key: cord-273929-kpcmy9x8
authors: Shah, Jatin P.
title: The impact of COVID‐19 on Head and Neck surgery, education, and training
date: 2020-04-25
journal: Head Neck
DOI: 10.1002/hed.26188
sha: 
doc_id: 273929
cord_uid: kpcmy9x8

nan

The year 2020 began quietly, except for the news of a novel virus outbreak, felt to be a local problem in Wuhan, China. In the United States, economy was booming and the world had great expectations of a wonderful 2020. What followed has stunned the world with a "never seen before," calamity; the COVID-19 pandemic with over two and a half million individuals infected and nearly 200 000 lives lost so far. The havoc created by this global tragedy has impacted upon many lives in many ways. We need to quickly think and to plan, as to how our professional and personal lives will be conducted in the days, weeks, months, and years ahead.

At the moment there is total chaos, in every part of the world, particularly in New York city. The day-to-day life is disrupted; regular patient care of diseases and cancers is in disarray, with the focus of medical care shifted to the management of patients with COVID-19. Surgery is limited to emergencies and cancer cases that cannot be postponed without a negative impact on their outcome. The great majority of hospital beds is occupied by COVID-19 patients, and sudden makeshift hospitals are created to accommodate the surge. Temporary morgues in refrigerated trucks are to be seen at every local hospital in New York city to "house" the over 14 000 patients who have died in the last 4 weeks. What comes next, and when this will end is unknown; our future and the future of the world are frightening in its uncertainty.

With a fragile future, how do we conduct our day-to-day activities, and plan to retain our robust education and training programs, to educate and train the next generation of head and neck surgeons? The major onslaught of the first wave of cases and mortality from those exposed to the disease may slow down in the weeks to come, as observed in China, but life is unlikely to return to normal in the foreseeable future. "Business as usual" will not work, since we do not know the impact of the aftermath of this pandemic, the risk of a rebound second cycle of splurge in the number of cases worldwide in the fall and winter, and the potential risk of annual outbreaks from COVID-19. We have great expectations from our scientists that we will find a therapeutic solution for the treatment of COVID-19, and great hopes that a vaccine would be developed in the future to prevent infection. We have to develop strategies to modify, devise, and reshape our current methods of education and training to sustain a robust training program and continue to support our current work force geared to educate and train succeeding generations of students and trainees. 1 The drastic changes that have affected our work and life during the past 2 months have taught us that remote communications, education, teaching, learning and training are possible and have to be incorporated in our current systems.

Human communication forever has been practiced on a one-to-one basis with the production of sounds/verbal speech and the ability to hear and interpret spoken words. Science and technology permitted the transmission of spoken words to be heard at a distance with the introduction of the megaphone. Advancing technology gave us the radio to hear people from remote distances, and television gave us the capability to see and hear people "live" from remote distances. The internet and development of social media made human communications a "norm" in the current generation. We can now communicate with not one but multiple individuals through multiple platforms and applications. The development of these technologies in remote communication can easily be applied to remote learning.

The usual academic activities occupying good part of our working week involves lectures, grand rounds and tumor boards, case conferences, journal clubs, and other similar activities. All of these activities had required physical presence and an assembly of individuals, but we have come to realize that nearly all of these activities can be conducted remotely through the internet. Live video lectures and grand rounds can be easily and effectively delivered through Webex or Zoom conferencing where hundreds of people are able to see/hear the speaker live with the ability to interact with two-way conversations. Case conferences and tumor boards can be conducted quite effectively on these platforms with screen sharing. The need to be "physically present" is not essential for conducting most academic activities. Even after the passing of the current pandemic, such activities may continue to be conducted on such platforms. This would be convenient and effective and can offer such activities to an even larger audience. We can imagine a future where every institution and academic center will have an open "online book," where every learning activity is available to the world.

