cord-001124-qcjbtflt	2013	Although type I interferons (IFN-I) were initially defined as potent antiviral agents, they can also cause decreased host resistance to some bacterial and viral infections. In contrast, there is a negative effect of IFN-I on host resistance during chronic infection with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) and acute infections with intracellular bacteria. Following Listeria infection, IFN-I promote the cell death of macrophages and lymphocytes, which leads to innate immune suppression. Because of the extent of the IFN-I literature, this review will mostly limit itself to experiments that have examined viral and bacterial pathogenesis in IFNAR -/mice with a particular emphasis on work that has examined lethality and pathogen burden. In the case of influenza and potentially other respiratory viruses, the type III interferon system (which comprises IFN-λ subtypes and signals using IL-10R2-IFNLR1) plays a dominant role in restricting acute epithelial cell infection, thereby limiting the requirement of IFN-I signaling (10, 11) . Production of type I IFN sensitizes macrophages to cell death induced by Listeria monocytogenes
cord-001273-plz1ja2e	2014	
cord-004879-pgyzluwp	1994	Furthermore kinetic experiments after complementation of HIV=RT p66 with KIV-RT pSl indicated that HIV-RT pSl can restore rate and extent of strand displacement activity by HIV-RT p66 compared to the HIV-RT heterodimer D66/D51, suggesting a function of the 51 kDa polypeptide, The mouse mammary tumor virus proviral DNA contains an open reading frame in the 3'' long terminal repeat which can code for a 36 kDa polypeptide with a putative transmembrane sequence and five N-linked glycosylation sites. To this end we used constructs encoding the c-fos (and c-jun) genes fused to the hormone-binding domain of the human estrogen receptor, designated c-FosER (and c-JunER), We could show that short-term activation (30 mins.) of c-FosER by estradiole (E2) led to the disruption of epithelial cell polarity within 24 hours, as characterized by the expression of apical and basolateral marker proteins.
cord-008700-knbf8m4x	2013	Simple techniques of immunofluorescence and negative stain electron microscopy are used for the rapid detection of viruses in human adenoviral, herpetic, rubella, molluscum contagiosum, and vaccinial infections. Lens aspirate from a 2-year-old patient with clinical ocular rubella was examined by immunofluorescence and negative stain electron microscopy. 10 In a recent epidemic of EKC at a Vietnamese refugee camp in Florida, adenovirus type 8 was recovered in 81% of cases cultured within two weeks of onset of infection.U Dawson et aP 2 described adenovirus-like particles in the conjunctiva of one patient and in the corneal epithelium of another by transmission electron microscopy of tissue culture preparations. In the present study, the typical virions of herpes simplex keratitis were readily identified both by immunofluorescence and by negative stain transmission electron microscopy. Herpes simplex hominis type 1 was recovered in culture and demonstrated by direct immunofluorescence and negative stain electron microscopy in three patients with herpetic dendritic keratitis.
cord-010119-t1x9gknd	2017	Conclusion: The wide distribution in the concentration of bioactive lipids among 405 stored RBC units suggests that lipid degradation is highly donor-Background/Case Studies: To ensure availability of biological products to hospitals, blood banks have developed and validated multiple storage conditions for each of their products to maximize shelf life and quality. 1 The Department of Blood Transfusion, The PLA General Hospital, 2 The Department of Blood Transfusion, Air Force General Hospital, PLA Background/Case Studies: Recently, multi researches have reported that longer term-stored red blood cells(RBCs) units were associated with increased risks of clinically adverse events, especially in critically ill patients. Weak D types 1, 2 and 3 express all the major RhD epitopes and these patients can be managed as RhD-positive, which may lead to a reduction in unnecessary Rh immunoglobulin (RhIG) administration and conservation of RhD-negative RBCs. Study Design/Method: RHD genotyping was performed on all patient samples with weaker than expected or discrepant RhD typing results, utilizing a commercially available genotyping kit manufactured by Immucor (RHD BeadChip).
cord-010657-5qtsj8xv	1982	In serially killed animals, four types of lesions were found: 1) perivascular or peribronchiolar accumulation of lymphoreticular cells, 2) fibrotic and cellular enlargement of peribronchiolar septa, 3) type II cell hyperplasia with septal fibrosis, and 4) air-space enlargement (emphysema). The type II hyperplastic and peribronchiolar alveolar lesions involved larger portions of the parenchyma in fibrotic changes but differed in structure, location, and frequency. In studies by Roe''s group (1, 2) , the major lesions induced in the rat lung by lifetime exposure were columnar, cuboidal, and squamous metaplasias of the alveolar epithelium. (3) on rats exposed to tobacco smoke for 6 weeks showed characteristic lesions at the level of the respiratory bronchiole, including peribronchiolar and perivascular infiltration by lymphocytes, focal pneumonitis, and alveolar cuboidal or columnar metaplasia. The present studies have shown that the most common type of focal lesions to develop in the lungs of tobacco smoke-exposed animals consisted of accumulated lymphocytes and macrophages in the vascular adventitia.
