cord-000501-qz68gtd4	2011	METHODOLOGY AND PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Influenza A/PuertoRico/8/34 (PR8) or A/Cambridge/AHO4/2009 (pandemic H1N1) viruses were inoculated onto a wide range of surfaces used in home and work environments, then sampled at set times following incubation at stabilised temperature and humidity. The potential for transmission of influenza by indirect contact (i.e. via fomites) is linked to the ability of virus to survive in transmissible titres on commonly touched surfaces; however few data exist on this subject. We evaluate the survival of influenza A (H1N1) viruses deliberately applied to a range of commonly touched household and workplace surfaces, using RT-PCR for genome detection and culture methods to determine viability. Our data are consistent with recent findings from a study of environmental deposition of pandemic H1N1 virus in the homes of infected patients, involving our laboratory, when almost 10% of tested surfaces yielded viable virus [15] .
cord-003018-qrt07zmz	2018	Using a www.oncotarget.com flow cytometer-based screening assay with Dox-treated and untreated iNTCP cells, we identified a hybridoma clone producing anti-NTCP mAb, clone 9A8 ( Figure 2B ). To test whether the 9A8 antibody can inhibit HBV infection, we pretreated iNTCP cells and primary human hepatocytes with 9A8 mAb and subsequently infected cells with wild type HBV and HBV encoding a luciferase reporter gene (HBV-NL) [21] . iNTCP cells (G) and primary human hepatocytes (H) were infected with HBV or its reporter virus (HBV-NL) respectively, in the presence of 9A8 mAb. Anti-HBs mAb (clone 33A4, which recognizes the PreS1 domain) was used as a control. In this study, we generated iNTCP cells, which have high NTCP expression and high susceptibility to HBV infection, and also developed a monoclonal antibody (mAb) that recognizes cell-surface NTCP. Although primary hepatocytes express NTCP at low levels for the uptake of bile acids, endogenous NTCP in hepatocellular carcinoma cell lines is not sufficient to achieve successful infection with HBV in vitro.
cord-003412-8n2s0bl1	2018	During the sampling sequences in the five long-term care facilities, a total of 688 copper surfaces and 688 control surfaces were sampled, with 682 samples being obtained from door handles of resident''s room and 694 obtained from handrails in corridors. Nevertheless, in each facility and for both door handle and handrail, the median bacterial burden was lower on copper surface than on the control. Comparison between copper and control surfaces revealed that, in each long-term care facilities and for both sequences, the median bacterial burden was lower on copper door handles. One and three years after copper alloys set-up, several copper door handles, randomly selected, were removed from the five long-term care facilities and transferred to the laboratory to evaluate their efficiency against a MRSA strain. In this study, we investigated the antimicrobial properties of door handles and handrails containing copper that have been used on a daily base in five long-term care facilities.
cord-004584-bcw90f5b	2011	Our goals are two-fold: (1) to monitor conformational changes in each domain upon its binding to specific ligands and then to correlate the observed changes with structural differences between the CRDs and (2) to investigate the interaction between the CRDs and lipid model membranes. Cholesterol-assisted lipid and protein interactions such as the integration into lipid nanodomains are considered to play a functional part in a whole range of membrane-associated processes, but their direct and non-invasive observation in living cells is impeded by the resolution limit of [200nm of a conventional far-field optical microscope. Therefore, to investigate the dynamic and complex membrane lateral organization in living cells, we have developed an original approach based on molecule diffusion measurements performed by fluorescence correlation spectroscopy at different spatial scales (spot variable FCS, svFCS) (1).
cord-010343-tqqt0hj7	2017	The survival of main enteric viruses on fomites and its implication for virus transmission will be analyzed, and the major disinfection procedures and their impact will be described. Available data suggest that the majority of viruses persist longer on nonporous surfaces [7] ; however, results are sometimes conflicting, and the effect of fomite properties might also depend on the viral type. Therefore, survival and inactivation studies are commonly conducted using cultivable surrogates such as feline calicivirus (FCV) or murine norovirus (MNV) [40] . In another study conducted at room temperature, the authors demonstrated that MNV could survive for up to 28 days on 6 different surfaces and the rank order of infectivity reduction from highest to lowest was stainless steel, plastic, rubber, glass, ceramic, and wood [44] . Disinfectants are commonly used for virus inactivation, especially in the health care settings and the food industry, to prevent outbreaks due to enteric viruses.
