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  Fundamental Principles for Luminescence Sensing Measuring Devices Used for the Detection of Biological Warfare Agents


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  mucus Basic Infection Control and Prevention Plan for Outpatient Oncology Settings Standard Infection Control Precautions Literature Review Routine Cleaning of the Environment


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  Universal Health Coverage Assessment People s Republic of Bangladesh International Nosocomial Infection Control Consortium


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  NMR 4 7 8 9 68 69 70 effort which is being started in our lab Our results suggest that very simple modelling approaches can provide significant hints towards rationally orienting J o u r n a l P r e p r o o f antigens


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  Molecular Simulation Studies of the Orientation and Conformation of Cytochrome c Adsorbed on Self Assembled Monolayers Multiscale Simulations of Protein G B1


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  Improved Treatment of Ligands and Coupling Effects in Empirical Calculation and Rationalization of pKa Values Inference of Macromolecular Assemblies from


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  Determination of the Surface Charge Density of Colloidal Gold Nanoparticles Using Second Harmonic Generation Colloidal


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  U S U S Environmental Protection Agency 2020b China China s National Health Commission 2020 Canada Health Canada 2020a Health Canada 2020b


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  chlorpyrifos K OA 10 10 6 according to the OPERA model resulted in a detectable level of this compound


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  Prioritizing Environmental Chemicals for Obesity and Diabetes Outcomes Research A Screening Approach


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  Silico Prediction of Physicochemical Properties of Environmental Chemicals Using Molecular Fingerprints


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  heparan c 2012 Institute of Food Technologists Vol 11 2012 r Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety 193 sulfate molecules


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  monocytogenes E coli O157 H7 and Salmonella Typhimurium Sivarooban and others 2008 The activity of bacteriocins incorporated into polymeric materials in synergy with other conservation technologies has also been reported Films incorporated with enterocins A and B bacteriocins produced by Enterococcus faecium


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  Emerging Infections Program Healthcare Associated Infections and Antimicrobial Use Prevalence Survey Team Evidence


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  Healthcare Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee s Guidelines for Environmental Infection Control


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  G361 tumour cell lines Binder S Kolarova H Bajgar R Tomankova K Daskova A Deparment of Medical Biophysics Faculty of Medicine


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  double helix Pietro Parisse 1 Matteo Castronovo 2 Bojana Lucic 3 Alessandro Vindigni 3 Giacinto Scoles 2 and Loredana Casalis 1 1 Sincrotrone Trieste S C p A Trieste Italy 2 Temple University Philadelphia USA 3 Protein DNA


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  voltage gated ion channels Zoltan Nusser Institute of Experimental Medicine Hungarian Academy of Sciences Budapest Hungary Voltage gated Na Nav channels


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  bacterial light harvesting complexes Katia Duquesne 1 Edward O Reilly 2 Cecile Blanchard 1 Alexandra Olaya Castro 2


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  helical membrane protein Jana Broecker Sebastian Fiedler Sandro Keller Molecular Biophysics University


id: cord-004584-bcw90f5b
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  The diacylglycerolacyltransferase1 DGAT1 is an integral protein from the reticulum endoplasmic membrane that


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  Department of Medical Physics and Informatics University of Szeged Hungary 2 Department of Experimental Physics University of Szeged Hungary


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  Applied and Environmental Chemistry University of Szeged Hungary 5 Institute of Biophysics HAS Biological Research Center


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  Ahmet Yildiz Department of Physics and Department of Molecular and Cell Biology University of California Berkeley CA


# bib

id: cord-000501-qz68gtd4
title: Survival of Influenza A(H1N1) on Materials Found in Households: Implications for Infection Control
author: Greatorex, Jane S.
date: 2011-11-22
txt: ./txt/cord-000501-qz68gtd4.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-000501-qz68gtd4.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3222642/
doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0027932
summary:
  METHODOLOGY AND PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Influenza A/PuertoRico/8/34 (PR8) or A/Cambridge/AHO4/2009 (pandemic H1N1) viruses were inoculated onto a wide range of surfaces used in home and work environments, then sampled at set times following incubation at stabilised temperature and humidity. The potential for transmission of influenza by indirect contact (i.e. via fomites) is linked to the ability of virus to survive in transmissible titres on commonly touched surfaces; however few data exist on this subject. We evaluate the survival of influenza A (H1N1) viruses deliberately applied to a range of commonly touched household and workplace surfaces, using RT-PCR for genome detection and culture methods to determine viability. Our data are consistent with recent findings from a study of environmental deposition of pandemic H1N1 virus in the homes of infected patients, involving our laboratory, when almost 10% of tested surfaces yielded viable virus [15] .

abstract:
  BACKGROUND: The majority of influenza transmission occurs in homes, schools and workplaces, where many frequently touched communal items are situated. However the importance of transmission via fomites is unclear since few data exist on the survival of virus on commonly touched surfaces. We therefore measured the viability over time of two H1N1 influenza strains applied to a variety of materials commonly found in households and workplaces. METHODOLOGY AND PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Influenza A/PuertoRico/8/34 (PR8) or A/Cambridge/AHO4/2009 (pandemic H1N1) viruses were inoculated onto a wide range of surfaces used in home and work environments, then sampled at set times following incubation at stabilised temperature and humidity. Virus genome was measured by RT-PCR; plaque assay (for PR8) or fluorescent focus formation (for pandemic H1N1) was used to assess the survival of viable virus. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: The genome of either virus could be detected on most surfaces 24 h after application with relatively little drop in copy number, with the exception of unsealed wood surfaces. In contrast, virus viability dropped much more rapidly. Live virus was recovered from most surfaces tested four hours after application and from some non-porous materials after nine hours, but had fallen below the level of detection from all surfaces at 24 h. We conclude that influenza A transmission via fomites is possible but unlikely to occur for long periods after surface contamination (unless re-inoculation occurs). In situations involving a high probability of influenza transmission, our data suggest a hierarchy of priorities for surface decontamination in the multi-surface environments of home and hospitals.


id: cord-003018-qrt07zmz
author: Miyakawa, Kei
date: 2018-05-04
txt: ./txt/cord-003018-qrt07zmz.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-003018-qrt07zmz.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5955094/
doi: 10.18632/oncotarget.25348
summary:
  Using a www.oncotarget.com flow cytometer-based screening assay with Dox-treated and untreated iNTCP cells, we identified a hybridoma clone producing anti-NTCP mAb, clone 9A8 ( Figure 2B ). To test whether the 9A8 antibody can inhibit HBV infection, we pretreated iNTCP cells and primary human hepatocytes with 9A8 mAb and subsequently infected cells with wild type HBV and HBV encoding a luciferase reporter gene (HBV-NL) [21] . iNTCP cells (G) and primary human hepatocytes (H) were infected with HBV or its reporter virus (HBV-NL) respectively, in the presence of 9A8 mAb. Anti-HBs mAb (clone 33A4, which recognizes the PreS1 domain) was used as a control. In this study, we generated iNTCP cells, which have high NTCP expression and high susceptibility to HBV infection, and also developed a monoclonal antibody (mAb) that recognizes cell-surface NTCP. Although primary hepatocytes express NTCP at low levels for the uptake of bile acids, endogenous NTCP in hepatocellular carcinoma cell lines is not sufficient to achieve successful infection with HBV in vitro.

title:
  Development of a cell-based assay to identify hepatitis B virus entry inhibitors targeting the sodium taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide

abstract:
  Sodium taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide (NTCP) is a major entry receptor of hepatitis B virus (HBV) and one of the most attractive targets for anti-HBV drugs. We developed a cell-mediated drug screening method to monitor NTCP expression on the cell surface by generating a HepG2 cell line with tetracycline-inducible expression of NTCP and a monoclonal antibody that specifically detects cell-surface NTCP. Using this system, we screened a small molecule library for compounds that protected against HBV infection by targeting NTCP. We found that glabridin, a licorice-derived isoflavane, could suppress viral infection by inducing caveolar endocytosis of cell-surface NTCP with an IC(50) of ~40 μM. We also found that glabridin could attenuate the inhibitory effect of taurocholate on type I interferon signaling by depleting the level of cell-surface NTCP. These results demonstrate that our screening system could be a powerful tool for discovering drugs targeting HBV entry.


id: cord-003412-8n2s0bl1
author: Colin, Marius
date: 2018-12-06
txt: ./txt/cord-003412-8n2s0bl1.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-003412-8n2s0bl1.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6317222/
doi: 10.3390/ma11122479
summary:
  During the sampling sequences in the five long-term care facilities, a total of 688 copper surfaces and 688 control surfaces were sampled, with 682 samples being obtained from door handles of resident''s room and 694 obtained from handrails in corridors. Nevertheless, in each facility and for both door handle and handrail, the median bacterial burden was lower on copper surface than on the control. Comparison between copper and control surfaces revealed that, in each long-term care facilities and for both sequences, the median bacterial burden was lower on copper door handles. One and three years after copper alloys set-up, several copper door handles, randomly selected, were removed from the five long-term care facilities and transferred to the laboratory to evaluate their efficiency against a MRSA strain. In this study, we investigated the antimicrobial properties of door handles and handrails containing copper that have been used on a daily base in five long-term care facilities.