cord-015503-j99cgsjt	2020	Although we found only 4% variability in genomic nucleotides between SARS-CoV-2 and a bat SARS-related coronavirus (SARSr-CoV; RaTG13), the difference at neutral sites was 17%, suggesting the divergence between the two viruses is much larger than previously estimated. Our results suggest that the development of new variations in functional sites in the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the spike seen in SARS-CoV-2 and viruses from pangolin SARSr-CoVs are likely caused by mutations and natural selection besides recombination. Population genetic analyses of 103 SARS-CoV-2 genomes indicated that these viruses evolved into two major types (designated L and S), that are well defined by two different SNPs that show nearly complete linkage across the viral strains sequenced to date. Further, the genomic sequences of SARS-CoV-2 viruses isolated from a number of patients share sequence identity higher than 99.9%, suggesting a very recent host shift into humans [1] [2] [3] .
cord-017248-a37t31u1	2010	
cord-018595-x3tleomb	2017	2. Delayed-type drug hypersensitivity: Delayed-type drug hypersensitivity reactions usually take several days to weeks following drug exposure, with variable clinical presentations that may include Maculopapular Eruption (MPE), Fixed Drug Eruption (FDE), Acute Generalized Exanthematous Pustulosis (AGEP), Stevens-Johnson Syndrome (SJS), Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis (TEN) and Drug Reaction with Eosinophilia and Systemic Symptoms (DRESS). Examples of strong associations of HLA alleles with specific drug-induced hypersensitivity reactions include abacavir, nevirapine, carbamazepine, and allopurinol (Table 25. [61] , who reported the weak associations of HLA-A29, B12, and MPE maculopapular drug eruption, DRESS drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms, SJS/TEN Stevens-Johnson syndrome/toxic epidermal necrolysis DR7 in sulfonamide-related TEN, and HLA-A2, B12 in oxicam-related TEN in Europeans [61] . Drug specific cytotoxic T-cells in the skin lesions of a patient with toxic epidermal necrolysis
cord-025995-nxeg03xj	2013	
cord-026005-f2khcjdy	2017	Microscopic examination of properly collected, stored, and processed samples may reveal many erythrocytes and siderophages in pulmonary hemorrhage or left-sided heart failure; inclusion bodies or syncytial cells in viral pneumonias; increased number of leukocytes in pulmonary inflammation; abundant mucus in asthma or equine recurrent airway obstruction (RAO); the presence of pulmonary pathogens, such as parasites, fungi, and bacteria; or tumor cells in cases of pulmonary neoplasia. The portal of entry for the respiratory form is typically aerogenous, and the disease is generally transient; thus the primary viral-induced lesions in the nasal mucosa and lungs are rarely seen at necropsy unless complicated by secondary bacterial rhinitis, pharyngitis, or bronchopneumonia. Laryngeal edema occurs in pigs with edema disease; in horses with purpura hemorrhagica; in cattle with acute interstitial pneumonia; in cats with systemic anaphylaxis; and in all species as a result of trauma, improper endotracheal tubing, inhalation of irritant gases (e.g., smoke), local inflammation, and animal species is classified as fibrinous, catarrhal, purulent, or granulomatous (Figs.
cord-026548-z2ifu1d6	2020	Multiparty Session Types (MPST) is a typing discipline for distributed protocols, which ensures communication safety and deadlock-freedom for more than two participants. In addition, since we generate the local types from a readable global specification, errors caused by an affine (and not linear) usage of channels, a well-known limitation of the previous libraries [8, 9] , are easily avoided. Our framework guarantees that processes implemented using mpst-rust primitives with Scribble-generated types are free from deadlocks, reception errors, and protocol deviations. (line 12), which is applied to a multiparty channel s of a sum type between ChoiceA::Video and ChoiceA::End. The behaviour of each branch in the protocol is implemented as an anonymous function. The types of the multiparty channel, as well as the generic types in the declaration of the mpst-rust communication functions, enable compile-time detection of protocol violations, such as swapping line 3 and line 4, using another communication primitive or using the wrong payload type. The Rust library in [8] implements binary session types, following [4] .
cord-028840-7n77vko9	2020	In this paper, we present a linear and reversible language with inductive and coinductive types, together with a Curry-Howard correspondence with the logic [Image: see text] : linear logic extended with least and greatest fixed points allowing inductive and coinductive statements. The constructors inj l and inj r represent the choice between either the left or right-hand side of a type of the form A ⊕ B; the constructor , builds pairs of elements (with the corresponding type constructor ⊗); fold and pack respectively represent inductive and coinductive structure for the types μX.A and νX.A. A value can serve both as a result and as a pattern in the clause of an iso. We presented a higher-order, linear, reversible language with inductive and coinductive types together with an interpretation of programs into derivations in the logic .
