# pos

id: cord-285228-famhbr16
pos: ADD
token:
  https://www.who.int/publicationsdetail/report-of-the-who-china-joint-mission-on-coronavirusdisease-2019-(covid-19

lemma:
  https://www.who.int/publicationsdetail/report-of-the-who-china-joint-mission-on-coronavirusdisease-2019-(covid-19


# ent

id: cord-018239-n7axd9bq
type: CELL_LINE
entity:
  Arabian Peninsula Iran Jordan Kuwait Lebanon Oman Qatar Saudi Arabia United Arab Emirates and Yemen But through international travel it can spread worldwide Recently it resulted in some cases in Korea MERS has 37 mortality The disease is transmitted through droplets


id: cord-018239-n7axd9bq
type: GGP
entity:
  allergic reaction 1 55000 vaccine associated neurotropic disease post vaccinal encephalopathy 1 125000 and vaccine associated viscerotropic disease multi organ failure 1 400000


id: cord-254288-duukt2wh
type: ORG
entity:
  COVID 19 control Manual for the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales Ebola and Psychological Stress of Health Care Professionals Living


id: cord-258856-7hgdlrpi
type: DNA
entity:
  TBIL total bilirubin ALP alkaline phosphatase AST alanine aminotransferase AST aspartate aminotransferase LDH lactate dehydrogenase SARS


id: cord-017862-9fkjjmvf
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Asthma National Asthma Education and Prevention Program National Institutes of Health 1997


id: cord-276831-1z27qsym
type: ORG
entity:
  Prevalence and Risk Factors of Depression Anxiety and Stress in a Cohort of Australian Nurses An Illness of Power Gender


id: cord-265596-o6jdvlya
type: CELL_LINE
entity:
  Hubei China A Descriptive Cross Sectional Multicenter Study date 2020 04 14 journal Am J Gastroenterol DOI 10 14309 ajg 0000000000000620 sha 361f6760a7ead6ef0575840b2e388a17df082070 doc_id 265596 cord_uid


id: cord-285228-famhbr16
type: GGP
entity:
  coronaviruses i e COVID 19 SARS and MERS and cough in influenza The most likely order of the four easily discernible symptoms


id: cord-285228-famhbr16
type: ORG
entity:
  Drawing Hasse Diagram Team RC R A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing R Foundation for Statistical Computing Endothelial


id: cord-265563-1k8v0luz
type: ORG
entity:
  the International Union of Immunological Societies Expert Committee for Primary Immunodeficiency Clinical


id: cord-265563-1k8v0luz
type: DISEASE
entity:
  influenza B parainfluenza virus PIV 1 PIV 2 PIV 3 PIV 4 rhinovirus enterovirus human metapneumovirus respiratory syncytial virus parechovirus human coronavirus OC43 NL68 229E


id: cord-288568-fjdjuksm
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  the Body When There Are No Words for Feelings Alexithymia and Somatization in Self Harming Adolescents Depression


id: cord-293472-d3iwlpsr
type: DISEASE
entity:
  influenza and respiratory syncytial virus in the United States The annual impact of seasonal influenza in the US measuring disease


id: cord-293472-d3iwlpsr
type: DISEASE
entity:
  influenza A viruses Evaluation of an immunochromatography test kit for rapid diagnosis of influenza Evaluation of flow through


id: cord-298536-kksivbh8
type: DNA
entity:
  Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 5th ed DSM 5 American Psychiatric Association 2013


id: cord-324981-teywszlm
type: DISEASE
entity:
  influenza virus type A B respiratory syncytial virus type A B parainfluenza virus types 1 2 3 4 coronavirus types OC43 and 229E rhinoviruses major minor group viruses human metapneumovirus Assays


id: cord-331135-4u99yxw2
type: ORG
entity:
  the Nouvelle Aquitaine Regional Health Agency Agence Régionale de Santé Nouvelle Aquitaine M Macalli


id: cord-331135-4u99yxw2
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  Adolescents Prevalence of Depression Depressive Symptoms and Suicidal Ideation Among Medical Students


id: cord-342246-tnjtd9n3
type: GGP
entity:
  ageusia p 0 05 In other groupings no statistically significant difference was found in terms of VAS averages Data on the maximum minimum and median duration of the symptoms over a period of 30 days are shown in Fig 2 Accordingly the longest onset otolaryngologic symptom was found to be symptoms related to taste and smell There was no statistically significant difference between the other symptom duration averages To identify the questions that tend to be correlated factor analysis was used with the assumption of the correlation between factors or subgroups of questions In Fig 3 the results are shown only for factors with eigen values greater than one It was found that symptoms were loaded in six different factorial subgroups The complaints about hearing tinnitus and vertigo constituted the first subgroup otological difficulty in swallowing sore throat globus sensation and voice impairment constituted the second pharyngeal smell taste


id: cord-342246-tnjtd9n3
type: CL
entity:
  taste and smell Smell and taste dysfunction in patients with COVID 19 a systematic review and meta analysis Anosmia and ageusia common findings in 384 COVID 19 patients Taste and smell impairment in COVID 19 An AAO HNS anosmia


id: cord-342246-tnjtd9n3
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  2019 Report of the WHO China Joint Mission on Coronavirus 358 Disease 2019 COVID 19 World Health Organization American Academy of Otolaryngology Head


id: cord-336942-2mvcyvbl
type: ORG
entity:
  Loneliness Matters A Theoretical and Empirical Review of Consequences and Mechanisms A Short Scale for Measuring Loneliness in Large Surveys


id: cord-354702-hi4nxf67
type: CELL_LINE
entity:
  Hubei China A Descriptive Cross Sectional Multicenter Study Epidemiological clinical and virological characteristics of 74 cases of coronavirus infected disease 2019 COVID 19


id: cord-354702-hi4nxf67
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  Disease Course and Outcomes of COVID 19 Among Hospitalized Patients with Gastrointestinal Manifestations


id: cord-342919-ls2q1g0v
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  Battling the Modern Behavioral Epidemic of Loneliness Suggestions for Research and Interventions Advancing


id: cord-333808-deifddar
type: GGP
entity:
  Cureus DOI 10 7759 cureus 10156 sha 7a91947a93f84055b9768eeedf13913283e3059c doc_id 333808 cord_uid deifddar Cancer patients frequently develop tumor and treatment related complications leading to diminished quality of life shortened survival and overutilization of emergency department and hospital services Outpatient oncology treatment has potential to leave cancer patients unmonitored for long periods while at risk of clinical deterioration which has been exaggerated during the


id: cord-275391-dmfacaua
type: LAW
entity:
  Stress Scale 10 PSS 10 Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7 Item Scale GAD 7 and Patient Health Questionnaire 9 PHQ 9 Factors


id: cord-019347-tj3ye1mx
type: DNA
entity:
  Blaziene A Chomiciene L Jurgauskiene N Ciaponiene Vilnius Lithuania Background Sublingual specific immunotherapy


id: cord-019347-tj3ye1mx
type: GGP
entity:
  Aspergillus n 13 CC 0 71 Penicillium n 6 CC 0 69 Alternaria n 13 CC 0 62 Cladosporium n 8 CC 0 35 cat n 5 CC 0 31 and roach n 5 CC 0 16 The lowest correlation was for Dermatophagoides farina n 7 CC 0 03 Conclusion When


id: cord-019347-tj3ye1mx
type: GGP
entity:
  E Meltzer 1 Y Luo 2 L Shen 2 Z Guo 2 C Schemm 2 Y Huang 2 K Chen 2 P King 2 R Nave 3 D Banerji 2 S Rohatagi 2 1


id: cord-019347-tj3ye1mx
type: GGP
entity:
  SIT 1 01 0 01 per month 3 months after SIT and 1 99 0 25 per month at the end of the sixth month after SIT 26 7


id: cord-019347-tj3ye1mx
type: CHEMICAL
entity:
  conjugate pneumococcal polysaccharides A Yates 1 R deShazo 1 J Butler 1 G Howell 1 J Farley 1 H Liu 1 N Nanayakkura 2 G B Yi 1 R Rockhold 1 1 Jackson MS 2 Oxford MS INTRODUCTION Venom from S invicta


id: cord-019347-tj3ye1mx
type: DISEASE
entity:
  itchy nose p 0 0032 and reduced the severity of pollen effects on sneezing p 0 0451 itchy nose p 0 0178 and runny nose p 0 0327


id: cord-022650-phsr10jp
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  membrane antigens b cells CD3 CD19 CD45 CD19 CD5 CD45 CD19 CD23 CD45 CD19 CD25 CD45 CD19 CD40 CD45 CD19 CD86 CD45 CD3 CD4 CD40L CD45 CD19 CD45RA CD27 CD45


id: cord-022650-phsr10jp
type: GGP
entity:
  house dust mite tablet Matsuoka T 1 Kuroda Y 1 Igarashi S 1 Fukano C 2 Natsui K 2 Ohashi Doi K 2 Masuyama K 1 1


id: cord-022650-phsr10jp
type: GGP
entity:
  Smiljkovic D 3 Blatt K 3 Selb R 4 Stoecklinger A 5 Keller W 2 Valent P 3 Niederberger V 4 Thalhamer J 5 Valenta R 6 Flicker S 6 Background Bet v 1


id: cord-022650-phsr10jp
type: GGP
entity:
  Phl p 1 P 0 05 despite the lower concentration of pollen In Günzburg 66 children had no sensitization at all compared to 58 in Munich 80 of the


id: cord-022650-phsr10jp
type: GGP
entity:
  CD19 CD45 CD19 CD5 CD45 CD19 CD23 CD45 CD19 CD25 CD45 CD19 CD40 CD45 CD19 CD86 CD45 CD3 CD4 CD40L CD45 CD19 CD45RA CD27 CD45


id: cord-022650-phsr10jp
type: ORG
entity:
  between University of Health Sciences Ankara Child Hospital The Children Allergy and Immunology Clinic


id: cord-022650-phsr10jp
type: ORG
entity:
  Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology National Research Institute for Child Health and Development Tokyo


id: cord-022650-phsr10jp
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  Cabrera V Barrios J Callero A González CE Pérez E Martínez JA Hospital Universitario Nuestra Sra de la Candelaria Santa Cruz


id: cord-022650-phsr10jp
type: CHEMICAL
entity:
  5 p phenylenediamine 2 5 colophony 2 5 n isopropyl n fenil 4 fenilendiamin 2 5 mercaptobenzothiazole 2 5 benzocaine 2 5


id: cord-022650-phsr10jp
type: DISEASE
entity:
  grasses grass and olive olea sIgE tot for Phleum pratense and Olea europaea and some sIgE CRD rPhl p 1 rPhl p 5 rPhl p 7 rPhl p 12 rOle1 and nOle7 were determined Physicians


id: cord-022650-phsr10jp
type: CHEMICAL
entity:
  Pacitto A Bizzarri I Isidori C Tarsia M Esposito S Università degli Studi di Perugia Dipartimento di Scienze Chirurgiche


# url

id: cord-285228-famhbr16
domain: www.who.int
url:
  http://www.who.int/publicationsdetail/report-of-the-who-china-joint-mission-on-coronavirusdisease-2019-(covid-19


# bib

id: cord-012503-8rv2xof7
author: Levintow, Sara N.
date: 2020-08-24
txt: ./txt/cord-012503-8rv2xof7.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-012503-8rv2xof7.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7444452/
doi: 10.1007/s10461-020-03007-9
summary:
  title: Estimating the Effect of Depression on HIV Transmission Risk Behaviors Among People Who Inject Drugs in Vietnam: A Causal Approach Depression may be an important driver of continued HIV transmission among PWID if symptoms increase transmission risk behaviors (e.g., sharing injection drug use equipment, engaging in condomless sex) in the absence of viral suppression. In the main analysis, we used marginal structural models to estimate the average causal effect of severe depressive symptoms on the risks of any injection equipment sharing or any condomless sex (separately) in the period three to 6 months later, controlling for time-fixed and time-varying confounders. In our main analysis, we estimated that severe depressive symptoms (compared to no or mild symptoms) increased the risk of sharing injection equipment by 3.9 percentage points (RD = 3.9%, 95% CI −1.7%, 9.6%) and decreased the risk of condomless sex by 1.8 percentage points (RD = −1.8%, 95% CI −6.4%, 2.8%) in the period three to 6 months later (Table 2, Fig. 1 ).

title:
  Estimating the Effect of Depression on HIV Transmission Risk Behaviors Among People Who Inject Drugs in Vietnam: A Causal Approach

abstract:
  The burden of depression and HIV is high among people who inject drugs (PWID), yet the effect of depression on transmission risk behaviors is not well understood in this population. Using causal inference methods, we analyzed data from 455 PWID living with HIV in Vietnam 2009–2013. Study visits every 6 months over 2 years measured depressive symptoms in the past week and injecting and sexual behaviors in the prior 3 months. Severe depressive symptoms (vs. mild/no symptoms) increased injection equipment sharing (risk difference [RD] = 3.9 percentage points, 95% CI −1.7, 9.6) but not condomless sex (RD = −1.8, 95% CI −6.4, 2.8) as reported 6 months later. The cross-sectional association with injection equipment sharing at the same visit (RD = 6.2, 95% CI 1.4, 11.0) was stronger than the longitudinal effect. Interventions on depression among PWID may decrease sharing of injection equipment and the corresponding risk of HIV transmission. Clinical trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01689545. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL: The online version of this article (10.1007/s10461-020-03007-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.


id: cord-012898-1jl6zcwa
title: Impact of COVID-19 on Public Mental Health and the Buffering Effect of a Sense of Coherence
author: Schäfer, Sarah K.
date: 2020-08-18
txt: ./txt/cord-012898-1jl6zcwa.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-012898-1jl6zcwa.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7490493/
doi: 10.1159/000510752
summary:
  OBJECTIVE: This prospective study aimed to assess the impact of the COVID-19 outbreak on mental health and to investigate the ability of pre-outbreak SOC levels to predict changes in psychopathological symptoms. CONCLUSIONS: Although mental health was stable in most respondents, a small group of respondents characterized by low levels of SOC experienced increased psychopathological symptoms from preto post-outbreak. In the current study, we aimed to examine the number of respondents who experienced a clinically significant change in psychopathological symptom levels from preto post-outbreak assessment or significant levels of CO-VID-19-related traumatic distress. Based on previous studies on COVID-19-related traumatic distress [5, 25] , we expected significant levels of traumatic distress in 10-20% of the sample and stronger stress responses in females, younger respondents, and those reporting a poor sleep quality. In the low-stress group, psychopathological symptoms decreased from pre-to post-outbreak assessment and SOC levels increased.

abstract:
  INTRODUCTION: It is claimed that the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has had a negative impact on mental health. However, to date, prospective studies are lacking. Moreover, it is important to identify which factors modulate the stress response to the pandemic. Previously, sense of coherence (SOC) has emerged as a particularly important resistance factor. OBJECTIVE: This prospective study aimed to assess the impact of the COVID-19 outbreak on mental health and to investigate the ability of pre-outbreak SOC levels to predict changes in psychopathological symptoms. METHODS: This study assessed psychopathological symptoms and SOC before and after the COVID-19 outbreak as well as post-outbreak COVID-19-related traumatic distress in a German-speaking sample (n =1,591). Bivariate latent change score (BLCS) modeling was used to analyze pre- to post-outbreak changes in psychopathological symptoms and the ability of SOC to predict symptom changes. RESULTS: Overall, there was no change in psychopathological symptoms. However, on an individual-respondent level, 10% experienced a clinically significant increase in psychopathological symptoms and 15% met cut-off criteria for COVID-19-related traumatic distress. Using BLCS modeling, we identified a high-stress group experiencing an increase in psychopathological symptoms and a decrease in SOC and a low-stress group showing the reversed pattern. Changes in SOC and psychopathological symptoms were predicted by pre-outbreak SOC and psychopathological symptom levels. CONCLUSIONS: Although mental health was stable in most respondents, a small group of respondents characterized by low levels of SOC experienced increased psychopathological symptoms from pre- to post-outbreak. Thus, SOC training might be a promising approach to enhance the resistance to stressors.


