/
doi: 10.3389/fcimb.2014.00050
title:
  The bacterial pathogen Listeria monocytogenes and the interferon family: type I, type II and type III interferons

abstract:
  Interferons (IFNs) are secreted proteins of the cytokine family that regulate innate and adaptive immune responses to infection. Although the importance of IFNs in the antiviral response has long been appreciated, their role in bacterial infections is more complex and is currently a major focus of investigation. This review summarizes our current knowledge of the role of these cytokines in host defense against the bacterial pathogen Listeria monocytogenes and highlights recent discoveries on the molecular mechanisms evolved by this intracellular bacterium to subvert IFN responses.


id: cord-004879-pgyzluwp
title: Programmed cell death
author: nan
date: 1994
txt: ./txt/cord-004879-pgyzluwp.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-004879-pgyzluwp.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7087532/
doi: 10.1007/bf02033112
abstract: nan
summary:
  Furthermore kinetic experiments after complementation of HIV=RT p66 with KIV-RT pSl indicated that HIV-RT pSl can restore rate and extent of strand displacement activity by HIV-RT p66 compared to the HIV-RT heterodimer D66/D51, suggesting a function of the 51 kDa polypeptide, The mouse mammary tumor virus proviral DNA contains an open reading frame in the 3'' long terminal repeat which can code for a 36 kDa polypeptide with a putative transmembrane sequence and five N-linked glycosylation sites. To this end we used constructs encoding the c-fos (and c-jun) genes fused to the hormone-binding domain of the human estrogen receptor, designated c-FosER (and c-JunER), We could show that short-term activation (30 mins.) of c-FosER by estradiole (E2) led to the disruption of epithelial cell polarity within 24 hours, as characterized by the expression of apical and basolateral marker proteins.


id: cord-008700-knbf8m4x
title: Methods for Rapid Detection of Human Ocular Viral Infections
author: Rodrigues, Merlyn R.
date: 2013-10-30
txt: ./txt/cord-008700-knbf8m4x.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-008700-knbf8m4x.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7133697/
doi: 10.1016/s0161-6420(79)35507-5
summary:
  Simple techniques of immunofluorescence and negative stain electron microscopy are used for the rapid detection of viruses in human adenoviral, herpetic, rubella, molluscum contagiosum, and vaccinial infections. Lens aspirate from a 2-year-old patient with clinical ocular rubella was examined by immunofluorescence and negative stain electron microscopy. 10 In a recent epidemic of EKC at a Vietnamese refugee camp in Florida, adenovirus type 8 was recovered in 81% of cases cultured within two weeks of onset of infection.U Dawson et aP 2 described adenovirus-like particles in the conjunctiva of one patient and in the corneal epithelium of another by transmission electron microscopy of tissue culture preparations. In the present study, the typical virions of herpes simplex keratitis were readily identified both by immunofluorescence and by negative stain transmission electron microscopy. Herpes simplex hominis type 1 was recovered in culture and demonstrated by direct immunofluorescence and negative stain electron microscopy in three patients with herpetic dendritic keratitis.

abstract:
  Recent methods for detection of viruses in clinical specimens include immunofluorescence, immunoperoxidase, immune adherence hemagglutination, radioimmunoassay, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and immunoelectron microscopy. Some are useful for the detection of traces of viral antigens but are more complicated and timeconsuming than others. Simple techniques of immunofluorescence and negative stain electron microscopy are used for the rapid detection of viruses in human adenoviral, herpetic, rubella, molluscum contagiosum, and vaccinial infections.


id: cord-010119-t1x9gknd
title: Abstract Presentations from the AABB Annual Meeting San Diego, CA ctober 7‐10, 2017
author: nan
date: 2017-09-04
txt: ./txt/cord-010119-t1x9gknd.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-010119-t1x9gknd.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7169716/
doi: 10.1111/trf.14286
abstract: nan
summary:
  Conclusion: The wide distribution in the concentration of bioactive lipids among 405 stored RBC units suggests that lipid degradation is highly donor-Background/Case Studies: To ensure availability of biological products to hospitals, blood banks have developed and validated multiple storage conditions for each of their products to maximize shelf life and quality. 1 The Department of Blood Transfusion, The PLA General Hospital, 2 The Department of Blood Transfusion, Air Force General Hospital, PLA Background/Case Studies: Recently, multi researches have reported that longer term-stored red blood cells(RBCs) units were associated with increased risks of clinically adverse events, especially in critically ill patients. Weak D types 1, 2 and 3 express all the major RhD epitopes and these patients can be managed as RhD-positive, which may lead to a reduction in unnecessary Rh immunoglobulin (RhIG) administration and conservation of RhD-negative RBCs. Study Design/Method: RHD genotyping was performed on all patient samples with weaker than expected or discrepant RhD typing results, utilizing a commercially available genotyping kit manufactured by Immucor (RHD BeadChip).


id: cord-010657-5qtsj8xv
title: Pathogenesis of Lesions Induced in Rat Lung by Chronic Tobacco Smoke Inhalation
author: Heckman, Carol A.
date: 1982-07-01
txt: ./txt/cord-010657-5qtsj8xv.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-010657-5qtsj8xv.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7204517/
doi: 10.1093/jnci/69.1.117
summary:
  In serially killed animals, four types of lesions were found: 1) perivascular or peribronchiolar accumulation of lymphoreticular cells, 2) fibrotic and cellular enlargement of peribronchiolar septa, 3) type II cell hyperplasia with septal fibrosis, and 4) air-space enlargement (emphysema). The type II hyperplastic and peribronchiolar alveolar lesions involved larger portions of the parenchyma in fibrotic changes but differed in structure, location, and frequency. In studies by Roe''s group (1, 2) , the major lesions induced in the rat lung by lifetime exposure were columnar, cuboidal, and squamous metaplasias of the alveolar epithelium. (3) on rats exposed to tobacco smoke for 6 weeks showed characteristic lesions at the level of the respiratory bronchiole, including peribronchiolar and perivascular infiltration by lymphocytes, focal pneumonitis, and alveolar cuboidal or columnar metaplasia. The present studies have shown that the most common type of focal lesions to develop in the lungs of tobacco smoke-exposed animals consisted of accumulated lymphocytes and macrophages in the vascular adventitia.

abstract:
  Lesions were induced in the lungs of specific-pathogen-free F344 rats by chronic tobacco smoke exposure. Animals exposed to 7 cigarettes/day were killed after 1, 1.5, or 2 years of exposure. Parallel lifetime exposures induced pulmonary tumors in 9% of the animals. In serially killed animals, four types of lesions were found: 1) perivascular or peribronchiolar accumulation of lymphoreticular cells, 2) fibrotic and cellular enlargement of peribronchiolar septa, 3) type II cell hyperplasia with septal fibrosis, and 4) air-space enlargement (emphysema). However, emphysema occurred only in animals exposed to a higher (10 cigarettes) dose of tobacco smoke. Ultrastructural studies showed all of the focal lesions to be infiltrated by cells typical of the inflammatory response. The type II hyperplastic and peribronchiolar alveolar lesions involved larger portions of the parenchyma in fibrotic changes but differed in structure, location, and frequency. The incidence of the peribronchiolar alveolar lesions was temporally related to tumor incidence.


id: cord-015503-j99cgsjt
title: On the origin and continuing evolution of SARS-CoV-2
author: Tang, Xiaolu
date: 2020-03-03
txt: ./txt/cord-015503-j99cgsjt.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-015503-j99cgsjt.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7107875/
doi: 10.1093/nsr/nwaa036
summary:
  Although we found only 4% variability in genomic nucleotides between SARS-CoV-2 and a bat SARS-related coronavirus (SARSr-CoV; RaTG13), the difference at neutral sites was 17%, suggesting the divergence between the two viruses is much larger than previously estimated. Our results suggest that the development of new variations in functional sites in the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the spike seen in SARS-CoV-2 and viruses from pangolin SARSr-CoVs are likely caused by mutations and natural selection besides recombination. Population genetic analyses of 103 SARS-CoV-2 genomes indicated that these viruses evolved into two major types (designated L and S), that are well defined by two different SNPs that show nearly complete linkage across the viral strains sequenced to date. Further, the genomic sequences of SARS-CoV-2 viruses isolated from a number of patients share sequence identity higher than 99.9%, suggesting a very recent host shift into humans [1] [2] [3] .

abstract:
  The SARS-CoV-2 epidemic started in late December 2019 in Wuhan, China, and has since impacted a large portion of China and raised major global concern. Herein, we investigated the extent of molecular divergence between SARS-CoV-2 and other related coronaviruses. Although we found only 4% variability in genomic nucleotides between SARS-CoV-2 and a bat SARS-related coronavirus (SARSr-CoV; RaTG13), the difference at neutral sites was 17%, suggesting the divergence between the two viruses is much larger than previously estimated. Our results suggest that the development of new variations in functional sites in the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the spike seen in SARS-CoV-2 and viruses from pangolin SARSr-CoVs are likely caused by mutations and natural selection besides recombination. Population genetic analyses of 103 SARS-CoV-2 genomes indicated that these viruses evolved into two major types (designated L and S), that are well defined by two different SNPs that show nearly complete linkage across the viral strains sequenced to date. Although the L type (∼70%) is more prevalent than the S type (∼30%), the S type was found to be the ancestral version. Whereas the L type was more prevalent in the early stages of the outbreak in Wuhan, the frequency of the L type decreased after early January 2020. Human intervention may have placed more severe selective pressure on the L type, which might be more aggressive and spread more quickly. On the other hand, the S type, which is evolutionarily older and less aggressive, might have increased in relative frequency due to relatively weaker selective pressure. These findings strongly support an urgent need for further immediate, comprehensive studies that combine genomic data, epidemiological data, and chart records of the clinical symptoms of patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).


id: cord-017248-a37t31u1
title: Alphabetic Listing of Diseases and Conditions
author: nan
date: 2010-05-17
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7121759/
doi: 10.1007/978-1-59745-127-7_17
abstract:
  Part II begins with a list of special histologic stains, their for use and their corresponding references. At the end of this list is a procedure for removal of formalin precipitate from tissue sections.


id: cord-018595-x3tleomb
title: Adverse Medication Reactions
author: Dodiuk-Gad, Roni P.
date: 2017-04-25
txt: ./txt/cord-018595-x3tleomb.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-018595-x3tleomb.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7123512/
doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-29785-9_25
summary:
  2. Delayed-type drug hypersensitivity: Delayed-type drug hypersensitivity reactions usually take several days to weeks following drug exposure, with variable clinical presentations that may include Maculopapular Eruption (MPE), Fixed Drug Eruption (FDE), Acute Generalized Exanthematous Pustulosis (AGEP), Stevens-Johnson Syndrome (SJS), Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis (TEN) and Drug Reaction with Eosinophilia and Systemic Symptoms (DRESS). Examples of strong associations of HLA alleles with specific drug-induced hypersensitivity reactions include abacavir, nevirapine, carbamazepine, and allopurinol (Table 25. [61] , who reported the weak associations of HLA-A29, B12, and MPE maculopapular drug eruption, DRESS drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms, SJS/TEN Stevens-Johnson syndrome/toxic epidermal necrolysis DR7 in sulfonamide-related TEN, and HLA-A2, B12 in oxicam-related TEN in Europeans [61] . Drug specific cytotoxic T-cells in the skin lesions of a patient with toxic epidermal necrolysis

abstract:
  Cutaneous adverse drug reactions (ADRs) are among the most frequent adverse reactions in patients receiving drug therapy. They have a broad spectrum of clinical manifestations, are caused by various drugs, and result from different pathophysiological mechanisms. Hence, their diagnosis and management is challenging. Severe cutaneous ADRs comprise a group of diseases with major morbidity and mortality, reaching 30 % mortality rate in cases of Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis. This chapter covers the terminology, epidemiology, pathogenesis and classification of cutaneous ADR, describes the severe cutaneous ADRs and the clinical and laboratory approach to the patient with cutaneous ADR and presents the translation of laboratory-based discoveries on the genetic predisposition and pathogenesis of cutaneous ADRs to clinical management guidelines.


id: cord-026005-f2khcjdy
title: Respiratory System, Mediastinum, and Pleurae
author: López, Alfonso
date: 2017-02-17
txt: ./txt/cord-026005-f2khcjdy.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-026005-f2khcjdy.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7271179/
doi: 10.1016/b978-0-323-35775-3.00009-6
abstract: nan
summary:
  Microscopic examination of properly collected, stored, and processed samples may reveal many erythrocytes and siderophages in pulmonary hemorrhage or left-sided heart failure; inclusion bodies or syncytial cells in viral pneumonias; increased number of leukocytes in pulmonary inflammation; abundant mucus in asthma or equine recurrent airway obstruction (RAO); the presence of pulmonary pathogens, such as parasites, fungi, and bacteria; or tumor cells in cases of pulmonary neoplasia. The portal of entry for the respiratory form is typically aerogenous, and the disease is generally transient; thus the primary viral-induced lesions in the nasal mucosa and lungs are rarely seen at necropsy unless complicated by secondary bacterial rhinitis, pharyngitis, or bronchopneumonia. Laryngeal edema occurs in pigs with edema disease; in horses with purpura hemorrhagica; in cattle with acute interstitial pneumonia; in cats with systemic anaphylaxis; and in all species as a result of trauma, improper endotracheal tubing, inhalation of irritant gases (e.g., smoke), local inflammation, and animal species is classified as fibrinous, catarrhal, purulent, or granulomatous (Figs.


