cord-012503-8rv2xof7	2020	title: Estimating the Effect of Depression on HIV Transmission Risk Behaviors Among People Who Inject Drugs in Vietnam: A Causal Approach Depression may be an important driver of continued HIV transmission among PWID if symptoms increase transmission risk behaviors (e.g., sharing injection drug use equipment, engaging in condomless sex) in the absence of viral suppression. In the main analysis, we used marginal structural models to estimate the average causal effect of severe depressive symptoms on the risks of any injection equipment sharing or any condomless sex (separately) in the period three to 6 months later, controlling for time-fixed and time-varying confounders. In our main analysis, we estimated that severe depressive symptoms (compared to no or mild symptoms) increased the risk of sharing injection equipment by 3.9 percentage points (RD = 3.9%, 95% CI −1.7%, 9.6%) and decreased the risk of condomless sex by 1.8 percentage points (RD = −1.8%, 95% CI −6.4%, 2.8%) in the period three to 6 months later (Table 2, Fig. 1 ).
cord-012898-1jl6zcwa	2020	OBJECTIVE: This prospective study aimed to assess the impact of the COVID-19 outbreak on mental health and to investigate the ability of pre-outbreak SOC levels to predict changes in psychopathological symptoms. CONCLUSIONS: Although mental health was stable in most respondents, a small group of respondents characterized by low levels of SOC experienced increased psychopathological symptoms from preto post-outbreak. In the current study, we aimed to examine the number of respondents who experienced a clinically significant change in psychopathological symptom levels from preto post-outbreak assessment or significant levels of CO-VID-19-related traumatic distress. Based on previous studies on COVID-19-related traumatic distress [5, 25] , we expected significant levels of traumatic distress in 10-20% of the sample and stronger stress responses in females, younger respondents, and those reporting a poor sleep quality. In the low-stress group, psychopathological symptoms decreased from pre-to post-outbreak assessment and SOC levels increased.
cord-017366-tpsf7as1	2017	Some of the more common, but important, conditions such as asthma, exercise-induced bronchoconstriction (EIB), pneumothorax, and pulmonary infections will be addressed, as each are readily seen, by sports medicine teams, caring for the football players. Athletes will present with symptoms including cough, wheezing, shortness of breath, or chest tightness-in severe cases, these symptoms can lead to a life-threatening state of hypoxia due to obstruction of the airways. Exercise-induced bronchoconstriction (EIB) is a pulmonary condition characterized by transient reversible airway narrowing that increases respiratory resistance resulting in coughing, shortness of breath, wheezing, or chest tightness shortly after vigorous exercise. The diagnosis of EIB is typically made through history and physical exam; however, it must be noted that this can lead to either overdiagnosis or underdiagnosis of the condition given the vast variance of symptom severity and presentation as well as a refractory period that some individuals may have.
cord-017862-9fkjjmvf	2007	Only 12-25% of all "sore throats" seen by physicians have a true pharyngitis-most are simple viral upper respiratory infections such as the common cold. infl uenzae, Staphylococcus aureus, Legionella pneumophila, and Allergens such as pollens, molds, animal dander, dust mites, and cockroaches Irritants such as strong odors and sprays, chemicals, air pollutants, tobacco smoke, and cold air Viral or sinus infections including colds, pneumonia, and sinusitis Exercise, especially in cold, dry air Gastroesophageal refl ux disease (GERD), a condition in which stomach acid fl ows back up the esophagus Medication and foods Emotional anxiety others) is the most common source of infection for most patients. Infl uenza, rubeola and rubella, Mycoplasma pneumonia, group A β-hemolytic streptococcal infections, and allergic rhinitis may all be confused with the common cold and should be considered when appropriate. When a common cold has lasted for 7-10 days and is no better or worse, acute bacterial sinusitis may have developed and additional medical care may be required.
cord-018239-n7axd9bq	2018	The following topics should be included in the travel advice consultation: 5 Vaccinations (general and country specific) 5 Country-specific diseases 5 Malaria prophylaxis 5 Mosquito prophylaxis (wearing bright long-sleeved clothes, avoiding perfume, staying in air-conditioned rooms, using a mosquito net, using insect repellents, staying inside at dawn and dusk) 5 Food consumption and drinking overseas (no consumption of ice cubes, uncooked meals, salads and food, which is exposed to flies, limited alcohol consumption) 5 UV protection (using sun cream, avoiding sun exposure between 11.00 and 15.00 o'' clock, remaining in shaded areas, wearing a hat and covering skin) 5 Fitness assessment for travelling, flying and diving 5 Challenges of different climates and their effects on the personal health (dehydration, hyperthermia) 5 Medications 5 Thrombosis counselling 5 Counselling on symptoms on return, which require review (fever, skin changes, abnormal bleeding, lymphadenopathy, diarrhoea) 5 Sexual transmitted diseases 5 Contraception 5 Rabies
cord-019347-tj3ye1mx	2010	Method:Case Report:A 15y/o w/f athlete presented with a two month history of recurrent hives and angioedema which she associated with ingestion of Halloween candy .One week before evaluation she had hives with Coconut as well.Her history was othewise unremarkable except for recurrent UTI''S, annual sinusitis, pneumonia in 1998 as well as migraines.She denied sexual activity.Her physical exam was normal.Results:An evaluation for autoimmune disease revealed normal ESR, ANA, DSDNA, mono and hepatitis serology as well as lyme titers however her CH50 was low17u/ml(normal 26-58U/ml)and evaluation of complement revealed c4 14mg/dl(normal 16-47mg//dl)and c2 <1.3mg/dl(normal 1.6-3.5mg/dl)with normal c3, c5-c9.Her father had nor-malc4 but c2 was 1.4mg/dl (normal 1.6-3.5mg/dl)Her sister had c2 of 1.5mg/dl and normal c4 and her mother had normal c2 and c4.Her workup included positive prick skin test to ragweed, ash and grass and she was started on Rhinocort and Clarinex seasonally.She has been followed for one year with resolution of hives and is asymptomatic.Her diagnosis had been confirmed by a pediatric rheumatologist.Conclusion;We present an atypical case of C2 complement deficiency in an currently asymptomatic individual.