title:
  Copper Alloy Touch Surfaces in Healthcare Facilities: An Effective Solution to Prevent Bacterial Spreading

abstract:
  In the healthcare environment, microorganisms’ cross-transmission between inanimate surfaces and patients or healthcare workers can lead to healthcare-associated infections. A recent interest has grown to create antimicrobial copper touch surfaces, in order to counteract microbial spread in the healthcare environment. For the first time, five French long-term care facilities were at 50% fitted with copper alloys door handles and handrails. Related to the environmental bacterial contamination, 1400 samples were carried out on copper and control surfaces over three years after copper installation. In addition, some copper door handles were taken from the different facilities, and their specific activity against methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) was tested in vitro. In comparison to control surfaces, copper door handles and handrails revealed significantly lower contamination levels. This difference was observed in the five long-term care facilities and it persists through the three years of the study. High and extreme levels of bacterial contamination were less frequent on copper surfaces. Although, the antibacterial activity of copper surfaces against MRSA was lowered after three years of regular use, it was still significant as compared to inert control surfaces. Therefore, copper containing surfaces are promising actors in the non-spreading of environmental bacterial contamination in healthcare facilities.


id: cord-004584-bcw90f5b
title: Abstracts: 8th EBSA European Biophysics Congress, August 23rd–27th 2011, Budapest, Hungary
author: nan
date: 2011-08-06
txt: ./txt/cord-004584-bcw90f5b.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-004584-bcw90f5b.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7080017/
doi: 10.1007/s00249-011-0734-z
abstract: nan
summary:
  Our goals are two-fold: (1) to monitor conformational changes in each domain upon its binding to specific ligands and then to correlate the observed changes with structural differences between the CRDs and (2) to investigate the interaction between the CRDs and lipid model membranes. Cholesterol-assisted lipid and protein interactions such as the integration into lipid nanodomains are considered to play a functional part in a whole range of membrane-associated processes, but their direct and non-invasive observation in living cells is impeded by the resolution limit of [200nm of a conventional far-field optical microscope. Therefore, to investigate the dynamic and complex membrane lateral organization in living cells, we have developed an original approach based on molecule diffusion measurements performed by fluorescence correlation spectroscopy at different spatial scales (spot variable FCS, svFCS) (1).


id: cord-010343-tqqt0hj7
title: Resistance of Enteric Viruses on Fomites
author: Alidjinou, Enagnon Kazali
date: 2017-06-15
txt: ./txt/cord-010343-tqqt0hj7.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-010343-tqqt0hj7.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7179519/
doi: 10.1159/000448807
summary:
  The survival of main enteric viruses on fomites and its implication for virus transmission will be analyzed, and the major disinfection procedures and their impact will be described. Available data suggest that the majority of viruses persist longer on nonporous surfaces [7] ; however, results are sometimes conflicting, and the effect of fomite properties might also depend on the viral type. Therefore, survival and inactivation studies are commonly conducted using cultivable surrogates such as feline calicivirus (FCV) or murine norovirus (MNV) [40] . In another study conducted at room temperature, the authors demonstrated that MNV could survive for up to 28 days on 6 different surfaces and the rank order of infectivity reduction from highest to lowest was stainless steel, plastic, rubber, glass, ceramic, and wood [44] . Disinfectants are commonly used for virus inactivation, especially in the health care settings and the food industry, to prevent outbreaks due to enteric viruses.

abstract:
  Human enteric viruses are associated with several clinical features, especially gastroenteritis. Large amounts of these viruses can be released in the environment and spread to people. Enteric viruses are nonenveloped viruses and have displayed good survival in the environment. They can be significantly resistant in food and water but also on fomites, and this is thought to play a role in transmission, leading to sporadic cases or outbreaks. The survival of enteric viruses on fomites relies on many factors including the virus itself, fomite properties, and extrinsic environmental factors such as temperature or relative humidity. Several reports in the literature have found an association with gastroenteritis cases or outbreaks and fomites naturally contaminated by enteric viruses. However, the study of virus survival following natural contamination is challenging, and most published studies are laboratory based, using experimental contamination. In addition, recent and detailed data on the resistance of each of the main enteric viruses on fomites are scarce. Many approaches, both physical and chemical, can be used to inactivate enteric viruses, the efficacy of which depends on the virus and the disinfection conditions.


id: cord-015677-67md3xox
title: Nanomechanical Cantilever Array Sensors
author: Lang, Hans Peter
date: 2010
txt: ./txt/cord-015677-67md3xox.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-015677-67md3xox.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7115015/
doi: 10.1007/978-3-642-02525-9_15
summary:
  In addition to application of such sensors for gas and chemical-vapor sensing, for example as an artificial nose, they have also been employed to measure physical properties of tiny amounts of materials in miniaturized versions of conventional standard techniques such as calorimetry, thermogravimetry, weighing, photothermal spectroscopy, as well as for monitoring chemical reactions such as catalysis on small surfaces. In addition to application of such sensors for gas and chemicalvapor sensing, for example as an artificial nose, they have also been employed to measure physical properties of tiny amounts of materials in miniaturized versions of conventional standard techniques such as calorimetry, thermogravimetry, weighing, photothermal spectroscopy, as well as for monitoring chemical reactions such as catalysis on small surfaces. Besides chemical and biochemical sensing, microcantilevers can also detect changes in physical properties of surrounding media, such as gas or liquid, or of layers deposited on the cantilever itself.

abstract:
  Microfabricated cantilever sensors have attracted much interest in recent years as devices for the fast and reliable detection of small concentrations of molecules in air and solution. In addition to application of such sensors for gas and chemical-vapor sensing, for example as an artificial nose, they have also been employed to measure physical properties of tiny amounts of materials in miniaturized versions of conventional standard techniques such as calorimetry, thermogravimetry, weighing, photothermal spectroscopy, as well as for monitoring chemical reactions such as catalysis on small surfaces. In the past few years, the cantilever-sensor concept has been extended to biochemical applications and as an analytical device for measurements of biomaterials. Because of the label-free detection principle of cantilever sensors, their small size and scalability, this kind of device is advantageous for diagnostic applications and disease monitoring, as well as for genomics or proteomics purposes. The use of microcantilever arrays enables detection of several analytes simultaneously and solves the inherent problem of thermal drift often present when using single microcantilever sensors, as some of the cantilevers can be used as sensor cantilevers for detection, and other cantilevers serve as passivated reference cantilevers that do not exhibit affinity to the molecules to be detected.


id: cord-017348-mmmm3pmv
title: Surface Nano-patterning of Polymers for Mass-Sensitive Biodetection
author: Mujahid, Adnan
date: 2010-10-19
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7121887/
doi: 10.1007/978-1-4419-6169-3_3
abstract:
  The crafting of sensor material of desired features has always remained a challenging task in the field of material designing and predominantly becomes more interesting when analyte belongs to biospecies. Label-free detection of different bioanalytes such as enzymes, viruses, microorganisms, and blood groups through mass-sensitive transducers has gained considerable importance in the development of modern biosensors. Analyte molecules interact with the surface of sensitive layer coated on these devices and as a result of this interaction, the frequency change is determined, which provides quantitative information about the mass of analyte. One of the most vital elements of these detection systems is to design selective sensor coatings through control surface structuring at nanoscale. Molecular imprinting has proven to be a highly suitable technique to generate selective surfaces that are capable of detecting different analytes, quantitatively and qualitatively as well. The tailor-made synthetic antibody cavities are rigid and stable, which are not immediately collapsed upon analyte interaction; moreover, the different bioanalytes do not undergo any phase change and maintain their original identity during analysis. This chapter will discuss the contribution of imprinting methods to design optimized surfaces for mass-sensitive detection of diverse biological species.


id: cord-017882-3fxjti92
author: Banoub, Joseph H.
date: 2017-07-06
txt: ./txt/cord-017882-3fxjti92.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-017882-3fxjti92.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7122564/
doi: 10.1007/978-94-024-1113-3_4
summary:
  Therefore, in the following sections, we will provide an overview of the state-of-the-art prime molecular sensing technologies for the detection of BAs. It should be noticed that the current methods for detecting pathogenic bacteria, which include ELISA and PCR [20, 21] are assays that exploit antibodies as molecular recognition elements due to their highly specific targeting of antigenic sites. The first step toward the development of an AMP-based, label-free electronic biosensor consisted of targeting the microbial cells by magainin I using impedance spectroscopy. In this sensor, the antibodies or other capture molecules are immobilized in a two-dimensional array on an optical waveguide (as either stripes or spots) and standard fluoroimmunoassays are performed within the channels of a multi-channel flow cell, which is placed on the waveguide surface ( Fig. 4.6 , left). Most of the sensing measuring devices used for the detection of biological warfare agents are based on luminescence immunoassay signal transduction mechanisms which are optical.