cord-030631-cc79j9j4	2020	Autoantikörpern markiert das Frühstadium des Typ-1-Diabetes Der Nachweis von 2 oder mehr dieser Autoantikörper beim asymptomatischen Kind ohne gestörten Glukosestoffwechsel ist inzwischen als eines der Frühstadien des Typ-1-Diabetes (Stadium 1) anerkannt. Um zu prüfen, ob Teplizumab die klinische Manifestation verhindern kann, wurden in einer TrialNet-Studie Angehörige von Personen mit Typ-1-Diabetes behandelt, die selbst bereits ein Frühstadium mit multiplen Inselautoantikörpern und eine Dysglykämie oder gestörte Glukosetoleranz (Stadium 2) entwickelt hatten. Somit konnte erstmals die Manifestation der Erkrankung wirksam hinausgezögert werden, was einen Durchbruch für die präventive Therapie des Typ-1-Diabetes darstellt. Bei 19 (43%) der 44 mit Teplizumab behandelten Teilnehmenden und 23 (72 %) von 32 in der Plazebogruppe wurde ein klinischer Typ-1-Diabetes diagnostiziert. Für eine individualisierte Sekundärprävention interessant wird die Tatsache, dass anhand von Biomarkern -HLA-Merkmalen (HLA: humanes Leukozytenantigen) und dem Fehlen von ZnT8A -abgeschätzt werden kann, bei welchen Patienten ein Ansprechen auf die Anti-CD3-Behandlung bessere Erfolgschancen hat [28] .
cord-031922-3pfxrhbc	2020	In this issue of The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology, Per-Henrik Groop and colleagues 4 report the effect of the SGLT2 inhibitor dapagliflozin on albuminuria in adults with type 1 diabetes in a post-hoc subgroup analysis of the DEPICT-1 and DEPICT-2 phase 3 trials. The UK National Institute for Healthcare Excellence (NICE) subsequently recommended both drugs (dapagliflozin in August, 2019, and sotagliflozin in February, 2020) to be cost-effective for use within the UK National Health Service for individuals who additionally had a relatively high insulin requirement (≥0·5 units/kg per day) and had completed an evidence-based qualityassured structured education programme. Effect of dapagliflozin as an adjunct to insulin over 52 weeks in individuals with type 1 diabetes: post-hoc renal analysis of the DEPICT randomised controlled trials
cord-103108-vmze2mdx	2020	
cord-240471-rz0pj5a3	2020	In Sec. IV, we show that probability-turbulence divergence is either a generalization of or may be connected to a number of other kinds of divergences and similarities (e.g., the Sørensen-Dice coefficient), and then discuss limited functional similarities with the Rényi entropy and diversity indices [20] [21] [22] [23] [24] . The dominant contributions to probability-turbulence divergence in the α → ∞ limit therefore come from the most common types in each systems, providing they are not equally abundant. For a primary, familiar example to help us explain our probability-turbulence divergence allotaxonographs, we compare the normalized usage frequency distributions of 2-gram usage between the first and second halves of Pride and Prejudice [29] . 5. Allotaxonograph using probability-turbulence divergence to compare normalized 2-gram usage ranks on two days of English-language Twitter, 2020/03/12 and 2020/05/30. Allotaxonograph using probability-turbulence divergence to compare 3-gram usage ranks on two days of English-language Twitter, 2020/03/12 and 2020/05/30.