id: cord-026548-z2ifu1d6
title: Implementing Multiparty Session Types in Rust
author: Lagaillardie, Nicolas
date: 2020-05-13
txt: ./txt/cord-026548-z2ifu1d6.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-026548-z2ifu1d6.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7282848/
doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-50029-0_8
summary:
  Multiparty Session Types (MPST) is a typing discipline for distributed protocols, which ensures communication safety and deadlock-freedom for more than two participants. In addition, since we generate the local types from a readable global specification, errors caused by an affine (and not linear) usage of channels, a well-known limitation of the previous libraries [8, 9] , are easily avoided. Our framework guarantees that processes implemented using mpst-rust primitives with Scribble-generated types are free from deadlocks, reception errors, and protocol deviations. (line 12), which is applied to a multiparty channel s of a sum type between ChoiceA::Video and ChoiceA::End. The behaviour of each branch in the protocol is implemented as an anonymous function. The types of the multiparty channel, as well as the generic types in the declaration of the mpst-rust communication functions, enable compile-time detection of protocol violations, such as swapping line 3 and line 4, using another communication primitive or using the wrong payload type. The Rust library in [8] implements binary session types, following [4] .

abstract:
  Multiparty Session Types (MPST) is a typing discipline for distributed protocols, which ensures communication safety and deadlock-freedom for more than two participants. This paper reports on our research project, implementing multiparty session types in Rust. Current Rust implementations of session types are limited to binary (two-party communications). We extend an existing library for binary session types to MPST. We have implemented a simplified Amazon Prime Video Streaming protocol using our library for both shared and distributed communication transports.


id: cord-028840-7n77vko9
title: Toward a Curry-Howard Equivalence for Linear, Reversible Computation: Work-in-Progress
author: Chardonnet, Kostia
date: 2020-06-17
txt: ./txt/cord-028840-7n77vko9.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-028840-7n77vko9.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7342045/
doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-52482-1_8
summary:
  In this paper, we present a linear and reversible language with inductive and coinductive types, together with a Curry-Howard correspondence with the logic [Image: see text] : linear logic extended with least and greatest fixed points allowing inductive and coinductive statements. The constructors inj l and inj r represent the choice between either the left or right-hand side of a type of the form A ⊕ B; the constructor , builds pairs of elements (with the corresponding type constructor ⊗); fold and pack respectively represent inductive and coinductive structure for the types μX.A and νX.A. A value can serve both as a result and as a pattern in the clause of an iso. We presented a higher-order, linear, reversible language with inductive and coinductive types together with an interpretation of programs into derivations in the logic .

abstract:
  In this paper, we present a linear and reversible language with inductive and coinductive types, together with a Curry-Howard correspondence with the logic [Image: see text] : linear logic extended with least and greatest fixed points allowing inductive and coinductive statements. Linear, reversible computation makes an important sub-class of quantum computation without measurement. In the latter, the notion of purely quantum recursive type is not yet well understood. Moreover, models for reasoning about quantum algorithms only provide complex types for classical datatypes: there are usually no types for purely quantum objects beside tensors of quantum bits. This work is a first step towards understanding purely quantum recursive types.


id: cord-030631-cc79j9j4
title: Typ-1-Diabetes: Früherkennung und Ansätze zur Prävention: Update 2020
author: Marcus, Benjamin A.
date: 2020-08-19
txt: ./txt/cord-030631-cc79j9j4.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-030631-cc79j9j4.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7437100/
doi: 10.1007/s11428-020-00668-x
summary:
  Autoantikörpern markiert das Frühstadium des Typ-1-Diabetes Der Nachweis von 2 oder mehr dieser Autoantikörper beim asymptomatischen Kind ohne gestörten Glukosestoffwechsel ist inzwischen als eines der Frühstadien des Typ-1-Diabetes (Stadium 1) anerkannt. Um zu prüfen, ob Teplizumab die klinische Manifestation verhindern kann, wurden in einer TrialNet-Studie Angehörige von Personen mit Typ-1-Diabetes behandelt, die selbst bereits ein Frühstadium mit multiplen Inselautoantikörpern und eine Dysglykämie oder gestörte Glukosetoleranz (Stadium 2) entwickelt hatten. Somit konnte erstmals die Manifestation der Erkrankung wirksam hinausgezögert werden, was einen Durchbruch für die präventive Therapie des Typ-1-Diabetes darstellt. Bei 19 (43%) der 44 mit Teplizumab behandelten Teilnehmenden und 23 (72 %) von 32 in der Plazebogruppe wurde ein klinischer Typ-1-Diabetes diagnostiziert. Für eine individualisierte Sekundärprävention interessant wird die Tatsache, dass anhand von Biomarkern -HLA-Merkmalen (HLA: humanes Leukozytenantigen) und dem Fehlen von ZnT8A -abgeschätzt werden kann, bei welchen Patienten ein Ansprechen auf die Anti-CD3-Behandlung bessere Erfolgschancen hat [28] .

abstract:
  The incidence of type 1 diabetes is increasing, especially in young children. Early diagnosis is possible in the asymptomatic stage of islet autoimmunity. Screening is offered to high-risk families, but also feasible and useful in the general population, in studies such as Fr1da(plus) in Bavaria (Germany). Complications at clinical manifestation can be prevented by early diagnosis. Participation in experimental interventions to delay stage progression is possible. Numerous approaches to secondary prevention are being pursued. Treatment with the monoclonal antibody teplizumab successfully delayed progression to clinical diabetes in patients in stage 2. Infants at high risk for developing type 1 diabetes can be identified by genetic screening. Primary prevention pursues, among others, the goal of preventing the onset of the autoimmune reaction. The POInT trial aims to improve immune tolerance to insulin by oral exposure in high-risk children and to delay or prevent the onset of autoimmunity. Following up on the focus issue “Early detection and preventive treatment of type 1 diabetes” published in this journal in 2018, this article gives an update on selected developments over the past 2 years.


id: cord-031922-3pfxrhbc
title: SGLT2 inhibitors and renal complications in type 1 diabetes
author: Petrie, John R
date: 2020-09-15
txt: ./txt/cord-031922-3pfxrhbc.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-031922-3pfxrhbc.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7492012/
doi: 10.1016/s2213-8587(20)30311-9
abstract: nan
summary:
  In this issue of The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology, Per-Henrik Groop and colleagues 4 report the effect of the SGLT2 inhibitor dapagliflozin on albuminuria in adults with type 1 diabetes in a post-hoc subgroup analysis of the DEPICT-1 and DEPICT-2 phase 3 trials. The UK National Institute for Healthcare Excellence (NICE) subsequently recommended both drugs (dapagliflozin in August, 2019, and sotagliflozin in February, 2020) to be cost-effective for use within the UK National Health Service for individuals who additionally had a relatively high insulin requirement (≥0·5 units/kg per day) and had completed an evidence-based qualityassured structured education programme. Effect of dapagliflozin as an adjunct to insulin over 52 weeks in individuals with type 1 diabetes: post-hoc renal analysis of the DEPICT randomised controlled trials


id: cord-103108-vmze2mdx
title: Revealing the Key Regulators of Cell Identity in the Human Adult Pancreas
author: Vanheer, Lotte
date: 2020-09-25
url: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.09.23.310094
doi: 10.1101/2020.09.23.310094
abstract:
  Cellular identity during development is under the control of transcription factors that form gene regulatory networks. However, the transcription factors and gene regulatory networks underlying cellular identity in the human adult pancreas remain largely unexplored. Here, we integrate multiple single-cell RNA sequencing datasets of the human adult pancreas, totaling 7393 cells, and comprehensively reconstruct gene regulatory networks. We show that a network of 142 transcription factors forms distinct regulatory modules that characterize pancreatic cell types. We present evidence that our approach identifies key regulators of cell identity in the human adult pancreas. We predict that HEYL and JUND are active in acinar and alpha cells, respectively, and show that these proteins are present in the human adult pancreas as well as in human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived pancreatic cells. The comprehensive gene regulatory network atlas can be explored interactively online. We anticipate our analysis to be the starting point for a more sophisticated dissection of how transcription factors regulate cell identity in the human adult pancreas. Furthermore, given that transcription factors are major regulators of embryo development and are often perturbed in diseases, a comprehensive understanding of how transcription factors work will be relevant in development and disease biology. HIGHLIGHTS - Reconstruction of gene regulatory networks for human adult pancreatic cell types - An interactive resource to explore and visualize gene expression and regulatory states - Predicting putative transcription factors driving pancreatic cell identity - HEYL and JUND as candidate regulators of acinar and alpha cell identity, respectively


id: cord-240471-rz0pj5a3
author: Dodds, P. S.
date: 2020-08-30
txt: ./txt/cord-240471-rz0pj5a3.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-240471-rz0pj5a3.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://arxiv.org/pdf/2008.13078v1.pdf
doi: nan
summary:
  In Sec. IV, we show that probability-turbulence divergence is either a generalization of or may be connected to a number of other kinds of divergences and similarities (e.g., the Sørensen-Dice coefficient), and then discuss limited functional similarities with the Rényi entropy and diversity indices [20] [21] [22] [23] [24] . The dominant contributions to probability-turbulence divergence in the α → ∞ limit therefore come from the most common types in each systems, providing they are not equally abundant. For a primary, familiar example to help us explain our probability-turbulence divergence allotaxonographs, we compare the normalized usage frequency distributions of 2-gram usage between the first and second halves of Pride and Prejudice [29] . 5. Allotaxonograph using probability-turbulence divergence to compare normalized 2-gram usage ranks on two days of English-language Twitter, 2020/03/12 and 2020/05/30. Allotaxonograph using probability-turbulence divergence to compare 3-gram usage ranks on two days of English-language Twitter, 2020/03/12 and 2020/05/30.

title:
  Probability-turbulence divergence: A tunable allotaxonometric instrument for comparing heavy-tailed categorical distributions

abstract:
  Real-world complex systems often comprise many distinct types of elements as well as many more types of networked interactions between elements. When the relative abundances of types can be measured well, we further observe heavy-tailed categorical distributions for type frequencies. For the comparison of type frequency distributions of two systems or a system with itself at different time points in time -- a facet of allotaxonometry -- a great range of probability divergences are available. Here, we introduce and explore `probability-turbulence divergence', a tunable, straightforward, and interpretable instrument for comparing normalizable categorical frequency distributions. We model probability-turbulence divergence (PTD) after rank-turbulence divergence (RTD). While probability-turbulence divergence is more limited in application than rank-turbulence divergence, it is more sensitive to changes in type frequency. We build allotaxonographs to display probability turbulence, incorporating a way to visually accommodate zero probabilities for `exclusive types' which are types that appear in only one system. We explore comparisons of example distributions taken from literature, social media, and ecology. We show how probability-turbulence divergence either explicitly or functionally generalizes many existing kinds of distances and measures, including, as special cases, $L^{(p)}$ norms, the S{o}rensen-Dice coefficient (the $F_1$ statistic), and the Hellinger distance. We discuss similarities with the generalized entropies of R{'e}nyi and Tsallis, and the diversity indices (or Hill numbers) from ecology. We close with thoughts on open problems concerning the optimization of the tuning of rank- and probability-turbulence divergence.


id: cord-254404-lrsqrc2u
title: Echinoderms provide missing link in the evolution of PrRP/sNPF-type neuropeptide signalling
author: Yañez-Guerra, Luis Alfonso
date: 2020-06-24
url: https://doi.org/10.7554/elife.57640
doi: 10.7554/elife.57640
abstract:
  Neuropeptide signalling systems comprising peptide ligands and cognate receptors are evolutionarily ancient regulators of physiology and behaviour. However, there are challenges associated with determination of orthology between neuropeptides in different taxa. Orthologs of vertebrate neuropeptide-Y (NPY) known as neuropeptide-F (NPF) have been identified in protostome invertebrates, whilst prolactin-releasing peptide (PrRP) and short neuropeptide-F (sNPF) have been identified as paralogs of NPY/NPF in vertebrates and protostomes, respectively. Here we investigated the occurrence of NPY/NPF/PrRP/sNPF-related signalling systems in a deuterostome invertebrate phylum – the Echinodermata. Analysis of transcriptome/genome sequence data revealed loss of NPY/NPF-type signalling, but orthologs of PrRP-type neuropeptides and sNPF/PrRP-type receptors were identified in echinoderms. Furthermore, experimental studies revealed that the PrRP-type neuropeptide pQDRSKAMQAERTGQLRRLNPRF-NH(2) is a potent ligand for a sNPF/PrRP-type receptor in the starfish Asterias rubens. Our findings indicate that PrRP-type and sNPF-type signalling systems are orthologous and originated as a paralog of NPY/NPF-type signalling in Urbilateria.