title:
  Fundamental Principles for Luminescence Sensing Measuring Devices Used for the Detection of Biological Warfare Agents

abstract:
  This chapter surveys the current detection technologies used in commercially available luminescence biosensor detection equipments currently employed for identifying warfare biological agents (BAs). Brief technical descriptions of these technologies are presented with emphasis placed on the principles of detection. Much of the content presented was obtained from the open-source literature and is an introduction to biosensor fundamentals


id: cord-018159-ycg6waay
title: Plasmofluidics for Biosensing and Medical Diagnostics
author: Peng, Xiaolei
date: 2018-01-23
txt: ./txt/cord-018159-ycg6waay.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-018159-ycg6waay.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7122966/
doi: 10.1007/978-3-662-56333-5_5
summary:
  With their capability of controlling light at the nanoscale beyond the diffraction limit, surface plasmons such as surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs) and localized surface plasmon resonances (LSPRs) [8] are effective at optically manipulating, sensing, and analyzing biological cells and molecules [9] [10] [11] . Using simple optics to create the trapping force, plasmonic tweezers can be readily incorporated into microfluidic systems to design novel plasmofluidic chips with functionalities such as single-particle trapping [57, 62] , parallel trapping [58] , co-trapping [63] , and kinetic detection of biological objects [61, 64] . Plasmonic nanotechnologies such as plasmonic arrays [87, 88, [101] [102] [103] and SPRI [104, 105] and innovative microfluidic techniques such as integrated concentration gradient generator [104] and multi-well fluidic measurement [106] have been intensely pursued to detect and quantify cancer biomarkers with enhanced sensitivity, robustness, integrity, high throughput, and multiplexity. achieved label-free imaging, detection, and mass/size measurement of single viral particles with high-resolution surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy [121] .

abstract:
  Plasmofluidics, an extension of optofluidics into the nanoscale regime, merges plasmonics and micro-/nanofluidics for highly integrated and multifunctional lab on a chip. In this chapter, we focus on the applications of plasmofluidics in the versatile manipulation and sensing of biological cell, organelles, molecules, and nanoparticles, which underpin advanced biomedical diagnostics.


id: cord-019027-6chba2ru
author: Schmidt, Michael G.
date: 2014-07-12
txt: ./txt/cord-019027-6chba2ru.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-019027-6chba2ru.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7124072/
doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-08057-4_4
summary:
  The complexity and dynamic nature of the microbial pressure being introduced into the built clinical environment is dependent on stochastic nature inherent to healthcare The purpose of this chapter is to review the role of the environment of care as it pertains to microbial contamination and risk of HAI to patients as well as describe the novel use and efficacy of antimicrobial copper surfaces in mitigating this risk. However, the higher risk associated with a positive environmental culture serves to reinforce the importance that the microbial burden of the built clinical environment represents to the set of circumstances required for colonization and infection of patients while hospitalized. The study of pathogen transmission in the hospital and the impact of colonization and infection with nosocomial organisms have established the epidemiologic importance of the environmental microbial burden associated with the built clinical environment.

title:
  Role of the Microbial Burden in the Acquisition and Control of Healthcare Associated Infections: The Utility of Solid Copper Surfaces

abstract:
  For more than a century, healthcare has been challenged to keep environmental surfaces clean to control microbes and improve patient outcomes. However despite an annual cost exceeding ten billion dollars cleaning with disinfection has done little to reduce the incidence of healthcare-associated infections (HAI). This chapter will review the scientific evidence delineating the role that the environment and healthcare workers play in the acquisition and movement of the microbes implicated in HAI and how through controlling the microbial burden of the built clinical environment it is possible to mitigate the rate of HAI acquisition. Specifically evidence demonstrating the effectiveness of solid copper surfaces for its ability to continuously limit the concentration of bacteria found on surfaces and objects within the built environment will be reviewed in concert with a discussion of how through the mitigation of the environmental burden copper surfaces are able to concomitantly reduce the incidence of HAI. Insights provided by this chapter are intended to facilitate an understanding and importance of the need to use a comprehensive or systems based approach to fight healthcare associated infections.


id: cord-022037-4ik3jxjy
title: CANTILEVER BIOSENSORS
author: Alvarez, Mar
date: 2008-07-05
txt: ./txt/cord-022037-4ik3jxjy.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-022037-4ik3jxjy.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7152376/
doi: 10.1016/b978-044453125-4.50012-7
summary:
  Nanomechanical sensors are derived from the microfabricated cantilevers used in atomic force microscopy (AFM) and are based on the bending or resonance change induced in the cantilever when, for example, a biomolecular interaction takes place on one of its surfaces. The sensitivity of microcantilevers for measuring intermolecular forces, the commercial availability of cantilevers, and their fabrication using standard microelectronic technology resulted, around 1994, in a new type of sensor where the transducer system is based on a silicon microcantilever with a tipless free end (Figure 10 .6) (Gimzewski et al., 1994; Chen et al., 1995) . Biochemical applications for this type of sensor have been specifically developed for bending-based modes of measurement, with an optical read-out, due to the complexity required for working with the dynamic mode in liquids. Currently, there are many different and alternative ways to increase the sensitivity of cantilever-based biosensors, depending on the sensor working mode.

abstract:
  This chapter describes the application of nano- and micro-electromechanical systems (NEMs and MEMs), and more specifically microcantilever structures, as transducers for highly sensitive biosensors. In these devices, named as ‘nanomechanical biosensors,’ a biomolecular interaction produces a change in the mechanical behavior of the transducer (a movement at nanometer scale), which can be measured and analyzed in real time. Microcantilevers translate the molecular recognition of biomolecules into a nanomechanical motion that is commonly coupled to an optical read-out system. This chapter discusses the main aspects regarding the physics of microcantilever as well the optical read-out techniques. It reviews the state-of-the-art, and discusses the prospective future directions of this new family of biosensors. Nanomechanical sensors are derived from the microfabricated cantilevers used in atomic force microscopy (AFM) and are based on the bending or resonance change induced in the cantilever when a biomolecular interaction takes place on one of its surfaces. The cantilever response depends on its mechanical properties, which are determined mainly by their spring constant and resonance frequency. Both parameters depend on the cantilever material and its geometry. The increasing number of applications of microcantilevers as biosensors has established these systems as a versatile platform for real-time and in situmeasurements of physical, chemical, and biochemical interactions. Further research is banked upon to provide information for increasing the biosensor sensitivity.


id: cord-022538-1g9kmpdi
title: ENVIRONMENTAL AND SAFETY ISSUES WITH NANOPARTICLES
author: Makino, Hisao
date: 2008-05-20
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7158284/
doi: 10.1016/b978-044453122-3.50010-6
abstract:
  This chapter evaluates the relationship between nanoparticles and the environment, and describes the trouble caused by nanoparticles as well as the safety issues. The relationship between nanoparticles and the environment is clarified from the viewpoint of the kind of influence nanoparticles generated either artificially or naturally have on the environment, such as in atmosphere, groundwater, wastewaters, and exhaust gases. Indoor nanoparticles originate from the several sources such as products of chemical reactions, nonvolatile residues (NVRs) of liquid droplets, printers/photocopiers, combustion, bioaerosols, and infiltration of outdoor air. The influence of nanoparticles on the indoor environment is discussed in the chapter. It describes the sources of nanoparticle generation in general industrial processes such as grinding processes, and in cleanroom or controlled environment industrial processes, such as exhaled air, ionizers, and haze by chemical reaction on solid surfaces. The chapter discusses safety issues related to nanoparticles such as possibility of dust explosion, health risks and biological effects of nanoparticle materials such as carbon nanotubes, fullerenes, nanosized metal oxides, and carbon black. The chapter also discusses methods for removing nanoparticles from gas and liquid as technology to control the influence of nanoparticles on the environment.


id: cord-023442-4vzwc2d2
title: Proceedings of SCANNING 94/SEEMS 94 Charleston, South Carolina, USA
author: nan
date: 2006-12-05
txt: ./txt/cord-023442-4vzwc2d2.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-023442-4vzwc2d2.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7169609/
doi: 10.1002/sca.4950160315
abstract: nan
summary:
  IV-4 Scanning Vol. 16, Supplement IV (1994) Simulation of image formation and detection systems in the SEM is a vital link in performing image analysis to obtain precise measurements, to provide the necessary connection between image parameters and structural dimensions, and to reflect important microscope beam and detector parameters. By knowing the transfer function, noise, and distortion figure in digital form, it is relatively easy to obtain more accurate comparison of the measured and calculated signal (Fig. 1 The calculation of image contrast in the scanning electron microscope (SEM) can be done using Monte Carlo techniques if the electron trajectories can be calculated through the composition profiles in the specimen. Specimens providing IV-18 Scanning Vol. 16, Supplement IV (1994) FIG highly redundant structures and relatively smooth fractures, such as cell suspensions or o/w emulsions, were investigated using freeze fracture/replication and ambient temperature transmission electron microscopy (AT-TEM).