id: cord-017366-tpsf7as1
title: Return to Play in Asthma and Pulmonary Conditions
author: Espinoza, David
date: 2017-09-04
txt: ./txt/cord-017366-tpsf7as1.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-017366-tpsf7as1.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7121913/
doi: 10.1007/978-3-662-55713-6_57
summary:
  Some of the more common, but important, conditions such as asthma, exercise-induced bronchoconstriction (EIB), pneumothorax, and pulmonary infections will be addressed, as each are readily seen, by sports medicine teams, caring for the football players. Athletes will present with symptoms including cough, wheezing, shortness of breath, or chest tightness-in severe cases, these symptoms can lead to a life-threatening state of hypoxia due to obstruction of the airways. Exercise-induced bronchoconstriction (EIB) is a pulmonary condition characterized by transient reversible airway narrowing that increases respiratory resistance resulting in coughing, shortness of breath, wheezing, or chest tightness shortly after vigorous exercise. The diagnosis of EIB is typically made through history and physical exam; however, it must be noted that this can lead to either overdiagnosis or underdiagnosis of the condition given the vast variance of symptom severity and presentation as well as a refractory period that some individuals may have.

abstract:
  In football (soccer), an athlete’s cardiopulmonary system consistently operates in a sinusoidal manner with numerous episodes of low- and high-intensity surges. This demand requires an athlete to have the most ideal function to perform at a high level. Multiple pulmonary processes can influence an athlete’s ability to perform by interfering with the pulmonary system’s primary function of ventilation and perfusion to try to optimize gas exchange. In this chapter, we will discuss some of the more common pathology that can affect this delicate balance. Some of the more common, but important, conditions such as asthma, exercise-induced bronchoconstriction (EIB), pneumothorax, and pulmonary infections will be addressed, as each are readily seen, by sports medicine teams, caring for the football players. The discussion will begin with how those conditions are diagnosed through history and advanced testing and will be followed by treatment with environmental trigger modification, pharmacologic interventions, and lastly return to play criteria.


id: cord-017862-9fkjjmvf
title: Respiratory Disorders
author: Smith, Roger P.
date: 2007
txt: ./txt/cord-017862-9fkjjmvf.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-017862-9fkjjmvf.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7122541/
doi: 10.1007/978-0-387-32328-2_19
summary:
  Only 12-25% of all "sore throats" seen by physicians have a true pharyngitis-most are simple viral upper respiratory infections such as the common cold. infl uenzae, Staphylococcus aureus, Legionella pneumophila, and Allergens such as pollens, molds, animal dander, dust mites, and cockroaches Irritants such as strong odors and sprays, chemicals, air pollutants, tobacco smoke, and cold air Viral or sinus infections including colds, pneumonia, and sinusitis Exercise, especially in cold, dry air Gastroesophageal refl ux disease (GERD), a condition in which stomach acid fl ows back up the esophagus Medication and foods Emotional anxiety others) is the most common source of infection for most patients. Infl uenza, rubeola and rubella, Mycoplasma pneumonia, group A β-hemolytic streptococcal infections, and allergic rhinitis may all be confused with the common cold and should be considered when appropriate. When a common cold has lasted for 7-10 days and is no better or worse, acute bacterial sinusitis may have developed and additional medical care may be required.

abstract:
  Like it or not, patients with respiratory complaints are a part of our practice. The common cold is often referred to as the most frequent illness occurring in humans: over 40% of Americans suffer from a “cold” each year, accounting for more lost productivity than any other illness. Pharyngitis affects almost 30 million patients annually, with over 10% of all school-aged children seeking medical care each year. Seventeen million patients a year are diagnosed with asthma, with more females than males among adult-onset patients. Whether it is the reason for our patient’s visit or an incidental complaint, we are involved with the diagnosis and management of these problems.


id: cord-018239-n7axd9bq
title: Travel Medicine
author: Rusoke-Dierich, Olaf
date: 2018-03-13
txt: ./txt/cord-018239-n7axd9bq.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-018239-n7axd9bq.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7123067/
doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-73836-9_32
summary:
  The following topics should be included in the travel advice consultation: 5 Vaccinations (general and country specific) 5 Country-specific diseases 5 Malaria prophylaxis 5 Mosquito prophylaxis (wearing bright long-sleeved clothes, avoiding perfume, staying in air-conditioned rooms, using a mosquito net, using insect repellents, staying inside at dawn and dusk) 5 Food consumption and drinking overseas (no consumption of ice cubes, uncooked meals, salads and food, which is exposed to flies, limited alcohol consumption) 5 UV protection (using sun cream, avoiding sun exposure between 11.00 and 15.00 o'' clock, remaining in shaded areas, wearing a hat and covering skin) 5 Fitness assessment for travelling, flying and diving 5 Challenges of different climates and their effects on the personal health (dehydration, hyperthermia) 5 Medications 5 Thrombosis counselling 5 Counselling on symptoms on return, which require review (fever, skin changes, abnormal bleeding, lymphadenopathy, diarrhoea) 5 Sexual transmitted diseases 5 Contraception 5 Rabies

abstract:
  Before travelling to other countries, thorough travel advice should be provided. Not only information about diseases of specific countries but also general advice for travelling should be given on this consultation.


id: cord-019347-tj3ye1mx
title: ABSTRACT BOOK
author: nan
date: 2010-02-19
txt: ./txt/cord-019347-tj3ye1mx.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-019347-tj3ye1mx.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7129269/
doi: 10.1016/s1081-1206(10)61294-x
abstract: nan
summary:
  Method:Case Report:A 15y/o w/f athlete presented with a two month history of recurrent hives and angioedema which she associated with ingestion of Halloween candy .One week before evaluation she had hives with Coconut as well.Her history was othewise unremarkable except for recurrent UTI''S, annual sinusitis, pneumonia in 1998 as well as migraines.She denied sexual activity.Her physical exam was normal.Results:An evaluation for autoimmune disease revealed normal ESR, ANA, DSDNA, mono and hepatitis serology as well as lyme titers however her CH50 was low17u/ml(normal 26-58U/ml)and evaluation of complement revealed c4 14mg/dl(normal 16-47mg//dl)and c2 <1.3mg/dl(normal 1.6-3.5mg/dl)with normal c3, c5-c9.Her father had nor-malc4 but c2 was 1.4mg/dl (normal 1.6-3.5mg/dl)Her sister had c2 of 1.5mg/dl and normal c4 and her mother had normal c2 and c4.Her workup included positive prick skin test to ragweed, ash and grass and she was started on Rhinocort and Clarinex seasonally.She has been followed for one year with resolution of hives and is asymptomatic.Her diagnosis had been confirmed by a pediatric rheumatologist.Conclusion;We present an atypical case of C2 complement deficiency in an currently asymptomatic individual.


id: cord-020846-mfh1ope6
title: DSR: A Collection for the Evaluation of Graded Disease-Symptom Relations
author: Zlabinger, Markus
date: 2020-03-24
txt: ./txt/cord-020846-mfh1ope6.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-020846-mfh1ope6.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7148057/
doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-45442-5_54
summary:
  While existing disease-symptom relationship extraction methods are used as the foundation in the various medical tasks, no collection is available to systematically evaluate the performance of such methods. While several disease-symptom extraction methods have been proposed that retrieve a ranked list of symptoms for a disease [7, 10, 13, 14] , no collection is available to systematically evaluate the performance of such methods [11] . In the second method [14] , the relation between a disease and symptom is calculated based on their co-occurrence in the MeSHkeywords 1 of medical articles. We describe limitations of the keyword-based method [14] and propose an adaption in which we calculate the relations not only on keywords of medical articles, but also on the full text and the title. We evaluate the baselines on the dsr-collection to compare their effectiveness in the extraction of graded disease-symptom relations.

abstract:
  The effective extraction of ranked disease-symptom relationships is a critical component in various medical tasks, including computer-assisted medical diagnosis or the discovery of unexpected associations between diseases. While existing disease-symptom relationship extraction methods are used as the foundation in the various medical tasks, no collection is available to systematically evaluate the performance of such methods. In this paper, we introduce the Disease-Symptom Relation Collection (dsr-collection), created by five physicians as expert annotators. We provide graded symptom judgments for diseases by differentiating between relevant symptoms and primary symptoms. Further, we provide several strong baselines, based on the methods used in previous studies. The first method is based on word embeddings, and the second on co-occurrences of MeSH-keywords of medical articles. For the co-occurrence method, we propose an adaption in which not only keywords are considered, but also the full text of medical articles. The evaluation on the dsr-collection shows the effectiveness of the proposed adaption in terms of nDCG, precision, and recall.


id: cord-021905-fjcks7w4
title: Asthma Triggers: What Really Matters?
author: Win, Patrick H.
date: 2009-05-22
txt: ./txt/cord-021905-fjcks7w4.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-021905-fjcks7w4.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7152189/
doi: 10.1016/b978-032304289-5.10017-7
abstract: nan
summary:
  The level of cat allergen that is required to induce asthma symptoms is not well defined, so strict avoidance and proper cleaning after an animal has been removed from the household are key to preventing morbidity. Accordingly, improper setting of the central air humidifier (commonly part of a home''s central heating and air-conditioning unit) may worsen asthma control; while dehumidifiers set to keep humidity levels lower than 50% may be beneficial in reducing asthma symptoms from house-dust mite exposure. Similar to the aforementioned avoidance measures for pollen-sensitive asthmatic individuals, asthma symptoms from exposure to mold spores may be minimized by staying indoors as much as possible (especially during peak spore concentrations) and keeping home and automobile windows closed. Other important outdoor asthma triggers include exposure to vehicle traffic (especially diesel exhaust), which might exacerbate preexisting allergic conditions by enhancing airway responses to allergen, a potential compounding effect.


id: cord-022155-9759i9wr
title: Sick Building Syndrome and Other Building-Related Illnesses
author: Nag, Pranab Kumar
date: 2018-08-18
txt: ./txt/cord-022155-9759i9wr.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-022155-9759i9wr.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7153445/
doi: 10.1007/978-981-13-2577-9_3
summary:
  The SBS is a complex spectrum of ill health symptoms, such as mucous membrane irritation, asthma, neurotoxic effects, gastrointestinal disturbance, skin dryness, sensitivity to odours that may appear among occupants in office and public buildings, schools and hospitals. The mechanisms and causative factors of SBS and illnesses include, for example, the oxidative stress resulting from indoor pollutants, VOCs, office work-related stressors, humidification, odours associated with moisture and bioaerosol exposure. Different research groups emphasized on the association of prevalence of SBS symptoms among the office workers with the organic floor dust concentration, the floor covering of the workplaces, the age of the building, and the kind of ventilation system in operation. The assertion from the BASE study of the association of SBS with the increasing difference in concentration of CO 2 between indoor and outdoor brings forward the suggestion that a relative increase in the ventilation rates per person in an office building may reduce the prevalence of SBS symptoms.

abstract:
  Sick building syndrome (SBS) and building-related illnesses are omnipresent in modern high-rise buildings. The SBS is a complex spectrum of ill health symptoms, such as mucous membrane irritation, asthma, neurotoxic effects, gastrointestinal disturbance, skin dryness, sensitivity to odours that may appear among occupants in office and public buildings, schools and hospitals. Studies on large office buildings from USA, UK, Sweden, Finland, Japan, Germany, Canada, China, India, Netherlands, Malaysia, Taiwan, and Thailand, substantiate the occurrence of SBS phenomena. The accumulated effects of a multitude of factors, such as the indoor environmental quality, building characteristics, building dampness, and activities of occupants attribute to SBS. A building occupant manifests at least one symptom of SBS, the onset of two or more symptoms at least twice, and rapid resolution of symptoms following moving away from the workstation or building may be defined as having SBS. Based on the peer-reviewed documentation, this chapter elaborates the magnitude of building-related health consequences due to measurable environmental causations, and the size of the population affected. The mechanisms and causative factors of SBS and illnesses include, for example, the oxidative stress resulting from indoor pollutants, VOCs, office work-related stressors, humidification, odours associated with moisture and bioaerosol exposure. Related regulatory standards and strategies for management of SBS and other illnesses are elaborated.


id: cord-022650-phsr10jp
title: Abstracts TPS
author: nan
date: 2018-08-14
txt: ./txt/cord-022650-phsr10jp.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-022650-phsr10jp.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7159469/
doi: 10.1111/all.13539
abstract: nan
summary:
  0685 | Skin prick test reactivity to aeroallergens in adult allergy clinic in a tertiary hospital: a 12-year retrospective study Results: Five different human sera were screened for specific IgE level against 29 different allergen sources using test methods of three different suppliers. Conclusion: This multicenter prospective study confirmed that stepwise single-dose OFC to egg will help to clarify the severity of egg allergy, and will contribute to improved food allergy manageMethod: The study design was a retrospective cohort study extracting data from the electronic chart of children older than 4 years who visited our out-patient clinic for egg or milk allergy and who underwent an oral food challenge test (OFC) twice within 24 months between November 2013 and December 2017. Results: In the base case analysis, using Italy clinical practice patients with moderate-to severe allergic rhino-conjunctivitis (SS ranging from 6 to 15 points) and a mean age at entry of 21 years, both SCIT and SLIT were associated with increased cost but superior efficacy compared to pharmacotherapy alone.


id: cord-022658-mq91h15t
title: Executive summary
author: nan
date: 2008-12-30
txt: ./txt/cord-022658-mq91h15t.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-022658-mq91h15t.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7159496/
doi: 10.1111/j.1398-9995.1998.tb04885.x
summary:
  Patients with rhinitis or asthma caused by allergens for which the clinical efficacy and safety of SIT have been documented by placebo-controlled, doubleblind studies, and those requiring daily pharmacotherapy for longer periods (e.g., preventive treatment during a pollen season or perennially) are candidates for SIT. in most cases when significant airway comorbidity is present (asthma, chronic sinusitis, nasal polyps, or otitis media with effusion) when the diagnosis is in question or special diagnostic testing is required when occupational rhinitis is suspected, to distinguish between clear-cut allergic reactions and toxic or nonallergic reactions when poor symptom control necessitates a consultation for environmental control measures, pharmacotherapy, or specific immunotherapy when medication side-effects are intolerable when rhinitis is only part of a complex series of mucosal allergies.

abstract:
  Allergic rhinitis is now recognized as a major cause of morbidity that significantly impairs function and quality of life. Moreover, it is now widely held that the pathophysiologic mechanisms causing nasal allergy contribute, or predispose many individuals, to the development of other airway diseases, including asthma. Allergic rhinitis may well be a factor in 24% of children with otitis media with effusion (OME), and perhaps 28% of cases of chronic sinusitis. As many as 78% of persons with asthma aged 15 to 30 years have elevated serum IgE antibodies to five common aeroallergens. In many instances, nasal allergy signals the presence of more severe disease. Considerable evidence now suggests that early and appropriate intervention can improve the quality of life and productivity of patients with allergic rhinitis, enhance the academic performance of children, and reduce the prevalence of airway complications. The goal of treatment has shifted from mere symptom alleviation to blocking the pathophysiologic mechanisms that cause chronic allergic inflammation and leave patients vulnerable to airway infections. The earlier in a patient's life that this can be accomplished, the better the anticipated consequences. A panel of experts was convened in Amsterdam, The Netherlands, on 2 September 1996, to explore these issues and their impact on allergy prevention and treatment in primary care. Their undertaking was supported by an unrestricted educational grant from Schering‐Plough Pharmaceuticals.