With easy access to the internet in every part of the world, remote learning has become a way of life in many domains of education and learning. This is vividly demonstrated by a plethora of online courses available from many universities around the world. In the specialty of otolaryngology, general surgery, and head and neck surgery, even operative surgery is possible to be learnt by watching expertly demonstrated surgical procedures performed by leading surgeons and surgical educators on the websites of the American College of Surgeons, the American Academy of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, the International Federation of Head and Neck Oncologic Societies (IFHNOS), and other similar organizations. Remote learning in all domains of surgical education is feasible and available.

Testing and examinations have traditionally required the candidates to report to a designated location, where the examination in paper form is handed to the candidates to be completed in the designated time frame, while a proctor is supervising the candidates. That is no longer necessary. Multiple-choice written examinations can be taken securely online, with defined time limits. Many universities and colleges offer these examinations coordinated and conducted by commercial examination companies such as Exam Soft. Offering such examinations online is less labor intensive, more cost effective, more practical, and may attract a larger number of students from remote locations to participate.

Traditionally, oral examinations are conducted "in person," where the candidate and the examiners meet in private and conduct face-to-face conversation with questions and answers. The purpose of this exercise is to assess the candidates' immediate assessment, judgment, and knowledge. However, with modern technology and two-way private video platforms, such an encounter can be effectively conducted remotely.

The IFHNOS has taken a lead on developing the first remote learning online fellowship program in head and neck surgery and oncology, which has been in existence for the past 6 years. 2 The Global Online Fellowship (GOLF) program was introduced in 2014. It is a 2-year curriculum with seven written multiple-choice online examinations, a 1 month of observership, and an oral examination (www.ifhnos.net/global). Nearly 400 candidates have registered from 48 countries during the past 6 years, and 244 have graduated. The goal of this program is to improve the knowledge base and judgment of surgeons in their own home environment, without displacing them, within their resources, in their institution or place of practice, and on their own patients. This program has been very successful and is received enthusiastically in all parts of the world. In the past, the oral examinations were conducted on-site in various locations in Australasia, Central Asia, Europe, and Latin America.

Beginning this year, IFHNOS plans to conduct the oral examinations online, either using Webex, Zoom, or a similar technological platform.

Medical consultations, conversations, and office visits in the private office or in clinics are the mainstay of practice in head and neck surgery, where follow-up visits form a large percentage of our office or clinic volume. With the risk of locoregional failure of up to 40% and the risk of developing multiple primaries approaching 35%, posttreatment follow-up or surveillance has been emphasized through decades. This takes a significant amount of investment of time, effort, and personnel on the part of the clinician, and an expense, in travel and investment of time away from work and home on the part of the patient. In the past, when surgery was the only treatment of mucosal cancers of the head and neck, the follow-up schedule recommended was very laborious. The common practice was once a month the first year, every other month the second year, every 3 months the third year, every 4 months the fourth year, and every 6 months thereafter. After discovery of a second primary or a recurrence patients were put back on the same schedule. In head and neck surgery, the stringent follow-up schedule was designed on the basis that nearly 80% of the patients who were to recur, would have recurred in the first 24 months, with a median time to recurrence of 9 months. However, with the combination of surgery and radiotherapy, the locoregional recurrence rates declined significantly, and the median time to recurrence was also prolonged. Thus, the need to see the patients every month in the first year, or every 2 months in the second year, became less compelling. Many have argued against such intensive physician/patient personal interactions and suggested less stringent follow-up schedules. Multiple trials of close follow-up vs less stringent follow-up for similar-staged patients have been proposed, but rarely accepted or came to fruition (J. Shah and L. Harrison, personal communication, 1996) . The absolute benefit of detecting an asymptomatic recurrence or a new primary during routine follow-up examination is questioned, compared to the patient who reports for examination when the earliest symptoms develop suggesting a recurrence. Although, there are no randomized trials to compare this, the probability of a major difference in outcome is unlikely. In addition, only a very small number of patients are found to have recurrence or a new primary which is totally asymptomatic during a routine follow-up examination. Some institutions and practices have transitioned the follow-up care of low-risk patients to "survivorship clinics" run by physician assistants/advanced practice providers or nurse practitioners. This second level of care for low-risk patients will reduce the follow-up volume for the clinician, but will still not do away with the inconvenience of travel, and investment of time and cost of the service, on the part of the patient.