id: cord-257641-wmbgpnr9
title: Acute Retrograde Type A Intramural Hematoma during SARS-CoV-2 time
author: Katsarou, Maria
date: 2020-10-15
txt: ./txt/cord-257641-wmbgpnr9.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-257641-wmbgpnr9.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0741521420321479?v=s5
doi: 10.1016/j.jvs.2020.09.019
abstract: nan
summary:
  title: Acute Retrograde Type A Intramural Hematoma during SARS-CoV-2 time Retrograde type A IMH (retro-TAIMH) origins in the descending aorta and 4 extend into the arch or ascending aorta. Follow-up CTA was performed at 24 hours 13 (B) and 7 days (C) showing progressive to complete thrombosis of the entry tear, with reduction 14 in aortic diameter which is the most important predictor of IMH regression and positive 15 outcome. CoV-2 pandemic peak in Lombardy and the patient was found to be positive to the virus five 17 days after symptom onset, with progressive dyspnea and worsening findings on chest X rays (D). 4 Medical treatment appears to be appropriate in asymptomatic patients, in those 1 with non-complicated retro-TAIMH and in patients with high open surgical / TEVAR risks. The differences and similarities between intramural hematoma of the descending 6 aorta and acute type B dissection Management of retrograde type A IMH with acute arch tear/type B dissection


id: cord-259748-x7dq1sy4
title: Research Advances in How the cGAS-STING Pathway Controls the Cellular Inflammatory Response
author: Wan, Dongshan
date: 2020-04-28
txt: ./txt/cord-259748-x7dq1sy4.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-259748-x7dq1sy4.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32411126/
doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00615
summary:
  Double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) sensor cyclic-GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS) along with the downstream stimulator of interferon genes (STING) acting as essential immune-surveillance mediators have become hot topics of research. The intrinsic function of the cGAS-STING pathway facilitates type-I interferon (IFN) inflammatory signaling responses and other cellular processes such as autophagy, cell survival, senescence. In 2008, several research teams discovered a new protein on the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) which can be activated by immune-stimulatory DNA (ISD) and initiate type-I interferon (IFN) responses, which was named "stimulator of interferon genes" (STING, also known as MITA, ERIS) (2) (3) (4) . Mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization (MOMP) activation, which is executed by BCL-2-associated X protein (BAX) and BCL-2 antagonist or killer (BAK), is a highly controlled conserved process in regulated cell FIGURE 3 | Interaction of the cGAS-STING pathway with other DNA-sensing pathways and its role in cell survival. Human plasmacytoid dentritic cells elicit a Type I interferon response by sensing DNA via the cGAS-STING signaling pathway

abstract:
  Double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) sensor cyclic-GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS) along with the downstream stimulator of interferon genes (STING) acting as essential immune-surveillance mediators have become hot topics of research. The intrinsic function of the cGAS-STING pathway facilitates type-I interferon (IFN) inflammatory signaling responses and other cellular processes such as autophagy, cell survival, senescence. cGAS-STING pathway interplays with other innate immune pathways, by which it participates in regulating infection, inflammatory disease, and cancer. The therapeutic approaches targeting this pathway show promise for future translation into clinical applications. Here, we present a review of the important previous works and recent advances regarding the cGAS-STING pathway, and provide a comprehensive understanding of the modulatory pattern of the cGAS-STING pathway under multifarious pathologic states.


id: cord-259935-xyo2pe4g
author: Wang, Ching-Ying
date: 2017-05-02
txt: ./txt/cord-259935-xyo2pe4g.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-259935-xyo2pe4g.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28414040/
doi: 10.1016/j.virusres.2017.04.008
summary:
  To examine the association of SARS-CoV PLpro-induced TGF-β1 production with the collagen up-regulation, A549 lung epithelial cells transiently transfected with pcDNA3.1 and pSARS-PLpro were analyzed the production of TGF-β1 and type I collagen using Western blot, realtime RT-PCR and Sirius red staining assays (Fig. 1) . To examine whether SMAD-dependent pathways involve in TGF-β1mediated up-regulation of Type I collagen in response SARS-CoV PLpro, subcellular localization of receptor-regulated SMAD3 and inhibitory SMAD7 in transfected cells were detected using the immunofluorescent and DAPI staining (Fig. 4) . To examine the possible pathways involved in TGF-β1-dependent up-regulation of Type I collagen by SARS-CoV PLpro, the profiles of ubiquitin-conjugated proteins in transfected cells with vector control and pSARS-PLpro were determined using immune-precipitation and nanoLC-MS/MS. Subcellular localization analysis demonstrated that SMAD3 was predominant in cytoplasmic, but not in the nucleus in transfected cells with pSARS-PLpro compared to vector control (Fig. 4) , revealing that canonical Smad-dependent signaling pathway was not involved in PLpro-induced TGF-β1-dependent upregulation of Type I collagen.

title:
  SARS coronavirus papain-like protease up-regulates the collagen expression through non-Samd TGF-β1 signaling

abstract:
  SARS coronavirus (CoV) papain-like protease (PLpro) reportedly induced the production of TGF-β1 through p38 MAPK/STAT3-meidated Egr-1-dependent activation (Sci. Rep. 6, 25754). This study investigated the correlation of PLpro-induced TGF-β1 with the expression of Type I collagen in human lung epithelial cells and mouse pulmonary tissues. Specific inhibitors for TGF-βRI, p38 MAPK, MEK, and STAT3 proved that SARS-CoV PLpro induced TGF-β1-dependent up-regulation of Type I collagen in vitro and in vivo. Subcellular localization analysis of SMAD3 and SMAD7 indicated that non-SMAD pathways in TGF-β1 signaling involved in the production of Type I collagen in transfected cells with pSARS-PLpro. Comprehensive analysis of ubiquitin-conjugated proteins using immunoprecipitation and nanoLC–MS/MS indicated that SARS-CoV PLpro caused the change in the ubiquitination profile of Rho GTPase family proteins, in which linked with the increase of Rho-like GTPase family proteins. Moreover, selective inhibitors TGF-βRI and STAT6 (AS1517499) ascertained that STAT6 activation was required for PLpro-induced TGF-β1-dependent up-regulation of Type I collagen in human lung epithelial cells. The results showed that SARS-CoV PLpro stimulated TGF-β1-dependent expression of Type I collagen via activating STAT6 pathway.


id: cord-260793-bb4h255w
author: Brann, David H.
date: 2020-05-18
txt: ./txt/cord-260793-bb4h255w.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-260793-bb4h255w.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.03.25.009084
doi: 10.1101/2020.03.25.009084
summary:
  It has recently been demonstrated through single cell RNA sequencing analysis (referred to herein as scSeq) that cells from the human upper airway -including nasal RE goblet, basal and ciliated cells -express high levels of ACE2 and TMPRSS2, suggesting that these RE cell types may serve as a viral reservoir during CoV-2 infection (33) . The presence of Ace2 and Tmprss2 transcripts in mouse WOM and their (near total) absence in purified OSNs suggest that the molecular components that enable CoV-2 entry into cells are expressed in non-neuronal cell types in the mouse nasal epithelium. An independent mouse scSeq data set (obtained using the 10x Chromium platform, see Methods) revealed that olfactory sensory neurons did not express Ace2 (2 of 28769 mature OSNs were positive for Ace2), while expression was observed in a fraction of Bowman''s gland cells and HBCs ( Figure S4 , see methods).

title:
  Non-neuronal expression of SARS-CoV-2 entry genes in the olfactory system suggests mechanisms underlying COVID-19-associated anosmia

abstract:
  Altered olfactory function is a common symptom of COVID-19, but its etiology is unknown. A key question is whether SARS-CoV-2 (CoV-2) – the causal agent in COVID-19 – affects olfaction directly by infecting olfactory sensory neurons or their targets in the olfactory bulb, or indirectly, through perturbation of supporting cells. Here we identify cell types in the olfactory epithelium and olfactory bulb that express SARS-CoV-2 cell entry molecules. Bulk sequencing revealed that mouse, non-human primate and human olfactory mucosa expresses two key genes involved in CoV-2 entry, ACE2 and TMPRSS2. However, single cell sequencing and immunostaining demonstrated ACE2 expression in support cells, stem cells, and perivascular cells; in contrast, neurons in both the olfactory epithelium and bulb did not express ACE2 message or protein. These findings suggest that CoV-2 infection of non-neuronal cell types leads to anosmia and related disturbances in odor perception in COVID-19 patients.


id: cord-262545-bs8p50ig
author: Luk, Andrea O. Y.
date: 2020-02-20
txt: ./txt/cord-262545-bs8p50ig.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-262545-bs8p50ig.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1003052
doi: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1003052
summary:
  From the 2012-2014 National Health Insurance Service database containing 706 physician-reported cases of type 1 diabetes in children aged <15 years in South Korea, Kim and colleagues reported an incidence of 3.2 per 100,000 person-years, which was 2.3-fold higher compared with the rate recorded in the earlier period of 1995-2000 [13] . Based on retrospective retrieval of 255 paediatric cases of newly diagnosed diabetes between 1984 and 1996, Huen and colleagues recorded an incidence of 1.4 per 100,000 person-years for type 1 diabetes in children aged <15 years in Hong Kong, which was considerably lower than our updated estimates of 5.3-6.4 per 100,000 person-years in a comparable age group [14] . In the present study, 60% of incident cases of diabetes in people aged <20 years were type 2 diabetes. In this report on the secular trend of the incidence of diabetes in Hong Kong, we revealed that the incidence of type 1 diabetes increased in people aged <20 years and was stable in other age groups.

title:
  Secular trends in incidence of type 1 and type 2 diabetes in Hong Kong: A retrospective cohort study

abstract:
  BACKGROUND: There is very limited data on the time trend of diabetes incidence in Asia. Using population-level data, we report the secular trend of the incidence of type 1 and type 2 diabetes in Hong Kong between 2002 and 2015. METHODS AND FINDINGS: The Hong Kong Diabetes Surveillance Database hosts clinical information on people with diabetes receiving care under the Hong Kong Hospital Authority, a statutory body that governs all public hospitals and clinics. Sex-specific incidence rates were standardised to the age structure of the World Health Organization population. Joinpoint regression analysis was used to describe incidence trends. A total of 562,022 cases of incident diabetes (type 1 diabetes [n = 2,426]: mean age at diagnosis is 32.5 years, 48.4% men; type 2 diabetes [n = 559,596]: mean age at diagnosis is 61.8 years, 51.9% men) were included. Among people aged <20 years, incidence of both type 1 and type 2 diabetes increased. For type 1 diabetes, the incidence increased from 3.5 (95% CI 2.2–4.9) to 5.3 (95% CI 3.4–7.1) per 100,000 person-years (average annual percentage change [AAPC] 3.6% [95% CI 0.2–7.1], p < 0.05) in boys and from 4.3 (95% CI 2.7–5.8) to 6.4 (95% CI 4.3–8.4) per 100,000 person-years (AAPC 4.7% [95% CI 1.7–7.7], p < 0.05] in girls; for type 2 diabetes, the incidence increased from 4.6 (95% CI 3.2–6.0) to 7.5 (95% CI 5.5–9.6) per 100,000 person-years (AAPC 5.9% [95% CI 3.4–8.5], p < 0.05) in boys and from 5.9 (95% CI 4.3–7.6) to 8.5 (95% CI 6.2–10.8) per 100,000 person-years (AAPC 4.8% [95% CI 2.7–7.0], p < 0.05) in girls. In people aged 20 to <40 years, incidence of type 1 diabetes remained stable, but incidence of type 2 diabetes increased over time from 75.4 (95% CI 70.1–80.7) to 110.8 (95% CI 104.1–117.5) per 100,000 person-years (AAPC 4.2% [95% CI 3.1–5.3], p < 0.05) in men and from 45.0 (95% CI 41.4–48.6) to 62.1 (95% CI 57.8–66.3) per 100,000 person-years (AAPC 3.3% [95% CI 2.3–4.2], p < 0.05) in women. In people aged 40 to <60 years, incidence of type 2 diabetes increased until 2011/2012 and then flattened. In people aged ≥60 years, incidence was stable in men and declined in women after 2011. No trend was identified in the incidence of type 1 diabetes in people aged ≥20 years. The present study is limited by its reliance on electronic medical records for identification of people with diabetes, which may result in incomplete capture of diabetes cases. The differentiation of type 1 and type 2 diabetes was based on an algorithm subject to potential misclassification. CONCLUSIONS: There was an increase in incidence of type 2 diabetes in people aged <40 years and stabilisation in people aged ≥40 years. Incidence of type 1 diabetes continued to climb in people aged <20 years but remained constant in other age groups.


id: cord-265005-e6rpryrh
author: Tomasello, Elena
date: 2014-10-30
txt: ./txt/cord-265005-e6rpryrh.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-265005-e6rpryrh.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25400632/
doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00526
summary:
  We will discuss the expression patterns and functions of endosomal TLRs with regards to IFN production in uninfected specialized immune cell types, pDCs and XCR1 + DCs. Plasmacytoid DCs uniquely produce very large amounts of IFNs in response to in vitro stimulation with many viruses, without being infected (46) . Under these conditions, to promote health over disease, the benefits for the host of producing high circulating levels of IFNs in order to induce widespread cell-intrinsic anti-viral defenses might prevail over the deleterious effects that this could cause on certain cell types or tissues. Subcapsular sinus macrophages rapidly become infected by viruses incoming from the lymph and produce large amounts of IFNs. This altruistic suicide prevents virus dissemination to other adjacent cell types and promotes the induction of innate and adaptive anti-viral immunity (87) .

title:
  Harnessing Mechanistic Knowledge on Beneficial Versus Deleterious IFN-I Effects to Design Innovative Immunotherapies Targeting Cytokine Activity to Specific Cell Types

abstract:
  Type I interferons (IFN-I) were identified over 50 years ago as cytokines critical for host defense against viral infections. IFN-I promote anti-viral defense through two main mechanisms. First, IFN-I directly reinforce or induce de novo in potentially all cells the expression of effector molecules of intrinsic anti-viral immunity. Second, IFN-I orchestrate innate and adaptive anti-viral immunity. However, IFN-I responses can be deleterious for the host in a number of circumstances, including secondary bacterial or fungal infections, several autoimmune diseases, and, paradoxically, certain chronic viral infections. We will review the proposed nature of protective versus deleterious IFN-I responses in selected diseases. Emphasis will be put on the potentially deleterious functions of IFN-I in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection, and on the respective roles of IFN-I and IFN-III in promoting resolution of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. We will then discuss how the balance between beneficial versus deleterious IFN-I responses is modulated by several key parameters including (i) the subtypes and dose of IFN-I produced, (ii) the cell types affected by IFN-I, and (iii) the source and timing of IFN-I production. Finally, we will speculate how integration of this knowledge combined with advanced biochemical manipulation of the activity of the cytokines should allow designing innovative immunotherapeutic treatments in patients. Specifically, we will discuss how induction or blockade of specific IFN-I responses in targeted cell types could promote the beneficial functions of IFN-I and/or dampen their deleterious effects, in a manner adapted to each disease.