id: cord-032382-5tp9i9vh
author: Hackert, Volker H.
date: 2020-09-21
txt: ./txt/cord-032382-5tp9i9vh.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-032382-5tp9i9vh.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7503428/
doi: 10.1186/s12879-020-05400-0
summary:
  CONCLUSION: Whereas signs and symptoms of disease do not appear to predict acute Q fever, they may help rule it out in favour of other respiratory conditions, prompting a delayed or non-prescribing approach instead of early empiric doxycycline in primary care patients with non-severe presentations. Specifically, we assessed whether signs and symptoms could accurately identify acute Q fever in suspect cases prior to laboratory confirmation, or help rule out the diagnosis in favour of other respiratory infections where, depending on national guidelines, treatment with amoxicillin as a first-line antibiotic or a delayed or non-prescribing approach would be considered more appropriate. We performed a retrospective case-control study assessing the association of acute Q fever case status with signs and symptoms of disease in a sample of questionnaire respondents from the cohort of all individuals tested for acute Q fever by GP''s or hospital-based medical specialists in the period from March 2009 through April 2010 (n = 1218).

title:
  Signs and symptoms do not predict, but may help rule out acute Q fever in favour of other respiratory tract infections, and reduce antibiotics overuse in primary care

abstract:
  BACKGROUND: From early 2009, the Dutch region of South Limburg experienced a massive outbreak of Q fever, overlapping with the influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 pandemic during the second half of the year and affecting approximately 2.9% of a 300,000 population. Acute Q fever shares clinical features with other respiratory conditions. Most symptomatic acute infections are characterized by mild symptoms, or an isolated febrile syndrome. Pneumonia was present in a majority of hospitalized patients during the Dutch 2007–2010 Q fever epidemic. Early empiric doxycycline, guided by signs and symptoms and patient history, should not be delayed awaiting laboratory confirmation, as it may shorten disease and prevent progression to focalized persistent Q fever. We assessed signs’ and symptoms’ association with acute Q fever to guide early empiric treatment in primary care patients. METHODS: In response to the outbreak, regional primary care physicians and hospital-based medical specialists tested a total of 1218 subjects for Q fever. Testing activity was bimodal, a first “wave” lasting from March to December 2009, followed by a second “wave” which lasted into 2010 and coincided with peak pandemic influenza activity. We approached all 253 notified acute Q fever cases and a random sample of 457 Q fever negative individuals for signs and symptoms of disease. Using data from 140/229(61.1%) Q fever positive and 194/391(49.6%) Q fever negative respondents from wave 1, we built symptom-based models predictive of Q-fever outcome, validated against subsets of data from wave 1 and wave 2. RESULTS: Our models had poor to moderate AUC scores (0.68 to 0.72%), with low positive (4.6–8.3%), but high negative predictive values (91.7–99.5%). Male sex, fever, and pneumonia were strong positive predictors, while cough was a strong negative predictor of acute Q fever in these models. CONCLUSION: Whereas signs and symptoms of disease do not appear to predict acute Q fever, they may help rule it out in favour of other respiratory conditions, prompting a delayed or non-prescribing approach instead of early empiric doxycycline in primary care patients with non-severe presentations. Signs and symptoms thus may help reduce the overuse of antibiotics in primary care during and following outbreaks of Q fever.


id: cord-151118-25cbus1m
title: Accessible Data Curation and Analytics for International-Scale Citizen Science Datasets
author: Murray, Benjamin
date: 2020-11-02
txt: ./txt/cord-151118-25cbus1m.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-151118-25cbus1m.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://arxiv.org/pdf/2011.00867v1.pdf
doi: nan
summary:
  To test the performance of the join operator when ExeTera and Pandas are used, we generate a dataset composed of a left primary key (int64), a right foreign key (int64) and 1, 2, 4, 8, 16 , and 32 fields respectively of random numbers corresponding to entries in the right table (int32). In this work, we present ExeTera, a data curation and analytics tool designed to provide users with a low complexity solution for working on datasets approaching terabyte scale, such as national / international-scale citizen science datasets like the Covid Symptom Study. ExeTera provides features for cleaning, journaling, and generation of reproducible processing and analytics, enabling large research teams to work with consistent measures and analyses that can be reliably recreated from the base data snapshots. Although ExeTera was developed to provide data curation for researchers working on the Zoe Symptom Study, this software is being developed to be generally applicable to large-scale relational datasets for researchers who work in Python.

abstract:
  The Covid Symptom Study, a smartphone-based surveillance study on COVID-19 symptoms in the population, is an exemplar of big data citizen science. Over 4.7 million participants and 189 million unique assessments have been logged since its introduction in March 2020. The success of the Covid Symptom Study creates technical challenges around effective data curation for two reasons. Firstly, the scale of the dataset means that it can no longer be easily processed using standard software on commodity hardware. Secondly, the size of the research group means that replicability and consistency of key analytics used across multiple publications becomes an issue. We present ExeTera, an open source data curation software designed to address scalability challenges and to enable reproducible research across an international research group for datasets such as the Covid Symptom Study dataset.


id: cord-189256-72eumkal
title: Detecting Emerging Symptoms of COVID-19 using Context-based Twitter Embeddings
author: Santosh, Roshan
date: 2020-11-08
txt: ./txt/cord-189256-72eumkal.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-189256-72eumkal.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://arxiv.org/pdf/2011.03983v1.pdf
doi: nan
summary:
  More generally, the method can be applied to finding context-specific words and texts (e.g. symptom mentions) in large imbalanced corpora (e.g. all tweets mentioning #COVID-19). We evaluate our graph-based approach on 2 different datasets, with each dataset having a different context -1) COVID-19 Symptom Detection; and 2) Adverse Drug Reaction Identification. With the 1 million COVID-19 tweet dataset, we use cough as the seed word, k = 0.3, maxDepth = 3 and n = 5 to test our approach. Evaluation Similar to COVID-19 symptom detection evaluation, we evaluate the model''s performance for ADR detection, where a positive word represents an adverse reaction to a drug (Table 3) . In this study, we present an iterative learning approach to generate such a "master" list of COVID-19 symptoms, using the identification of words matching a specific symptom context.

abstract:
  In this paper, we present an iterative graph-based approach for the detection of symptoms of COVID-19, the pathology of which seems to be evolving. More generally, the method can be applied to finding context-specific words and texts (e.g. symptom mentions) in large imbalanced corpora (e.g. all tweets mentioning #COVID-19). Given the novelty of COVID-19, we also test if the proposed approach generalizes to the problem of detecting Adverse Drug Reaction (ADR). We find that the approach applied to Twitter data can detect symptom mentions substantially before being reported by the Centers for Disease Control (CDC).


id: cord-229612-7xnredj7
author: Pal, Ankit
date: 2020-10-06
txt: ./txt/cord-229612-7xnredj7.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-229612-7xnredj7.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://arxiv.org/pdf/2010.02417v2.pdf
doi: nan
summary:
  An interpretable and COVID-19 diagnosis AI framework is devised and developed based on the cough sounds features and symptoms metadata to overcome these limitations. The proposed framework''s performance was evaluated using a medical dataset containing Symptoms and Demographic data of 30000 audio segments, 328 cough sounds from 150 patients with four cough classes ( COVID-19, Asthma, Bronchitis, and Healthy). A three-layer Deep Neural Network model is used to generate cough embeddings from the handcrafted signal processing features and symptoms embeddings are generated by a transformer-based self-attention network called TabNet. Arik and Pfister (2020) Finally, the prediction score is obtained by concatenating the Symptoms Embeddings with Cough Embeddings, followed by a Fully Connected layer. • A novel explainable & interpretable COVID-19 diagnosis framework based on deep learning (AI) uses the information from symptoms and cough signal processing features.

title:
  Pay Attention to the cough: Early Diagnosis of COVID-19 using Interpretable Symptoms Embeddings with Cough Sound Signal Processing

abstract:
  COVID-19 (coronavirus disease 2019) pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 has led to a treacherous and devastating catastrophe for humanity. At the time of writing, no specific antivirus drugs or vaccines are recommended to control infection transmission and spread. The current diagnosis of COVID-19 is done by Reverse-Transcription Polymer Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) testing. However, this method is expensive, time-consuming, and not easily available in straitened regions. An interpretable and COVID-19 diagnosis AI framework is devised and developed based on the cough sounds features and symptoms metadata to overcome these limitations. The proposed framework's performance was evaluated using a medical dataset containing Symptoms and Demographic data of 30000 audio segments, 328 cough sounds from 150 patients with four cough classes ( COVID-19, Asthma, Bronchitis, and Healthy). Experiments' results show that the model captures the better and robust feature embedding to distinguish between COVID-19 patient coughs and several types of non-COVID-19 coughs with higher specificity and accuracy of 95.04 $pm$ 0.18% and 96.83$pm$ 0.18% respectively, all the while maintaining interpretability.


id: cord-244388-dxrrpxl7
title: Artificial Intelligence Decision Support for Medical Triage
author: Marchiori, Chiara
date: 2020-11-09
txt: ./txt/cord-244388-dxrrpxl7.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-244388-dxrrpxl7.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://arxiv.org/pdf/2011.04548v1.pdf
doi: nan
summary:
  Built on case records and guidelines using AI-based methods, the system consists of the following building blocks: 1) an engine for the automated ingestion of unstructured clinical notes, the extraction of relevant medical entities and their organization into a knowledge graph (KG); 2) a data-driven dialog system that allows a conversation with such medical knowledge base and drives the patient interactions; 3) an inference engine able to suggest the most appropriate recommendation in terms of point of care and time frame for treatment. After ontology creation, the input case records together with the extracted medical concepts and metadata were automatically ingested and organized in a language agnostic knowledge graph (KG). For the neural network based model we constructed a training corpus masking one or multiple medical concepts from each patient case and optimised the network to predict the obscured features.

abstract:
  Applying state-of-the-art machine learning and natural language processing on approximately one million of teleconsultation records, we developed a triage system, now certified and in use at the largest European telemedicine provider. The system evaluates care alternatives through interactions with patients via a mobile application. Reasoning on an initial set of provided symptoms, the triage application generates AI-powered, personalized questions to better characterize the problem and recommends the most appropriate point of care and time frame for a consultation. The underlying technology was developed to meet the needs for performance, transparency, user acceptance and ease of use, central aspects to the adoption of AI-based decision support systems. Providing such remote guidance at the beginning of the chain of care has significant potential for improving cost efficiency, patient experience and outcomes. Being remote, always available and highly scalable, this service is fundamental in high demand situations, such as the current COVID-19 outbreak.


id: cord-254288-duukt2wh
author: Chew, Nicholas W.S.
date: 2020-04-21
txt: ./txt/cord-254288-duukt2wh.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-254288-duukt2wh.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32330593/
doi: 10.1016/j.bbi.2020.04.049
summary:
  title: A multinational, multicentre study on the psychological outcomes and associated physical symptoms amongst healthcare workers during COVID-19 outbreak METHODS: Healthcare workers from 5 major hospitals, involved in the care for COVID-19 patients, in Singapore and India were invited to participate in a study by performing a self-administered questionnaire within the period of February 19 to April 17, 2020. CONCLUSIONS: Our study demonstrates a significant association between the prevalence of physical symptoms and psychological outcomes among healthcare workers during the COVID-19 outbreak. We investigate the association between various physical symptoms and psychological distress amongst healthcare workers in Singapore and India during the current COVID-19 outbreak. The study questionnaire, written in English, comprised five main components-demographic characteristics, medical history, symptom prevalence in the previous month, Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS-21) and the Impact of Events Scale-Revised (IES-R) instruments. This multinational, multicenter study found significant association between adverse psychological outcomes and physical symptoms displayed by healthcare workers during the current COVID-19 pandemic.

title:
  A multinational, multicentre study on the psychological outcomes and associated physical symptoms amongst healthcare workers during COVID-19 outbreak

abstract:
  OBJECTIVE: Since the declaration of the coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak as pandemic, there are reports on the increased prevalence of physical symptoms observed in the general population. We investigated the association between psychological outcomes and physical symptoms among healthcare workers. METHODS: Healthcare workers from 5 major hospitals, involved in the care for COVID-19 patients, in Singapore and India were invited to participate in a study by performing a self-administered questionnaire within the period of February 19 to April 17, 2020. Healthcare workers included doctors, nurses, allied healthcare workers, administrators, clerical staff and maintenance workers. This questionnaire collected information on demographics, medical history, symptom prevalence in the past month, Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS-21) and the Impact of Events Scale-Revised (IES-R) instrument. The prevalence of physical symptoms displayed by healthcare workers and the associations between physical symptoms and psychological outcomes of depression, anxiety, stress, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) were evaluated. RESULTS: Out of the 906 healthcare workers who participated in the survey, 48 (5.3%) screened positive for moderate to very-severe depression, 79 (8.7%) for moderate to extremely-severe anxiety, 20 (2.2%) for moderate to extremely-severe stress, and 34 (3.8%) for moderate to severe levels of psychological distress. The commonest reported symptom was headache (32.3%), with a large number of participants (33.4%) reporting more than four symptoms. Participants who had experienced symptoms in the preceding month were more likely to be older, have pre-existing comorbidities and a positive screen for depression, anxiety, stress, and PTSD. After adjusting for age, gender and comorbidities, it was found that depression (OR 2.79, 95% CI 1.54–5.07, p = 0.001), anxiety (OR 2.18, 95% CI 1.36–3.48, p = 0.001), stress (OR 3.06, 95% CI 1.27–7.41, p = 0.13), and PTSD (OR 2.20, 95% CI 1.12–4.35, p = 0.023) remained significantly associated with the presence of physical symptoms experienced in the preceding month. Linear regression revealed that the presence of physical symptoms was associated with higher mean scores in the IES-R, DASS Anxiety, Stress and Depression subscales. CONCLUSIONS: Our study demonstrates a significant association between the prevalence of physical symptoms and psychological outcomes among healthcare workers during the COVID-19 outbreak. We postulate that this association may be bi-directional, and that timely psychological interventions for healthcare workers with physical symptoms should be considered once an infection has been excluded.


id: cord-258856-7hgdlrpi
title: Gastrointestinal Symptoms Onset in COVID-19 Patients in Wuhan, China
author: An, Ping
date: 2020-11-12
txt: ./txt/cord-258856-7hgdlrpi.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-258856-7hgdlrpi.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10620-020-06693-6
doi: 10.1007/s10620-020-06693-6
summary:
  Fever, cough and other respiratory symptoms were reported as common presentations of the novel coronavirus infection , and patients with these classical symptoms warrant further screening for viral infection [3, 5, 8] . The date of symptoms onset, initial clinic visit, hospital admission, CT scans, and virus nuclei acid tests, as well as the severity of patient condition, were also recorded. It is worth noting that the GI symptoms onset in group B patients were not chronic which occurred 1-8 days before their clinic visits (Fig. 2b ). Compared to group A, from detectable symptoms onset, patients in group B (with only GI symptoms) took a longer time to present to healthcare services (5.0 days vs. Furthermore, group B patients had longer durations to hospital admission after initial clinic presentations (8.2 days vs.

abstract:
  BACKGROUND: Early detection is critical in limiting the spread of 2019 novel coronavirus (COVID-19). Although previous data revealed characteristics of GI symptoms in COVID-19, for patients with only GI symptoms onset, their diagnostic process and potential transmission risk are still unclear. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed 205 COVID-19 cases from January 16 to March 30, 2020, in Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University. All patients were confirmed by virus nuclei acid tests. The clinical features and laboratory and chest tomographic (CT) data were recorded and analyzed. RESULTS: A total of 171 patients with classic symptoms (group A) and 34 patients with only GI symptoms (group B) were included. In patients with classical COVID-19 symptoms, GI symptoms occurred more frequently in severe cases compared to non-severe cases (20/43 vs. 91/128, respectively, p < 0.05). In group B, 91.2% (31/34) patients were non-severe, while 73.5% (25/34) patients had obvious infiltrates in their first CT scans. Compared to group A, group B patients had a prolonged time to clinic services (5.0 days vs. 2.6 days, p < 0.01) and a longer time to a positive viral swab normalized to the time of admission (6.9 days vs. 3.3 days, respectively, p < 0.01). Two patients in group B had family clusters of SARS-CoV-2 infection. CONCLUSION: Patients with only GI symptoms of COVID-19 may take a longer time to present to healthcare services and receive a confirmed diagnosis. In areas where infection is rampant, physicians must remain vigilant of patients presenting with acute gastrointestinal symptoms and should do appropriate personal protective equipment. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL: The online version of this article (10.1007/s10620-020-06693-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.