id: cord-027461-oj3jjjm2
author: Miroshnichenko, Igor
date: 2020-05-25
txt: ./txt/cord-027461-oj3jjjm2.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-027461-oj3jjjm2.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7304787/
doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-50436-6_11
summary:
  title: Numerical Simulation of Heat Transfer in an Enclosure with Time-Periodic Heat Generation Using Finite-Difference Method This paper reports a numerical investigation of highly coupled system of partial differential equations, simulating the fluid flow and heat transfer in a large-scale enclosure with time-periodic heat generation. The effect of surface emissivity and periodic heat generation on Nusselt numbers and both stream function and temperature distributions has been investigated. Analysis of other heat transfer modes (radiation and conduction inside the heater and solid walls) noticeably affects natural convection and essentially complicates the mathematical model. Numerical simulation of convective-radiative heat transfer in a large-scale enclosure with heat-conducting walls of finite thickness in the presence of local energy source with timeperiodic heat generation has been carried out. Effect of thermal conductivity and emissivity of solid walls on time-dependent turbulent Conjugate convective-radiative heat transfer Numerical simulation of turbulent natural convection combined with surface thermal radiation in a square cavity

title:
  Numerical Simulation of Heat Transfer in an Enclosure with Time-Periodic Heat Generation Using Finite-Difference Method

abstract:
  This paper reports a numerical investigation of highly coupled system of partial differential equations, simulating the fluid flow and heat transfer in a large-scale enclosure with time-periodic heat generation. The bottom wall of the enclosure is insulated, and heat exchange with the environment is modeled at other external boundaries. The heater with time-periodic heat generation is located at the bottom of the enclosure. The internal surfaces of both the heater and walls are assumed to be gray. Air is the working fluid and the Rayleigh number is 10(9). To solve the governing equations with dimensionless vorticity – stream function – temperature variables, the finite difference method has been used. The developed model has been validated through a comparison with data of other authors. The effect of surface emissivity and periodic heat generation on Nusselt numbers and both stream function and temperature distributions has been investigated. The results showed that the influence of the thermal radiation on total thermal transmission increases with surface emissivity of walls and heater surfaces. The present numerical method can be applied in several engineering problems, such as designing passive cooling systems and the simulation of heat transfer in building constructions.


id: cord-030110-ti5qjrn0
author: Elzaabalawy, Assem
date: 2020-08-05
txt: ./txt/cord-030110-ti5qjrn0.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-030110-ti5qjrn0.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7405720/
doi: 10.1007/s10999-020-09512-y
summary:
  In this study, we examine the durability of the newly developed surfaces when subjected to elevated temperature, chemical attack and mechanical damage in the form of abrasion and compressive load. Our results show clearly that the newly developed superhydrophobic surfaces are capable of resisting the adverse effects of thermal and chemical attacks as well as mechanical abrasion owing to the excellent structural stability and mechanical properties of the constituents of the nanocomposite. Moreover, our superhydrophobic monolith demonstrated exceptional regenerative capabilities even after being subjected to damaging compressive stresses of up to 10 MPa. COVID-19 can be transmitted through airborne respiratory droplets, ejected as a result of coughing or sneezing through human contact with contaminated surfaces (Yang and Wang 2020; Gralinski and Menachery 2020) . Finally, the mechanical durability of the surface of epoxy-based nanocomposite coating was assessed using abrasion tests, while the regenerative capability of the silicone-based nanocomposite monoliths was evaluated using compressive loading.

title:
  Potential of combating transmission of COVID-19 using novel self-cleaning superhydrophobic surfaces: part II—thermal, chemical, and mechanical durability

abstract:
  In part I, we identified encapsulation, contamination suppression, and virus elimination as our three governing strategies for developing surfaces to combat the transmission and spread of COVID-19. We showed that our recent superhydrophobic nanocomposites has the potential of encapsulating and suppressing the virus so as to limit its transmission and spread. In this study, we examine the durability of the newly developed surfaces when subjected to elevated temperature, chemical attack and mechanical damage in the form of abrasion and compressive load. Extensive tests were conducted to reveal the effect of these parameters on the surface performance. Three aspects of the work were accordingly examined. The first was concerned with controlled thermal stability tests in which the surfaces were subjected to elevated temperatures approaching 350 °C for silicone-based nanocomposites and 150 °C for epoxy-based nanocomposites. The second was concerned with subjecting the surfaces to alkaline and acidic solutions with pH concentrations ranging between 1 and 13. Finally, the third involved surface damage by abrasion tests. Our results show clearly that the newly developed superhydrophobic surfaces are capable of resisting the adverse effects of thermal and chemical attacks as well as mechanical abrasion owing to the excellent structural stability and mechanical properties of the constituents of the nanocomposite. Moreover, our superhydrophobic monolith demonstrated exceptional regenerative capabilities even after being subjected to damaging compressive stresses of up to 10 MPa.


id: cord-034833-ynti5g8j
title: Scaling in Colloidal and Biological Networks
author: Nosonovsky, Michael
date: 2020-06-04
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7517159/
doi: 10.3390/e22060622
abstract:
  Scaling and dimensional analysis is applied to networks that describe various physical systems. Some of these networks possess fractal, scale-free, and small-world properties. The amount of information contained in a network is found by calculating its Shannon entropy. First, we consider networks arising from granular and colloidal systems (small colloidal and droplet clusters) due to pairwise interaction between the particles. Many networks found in colloidal science possess self-organizing properties due to the effect of percolation and/or self-organized criticality. Then, we discuss the allometric laws in branching vascular networks, artificial neural networks, cortical neural networks, as well as immune networks, which serve as a source of inspiration for both surface engineering and information technology. Scaling relationships in complex networks of neurons, which are organized in the neocortex in a hierarchical manner, suggest that the characteristic time constant is independent of brain size when interspecies comparison is conducted. The information content, scaling, dimensional, and topological properties of these networks are discussed.


id: cord-103877-03b1t37r
author: Bordatchev, Evgueni V.
date: 2020-12-31
txt: ./txt/cord-103877-03b1t37r.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-103877-03b1t37r.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S2351978920314840
doi: 10.1016/j.promfg.2020.05.033
summary:
  To complement that, laser polishing (LP) is one of the advanced manufacturing surface finishing techniques that has been recently developed and successfully employed for improving surface quality without deteriorating the overall structural form through surface smoothing by melting and redistributing a thin layer of molten material. To exemplify the effective application of statistical amplitude distribution characteristics, LP experiments were conducted with two different laser powers (25 W and 100 W) on flat and ground initial surfaces and resulting surface topographies were measured. The current study plans to demonstrate that the resulting quality of the LP surface is affected by two interrelated thermodynamic processes induced by the moving laser source, namely melting, redistribution and solidification of both solid body and surface topography. The effect of laser power on surface topography formation and its thermodynamic and statistical components was studied by comparing initial and LP longitudinal Y-Y cross-sections hini(x) and hLP(x) of ground and flat samples with different LP powers (25 W and 100 W).

title:
  Preliminary experimental analysis of the surface topography formation during laser polishing H13 tooling steel using statistical characteristics of the surface amplitude distribution

abstract:
  Abstract Surface finish is one of the most important quality characteristics of fabricated components. To complement that, laser polishing (LP) is one of the advanced manufacturing surface finishing techniques that has been recently developed and successfully employed for improving surface quality without deteriorating the overall structural form through surface smoothing by melting and redistributing a thin layer of molten material. This paper proposes a statistical digital twin of the LP process and demonstrates the applicability of amplitude distribution statistical characteristics in the experimental analysis of surface topography formation during LP process. Initially, the thermodynamic transformation of the initial surface topography is considered by means of technical cybernetics and machine learning approaches to describe two of the most critical LP process components, namely: thermodynamic melting and solidification of both solid material and surface topography. To exemplify the effective application of statistical amplitude distribution characteristics, LP experiments were conducted with two different laser powers (25 W and 100 W) on flat and ground initial surfaces and resulting surface topographies were measured. Several amplitude distribution characteristics, such as roughness average value, averaged transverse profile as a W-shape, averaged transverse roughness profile, and probability distribution function were calculated. After that, actual molten material area, volume redistribution and final surface quality were comparatively analyzed. It was shown that the proportion between two components of the LP thermodynamic transformation and surface topography is critically dependent on laser power. As such, during low-power conditions (< 25 W), surface quality is predominantly determined by the thermodynamic transformation of initial surface topography and therefore only this component can be used for statistically reliable LP process modelling and digital identification. In summary, amplitude distribution characteristics have several advantages in building a comprehensive understanding of the molten material redistributing along and across LP line.


id: cord-245161-xbw72k4m
title: Fomite transmission and disinfection strategies for SARS-CoV-2 and related viruses
author: Castano, Nicolas
date: 2020-05-23
url: https://arxiv.org/pdf/2005.11443v1.pdf
doi: nan
abstract:
  Contaminated objects or surfaces, referred to as fomites, play a critical role in the spread of viruses, including SARS-CoV-2, the virus responsible for the COVID-19 pandemic. The long persistence of viruses (hours to days) on surfaces calls for an urgent need for surface disinfection strategies to intercept virus transmission and the spread of the disease. Elucidating the physicochemical processes and surface science underlying the adsorption and transfer of virus between surfaces, as well as their inactivation, are important in understanding how the disease is transmitted, and in developing effective interception strategies. This review aims to summarize the current knowledge and underlying physicochemical processes of virus transmission, in particular via fomites, and common disinfection approaches. Gaps in knowledge and needs for further research are also identified. The review focuses on SARS-CoV-2, but will supplement the discussions with related viruses.