id: cord-266488-wc6k06sm
author: Feng, Mingqian
date: 2018-11-07
txt: ./txt/cord-266488-wc6k06sm.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-266488-wc6k06sm.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30627698/
doi: 10.1093/abt/tby011
summary:
  title: Construction and next-generation sequencing analysis of a large phage-displayed V(NAR) single-domain antibody library from six naïve nurse sharks METHODS: Here, we developed a library construction method based on polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-Extension Assembly and Self-Ligation (named "EASeL") to construct a large V(NAR) antibody library with a size of 1.2 × 10(10) from six naïve adult nurse sharks (Ginglymostoma cirratum). To validate the use of the shark V(NAR) library for antibody discovery, we isolated a panel of V(NAR) phage binders to cancer therapy-related antigens, including glypican-3, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2), and programmed cell death-1 (PD1). The isolated shark single-domain antibodies including Type I and Type II V(NAR)s were produced in Escherichia coli and validated for their antigen binding. In this study, we developed a PCR-Extension Assembly and Self-Ligation-based method (named EASeL) to make a large phage-displayed V NAR single-domain library from six nurse sharks.

title:
  Construction and next-generation sequencing analysis of a large phage-displayed V(NAR) single-domain antibody library from six naïve nurse sharks

abstract:
  BACKGROUND: Shark new antigen receptor variable domain (V(NAR)) antibodies can bind restricted epitopes that may be inaccessible to conventional antibodies. METHODS: Here, we developed a library construction method based on polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-Extension Assembly and Self-Ligation (named “EASeL”) to construct a large V(NAR) antibody library with a size of 1.2 × 10(10) from six naïve adult nurse sharks (Ginglymostoma cirratum). RESULTS: The next-generation sequencing analysis of 1.19 million full-length V(NAR)s revealed that this library is highly diversified because it covers all four classical V(NAR) types (Types I–IV) including 11% of classical Type I and 57% of classical Type II. About 30% of the total V(NAR)s could not be categorized as any of the classical types. The high variability of complementarity determining region (CDR) 3 length and cysteine numbers are important for the diversity of V(NAR)s. To validate the use of the shark V(NAR) library for antibody discovery, we isolated a panel of V(NAR) phage binders to cancer therapy-related antigens, including glypican-3, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2), and programmed cell death-1 (PD1). Additionally, we identified binders to viral antigens that included the Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) and severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) spike proteins. The isolated shark single-domain antibodies including Type I and Type II V(NAR)s were produced in Escherichia coli and validated for their antigen binding. A Type II V(NAR) (PE38-B6) has a high affinity (K(d) = 10.1 nM) for its antigen. CONCLUSIONS: The naïve nurse shark V(NAR) library is a useful source for isolating single-domain antibodies to a wide range of antigens. The EASeL method may be applicable to the construction of other large diversity gene expression libraries.


id: cord-269734-u43gt8fh
title: Pleiotropic Roles of Type 1 Interferons in Antiviral Immune Responses
author: Teijaro, J.R.
date: 2016-09-20
url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S0065277616300372
doi: 10.1016/bs.ai.2016.08.001
abstract:
  Since Isaac's and Lindenmann's seminal experiments over 50 years ago demonstrating a soluble factor generated from heat killed virus-stimulated chicken embryos could inhibit live influenza virus replication, the term interferon has been synonymous with inhibition of virus replication. While the antiviral properties of type 1 interferon (IFN-I) are undeniable, recent studies have reported expanding and somewhat unexpected roles of IFN-I signaling during both acute and persistent viral infections. IFN-I signaling can promote morbidity and mortality through induction of aberrant inflammatory responses and recruitment of inflammatory innate immune cell populations during acute respiratory viral infections. During persistent viral infection, IFN-I signaling promotes containment of early viral replication/dissemination, however, also initiates and maintains immune suppression, lymphoid tissue disorganization, and CD4 T cell dysfunction through modulation of multiple immune cell populations. Finally, new data are emerging illuminating how specific IFN-I species regulate immune pathology and suppression during acute and persistent viral infections, respectively. Systematic characterization of the cellular populations that produce IFN-I, how the timing of IFN-I induction and intricacies of subtype specific IFN-I signaling promote pathology or immune suppression during acute and persistent viral infections should inform the development of treatments and modalities to control viral associated pathologies.


id: cord-284514-b7no0yrv
author: Davies, Robert L
date: 2003-02-02
txt: ./txt/cord-284514-b7no0yrv.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-284514-b7no0yrv.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12458166/
doi: 10.1016/s0378-1135(02)00300-0
summary:
  title: Diversity of avian Pasteurella multocida strains based on capsular PCR typing and variation of the OmpA and OmpH outer membrane proteins One hundred avian Pasteurella multocida isolates recovered from cases of fowl cholera and related infections in England and Wales over a 13-year period were characterised by capsular PCR typing and analysis of outer membrane protein (OMP) profiles. Nineteen distinct OMP profiles (OMP-types) were identified based mainly on molecular mass heterogeneity of the heat-modifiable (OmpA) and porin (OmpH) proteins. Strains of capsular types B, D and F, as well as the untypable isolates, were associated exclusively with specific OMP-types and represent distinct and widely disseminated clonal groups. The molecular mass of OmpA (A) varied from 36.9 to 37.9 kDa and that of OmpH (H) varied from 33.1 to 38.3 kDa. The distribution of OMP-types among the avian isolates is shown in Table 1 .

title:
  Diversity of avian Pasteurella multocida strains based on capsular PCR typing and variation of the OmpA and OmpH outer membrane proteins

abstract:
  One hundred avian Pasteurella multocida isolates recovered from cases of fowl cholera and related infections in England and Wales over a 13-year period were characterised by capsular PCR typing and analysis of outer membrane protein (OMP) profiles. Sixty-eight percent of the strains were of capsular type A, 14% were type F, 5% were type D, 4% were type B and 9% were untypable. Nineteen distinct OMP profiles (OMP-types) were identified based mainly on molecular mass heterogeneity of the heat-modifiable (OmpA) and porin (OmpH) proteins. Fifty-six percent of the isolates were represented by 15 OMP-types, whereas 44% of the isolates were associated with four OMP-types. The extensive molecular mass heterogeneity of the OmpA and OmpH proteins supports previous findings that avian P. multocida strains are very diverse. Furthermore, the isolates studied were associated with different clinical symptoms and were recovered from a wide range of lesions and tissues. The high degree of strain diversity together with the wide variety of clinical symptoms suggest that certain avian strains of P. multocida are opportunistic pathogens of relatively low virulence. Strains of capsular types B, D and F, as well as the untypable isolates, were associated exclusively with specific OMP-types and represent distinct and widely disseminated clonal groups. These observations support the view that avian strains of P. multocida have a clonal population structure. Based on previous studies, the molecular mass heterogeneity of the OmpA and OmpH proteins might provide a selective advantage to P. multocida by generating antigenic variation.


id: cord-284608-ba7wq52t
author: Sias, Catia
date: 2019-03-04
txt: ./txt/cord-284608-ba7wq52t.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-284608-ba7wq52t.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30832688/
doi: 10.1186/s12985-019-1132-x
summary:
  title: Alpha, Beta, gamma human PapillomaViruses (HPV) detection with a different sets of primers in oropharyngeal swabs, anal and cervical samples BACKGROUND: Recent studies have shown a 13-fold increase of oropharyngeal cancer in the presence of HPV, while α-HPV detection seems to be rare in oral cavity in comparison to anal or cervical district, many novel β and γ types have been isolated in this anatomical site suggesting a wide tropism range. METHODS: We analysed the presence of HPV DNA in oropharyngeal (n = 124), anal (n = 186), cervical specimens (n = 43) from HIV positive and negative patients using FAP59/64 and MY09/11 primers. In this study, we analyzed the presence of HPV DNA in oral, anal, and cervical specimens collected from HIV positive and HIV negative individuals, living in the same geographic area (regione Lazio) by using MY09/11 [20, 21] FAP59/64 primers [22] .

title:
  Alpha, Beta, gamma human PapillomaViruses (HPV) detection with a different sets of primers in oropharyngeal swabs, anal and cervical samples

abstract:
  BACKGROUND: Recent studies have shown a 13-fold increase of oropharyngeal cancer in the presence of HPV, while α-HPV detection seems to be rare in oral cavity in comparison to anal or cervical district, many novel β and γ types have been isolated in this anatomical site suggesting a wide tropism range. Currently, there are no guidelines recommending HPV oral cavity screening as a mandatory test, and it remains unknown which HPV types should be included in HPV screening programs. Our goal was to assess HPV prevalence in oropharyngeal, anal, and cervical swabs using different sets of primers,which are able to amplify α, β, γ HPV types. METHODS: We analysed the presence of HPV DNA in oropharyngeal (n = 124), anal (n = 186), cervical specimens (n = 43) from HIV positive and negative patients using FAP59/64 and MY09/11 primers. All untyped strains were genetically characterized through PCR amplification and direct sequencing of partial L1 region, and the resulting sequences were classified through phylogenetic analysis. RESULTS: HPV prevalence was 20.9% in 124 oropharyngeal swab samples, including infections with multiple HPV types (5.6%). HPV prevalence in this anatomical site was significantly associated with serostatus: 63.3%in HIV positive and 36.3% in HIV negative patients (p < 0.05). Unclassified types were detected in 6 specimens. In our analysis, we did not observe any difference in HPV (α, β, γ) prevalence between men and women. Overall, β species were the most frequently detected 69.7%. When using anal swabs, for HIV positive patients, β genus prevalence was 1% and γ genus was 3.7% including 6 unclassified types. In cervical samples from 43 HIV positive women (18 HPV negative and 25 positive by MY09/11 PCR), only one sample was positivite for β(1) species (2.4%) using FAP primers. Six of the untyped strains clustered with sequences from species 7, 9, 10, 8,12 of γ genus. Four sequences remained unclassified. Finally, β and γ HPV prevalence was significantly lower than their respective HPV prevalence as identified by the Luminex system in all anatomical sites that were analyzed in previous studies. CONCLUSION: This study provides new information about viral isolates present in oropharyngeal site and it will contribute to improve the monitoring of HPV infection. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL: The online version of this article (10.1186/s12985-019-1132-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.


id: cord-292344-3bj567gr
title: The burden of type 2 diabetes: are we doing enough?
author: Zimmet, P.
date: 2003-09-30
txt: ./txt/cord-292344-3bj567gr.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-292344-3bj567gr.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1262363603727839
doi: 10.1016/s1262-3636(03)72783-9
summary:
  Over subsequent decades, numerous reports have highlighted the high prevalence of type 2 diabetes in a number of other populations including native Americans, Afro-Americans, and Mexican Americans in the USA [4] [5] [6] [7] , native Canadians [8] , Australian Aborigines and Torres Strait islanders [9] , and Polynesians in New Zealand [10, 11] . This explosive increase in the prevalence of type 2 diabetes, and the consequences of its complications and associated disorders, represents the greatest health care challenge facing the world today [14] . The population of this nation are Asian Indian, Creole (Black) and Chinese, and these three ethnic groups account for over 66% Increasing prevalence of type 2 diabetes by region [12] . The CODE-2 data are consistent with previous estimates of the prevalence of coronary heart disease and other complications in type 2 diabetic patients in various countries (Fig 2) .

abstract:
  Summary Increasing levels of obesity, arising from energy-rich diets and sedentary lifestyles, are driving a global pandemic of type 2 diabetes. The prevalence of type 2 diabetes worldwide is set to increase from its present level of 150 million, to 225 million by the end of the decade and to as many as 300 million by 2025. Shocking as they are, these figures represent only clinically diagnosed diabetes, and many more cases of diabetes remain undiagnosed and untreated. In addition, up to one-quarter of western populations have impaired glucose tolerance or the dysmetabolic syndrome, which are considered to represent pre-diabetic states. Type 2 diabetes is appearing increasingly in children and adolescents, and the frequency of diagnosis of paediatric type 2 diabetes is outstripping that of type 1 diabetes in some areas. The long-term complications associated with type 2 diabetes carries a crushing burden of morbidity and mortality, and most type 2 diabetic patients die prematurely from a cardiovascular event. Diabetic patients are more than twice as costly to manage as non-diabetic patients, due mainly to the high costs associated with management of diabetic complications. Indeed, diabetes care already accounts for about 2-7% of the total national health care budgets of western European countries. Controlling the type 2 diabetes epidemic will require changes to the structure of healthcare delivery. Well-resourced interventions will be required, with effective co-ordination between all levels of government, health care agencies, multidisciplinary health care teams, professional organisations, and patient advocacy groups. Above all, intervention is needed today.