id: cord-261133-m00gcci4
title: Understanding the symptoms of the common cold and influenza
author: Eccles, Ron
date: 2005-10-25
txt: ./txt/cord-261133-m00gcci4.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-261133-m00gcci4.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16253889/
doi: 10.1016/s1473-3099(05)70270-x
summary:
  52 The mechanism of headache caused by cytokines is unknown but it is interesting that headache induced by cytokines is accompanied by symptoms such as fatigue, anorexia, malaise, nausea, and depression, and these symptoms are commonly associated with URTIs. A sensation of chilliness is an early symptom of common cold, 7 and is sometimes explained as an initial stage of fever, since vasoconstriction of skin blood vessels may cause a fall in skin temperature that is perceived as chilliness. 65 The cytokine stimulation of prostaglandin E2 production in skeletal muscle, and the effects of prostaglandin E2 on sensory nerves in muscle, may explain the myalgia associated with URTIs. In a study of common cold symptoms induced by challenge with infected nasal secretions, URTI symptoms were classified as either "early" or "later" symptoms.

abstract:
  The common cold and influenza (flu) are the most common syndromes of infection in human beings. These diseases are diagnosed on symptomatology, and treatments are mainly symptomatic, yet our understanding of the mechanisms that generate the familiar symptoms is poor compared with the amount of knowledge available on the molecular biology of the viruses involved. New knowledge of the effects of cytokines in human beings now helps to explain some of the symptoms of colds and flu that were previously in the realm of folklore rather than medicine—eg, fever, anorexia, malaise, chilliness, headache, and muscle aches and pains. The mechanisms of symptoms of sore throat, rhinorrhoea, sneezing, nasal congestion, cough, watery eyes, and sinus pain are discussed, since these mechanisms are not dealt with in any detail in standard medical textbooks.


id: cord-262100-z6uv32a0
author: Wang, Yuanyuan
date: 2020-09-14
txt: ./txt/cord-262100-z6uv32a0.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-262100-z6uv32a0.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32929212/
doi: 10.1038/s41380-020-00881-6
summary:
  Noticeably, psychomotor symptoms such as impaired motor skills, restlessness, and inability to relax exhibited high centrality during the outbreak, which still relatively high but showed substantial remission during after peak stage (in terms of strength, betweenness, or bridge centrality). This study provides novel insights into the changes in central features during the different COVID-19 stages and highlights motor-related symptoms as bridge symptoms, which could activate the connection between anxiety and depression. In a recent longitudinal study on mental health during COVID-19, no significant changes in anxiety and depression were found in the general Chinese population between the initial outbreak and the after peak period [6] . However, the existing studies did not investigate the mechanism and changes in anxiety and depressive symptoms throughout the COVID-19 outbreak and the after peak using network analysis. During the outbreak and after peak, the occurrence of either impaired motor skills with depression symptoms or restlessness with anxiety symptoms could increase the risk of activation for other mental disorders.

title:
  Changes in network centrality of psychopathology symptoms between the COVID-19 outbreak and after peak

abstract:
  The current study investigated the mechanism and changes in psychopathology symptoms throughout the COVID-19 outbreak and after peak. Two studies were conducted separately in China during outbreak and the after peak stages, with 2540 participants were recruited from February 6 to 16, 2020, and 2543 participants were recruited from April 25 to May 5, 2020. The network models were created to explore the relationship between psychopathology symptoms both within and across anxiety and depression, with anxiety measured by the Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 and depression measured by the Patient Health Questionnaire-9. Symptom network analysis was conducted to evaluate network and bridge centrality, and the network properties were compared between the outbreak and after peak. Noticeably, psychomotor symptoms such as impaired motor skills, restlessness, and inability to relax exhibited high centrality during the outbreak, which still relatively high but showed substantial remission during after peak stage (in terms of strength, betweenness, or bridge centrality). Meanwhile, symptoms of irritability (strength, betweenness, or bridge centrality) and loss of energy (bridge centrality) played an important role in the network after the peak of the pandemic. This study provides novel insights into the changes in central features during the different COVID-19 stages and highlights motor-related symptoms as bridge symptoms, which could activate the connection between anxiety and depression. The results revealed that restrictions on movement were associated with worsen in psychomotor symptoms, indicating that future psychological interventions should target motor-related symptoms as priority.


id: cord-262135-oic7uvs0
title: A New Symptom of COVID‐19: Loss of Taste and Smell
author: Gautier, Jean‐François
date: 2020-04-01
txt: ./txt/cord-262135-oic7uvs0.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-262135-oic7uvs0.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1002/oby.22809
doi: 10.1002/oby.22809
abstract: nan
summary:
  His recent interactions with patients and other doctors have rapidly led to the realization that sudden loss of smell (anosmia) and/or taste (ageusia) may be experienced in the infected, symptoms not commonly reported in China. Dr. Ravussin''s frustration on the paucity of information related to the anosmia found online and in normal media outlets pushed him to contact various medical doctors directly working with infected patients on three continents and all confirmed that this presenting symptom is common knowledge within the medical professional communities directly fighting the COVID-19 virus. We are writing to the Editors to make sure this information is more widely circulated among readers of the Journal and hope/suggest that people who present with anosmia and/or ageusia without other symptoms are admitted for testing and realize that they may be affected by the current pandemic.


id: cord-264412-2dwk06yd
title: Migraine Symptoms Improvement During the COVID-19 Lockdown in a Cohort of Children and Adolescents
author: Dallavalle, Gianfranco
date: 2020-10-08
txt: ./txt/cord-264412-2dwk06yd.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-264412-2dwk06yd.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33133010/
doi: 10.3389/fneur.2020.579047
summary:
  As the COVID-19 emergency may have affected the levels of stress perceived by children and adolescents with migraine, the present study was aimed to understand the effect of COVID-19 emergency on symptoms intensity and frequency in pediatric patients. As the COVID-19 emergency may have affected the levels of stress perceived by children and adolescents with migraine, the present study was aimed to understand the effect of COVID-19 emergency on symptoms intensity and frequency in pediatric patients. Discussion: A significant reduction of migraine symptoms intensity and frequency was observed in pediatric patients during the COVID-19 lockdown phase in northern Italy. Discussion: A significant reduction of migraine symptoms intensity and frequency was observed in pediatric patients during the COVID-19 lockdown phase in northern Italy. This study highlighted a significant reduction of the intensity and frequency of migraine symptoms in the present cohort of children and adolescents during the COVID-19 lockdown phase in northern Italy.

abstract:
  Background: Pediatric migraine is among the most common primary or comorbid neurologic disorders in children. Psychological stressors are widely acknowledged as potential triggers involved in recurring episodes of pediatric migraine. As the COVID-19 emergency may have affected the levels of stress perceived by children and adolescents with migraine, the present study was aimed to understand the effect of COVID-19 emergency on symptoms intensity and frequency in pediatric patients. Methods: A cohort of 142 child and adolescent patients with a diagnosis of migraine was enrolled at the Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit of the IRCCS Mondino Foundation in Pavia (Italy). Socio-demographic and clinical characteristics were obtained from medical records. An on-line survey was used to collect information on COVID-19 exposure, stress response to the lockdown period, anxious symptoms during COVID-19 emergency, as well as migraine symptoms intensity and frequency before and during the lockdown. Results: The great majority were outpatients (n = 125, 88.0%), 52 (36.6%) had migraine with aura, whereas, 90 (63.4%) had migraine without aura. All the patients reporting worsening symptoms progression before COVID-19, had reduced intensity during the lockdown (χ(2) = 31.05, p < 0.0001). Symptoms frequency reduction was observed in 50% of patients presenting worsening symptoms before the lockdown, 45% of those who were stable, and 12% of those who were already improving. All patients who had resolved symptoms before COVID-19 were stable during the lockdown (χ(2) = 38.66, p < 0.0001). Anxious symptomatology was significantly associated with greater migraine symptoms frequency (χ(2) = 19.69, p < 0.001). Repeating the analysis separately for individuals with and without aura did not affect the findings and significant associations were confirmed for both the patients' subgroups. Discussion: A significant reduction of migraine symptoms intensity and frequency was observed in pediatric patients during the COVID-19 lockdown phase in northern Italy. The improvement in both intensity and frequency of the migraine symptoms was especially significant in patients who were stable or worsening before the lockdown. The reduction of symptoms severity during a period of reduced environmental challenges and pressures further highlights the need of providing effective training in stress regulation and coping for these patients.


id: cord-264543-b4zwinh2
title: Anosmia: A marker of infection by the new corona virus
author: Daher, Valéria Barcelos
date: 2020-06-12
txt: ./txt/cord-264543-b4zwinh2.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-264543-b4zwinh2.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rmcr.2020.101129
doi: 10.1016/j.rmcr.2020.101129
summary:
  [4] The objective of this case report is to describe anosmia and ageusia as emergent initial symptoms of COVID-19 (Coronavirus Disease 2019). After clinical diagnosis, it was instituted home treatment with Oseltamivir 75 mg an oral tablet every 12 hours for five days, Azithromycin 500mg, one oral tablet per day for five days, Acetylcysteine syrup 40mg /ml 15 ml orally at night for 5 days and dipyrone if pain or fever, resulting in marked improvement of the signals and symptoms presented by the patient in five days, however, with persistence of anosmia and ageusia. In the case described, the patient presented as initial symptoms anosmia (absence of smell) and ageusia (change in taste) followed by odynophagia, cough, low fever, chest pain and mild respiratory distress, so it was considered suggestive of Covid-19 and confirmed, later, by the laboratory examination (RT-PCR) of the patient. [6] This examination was performed on the patient of the case at the time of the diagnosis and during the anosmia period and showed no structural changes.

abstract:
  The diagnosis of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) is based on the identification of common symptoms such as fever, tiredness and dry cough. Anosmia and ageusia are also in fact symptoms of the infection with the new coronavirus and recently were considered as symptoms by the World Health Organization. In this case report we present the new onset anosmia during the COVID-19 pandemic. The patient, 31-year-old, reported olfactory and gustatory dysfunctions as initial symptoms of mild-to-moderate form of the COVID-19. Therefore, chemosensory dysfunctions should serve as a warning to health professionals as a possible marker of infection with the new corona virus.


id: cord-265563-1k8v0luz
title: Respiratory Infections and Antibiotic Usage in Common Variable Immunodeficiency
author: Sperlich, Johannes M.
date: 2017-07-19
txt: ./txt/cord-265563-1k8v0luz.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-265563-1k8v0luz.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S2213219817303872
doi: 10.1016/j.jaip.2017.05.024
summary:
  Abbreviations used COPD-Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease CVID-Common variable immunodeficiency HR-Hazard ratio IQR-Interquartile range OAT-Oral antibiotic therapy OR-Odds ratio SGRQ-St George''s Respiratory Questionnaire TE-Treated exacerbation TSE-Treated symptomatic exacerbation USE-Untreated symptomatic exacerbation between 1 in 10,000 and 1 in 50,000, it is the most common symptomatic primary immunodeficiency. Exacerbations characterized by purulent sputum respond rapidly to antibiotics, whereas those characterized by upper respiratory tract symptoms and sore throat respond more slowly Median (IQR) time until recovery after start of OAT in all TEs was 6.5 (5-14) days ( Figure 4 , A). For USEs, the differences in Regarding the impact of antibiotic prophylaxis on exacerbation severity, there was no significant difference in episode duration or cumulative total symptom count during symptomatic exacerbations between patients on or off prophylactic antibiotics. For the first definition, we identified a symptomatic exacerbation event as 2 or more new symptoms lasting for 2 or more consecutive days as recorded by the patient in their diary, whether or not they received additional treatment for that.

abstract:
  BACKGROUND: Patients with common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) suffer frequent respiratory tract infections despite immunoglobulin replacement and are prescribed significant quantities of antibiotics. The clinical and microbiological nature of these exacerbations, the symptomatic triggers to take antibiotics, and the response to treatment have not been previously investigated. OBJECTIVES: To describe the nature, frequency, treatment, and clinical course of respiratory tract exacerbations in patients with CVID and to describe pathogens isolated during respiratory tract exacerbations. METHODS: We performed a prospective diary card exercise in 69 patients with CVID recruited from a primary immunodeficiency clinic in the United Kingdom, generating 6210 days of symptom data. We collected microbiology (sputum microscopy and culture, atypical bacterial PCR, and mycobacterial culture) and virology (nasopharyngeal swab multiplex PCR) samples from symptomatic patients with CVID. RESULTS: There were 170 symptomatic exacerbations and 76 exacerbations treated by antibiotics. The strongest symptomatic predictors for commencing antibiotics were cough, shortness of breath, and purulent sputum. There was a median delay of 5 days from the onset of symptoms to commencing antibiotics. Episodes characterized by purulent sputum responded more quickly to antibiotics, whereas sore throat and upper respiratory tract symptoms responded less quickly. A pathogenic virus was isolated in 56% of respiratory exacerbations and a potentially pathogenic bacteria in 33%. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with CVID delay and avoid treatment of symptomatic respiratory exacerbations, which could result in structural lung damage. However, viruses are commonly represented and illnesses dominated by upper respiratory tract symptoms respond poorly to antibiotics, suggesting that antibiotic usage could be better targeted.


id: cord-265596-o6jdvlya
author: Pan, Lei
date: 2020-04-14
txt: ./txt/cord-265596-o6jdvlya.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-265596-o6jdvlya.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.14309/ajg.0000000000000620
doi: 10.14309/ajg.0000000000000620
summary:
  title: Clinical Characteristics of COVID-19 Patients With Digestive Symptoms in Hubei, China: A Descriptive, Cross-Sectional, Multicenter Study However, with the evolution of the pandemic and the accumulation of case data, we are now able to describe the initial clinical presentations of patients with COVID-19; and our experience is revealing that digestive symptoms are very common (10) . In this study, we enrolled patients confirmed to have COVID-19 from 3 hospitals in Hubei province and investigated the prevalence, clinical characteristics, and outcomes of COVID-19 patients with vs without digestive symptoms. The present study was conducted by reviewing the medical records of patients with COVID-19 from January 18, 2020, to February 28, 2020, in 3 heavily affected hospitals during the initial outbreak in Hubei province, where 83% of cases in China were reported. 3 Digestive symptoms are common in COVID-19 in addition to fever and respiratory symptoms and are reported in nearly half of patients presenting to the hospital.

title:
  Clinical Characteristics of COVID-19 Patients With Digestive Symptoms in Hubei, China: A Descriptive, Cross-Sectional, Multicenter Study

abstract:
  OBJECTIVE: Since the outbreak of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) in December 2019, various digestive symptoms have been frequently reported in patients infected with the virus. In this study, we aimed to further investigate the prevalence and outcomes of COVID-19 patients with digestive symptoms. METHODS: In this descriptive, cross-sectional, multicenter study, we enrolled confirmed patients with COVID-19 who presented to 3 hospitals from January 18, 2020, to February 28, 2020. All patients were confirmed by real-time polymerase chain reaction and were analyzed for clinical characteristics, laboratory data, and treatment. Data were followed up until March 18, 2020. RESULTS: In the present study, 204 patients with COVID-19 and full laboratory, imaging, and historical data were analyzed. The average age was 52.9 years (SD ± 16), including 107 men and 97 women. Although most patients presented to the hospital with fever or respiratory symptoms, we found that 103 patients (50.5%) reported a digestive symptom, including lack of appetite (81 [78.6%] cases), diarrhea (35 [34%] cases), vomiting (4 [3.9%] cases), and abdominal pain (2 [1.9%] cases). If lack of appetite is excluded from the analysis (because it is less specific for the gastrointestinal tract), there were 38 total cases (18.6%) where patients presented with a gastrointestinal-specific symptom, including diarrhea, vomiting, or abdominal pain. Patients with digestive symptoms had a significantly longer time from onset to admission than patients without digestive symptoms (9.0 days vs 7.3 days). In 6 cases, there were digestive symptoms, but no respiratory symptoms. As the severity of the disease increased, digestive symptoms became more pronounced. Patients with digestive symptoms had higher mean liver enzyme levels, lower monocyte count, longer prothrombin time, and received more antimicrobial treatment than those without digestive symptoms. DISCUSSION: We found that digestive symptoms are common in patients with COVID-19. Moreover, these patients have a longer time from onset to admission, evidence of longer coagulation, and higher liver enzyme levels. Clinicians should recognize that digestive symptoms, such as diarrhea, are commonly among the presenting features of COVID-19 and that the index of suspicion may need to be raised earlier in at-risk patients presenting with digestive symptoms. However, further large sample studies are needed to confirm these findings.