id: cord-257255-n5o368ih
title: Spread and prevention of some common viral infections in community facilities and domestic homes
author: Barker, J.
date: 2001-12-21
txt: ./txt/cord-257255-n5o368ih.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-257255-n5o368ih.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11442709/
doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2672.2001.01364.x
abstract: nan
summary:
  Amongst health care professionals there is growing awareness that improved standards of hand, surface and air hygiene in community settings could do much to prevent the spread of viral infections within these environments. In a preschool daycare centre, respiratory and gastrointestinal infections decreased following implementation of measures which included reinforcing existing handwashing procedures and education of staff and families on issues of infection control including environmental surface cleaning and disinfection and disinfection of toys (Krilov et al. Nevertheless, overall, there is convincing circumstantial evidence to suggest that improved standards of hygiene can have a signi®cant impact in reducing the rates of respiratory, intestinal and other viral infections in childcare facilities, domestic homes, hospitals and adult care centres and the circulation of infections between these communities. Potential role of hands in the spread of respiratory viral infections Ð studies with human parain¯uenza virus 3 and rhinovirus 14


id: cord-266641-nvyddekm
author: Li, Dingsheng
date: 2020-09-03
url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0160412020320638?v=s5
doi: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.106108
title:
  Evaluating consumer exposure to disinfecting chemicals against coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and associated health risks

abstract:
  Disinfection of surfaces has been recommended as one of the most effective ways to combat the spread of novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) that causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). However, overexposure to disinfecting chemicals may lead to unintended human health risks. Here, using an indoor fate and chemical exposure model, we estimate human exposure to 22 disinfecting chemicals on the lists recommended by various governmental agencies against COVID-19, resulting from contact with disinfected surfaces and handwashing. Three near-field exposure routes, i.e., mouthing-mediated oral ingestion, inhalation, and dermal absorption, are considered to calculate the whole-body uptake doses and blood concentrations caused by single use per day for three age groups (3, 14, and 24-year-old). We also assess the health risks by comparing the predicted whole-body uptake doses with in vivo toxicological data and the predicted blood concentrations with in vitro bioactivity data. Our results indicate that both the total exposure and relative contribution from each exposure route vary considerably among the disinfecting chemicals due to their diverse physicochemical properties. 3-year-old children have consistent higher exposure than other age groups, especially in the scenario of contact with disinfected surfaces, due to their more frequent hand contact and mouthing activities. Due to the short duration of handwashing, we do not expect any health risk from the use of disinfecting chemicals in handwashing. In contrast, exposure from contact with disinfected surfaces may result in health risks for certain age groups especially children, even the surfaces are disinfected once a day. Interestingly, risk assessments based on whole-body uptake doses and in vivo toxicological data tend to give higher risk estimates than do those based on blood concentrations and in vitro bioactivity data. Our results reveal the most important exposure routes for disinfecting chemicals used in the indoor environment; they also highlight the need for more accurate data for both chemical properties and toxicity to better understand the risks associated with the increased use of disinfecting chemicals in the pandemic.


id: cord-273937-cu3cylyi
title: Bactericidal and sporicidal performance of a polymer‐encapsulated chlorine dioxide‐coated surface
author: Leung, W.K.
date: 2009-02-16
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19226404/
doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2008.04122.x
abstract:
  Aims: To investigate the physical characteristics and the bactericidal and sporicidal potential of a polymer‐encapsulated ClO(2) coating. Methods and Results: An antimicrobial coating based on polymer‐encapsulated ClO(2) was developed. A low viscosity, water/oil/water double emulsion coating was formulated for easy on‐site application. Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus were applied onto the coating to study the bactericidal capabilities of the coating. The bactericidal performance of the coating increased when the contact time with the tested bacteria increased. Over 99% of the E. coli, Ps. aeruginosa, B. subtilis were killed with a contact time of 30 min. Although endospores of B. subtilis are more resistant, about 75% of the spores were killed after 72 h on the coating. Moreover, a sustained release of gaseous ClO(2) was achieved to maintain about 90% removal of B. subtilis with a 10‐min contact time during a 28‐day study period. The coating also exhibits antiadhesive properties against bacteria. Conclusions: A polymer‐encapsulated ClO(2) coating with sustained release of ClO(2) and promising bactericidal and sporicidal features was tested for 28 days. Significance and Impact of the Study: This study provides a new direction for developing polymer‐encapsulated ClO(2) coatings that possess persistent bactericidal and sporicidal properties.


id: cord-274101-vm9nh8lc
author: Perez Espitia, Paula Judith
date: 2012-02-29
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32368201/
doi: 10.1111/j.1541-4337.2011.00179.x
title:
  Bioactive Peptides: Synthesis, Properties, and Applications in the Packaging and Preservation of Food

abstract:
  Abstract: Bioactive peptides are protein fragments which have a positive impact on the functions and conditions of living beings. Peptides have shown several useful properties for human health, including antimicrobial, antifungal, antiviral, and antitumor activities. These compounds are produced by almost all species of life. However, they are produced in limited quantities in nature. As a result, researchers have tried to synthesize bioactive peptides to study their properties and applications in various areas. Among their applications in food preservation, peptides have been incorporated into packaging materials. This review begins with a brief description of the methods used for the synthesis, purification, and characterization of peptides. Also, the main bioproperties and mechanisms of action of peptides are discussed. Finally, some applications of peptides are presented, especially their use in active packaging, their effects on the polymeric matrix, and peptide migration.


id: cord-275023-0z219rcy
author: Cerofolini, Linda
date: 2020-07-29
txt: ./txt/cord-275023-0z219rcy.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-275023-0z219rcy.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bpc.2020.106441
doi: 10.1016/j.bpc.2020.106441
summary:
  title: Orientation of immobilized antigens on common surfaces by a simple computational model: Exposition of SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein RBD epitopes In this manuscript, we apply a simple computational model, based on united-residue modelling, to the prediction of the orientation of the receptor binding domain of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein on surfaces commonly used in lateral-flow devices. In this manuscript we apply a very simple method based on a unitedresidue modelling of protein-surface interactions, to specifically address the problem of determining the orientation of the SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein Receptor Binding Domain (RBD) on a few prototypical surfaces for biomedical use. In this work, we describe the use of united-residue modelling for the prediction of the orientation of the receptor binding domain of the spike protein of the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, a protein of high immunological relevance at the most commonly used surfaces for the preparation of lateral-flow immunochemical devices.

title:
  Orientation of immobilized antigens on common surfaces by a simple computational model: Exposition of SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein RBD epitopes

abstract:
  The possibility of immobilizing a protein with antigenic properties on a solid support offers significant possibilities in the development of immunosensors and vaccine formulations. For both applications, the orientation of the antigen should ensure ready accessibility of the antibodies to the epitope. However, an experimental assessment of the orientational preferences necessarily proceeds through the preparation/isolation of the antigen, the immobilization on different surfaces and one or more biophysical characterization steps. To predict a priori whether favorable orientations can be achieved or not would allow one to select the most promising experimental routes, partly mitigating the time cost towards the final product. In this manuscript, we apply a simple computational model, based on united-residue modelling, to the prediction of the orientation of the receptor binding domain of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein on surfaces commonly used in lateral-flow devices. These calculations can account for the experimental observation that direct immobilization on gold gives sufficient exposure of the epitope to obtain a response in immunochemical assays.


id: cord-277665-ac8txr3h
title: 15 Nanodiamond Designing the Bio-Platform
author: Grichko, Varvara P.
date: 2006-12-31
url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/B9780815515241500172
doi: 10.1016/b978-081551524-1.50017-2
abstract:
  Publisher Summary This chapter discusses various methods of surface modification for the development of functionalized diamond nanoparticles for biomedical applications. To be used in biomedical applications, nanoparticles must be biocompatible, non-toxic, non-detective by immune systems, and should not induce side effects. Size control of particles is a prerequisite for biomedical applications. Carbon nanostructures span the same length scale as bio-compounds, ranging from subnanometer-size nucleotides to tens and hundreds of nanometer-sized organelles and viruses, and up to micron-sized cell sizes. The chapter also summarizes different approaches to the surface functionalization of nanodiamonds (ND) particles—that is, the key in successful biomedical applications followed by a discussion of modification of diamond surfaces with nucleic acids and proteins. Both current and potential applications of diamond films and particles in the area of biosensing are addressed.


id: cord-280184-91d8i6ix
title: Self-disinfecting surfaces and infection control
author: Querido, Micaela Machado
date: 2019-06-01
url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfb.2019.02.009
doi: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2019.02.009
abstract:
  According to World Health Organization, every year in the European Union, 4 million patients acquire a healthcare associated infection. Even though some microorganisms represent no threat to healthy people, hospitals harbor different levels of immunocompetent individuals, namely patients receiving immunosuppressors, with previous infections, or those with extremes of age (young children and elderly), requiring the implementation of effective control measures. Public spaces have also been found an important source of infectious disease outbreaks due to poor or none infection control measures applied. In both places, surfaces play a major role on microorganisms’ propagation, yet they are very often neglected, with very few guidelines about efficient cleaning measures and microbiological assessment available. To overcome surface contamination problems, new strategies are being designed to limit the microorganisms’ ability to survive over surfaces and materials. Surface modification and/or functionalization to prevent contamination is a hot-topic of research and several different approaches have been developed lately. Surfaces with anti-adhesive properties, with incorporated antimicrobial substances or modified with biological active metals are some of the strategies recently proposed. This review intends to summarize the problems associated with contaminated surfaces and their importance on infection spreading, and to present some of the strategies developed to prevent this public health problem, namely some already being commercialized.