cord-015677-67md3xox	2010	In addition to application of such sensors for gas and chemical-vapor sensing, for example as an artificial nose, they have also been employed to measure physical properties of tiny amounts of materials in miniaturized versions of conventional standard techniques such as calorimetry, thermogravimetry, weighing, photothermal spectroscopy, as well as for monitoring chemical reactions such as catalysis on small surfaces. In addition to application of such sensors for gas and chemicalvapor sensing, for example as an artificial nose, they have also been employed to measure physical properties of tiny amounts of materials in miniaturized versions of conventional standard techniques such as calorimetry, thermogravimetry, weighing, photothermal spectroscopy, as well as for monitoring chemical reactions such as catalysis on small surfaces. Besides chemical and biochemical sensing, microcantilevers can also detect changes in physical properties of surrounding media, such as gas or liquid, or of layers deposited on the cantilever itself.
cord-017348-mmmm3pmv	2010	
cord-017882-3fxjti92	2017	Therefore, in the following sections, we will provide an overview of the state-of-the-art prime molecular sensing technologies for the detection of BAs. It should be noticed that the current methods for detecting pathogenic bacteria, which include ELISA and PCR [20, 21] are assays that exploit antibodies as molecular recognition elements due to their highly specific targeting of antigenic sites. The first step toward the development of an AMP-based, label-free electronic biosensor consisted of targeting the microbial cells by magainin I using impedance spectroscopy. In this sensor, the antibodies or other capture molecules are immobilized in a two-dimensional array on an optical waveguide (as either stripes or spots) and standard fluoroimmunoassays are performed within the channels of a multi-channel flow cell, which is placed on the waveguide surface ( Fig. 4.6 , left). Most of the sensing measuring devices used for the detection of biological warfare agents are based on luminescence immunoassay signal transduction mechanisms which are optical.
cord-018159-ycg6waay	2018	With their capability of controlling light at the nanoscale beyond the diffraction limit, surface plasmons such as surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs) and localized surface plasmon resonances (LSPRs) [8] are effective at optically manipulating, sensing, and analyzing biological cells and molecules [9] [10] [11] . Using simple optics to create the trapping force, plasmonic tweezers can be readily incorporated into microfluidic systems to design novel plasmofluidic chips with functionalities such as single-particle trapping [57, 62] , parallel trapping [58] , co-trapping [63] , and kinetic detection of biological objects [61, 64] . Plasmonic nanotechnologies such as plasmonic arrays [87, 88, [101] [102] [103] and SPRI [104, 105] and innovative microfluidic techniques such as integrated concentration gradient generator [104] and multi-well fluidic measurement [106] have been intensely pursued to detect and quantify cancer biomarkers with enhanced sensitivity, robustness, integrity, high throughput, and multiplexity. achieved label-free imaging, detection, and mass/size measurement of single viral particles with high-resolution surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy [121] .
cord-019027-6chba2ru	2014	The complexity and dynamic nature of the microbial pressure being introduced into the built clinical environment is dependent on stochastic nature inherent to healthcare The purpose of this chapter is to review the role of the environment of care as it pertains to microbial contamination and risk of HAI to patients as well as describe the novel use and efficacy of antimicrobial copper surfaces in mitigating this risk. However, the higher risk associated with a positive environmental culture serves to reinforce the importance that the microbial burden of the built clinical environment represents to the set of circumstances required for colonization and infection of patients while hospitalized. The study of pathogen transmission in the hospital and the impact of colonization and infection with nosocomial organisms have established the epidemiologic importance of the environmental microbial burden associated with the built clinical environment.
cord-022037-4ik3jxjy	2008	Nanomechanical sensors are derived from the microfabricated cantilevers used in atomic force microscopy (AFM) and are based on the bending or resonance change induced in the cantilever when, for example, a biomolecular interaction takes place on one of its surfaces. The sensitivity of microcantilevers for measuring intermolecular forces, the commercial availability of cantilevers, and their fabrication using standard microelectronic technology resulted, around 1994, in a new type of sensor where the transducer system is based on a silicon microcantilever with a tipless free end (Figure 10 .6) (Gimzewski et al., 1994; Chen et al., 1995) . Biochemical applications for this type of sensor have been specifically developed for bending-based modes of measurement, with an optical read-out, due to the complexity required for working with the dynamic mode in liquids. Currently, there are many different and alternative ways to increase the sensitivity of cantilever-based biosensors, depending on the sensor working mode.
cord-022504-tk7v4hoj	2012	
cord-022538-1g9kmpdi	2008	
cord-023442-4vzwc2d2	2006	IV-4 Scanning Vol. 16, Supplement IV (1994) Simulation of image formation and detection systems in the SEM is a vital link in performing image analysis to obtain precise measurements, to provide the necessary connection between image parameters and structural dimensions, and to reflect important microscope beam and detector parameters. By knowing the transfer function, noise, and distortion figure in digital form, it is relatively easy to obtain more accurate comparison of the measured and calculated signal (Fig. 1 The calculation of image contrast in the scanning electron microscope (SEM) can be done using Monte Carlo techniques if the electron trajectories can be calculated through the composition profiles in the specimen. Specimens providing IV-18 Scanning Vol. 16, Supplement IV (1994) FIG highly redundant structures and relatively smooth fractures, such as cell suspensions or o/w emulsions, were investigated using freeze fracture/replication and ambient temperature transmission electron microscopy (AT-TEM).