cord-020846-mfh1ope6	2020	While existing disease-symptom relationship extraction methods are used as the foundation in the various medical tasks, no collection is available to systematically evaluate the performance of such methods. While several disease-symptom extraction methods have been proposed that retrieve a ranked list of symptoms for a disease [7, 10, 13, 14] , no collection is available to systematically evaluate the performance of such methods [11] . In the second method [14] , the relation between a disease and symptom is calculated based on their co-occurrence in the MeSHkeywords 1 of medical articles. We describe limitations of the keyword-based method [14] and propose an adaption in which we calculate the relations not only on keywords of medical articles, but also on the full text and the title. We evaluate the baselines on the dsr-collection to compare their effectiveness in the extraction of graded disease-symptom relations.
cord-021905-fjcks7w4	2009	The level of cat allergen that is required to induce asthma symptoms is not well defined, so strict avoidance and proper cleaning after an animal has been removed from the household are key to preventing morbidity. Accordingly, improper setting of the central air humidifier (commonly part of a home''s central heating and air-conditioning unit) may worsen asthma control; while dehumidifiers set to keep humidity levels lower than 50% may be beneficial in reducing asthma symptoms from house-dust mite exposure. Similar to the aforementioned avoidance measures for pollen-sensitive asthmatic individuals, asthma symptoms from exposure to mold spores may be minimized by staying indoors as much as possible (especially during peak spore concentrations) and keeping home and automobile windows closed. Other important outdoor asthma triggers include exposure to vehicle traffic (especially diesel exhaust), which might exacerbate preexisting allergic conditions by enhancing airway responses to allergen, a potential compounding effect.
cord-022155-9759i9wr	2018	The SBS is a complex spectrum of ill health symptoms, such as mucous membrane irritation, asthma, neurotoxic effects, gastrointestinal disturbance, skin dryness, sensitivity to odours that may appear among occupants in office and public buildings, schools and hospitals. The mechanisms and causative factors of SBS and illnesses include, for example, the oxidative stress resulting from indoor pollutants, VOCs, office work-related stressors, humidification, odours associated with moisture and bioaerosol exposure. Different research groups emphasized on the association of prevalence of SBS symptoms among the office workers with the organic floor dust concentration, the floor covering of the workplaces, the age of the building, and the kind of ventilation system in operation. The assertion from the BASE study of the association of SBS with the increasing difference in concentration of CO 2 between indoor and outdoor brings forward the suggestion that a relative increase in the ventilation rates per person in an office building may reduce the prevalence of SBS symptoms.
cord-022650-phsr10jp	2018	0685 | Skin prick test reactivity to aeroallergens in adult allergy clinic in a tertiary hospital: a 12-year retrospective study Results: Five different human sera were screened for specific IgE level against 29 different allergen sources using test methods of three different suppliers. Conclusion: This multicenter prospective study confirmed that stepwise single-dose OFC to egg will help to clarify the severity of egg allergy, and will contribute to improved food allergy manageMethod: The study design was a retrospective cohort study extracting data from the electronic chart of children older than 4 years who visited our out-patient clinic for egg or milk allergy and who underwent an oral food challenge test (OFC) twice within 24 months between November 2013 and December 2017. Results: In the base case analysis, using Italy clinical practice patients with moderate-to severe allergic rhino-conjunctivitis (SS ranging from 6 to 15 points) and a mean age at entry of 21 years, both SCIT and SLIT were associated with increased cost but superior efficacy compared to pharmacotherapy alone.
cord-022658-mq91h15t	2008	Patients with rhinitis or asthma caused by allergens for which the clinical efficacy and safety of SIT have been documented by placebo-controlled, doubleblind studies, and those requiring daily pharmacotherapy for longer periods (e.g., preventive treatment during a pollen season or perennially) are candidates for SIT. in most cases when significant airway comorbidity is present (asthma, chronic sinusitis, nasal polyps, or otitis media with effusion) when the diagnosis is in question or special diagnostic testing is required when occupational rhinitis is suspected, to distinguish between clear-cut allergic reactions and toxic or nonallergic reactions when poor symptom control necessitates a consultation for environmental control measures, pharmacotherapy, or specific immunotherapy when medication side-effects are intolerable when rhinitis is only part of a complex series of mucosal allergies.
cord-032382-5tp9i9vh	2020	CONCLUSION: Whereas signs and symptoms of disease do not appear to predict acute Q fever, they may help rule it out in favour of other respiratory conditions, prompting a delayed or non-prescribing approach instead of early empiric doxycycline in primary care patients with non-severe presentations. Specifically, we assessed whether signs and symptoms could accurately identify acute Q fever in suspect cases prior to laboratory confirmation, or help rule out the diagnosis in favour of other respiratory infections where, depending on national guidelines, treatment with amoxicillin as a first-line antibiotic or a delayed or non-prescribing approach would be considered more appropriate. We performed a retrospective case-control study assessing the association of acute Q fever case status with signs and symptoms of disease in a sample of questionnaire respondents from the cohort of all individuals tested for acute Q fever by GP''s or hospital-based medical specialists in the period from March 2009 through April 2010 (n = 1218).