id: cord-292908-rbn3foj3
author: Hohdatsu, T.
date: 1991-06-30
txt: ./txt/cord-292908-rbn3foj3.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-292908-rbn3foj3.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/037811359190096X
doi: 10.1016/0378-1135(91)90096-x
summary:
  title: Antigenic analysis of feline coronaviruses with monoclonal antibodies (MAbs): Preparation of MAbs which discriminate between FIPV strain 79-1146 and FECV strain 79-1683 Abstract We prepared 31 monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) against either FIPV strain 79-1146 or FECV strain 79-1683, and tested them for reactivity with various coronaviruses by indirect flourescent antibody assay (IFA). Sixteen MAbs which reacted with all of the 11 strains of feline coronaviruses, also reacted with canine coronavirus (CCV) and transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV). For serological diagnosis of feline infectious peritonitis virus (FIPV) infection, detection of antibody by indirect fluorescent antibody assay (IFA) is popular (Pedersen, 1976b; Horzinek and Osterhaus, 1979; Scott, 1979) . They divided FIPV into Types I and II according to the presence or absence of the induction of FIP, ability of the viruses to proliferate in cell cultures, and the antigenic relationship with porcine and canine coronaviruses.

title:
  Antigenic analysis of feline coronaviruses with monoclonal antibodies (MAbs): Preparation of MAbs which discriminate between FIPV strain 79-1146 and FECV strain 79-1683

abstract:
  Abstract We prepared 31 monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) against either FIPV strain 79-1146 or FECV strain 79-1683, and tested them for reactivity with various coronaviruses by indirect flourescent antibody assay (IFA). Sixteen MAbs which reacted with all of the 11 strains of feline coronaviruses, also reacted with canine coronavirus (CCV) and transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV). In many of them, the polypeptide specifity was the recognition of transmembrane (E1) protein of the virus. We succeeded in obtaining MAbs which did not react with eight strains FIPV Type I viruses (showing cell-associated growth) but reacted with FIPV Type II (79-1146, KU-1) and/or FECV Type II (79-1683) viruses (showing non-cell associated growth). These MAbs also reacted with CCV or TGEV. These MAbs recognized peplomer (E2) glycoprotein, and many antigenic differences were found in this E2 protein. These results suggest that FIPV Type II and FECV Type II viruses are antigenically closer to TGEV or CCV than to FIPV Type I viruses. Furthermore, the MAb prepared in this study has enabled discrimination between FIPV strain 79-1146 and FECV strain 79-1683, which was thought to be impossible by the previous serological method.


id: cord-293819-tbdsr5iw
title: Tularaemia: A challenging zoonosis
author: Carvalho, C.L.
date: 2014-01-13
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24480622/
doi: 10.1016/j.cimid.2014.01.002
abstract:
  In recent years, several emerging zoonotic vector-borne infections with potential impact on human health have been identified in Europe, including tularaemia, caused by Francisella tularensis. This remarkable pathogen, one of the most virulent microorganisms currently known, has been detected in increasingly new settings and in a wide range of wild species, including lagomorphs, rodents, carnivores, fish and invertebrate arthropods. Also, a renewed concern has arisen with regard to F. tularensis: its potential use by bioterrorists. Based on the information published concerning the latest outbreaks, the aim of this paper is to review the main features of the agent, its biology, immunology and epidemiology. Moreover, special focus will be given to zoonotic aspects of the disease, as tularaemia outbreaks in human populations have been frequently associated with disease in animals.


id: cord-299756-m0va36er
author: Raaben, Matthijs
date: 2009-08-03
txt: ./txt/cord-299756-m0va36er.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-299756-m0va36er.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19650917/
doi: 10.1186/1471-2164-10-350
summary:
  As the BALB/c and the IFNAR-/129SvEv mice demonstrated very similar viral loads in their brains, we also compared their gene expression profiles upon infection with MHV in order to identify type I IFN-dependent transcriptional responses. CONCLUSION: Transcriptional profiling of mice infected with MHV demonstrated the induction of a robust IFN response, which correlated with the viral load. Furthermore, gene expression profiling of 129SvEv mice lacking the type I IFN receptor, which are not able to control the MHV infection [11] , allowed us to identify type I IFN-independent transcriptional responses. To study the role of type I IFN-independent and -dependent gene expression in the control of MHV infection in vivo in more detail, we next made use of the IFNAR-/-mice [30] . Transcriptional profiling of mice infected with MHV demonstrated the induction of a robust IFN response, which correlated with the viral load.

title:
  Type I interferon receptor-independent and -dependent host transcriptional responses to mouse hepatitis coronavirus infection in vivo

abstract:
  BACKGROUND: The role of type I IFNs in protecting against coronavirus (CoV) infections is not fully understood. While CoVs are poor inducers of type I IFNs in tissue culture, several studies have demonstrated the importance of the type I IFN response in controlling MHV infection in animals. The protective effectors against MHV infection are, however, still unknown. RESULTS: In order to get more insight into the antiviral gene expression induced in the brains of MHV-infected mice, we performed whole-genome expression profiling. Three different mouse strains, differing in their susceptibility to infection with MHV, were used. In BALB/c mice, which display high viral loads but are able to control the infection, 57 and 121 genes were significantly differentially expressed (≥ 1.5 fold change) upon infection at 2 and 5 days post infection, respectively. Functional association network analyses demonstrated a strong type I IFN response, with Irf1 and Irf7 as the central players. At 5 days post infection, a type II IFN response also becomes apparent. Both the type I and II IFN response, which were more pronounced in mice with a higher viral load, were not observed in 129SvEv mice, which are much less susceptible to infection with MHV. 129SvEv mice lacking the type I interferon receptor (IFNAR-/-), however, were not able to control the infection. Gene expression profiling of these mice identified type I IFN-independent responses to infection, with IFN-γ as the central player. As the BALB/c and the IFNAR-/- 129SvEv mice demonstrated very similar viral loads in their brains, we also compared their gene expression profiles upon infection with MHV in order to identify type I IFN-dependent transcriptional responses. Many known IFN-inducible genes were detected, several of which have previously been shown to play an important protective role against virus infections. We speculate that the additional type I IFN-dependent genes that we discovered may also be important for protection against MHV infection. CONCLUSION: Transcriptional profiling of mice infected with MHV demonstrated the induction of a robust IFN response, which correlated with the viral load. Profiling of IFNAR-/- mice allowed us to identify type I IFN-independent and -dependent responses. Overall, this study broadens our present knowledge of the type I and II IFN-mediated effector responses during CoV infection in vivo.


id: cord-307110-eiobmxp2
title: Serological Screening for Coronavirus Infections in Cats
author: Zhao, Shan
date: 2019-08-13
txt: ./txt/cord-307110-eiobmxp2.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-307110-eiobmxp2.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31412572/
doi: 10.3390/v11080743
summary:
  In total 137 cat serum samples and 25 FCoV type 1 or type 2-specific antisera were screened for the presence of antibodies against the S1 receptor binding subunit of the CoV spike protein, which is immunogenic and possesses low amino acid sequence identity among coronavirus species. Synthetic sequences of 12 coronavirus spike S1 subunits (HCoV-HKU1 (GB: YP_173238.1), MERS-CoV (GB:YP_009047204.1), SARS-CoV (GB: AAX16192.1), HCoV-OC43 (GB: AAR01015.1), HCoV-229E (GB: NP_073551.1), HCoV-NL63 (GB: YP_003767.1), TGEV (GB: ABG89325.1), PEDV (GB: AOG30832.1), BCoV (GB: P15777.1), PDCoV (GB: AML40825.1), FCoV type 1 (GB: FJ938060.1), FCoV type 2 (GB: AY994055.1)) and different domains of PEDV S1 subunit (S1 0 and S1 A-D , as identified and described in [40] ) were cloned into pCAGGS expression plasmids as described previously [41] .

abstract:
  Coronaviruses (CoVs) are widespread among mammals and birds and known for their potential for cross-species transmission. In cats, infections with feline coronaviruses (FCoVs) are common. Several non-feline coronaviruses have been reported to infect feline cells as well as cats after experimental infection, supported by their ability to engage the feline receptor ortholog for cell entry. However, whether cats might become naturally infected with CoVs of other species is unknown. We analyzed coronavirus infections in cats by serological monitoring. In total 137 cat serum samples and 25 FCoV type 1 or type 2-specific antisera were screened for the presence of antibodies against the S1 receptor binding subunit of the CoV spike protein, which is immunogenic and possesses low amino acid sequence identity among coronavirus species. Seventy-eight sera were positive for antibodies that recognized one or more coronavirus S1s whereas 1 serum exclusively reacted with human coronavirus 229E (HCoV-229E) and two sera exclusively reacted with porcine delta coronavirus (PDCoV). We observed antigenic cross-reactivity between S1s of type 1 and type 2 FCoVs, and between FCoV type 1 and porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV). Domain mapping of antibody epitopes indicated the presence of conserved epitope(s) particularly in the CD domains of S1. The cross-reactivity of FCoV type 1 and PEDV was also observed at the level of virus neutralization. To conclude, we provide the first evidence of antigenic cross-reactivity among S1 proteins of coronaviruses, which should be considered in the development of serological diagnoses. In addition, the potential role of cats in cross-species transmission of coronaviruses cannot be excluded.


id: cord-307128-wwjeu8ie
author: Walz, Lucas
date: 2020-08-11
txt: ./txt/cord-307128-wwjeu8ie.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-307128-wwjeu8ie.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.08.10.20172189
doi: 10.1101/2020.08.10.20172189
summary:
  title: Janus Kinase-Inhibitor and Type I Interferon Ability to Produce Favorable Clinical Outcomes in COVID-19 Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Janus-kinase (JAK) inhibitors and Type I interferons have emerged as potential antiviral candidates for COVID-19 patients for their proven efficacy against diseases with excessive cytokine release and by their ability to promote viral clearance in past coronaviruses, respectively. METHODS: MEDLINE and MedRxiv were searched until July 30(th), 2020, including studies that compared treatment outcomes of humans treated with JAK-inhibitor or Type I interferon against controls. Meta-analysis of 3 sets of studies with 990, 454, and 1480 patients receiving Type I interferon therapy revealed that there were no significant associations between receiving Type I interferon therapy, compared to standard of care, and ICU admittance, requiring mechanical ventilation, or developing a severe or critical case of COVID-19, respectively (p>0.05; Figure 3B ; Figure 3C ; Figure 3D ).[28-36] The analyses included 97, 167, and 537 control patients, respectively.

title:
  Janus Kinase-Inhibitor and Type I Interferon Ability to Produce Favorable Clinical Outcomes in COVID-19 Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

abstract:
  BACKGROUND: Novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) has infected over 17 million. Novel therapies are urgently needed. Janus-kinase (JAK) inhibitors and Type I interferons have emerged as potential antiviral candidates for COVID-19 patients for their proven efficacy against diseases with excessive cytokine release and by their ability to promote viral clearance in past coronaviruses, respectively. We conducted a systemic review and meta-analysis to evaluate role of these therapies in COVID-19 patients. METHODS: MEDLINE and MedRxiv were searched until July 30(th), 2020, including studies that compared treatment outcomes of humans treated with JAK-inhibitor or Type I interferon against controls. Inclusion necessitated data with clear risk estimates or those that permitted back-calculation. RESULTS: We searched 733 studies, ultimately including four randomized and eleven non-randomized clinical trials. JAK-inhibitor recipients had significantly reduced odds of mortality (OR, 0.12; 95%CI, 0.03–0.39, p=0.0005) and ICU admission (OR, 0.05; 95%CI, 0.01–0.26, p=0.0005), and had significantly increased odds of hospital discharge (OR, 22.76; 95%CI, 10.68–48.54, p<0.00001), when compared to standard treatment group. Type I interferon recipients had significantly reduced odds of mortality (OR, 0.19; 95%CI, 0.04–0.85, p=0.03), and increased odds of discharge bordering significance (OR, 1.89; 95%CI, 1.00–3.59, p=0.05). CONCLUSIONS: JAK-inhibitor treatment is significantly associated with positive clinical outcomes regarding mortality, ICU admission, and discharge. Type I interferon treatment is associated with positive clinical outcomes regarding mortality and discharge. While these data show promise, additional randomized clinical trials are needed to further elucidate the efficacy of JAK-inhibitors and Type I interferons and clinical outcomes in COVID-19.


id: cord-309795-2kozsv4z
title: Metabolic liver disease in diabetes – from mechanisms to clinical trials
author: Dewidar, Bedair
date: 2020-06-20
txt: ./txt/cord-309795-2kozsv4z.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-309795-2kozsv4z.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0026049520301633?v=s5
doi: 10.1016/j.metabol.2020.154299
summary:
  NAFLD, which affects about 25% of the population [3] , comprises a broad range of abnormalities ranging from simple fatty liver (steatosis) to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), characterized by inflammation, necrosis, and hepatocellular ballooning, and progression to liver fibrosis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) [2] . In general, both hyperglycemia and toxic lipids such as ceramides, DAG, FFA, and cholesterol can induce deleterious effects on liver cells (glucolipotoxicity), which might initiate NAFLD progression from simple steatosis to NASH and fibrosis via various mechanisms, including cell death, oxidative stress, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and mitochondrial disorders [46] . BL, baseline; CCR2/5, C-C chemokine receptors type 2 and type 5; FXR, farnesoid X receptor; HbA 1c , glycated haemoglobin; LXR, Liver X receptor; MPC, mitochondrial pyruvate carrier; NA, data not available; NAFLD, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease; NFS, NAFLD fibrosis score; PPAR, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor; NASH, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis; SCD, stearoyl-CoA desaturase; SGLT, sodium-glucose cotransporter; THR, thyroid hormone receptor; T2DM, type 2 diabetes. Potential Nexus of Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Insulin Resistance Between Hepatic and Peripheral Tissues

abstract:
  Abstract Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) comprises fatty liver (steatosis), non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and fibrosis/cirrhosis and may lead to end-stage liver failure or hepatocellular carcinoma. NAFLD is tightly associated with the most frequent metabolic disorders, such as obesity, metabolic syndrome, and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Both multisystem diseases share several common mechanisms. Alterations of tissue communications include excessive lipid and later cytokine release by dysfunctional adipose tissue, intestinal dysbiosis and ectopic fat deposition in skeletal muscle. On the hepatocellular level, this leads to insulin resistance due to abnormal lipid handling and mitochondrial function. Over time, cellular oxidative stress and activation of inflammatory pathways, again supported by multiorgan crosstalk, determine NAFLD progression. Recent studies show that particularly the severe insulin resistant diabetes (SIRD) subgroup (cluster) associates with NAFLD and its accelerated progression and increases the risk of diabetes-related cardiovascular and kidney diseases, underpinning the critical role of insulin resistance. Consequently, lifestyle modification and certain drug classes used to treat T2DM have demonstrated effectiveness for treating NAFLD, but also some novel therapeutic concepts may be beneficial for both NAFLD and T2DM. This review addresses the bidirectional relationship between mechanisms underlying T2DM and NAFLD, the relevance of novel biomarkers for improving the diagnostic modalities and the identification of subgroups at specific risk of disease progression. Also, the role of metabolism-related drugs in NAFLD is discussed in light of the recent clinical trials. Finally, this review highlights some challenges to be addressed by future studies on NAFLD in the context of T2DM.