cord-027461-oj3jjjm2	2020	title: Numerical Simulation of Heat Transfer in an Enclosure with Time-Periodic Heat Generation Using Finite-Difference Method This paper reports a numerical investigation of highly coupled system of partial differential equations, simulating the fluid flow and heat transfer in a large-scale enclosure with time-periodic heat generation. The effect of surface emissivity and periodic heat generation on Nusselt numbers and both stream function and temperature distributions has been investigated. Analysis of other heat transfer modes (radiation and conduction inside the heater and solid walls) noticeably affects natural convection and essentially complicates the mathematical model. Numerical simulation of convective-radiative heat transfer in a large-scale enclosure with heat-conducting walls of finite thickness in the presence of local energy source with timeperiodic heat generation has been carried out. Effect of thermal conductivity and emissivity of solid walls on time-dependent turbulent Conjugate convective-radiative heat transfer Numerical simulation of turbulent natural convection combined with surface thermal radiation in a square cavity
cord-030110-ti5qjrn0	2020	In this study, we examine the durability of the newly developed surfaces when subjected to elevated temperature, chemical attack and mechanical damage in the form of abrasion and compressive load. Our results show clearly that the newly developed superhydrophobic surfaces are capable of resisting the adverse effects of thermal and chemical attacks as well as mechanical abrasion owing to the excellent structural stability and mechanical properties of the constituents of the nanocomposite. Moreover, our superhydrophobic monolith demonstrated exceptional regenerative capabilities even after being subjected to damaging compressive stresses of up to 10 MPa. COVID-19 can be transmitted through airborne respiratory droplets, ejected as a result of coughing or sneezing through human contact with contaminated surfaces (Yang and Wang 2020; Gralinski and Menachery 2020) . Finally, the mechanical durability of the surface of epoxy-based nanocomposite coating was assessed using abrasion tests, while the regenerative capability of the silicone-based nanocomposite monoliths was evaluated using compressive loading.
cord-034833-ynti5g8j	2020	
cord-103877-03b1t37r	2020	To complement that, laser polishing (LP) is one of the advanced manufacturing surface finishing techniques that has been recently developed and successfully employed for improving surface quality without deteriorating the overall structural form through surface smoothing by melting and redistributing a thin layer of molten material. To exemplify the effective application of statistical amplitude distribution characteristics, LP experiments were conducted with two different laser powers (25 W and 100 W) on flat and ground initial surfaces and resulting surface topographies were measured. The current study plans to demonstrate that the resulting quality of the LP surface is affected by two interrelated thermodynamic processes induced by the moving laser source, namely melting, redistribution and solidification of both solid body and surface topography. The effect of laser power on surface topography formation and its thermodynamic and statistical components was studied by comparing initial and LP longitudinal Y-Y cross-sections hini(x) and hLP(x) of ground and flat samples with different LP powers (25 W and 100 W).
cord-245161-xbw72k4m	2020	
cord-257255-n5o368ih	2001	Amongst health care professionals there is growing awareness that improved standards of hand, surface and air hygiene in community settings could do much to prevent the spread of viral infections within these environments. In a preschool daycare centre, respiratory and gastrointestinal infections decreased following implementation of measures which included reinforcing existing handwashing procedures and education of staff and families on issues of infection control including environmental surface cleaning and disinfection and disinfection of toys (Krilov et al. Nevertheless, overall, there is convincing circumstantial evidence to suggest that improved standards of hygiene can have a signi®cant impact in reducing the rates of respiratory, intestinal and other viral infections in childcare facilities, domestic homes, hospitals and adult care centres and the circulation of infections between these communities. Potential role of hands in the spread of respiratory viral infections Ð studies with human parain¯uenza virus 3 and rhinovirus 14
cord-266641-nvyddekm	2020	
cord-273937-cu3cylyi	2009	
cord-274101-vm9nh8lc	2012	
cord-275023-0z219rcy	2020	title: Orientation of immobilized antigens on common surfaces by a simple computational model: Exposition of SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein RBD epitopes In this manuscript, we apply a simple computational model, based on united-residue modelling, to the prediction of the orientation of the receptor binding domain of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein on surfaces commonly used in lateral-flow devices. In this manuscript we apply a very simple method based on a unitedresidue modelling of protein-surface interactions, to specifically address the problem of determining the orientation of the SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein Receptor Binding Domain (RBD) on a few prototypical surfaces for biomedical use. In this work, we describe the use of united-residue modelling for the prediction of the orientation of the receptor binding domain of the spike protein of the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, a protein of high immunological relevance at the most commonly used surfaces for the preparation of lateral-flow immunochemical devices.