cord-151118-25cbus1m	2020	To test the performance of the join operator when ExeTera and Pandas are used, we generate a dataset composed of a left primary key (int64), a right foreign key (int64) and 1, 2, 4, 8, 16 , and 32 fields respectively of random numbers corresponding to entries in the right table (int32). In this work, we present ExeTera, a data curation and analytics tool designed to provide users with a low complexity solution for working on datasets approaching terabyte scale, such as national / international-scale citizen science datasets like the Covid Symptom Study. ExeTera provides features for cleaning, journaling, and generation of reproducible processing and analytics, enabling large research teams to work with consistent measures and analyses that can be reliably recreated from the base data snapshots. Although ExeTera was developed to provide data curation for researchers working on the Zoe Symptom Study, this software is being developed to be generally applicable to large-scale relational datasets for researchers who work in Python.
cord-189256-72eumkal	2020	More generally, the method can be applied to finding context-specific words and texts (e.g. symptom mentions) in large imbalanced corpora (e.g. all tweets mentioning #COVID-19). We evaluate our graph-based approach on 2 different datasets, with each dataset having a different context -1) COVID-19 Symptom Detection; and 2) Adverse Drug Reaction Identification. With the 1 million COVID-19 tweet dataset, we use cough as the seed word, k = 0.3, maxDepth = 3 and n = 5 to test our approach. Evaluation Similar to COVID-19 symptom detection evaluation, we evaluate the model''s performance for ADR detection, where a positive word represents an adverse reaction to a drug (Table 3) . In this study, we present an iterative learning approach to generate such a "master" list of COVID-19 symptoms, using the identification of words matching a specific symptom context.
cord-229612-7xnredj7	2020	An interpretable and COVID-19 diagnosis AI framework is devised and developed based on the cough sounds features and symptoms metadata to overcome these limitations. The proposed framework''s performance was evaluated using a medical dataset containing Symptoms and Demographic data of 30000 audio segments, 328 cough sounds from 150 patients with four cough classes ( COVID-19, Asthma, Bronchitis, and Healthy). A three-layer Deep Neural Network model is used to generate cough embeddings from the handcrafted signal processing features and symptoms embeddings are generated by a transformer-based self-attention network called TabNet. Arik and Pfister (2020) Finally, the prediction score is obtained by concatenating the Symptoms Embeddings with Cough Embeddings, followed by a Fully Connected layer. • A novel explainable & interpretable COVID-19 diagnosis framework based on deep learning (AI) uses the information from symptoms and cough signal processing features.
cord-244388-dxrrpxl7	2020	Built on case records and guidelines using AI-based methods, the system consists of the following building blocks: 1) an engine for the automated ingestion of unstructured clinical notes, the extraction of relevant medical entities and their organization into a knowledge graph (KG); 2) a data-driven dialog system that allows a conversation with such medical knowledge base and drives the patient interactions; 3) an inference engine able to suggest the most appropriate recommendation in terms of point of care and time frame for treatment. After ontology creation, the input case records together with the extracted medical concepts and metadata were automatically ingested and organized in a language agnostic knowledge graph (KG). For the neural network based model we constructed a training corpus masking one or multiple medical concepts from each patient case and optimised the network to predict the obscured features.
cord-254288-duukt2wh	2020	title: A multinational, multicentre study on the psychological outcomes and associated physical symptoms amongst healthcare workers during COVID-19 outbreak METHODS: Healthcare workers from 5 major hospitals, involved in the care for COVID-19 patients, in Singapore and India were invited to participate in a study by performing a self-administered questionnaire within the period of February 19 to April 17, 2020. CONCLUSIONS: Our study demonstrates a significant association between the prevalence of physical symptoms and psychological outcomes among healthcare workers during the COVID-19 outbreak. We investigate the association between various physical symptoms and psychological distress amongst healthcare workers in Singapore and India during the current COVID-19 outbreak. The study questionnaire, written in English, comprised five main components-demographic characteristics, medical history, symptom prevalence in the previous month, Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS-21) and the Impact of Events Scale-Revised (IES-R) instruments. This multinational, multicenter study found significant association between adverse psychological outcomes and physical symptoms displayed by healthcare workers during the current COVID-19 pandemic.
cord-258856-7hgdlrpi	2020	Fever, cough and other respiratory symptoms were reported as common presentations of the novel coronavirus infection , and patients with these classical symptoms warrant further screening for viral infection [3, 5, 8] . The date of symptoms onset, initial clinic visit, hospital admission, CT scans, and virus nuclei acid tests, as well as the severity of patient condition, were also recorded. It is worth noting that the GI symptoms onset in group B patients were not chronic which occurred 1-8 days before their clinic visits (Fig. 2b ). Compared to group A, from detectable symptoms onset, patients in group B (with only GI symptoms) took a longer time to present to healthcare services (5.0 days vs. Furthermore, group B patients had longer durations to hospital admission after initial clinic presentations (8.2 days vs.
cord-261133-m00gcci4	2005	52 The mechanism of headache caused by cytokines is unknown but it is interesting that headache induced by cytokines is accompanied by symptoms such as fatigue, anorexia, malaise, nausea, and depression, and these symptoms are commonly associated with URTIs. A sensation of chilliness is an early symptom of common cold, 7 and is sometimes explained as an initial stage of fever, since vasoconstriction of skin blood vessels may cause a fall in skin temperature that is perceived as chilliness. 65 The cytokine stimulation of prostaglandin E2 production in skeletal muscle, and the effects of prostaglandin E2 on sensory nerves in muscle, may explain the myalgia associated with URTIs. In a study of common cold symptoms induced by challenge with infected nasal secretions, URTI symptoms were classified as either "early" or "later" symptoms.