id: cord-282303-idh7io9v
title: Contamination of hospital surfaces with respiratory pathogens in Bangladesh
author: Hassan, Md. Zakiul
date: 2019-10-28
txt: ./txt/cord-282303-idh7io9v.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-282303-idh7io9v.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0224065
doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0224065
summary:
  With limited infection control practices in overcrowded Bangladeshi hospitals, surfaces may play an important role in the transmission of respiratory pathogens in hospital wards and pose a serious risk of infection for patients, health care workers, caregivers and visitors. With limited infection control practices in overcrowded Bangladeshi hospitals, surfaces may play an important role in the transmission of respiratory pathogens in hospital wards and pose a serious risk of infection for patients, health care workers, caregivers and visitors. Respiratory viral and bacterial pathogens, including Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, influenza viruses, respiratory syncytial virus, adenovirus, rhinoviruses and novel coronavirus strains, can survive on hospital surfaces for days, weeks or even months. This study identified that hospital surfaces in these Bangladeshi hospitals, were frequently contaminated with respiratory pathogens and pose a potential threat for fomite-borne transmission of respiratory infections to patients, healthcare workers and family caregivers.

abstract:
  With limited infection control practices in overcrowded Bangladeshi hospitals, surfaces may play an important role in the transmission of respiratory pathogens in hospital wards and pose a serious risk of infection for patients, health care workers, caregivers and visitors. In this study, we aimed to identify if surfaces near hospitalized patients with respiratory infections were contaminated with respiratory pathogens and to identify which surfaces were most commonly contaminated. Between September-November 2013, we collected respiratory (nasopharyngeal and oropharyngeal) swabs from patients hospitalized with respiratory illness in adult medicine and paediatric medicine wards at two public tertiary care hospitals in Bangladesh. We collected surface swabs from up to five surfaces near each case-patient including: the wall, bed rail, bed sheet, clinical file, and multipurpose towel used for care giving purposes. We tested swabs using real-time multiplex PCR for 19 viral and 12 bacterial pathogens. Case-patients with at least one pathogen detected had corresponding surface swabs tested for those same pathogens. Of 104 patients tested, 79 had a laboratory-confirmed respiratory pathogen. Of the 287 swabs collected from surfaces near these patients, 133 (46%) had evidence of contamination with at least one pathogen. The most commonly contaminated surfaces were the bed sheet and the towel. Sixty-two percent of patients with a laboratory-confirmed respiratory pathgen (49/79) had detectable viral or bacterial nucleic acid on at least one surface. Klebsiella pneumoniae was the most frequently detected pathogen on both respiratory swabs (32%, 33/104) and on surfaces near patients positive for this organism (97%, 32/33). Surfaces near patients hospitalized with respiratory infections were frequently contaminated by pathogens, with Klebsiella pneumoniae being most common, highlighting the potential for transmission of respiratory pathogens via surfaces. Efforts to introduce routine cleaning in wards may be a feasible strategy to improve infection control, given that severe space constraints prohibit cohorting patients with respiratory illness.


id: cord-294714-2ixbqlb0
title: Photons to illuminate the universe of sugar diversity through bioarrays
author: Carroll, Gregory T.
date: 2007-07-04
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17610157/
doi: 10.1007/s10719-007-9052-1
abstract:
  In this mini-review, we summarize the photochemical approaches for developing high-throughput carbohydrate microarray technologies. Newly established methods for photo-immobilizing unmodified monosaccharides, oligosaccharides and polysaccharides onto photoactive surfaces and coupling of photoactive carbohydrates onto polymer surfaces are reviewed.


id: cord-297024-90qq0xsw
title: How long do nosocomial pathogens persist on inanimate surfaces? A systematic review
author: Kramer, Axel
date: 2006-08-16
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16914034/
doi: 10.1186/1471-2334-6-130
abstract:
  BACKGROUND: Inanimate surfaces have often been described as the source for outbreaks of nosocomial infections. The aim of this review is to summarize data on the persistence of different nosocomial pathogens on inanimate surfaces. METHODS: The literature was systematically reviewed in MedLine without language restrictions. In addition, cited articles in a report were assessed and standard textbooks on the topic were reviewed. All reports with experimental evidence on the duration of persistence of a nosocomial pathogen on any type of surface were included. RESULTS: Most gram-positive bacteria, such as Enterococcus spp. (including VRE), Staphylococcus aureus (including MRSA), or Streptococcus pyogenes, survive for months on dry surfaces. Many gram-negative species, such as Acinetobacter spp., Escherichia coli, Klebsiella spp., Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Serratia marcescens, or Shigella spp., can also survive for months. A few others, such as Bordetella pertussis, Haemophilus influenzae, Proteus vulgaris, or Vibrio cholerae, however, persist only for days. Mycobacteria, including Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and spore-forming bacteria, including Clostridium difficile, can also survive for months on surfaces. Candida albicans as the most important nosocomial fungal pathogen can survive up to 4 months on surfaces. Persistence of other yeasts, such as Torulopsis glabrata, was described to be similar (5 months) or shorter (Candida parapsilosis, 14 days). Most viruses from the respiratory tract, such as corona, coxsackie, influenza, SARS or rhino virus, can persist on surfaces for a few days. Viruses from the gastrointestinal tract, such as astrovirus, HAV, polio- or rota virus, persist for approximately 2 months. Blood-borne viruses, such as HBV or HIV, can persist for more than one week. Herpes viruses, such as CMV or HSV type 1 and 2, have been shown to persist from only a few hours up to 7 days. CONCLUSION: The most common nosocomial pathogens may well survive or persist on surfaces for months and can thereby be a continuous source of transmission if no regular preventive surface disinfection is performed.


id: cord-308857-otsrexqu
author: Goel, Saurav
date: 2020-05-28
url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2468519420300604?v=s5
doi: 10.1016/j.mtchem.2020.100300
title:
  Resilient and Agile Engineering Solutions to Address Societal Challenges such as Coronavirus Pandemic

abstract:
  The world is witnessing tumultuous times as major economic powers including the US, UK, Russia, India, and most of Europe continue to be in a state of lockdown. The worst-hit sectors due to this lockdown are sales, production (manufacturing), transport (aerospace and automotive) and tourism. Lockdowns became necessary as a preventive measure to avoid the spread of the contagious and infectious “Coronavirus Disease 2019” (COVID-19). This newly identified disease is caused by a new strain of the virus being referred to as Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome CoronaVirus 2 (SARS CoV-2; formerly called 2019-nCoV). We review the current medical and manufacturing response to COVID-19, including advances in instrumentation, sensing, use of lasers, fumigation chambers and development of novel tools such as lab-on-the-chip using combinatorial additive and subtractive manufacturing techniques and use of molecular modelling and molecular docking in drug and vaccine discovery. We also offer perspectives on future considerations on climate change, outsourced versus indigenous manufacturing, automation, and antimicrobial resistance. Overall, this paper attempts to identify key areas where manufacturing can be employed to address societal challenges such as COVID-19.


id: cord-311349-145kwny3
title: Surface plasmon resonance applications in clinical analysis
author: Mariani, Stefano
date: 2014-02-25
txt: ./txt/cord-311349-145kwny3.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-311349-145kwny3.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24566759/
doi: 10.1007/s00216-014-7647-5
summary:
  In the last 20 years, surface plasmon resonance (SPR) and its advancement with imaging (SPRi) emerged as a suitable and reliable platform in clinical analysis for label-free, sensitive, and real-time monitoring of biomolecular interactions. The advantages brought about by current SPR technology include real-time monitoring of the analyte/molecular markers, label free and parallel analysis (with SPRi), minimal sample pretreatment, quantitative response, and very good sensitivity and reproducibility, (reported detection limits are in atto-or femtomolar ranges and coefficient of variations below 10 %). Preventing nonspecific adsorption of biomolecules (e.g., protein) on the SPR sensing surface is another key-step for the development of specific biosensor, with real application to clinical diagnostics where complex matrices (such as serum, blood, and urine) are analyzed.

abstract:
  In the last 20 years, surface plasmon resonance (SPR) and its advancement with imaging (SPRi) emerged as a suitable and reliable platform in clinical analysis for label-free, sensitive, and real-time monitoring of biomolecular interactions. Thus, we report in this review the state of the art of clinical target detection with SPR-based biosensors in complex matrices (e.g., serum, saliva, blood, and urine) as well as in standard solution when innovative approaches or advanced instrumentations were employed for improved detection. The principles of SPR-based biosensors are summarized first, focusing on the physical properties of the transducer, on the assays design, on the immobilization chemistry, and on new trends for implementing system analytical performances (e.g., coupling with nanoparticles (NPs). Then we critically review the detection of analytes of interest in molecular diagnostics, such as hormones (relevant also for anti-doping control) and biomarkers of interest in inflammatory, cancer, and heart failure diseases. Antibody detection is reported in relation to immune disorder diagnostics. Subsequently, nucleic acid targets are considered for revealing genetic diseases (e.g., point mutation and single nucleotides polymorphism, SNPs) as well as new emerging clinical markers (microRNA) and for pathogen detection. Finally, examples of pathogen detection by immunosensing were also analyzed. A parallel comparison with the reference methods was duly made, indicating the progress brought about by SPR technologies in clinical routine analysis.