cord-277665-ac8txr3h	2006	
cord-280184-91d8i6ix	2019	
cord-282303-idh7io9v	2019	With limited infection control practices in overcrowded Bangladeshi hospitals, surfaces may play an important role in the transmission of respiratory pathogens in hospital wards and pose a serious risk of infection for patients, health care workers, caregivers and visitors. With limited infection control practices in overcrowded Bangladeshi hospitals, surfaces may play an important role in the transmission of respiratory pathogens in hospital wards and pose a serious risk of infection for patients, health care workers, caregivers and visitors. Respiratory viral and bacterial pathogens, including Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, influenza viruses, respiratory syncytial virus, adenovirus, rhinoviruses and novel coronavirus strains, can survive on hospital surfaces for days, weeks or even months. This study identified that hospital surfaces in these Bangladeshi hospitals, were frequently contaminated with respiratory pathogens and pose a potential threat for fomite-borne transmission of respiratory infections to patients, healthcare workers and family caregivers.
cord-294714-2ixbqlb0	2007	
cord-297024-90qq0xsw	2006	
cord-308857-otsrexqu	2020	
cord-311349-145kwny3	2014	In the last 20 years, surface plasmon resonance (SPR) and its advancement with imaging (SPRi) emerged as a suitable and reliable platform in clinical analysis for label-free, sensitive, and real-time monitoring of biomolecular interactions. The advantages brought about by current SPR technology include real-time monitoring of the analyte/molecular markers, label free and parallel analysis (with SPRi), minimal sample pretreatment, quantitative response, and very good sensitivity and reproducibility, (reported detection limits are in atto-or femtomolar ranges and coefficient of variations below 10 %). Preventing nonspecific adsorption of biomolecules (e.g., protein) on the SPR sensing surface is another key-step for the development of specific biosensor, with real application to clinical diagnostics where complex matrices (such as serum, blood, and urine) are analyzed.
cord-313356-ninzeazy	2020	
cord-322143-hkh1grys	2017	For instance, understanding the persistence of human enteric viruses on inanimate fomite surfaces in relation to various environmental conditions could provide insight on ways to limit and prevent virus transmission and subsequent outbreaks. Overall, the higher the inoculum level for all enteric viruses, the higher the mean recovery rate regardless of the variability among methods, PA = plaque assay; PBS = phosphate buffered saline; PBST = PBS + 0.02% Tween 80; PCRU = polymerase chain reaction units; PE = polyethylene; PF = porous formic; PFU = plaque forming units; RH = relative humidity; RB = rubberized surface; RT-qPCR = reverse transcription quantitative PCR; RT = room temperature; SS = stainless steel. Additionally, some studies found other tools and methods such as biowipes and cell scraper-aspiration methods to be potentially more efficient for enteric virus recovery from surfaces in comparison to cotton and/or polyester swabs.
cord-328816-xyj8mc8g	2020	
cord-332719-tjrz4ulk	2020	
cord-334818-8qx045b9	2015	The cleanliness of medical equipment such as a portable ultrasound machines, patient care surfaces, and environment surfaces are all included; thus, an impeccably clean environment is a shared goal between environmental services workers and vascular access professionals. Environmental services and vascular access professionals can also serve as educators by informing patients of the steps being taken to mitigate the risk for infection, such as daily and terminal cleaning and use of alcohol-based handrubs, and encouraging family members to follow isolation precautions as appropriate. Environmental services professionals are not only experts in maintaining the environment, but also in serving as patient safety advocates who reduce the incidence of HAIs. Surface disinfection is an important factor in the prevention of HAIs. Many surfaces in health care settings are considered noncritical and therefore require cleaning with a low-level disinfectant. Also, a collaborative partnership with the facility''s health care engineering team is critically important in executing infection prevention/vascular access and environmental services projects.
cord-335372-tncjfdtp	1998	40 This characteristic makes these microorganisms easy to distinguish from other bacteria found in dust and on skin that might also contaminate clinical surfaces, suggesting the usefulness of α-hemolytic streptococci, or AHS, as standard indicators for detecting oral contamination and for evaluating operatory asepsis. In this study, we assessed the validity of oral AHS as an indicator of oral contamination in the following manner: dassessing the consistency and abundance of AHS in mouths of a sample of patients; ddetermining the distribution of AHS in nondental environments, both clinical and nonclinical; devaluating environmental survival of AHS on operatory materials; dusing AHS as an indicator of contamination after cleaning and disinfection in private dental offices.
cord-348629-fnn9wshy	2020	
cord-348840-s8wjg4ar	2017	
cord-349721-wdjlr4z4	2020	
cord-350236-7fit8q1s	2020	
cord-352796-6einbent	2020	
cord-354137-6oe8nj1j	2008	
cord-355181-affuyn8z	2020