cord-262100-z6uv32a0	2020	Noticeably, psychomotor symptoms such as impaired motor skills, restlessness, and inability to relax exhibited high centrality during the outbreak, which still relatively high but showed substantial remission during after peak stage (in terms of strength, betweenness, or bridge centrality). This study provides novel insights into the changes in central features during the different COVID-19 stages and highlights motor-related symptoms as bridge symptoms, which could activate the connection between anxiety and depression. In a recent longitudinal study on mental health during COVID-19, no significant changes in anxiety and depression were found in the general Chinese population between the initial outbreak and the after peak period [6] . However, the existing studies did not investigate the mechanism and changes in anxiety and depressive symptoms throughout the COVID-19 outbreak and the after peak using network analysis. During the outbreak and after peak, the occurrence of either impaired motor skills with depression symptoms or restlessness with anxiety symptoms could increase the risk of activation for other mental disorders.
cord-262135-oic7uvs0	2020	His recent interactions with patients and other doctors have rapidly led to the realization that sudden loss of smell (anosmia) and/or taste (ageusia) may be experienced in the infected, symptoms not commonly reported in China. Dr. Ravussin''s frustration on the paucity of information related to the anosmia found online and in normal media outlets pushed him to contact various medical doctors directly working with infected patients on three continents and all confirmed that this presenting symptom is common knowledge within the medical professional communities directly fighting the COVID-19 virus. We are writing to the Editors to make sure this information is more widely circulated among readers of the Journal and hope/suggest that people who present with anosmia and/or ageusia without other symptoms are admitted for testing and realize that they may be affected by the current pandemic.
cord-264412-2dwk06yd	2020	As the COVID-19 emergency may have affected the levels of stress perceived by children and adolescents with migraine, the present study was aimed to understand the effect of COVID-19 emergency on symptoms intensity and frequency in pediatric patients. As the COVID-19 emergency may have affected the levels of stress perceived by children and adolescents with migraine, the present study was aimed to understand the effect of COVID-19 emergency on symptoms intensity and frequency in pediatric patients. Discussion: A significant reduction of migraine symptoms intensity and frequency was observed in pediatric patients during the COVID-19 lockdown phase in northern Italy. Discussion: A significant reduction of migraine symptoms intensity and frequency was observed in pediatric patients during the COVID-19 lockdown phase in northern Italy. This study highlighted a significant reduction of the intensity and frequency of migraine symptoms in the present cohort of children and adolescents during the COVID-19 lockdown phase in northern Italy.
cord-264543-b4zwinh2	2020	[4] The objective of this case report is to describe anosmia and ageusia as emergent initial symptoms of COVID-19 (Coronavirus Disease 2019). After clinical diagnosis, it was instituted home treatment with Oseltamivir 75 mg an oral tablet every 12 hours for five days, Azithromycin 500mg, one oral tablet per day for five days, Acetylcysteine syrup 40mg /ml 15 ml orally at night for 5 days and dipyrone if pain or fever, resulting in marked improvement of the signals and symptoms presented by the patient in five days, however, with persistence of anosmia and ageusia. In the case described, the patient presented as initial symptoms anosmia (absence of smell) and ageusia (change in taste) followed by odynophagia, cough, low fever, chest pain and mild respiratory distress, so it was considered suggestive of Covid-19 and confirmed, later, by the laboratory examination (RT-PCR) of the patient. [6] This examination was performed on the patient of the case at the time of the diagnosis and during the anosmia period and showed no structural changes.
cord-265563-1k8v0luz	2017	Abbreviations used COPD-Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease CVID-Common variable immunodeficiency HR-Hazard ratio IQR-Interquartile range OAT-Oral antibiotic therapy OR-Odds ratio SGRQ-St George''s Respiratory Questionnaire TE-Treated exacerbation TSE-Treated symptomatic exacerbation USE-Untreated symptomatic exacerbation between 1 in 10,000 and 1 in 50,000, it is the most common symptomatic primary immunodeficiency. Exacerbations characterized by purulent sputum respond rapidly to antibiotics, whereas those characterized by upper respiratory tract symptoms and sore throat respond more slowly Median (IQR) time until recovery after start of OAT in all TEs was 6.5 (5-14) days ( Figure 4 , A). For USEs, the differences in Regarding the impact of antibiotic prophylaxis on exacerbation severity, there was no significant difference in episode duration or cumulative total symptom count during symptomatic exacerbations between patients on or off prophylactic antibiotics. For the first definition, we identified a symptomatic exacerbation event as 2 or more new symptoms lasting for 2 or more consecutive days as recorded by the patient in their diary, whether or not they received additional treatment for that.
cord-265596-o6jdvlya	2020	title: Clinical Characteristics of COVID-19 Patients With Digestive Symptoms in Hubei, China: A Descriptive, Cross-Sectional, Multicenter Study However, with the evolution of the pandemic and the accumulation of case data, we are now able to describe the initial clinical presentations of patients with COVID-19; and our experience is revealing that digestive symptoms are very common (10) . In this study, we enrolled patients confirmed to have COVID-19 from 3 hospitals in Hubei province and investigated the prevalence, clinical characteristics, and outcomes of COVID-19 patients with vs without digestive symptoms. The present study was conducted by reviewing the medical records of patients with COVID-19 from January 18, 2020, to February 28, 2020, in 3 heavily affected hospitals during the initial outbreak in Hubei province, where 83% of cases in China were reported. 3 Digestive symptoms are common in COVID-19 in addition to fever and respiratory symptoms and are reported in nearly half of patients presenting to the hospital.