id: cord-313356-ninzeazy
author: Fiorillo, Luca
date: 2020-04-30
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32365891/
doi: 10.3390/ijerph17093132
title:
  COVID-19 Surface Persistence: A Recent Data Summary and Its Importance for Medical and Dental Settings

abstract:
  Recently, due to the coronavirus pandemic, many guidelines and anti-contagion strategies continue to report unclear information about the persistence of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in the environment. This certainly generates insecurity and fear in people, with an important psychological component that is not to be underestimated at this stage of the pandemic. The purpose of this article is to highlight all the sources currently present in the literature concerning the persistence of the different coronaviruses in the environment as well as in medical and dental settings. As this was a current study, there are still not many sources in the literature, and scientific strategies are moving towards therapy and diagnosis, rather than knowing the characteristics of the virus. Such an article could be an aid to summarize virus features and formulate new guidelines and anti-spread strategies.


id: cord-322143-hkh1grys
title: Sampling methods for recovery of human enteric viruses from environmental surfaces
author: Turnage, Nicole L.
date: 2017-06-17
txt: ./txt/cord-322143-hkh1grys.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-322143-hkh1grys.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28633964/
doi: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2017.06.008
summary:
  For instance, understanding the persistence of human enteric viruses on inanimate fomite surfaces in relation to various environmental conditions could provide insight on ways to limit and prevent virus transmission and subsequent outbreaks. Overall, the higher the inoculum level for all enteric viruses, the higher the mean recovery rate regardless of the variability among methods, PA = plaque assay; PBS = phosphate buffered saline; PBST = PBS + 0.02% Tween 80; PCRU = polymerase chain reaction units; PE = polyethylene; PF = porous formic; PFU = plaque forming units; RH = relative humidity; RB = rubberized surface; RT-qPCR = reverse transcription quantitative PCR; RT = room temperature; SS = stainless steel. Additionally, some studies found other tools and methods such as biowipes and cell scraper-aspiration methods to be potentially more efficient for enteric virus recovery from surfaces in comparison to cotton and/or polyester swabs.

abstract:
  Acute gastroenteritis causes the second highest infectious disease burden worldwide. Human enteric viruses have been identified as leading causative agents of acute gastroenteritis as well as foodborne illnesses in the U.S. and are generally transmitted by fecal-oral contamination. There is growing evidence of transmission occurring via contaminated fomite including food contact surfaces. Additionally, human enteric viruses have been shown to remain infectious on fomites over prolonged periods of time. To better understand viral persistence, there is a need for more studies to investigate this phenomenon. Therefore, optimization of surface sampling methods is essential to aid in understanding environmental contamination to ensure proper preventative measures are being applied. In general, surface sampling studies are limited and highly variable among recovery efficiencies and research parameters used (e.g., virus type/density, surface type, elution buffers, tools). This review aims to discuss the various factors impacting surface sampling of viruses from fomites and to explore how researchers could move towards a more sensitive and standard sampling method.


id: cord-328816-xyj8mc8g
author: A, Jishnu
date: 2020-08-15
url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfa.2020.125395
doi: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2020.125395
title:
  Superhydrophobic graphene-based materials with self-cleaning and anticorrosion performance: An appraisal of neoteric advancement and future perspectives

abstract:
  Abstract Lotus like materials having superhydrophobicity is attaining greater demand due to the possibility of molding them into different high end applications. The major issue related to self-cleaning superhydrophobic surfaces is their restricted mechanical properties. The development of nanotechnology has brought many advantages in the fabrication and properties of superhydrophobic surfaces and thus it enhanced the demand of superhydrophobic surfaces. Many scientific groups have studied and reported about the superhydrophobicity exhibited by graphene and its analogous derivatives. The fabrication of the devices having properties ranging from anti-sticking and self-cleaning to anti-corrosion and low friction is made possible by the incorporation of this wonderful two-dimensional material. This review focuses on the preparation and properties of graphene based superhydrophobic coating materials with special mention to the wide range of applications rendered by them.


id: cord-332719-tjrz4ulk
author: Harris, Debra
date: 2020-08-31
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32867539/
doi: 10.1177/1937586720952892
title:
  Indoor Finish Material Influence on Contamination, Transmission, and Eradication of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)

abstract:
  OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate environmental surface materials used in healthcare environments for material composition, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) viability, and a comparison of two disinfectants, a bleach germicidal cleaner and Decon7, a novel disinfectant. BACKGROUND: Contaminated environmental surfaces have been associated with outbreaks of healthcare-associated illness (HAIs). One in every 20 patients in U.S. acute care hospitals acquire a healthcare-associated illness, leading to consequences such as elevated morbidity, mortality, and a decrease in quality of life. In the patient environment, MRSA can remain viable from hours to up to 14 days. METHODS: Environmental surface materials were evaluated as new and worn. Material composition and properties were assessed to evaluate surface integrity and the influence on the disinfection of MRSA. Inoculated materials were used to assess MRSA viability over time and the efficacy of a manufacturer’s recommended cleaning and disinfection product compared to a novel disinfectant. RESULTS: Environmental surface materials respond differently in appearance and roughness, when mechanically worn. When measuring MRSA survival, at 24 hr, MRSA colony forming unit (CFU) counts were reduced on the copper sheet surface and solid surface with cupric oxide. By 72 hr, all MRSA counts were zero. Bleach and the novel disinfectant were equally effective at disinfecting MRSA from all surface types. CONCLUSIONS: This study highlights a gap in knowledge about the impact of type and wear of environmental surface materials used in healthcare environments on contamination with epidemiologically important organisms. In conclusion, environmental surface material wear, properties, and cleaning and disinfection efficacy are important factors to consider when addressing HAIs.


id: cord-334818-8qx045b9
title: The Importance of the Clinical Environment in the Transmission of Health Care-Associated Infections
author: Garrett, J. Hudson
date: 2015-12-31
txt: ./txt/cord-334818-8qx045b9.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-334818-8qx045b9.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1552885515001634
doi: 10.1016/j.java.2015.10.002
abstract: nan
summary:
  The cleanliness of medical equipment such as a portable ultrasound machines, patient care surfaces, and environment surfaces are all included; thus, an impeccably clean environment is a shared goal between environmental services workers and vascular access professionals. Environmental services and vascular access professionals can also serve as educators by informing patients of the steps being taken to mitigate the risk for infection, such as daily and terminal cleaning and use of alcohol-based handrubs, and encouraging family members to follow isolation precautions as appropriate. Environmental services professionals are not only experts in maintaining the environment, but also in serving as patient safety advocates who reduce the incidence of HAIs. Surface disinfection is an important factor in the prevention of HAIs. Many surfaces in health care settings are considered noncritical and therefore require cleaning with a low-level disinfectant. Also, a collaborative partnership with the facility''s health care engineering team is critically important in executing infection prevention/vascular access and environmental services projects.


id: cord-335372-tncjfdtp
author: HACKNEY, RAYMOND W.
date: 1998-11-30
txt: ./txt/cord-335372-tncjfdtp.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-335372-tncjfdtp.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S000281771560112X
doi: 10.14219/jada.archive.1998.0103
summary:
  40 This characteristic makes these microorganisms easy to distinguish from other bacteria found in dust and on skin that might also contaminate clinical surfaces, suggesting the usefulness of α-hemolytic streptococci, or AHS, as standard indicators for detecting oral contamination and for evaluating operatory asepsis. In this study, we assessed the validity of oral AHS as an indicator of oral contamination in the following manner: dassessing the consistency and abundance of AHS in mouths of a sample of patients; ddetermining the distribution of AHS in nondental environments, both clinical and nonclinical; devaluating environmental survival of AHS on operatory materials; dusing AHS as an indicator of contamination after cleaning and disinfection in private dental offices.

title:
  USING A BIOLOGICAL INDICATOR TO DETECT POTENTIAL SOURCES OF CROSS-CONTAMINATION IN THE DENTAL OPERATORY

abstract:
  ABSTRACT The authors conducted a study using surveillance monitoring methodology to identify operatory contamination and to evaluate the effectiveness of infection control procedures. Viridans streptococci were evaluated as biological indicators of oral contamination. Viridans streptococci, abundant in human saliva, were detected on operatory surfaces after dental treatments were finished and surfaces were disinfected. The findings validate current concepts of infection control as demonstrated in barrier methods.


id: cord-348629-fnn9wshy
title: An alternative approach for the decontamination of hospital settings
author: Moccia, Giuseppina
date: 2020-10-21
url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1876034120306766
doi: 10.1016/j.jiph.2020.09.020
abstract:
  BACKGROUND: The increasing emergence and spread of multiresistant microorganisms in hospital wards is a serious concern. Traditional protocols are often not sufficient to protect patients susceptible to serious and life-threatening infections, therefore new strategies for decontaminating hospital environments are crucial to reducing microbial transmission and the spread the nosocomial infections. The adoption of modern technologies is indicated to supplement traditional methods and to improve desired levels of surface disinfection. AIM: This work aims to report the development, implementation, and validation of cleansing and sanitizing procedure for critical clinical settings through the innovative use of disposable cloths pre-impregnated with solutions containing different active formulations and biocidal agents, relating to the areas to be treated (low, moderate, high-risk). METHODS: The implementation and validation of the sanitizing system were conducted in different wards of two healthcare structures. The protocol for the study involved a structured selection of representative surfaces, such as the floor, bathroom, desk, and beds. Microbiological analyses were performed according to ISO 4833-1:2013. FINDINGS: The efficiency of the proposed system was measured through the estimation of total microbial count values on the different surfaces before and after the sanitization operations by traditional methods and by the system described here. The results demonstrated a significant reduction in the microbial count that always fell below the threshold value. For the analyzed surfaces such as shower tray, bathroom floor, toilet edge, the traditional system had an effectiveness of less than 10%, whereas pre-impregnated cloths succeed to eliminate about 90% of the bacteria present. As an example, on the floor we observed a microbial count reduction from >42 to 10 CFU/11 cm(2) with the new method (76% of colonies were destroyed), while with the traditional one we have a reduction from >42 to 28 CFU/11 cm(2) (33% of microbial colonies). Moreover, the advantages of using this sanitization system are not limited to disinfecting surfaces and limiting cross-contamination but involve all activities related to the cleaning and disinfection operations, including the training and education of the operators and traceability of the operations. CONCLUSIONS: The innovative disinfection and cleaning protocol used in the present study proved to be a highly valuable alternative to the traditional cleaning procedures in healthcare settings for the sanitizing process of all kinds of surfaces. All tools were specifically designed to improve disinfection efficiency and to reduce the problems associated with traditional methods, such as preventing cross-contamination events, limiting the physical efforts of operators, and avoiding incorrect practices. Our findings add support to the knowledge that an effective sanitization procedure is critical in minimizing microorganisms' transmission and cross-contamination.