id: cord-272200-wkifto2o
title: Improving adherence to ‘test, trace and isolate’
author: Rubin, G James
date: 2020-09-10
txt: ./txt/cord-272200-wkifto2o.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-272200-wkifto2o.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32910870/
doi: 10.1177/0141076820956824
abstract: nan
summary:
  Unless people are convinced that they will be fully and quickly recompensed for any financial cost and that their use of the test, trace and isolate system is both expected and respected by their community, then, particularly where symptoms are mild, it may be tempting for some to accept their first assumption that their symptoms are probably unrelated to COVID-19. Reducing the costs associated with use of the service will be essential to improving its uptake; this could include an early release from isolation if a negative test result is obtained. Ensuring that a test, trace and isolate system links people up with community support mechanisms may help promote adherence. When the period of isolation is over, people who have tested positive will need to be warned that we still do not know if people can develop COVID-19 more than once and that they must still be careful to avoid spreading infection.


id: cord-275391-dmfacaua
title: Anxiety and depression symptoms of medical staff under COVID-19 epidemic in China
author: Liu, Yuan
date: 2020-09-07
txt: ./txt/cord-275391-dmfacaua.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-275391-dmfacaua.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0165032720326987?v=s5
doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2020.09.004
summary:
  METHODS: In this study, an online non-probability sample survey was used to anonymously investigate the anxiety and depression symptoms among medical staff under the COVID-19 outbreak. PHEIC was defined as "Unusual events that pose public health risks to other countries through the international spread of disease and may require a coordinated international response." As of 11 February, a total of 1716 medical staff were confirmed to have COVID-19 infections in mainland China, accounting for 3.8% of all confirmed cases (The Novel Coronavirus Pneumonia Emergency Response Epidemiology Team, 2020). Significantly higher proportions of self-reported anxiety or depression symptoms were found in investigated medical staff with the following characteristics: nurse, junior college or below, living alone, never/almost never getting help from friends, never/almost never getting care from neighbours, never confiding their troubles to others and higher stress.

abstract:
  BACKGROUND: : It is well known that unexpected pandemic has led to an increase in mental health problems among a variety of populations. METHODS: In this study, an online non-probability sample survey was used to anonymously investigate the anxiety and depression symptoms among medical staff under the COVID-19 outbreak. The questionnaire included Perceived Stress Scale-10 (PSS-10), Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7-Item Scale (GAD-7) and Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9). Factors associated with anxiety and depression symptoms were estimated by logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: A total of 1090 medical staff were investigated in this study. The estimated self-reported rates of anxiety symptoms, depression symptoms and both of the two were 13.3%, 18.4% and 23.9% respectively. Factors associated with self-reported anxiety symptoms include married status (OR=2.3, 95%CI: 1.2, 4.4), not living alone (OR=0.4, 95%CI: 0.2, 0.7), never confiding their troubles to others (OR=2.2, 95%CI: 1.4, 3.5) and higher stress (OR=14.4, 95%CI: 7.8, 26.4). Factors associated with self-reported depression symptoms include not living alone (OR=0.4, 95%CI: 0.3, 0.7), sometimes/often getting care from neighbours (OR=0.6, 95%CI: 0.4, 0.9), never confiding their troubles to others (OR=2.0, 95%CI: 1.3, 3.0) and higher stress (OR=9.7, 95%CI: 6.2, 15.2). LIMITATIONS: The study was a non-probability sample survey. Besides, scales used in this study can only identify mental health states. CONCLUSIONS: Under outbreak of COVID-19, self-reported rates of anxiety symptoms and depression symptoms were high in investigated medical staff. Psychological interventions for those at high risk with common mental problems should be integrated into the work plan to fight against the epidemic.


id: cord-276831-1z27qsym
author: Zhu, Juhong
date: 2020-04-29
txt: ./txt/cord-276831-1z27qsym.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-276831-1z27qsym.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00386
doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00386
summary:
  It is extremely important to understand the prevalence and influencing factors of anxiety and depression symptoms in first-line anti-epidemic medical staff and their coping styles for these negative emotions. METHODS: A cross-sectional survey was conducted in Gansu (China), with a questionnaire packet which consisted of the self-rating anxiety scale (SAS), self-rating depression scale (SDS), and the simplified coping style questionnaire (SCSQ). CONCLUSIONS: The first-line anti-epidemic medical staff have high anxiety and depression symptoms and adopting positive coping styles will help to improve their negative emotions.

title:
  Prevalence and Influencing Factors of Anxiety and Depression Symptoms in the First-Line Medical Staff Fighting Against COVID-19 in Gansu

abstract:
  BACKGROUND: The outbreak of novel coronavirus pneumonia (COVID-19) has brought enormous physical and psychological pressure on Chinese medical staff. It is extremely important to understand the prevalence and influencing factors of anxiety and depression symptoms in first-line anti-epidemic medical staff and their coping styles for these negative emotions. METHODS: A cross-sectional survey was conducted in Gansu (China), with a questionnaire packet which consisted of the self-rating anxiety scale (SAS), self-rating depression scale (SDS), and the simplified coping style questionnaire (SCSQ). A total of 79 doctors and 86 nurses participated in the survey. Correlation analysis was performed to explore the relationship between SAS, SDS, and SCSQ score. A linear regression model was used to determine the influencing factors for anxiety or depression symptoms. RESULTS: The prevalence rates of anxiety and depression symptoms among doctors was 11.4% and 45.6%, respectively. History of depression or anxiety (T=-2.644, p= 0.010, 95%CI: -10.514~-1.481) was shown to be a risk factor for anxiety symptoms in doctors, while being male (T=2.970, p=0.004, 95%CI: 2.667~13.521) was a protective factor for depression. The prevalence rate of anxiety and depression symptoms among nurses was 27.9% and 43.0%, respectively. History of depression or anxiety was a common risk factor for anxiety symptoms (T=-3.635, p=0.000, 95%CI: -16.360~-4.789) and depression symptoms (T=-2.835, p=0.005, 95%CI:-18.238~-3.254) in nurses. The results of partial correlation analysis (controlled for gender and history of depression or anxiety) indicated that the total score of positive coping was negatively correlated with the total score of anxiety (r=-0.182, p=0.002) and depression (r=-0.253, p=0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The first-line anti-epidemic medical staff have high anxiety and depression symptoms and adopting positive coping styles will help to improve their negative emotions.


id: cord-285228-famhbr16
title: Modeling the Onset of Symptoms of COVID-19
author: Larsen, Joseph R.
date: 2020-08-13
txt: ./txt/cord-285228-famhbr16.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-285228-famhbr16.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2020.00473
doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2020.00473
summary:
  To this end, we apply a Markov Process to a graded partially ordered set based on clinical observations of COVID-19 cases to ascertain the most likely order of discernible symptoms (i.e., fever, cough, nausea/vomiting, and diarrhea) in COVID-19 patients. The seven-symptom implementation of the Stochastic Progression Model of COVID-19 shows that these additional symptoms did not perturb our initial ordering of fever, coughing, nausea/vomiting, and diarrhea, but instead added another level of intricacy in the middle of the likely paths (Figure 4) . The most likely path of COVID-19 symptoms is fever, then cough, and next either sore throat, myalgia, or headache, followed by nausea/vomiting, and finally diarrhea, and this order is the same as the one indicated by the implementation developed from the confirmation dataset (COVID-19 with N = 1,099) (Figure 4) (16) .

abstract:
  COVID-19 is a pandemic viral disease with catastrophic global impact. This disease is more contagious than influenza such that cluster outbreaks occur frequently. If patients with symptoms quickly underwent testing and contact tracing, these outbreaks could be contained. Unfortunately, COVID-19 patients have symptoms similar to other common illnesses. Here, we hypothesize the order of symptom occurrence could help patients and medical professionals more quickly distinguish COVID-19 from other respiratory diseases, yet such essential information is largely unavailable. To this end, we apply a Markov Process to a graded partially ordered set based on clinical observations of COVID-19 cases to ascertain the most likely order of discernible symptoms (i.e., fever, cough, nausea/vomiting, and diarrhea) in COVID-19 patients. We then compared the progression of these symptoms in COVID-19 to other respiratory diseases, such as influenza, SARS, and MERS, to observe if the diseases present differently. Our model predicts that influenza initiates with cough, whereas COVID-19 like other coronavirus-related diseases initiates with fever. However, COVID-19 differs from SARS and MERS in the order of gastrointestinal symptoms. Our results support the notion that fever should be used to screen for entry into facilities as regions begin to reopen after the outbreak of Spring 2020. Additionally, our findings suggest that good clinical practice should involve recording the order of symptom occurrence in COVID-19 and other diseases. If such a systemic clinical practice had been standard since ancient diseases, perhaps the transition from local outbreak to pandemic could have been avoided.


id: cord-287452-nslygsdf
author: Hamam, Asmaa Abu
date: 2020-09-30
txt: ./txt/cord-287452-nslygsdf.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-287452-nslygsdf.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2020.09.029
doi: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2020.09.029
summary:
  Furthermore, a recent study that explored psychological distress related to COVID-19 indicated that prior trauma exposure and J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f subsequent PTSD symptoms were associated with elevated levels of psychiatric symptomatology and peritraumatic stress symptoms during the pandemic (Lahav, under review) . Specifically, it explored the unique contribution of PTG attributed to prior trauma in explaining peritraumatic stress symptoms J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f related to the pandemic, above and beyond background characteristics, COVID-19-related stressors, and PTSD symptoms resulting from past trauma. Our results revealed that several background characteristics and COVID-19-related stressors were associated with peritraumatic stress symptoms during the pandemic, even after taking into account PTSD symptoms and PTG attributed to prior trauma.

title:
  Peritraumatic reactions during the COVID-19 pandemic – The contribution of posttraumatic growth attributed to prior trauma

abstract:
  Trauma survivors who suffer from posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms may be particularly vulnerable when facing the COVID-19 pandemic. Yet trauma exposure may also lead to salutogenic outcomes, known as posttraumatic growth (PTG). Nevertheless, the implications of PTG attributed to prior trauma, for trauma survivors’ adjustment when facing additional stressors, are unclear. Addressing this gap, 528 Israeli trauma survivors were assessed for PTG and PTSD symptoms attributed to prior trauma, as well as peritraumatic stress symptoms related to the pandemic, as part of an online survey. Analyses revealed that being younger, female, quarantined, negatively self-rating one’s health status, and suffering from PTSD symptoms were associated with elevated peritraumatic stress symptoms. Furthermore, PTG attributed to prior trauma made a significant contribution in explaining elevated intrusion, avoidance, and hyperarousal symptoms. The present results point to the need for clinicians to take into account reports of PTG attributed to prior trauma when treating trauma survivors during the current pandemic.


id: cord-288568-fjdjuksm
author: Huang, Yuanyuan
date: 2020-08-28
txt: ./txt/cord-288568-fjdjuksm.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-288568-fjdjuksm.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33005165/
doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.568329
summary:
  Therefore, this study aimed to identify the prevalence of anxiety, somatization and insomnia and explore the relationships between different psychological states in the general population during the COVID-19 outbreak. All subjects were evaluated with the 7-item Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD-7) scale, the somatization subscale of the Symptom Checklist 90-Revised (SCL-90-R), and the 7-item Insomnia Severity Index (ISI). At present, several studies have reported the prevalence of anxiety, depression, insomnia, and other psychological states in the general population during the epidemic (1, 6-8, 10-12). Therefore, we investigated the public''s mental health during the COVID-19 epidemic and aimed to (1) explore the prevalence of anxiety, somatization, and insomnia in a Chinese population; (2) examine the correlation between physical symptoms and psychological symptoms; and (3) provide a theoretical basis for intervention measures provided by psychologists and the government. In conclusion, our study demonstrated that anxiety, insomnia, and somatic symptoms were common in the general population during the COVID-19 epidemic.

title:
  Prevalence and Correlation of Anxiety, Insomnia and Somatic Symptoms in a Chinese Population During the COVID-19 Epidemic

abstract:
  BACKGROUND: Anxiety has been a common mental state during the epidemic of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) and is usually closely related to somatization. However, no study on somatization in anxiety and its relationship with insomnia has been conducted. Therefore, this study aimed to identify the prevalence of anxiety, somatization and insomnia and explore the relationships between different psychological states in the general population during the COVID-19 outbreak. METHODS: A total of 1,172 respondents were recruited from 125 cities in mainland China by an online questionnaire survey. All subjects were evaluated with the 7-item Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD-7) scale, the somatization subscale of the Symptom Checklist 90-Revised (SCL-90-R), and the 7-item Insomnia Severity Index (ISI). RESULTS: The percentages of anxiety, somatization, and insomnia were 33.02%, 7.59%, and 24.66%, respectively. The prevalence of somatization was 19.38% in participants with anxiety. Compared to the anxiety without somatization group, the anxiety with somatization group had a significantly higher percentage of patients with a history of physical disease and insomnia, as well as higher GAD-7 scores and SCL-90 somatization subscores (all p < 0.001). The SCL-90 somatization subscores were positively correlated with age, history of physical disease, GAD-7 scores, and ISI scores (all p < 0.001). Furthermore, multivariate logistic regression showed that GAD-7 score, ISI score, and age were risk factors for somatization in the anxious population. CONCLUSIONS: Somatic and psychological symptoms were common in the general population during the COVID-19 outbreak. Somatic symptoms, anxiety, and insomnia are closely related, and improving anxiety and sleep quality may help relieve somatic symptoms.


id: cord-293472-d3iwlpsr
title: Evaluation and Management of Seasonal Influenza in the Emergency Department
author: Afilalo, Marc
date: 2012-04-06
txt: ./txt/cord-293472-d3iwlpsr.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-293472-d3iwlpsr.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S0733862711001209
doi: 10.1016/j.emc.2011.10.011
summary:
  During influenza season (testing should be done in the following persons if the result will influence clinical management) Outpatient immunocompetent persons of any age at high risk of developing influenza complications (eg, hospitalization or death) presenting with acute febrile respiratory symptoms 5 days or less after illness onset (when virus is usually being shed) Outpatient immunocompromised persons of any age presenting with febrile respiratory symptoms, irrespective of time since illness onset (because immunocompromised persons can shed influenza viruses for weeks to months) Hospitalized persons of any age (immunocompetent or immunocompromised) with fever and respiratory symptoms, including those with a diagnosis of community-acquired pneumonia, irrespective of time since illness onset Elderly persons and infants presenting with suspected sepsis or fever of unknown origin, irrespective of time since illness onset Children with fever and respiratory symptoms presenting for medical evaluation, irrespective of time since illness onset Persons of any age who develop fever and respiratory symptoms after hospital admission, irrespective of time since illness onset Immunocompetent persons with acute febrile respiratory symptoms who are not at high risk of developing complications secondary to influenza infection may be tested for purposes of obtaining local surveillance data

abstract:
  Seasonal influenza causes significant morbidity and mortality, primarily due to increased complication rates among the elderly population and patients with chronic diseases. Timely diagnosis of influenza and early recognition of an influenza outbreak or epidemic are key components in preventing influenza-related complications, hospitalizations, and deaths. Emergency departments are the most frequent points of entry for most influenza cases and are well positioned to identify and manage influenza community outbreaks and epidemics. Emergency departments need specific infection control measures to curb the spread of influenza in the Emergency Department and hospital during the influenza season.