cord-272200-wkifto2o	2020	Unless people are convinced that they will be fully and quickly recompensed for any financial cost and that their use of the test, trace and isolate system is both expected and respected by their community, then, particularly where symptoms are mild, it may be tempting for some to accept their first assumption that their symptoms are probably unrelated to COVID-19. Reducing the costs associated with use of the service will be essential to improving its uptake; this could include an early release from isolation if a negative test result is obtained. Ensuring that a test, trace and isolate system links people up with community support mechanisms may help promote adherence. When the period of isolation is over, people who have tested positive will need to be warned that we still do not know if people can develop COVID-19 more than once and that they must still be careful to avoid spreading infection.
cord-275391-dmfacaua	2020	METHODS: In this study, an online non-probability sample survey was used to anonymously investigate the anxiety and depression symptoms among medical staff under the COVID-19 outbreak. PHEIC was defined as "Unusual events that pose public health risks to other countries through the international spread of disease and may require a coordinated international response." As of 11 February, a total of 1716 medical staff were confirmed to have COVID-19 infections in mainland China, accounting for 3.8% of all confirmed cases (The Novel Coronavirus Pneumonia Emergency Response Epidemiology Team, 2020). Significantly higher proportions of self-reported anxiety or depression symptoms were found in investigated medical staff with the following characteristics: nurse, junior college or below, living alone, never/almost never getting help from friends, never/almost never getting care from neighbours, never confiding their troubles to others and higher stress.
cord-276831-1z27qsym	2020	It is extremely important to understand the prevalence and influencing factors of anxiety and depression symptoms in first-line anti-epidemic medical staff and their coping styles for these negative emotions. METHODS: A cross-sectional survey was conducted in Gansu (China), with a questionnaire packet which consisted of the self-rating anxiety scale (SAS), self-rating depression scale (SDS), and the simplified coping style questionnaire (SCSQ). CONCLUSIONS: The first-line anti-epidemic medical staff have high anxiety and depression symptoms and adopting positive coping styles will help to improve their negative emotions.
cord-285228-famhbr16	2020	To this end, we apply a Markov Process to a graded partially ordered set based on clinical observations of COVID-19 cases to ascertain the most likely order of discernible symptoms (i.e., fever, cough, nausea/vomiting, and diarrhea) in COVID-19 patients. The seven-symptom implementation of the Stochastic Progression Model of COVID-19 shows that these additional symptoms did not perturb our initial ordering of fever, coughing, nausea/vomiting, and diarrhea, but instead added another level of intricacy in the middle of the likely paths (Figure 4) . The most likely path of COVID-19 symptoms is fever, then cough, and next either sore throat, myalgia, or headache, followed by nausea/vomiting, and finally diarrhea, and this order is the same as the one indicated by the implementation developed from the confirmation dataset (COVID-19 with N = 1,099) (Figure 4) (16) .
cord-287452-nslygsdf	2020	Furthermore, a recent study that explored psychological distress related to COVID-19 indicated that prior trauma exposure and J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f subsequent PTSD symptoms were associated with elevated levels of psychiatric symptomatology and peritraumatic stress symptoms during the pandemic (Lahav, under review) . Specifically, it explored the unique contribution of PTG attributed to prior trauma in explaining peritraumatic stress symptoms J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f related to the pandemic, above and beyond background characteristics, COVID-19-related stressors, and PTSD symptoms resulting from past trauma. Our results revealed that several background characteristics and COVID-19-related stressors were associated with peritraumatic stress symptoms during the pandemic, even after taking into account PTSD symptoms and PTG attributed to prior trauma.
cord-288568-fjdjuksm	2020	Therefore, this study aimed to identify the prevalence of anxiety, somatization and insomnia and explore the relationships between different psychological states in the general population during the COVID-19 outbreak. All subjects were evaluated with the 7-item Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD-7) scale, the somatization subscale of the Symptom Checklist 90-Revised (SCL-90-R), and the 7-item Insomnia Severity Index (ISI). At present, several studies have reported the prevalence of anxiety, depression, insomnia, and other psychological states in the general population during the epidemic (1, 6-8, 10-12). Therefore, we investigated the public''s mental health during the COVID-19 epidemic and aimed to (1) explore the prevalence of anxiety, somatization, and insomnia in a Chinese population; (2) examine the correlation between physical symptoms and psychological symptoms; and (3) provide a theoretical basis for intervention measures provided by psychologists and the government. In conclusion, our study demonstrated that anxiety, insomnia, and somatic symptoms were common in the general population during the COVID-19 epidemic.
cord-293472-d3iwlpsr	2012	During influenza season (testing should be done in the following persons if the result will influence clinical management) Outpatient immunocompetent persons of any age at high risk of developing influenza complications (eg, hospitalization or death) presenting with acute febrile respiratory symptoms 5 days or less after illness onset (when virus is usually being shed) Outpatient immunocompromised persons of any age presenting with febrile respiratory symptoms, irrespective of time since illness onset (because immunocompromised persons can shed influenza viruses for weeks to months) Hospitalized persons of any age (immunocompetent or immunocompromised) with fever and respiratory symptoms, including those with a diagnosis of community-acquired pneumonia, irrespective of time since illness onset Elderly persons and infants presenting with suspected sepsis or fever of unknown origin, irrespective of time since illness onset Children with fever and respiratory symptoms presenting for medical evaluation, irrespective of time since illness onset Persons of any age who develop fever and respiratory symptoms after hospital admission, irrespective of time since illness onset Immunocompetent persons with acute febrile respiratory symptoms who are not at high risk of developing complications secondary to influenza infection may be tested for purposes of obtaining local surveillance data
cord-293655-2ab7wdsk	2020	Objective To study the source, symptoms, and duration of infection, preventive measures, contact tracing and their effects on SARS-CoV-2 epidemic among healthcare workers (HCW) in 2 large hospitals and 40 external healthcare services in Milan (Italy) to propose effective measures to control the COVID-19 epidemic among healthcare workers. Most prominent symptoms include fever, dry cough, headache, sore throat and sneezing, although a growing number of reports underline asymptomatic and patients with mild symptoms having the same viral load as symptomatic patients and spreading the infection in the general population and among healthcare workers (HCW) (2) (3) (4) (5) . A much smaller sample of workers (N=10), commonly found among close contacts but absent from the hospital for other reasons, reported their daily symptoms even in the days leading to the positive NF swab.