id: cord-348840-s8wjg4ar
title: High-touch surfaces: microbial neighbours at hand
author: Cobrado, L.
date: 2017-06-25
url: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10096-017-3042-4
doi: 10.1007/s10096-017-3042-4
abstract:
  Despite considerable efforts, healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) continue to be globally responsible for serious morbidity, increased costs and prolonged length of stay. Among potentially preventable sources of microbial pathogens causing HAIs, patient care items and environmental surfaces frequently touched play an important role in the chain of transmission. Microorganisms contaminating such high-touch surfaces include Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, viruses, yeasts and parasites, with improved cleaning and disinfection effectively decreasing the rate of HAIs. Manual and automated surface cleaning strategies used in the control of infectious outbreaks are discussed and current trends concerning the prevention of contamination by the use of antimicrobial surfaces are taken into consideration in this manuscript.


id: cord-349721-wdjlr4z4
author: Szpiro, L.
date: 2020-08-25
url: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.08.22.20180042
doi: 10.1101/2020.08.22.20180042
title:
  Role of interfering substances in the survival of coronaviruses on surfaces and their impact on the efficiency of hand and surface disinfection

abstract:
  Contaminated environmental surfaces are considered to represent a significant vector for hospital-acquired viral infections. In this study, we have evaluated the impact of interfering substances on SARS-CoV-2 surface stability and virucidal efficiency of hand sanitizers and surface disinfectant. To this end, surface stability of SARS-CoV-2 was measured on stainless steel in different experimental conditions, with or without an artificial mucus/saliva mixture and compared against that of human coronavirus HCoV-229E and feline coronavirus FCoV. The impact of the mucus/saliva mixture on the virucidal efficiency of 3 commercial alcohol hand sanitizers and 1 surface chemical disinfectant against SARS-CoV-2, HCoV-229E and FCoV was then measured. Our results indicate that mucus/saliva mixture did not demonstrate a beneficial effect on the surface survival of tested viruses, with temperature being an important parameter. In addition, we demonstrated that interfering substances may play an important role in the virucidal efficacy of hand sanitizers and disinfectants, highlighting the need for adapted testing protocols that better reflect current - real life -conditions of use.


id: cord-350236-7fit8q1s
title: On-site analysis of COVID-19 on the surfaces in wards
author: Wan, Bin
date: 2020-08-18
url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S0048969720352876
doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141758
abstract:
  Abstract SARS-Cov-2 has erupted across the globe, and confirmed cases of COVID-19 pose a high infection risk. Infected patients typically receive their treatment in specific isolation wards, where they are confined for at least 14 days. The virus may contaminate any surface of the room, especially frequently touched surfaces. Therefore, surface contamination in wards should be monitored for disease control and hygiene purposes. Herein, surface contamination in the ward was detected on-site using an RNA extraction-free rapid method. The whole detection process, from surface sample collection to readout of the detection results, was finished within 45 min. The nucleic acid extraction-free method requires minimal labor. More importantly, the tests were performed on-site and the results were obtained almost in real-time. The test confirmed that 31 patients contaminated seven individual sites. Among the sampled surfaces, the electrocardiogram fingertip presented a 72.7% positive rate, indicating that this surface is an important hygiene site. Meanwhile, the bedrails showed the highest correlation with other surfaces, so should be detected daily. Another surface with high contamination risk was the door handle in the bathroom. To our knowledge, we present the first on-site analysis of COVID-19 surface contamination in wards. The results and applied technique provide a potential further reference for disease control and hygiene suggestions.


id: cord-352796-6einbent
title: The eye as the discrete but defensible portal of coronavirus infection
author: Theodore Coroneo, Minas
date: 2020-05-21
url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S1542012420300896
doi: 10.1016/j.jtos.2020.05.011
abstract:
  Oculo-centric factors may provide a key to understanding invasion success by SARS-CoV-2, a highly contagious, potentially lethal, virus with ocular tropism. Respiratory infection transmission via the eye and lacrimal-nasal pathway elucidated during the 1918 influenza pandemic, remains to be explored in this crisis. The eye and its adnexae represent a large surface area directly exposed to airborne viral particles and hand contact. The virus may bind to corneal and conjunctival angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptors and potentially to the lipophilic periocular skin and superficial tear film with downstream carriage into the nasopharynx and subsequent access to the lungs and gut. Adenoviruses and influenza viruses share this ocular tropism and despite differing ocular and systemic manifestations and disease patterns, common lessons, particularly in management, emerge. Slit lamp usage places ophthalmologists at particular risk of exposure to high viral loads (and poor prognosis) and as for adenoviral epidemics, this may be a setting for disease transmission. Local, rather than systemic treatments blocking virus binding in this pathway (advocated for adenovirus) are worth considering. This pathway is accessible with eye drops or aerosols containing drugs which appear efficacious via systemic administration. A combination such as hydroxychloroquine, azithromycin and zinc, all of which have previously been used topically in the eye and which work at least in part by blocking ACE2 receptors, may offer a safe, cost-effective and resource-sparing intervention.


id: cord-354137-6oe8nj1j
title: Aspects of recent development of immunosensors
author: Wang, Hua
date: 2008-05-20
url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/B9780123737380500118
doi: 10.1016/b978-012373738-0.50011-8
abstract:
  This chapter focuses on the recent developments in the field of immunosensors. Immunosensors incorporate the specific immunochemical reaction with the modern transducers including electrochemical (potentiometric, conductometric, capacitative, impedance, amperometric), optical (fluorescence, luminescence, refractive index), and microgravimetric transducers. These immunosensor devices with dramatic improvements in the sensitivity and selectivity possess the abilities to investigate the reaction dynamics of antibody–antigen binding and the potential to revolutionize conventional immunoassay techniques. With the rapid development of immunological reagents and detection equipments, immunosensors have allowed an increasing range of analytes to be identified and quantified and in particular, simple-to-use, inexpensive, and reliable immunosensing systems have been developed for areas such as outpatient monitoring, large screening programs, and remote environmental surveillance. Immunosensors with lowered detection limits and increased sensitivities have been developed in various fields, particularly in clinical analysis. A noticeable development trend is also observed in the development of immunosensors combining with other techniques such as flow injection analysis (FIA) or capillary electrophoretic (CE) analysis, which complement and improve the present immunoassay methods. Belov et al. have proposed a novel immunophenotyping method for leukemias which uses a cluster of differentiation antibody microarray, and a microarray of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay has been developed for autoimmune diagnosis of systematic rheumatic disease. Development of microfluidic immunosensor systems for proteomics and drug discovery have also been reported in recent years where the microfluidic system integrates multiple processes in a single device to improve analytical performance by reducing the reagent consumption and the analysis time, and increasing reliability and sensitivity through automation.


id: cord-355181-affuyn8z
author: Poggio, Claudio
date: 2020-07-22
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32707757/
doi: 10.3390/ma13153244
title:
  Copper-Alloy Surfaces and Cleaning Regimens against the Spread of SARS-CoV-2 in Dentistry and Orthopedics. From Fomites to Anti-Infective Nanocoatings

abstract:
  The latest diffusion of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), responsible for the coronavirus disease (COVID-19), has involved the whole world population. Even if huge efforts to control the pandemic have been done, the viral spread is still continuing. COVID-19 is reported as a zoonosis jumped from bats and pangolins to humans. After infection in humans, SARS-CoV-2 is found in the nasopharyngeal and salivary secretions. The virus has also been detected in the blood plasma of infected patients. The viral spread occurs through droplets exhaled from the nose and mouth of the infected people when they breath or talk, or through droplets propelled as a dense cloud by chough or sneeze. The virus can also be delivered as an aerosol from blood plasma, through surgical procedures. Following these ways, the virus can disperse in the air, then reaching and settling on the exposed surfaces. How long the virus will survive on a surface depends on the material the surface is made from. Infection via high-touch surfaces should be prevented. Copper alloy coatings, combined with efficient hygienic/disinfectant procedures and careful surgical practice, could be helpful to health protection in dental practice and can also be adopted in orthopedic traumatology.