id: cord-293655-2ab7wdsk
author: Mandic-Rajcevic, S.
date: 2020-05-08
txt: ./txt/cord-293655-2ab7wdsk.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-293655-2ab7wdsk.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.05.03.20082818
doi: 10.1101/2020.05.03.20082818
summary:
  Objective To study the source, symptoms, and duration of infection, preventive measures, contact tracing and their effects on SARS-CoV-2 epidemic among healthcare workers (HCW) in 2 large hospitals and 40 external healthcare services in Milan (Italy) to propose effective measures to control the COVID-19 epidemic among healthcare workers. Most prominent symptoms include fever, dry cough, headache, sore throat and sneezing, although a growing number of reports underline asymptomatic and patients with mild symptoms having the same viral load as symptomatic patients and spreading the infection in the general population and among healthcare workers (HCW) (2) (3) (4) (5) . A much smaller sample of workers (N=10), commonly found among close contacts but absent from the hospital for other reasons, reported their daily symptoms even in the days leading to the positive NF swab.

title:
  Contact tracing and isolation of asymptomatic spreaders to successfully control the COVID-19 epidemic among healthcare workers in Milan (Italy)

abstract:
  Objective To study the source, symptoms, and duration of infection, preventive measures, contact tracing and their effects on SARS-CoV-2 epidemic among healthcare workers (HCW) in 2 large hospitals and 40 external healthcare services in Milan (Italy) to propose effective measures to control the COVID-19 epidemic among healthcare workers. Design Epidemiological observational study. Setting Two large hospitals and 40 territorial healthcare units, with a total of 5700 workers. Participants 143 HCWs with a SARS-CoV-2 positive nasopharyngeal (NF) swab in a population made of 5,700 HCWs. Main outcome measures Clinical data on the history of exposure, contacts inside and outside of the hospital, NF swab dates and results. A daily online self-reported case report form consisting of the morning and evening body temperature and 11 other symptoms (cough, dyspnoea, discomfort, muscle pain, headache, sore throat, vomiting, diarrhoea, anosmia, dysgeusia, conjunctival hyperaemia). Results Most workers were tested and found positive due to a close contact with a positive colleague (49%), followed by worker-initiated testing due to symptoms (and unknown contact, 28%), and a SARS-CoV-2 positive member of the family (9.8%). 10% of NF swabs performed in the framework of contact tracing resulted positive, compared to only 2.6% through random testing. The first (index) case caused a cluster of 7 positive HCWs discovered through contact tracing and testing of 250 asymptomatic HCWs. HCWs rarely reported symptoms of a respiratory infection, and up to 90% were asymptomatic or with mild symptoms in the days surrounding the positive NF swab. During the 15-day follow-up period, up to 40% of HCWs reported anosmia and dysgeusia/ageusia as moderate or heavy, more frequently than any other symptom. The time necessary for 95% of HCWs to be considered cured (between the positive and two negative NF swabs) was 30 days. Conclusion HCWs represent the main source of infection in healthcare institutions, 90% are asymptomatic or with symptoms not common in a respiratory infection. The time needed to overcome the infection in 95% of workers was 30 days. Contact tracing allows identifying asymptomatic workers which would spread SARS-CoV-2 in the hospital and is a more successful strategy than random testing.


id: cord-298536-kksivbh8
title: Psychological Distress Related to COVID-19 – The Contribution of Continuous Traumatic Stress
author: Lahav, Yael
date: 2020-08-10
txt: ./txt/cord-298536-kksivbh8.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-298536-kksivbh8.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S0165032720325994
doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2020.07.141
summary:
  Individuals who had been exposed to trauma, and to CTS in particular, had elevated anxiety, depression, and peritraumatic stress symptoms compared to individuals without such a history or to survivors of non-ongoing traumatic events. Specifically, the current investigation strove to explore the contribution of PTSD symptoms as a result of past trauma exposure versus as a result of CTS in explaining psychological distress (peritraumatic stress symptoms, anxiety symptoms, and depression symptoms) in the face of COVID-19. To explore the moderating role of trauma type (CTS versus previous non-ongoing trauma exposure) in the associations between PTSD symptoms and psychological distress related to the COVID-19 pandemic, moderation analyses were conducted via PROCESS (Model 1) computational macro (Hayes, 2012) . Additionally, higher levels of PTSD symptoms subsequent to trauma exposure were related to elevated psychological distress manifested in anxiety, depression, and peritraumatic stress symptoms during the COVID-19 pandemic.

abstract:
  OBJECTIVE: The novel coronavirus (COVID-19) is a substantial stressor that could eventuate in psychological distress. Evidence suggests that individuals previously exposed to traumatic events, and particularly to continuous traumatic stress (CTS), might be more vulnerable to distress when facing additional stressors. This study aimed to investigate these suppositions in the context of the ongoing shelling of Israel from the Israel-Gaza border, which continues even amidst the COVID-19 crisis. METHOD: An online survey was conducted among Israel's general population. The sample included 976 participants. Seven-hundred-and-ninety-three participants had been exposed to traumatic events, with 255 participants reporting CTS. Trauma exposure, COVID-19-related stressors, and psychological distress related to COVID-19 (anxiety, depression, and peritraumatic stress symptoms) were assessed. RESULTS: Most participants reported experiencing at least one psychiatric symptom related to COVID-19. Being younger, female, not in a relationship, having a below-average income, being diagnosed with the disease, living alone during the outbreak, having a close other in a high-risk group, and negatively self-rating one's health status were associated with elevated distress. Individuals who had been exposed to trauma, and to CTS in particular, had elevated anxiety, depression, and peritraumatic stress symptoms compared to individuals without such a history or to survivors of non-ongoing traumatic events. CTS moderated the relations between PTSD symptoms, anxiety symptoms, and peritraumatic stress symptoms, with significantly stronger relations found among individuals exposed to CTS. LIMITATIONS: This study relied on convenience sampling. CONCLUSIONS: Trauma survivors, and particularly traumatized individuals exposed to CTS, seem at risk for psychological distress related to COVID-19.


id: cord-300550-l28tadhn
title: Olfactory and Gustatory Dysfunction in Coronavirus Disease 19 (COVID-19)
author: Luers, Jan C
date: 2020-05-01
txt: ./txt/cord-300550-l28tadhn.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-300550-l28tadhn.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciaa525
doi: 10.1093/cid/ciaa525
summary:
  In this cross-sectional study, two-thirds of European patients with polymerase chain reaction confirmed COVID-19 reported olfactory and gustatory dysfunction, indicating the significance of this history in the early diagnostics. First of all, patients were asked for the onset of fever, cough, sore throat, rhinitis, muscle aches, headache, diarrhea, reduced olfaction, and a reduced sense of taste during COVID-19. To investigate factors related to reduced olfaction as well as to a reduced sense of taste two general linear models were used with explanatory variables of age, gender, TNSS, fever, cough, sore throat, rhinitis, and headache, respectively. In addition, fever, cough, sore throat, rhinitis, headache, and TNSS were also not associated with reduced olfaction or reduced sense of taste (p ≥ 0.05, respectively). Our study shows for the first time that both olfactory and gustatory dysfunction is very common in COVID-19 patients, with olfactory dysfunction even leveling the symptom ''cough'' at > 70%.

abstract:
  Coronavirus-disease-2019 (COVID-19) caused by the severe-acute-respiratory-syndrome-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) shows a rapid spread over-the-world. Given scarce resources, non-laboratory diagnostics is crucial. In this cross-sectional study, two-thirds of European patients with polymerase chain reaction confirmed COVID-19 reported olfactory and gustatory dysfunction, indicating the significance of this history in the early diagnostics.


id: cord-304838-r9w8milu
title: Psychological distress experiences of Nigerians during Covid-19 pandemic; the gender difference
author: Olaseni, Abayomi O.
date: 2020-12-31
txt: ./txt/cord-304838-r9w8milu.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-304838-r9w8milu.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S2590291120300413
doi: 10.1016/j.ssaho.2020.100052
summary:
  From March 20, 2020, to April 12, 2020, this descriptive survey used a snowballing sampling technique to select 502-Nigerians with an online semi-structured questionnaire detailing the impact of Event Scale-Revised, Generalized Anxiety Disorder – 7 item scale, Patient Health Questionnaire and Insomnia Severity Index. However, prevalence estimates analysis revealed that majority of the male respondents (65.1%) had no clinical insomnia, 20.8% of the male participants reported sub-threshold level of insomnia, 8.2% of the respondents had moderate insomnia symptoms, while 5.9% of the male respondents presented severe clinical insomnia during the COVID-19 pandemic. Though this study recorded no significant difference between the gender (male and female) experiences of insomnia, depression, posttraumatic stress symptoms and anxiety, the study result reported a relevant prevalence of outcomes of psychological distress among the general public in Nigeria.

abstract:
  This study examine the psychological distress experience of Nigerians during the COVID-19 pandemic, across gender. From March 20, 2020, to April 12, 2020, this descriptive survey used a snowballing sampling technique to select 502-Nigerians with an online semi-structured questionnaire detailing the impact of Event Scale-Revised, Generalized Anxiety Disorder – 7 item scale, Patient Health Questionnaire and Insomnia Severity Index. Gender had an insignificant difference in the level of insomnia (χ2 ​= ​04.93; df ​= ​3; p ​> ​0.05), however, 20.8% of males had sub-threshold of insomnia, 8.2% experienced moderate insomnia and 5.9% had severe insomnia; 32% females reported sub-threshold of insomnia, 12.4% had moderate insomnia while 3.6% had severe insomnia. Also, gender had an insignificant difference in the measures of depression (χ2 ​= ​01.94; df ​= ​4; p ​> ​0.05); 55.4% males reported minimal depression, 22.3% had mild depression, 11.9% had moderate depression; 6.7%–3.7% males had moderate to severe depression while, 49.3% of the females had minimal depression, 26.7% reported mild depression, 14.29% had moderate depression, 4.4%–5.3% had moderate to severe depressive symptoms. Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms (PTSS) has no gender difference among respondents (χ2 ​= ​02.51; df ​= ​3; p ​> ​0.05); 23% of males reported partial PTSS, 17.5% presented clinical PTSS, and 21.6% males had severe PTSS; while 29.3% of females had severe PTSS, 24% reported partial PTSS and 18.7% had clinical PTSS. Respondents reported insignificant gender differences on anxiety (χ2 ​= ​0.08; df ​= ​1; p ​> ​0.05), while 51% reported moderate anxiety and 49% exhibited severe anxiety during the COVID-19 pandemic in Nigeria. Findings revealed that Nigerians experienced psychological distress during COVID-19 pandemic. The government and stakeholders should initiate tele-mental health services to serve as alternative to traditional treatment to manage present and future pandemic psychological implications among Nigerians.


id: cord-307930-5jwtykqg
author: AlMomani, A. A. R.
date: 2020-04-30
txt: ./txt/cord-307930-5jwtykqg.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-307930-5jwtykqg.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.04.25.20079905
doi: 10.1101/2020.04.25.20079905
summary:
  In a clinical setting and when presented with a patient with a combination of traits, a doctor may wonder if a certain combination of symptoms may be especially predictive, such as the question, "Are fevers more informative in women than men?" The answer to this question is, yes. That is, in answering the question, "Is a cough especially informative if a fever has already been observed in a patient," would be stated with the CPI as the following and relating to conditional mutual information, CP I(cough associates to a patient if a fever is already observed) = I (cough of a patient given fever), referring to the available COVID-19 dataset, and as shown in Fig. 1 , it turns out those with a fever is about 80% of those already have a cough, so while correlation picks that association it is exactly not this association we wish to identify with CPI.

title:
  Informative Ranking of Stand Out Collections of Symptoms: A New Data-Driven Approach to Identify the Strong Warning Signs of COVID 19

abstract:
  We develop here a data-driven approach for disease recognition based on given symptoms, to be efficient tool for anomaly detection. In a clinical setting and when presented with a patient with a combination of traits, a doctor may wonder if a certain combination of symptoms may be especially predictive, such as the question, "Are fevers more informative in women than men?" The answer to this question is, yes. We develop here a methodology to enumerate such questions, to learn what are the stronger warning signs when attempting to diagnose a disease, called Conditional Predictive Informativity, (CPI), whose ranking we call CPIR. This simple to use process allows us to identify particularly informative combinations of symptoms and traits that may help medical field analysis in general, and possibly to become a new data-driven advised approach for individual medical diagnosis, as well as for broader public policy discussion. In particular we have been motivated to develop this tool in the current environment of the pressing world crisis due to the COVID 19 pandemic. We apply the methods here to data collected from national, provincial, and municipal health reports, as well as additional information from online, and then curated to an online publically available Github repository.


id: cord-309790-rx9cux8i
title: Self-reported COVID-19 symptoms on Twitter: an analysis and a research resource
author: Sarker, Abeed
date: 2020-07-04
txt: ./txt/cord-309790-rx9cux8i.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-309790-rx9cux8i.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1093/jamia/ocaa116
doi: 10.1093/jamia/ocaa116
summary:
  MATERIALS AND METHODS: We retrieved tweets using COVID-19-related keywords, and performed semiautomatic filtering to curate self-reports of positive-tested users. We extracted COVID-19-related symptoms mentioned by the users, mapped them to standard concept IDs in the Unified Medical Language System, and compared the distributions to those reported in early studies from clinical settings. With this in mind, we explored the possibility of using social media, namely Twitter, to study symptoms self-reported by users who tested positive for COVID-19. Our primary goals were to (i) verify that users report their experiences with COVID-19-including their positive test results and symptoms experienced-on Twitter, and (ii) compare the distribution of self-reported symptoms with those reported in studies conducted in clinical settings. Our secondary objectives were to (i) create a COVID-19 symptom corpus that captures the multitude of ways in which users express symptoms so that natural language processing (NLP) systems may be developed for automated symptom detection, and (ii) collect a cohort of COVID-19-positive Twitter users whose longitudinal self-reported information may be studied in the future.

abstract:
  OBJECTIVE: To mine Twitter and quantitatively analyze COVID-19 symptoms self-reported by users, compare symptom distributions across studies, and create a symptom lexicon for future research. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We retrieved tweets using COVID-19-related keywords, and performed semiautomatic filtering to curate self-reports of positive-tested users. We extracted COVID-19-related symptoms mentioned by the users, mapped them to standard concept IDs in the Unified Medical Language System, and compared the distributions to those reported in early studies from clinical settings. RESULTS: We identified 203 positive-tested users who reported 1002 symptoms using 668 unique expressions. The most frequently-reported symptoms were fever/pyrexia (66.1%), cough (57.9%), body ache/pain (42.7%), fatigue (42.1%), headache (37.4%), and dyspnea (36.3%) amongst users who reported at least 1 symptom. Mild symptoms, such as anosmia (28.7%) and ageusia (28.1%), were frequently reported on Twitter, but not in clinical studies. CONCLUSION: The spectrum of COVID-19 symptoms identified from Twitter may complement those identified in clinical settings.


id: cord-311398-uheb2cvg
title: Talking about colds and flu: The lay diagnosis of two common illnesses among older British people
author: Prior, Lindsay
date: 2010-11-24
txt: ./txt/cord-311398-uheb2cvg.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-311398-uheb2cvg.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2010.09.054
doi: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2010.09.054
summary:
  This paper reports on a study of the ways in which 54 older people in South Wales (UK) talk about the symptoms and causes of cold and influenza (flu). The study was designed to understand why older people might reject or accept the offer of seasonal flu vaccine, and in the course of the interviews respondents were also asked to express their views about the nature and causes of the two key illnesses. In the context of common respiratory symptoms, it is also worth noting that there has been a long tradition of looking at the ways in which lay people understand the symptomatology of URTI''s, and especially ''colds'' (see, for example, ; Baer, Weller, Garcia, 2008; Baer, Weller, Pachter et al, 1999; Helman, 1978; McCombie, 1987) . However, most of that work examines the range of symptoms lay people associate with cold e and to a lesser extent flu -and how they explain respiratory illness.