cord-254404-lrsqrc2u	2020	
cord-257641-wmbgpnr9	2020	title: Acute Retrograde Type A Intramural Hematoma during SARS-CoV-2 time Retrograde type A IMH (retro-TAIMH) origins in the descending aorta and 4 extend into the arch or ascending aorta. Follow-up CTA was performed at 24 hours 13 (B) and 7 days (C) showing progressive to complete thrombosis of the entry tear, with reduction 14 in aortic diameter which is the most important predictor of IMH regression and positive 15 outcome. CoV-2 pandemic peak in Lombardy and the patient was found to be positive to the virus five 17 days after symptom onset, with progressive dyspnea and worsening findings on chest X rays (D). 4 Medical treatment appears to be appropriate in asymptomatic patients, in those 1 with non-complicated retro-TAIMH and in patients with high open surgical / TEVAR risks. The differences and similarities between intramural hematoma of the descending 6 aorta and acute type B dissection Management of retrograde type A IMH with acute arch tear/type B dissection
cord-259748-x7dq1sy4	2020	Double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) sensor cyclic-GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS) along with the downstream stimulator of interferon genes (STING) acting as essential immune-surveillance mediators have become hot topics of research. The intrinsic function of the cGAS-STING pathway facilitates type-I interferon (IFN) inflammatory signaling responses and other cellular processes such as autophagy, cell survival, senescence. In 2008, several research teams discovered a new protein on the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) which can be activated by immune-stimulatory DNA (ISD) and initiate type-I interferon (IFN) responses, which was named "stimulator of interferon genes" (STING, also known as MITA, ERIS) (2) (3) (4) . Mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization (MOMP) activation, which is executed by BCL-2-associated X protein (BAX) and BCL-2 antagonist or killer (BAK), is a highly controlled conserved process in regulated cell FIGURE 3 | Interaction of the cGAS-STING pathway with other DNA-sensing pathways and its role in cell survival. Human plasmacytoid dentritic cells elicit a Type I interferon response by sensing DNA via the cGAS-STING signaling pathway
cord-259935-xyo2pe4g	2017	To examine the association of SARS-CoV PLpro-induced TGF-β1 production with the collagen up-regulation, A549 lung epithelial cells transiently transfected with pcDNA3.1 and pSARS-PLpro were analyzed the production of TGF-β1 and type I collagen using Western blot, realtime RT-PCR and Sirius red staining assays (Fig. 1) . To examine whether SMAD-dependent pathways involve in TGF-β1mediated up-regulation of Type I collagen in response SARS-CoV PLpro, subcellular localization of receptor-regulated SMAD3 and inhibitory SMAD7 in transfected cells were detected using the immunofluorescent and DAPI staining (Fig. 4) . To examine the possible pathways involved in TGF-β1-dependent up-regulation of Type I collagen by SARS-CoV PLpro, the profiles of ubiquitin-conjugated proteins in transfected cells with vector control and pSARS-PLpro were determined using immune-precipitation and nanoLC-MS/MS. Subcellular localization analysis demonstrated that SMAD3 was predominant in cytoplasmic, but not in the nucleus in transfected cells with pSARS-PLpro compared to vector control (Fig. 4) , revealing that canonical Smad-dependent signaling pathway was not involved in PLpro-induced TGF-β1-dependent upregulation of Type I collagen.
cord-260793-bb4h255w	2020	It has recently been demonstrated through single cell RNA sequencing analysis (referred to herein as scSeq) that cells from the human upper airway -including nasal RE goblet, basal and ciliated cells -express high levels of ACE2 and TMPRSS2, suggesting that these RE cell types may serve as a viral reservoir during CoV-2 infection (33) . The presence of Ace2 and Tmprss2 transcripts in mouse WOM and their (near total) absence in purified OSNs suggest that the molecular components that enable CoV-2 entry into cells are expressed in non-neuronal cell types in the mouse nasal epithelium. An independent mouse scSeq data set (obtained using the 10x Chromium platform, see Methods) revealed that olfactory sensory neurons did not express Ace2 (2 of 28769 mature OSNs were positive for Ace2), while expression was observed in a fraction of Bowman''s gland cells and HBCs ( Figure S4 , see methods).
cord-262545-bs8p50ig	2020	From the 2012-2014 National Health Insurance Service database containing 706 physician-reported cases of type 1 diabetes in children aged <15 years in South Korea, Kim and colleagues reported an incidence of 3.2 per 100,000 person-years, which was 2.3-fold higher compared with the rate recorded in the earlier period of 1995-2000 [13] . Based on retrospective retrieval of 255 paediatric cases of newly diagnosed diabetes between 1984 and 1996, Huen and colleagues recorded an incidence of 1.4 per 100,000 person-years for type 1 diabetes in children aged <15 years in Hong Kong, which was considerably lower than our updated estimates of 5.3-6.4 per 100,000 person-years in a comparable age group [14] . In the present study, 60% of incident cases of diabetes in people aged <20 years were type 2 diabetes. In this report on the secular trend of the incidence of diabetes in Hong Kong, we revealed that the incidence of type 1 diabetes increased in people aged <20 years and was stable in other age groups.
cord-265005-e6rpryrh	2014	We will discuss the expression patterns and functions of endosomal TLRs with regards to IFN production in uninfected specialized immune cell types, pDCs and XCR1 + DCs. Plasmacytoid DCs uniquely produce very large amounts of IFNs in response to in vitro stimulation with many viruses, without being infected (46) . Under these conditions, to promote health over disease, the benefits for the host of producing high circulating levels of IFNs in order to induce widespread cell-intrinsic anti-viral defenses might prevail over the deleterious effects that this could cause on certain cell types or tissues. Subcapsular sinus macrophages rapidly become infected by viruses incoming from the lymph and produce large amounts of IFNs. This altruistic suicide prevents virus dissemination to other adjacent cell types and promotes the induction of innate and adaptive anti-viral immunity (87) .