cord-298536-kksivbh8	2020	Individuals who had been exposed to trauma, and to CTS in particular, had elevated anxiety, depression, and peritraumatic stress symptoms compared to individuals without such a history or to survivors of non-ongoing traumatic events. Specifically, the current investigation strove to explore the contribution of PTSD symptoms as a result of past trauma exposure versus as a result of CTS in explaining psychological distress (peritraumatic stress symptoms, anxiety symptoms, and depression symptoms) in the face of COVID-19. To explore the moderating role of trauma type (CTS versus previous non-ongoing trauma exposure) in the associations between PTSD symptoms and psychological distress related to the COVID-19 pandemic, moderation analyses were conducted via PROCESS (Model 1) computational macro (Hayes, 2012) . Additionally, higher levels of PTSD symptoms subsequent to trauma exposure were related to elevated psychological distress manifested in anxiety, depression, and peritraumatic stress symptoms during the COVID-19 pandemic.
cord-300550-l28tadhn	2020	In this cross-sectional study, two-thirds of European patients with polymerase chain reaction confirmed COVID-19 reported olfactory and gustatory dysfunction, indicating the significance of this history in the early diagnostics. First of all, patients were asked for the onset of fever, cough, sore throat, rhinitis, muscle aches, headache, diarrhea, reduced olfaction, and a reduced sense of taste during COVID-19. To investigate factors related to reduced olfaction as well as to a reduced sense of taste two general linear models were used with explanatory variables of age, gender, TNSS, fever, cough, sore throat, rhinitis, and headache, respectively. In addition, fever, cough, sore throat, rhinitis, headache, and TNSS were also not associated with reduced olfaction or reduced sense of taste (p ≥ 0.05, respectively). Our study shows for the first time that both olfactory and gustatory dysfunction is very common in COVID-19 patients, with olfactory dysfunction even leveling the symptom ''cough'' at > 70%.
cord-304838-r9w8milu	2020	From March 20, 2020, to April 12, 2020, this descriptive survey used a snowballing sampling technique to select 502-Nigerians with an online semi-structured questionnaire detailing the impact of Event Scale-Revised, Generalized Anxiety Disorder – 7 item scale, Patient Health Questionnaire and Insomnia Severity Index. However, prevalence estimates analysis revealed that majority of the male respondents (65.1%) had no clinical insomnia, 20.8% of the male participants reported sub-threshold level of insomnia, 8.2% of the respondents had moderate insomnia symptoms, while 5.9% of the male respondents presented severe clinical insomnia during the COVID-19 pandemic. Though this study recorded no significant difference between the gender (male and female) experiences of insomnia, depression, posttraumatic stress symptoms and anxiety, the study result reported a relevant prevalence of outcomes of psychological distress among the general public in Nigeria.
cord-307930-5jwtykqg	2020	In a clinical setting and when presented with a patient with a combination of traits, a doctor may wonder if a certain combination of symptoms may be especially predictive, such as the question, "Are fevers more informative in women than men?" The answer to this question is, yes. That is, in answering the question, "Is a cough especially informative if a fever has already been observed in a patient," would be stated with the CPI as the following and relating to conditional mutual information, CP I(cough associates to a patient if a fever is already observed) = I (cough of a patient given fever), referring to the available COVID-19 dataset, and as shown in Fig. 1 , it turns out those with a fever is about 80% of those already have a cough, so while correlation picks that association it is exactly not this association we wish to identify with CPI.
cord-309790-rx9cux8i	2020	MATERIALS AND METHODS: We retrieved tweets using COVID-19-related keywords, and performed semiautomatic filtering to curate self-reports of positive-tested users. We extracted COVID-19-related symptoms mentioned by the users, mapped them to standard concept IDs in the Unified Medical Language System, and compared the distributions to those reported in early studies from clinical settings. With this in mind, we explored the possibility of using social media, namely Twitter, to study symptoms self-reported by users who tested positive for COVID-19. Our primary goals were to (i) verify that users report their experiences with COVID-19-including their positive test results and symptoms experienced-on Twitter, and (ii) compare the distribution of self-reported symptoms with those reported in studies conducted in clinical settings. Our secondary objectives were to (i) create a COVID-19 symptom corpus that captures the multitude of ways in which users express symptoms so that natural language processing (NLP) systems may be developed for automated symptom detection, and (ii) collect a cohort of COVID-19-positive Twitter users whose longitudinal self-reported information may be studied in the future.