abstract:
  This paper reports on a study of the ways in which 54 older people in South Wales (UK) talk about the symptoms and causes of cold and influenza (flu). The study was designed to understand why older people might reject or accept the offer of seasonal flu vaccine, and in the course of the interviews respondents were also asked to express their views about the nature and causes of the two key illnesses. The latter are among the most common infections in human beings. In terms of the biomedical paradigm the common cold is caused by numerous respiratory viruses, whilst flu is caused by the influenza virus. Medical diagnosis is usually made on clinical grounds without laboratory confirmation. Symptoms of flu include sudden onset of fever and cough, and colds are characterized by sneezing, sore throat, and runny nose, but in practice the symptoms often overlap. In this study we examine the degree by which the views of lay people with respect to both diagnosis and epidemiology diverge with that which is evident in biomedical discourse. Our results indicate that whilst most of the identified symptoms are common to lay and professional people, the former integrate symptoms into a markedly different observational frame from the latter. And as far as causation is concerned it is clear that lay people emphasize the role of ‘resistance’ and ‘immunity’ at least as much as ‘infection’ in accounting for the onset of colds and flu. The data are analyzed using novel methods that focus on the co-occurrence of concepts and are displayed as semantic networks. As well as reporting on its findings the authors draw out some implications of the study for social scientific and policy discussions concerning lay diagnosis, lay expertise and the concept of an expert patient.


id: cord-315591-5ttn8beu
author: Xie, Yaofei
date: 2020-09-15
txt: ./txt/cord-315591-5ttn8beu.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-315591-5ttn8beu.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-020-01751-0
doi: 10.1186/s12877-020-01751-0
summary:
  title: Dose–response relationship between intergenerational contact frequency and depressive symptoms amongst elderly Chinese parents: a cross-sectional study BACKGROUND: Given the high prevalence of depressive symptoms amongst the elderly Chinese population and the significance of intergenerational contact in this demographic group, the purpose of this study was to examine the association and dose–response relationship between the frequency of intergenerational contact and depressive symptoms. However, to our knowledge, no study has investigated the direct association between intergenerational contact frequency and depressive symptoms in the elderly Chinese population. To address this gap in knowledge, the present study in elderly Chinese participants aims to: (a) examine the association between intergenerational contact frequency and depressive symptoms, and (b) explore its dose-response relationship. The present study demonstrates that lower intergenerational contact frequency with children is independently associated with greater depressive symptoms amongst the elderly Chinese population.

title:
  Dose–response relationship between intergenerational contact frequency and depressive symptoms amongst elderly Chinese parents: a cross-sectional study

abstract:
  BACKGROUND: Given the high prevalence of depressive symptoms amongst the elderly Chinese population and the significance of intergenerational contact in this demographic group, the purpose of this study was to examine the association and dose–response relationship between the frequency of intergenerational contact and depressive symptoms. METHODS: Data were obtained from the third wave of the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study. A total of 5791 participants at age 60 or older were included in this study. Depressive symptoms were defined by the 10-item version of the Centre for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale. Intergenerational contact included in-person meeting and remote connecting, and they were analysed separately. Intergenerational contact frequency was classified into ten categories and then treated as a continuous variable for analysis. We performed univariate and multivariate logistic regressions to identify risk covariables. Restrictive cubic spline analysis was used to examine the dose–response relationship between intergenerational contact frequency and the outcome of depressive symptoms. RESULTS: Both the frequency of meeting and the frequency of connecting with children were independently associated with depressive symptoms in the elderly, and the odds ratios for depressive symptoms increased with decreasing frequencies (P < 0.01). There was a negative dose–response relationship between intergenerational contact frequency and depressive symptoms. The odds of depressive symptoms steadily decreased with increasing frequency of meeting with their children. Following an initial increase, the odds rapidly decreased as the frequency of connecting with children increased with an inflection point at once a monthly. Both associations were nonlinear (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Our findings revealed a negative dose–response relationship between intergenerational contact frequency and depressive symptoms in the elderly Chinese population. Thus, future health interventions should consider cultural norms in shaping the mental well-being of Chinese elderly persons.


id: cord-317859-afvi0g0a
author: Wilson, Mathew G
date: 2020-09-02
txt: ./txt/cord-317859-afvi0g0a.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-317859-afvi0g0a.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32878870/
doi: 10.1136/bjsports-2020-102710
summary:
  To support safe RTP, we provide sport and exercise medicine physicians with practical recommendations on how to exclude cardiorespiratory complications of COVID-19 in elite athletes who place high demand on their cardiorespiratory system. Overall, we recommend that any athletic individual that has been hospitalised with a radiologically confirmed COVID-19 pneumonia and breathlessness undergoes specialist respiratory review prior to RTP, and this process is likely to involve the need for: (1) planned repeat imaging; (2) baseline physiological measures (including consideration of gas transfer measurement±lung volumes); and (3) the possible need for cardiopulmonary exercise testing with measurement of oxygen saturation in selected cases with ongoing dyspnoea on exertion. 3. In those athletes who report COVID-19 related respiratory symptoms that are persistent and taking longer than 14 days to recover, we recommend a thorough assessment to exclude the presence of thromboembolic events, ongoing intrapulmonary pathology or cardiac injury.

title:
  Cardiorespiratory considerations for return-to-play in elite athletes after COVID-19 infection: a practical guide for sport and exercise medicine physicians

abstract:
  SARS-CoV-2 is the causative virus responsible for the COVID-19 pandemic. This pandemic has necessitated that all professional and elite sport is either suspended, postponed or cancelled altogether to minimise the risk of viral spread. As infection rates drop and quarantine restrictions are lifted, the question how athletes can safely resume competitive sport is being asked. Given the rapidly evolving knowledge base about the virus and changing governmental and public health recommendations, a precise answer to this question is fraught with complexity and nuance. Without robust data to inform policy, return-to-play (RTP) decisions are especially difficult for elite athletes on the suspicion that the COVID-19 virus could result in significant cardiorespiratory compromise in a minority of afflicted athletes. There are now consistent reports of athletes reporting persistent and residual symptoms many weeks to months after initial COVID-19 infection. These symptoms include cough, tachycardia and extreme fatigue. To support safe RTP, we provide sport and exercise medicine physicians with practical recommendations on how to exclude cardiorespiratory complications of COVID-19 in elite athletes who place high demand on their cardiorespiratory system. As new evidence emerges, guidance for a safe RTP should be updated.


id: cord-323551-22v2hn3v
title: Rates of asymptomatic respiratory virus infection across age groups
author: Galanti, M.
date: 2019-04-15
txt: ./txt/cord-323551-22v2hn3v.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-323551-22v2hn3v.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1017/s0950268819000505
doi: 10.1017/s0950268819000505
summary:
  We enrolled 214 individuals at multiple New York City locations and tested weekly for respiratory viral pathogens, irrespective of symptom status, from fall 2016 to spring 2018. Here, we document rates of asymptomatic respiratory virus infection through a large-scale community study across multiple age groups. For the entire duration of the study, participants provided a daily report rating nine respiratory illness-related symptoms (fever, chills, muscle pain, watery eyes, runny nose, sneezing, sore throat, cough, chest pain), which were recorded on a Likert scale (0 = none, 1 = mild, 2 = moderate, 3 = severe). Pairwise comparisons between single infections and coinfections across all eight definitions showed that testing positive for multiple viruses was not associated with more severe symptoms. Figure 3 shows that while children were most frequently infected with a respiratory virus (they presented with the highest number of viral shedding events per season), they recorded (as reported by their parents) the lowest symptom scores on average.

abstract:
  Respiratory viral infections are a leading cause of disease worldwide. A variety of respiratory viruses produce infections in humans with effects ranging from asymptomatic to life-treathening. Standard surveillance systems typically only target severe infections (ED outpatients, hospitalisations, deaths) and fail to track asymptomatic or mild infections. Here we performed a large-scale community study across multiple age groups to assess the pathogenicity of 18 respiratory viruses. We enrolled 214 individuals at multiple New York City locations and tested weekly for respiratory viral pathogens, irrespective of symptom status, from fall 2016 to spring 2018. We combined these test results with participant-provided daily records of cold and flu symptoms and used this information to characterise symptom severity by virus and age category. Asymptomatic infection rates exceeded 70% for most viruses, excepting influenza and human metapneumovirus, which produced significantly more severe outcomes. Symptoms were negatively associated with infection frequency, with children displaying the lowest score among age groups. Upper respiratory manifestations were most common for all viruses, whereas systemic effects were less typical. These findings indicate a high burden of asymptomatic respiratory virus infection exists in the general population.


id: cord-324981-teywszlm
author: Eccles, Ron
date: 2010-08-10
txt: ./txt/cord-324981-teywszlm.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-324981-teywszlm.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1186/1465-9921-11-108
doi: 10.1186/1465-9921-11-108
summary:
  title: Efficacy and safety of an antiviral Iota-Carrageenan nasal spray: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled exploratory study in volunteers with early symptoms of the common cold METHODS: In a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled exploratory trial, 35 human subjects suffering from early symptoms of common cold received Iota-Carrageenan (0.12%) in a saline solution three times daily for 4 days, compared to placebo. The presented exploratory study was designed to determine the magnitude of any effect of Iota-Carrageenan nasal spray on the severity of common cold symptoms relative to placebo treatment. The current study was designed as a single centre, randomised, double-blind, parallel group, placebo-controlled comparative survey in subjects with early symptoms of common cold to assess the efficacy of a 0.12% Iota-Carrageenan nasal spray in the early treatment of natural colds. The results of this study indicate that the Iota Carrageenan nasal spray is a safe and effective treatment when taken within 48 hours of development of common cold symptoms.

title:
  Efficacy and safety of an antiviral Iota-Carrageenan nasal spray: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled exploratory study in volunteers with early symptoms of the common cold

abstract:
  BACKGROUND: The common cold, the most prevalent contagious viral disease in humans still lacks a safe and effective antiviral treatment. Iota-Carrageenan is broadly active against respiratory viruses in-vitro and has an excellent safety profile. This study investigated the efficacy and safety of an Iota-Carrageenan nasal spray in patients with common cold symptoms. METHODS: In a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled exploratory trial, 35 human subjects suffering from early symptoms of common cold received Iota-Carrageenan (0.12%) in a saline solution three times daily for 4 days, compared to placebo. RESULTS: Administration of Iota-Carrageenan nasal spray reduced the symptoms of common cold (p = 0.046) and the viral load in nasal lavages (p = 0.009) in patients with early symptoms of common cold. Pro-inflammatory mediators FGF-2, Fractalkine, GRO, G-CSF, IL-8, IL-1α, IP-10, IL-10, and IFN-α2 were reduced in the Iota-Carrageenan group. CONCLUSIONS: Iota-Carrageenan nasal spray appears to be a promising treatment for safe and effective treatment of early symptoms of common cold. Larger trials are indicated to confirm the results.


id: cord-330831-3b7vfv9b
author: Hao, Fengyi
date: 2020-10-19
txt: ./txt/cord-330831-3b7vfv9b.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-330831-3b7vfv9b.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33077738/
doi: 10.1038/s41398-020-01039-2
summary:
  COVID-19 patients reported a higher psychological impact of the outbreak than psychiatric patients and healthy controls, with half of them having clinically significant symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder. Three themes emerged from the interviews with COVID-19 patients: (i) The emotions experienced by patients after COVID-19 infection (i.e., shock, fear, despair, hope, and boredom); (ii) the external factors that affected patients'' mood (i.e., discrimination, medical expenses, care by healthcare workers); and (iii) coping and self-help behavior (i.e., distraction, problem-solving and online support). However, there is currently limited research on the neuropsychiatric sequalae and psychological impact of COVID-19 patients, with one study so far reporting that most clinically stable patients suffered from significant posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms 9 . The present study performed a quantitative evaluation of the neuropsychiatric sequelae of patients with acute COVID-19 infection who received treatment in the hospital isolation wards, and compared these patients with psychiatric patients and healthy controls during the COVID-19 pandemic.

title:
  A quantitative and qualitative study on the neuropsychiatric sequelae of acutely ill COVID-19 inpatients in isolation facilities

abstract:
  This study examined the neuropsychiatric sequelae of acutely ill patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection who received treatment in hospital isolation wards during the COVID-19 pandemic. Ten COVID-19 patients who received treatment in various hospitals in Chongqing, China; 10 age- and gender-matched psychiatric patients; and 10 healthy control participants residing in the same city were recruited. All participants completed a survey that collected information on demographic data, physical symptoms in the past 14 days and psychological parameters. Face-to-face interviews with COVID-19 patients were also performed using semi-structured questions. Among the COVID-19 patients, 40% had abnormal findings on the chest computed topography scan, 20% had dysosmia, 10% had dysgeusia, and 80% had repeated positivity on COVID-19 reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction testing. COVID-19 and psychiatric patients were significantly more worried about their health than healthy controls (p = 0.019). A greater proportion of COVID-19 patients experienced impulsivity (p = 0.016) and insomnia (p = 0.039) than psychiatric patients and healthy controls. COVID-19 patients reported a higher psychological impact of the outbreak than psychiatric patients and healthy controls, with half of them having clinically significant symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder. COVID-19 and psychiatric patients had higher levels of depression, anxiety and stress than healthy controls. Three themes emerged from the interviews with COVID-19 patients: (i) The emotions experienced by patients after COVID-19 infection (i.e., shock, fear, despair, hope, and boredom); (ii) the external factors that affected patients’ mood (i.e., discrimination, medical expenses, care by healthcare workers); and (iii) coping and self-help behavior (i.e., distraction, problem-solving and online support). The future direction in COVID-19 management involves the development of a holistic inpatient service to promote immune and psychological resilience.


id: cord-331135-4u99yxw2
author: Arsandaux, J.
date: 2020-11-05
txt: ./txt/cord-331135-4u99yxw2.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-331135-4u99yxw2.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: http://medrxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.11.04.20225706v1?rss=1
doi: 10.1101/2020.11.04.20225706
summary:
  Methods: Using cross-sectional data of the Confins cohort, we estimated the effect of student status on depressive and anxiety symptoms, suicidal thoughts and perceived stress using multivariate logistic regression analyses. A few studies have reported high prevalence of depressive symptoms, anxiety symptoms and stress during the Covid-19 lockdown among college students (Cao et al., 2020; Husky et al., 2020; Odriozola-González et al., 2020; Tang et al., 2020) but it is unkown whether the impact was different in this population compared to non-students adults. The objectives of this study were to estimate the effect of lockdown on mental health conditions (depressive symptoms, anxiety symptoms, suicidal thoughts and perceived stress) in college students and to compare their frequency and associated factors to a sample of non-students recruited in the same study.

title:
  Higher risk of mental health deterioration during the Covid-19 lockdown among students rather than non-students. The French Confins study

abstract:
  Background: Covid-19 pandemic and its consequences have raised fears of its psychological impact. The objective of this study was to estimate the effect of student status on mental health conditions during Covid-19 general lockdown among adults in France. Methods: Using cross-sectional data of the Confins cohort, we estimated the effect of student status on depressive and anxiety symptoms, suicidal thoughts and perceived stress using multivariate logistic regression analyses. Stratified models for college students and non-students were performed to identify associated population-specific factors. Results: Among the 2260 included participants, students represented 59% (n=1335 vs 925 non-students) and 78% of the total sample were female. Student status was more frequently associated with depressive symptoms (adjusted OR(aOR)=1.58; 95%CI 1.17;2.14), anxiety symptoms (aOR=1.51; 95%CI 1.10;2.07), perceived stress (n=1919, aOR=1.70, 95%CI 1.26;2.29) and frequent suicidal thoughts (n=1919, aOR=1.57, 95%CI 0.97;2.53). Lockdown conditions that could be potentially aggravating on mental health like isolation had a higher impact on students than non-students. Limitations: Participants were volunteers, which could limit generalisation of the findings. The cross-sectional design did not allow determining if lockdown impacted directly mental health or if there is another cause. However, we adjusted analyses with the history of psychiatric disorders, and factors related to lockdown conditions were associated with mental health disturbances. Conclusions: College student's mental health is of great importance in the context of the general lockdown set up during the pandemic. Follow-up and interventions should be implemented especially for those at high-risk (younger people and those with history of psychiatric disorders).