id: cord-311332-n8tvglif
title: Literature-related discovery: Potential treatments and preventatives for SARS()
author: Kostoff, Ronald N.
date: 2011-04-20
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32287410/
doi: 10.1016/j.techfore.2011.03.022
abstract:
  Literature-related discovery (LRD) is the linking of two or more previously disjoint concepts in order to produce novel, interesting, plausible, and intelligible connections (i.e., potential discovery). LRD has been used to identify potential treatments or preventative actions for challenging medical problems, among myriad other applications. Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) was the first pandemic of the 21st century. SARS was eventually controlled through increased hygienic measures (e.g., face mask protection, frequent hand washing, living quarter disinfection), travel restrictions, and quarantine. According to recent reviews of SARS, none of the drugs that were used during the pandemic worked. For the present paper, SARS was selected as the first application of LRD to an infectious disease. The main goal of this research was to identify non-drug non-surgical treatments that would 1) prevent the occurrence, or 2) reduce the progression rate, or 3) stop/reverse the progression of SARS. The MeSH taxonomy of Medline was used to restrict potential discoveries to selected semantic classes, and to identify potential discoveries efficiently. To enhance the volume of potential discovery, databases were used in addition to Medline. These included the Science Citation Index (SCI) and, in contrast to previous work, a full text database. Because of the richness of the full text, ‘surgical’ queries were developed that targeted the exact types of potential discovery of interest while eliminating clutter more efficiently.


id: cord-312955-gs65c3fy
title: The Role of Type I Interferons in the Pathogenesis and Treatment of COVID-19
author: Schreiber, Gideon
date: 2020-09-30
url: https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2020.595739
doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.595739
abstract:
  Type I interferons (IFN-I) were first discovered over 60 years ago in a classical experiment by Isaacs and Lindenman, who showed that IFN-Is possess antiviral activity. Later, it became one of the first approved protein drugs using heterologous protein expression systems, which allowed its large-scale production. It has been approved, and widely used in a pleiotropy of diseases, including multiple-sclerosis, hepatitis B and C, and some forms of cancer. Preliminary clinical data has supported its effectiveness against potential pandemic pathogens such as Ebola and SARS. Still, more efficient and specific drugs have taken its place in treating such diseases. The COVID-19 global pandemic has again lifted the status of IFN-Is to become one of the more promising drug candidates, with initial clinical trials showing promising results in reducing the severity and duration of the disease. Although SARS-CoV-2 inhibits the production of IFNβ and thus obstructs the innate immune response to this virus, it is sensitive to the antiviral activity of externally administrated IFN-Is. In this review I discuss the diverse modes of biological actions of IFN-Is and how these are related to biophysical parameters of IFN-I–receptor interaction and cell-type specificity in light of the large variety of binding affinities of the different IFN-I subtypes towards the common interferon receptor. Furthermore, I discuss how these may guide the optimized use IFN-Is in combatting COVID-19.


id: cord-314328-gft6phd6
author: Lawrence, C.
date: 2020-10-23
txt: ./txt/cord-314328-gft6phd6.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-314328-gft6phd6.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33020999/
doi: 10.1111/dme.14417
summary:
  AIMS: To determine if the frequency of severe diabetic ketoacidosis at presentation of new‐onset type 1 diabetes to an Australian tertiary centre increased during the initial period of restrictions resulting from the COVID‐19 pandemic (March to May 2020). We report one Australian centre''s experience of presentations of newly diagnosed type 1 diabetes in a paediatric cohort during the COVID-19 pandemic restrictions (March to May inclusive) compared to pre-pandemic presentations in the March to May periods of the years 2015 to 2019. • We report a significant increase in the frequency of severe diabetic ketoacidosis at presentation of new-onset type 1 diabetes during the COVID-19 pandemic at our tertiary centre. This study reports a significant increase in the frequency of children and adolescents presenting with severe DKA at onset of type 1 diabetes during the COVID-19 pandemic. The increase in presentations of children and adolescents with severe DKA at diagnosis of type 1 diabetes during the COVID-19 pandemic is a major concern.

title:
  Increased paediatric presentations of severe diabetic ketoacidosis in an Australian tertiary centre during the COVID‐19 pandemic

abstract:
  AIMS: To determine if the frequency of severe diabetic ketoacidosis at presentation of new‐onset type 1 diabetes to an Australian tertiary centre increased during the initial period of restrictions resulting from the COVID‐19 pandemic (March to May 2020). METHODS: Data were collected on presentations of newly diagnosed type 1 diabetes as well as on all paediatric presentations to the emergency department of a tertiary centre between 2015 and 2020. Data from the period of initial COVID restrictions in Australia (March to May 2020) were compared to the period March to May of the previous 5 years (pre‐pandemic periods). RESULTS: The number of new diagnoses of type 1 diabetes was comparable in the pandemic period and pre‐pandemic periods (11 in 2020 vs range 6–10 in 2015–2019). The frequency of severe diabetic ketoacidosis was significantly higher in the pandemic period compared to the pre‐pandemic periods (45% vs 5%; P <0.003), odds ratio 16.7 (95% CI 2.0, 194.7). The overall frequency of diabetic ketoacidosis was also significantly higher during the pandemic period (73% vs 26%; P <0.007), odds ratio 7.5 (95% CI 1.7, 33.5). None of the individuals tested positive for COVID‐19. Presentations of people aged <18 years to the emergency department decreased by 27% in the pandemic period compared to the average of the pre‐pandemic periods (4799 vs 6550; range 6268 to 7131). CONCLUSIONS: A significant increase in the frequency of severe diabetic ketoacidosis at presentation of type 1 diabetes was observed during the initial period of COVID‐19 restrictions. We hypothesize that concern about presenting to hospital during a pandemic led to a delay in diagnosis. These data have important implications for advocacy of seeking healthcare for non‐pandemic‐related conditions during a global pandemic.


id: cord-315094-pzixgqcy
author: Benetka, Viviane
date: 2004-03-26
url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S0378113503003821
doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2003.07.010
title:
  Prevalence of feline coronavirus types I and II in cats with histopathologically verified feline infectious peritonitis

abstract:
  Feline coronaviruses (FCoV) vary widely in virulence causing a spectrum of clinical manifestations reaching from subclinical course to fatal feline infectious peritonitis (FIP). Independent of virulence variations they are separated into two different types, type I, the original FCoV, and type II, which is closely related to canine coronavirus (CCV). The prevalence of FCoV types in Austrian cat populations without FIP has been surveyed recently indicating that type I infections predominate. The distribution of FCoV types in cats, which had succumbed to FIP, however, was fairly unknown. PCR assays have been developed amplifying parts of the spike protein gene. Type-specific primer pairs were designed, generating PCR products of different sizes. A total of 94 organ pools of cats with histopathologically verified FIP was tested. A clear differentiation was achieved in 74 cats, 86% of them were type I positive, 7% type II positive, and 7% were positive for both types. These findings demonstrate that in FIP cases FCoV type I predominates, too, nonetheless, in 14% of the cases FCoV type II was detected, suggesting its causative involvement in cases of FIP.


id: cord-316943-ef3i96bo
title: The burden of type 2 diabetes pre-and during the COVID-19 pandemic – a review
author: Sciberras, Justine
date: 2020-10-19
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33102262/
doi: 10.1007/s40200-020-00656-4
abstract:
  INTRODUCTION: Diabetes Mellitus is a chronic disease and a global epidemic. It is a known fact that co-morbidities, including Diabetes Mellitus, pose a higher risk of infection by COVID-19. Additionally, the outcomes following infection are far worse than in people without such co-morbities. Factors contributing to the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) have long been established, yet this disease still bestows a substantial global burden. The aim was to provide a comprehensive review of the burden of diabetes pre-COVID-19 and the additional impact sustained by the diabetes population and healthcare systems during the COVID-19 pandemic, while providing recommendations of how this burden can be subsided. METHODOLOGY: Literature searches were carried out on ‘Google Scholar’ and ‘PubMed’ to identify relevant articles for the scope of this review. Information was also collected from reliable sources such as the World Health Organisation and the International Diabetes Federation. RESULTS: T2DM presented with economic, social and health burdens prior to COVID-19 with an significant ‘Disability Adjusted Life Years’ impact. Whilst people with diabetes are more susceptible to COVID-19, enforcing lockdown regulations set by the Public Health department to reduce risk of infection brought about its own challenges to T2DM management. Through recommendations and adapting to new methods of management such as telehealth, these challenges and potential consequences of mismanagement are kept to a minimum whilst safeguarding the healthcare system. CONCLUSION: By understanding the challenges and burdens faced by this population both evident pre-covid and during, targeted healthcare can be provided during the COVID-19 pandemic. Furthermore, implementation of targeted action plans and recommendations ensures the care provided is done in a safe and effective environment. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL: The online version of this article (10.1007/s40200-020-00656-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.


id: cord-321878-bnjupaik
author: Deliwala, Smit S.
date: 2020-07-23
txt: ./txt/cord-321878-bnjupaik.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-321878-bnjupaik.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32701934/
doi: 10.12659/ajcr.926136
summary:
  title: A 29-Year-Old Male with a Fatal Case of COVID-19 Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (CARDS) and Ventilator-Induced Lung Injury (VILI) Patient: Male, 29-year-old Final Diagnosis: Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) • COVID-19 •multi organ failure/septic shock • pneumothorax Symptoms: Cough • dyspnea • fatigue • myalgia Medication:— Clinical Procedure: Mechanical ventilation • thoracentesis Specialty: Critical Care Medicine OBJECTIVE: Unknown ethiology BACKGROUND: COVID-19 patients that develop acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) "CARDS" behave differently compared to patients with classic forms of ARDS. In previous cases of SARS patients, pneumothorax was noted at 14-37 days after the initial diagnosis [16] , suggesting that a sustained period of lung inflammation serves as a pre-requisite, a similar time course as our patient Recently a scoring system was proposed to predict the risk of developing critical illness in COVID-19, allowing early interventions and resource allocation to mitigate the high disease burden [17] .

title:
  A 29-Year-Old Male with a Fatal Case of COVID-19 Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (CARDS) and Ventilator-Induced Lung Injury (VILI)

abstract:
  Patient: Male, 29-year-old Final Diagnosis: Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) • COVID-19 •multi organ failure/septic shock • pneumothorax Symptoms: Cough • dyspnea • fatigue • myalgia Medication:— Clinical Procedure: Mechanical ventilation • thoracentesis Specialty: Critical Care Medicine OBJECTIVE: Unknown ethiology BACKGROUND: COVID-19 patients that develop acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) “CARDS” behave differently compared to patients with classic forms of ARDS. Recently 2 CARDS phenotypes have been described, Type L and Type H. Most patients stabilize at the milder form, Type L, while an unknown subset progress to Type H, resembling full-blown ARDS. If uncorrected, phenotypic conversion can induce a rapid downward spiral towards progressive lung injury, vasoplegia, and pulmonary shrinkage, risking ventilator-induced lung injury (VILI) known as the “VILI vortex”. No cases of in-hospital phenotypic conversion have been reported, while ventilation strategies in these patients differ from the lung-protective approaches seen in classic ARDS. CASE REPORT: A 29-year old male was admitted with COVID-19 pneumonia complicated by severe ARDS, multi-organ failure, cytokine release syndrome, and coagulopathy during his admission. He initially resembled CARDS Type L case, although refractory hypoxemia, fevers, and a high viral burden prompted conversion to Type H within 8 days. Despite ventilation strategies, neuromuscular blockade, inhalation therapy, and vitamin C, he remained asynchronous to the ventilator with volumes and pressures beyond accepted thresholds, eventually developing a fatal tension pneumothorax. CONCLUSIONS: Patients that convert to Type H can quickly enter a spiral of hypoxemia, shunting, and dead-space ventilation towards full-blown ARDS. Understanding its nuances is vital to interrupting phenotypic conversion and entry into VILI vortex. Tension pneumothorax represents a poor outcome in patients with CARDS. Further research into monitoring lung dynamics, modifying ventilation strategies, and understanding response to various modes of ventilation in CARDS are required to mitigate these adverse outcomes.