It is in this arena that telemedicine will play an important role. Many patients who are at low risk of recurrence can be followed by telemedicine on a video call. During that call, if the caregiver finds the need for a close physical examination, the patient may be asked to see his/her primary care physician, closer to home, and a clinical picture, intraoral photograph or a picture of larynx/pharynx done with a fiberoptic laryngoscope can be sent to the head and neck surgeon. Imaging studies can be read and reviewed online and avoid the need for "physical presence" of patient and surgeon. This practice will require a culture change among head and neck surgeons and their trainees. We will have to train our residents/fellows in developing a work ethic of practicing telemedicine.

The current methodology of payment is "procedure" based (current procedural terminology [CPT]). To adequately compensate the specialist for his time, talent, expertise, and opinion, a new methodology or codes will need to be developed from CPT to current expertise terminology. An entirely new payment schedule will be required dependent on the extent and length of consultation; mail review, telephone, video consultation, tumor board involving multiple physicians will all require redefinition. For many institutions, including our own, this already exists for the international patient and has been highlighted by the current COVID outbreak.

The events experienced in the past few weeks have put a significant strain on the practice of medicine in general, and head and neck surgery in particular. They have forced us to think and develop strategies for transition of our current practices in patient care, education, and training to innovative solutions and prioritize the levels of patient care. Only recently, numerous guidelines have appeared in all media and means of communications to strategize the optimal use of operating room space and staff. Conduct of safe surgery avoiding exposure to aerosolized viral transmission and prioritizing patients at high risk of an adverse outcome if surgery is not performed have been put into practice. Routine and elective cancer surgery is being postponed. If the pandemic continues for several months, the current fellows in training will not have the volume of the required surgical cases to gain the experience necessary for completing the fellowship. One solution to address this problem is to extend their fellowship by 3 to 6 months. However, this may prove to be impractical due to a variety of reasons. These include commitments made to incoming fellows who will start their training on July 1, additional salary support, housing, and the fellows themselves may have made personal or professional commitments for their respective postfellowship careers. We will need to develop ongoing teleeducation much as is being done with the IFHNOS GOLF program with similarly defined goals and expectations to be met before certification. Another potential solution is to implement regular operative techniques, group discussions with faculty members with video demonstration of surgical techniques highlighting the finer details of operative procedures and the "dos" and "don'ts" in the operative procedure.

Experiencing the huge impact of the COVID pandemic on the society and economy of the globe and the severe strain it has put on the health care systems have been a humbling experience. It has brought the realization that all medical and surgical training programs have a component of disaster management.

We need a complete reassessment of man power needs. How many surgeons were lost during this pandemic? How many more senior surgeons have elected to take early retirement or were some lost to COVID? What are the manpower needs for increasing remote evaluation? What new technology is needed? Current platforms like Zoom cannot handle the chaos. What are the privacy issues of remote consultation? We have many challenges to face, but with challenge comes opportunity.

The challenge created by the COVID-19 pandemic has brought reality to life and humility in our minds and has given us the appreciation of the "luxuries and comforts" in which we practiced, taught, and trained head and neck surgery. I have shared my thoughts for dealing with these difficult times and any such future calamity that may come to keep our education and training programs sustainable by embracing technology and alternative means to teach and train our younger generation.

The author appreciates the input from Dr Murray Brennan, Director of the International Center of Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, in the preparation of this manuscript.

Jatin P. Shah https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6444-6592

Training of a head and neck surgeon

Global online fellowship

How to cite this article: Shah JP. The impact of COVID-19 on Head and Neck surgery, education, and training