id: cord-333808-deifddar
title: Remote Oncology Care: Review of Current Technology and Future Directions
author: McGregor, Bradley A
date: 2020-08-31
txt: ./txt/cord-333808-deifddar.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-333808-deifddar.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33014652/
doi: 10.7759/cureus.10156
summary:
  Here we review the current literature around remote patient monitoring in cancer care and propose the use of reliable devices for capturing and reporting patient symptoms and physiology. In oncology, while implantable devices are not available, studies have shown that monitoring patient-reported outcomes reduces visits to the emergency department, decreases follow-up costs and improves overall survival [11] [12] [13] [14] . PRO-CTCAE™ (Patient-Reported Outcomes version of the Common Toxicity Criteria for Adverse Events) is a validated tool used to monitor and report toxicities related to cancer treatment in clinical trials. Emerging research shows benefits in outcomes and costs of cancer care through use of remote monitoring technology especially electronic patient reported outcomes (ePRO). Overall survival results of a trial assessing patient-reported outcomes for symptom monitoring during routine cancer treatment Symptom monitoring with patient-reported outcomes during routine cancer treatment: a randomized controlled trial

abstract:
  Cancer patients frequently develop tumor and treatment-related complications, leading to diminished quality of life, shortened survival, and overutilization of emergency department and hospital services. Outpatient oncology treatment has potential to leave cancer patients unmonitored for long periods while at risk of clinical deterioration which has been exaggerated during the COVID19 pandemic. Visits to cancer clinics and hospitals risk exposing immunocompromised patients to infectious complications. Remote patient reported outcomes monitoring systems have been developed for use in cancer treatment, showing benefits in economic and survival outcomes. While advanced devices such as pulmonary artery pressure monitors and implantable loop recorders have proven benefits in cardiovascular care, similar options do not exist for oncology. Here we review the current literature around remote patient monitoring in cancer care and propose the use of reliable devices for capturing and reporting patient symptoms and physiology.


id: cord-336942-2mvcyvbl
author: Liu, Cindy H.
date: 2020-06-01
txt: ./txt/cord-336942-2mvcyvbl.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-336942-2mvcyvbl.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S0165178120311185
doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113172
summary:
  title: Factors Associated with Depression, Anxiety, and PTSD Symptomatology During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Clinical Implications for U.S. Young Adult Mental Health This study sought to identify factors associated with depression, anxiety, and PTSD symptomatology in U.S. young adults (18-30 years) during the COVID-19 pandemic. High levels of loneliness, high levels of COVID-19-specific worries, and low distress tolerance were significantly associated with clinical levels of depression, anxiety, and PTSD symptoms. Specifically, those who endorsed high levels of loneliness and worries about COVID-19 and low levels of distress tolerance were more likely to score above the clinical cutoffs for depression, anxiety, and PTSD. The high levels of reported loneliness in our sample and its association with depression, anxiety, and PTSD symptoms underscore the severity of experiences of young adults during the pandemic. In our study, one in three U.S. young adults reported clinical cut-off symptoms of depression, anxiety, and PTSD as well as high levels of loneliness.

title:
  Factors Associated with Depression, Anxiety, and PTSD Symptomatology During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Clinical Implications for U.S. Young Adult Mental Health

abstract:
  This study sought to identify factors associated with depression, anxiety, and PTSD symptomatology in U.S. young adults (18-30 years) during the COVID-19 pandemic. This cross-sectional online study assessed 898 participants from April 13, 2020 to May 19, 2020, approximately one month after the U.S. declared a state of emergency due to COVID-19 and prior to the initial lifting of restrictions across 50 U.S. states. Respondents reported high levels of depression (43.3%, PHQ-8 scores ≥ 10), high anxiety scores (45.4%, GAD-7 scores ≥ 10), and high levels of PTSD symptoms (31.8%, PCL-C scores ≥ 45). High levels of loneliness, high levels of COVID-19-specific worries, and low distress tolerance were significantly associated with clinical levels of depression, anxiety, and PTSD symptoms. Resilience was associated with low levels of depression and anxiety symptoms but not PTSD. Most respondents had high levels of social support; social support from family, but not from partner or peers, was associated with low levels of depression and PTSD. Compared to Whites, Asian Americans were less likely to report high levels across mental health symptoms, and Hispanic/Latinos were less likely to report high levels of anxiety. These factors provide initial guidance regarding clinical management for COVID-19-related mental health problems.


id: cord-342246-tnjtd9n3
title: Otolaryngological manifestations of hospitalised patients with confirmed COVID-19 infection
author: Özçelik Korkmaz, Müge
date: 2020-10-03
txt: ./txt/cord-342246-tnjtd9n3.txt
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extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00405-020-06396-8
doi: 10.1007/s00405-020-06396-8
summary:
  Because of the paucity of diagnostic tests in many European countries, data regarding epidemiological factors and clinical presentation of COVID-19 positive patients are limited; the reported studies were generally carried out by anamnesis and symptom inquiry [10] . In addition to demographic data such as the age and gender of the patients, general data including the concomitant systemic diseases, previous otolaryngologic diseases (perennial/allergic rhinitis, nasal septal deviation, chronic sinusitis, nasal polyps, hearing loss, tinnitus, vestibular disorders), the use of medications, and the length of hospital stay were also recorded. When evaluated according to the clinical severity of COVID-19 infection, there was no statistically significant difference between other findings except nausea/ vomiting, cough and dyspnea which were higher in the moderate group. This present study, it was found that PCR positive COVID 19 patients had different otolaryngological symptoms, especially loss of smell and taste. In our study, the most common otolaryngologic symptoms were the loss of smell and taste, which is important in terms of supporting the literature data on COVID-19.

abstract:
  PURPOSE: The aim of our study is to evaluate the incidence and characteristics of otolaryngology symptoms in COVID 19 patients. METHODS: 116 patients with positive PCR test results for COVID-19 and followed up by otolaryngologists at a tertiary referral center/COVID-19 pandemic hospital were questioned in terms of otolaryngology symptoms associated with COVID-19 infection. Data including demographics, disease severity, concomitant diseases, previous otolaryngologic diseases,incidence and duration of new onset symptoms were collected and categorically analyzed. In addition, the severity of loss of smell and taste was evaluated by visual analogue score (VAS). RESULTS: A total of 58 men and 58 women participated. The mean age of the patients was 57.24 ± 14.32 (19–83). The most common otolaryngological findings were hyposmia/anosmia (37.9%) and hypogeusia/ageusia (41.37%), respectively. These complaints were followed by headache (37.1%), and nausea/vomiting (31%). The most common oropharyngeal symptoms were sore throat (32.7%) and dysphagia (20.6%). The rate of otological/vestibular symptoms was dizziness (31.8%), tinnitus (11%), true vertigo (6%), and hearing impairment (5.1%), respectively. The most of symptoms were more frequent in > 60 years and women. There was a significant correlation between nasal itching and smell disturbance in patients with allergic rhinitis. Considering the duration of symptoms, the longest were hyposmia/anosmia and hypogeusia/ageusia. The mean VAS’s in patients with hyposmia/anosmia and hypogeusia/ageusia were 5.52 ± 2.08 and 5.79 ± 2.21, respectively. CONCLUSION: The most common otolaryngologic symptoms of COVID-19 infection are known as sore throat, smell and/or taste disturbances. However, our study showed that these patients can be seen with different symptoms in otological or laryngeal areas. Therefore, a more careful evaluation should be made in terms of otolaryngologic symptoms when COVID 19 infection is suspected.


id: cord-342919-ls2q1g0v
title: Italians on the Age of COVID-19: The Self-Reported Depressive Symptoms Through Web-Based Survey
author: Balsamo, Michela
date: 2020-10-16
txt: ./txt/cord-342919-ls2q1g0v.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-342919-ls2q1g0v.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33178074/
doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.569276
summary:
  In the very early stage of the nationwide lockdown, 3,672 quarantined Italian adult residents (65% females, ranging from 18 to 85 years) participated in a web-based cross-sectional survey, including measures of depressive symptoms, which were measured by the Teate depression inventory, and state anxiety levels. Females, younger people, students, singles, residents in northern Italy, people who were reluctant to adhere to quarantine guidelines, and people less worried about being infected with COVID-19 were at high risk of developing depressive symptoms during the COVID-19 epidemic, also after controlling for state anxiety. Research evidence aims of this study were to explore (1) the likely effects of quarantine on mental health (anxiety and depressive symptoms), immediately after the nationwide lockdown issued by the Italian Government, and (2) the factors that contribute to, or mitigate, these consequences. Compared to the previous model, no statistical differences were found in sex, age, and adherence level to quarantine guidelines groups when predicting depression symptom severity, when controlling for anxiety (see Appendix A).

abstract:
  The pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has affected the Italian community. The widespread use of quarantine had the desired impact of controlling the epidemic, although it caused many psychological consequences. To date, compliance of the Italian public with voluntary home quarantine has been very high, but little is known about the impact of psychological health on sociodemographic categories during the quarantine. The purpose of this study was to assess the prevalence of depressive symptoms in specific sociodemographic categories during the COVID-19 quarantine lockdown and the potential factors that contribute to, or mitigate, these effects. In the very early stage of the nationwide lockdown, 3,672 quarantined Italian adult residents (65% females, ranging from 18 to 85 years) participated in a web-based cross-sectional survey, including measures of depressive symptoms, which were measured by the Teate depression inventory, and state anxiety levels. The overall prevalence was 27.8% for moderate and 9.3% for severe levels of depressive symptoms. A generalized logistic model was used to identify the factors associated with mental health problems. Among these factors, sociodemographic variables (e.g., sex, age, employment status) and adherence to quarantine guidelines were analyzed. Females, younger people, students, singles, residents in northern Italy, people who were reluctant to adhere to quarantine guidelines, and people less worried about being infected with COVID-19 were at high risk of developing depressive symptoms during the COVID-19 epidemic, also after controlling for state anxiety. These findings showed that public levels of depressive symptoms did not increase the greater likelihood of being infected. Our study suggested that the monitoring of psychological outcomes for outbreaks could identify groups at higher risk of psychological morbidities due to the current pandemic in order to target future psychological interventions for implementation.


id: cord-350758-oyqq7ltq
author: Zhang, Xi-Ru
date: 2020-08-26
txt: ./txt/cord-350758-oyqq7ltq.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-350758-oyqq7ltq.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32882506/
doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2020.08.041
summary:
  title: Prevalence of anxiety and depression symptoms, and association with epidemic-related factors during the epidemic period of COVID-19 among 123,768 workers in China: a large cross-sectional study Therefore, in a large cross-sectional online study, we investigated the prevalence of anxiety and depression symptoms, as well as related factors, among factory workers during the epidemic period of COVID-19. As shown in Table 4 , the prevalence of respondents reporting a demand for psychological education (overall rate: 67.3%) was higher in those with anxiety (78.4% vs 66.9%) and depression symptoms (69.0% vs 66.7%) than in those without. The aim of the present study was to investigate the prevalence and the related factors of anxiety and depression symptoms, and the demands for psychological education and interventions among workers during the epidemic period of COVID-19 in China. Interestingly, respondents who recently lived in Hubei province were more likely to report a lower risk of anxiety and depression symptoms, and slightly lower demands for psychological education and interventions.

title:
  Prevalence of anxiety and depression symptoms, and association with epidemic-related factors during the epidemic period of COVID-19 among 123,768 workers in China: a large cross-sectional study

abstract:
  BACKGROUND: : COVID-19 has gained intense attention globally. However, little is known about the COVID-19-ralated mental health status among workers. METHODS: : The cross-sectional online survey with 123,768 workers was conducted from February 2, 2020 to February 7, 2020 on a mega-size labor-intensive factory in Shenzhen, China. Oral consent was obtained prior to the questionnaire survey. The information collected in the survey included demographic characteristics, psychological symptoms, COVID-19-related information, and demands for psychological education and interventions. Symptoms of anxiety and depression were measured by the Zung's Self-Rating Anxiety Scale and Self-Rating Depression Scale. Logistic regression models were performed to determine the association between related factors and mental health status. RESULTS: : The prevalence of anxiety and depression symptoms was 3.4% and 22.8%, respectively. The dominant epidemic-related factors were having confirmed cases in the community (odds ratio [OR], 2.75, 95% CI, 2.37–3.19) and having confirmed friends (OR, 2.44; 95% CI, 1.69–3.52) for the increased risk of anxiety and depression symptoms, respectively. Nevertheless, major traditional risk factors such as general or poor health status and always drinking alcohol were still the dominant factors associated with the increased risk of anxiety and depression symptoms. Overall, 67.3% and 26.8% workers reported desire for psychological education and interventions, respectively. LIMITATIONS: : All assessments were self-reported, resulting in a risk of method bias. CONCLUSIONS: : Our findings show a relatively low prevalence of anxiety symptoms, a relatively high prevalence of depression symptoms, and urgent demand for psychological education and interventions among workers during the COVID-19 outbreak.


id: cord-354702-hi4nxf67
author: Laszkowska, Monika
date: 2020-09-30
txt: ./txt/cord-354702-hi4nxf67.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-354702-hi4nxf67.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1542356520313677?v=s5
doi: 10.1016/j.cgh.2020.09.037
summary:
  Background & Aims Our understanding of outcomes and disease time course of COVID-19 in patients with gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms remains limited. In this study we characterize the disease course and severity of COVID-19 among hospitalized patients with gastrointestinal manifestations in a large, diverse cohort from the Unites States. Conclusion Hospitalized patients with GI manifestations of COVID-19 have a reduced risk of intubation and death, but may have a longer overall disease course driven by duration of symptoms prior to hospitalization. week; however, like other early reports of GI symptoms, it did not account for the potential impact of factors such as age and comorbidities on mortality, and did not assess the overall time course of disease from symptom onset to death or discharge. 4, 21 Furthermore, small studies from China have assessed how time-course of disease is impacted by presence of gastrointestinal symptoms, and some suggest presence of diarrhea may be associated with prolonged symptoms.

title:
  Disease Course and Outcomes of COVID-19 Among Hospitalized Patients with Gastrointestinal Manifestations

abstract:
  Background & Aims Our understanding of outcomes and disease time course of COVID-19 in patients with gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms remains limited. In this study we characterize the disease course and severity of COVID-19 among hospitalized patients with gastrointestinal manifestations in a large, diverse cohort from the Unites States. Methods This retrospective study evaluated hospitalized individuals with COVID-19 between March 11 and April 28, 2020 at two affiliated hospitals in New York City. We evaluated the association between GI symptoms and death, and also explored disease duration, from symptom onset to death or discharge. Results Of 2,804 patients hospitalized with COVID-19, the 1,084 (38.7%) patients with GI symptoms were younger (aOR for age≥75 0.59, 95% CI 0.45-0.77) and had more co-morbidities (aOR for modified Charlson comorbidity score ≥2 1.22, 95% CI 1.01-1.48) compared to those without GI symptoms. Individuals with GI symptoms had better outcomes, with a lower likelihood of intubation (aHR 0.66, 95% CI 0.55-0.79) and death (aHR 0.71, 95% CI 0.59-0.87), after adjusting for clinical factors. These patients had a longer median disease course from symptom onset to discharge (13.8 vs. 10.8 days, log-rank p=0.048; among 769 survivors with available symptom onset time), which was driven by longer time from symptom onset to hospitalization (7.4 vs. 5.4 days, log-rank p<0.01). Conclusion Hospitalized patients with GI manifestations of COVID-19 have a reduced risk of intubation and death, but may have a longer overall disease course driven by duration of symptoms prior to hospitalization.