cord-266488-wc6k06sm	2018	title: Construction and next-generation sequencing analysis of a large phage-displayed V(NAR) single-domain antibody library from six naïve nurse sharks METHODS: Here, we developed a library construction method based on polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-Extension Assembly and Self-Ligation (named "EASeL") to construct a large V(NAR) antibody library with a size of 1.2 × 10(10) from six naïve adult nurse sharks (Ginglymostoma cirratum). To validate the use of the shark V(NAR) library for antibody discovery, we isolated a panel of V(NAR) phage binders to cancer therapy-related antigens, including glypican-3, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2), and programmed cell death-1 (PD1). The isolated shark single-domain antibodies including Type I and Type II V(NAR)s were produced in Escherichia coli and validated for their antigen binding. In this study, we developed a PCR-Extension Assembly and Self-Ligation-based method (named EASeL) to make a large phage-displayed V NAR single-domain library from six nurse sharks.
cord-269734-u43gt8fh	2016	
cord-284514-b7no0yrv	2003	title: Diversity of avian Pasteurella multocida strains based on capsular PCR typing and variation of the OmpA and OmpH outer membrane proteins One hundred avian Pasteurella multocida isolates recovered from cases of fowl cholera and related infections in England and Wales over a 13-year period were characterised by capsular PCR typing and analysis of outer membrane protein (OMP) profiles. Nineteen distinct OMP profiles (OMP-types) were identified based mainly on molecular mass heterogeneity of the heat-modifiable (OmpA) and porin (OmpH) proteins. Strains of capsular types B, D and F, as well as the untypable isolates, were associated exclusively with specific OMP-types and represent distinct and widely disseminated clonal groups. The molecular mass of OmpA (A) varied from 36.9 to 37.9 kDa and that of OmpH (H) varied from 33.1 to 38.3 kDa. The distribution of OMP-types among the avian isolates is shown in Table 1 .
cord-284608-ba7wq52t	2019	title: Alpha, Beta, gamma human PapillomaViruses (HPV) detection with a different sets of primers in oropharyngeal swabs, anal and cervical samples BACKGROUND: Recent studies have shown a 13-fold increase of oropharyngeal cancer in the presence of HPV, while α-HPV detection seems to be rare in oral cavity in comparison to anal or cervical district, many novel β and γ types have been isolated in this anatomical site suggesting a wide tropism range. METHODS: We analysed the presence of HPV DNA in oropharyngeal (n = 124), anal (n = 186), cervical specimens (n = 43) from HIV positive and negative patients using FAP59/64 and MY09/11 primers. In this study, we analyzed the presence of HPV DNA in oral, anal, and cervical specimens collected from HIV positive and HIV negative individuals, living in the same geographic area (regione Lazio) by using MY09/11 [20, 21] FAP59/64 primers [22] .
cord-292344-3bj567gr	2003	Over subsequent decades, numerous reports have highlighted the high prevalence of type 2 diabetes in a number of other populations including native Americans, Afro-Americans, and Mexican Americans in the USA [4] [5] [6] [7] , native Canadians [8] , Australian Aborigines and Torres Strait islanders [9] , and Polynesians in New Zealand [10, 11] . This explosive increase in the prevalence of type 2 diabetes, and the consequences of its complications and associated disorders, represents the greatest health care challenge facing the world today [14] . The population of this nation are Asian Indian, Creole (Black) and Chinese, and these three ethnic groups account for over 66% Increasing prevalence of type 2 diabetes by region [12] . The CODE-2 data are consistent with previous estimates of the prevalence of coronary heart disease and other complications in type 2 diabetic patients in various countries (Fig 2) .
cord-292908-rbn3foj3	1991	title: Antigenic analysis of feline coronaviruses with monoclonal antibodies (MAbs): Preparation of MAbs which discriminate between FIPV strain 79-1146 and FECV strain 79-1683 Abstract We prepared 31 monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) against either FIPV strain 79-1146 or FECV strain 79-1683, and tested them for reactivity with various coronaviruses by indirect flourescent antibody assay (IFA). Sixteen MAbs which reacted with all of the 11 strains of feline coronaviruses, also reacted with canine coronavirus (CCV) and transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV). For serological diagnosis of feline infectious peritonitis virus (FIPV) infection, detection of antibody by indirect fluorescent antibody assay (IFA) is popular (Pedersen, 1976b; Horzinek and Osterhaus, 1979; Scott, 1979) . They divided FIPV into Types I and II according to the presence or absence of the induction of FIP, ability of the viruses to proliferate in cell cultures, and the antigenic relationship with porcine and canine coronaviruses.