id: cord-329398-8o39bwv7
author: Li, Kunwei
date: 2020-03-25
url: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00330-020-06817-6
doi: 10.1007/s00330-020-06817-6
title:
  CT image visual quantitative evaluation and clinical classification of coronavirus disease (COVID-19)

abstract:
  OBJECTIVES: To explore the relationship between the imaging manifestations and clinical classification of COVID-19. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective single-center study on patients with COVID-19 from Jan. 18, 2020 to Feb. 7, 2020 in Zhuhai, China. Patients were divided into 3 types based on Chinese guideline: mild (patients with minimal symptoms and negative CT findings), common, and severe-critical (patients with positive CT findings and different extent of clinical manifestations). CT visual quantitative evaluation was based on summing up the acute lung inflammatory lesions involving each lobe, which was scored as 0 (0%), 1 (1–25%), 2 (26–50%), 3 (51–75%), or 4 (76–100%), respectively. The total severity score (TSS) was reached by summing the five lobe scores. The consistency of two observers was evaluated. The TSS was compared with the clinical classification. ROC was used to test the diagnosis ability of TSS for severe-critical type. RESULTS: This study included 78 patients, 38 males and 40 females. There were 24 mild (30.8%), 46 common (59.0%), and 8 severe-critical (10.2%) cases, respectively. The median TSS of severe-critical-type group was significantly higher than common type (p < 0.001). The ICC value of the two observers was 0.976 (95% CI 0.962–0.985). ROC analysis showed the area under the curve (AUC) of TSS for diagnosing severe-critical type was 0.918. The TSS cutoff of 7.5 had 82.6% sensitivity and 100% specificity. CONCLUSIONS: The proportion of clinical mild-type patients with COVID-19 was relatively high; CT was not suitable for independent screening tool. The CT visual quantitative analysis has high consistency and can reflect the clinical classification of COVID-19. KEY POINTS: • CT visual quantitative evaluation has high consistency (ICC value of 0.976) among the observers. The median TSS of severe-critical type group was significantly higher than common type (p < 0.001). • ROC analysis showed the area under the curve (AUC) of TSS for diagnosing severe-critical type was 0.918 (95% CI 0.843–0.994). The TSS cutoff of 7.5 had 82.6% sensitivity and 100% specificity. • The proportion of confirmed COVID-19 patients with normal chest CT was relatively high (30.8%); CT was not a suitable screening modality


id: cord-332133-6hdk8801
title: A Pneumonia Case Associated with Type 2 Polio Vaccine Strains
author: Li, Mao-Zhong
date: 2017-01-05
txt: ./txt/cord-332133-6hdk8801.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-332133-6hdk8801.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.4103/0366-6999.196575
doi: 10.4103/0366-6999.196575
abstract: nan
summary:
  title: A Pneumonia Case Associated with Type 2 Polio Vaccine Strains [1, 2] Other than VAPP cases and VDPVs, Type 2 polio vaccine strains can also cause a variety of illnesses. [3] To the best of our knowledge, no cases of pneumonia resulting from Type 2 polio vaccine strains have been reported. However, here we report an infant case associated with the Type 2 polio vaccine strain. A 3-month-old male infant with no underlying diseases was admitted to Beijing Haidian Hospital on July 31, 2015, where he was diagnosed with lobular pneumonia exactly 26 days after he had received his second dose of trivalent OPV (tOPV). However, this report provides an initial case of pneumonia, the outcomes associated with Type 2 polio vaccine strains, and the implications for the safety of attenuated OPV in the absence of wild virus diseases.


id: cord-332186-3jy9zoz2
title: Atypical Escherichia coli strains and their association with poult enteritis and mortality syndrome
author: Edens, FW
date: 1997-07-01
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9200230/
doi: 10.1093/ps/76.7.952
abstract:
  Abstract To date, no definitive etiology has been described for Poult Enteritis and Mortality Syndrome (PEMS). However, two atypical Escherichia coli colony types are isolated consistently from moribund and dead poults afflicted with PEMS. To test the infectivity of these E. coli strains, poults were placed into floor pens in three isolation treatment rooms: 1) Control: no bacterial challenge, 2) E. coli colony Types 1 or 2 posthatch oral challenge: 10(8) cfu/per poult at 1 d, and 3) E. coli colony Types 1 or 2 posthatch oral challenge: 10(8) cfu/per poult at 6 d. Daily intramuscular injections of cyclophosphamide (100 micrograms per poult) from 1 to 5 d posthatch were given to half of the poults in each treatment. Atypical E. coli challenge caused BW depression, and cyclophosphamide treatment exacerbated the response. All E. coli-challenged poults developed diarrhea similar to PEMS. Mortality was increased by both atypical E. coli colony types, but at 21 d E. coli colony Type 2 caused greater mortality than colony Type 1. With cyclophosphamide treatment, mortality was exacerbated with both colony types, but colony Type 2 at 1 d caused the greatest mortality. Ultrastructural damage to ileum epithelium cell microvilli and subcellular organelles indicated that part of the BW depression could be attributed to malabsorption of nutrients. It was concluded that the atypical E. coli colony Types 1 and 2 play a significant role in the PEMS disease.


id: cord-334588-2vy4xkz6
author: Klaumann, Francini
date: 2018-12-12
txt: ./txt/cord-334588-2vy4xkz6.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-334588-2vy4xkz6.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30631769/
doi: 10.3389/fvets.2018.00315
summary:
  (21) also performed a brief retrospective study through qPCR on serum samples from animals clinically affected by PDNS-like lesions (but negative for PCV-2 by IHC) and pigs with porcine respiratory diseases. Based on these two initial works, the name PCV-3 was proposed as the third species of circoviruses affecting pigs, since pairwise analysis demonstrated significant divergence with the existing PCVs. The novel sequences showed <70% of identity in the predicted whole genome and capsid protein amino acid (aa) sequence compared to the other members of the Circovirus genus (22) . Cloned genomic DNA of type 2 porcine circovirus is infectious when injected directly into the liver and lymph nodes of pigs: characterization of clinical disease, virus distribution, and pathologic lesions Genetic characterization of Type 2 Porcine Circovirus (PCV-2) from pigs with postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome in different geographic regions of north America and development of a differential PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism assay

title:
  Current Knowledge on Porcine circovirus 3 (PCV-3): A Novel Virus With a Yet Unknown Impact on the Swine Industry

abstract:
  Porcine circovirus 3 (PCV-3) is a recently described virus belonging to the family Circoviridae. It represents the third member of genus Circovirus able to infect swine, together with PCV-1, considered non-pathogenic, and PCV-2, one of the most economically relevant viruses for the swine worldwide industry. PCV-3 was originally found by metagenomics analyses in 2015 in tissues of pigs suffering from porcine dermatitis and nephropathy syndrome, reproductive failure, myocarditis and multisystemic inflammation. The lack of other common pathogens as potential infectious agents of these conditions prompted the suspicion that PCV-3 might etiologically be involved in disease occurrence. Subsequently, viral genome was detected in apparently healthy pigs, and retrospective studies indicated that PCV-3 was already present in pigs by early 1990s. In fact, current evidence suggests that PCV-3 is a rather widespread virus worldwide. Recently, the virus DNA has also been found in wild boar, expanding the scope of infection susceptibility among the Suidae family; also, the potential reservoir role of this species for the domestic pig has been proposed. Phylogenetic studies with available PCV-3 partial and complete sequences from around the world have revealed high nucleotide identity (>96%), although two main groups and several subclusters have been described as well. Moreover, it has been proposed the existence of a most common ancestor dated around 50 years ago. Taking into account the economic importance and the well-known effects of PCV-2 on the swine industry, a new member of the same family like PCV-3 should not be neglected. Studies on epidemiology, pathogenesis, immunity and diagnosis are guaranteed in the next few years. Therefore, the present review will update the current knowledge and future trends of research on PCV-3.


id: cord-335382-fk4um9nw
title: Molecular Basis of Pulmonary Disease
author: Farver, Carol F.
date: 2012-08-10
txt: ./txt/cord-335382-fk4um9nw.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-335382-fk4um9nw.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/B9780123744197000184
doi: 10.1016/b978-0-12-374419-7.00018-4
summary:
  When lung cancer is suspected, evaluation of the patient includes a thorough clinical, radiologic, and laboratory assessment, with collection of tissue or cytology samples to establish a pathologic diagnosis of malignancy and to classify the tumor type. Development of lung cancer occurs with multiple, complex, stepwise genetic and epigenetic changes involving allelic losses, chromosomal instability and imbalance, mutations in tumor suppressor genes (TSGs) and dominant oncogenes, epigenetic gene silencing through promoter hypermethylation, and aberrant expression of genes participating in control of cell proliferation and apoptosis [7] . In recent years, atypical adenomatous hyperplasia (AAH) has been recognized as a precursor lesion for peripheral pulmonary ACs. This lesion is defined as "a localized proliferation of mild to moderately atypical cells lining involved alveoli and, sometimes, respiratory bronchioles, resulting in focal lesions in peripheral Part IV Molecular Pathology of Human Disease alveolated lung, usually less than 5 mm in diameter and generally in the absence of underlying interstitial inflammation and fibrosis" (Figure 18 .8) [36] .

abstract:
  Pulmonary pathology includes a large spectrum of both neoplastic and non-neoplastic diseases that affect the lung. Many of these are a result of the unusual relationship of the lung with the outside world. Every breath that a human takes brings the outside world into the body in the form of infectious agents, organic and inorganic particles, and noxious agents of all types. Although the lung has many defense mechanisms to protect itself from these insults, these are not infallible; therefore, lung pathology arises. Damage to the lung is particularly important given the role of the lung in the survival of the organism. Any impairment of lung function has widespread effects throughout the body, since all organs depend on the lungs for the oxygen they need. Pulmonary pathology catalogs the changes in the lung tissues and the mechanisms through which these occur. This chapter presents a review of lung pathology and the current state of knowledge about the pathogenesis of each disease. It suggests that a clear understanding of both morphology and mechanism is required for the development of new therapies and preventive measures.


id: cord-336201-fl606l3b
title: The Effects of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus on Organ Metabolism and the Immune System
author: Daryabor, Gholamreza
date: 2020-07-22
txt: ./txt/cord-336201-fl606l3b.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-336201-fl606l3b.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32793223/
doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01582
summary:
  Obesity-related immune cell infiltration, inflammation, and increased oxidative stress promote metabolic impairments in the insulin-sensitive tissues and finally, insulin resistance, organ failure, and premature aging occur. T2DM, the most common form of diabetes (∼90%), is characterized by a systemic inflammatory disease accompanied by insulin resistance (IR) or decreased metabolic response to insulin in several tissues, including the adipose tissue, liver, and skeletal muscle, as well as by reduced insulin synthesis by pancreatic beta cells (4, 5) . During the progression of diabetes, hyperglycemia promotes mitochondrial dysfunction and induces the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) that cause oxidative stress in several tissues such as blood vessels and pancreatic beta cells (7) (8) (9) . In addition, the attachment of AGEs to their receptors [e.g., CD36, galectin-3, scavenger receptors types I (SR-A1), and II (SR-A2)] on the surfaces of immune cells in the circulation and tissues activates the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and increases free radical generation (18) .

abstract:
  Metabolic abnormalities such as dyslipidemia, hyperinsulinemia, or insulin resistance and obesity play key roles in the induction and progression of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The field of immunometabolism implies a bidirectional link between the immune system and metabolism, in which inflammation plays an essential role in the promotion of metabolic abnormalities (e.g., obesity and T2DM), and metabolic factors, in turn, regulate immune cell functions. Obesity as the main inducer of a systemic low-level inflammation is a main susceptibility factor for T2DM. Obesity-related immune cell infiltration, inflammation, and increased oxidative stress promote metabolic impairments in the insulin-sensitive tissues and finally, insulin resistance, organ failure, and premature aging occur. Hyperglycemia and the subsequent inflammation are the main causes of micro- and macroangiopathies in the circulatory system. They also promote the gut microbiota dysbiosis, increased intestinal permeability, and fatty liver disease. The impaired immune system together with metabolic imbalance also increases the susceptibility of patients to several pathogenic agents such as the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Thus, the need for a proper immunization protocol among such patients is granted. The focus of the current review is to explore metabolic and immunological abnormalities affecting several organs of T2DM patients and explain the mechanisms, whereby diabetic patients become more susceptible to infectious diseases.


id: cord-343409-oao75pzy
title: Identification of diverse full-length endogenous betaretroviruses in megabats and microbats
author: Hayward, Joshua A
date: 2013-03-27
url: https://doi.org/10.1186/1742-4690-10-35
doi: 10.1186/1742-4690-10-35
abstract:
  BACKGROUND: Betaretroviruses infect a wide range of species including primates, rodents, ruminants, and marsupials. They exist in both endogenous and exogenous forms and are implicated in animal diseases such as lung cancer in sheep, and in human disease, with members of the human endogenous retrovirus-K (HERV-K) group of endogenous betaretroviruses (βERVs) associated with human cancers and autoimmune diseases. To improve our understanding of betaretroviruses in an evolutionarily distinct host species, we characterized βERVs present in the genomes and transcriptomes of mega- and microbats, which are an important reservoir of emerging viruses. RESULTS: A diverse range of full-length βERVs were discovered in mega- and microbat genomes and transcriptomes including the first identified intact endogenous retrovirus in a bat. Our analysis revealed that the genus Betaretrovirus can be divided into eight distinct sub-groups with evidence of cross-species transmission. Betaretroviruses are revealed to be a complex retrovirus group, within which one sub-group has evolved from complex to simple genomic organization through the acquisition of an env gene from the genus Gammaretrovirus. Molecular dating suggests that bats have contended with betaretroviral infections for over 30 million years. CONCLUSIONS: Our study reveals that a diverse range of betaretroviruses have circulated in bats for most of their evolutionary history, and cluster with extant betaretroviruses of divergent mammalian lineages suggesting that their distribution may be largely unrestricted by host species barriers. The presence of βERVs with the ability to transcribe active viral elements in a major animal reservoir for viral pathogens has potential implications for public health.