cord-311398-uheb2cvg	2010	This paper reports on a study of the ways in which 54 older people in South Wales (UK) talk about the symptoms and causes of cold and influenza (flu). The study was designed to understand why older people might reject or accept the offer of seasonal flu vaccine, and in the course of the interviews respondents were also asked to express their views about the nature and causes of the two key illnesses. In the context of common respiratory symptoms, it is also worth noting that there has been a long tradition of looking at the ways in which lay people understand the symptomatology of URTI''s, and especially ''colds'' (see, for example, ; Baer, Weller, Garcia, 2008; Baer, Weller, Pachter et al, 1999; Helman, 1978; McCombie, 1987) . However, most of that work examines the range of symptoms lay people associate with cold e and to a lesser extent flu -and how they explain respiratory illness.
cord-315591-5ttn8beu	2020	title: Dose–response relationship between intergenerational contact frequency and depressive symptoms amongst elderly Chinese parents: a cross-sectional study BACKGROUND: Given the high prevalence of depressive symptoms amongst the elderly Chinese population and the significance of intergenerational contact in this demographic group, the purpose of this study was to examine the association and dose–response relationship between the frequency of intergenerational contact and depressive symptoms. However, to our knowledge, no study has investigated the direct association between intergenerational contact frequency and depressive symptoms in the elderly Chinese population. To address this gap in knowledge, the present study in elderly Chinese participants aims to: (a) examine the association between intergenerational contact frequency and depressive symptoms, and (b) explore its dose-response relationship. The present study demonstrates that lower intergenerational contact frequency with children is independently associated with greater depressive symptoms amongst the elderly Chinese population.
cord-317859-afvi0g0a	2020	To support safe RTP, we provide sport and exercise medicine physicians with practical recommendations on how to exclude cardiorespiratory complications of COVID-19 in elite athletes who place high demand on their cardiorespiratory system. Overall, we recommend that any athletic individual that has been hospitalised with a radiologically confirmed COVID-19 pneumonia and breathlessness undergoes specialist respiratory review prior to RTP, and this process is likely to involve the need for: (1) planned repeat imaging; (2) baseline physiological measures (including consideration of gas transfer measurement±lung volumes); and (3) the possible need for cardiopulmonary exercise testing with measurement of oxygen saturation in selected cases with ongoing dyspnoea on exertion. 3. In those athletes who report COVID-19 related respiratory symptoms that are persistent and taking longer than 14 days to recover, we recommend a thorough assessment to exclude the presence of thromboembolic events, ongoing intrapulmonary pathology or cardiac injury.
cord-323551-22v2hn3v	2019	We enrolled 214 individuals at multiple New York City locations and tested weekly for respiratory viral pathogens, irrespective of symptom status, from fall 2016 to spring 2018. Here, we document rates of asymptomatic respiratory virus infection through a large-scale community study across multiple age groups. For the entire duration of the study, participants provided a daily report rating nine respiratory illness-related symptoms (fever, chills, muscle pain, watery eyes, runny nose, sneezing, sore throat, cough, chest pain), which were recorded on a Likert scale (0 = none, 1 = mild, 2 = moderate, 3 = severe). Pairwise comparisons between single infections and coinfections across all eight definitions showed that testing positive for multiple viruses was not associated with more severe symptoms. Figure 3 shows that while children were most frequently infected with a respiratory virus (they presented with the highest number of viral shedding events per season), they recorded (as reported by their parents) the lowest symptom scores on average.
cord-324981-teywszlm	2010	title: Efficacy and safety of an antiviral Iota-Carrageenan nasal spray: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled exploratory study in volunteers with early symptoms of the common cold METHODS: In a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled exploratory trial, 35 human subjects suffering from early symptoms of common cold received Iota-Carrageenan (0.12%) in a saline solution three times daily for 4 days, compared to placebo. The presented exploratory study was designed to determine the magnitude of any effect of Iota-Carrageenan nasal spray on the severity of common cold symptoms relative to placebo treatment. The current study was designed as a single centre, randomised, double-blind, parallel group, placebo-controlled comparative survey in subjects with early symptoms of common cold to assess the efficacy of a 0.12% Iota-Carrageenan nasal spray in the early treatment of natural colds. The results of this study indicate that the Iota Carrageenan nasal spray is a safe and effective treatment when taken within 48 hours of development of common cold symptoms.
cord-330831-3b7vfv9b	2020	COVID-19 patients reported a higher psychological impact of the outbreak than psychiatric patients and healthy controls, with half of them having clinically significant symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder. Three themes emerged from the interviews with COVID-19 patients: (i) The emotions experienced by patients after COVID-19 infection (i.e., shock, fear, despair, hope, and boredom); (ii) the external factors that affected patients'' mood (i.e., discrimination, medical expenses, care by healthcare workers); and (iii) coping and self-help behavior (i.e., distraction, problem-solving and online support). However, there is currently limited research on the neuropsychiatric sequalae and psychological impact of COVID-19 patients, with one study so far reporting that most clinically stable patients suffered from significant posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms 9 . The present study performed a quantitative evaluation of the neuropsychiatric sequelae of patients with acute COVID-19 infection who received treatment in the hospital isolation wards, and compared these patients with psychiatric patients and healthy controls during the COVID-19 pandemic.
cord-331135-4u99yxw2	2020	Methods: Using cross-sectional data of the Confins cohort, we estimated the effect of student status on depressive and anxiety symptoms, suicidal thoughts and perceived stress using multivariate logistic regression analyses. A few studies have reported high prevalence of depressive symptoms, anxiety symptoms and stress during the Covid-19 lockdown among college students (Cao et al., 2020; Husky et al., 2020; Odriozola-González et al., 2020; Tang et al., 2020) but it is unkown whether the impact was different in this population compared to non-students adults. The objectives of this study were to estimate the effect of lockdown on mental health conditions (depressive symptoms, anxiety symptoms, suicidal thoughts and perceived stress) in college students and to compare their frequency and associated factors to a sample of non-students recruited in the same study.