cord-293819-tbdsr5iw	2014	
cord-299756-m0va36er	2009	As the BALB/c and the IFNAR-/129SvEv mice demonstrated very similar viral loads in their brains, we also compared their gene expression profiles upon infection with MHV in order to identify type I IFN-dependent transcriptional responses. CONCLUSION: Transcriptional profiling of mice infected with MHV demonstrated the induction of a robust IFN response, which correlated with the viral load. Furthermore, gene expression profiling of 129SvEv mice lacking the type I IFN receptor, which are not able to control the MHV infection [11] , allowed us to identify type I IFN-independent transcriptional responses. To study the role of type I IFN-independent and -dependent gene expression in the control of MHV infection in vivo in more detail, we next made use of the IFNAR-/-mice [30] . Transcriptional profiling of mice infected with MHV demonstrated the induction of a robust IFN response, which correlated with the viral load.
cord-307110-eiobmxp2	2019	In total 137 cat serum samples and 25 FCoV type 1 or type 2-specific antisera were screened for the presence of antibodies against the S1 receptor binding subunit of the CoV spike protein, which is immunogenic and possesses low amino acid sequence identity among coronavirus species. Synthetic sequences of 12 coronavirus spike S1 subunits (HCoV-HKU1 (GB: YP_173238.1), MERS-CoV (GB:YP_009047204.1), SARS-CoV (GB: AAX16192.1), HCoV-OC43 (GB: AAR01015.1), HCoV-229E (GB: NP_073551.1), HCoV-NL63 (GB: YP_003767.1), TGEV (GB: ABG89325.1), PEDV (GB: AOG30832.1), BCoV (GB: P15777.1), PDCoV (GB: AML40825.1), FCoV type 1 (GB: FJ938060.1), FCoV type 2 (GB: AY994055.1)) and different domains of PEDV S1 subunit (S1 0 and S1 A-D , as identified and described in [40] ) were cloned into pCAGGS expression plasmids as described previously [41] .
cord-307128-wwjeu8ie	2020	title: Janus Kinase-Inhibitor and Type I Interferon Ability to Produce Favorable Clinical Outcomes in COVID-19 Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Janus-kinase (JAK) inhibitors and Type I interferons have emerged as potential antiviral candidates for COVID-19 patients for their proven efficacy against diseases with excessive cytokine release and by their ability to promote viral clearance in past coronaviruses, respectively. METHODS: MEDLINE and MedRxiv were searched until July 30(th), 2020, including studies that compared treatment outcomes of humans treated with JAK-inhibitor or Type I interferon against controls. Meta-analysis of 3 sets of studies with 990, 454, and 1480 patients receiving Type I interferon therapy revealed that there were no significant associations between receiving Type I interferon therapy, compared to standard of care, and ICU admittance, requiring mechanical ventilation, or developing a severe or critical case of COVID-19, respectively (p>0.05; Figure 3B ; Figure 3C ; Figure 3D ).[28-36] The analyses included 97, 167, and 537 control patients, respectively.
cord-309795-2kozsv4z	2020	NAFLD, which affects about 25% of the population [3] , comprises a broad range of abnormalities ranging from simple fatty liver (steatosis) to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), characterized by inflammation, necrosis, and hepatocellular ballooning, and progression to liver fibrosis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) [2] . In general, both hyperglycemia and toxic lipids such as ceramides, DAG, FFA, and cholesterol can induce deleterious effects on liver cells (glucolipotoxicity), which might initiate NAFLD progression from simple steatosis to NASH and fibrosis via various mechanisms, including cell death, oxidative stress, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and mitochondrial disorders [46] . BL, baseline; CCR2/5, C-C chemokine receptors type 2 and type 5; FXR, farnesoid X receptor; HbA 1c , glycated haemoglobin; LXR, Liver X receptor; MPC, mitochondrial pyruvate carrier; NA, data not available; NAFLD, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease; NFS, NAFLD fibrosis score; PPAR, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor; NASH, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis; SCD, stearoyl-CoA desaturase; SGLT, sodium-glucose cotransporter; THR, thyroid hormone receptor; T2DM, type 2 diabetes. Potential Nexus of Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Insulin Resistance Between Hepatic and Peripheral Tissues
cord-311332-n8tvglif	2011	
cord-312955-gs65c3fy	2020	
cord-314328-gft6phd6	2020	AIMS: To determine if the frequency of severe diabetic ketoacidosis at presentation of new‐onset type 1 diabetes to an Australian tertiary centre increased during the initial period of restrictions resulting from the COVID‐19 pandemic (March to May 2020). We report one Australian centre''s experience of presentations of newly diagnosed type 1 diabetes in a paediatric cohort during the COVID-19 pandemic restrictions (March to May inclusive) compared to pre-pandemic presentations in the March to May periods of the years 2015 to 2019. • We report a significant increase in the frequency of severe diabetic ketoacidosis at presentation of new-onset type 1 diabetes during the COVID-19 pandemic at our tertiary centre. This study reports a significant increase in the frequency of children and adolescents presenting with severe DKA at onset of type 1 diabetes during the COVID-19 pandemic. The increase in presentations of children and adolescents with severe DKA at diagnosis of type 1 diabetes during the COVID-19 pandemic is a major concern.