id: cord-343982-ymaql0hx
author: Carr, M. J.
date: 2020-10-27
txt: ./txt/cord-343982-ymaql0hx.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-343982-ymaql0hx.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: http://medrxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.10.25.20200675v1?rss=1
doi: 10.1101/2020.10.25.20200675
summary:
  ; https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.10.25.20200675 doi: medRxiv preprint Supplementary figure 2: Comparison of monthly HbA1c testing rates in people with type 2 diabetes in primary care by age, gender, deprivation level and by region before and after the first COVID-19 peak in England (CPRD Aurum) is the author/funder, who has granted medRxiv a license to display the preprint in (which was not certified by peer review) preprint ; https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.10.25.20200675 doi: medRxiv preprint Supplementary figure 6: Comparison of observed and expected monthly incidence rates for type 2 diabetes in primary care, HbA1c monitoring and new prescriptions for metformin and insulin before and after the first COVID-19 peak in Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales (CPRD GOLD) is the author/funder, who has granted medRxiv a license to display the preprint in (which was not certified by peer review) preprint

title:
  Impact of COVID-19 on the diagnoses, HbA1c monitoring and mortality in people with type 2 diabetes: a UK-wide cohort study involving 13 million people in primary care

abstract:
  Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has already disproportionately impacted people with diabetes. Timely diagnosis and appropriate monitoring in people with type 2 diabetes (T2D) are necessary to reduce the risk of long-term complications. Methods: We constructed a cohort of 23M patients using electronic health records from 1709 UK general practices registered with the Clinical Practice Research Datalink (CPRD), including 13M patients followed between March and July 2020. We compared trends in diagnoses, monitoring and mortality in T2D, before and after the first COVID-19 peak, using regression models and 10-year historical data. We extrapolated the number of missed or delayed diagnoses using UK Office for National Statistics data. Findings: In England, rates of new T2D diagnoses were reduced by 70% (95% CI 68%-71%) in April 2020, with similar reductions in Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales. Between March and July, we estimated that there were more than 45,000 missed or delayed T2D diagnoses across the UK. In April, rates of HbA1c testing in T2D were greatly reduced in England (reduction: 77% (95% CI 76%-78%)) with more marked reductions in Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales (reduction: 84% (83-84%)). Reduced rates of diagnosing and HbA1c monitoring were particularly evident in older people, in males, and in those from deprived areas. Mortality rates in T2D in England were more than 2-fold higher (110%) in April compared to prior trends, but were only 66% higher in Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales. Interpretation: As engagement with the NHS increases, healthcare services will need to manage the backlog and the expected increase in T2D severity due to delayed diagnoses and reduced monitoring. Older people, men, and those from deprived backgrounds with T2D may be groups to target for early intervention. Funding: National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Greater Manchester Patient Safety Translational Research Centre


id: cord-344093-3bniy5b5
author: Peteranderl, Christin
date: 2017-03-22
txt: ./txt/cord-344093-3bniy5b5.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-344093-3bniy5b5.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2017.00313
doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00313
summary:
  A prominent regulator of disease outcome, especially in-but not limited to-respiratory viral infection, is the IFN-dependent mediator TRAIL (TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand) produced by several cell types including immune cells such as macrophages or T cells. (73) Cell death induction, e.g., Bcl-2-associated X protein, caspase-8, Fas-associated protein with death domain, Fas ligand, and TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) dsRNA, polyI:C (4, 110) IAV (4, 5, 10, 115) Sendai virus (110) TRAIL Virus control by apoptosis induction in infected cells IAV (6, 170, 171) Tissue injury by apoptosis of both infected and non-infected alveolar epithelial cells, lung macrophages IAV (5, 7, 10) RSV (137) Necrosis of fibroblasts, dendritic cells, and epithelial cells IAV (146, 147, 168) Increased cellular infiltration CoV (175) Decreased expression of Na,K-ATPase, impaired epithelial fluid reabsorption IAV (11) iNTRODUCTiON In 1957, Isaacs and Lindenmann (1) first recognized the potential of a soluble and probably cell-derived factor to combat influenza virus infection and named this factor interferon [(IFN) from latin interferre, to interfere].

title:
  The Impact of the Interferon/TNF-Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand Signaling Axis on Disease Progression in Respiratory Viral Infection and Beyond

abstract:
  Interferons (IFNs) are well described to be rapidly induced upon pathogen-associated pattern recognition. After binding to their respective IFN receptors and activation of the cellular JAK/signal transducer and activator of transcription signaling cascade, they stimulate the transcription of a plethora of IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs) in infected as well as bystander cells such as the non-infected epithelium and cells of the immune system. ISGs may directly act on the invading pathogen or can either positively or negatively regulate the innate and adaptive immune response. However, IFNs and ISGs do not only play a key role in the limitation of pathogen spread but have also been recently found to provoke an unbalanced, overshooting inflammatory response causing tissue injury and hampering repair processes. A prominent regulator of disease outcome, especially in—but not limited to—respiratory viral infection, is the IFN-dependent mediator TRAIL (TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand) produced by several cell types including immune cells such as macrophages or T cells. First described as an apoptosis-inducing agent in transformed cells, it is now also well established to rapidly evoke cellular stress pathways in epithelial cells, finally leading to caspase-dependent or -independent cell death. Hereby, pathogen spread is limited; however in some cases, also the surrounding tissue is severely harmed, thus augmenting disease severity. Interestingly, the lack of a strictly controlled and well balanced IFN/TRAIL signaling response has not only been implicated in viral infection but might furthermore be an important determinant of disease progression in bacterial superinfections and in chronic respiratory illness. Conclusively, the IFN/TRAIL signaling axis is subjected to a complex modulation and might be exploited for the evaluation of new therapeutic concepts aiming at attenuation of tissue injury.


id: cord-347207-1u4i6qmc
author: Almomani, Huda Y.
date: 2020-07-29
txt: ./txt/cord-347207-1u4i6qmc.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-347207-1u4i6qmc.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S1551741120308354
doi: 10.1016/j.sapharm.2020.07.012
summary:
  title: Randomised controlled trial of pharmacist-led patient counselling in controlling hypoglycaemic attacks in older adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus (rose-adam): A study protocol Several studies have established the important positive role of educational interventions on achieving glycaemic control and other clinical outcomes, however, there is still a lack in studies that evaluate the impact of such type of interventions on hypoglycaemia risk in elderly patients with type 2 diabetes. The purpose of this research is to evaluate the effectiveness of pharmacist-led patient counselling on reducing hypoglycaemic attacks in older adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Participants who are elderly (age ≥ 65 years), diagnosed with type 2 diabetes mellitus, and taking insulin, sulfonylurea, or any three anti-diabetic medications will be randomly assigned to intervention (SUGAR Handshake) and control (usual care) groups.

title:
  Randomised controlled trial of pharmacist-led patient counselling in controlling hypoglycaemic attacks in older adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus (rose-adam): A study protocol

abstract:
  INTRODUCTION: Hypoglycaemia is one of the most serious adverse effects of diabetes treatment. Older adults are at the highest risk to develop hypoglycaemia. Several studies have established the important positive role of educational interventions on achieving glycaemic control and other clinical outcomes, however, there is still a lack in studies that evaluate the impact of such type of interventions on hypoglycaemia risk in elderly patients with type 2 diabetes. The purpose of this research is to evaluate the effectiveness of pharmacist-led patient counselling on reducing hypoglycaemic attacks in older adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus. METHODS: and analysis: This study is an open-label, parallel controlled randomised trial, which will be conducted in the outpatient clinics at the largest referral hospital in the north of Jordan. Participants who are elderly (age ≥ 65 years), diagnosed with type 2 diabetes mellitus, and taking insulin, sulfonylurea, or any three anti-diabetic medications will be randomly assigned to intervention (SUGAR Handshake) and control (usual care) groups. The SUGAR Handshake participants will have an interactive, individualised, medications-focused counselling session reinforced with a pictogram and a phone call at week six of enrolment. The primary outcome measure is the frequency of total hypoglycaemic events within 12 weeks of follow up. Secondary outcomes include the frequency of asymptomatic, symptomatic, and severe hypoglycaemic events, hypoglycaemia incidence, and time to the first hypoglycaemic attack. We will also conduct a nested qualitative study for process evaluation. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: The Human Research Ethics Committee of the University of Lincoln and the Institutional Review Board of King Abdullah University Hospital approved this protocol. The findings of this study will be presented in international conferences and published in a peer-reviewed journal. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: The study protocol has been registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT04081766.


id: cord-350571-6tapkjb6
author: nan
date: 2017-01-10
txt: ./txt/cord-350571-6tapkjb6.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-350571-6tapkjb6.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28074393/
doi: 10.1007/s11096-016-0404-4
abstract: nan
summary:
  Possible solutions might be to use shared communication tools like Internet based communication programs and to introduce the patient as a participant at the IMRs. Please specify your abstract type: Research abstract Background and objective: International good pharmacy practice guidelines describe how pharmacists should counsel the patients about their medicines, offer additional services where needed, and intervene at drug related problems. Please specify your abstract type: Descriptive abstract (for projects) Background and objective: In order to improve the medication reconciliation and to implement training programs for the medical team in an associated to general hospital nursing (ASNH) home we measured the discrepancies between pharmacy registered treatments (PRT) and medical prescriptions (MP), and we analysed potentially inappropriate prescriptions according to ''''American Geriatrics Society 2015 Beers Criteria'''' and ''''STOPP-START 2014 criteria.

title:
  45th ESCP-NSF international symposium on clinical pharmacy: clinical pharmacy tackling inequalities and access to health care. Oslo, Norway, 5–7 October 2016


id: cord-353867-617f90wq
author: Ory, Marcia G.
date: 2020-08-30
txt: ./txt/cord-353867-617f90wq.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-353867-617f90wq.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32872662/
doi: 10.3390/ijerph17176312
summary:
  This community-based initiative reached a large and diverse population, and statistically significant reductions in A1c levels (p < 0.01) were observed among participants with Type 2 diabetes at 3 months. The U.S.-Mexico border is impacted by extremely high disparities in income, education, and healthcare access, and these social determinants of health make this region among the nation''s Figure 1 illustrated the 27 counties formally included in the Healthy South Texas initiative [30] , and the counties in which the Diabetes Education Program was offered were marked with a red dot. Among participants with pre-diabetes or Type 1 diabetes, no statistically significant differences were observed based on baseline A1c level attending a follow-up session at any given time point (Table 2 ). From private and public sources, over USD 15,000,000 was identified in direct support and in-kind dollars for the Healthy South Texas initiative (including delivery of the Diabetes Education Program, as well as other disease prevention and health promotion activities) by governmental and nongovernmental entities.

title:
  Implementing a Diabetes Education Program to Reduce Health Disparities in South Texas: Application of the RE-AIM Framework for Planning and Evaluation

abstract:
  Health disparities in diabetes management and control are well-documented. The objective of this study is to describe one diabetes education program delivered in the United States in terms of the RE-AIM (Reach, Effectiveness, Adoption, Implementation, and Maintenance) Planning and Evaluation Framework. Questionnaires, clinical data, and administrative records were analyzed from 8664 adults with diabetes living in South Texas, an area characterized by high health disparities. The Diabetes Education Program delivered was a professionally led 12-month program involving 8 h of in-person workshop education followed by quarterly follow-up sessions. Changes in average blood glucose levels over the past 3 months (e.g., A1c levels) were the primary clinical outcome. Descriptive and multiple generalized linear mixed models were performed. This community-based initiative reached a large and diverse population, and statistically significant reductions in A1c levels (p < 0.01) were observed among participants with Type 2 diabetes at 3 months. These reductions in A1c levels were sustained at 6-, 9-, and 12-month follow-up assessments (p < 0.01). However, considerable attrition over time at follow-up sessions indicate the need for more robust strategies to keep participants engaged. For this diabetes education program, the RE-AIM model was a useful framework to present study processes and outcomes.


id: cord-355239-fc52dn3v
title: The Role of Carbohydrates in Infection Strategies of Enteric Pathogens
author: Kato, Kentaro
date: 2014-11-15
url: https://doi.org/10.2149/tmh.2014-25
doi: 10.2149/tmh.2014-25
abstract:
  Enteric pathogens cause considerable public health concerns worldwide including tropical regions. Here, we review the roles of carbohydrates in the infection strategies of various enteric pathogens including viruses, bacteria and protozoa, which infect the epithelial lining of the human and animal intestine. At host cell entry, enteric viruses, including norovirus, recognize mainly histo-blood group antigens. At the initial step of bacterial infections, carbohydrates also function as receptors for attachment. Here, we describe the function of carbohydrates in infection by Salmonella enterica and several bacterial species that produce a variety of fimbrial adhesions. During invasion by enteropathogenic protozoa, apicomplexan parasites utilize sialic acids or sulfated glycans. Carbohydrates serve as receptors for infection by these microbes; however, their usage of carbohydrates varies depending on the microbe. On the surface of the mucosal tissues of the gastrointestinal tract, various carbohydrate moieties are present and play a crucial role in infection, representing the site of infection or route of access for most microbes. During the infection and/or invasion process of the microbes, carbohydrates function as receptors for various microbes, but they can also function as a barrier to infection. One approach to develop effective prophylactic and therapeutic antimicrobial agents is to modify the drug structure. Another approach is to modify the mode of inhibition of infection depending on the individual pathogen by using and mimicking the interactions with carbohydrates. In addition, similarities in mode of infection may also be utilized. Our findings will be useful in the development of new drugs for the treatment of enteric pathogens.