cord-333808-deifddar	2020	Here we review the current literature around remote patient monitoring in cancer care and propose the use of reliable devices for capturing and reporting patient symptoms and physiology. In oncology, while implantable devices are not available, studies have shown that monitoring patient-reported outcomes reduces visits to the emergency department, decreases follow-up costs and improves overall survival [11] [12] [13] [14] . PRO-CTCAE™ (Patient-Reported Outcomes version of the Common Toxicity Criteria for Adverse Events) is a validated tool used to monitor and report toxicities related to cancer treatment in clinical trials. Emerging research shows benefits in outcomes and costs of cancer care through use of remote monitoring technology especially electronic patient reported outcomes (ePRO). Overall survival results of a trial assessing patient-reported outcomes for symptom monitoring during routine cancer treatment Symptom monitoring with patient-reported outcomes during routine cancer treatment: a randomized controlled trial
cord-336942-2mvcyvbl	2020	title: Factors Associated with Depression, Anxiety, and PTSD Symptomatology During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Clinical Implications for U.S. Young Adult Mental Health This study sought to identify factors associated with depression, anxiety, and PTSD symptomatology in U.S. young adults (18-30 years) during the COVID-19 pandemic. High levels of loneliness, high levels of COVID-19-specific worries, and low distress tolerance were significantly associated with clinical levels of depression, anxiety, and PTSD symptoms. Specifically, those who endorsed high levels of loneliness and worries about COVID-19 and low levels of distress tolerance were more likely to score above the clinical cutoffs for depression, anxiety, and PTSD. The high levels of reported loneliness in our sample and its association with depression, anxiety, and PTSD symptoms underscore the severity of experiences of young adults during the pandemic. In our study, one in three U.S. young adults reported clinical cut-off symptoms of depression, anxiety, and PTSD as well as high levels of loneliness.
cord-342246-tnjtd9n3	2020	Because of the paucity of diagnostic tests in many European countries, data regarding epidemiological factors and clinical presentation of COVID-19 positive patients are limited; the reported studies were generally carried out by anamnesis and symptom inquiry [10] . In addition to demographic data such as the age and gender of the patients, general data including the concomitant systemic diseases, previous otolaryngologic diseases (perennial/allergic rhinitis, nasal septal deviation, chronic sinusitis, nasal polyps, hearing loss, tinnitus, vestibular disorders), the use of medications, and the length of hospital stay were also recorded. When evaluated according to the clinical severity of COVID-19 infection, there was no statistically significant difference between other findings except nausea/ vomiting, cough and dyspnea which were higher in the moderate group. This present study, it was found that PCR positive COVID 19 patients had different otolaryngological symptoms, especially loss of smell and taste. In our study, the most common otolaryngologic symptoms were the loss of smell and taste, which is important in terms of supporting the literature data on COVID-19.
cord-342919-ls2q1g0v	2020	In the very early stage of the nationwide lockdown, 3,672 quarantined Italian adult residents (65% females, ranging from 18 to 85 years) participated in a web-based cross-sectional survey, including measures of depressive symptoms, which were measured by the Teate depression inventory, and state anxiety levels. Females, younger people, students, singles, residents in northern Italy, people who were reluctant to adhere to quarantine guidelines, and people less worried about being infected with COVID-19 were at high risk of developing depressive symptoms during the COVID-19 epidemic, also after controlling for state anxiety. Research evidence aims of this study were to explore (1) the likely effects of quarantine on mental health (anxiety and depressive symptoms), immediately after the nationwide lockdown issued by the Italian Government, and (2) the factors that contribute to, or mitigate, these consequences. Compared to the previous model, no statistical differences were found in sex, age, and adherence level to quarantine guidelines groups when predicting depression symptom severity, when controlling for anxiety (see Appendix A).
cord-350758-oyqq7ltq	2020	title: Prevalence of anxiety and depression symptoms, and association with epidemic-related factors during the epidemic period of COVID-19 among 123,768 workers in China: a large cross-sectional study Therefore, in a large cross-sectional online study, we investigated the prevalence of anxiety and depression symptoms, as well as related factors, among factory workers during the epidemic period of COVID-19. As shown in Table 4 , the prevalence of respondents reporting a demand for psychological education (overall rate: 67.3%) was higher in those with anxiety (78.4% vs 66.9%) and depression symptoms (69.0% vs 66.7%) than in those without. The aim of the present study was to investigate the prevalence and the related factors of anxiety and depression symptoms, and the demands for psychological education and interventions among workers during the epidemic period of COVID-19 in China. Interestingly, respondents who recently lived in Hubei province were more likely to report a lower risk of anxiety and depression symptoms, and slightly lower demands for psychological education and interventions.
cord-354702-hi4nxf67	2020	Background & Aims Our understanding of outcomes and disease time course of COVID-19 in patients with gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms remains limited. In this study we characterize the disease course and severity of COVID-19 among hospitalized patients with gastrointestinal manifestations in a large, diverse cohort from the Unites States. Conclusion Hospitalized patients with GI manifestations of COVID-19 have a reduced risk of intubation and death, but may have a longer overall disease course driven by duration of symptoms prior to hospitalization. week; however, like other early reports of GI symptoms, it did not account for the potential impact of factors such as age and comorbidities on mortality, and did not assess the overall time course of disease from symptom onset to death or discharge. 4, 21 Furthermore, small studies from China have assessed how time-course of disease is impacted by presence of gastrointestinal symptoms, and some suggest presence of diarrhea may be associated with prolonged symptoms.