cord-315094-pzixgqcy	2004	
cord-316943-ef3i96bo	2020	
cord-321878-bnjupaik	2020	title: A 29-Year-Old Male with a Fatal Case of COVID-19 Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (CARDS) and Ventilator-Induced Lung Injury (VILI) Patient: Male, 29-year-old Final Diagnosis: Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) • COVID-19 •multi organ failure/septic shock • pneumothorax Symptoms: Cough • dyspnea • fatigue • myalgia Medication:— Clinical Procedure: Mechanical ventilation • thoracentesis Specialty: Critical Care Medicine OBJECTIVE: Unknown ethiology BACKGROUND: COVID-19 patients that develop acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) "CARDS" behave differently compared to patients with classic forms of ARDS. In previous cases of SARS patients, pneumothorax was noted at 14-37 days after the initial diagnosis [16] , suggesting that a sustained period of lung inflammation serves as a pre-requisite, a similar time course as our patient Recently a scoring system was proposed to predict the risk of developing critical illness in COVID-19, allowing early interventions and resource allocation to mitigate the high disease burden [17] .
cord-326785-le2t1l8g	2005	
cord-329398-8o39bwv7	2020	
cord-332133-6hdk8801	2017	title: A Pneumonia Case Associated with Type 2 Polio Vaccine Strains [1, 2] Other than VAPP cases and VDPVs, Type 2 polio vaccine strains can also cause a variety of illnesses. [3] To the best of our knowledge, no cases of pneumonia resulting from Type 2 polio vaccine strains have been reported. However, here we report an infant case associated with the Type 2 polio vaccine strain. A 3-month-old male infant with no underlying diseases was admitted to Beijing Haidian Hospital on July 31, 2015, where he was diagnosed with lobular pneumonia exactly 26 days after he had received his second dose of trivalent OPV (tOPV). However, this report provides an initial case of pneumonia, the outcomes associated with Type 2 polio vaccine strains, and the implications for the safety of attenuated OPV in the absence of wild virus diseases.
cord-332186-3jy9zoz2	1997	
cord-334588-2vy4xkz6	2018	(21) also performed a brief retrospective study through qPCR on serum samples from animals clinically affected by PDNS-like lesions (but negative for PCV-2 by IHC) and pigs with porcine respiratory diseases. Based on these two initial works, the name PCV-3 was proposed as the third species of circoviruses affecting pigs, since pairwise analysis demonstrated significant divergence with the existing PCVs. The novel sequences showed <70% of identity in the predicted whole genome and capsid protein amino acid (aa) sequence compared to the other members of the Circovirus genus (22) . Cloned genomic DNA of type 2 porcine circovirus is infectious when injected directly into the liver and lymph nodes of pigs: characterization of clinical disease, virus distribution, and pathologic lesions Genetic characterization of Type 2 Porcine Circovirus (PCV-2) from pigs with postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome in different geographic regions of north America and development of a differential PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism assay
cord-335382-fk4um9nw	2012	When lung cancer is suspected, evaluation of the patient includes a thorough clinical, radiologic, and laboratory assessment, with collection of tissue or cytology samples to establish a pathologic diagnosis of malignancy and to classify the tumor type. Development of lung cancer occurs with multiple, complex, stepwise genetic and epigenetic changes involving allelic losses, chromosomal instability and imbalance, mutations in tumor suppressor genes (TSGs) and dominant oncogenes, epigenetic gene silencing through promoter hypermethylation, and aberrant expression of genes participating in control of cell proliferation and apoptosis [7] . In recent years, atypical adenomatous hyperplasia (AAH) has been recognized as a precursor lesion for peripheral pulmonary ACs. This lesion is defined as "a localized proliferation of mild to moderately atypical cells lining involved alveoli and, sometimes, respiratory bronchioles, resulting in focal lesions in peripheral Part IV Molecular Pathology of Human Disease alveolated lung, usually less than 5 mm in diameter and generally in the absence of underlying interstitial inflammation and fibrosis" (Figure 18 .8) [36] .
cord-336201-fl606l3b	2020	Obesity-related immune cell infiltration, inflammation, and increased oxidative stress promote metabolic impairments in the insulin-sensitive tissues and finally, insulin resistance, organ failure, and premature aging occur. T2DM, the most common form of diabetes (∼90%), is characterized by a systemic inflammatory disease accompanied by insulin resistance (IR) or decreased metabolic response to insulin in several tissues, including the adipose tissue, liver, and skeletal muscle, as well as by reduced insulin synthesis by pancreatic beta cells (4, 5) . During the progression of diabetes, hyperglycemia promotes mitochondrial dysfunction and induces the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) that cause oxidative stress in several tissues such as blood vessels and pancreatic beta cells (7) (8) (9) . In addition, the attachment of AGEs to their receptors [e.g., CD36, galectin-3, scavenger receptors types I (SR-A1), and II (SR-A2)] on the surfaces of immune cells in the circulation and tissues activates the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and increases free radical generation (18) .
cord-343409-oao75pzy	2013	
cord-343982-ymaql0hx	2020	; https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.10.25.20200675 doi: medRxiv preprint Supplementary figure 2: Comparison of monthly HbA1c testing rates in people with type 2 diabetes in primary care by age, gender, deprivation level and by region before and after the first COVID-19 peak in England (CPRD Aurum) is the author/funder, who has granted medRxiv a license to display the preprint in (which was not certified by peer review) preprint ; https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.10.25.20200675 doi: medRxiv preprint Supplementary figure 6: Comparison of observed and expected monthly incidence rates for type 2 diabetes in primary care, HbA1c monitoring and new prescriptions for metformin and insulin before and after the first COVID-19 peak in Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales (CPRD GOLD) is the author/funder, who has granted medRxiv a license to display the preprint in (which was not certified by peer review) preprint
cord-344093-3bniy5b5	2017	A prominent regulator of disease outcome, especially in-but not limited to-respiratory viral infection, is the IFN-dependent mediator TRAIL (TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand) produced by several cell types including immune cells such as macrophages or T cells. (73) Cell death induction, e.g., Bcl-2-associated X protein, caspase-8, Fas-associated protein with death domain, Fas ligand, and TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) dsRNA, polyI:C (4, 110) IAV (4, 5, 10, 115) Sendai virus (110) TRAIL Virus control by apoptosis induction in infected cells IAV (6, 170, 171) Tissue injury by apoptosis of both infected and non-infected alveolar epithelial cells, lung macrophages IAV (5, 7, 10) RSV (137) Necrosis of fibroblasts, dendritic cells, and epithelial cells IAV (146, 147, 168) Increased cellular infiltration CoV (175) Decreased expression of Na,K-ATPase, impaired epithelial fluid reabsorption IAV (11) iNTRODUCTiON In 1957, Isaacs and Lindenmann (1) first recognized the potential of a soluble and probably cell-derived factor to combat influenza virus infection and named this factor interferon [(IFN) from latin interferre, to interfere].
cord-347207-1u4i6qmc	2020	title: Randomised controlled trial of pharmacist-led patient counselling in controlling hypoglycaemic attacks in older adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus (rose-adam): A study protocol Several studies have established the important positive role of educational interventions on achieving glycaemic control and other clinical outcomes, however, there is still a lack in studies that evaluate the impact of such type of interventions on hypoglycaemia risk in elderly patients with type 2 diabetes. The purpose of this research is to evaluate the effectiveness of pharmacist-led patient counselling on reducing hypoglycaemic attacks in older adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Participants who are elderly (age ≥ 65 years), diagnosed with type 2 diabetes mellitus, and taking insulin, sulfonylurea, or any three anti-diabetic medications will be randomly assigned to intervention (SUGAR Handshake) and control (usual care) groups.
cord-350571-6tapkjb6	2017	Possible solutions might be to use shared communication tools like Internet based communication programs and to introduce the patient as a participant at the IMRs. Please specify your abstract type: Research abstract Background and objective: International good pharmacy practice guidelines describe how pharmacists should counsel the patients about their medicines, offer additional services where needed, and intervene at drug related problems. Please specify your abstract type: Descriptive abstract (for projects) Background and objective: In order to improve the medication reconciliation and to implement training programs for the medical team in an associated to general hospital nursing (ASNH) home we measured the discrepancies between pharmacy registered treatments (PRT) and medical prescriptions (MP), and we analysed potentially inappropriate prescriptions according to ''''American Geriatrics Society 2015 Beers Criteria'''' and ''''STOPP-START 2014 criteria.
cord-353867-617f90wq	2020	This community-based initiative reached a large and diverse population, and statistically significant reductions in A1c levels (p < 0.01) were observed among participants with Type 2 diabetes at 3 months. The U.S.-Mexico border is impacted by extremely high disparities in income, education, and healthcare access, and these social determinants of health make this region among the nation''s Figure 1 illustrated the 27 counties formally included in the Healthy South Texas initiative [30] , and the counties in which the Diabetes Education Program was offered were marked with a red dot. Among participants with pre-diabetes or Type 1 diabetes, no statistically significant differences were observed based on baseline A1c level attending a follow-up session at any given time point (Table 2 ). From private and public sources, over USD 15,000,000 was identified in direct support and in-kind dollars for the Healthy South Texas initiative (including delivery of the Diabetes Education Program, as well as other disease prevention and health promotion activities) by governmental and nongovernmental entities.
cord-355239-fc52dn3v	2014