key: cord-344498-mwgccbfo
authors: Casado-Aranda, Luis-Alberto; Sánchez-Fernández, Juan; Viedma-del-Jesús, María I.
title: Analysis of the Scientific Production of the Effect of COVID-19 on the Environment: A Bibliometric Study
date: 2020-11-03
journal: Environ Res
DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.110416
sha: 
doc_id: 344498
cord_uid: mwgccbfo

The fight against COVID-19 since January 2020 has become the top priority of more than 200 countries. In order to offer solutions to eradicate this global pandemic, the scientific community has published hundreds of articles covering a wide range of areas of knowledge. With the aim of synthesizing these publications, academics are resorting to bibliometric analyses from the perspectives of the disciplines such as biology, medicine, socioeconomics and tourism. Yet no bibliometric analysis has explored the diffuse and little-known growth of COVID-19 scientific publications in the field of environmental studies. The current study is the first of this type to fill this research gap. It has resorted to SciMAT software to evaluate the main topics, authors and journals of publications on the subject of COVID-19 combined with environmental studies spanning the period between 1 December 2019 and 6 September 2020. The search yielded a collection of 440 articles published in scientific journals indexed on by Web of Science and Scopus databases. These publications can be broken down into six main themes: (i) a sharp reduction in air pollution and an improvement of the level of water pollution; (ii) the relationship of wind speed (positive), ultraviolet radiation (positive) and humidity (negative) with the rate of infections; (iii) the effect of the pandemic on the food supply chain and waste habits; (iv) wastewater monitoring offers a great potential as an early warning sign of COVID-19 transmission; (v) artificial intelligence and smart devices can be of great use in monitoring citizen mobilization; and (vi) the lessons gleaned from the pandemic that help define actions to mitigate climate change. The results of the current study therefore offer an agenda for future research and constitute a starting point for academics in the field of environmental studies to evaluate the effects of COVID-19.

The struggle initiated in January 2020 to combat the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2 or COVID-19) has become the top priority for more than 200 countries. The pandemic is putting a massive strain on, among others, health care personnel, law enforcement agencies, public administrations and information and communication professionals. In order to offer solutions to this global health problem, the scientific community is also facing one of the most important challenges in recent times. It is responding by publishing hundreds of articles every day in a variety of fields, from medicine and epidemiology to psychology and the environment. Many also appear in the field of economics due to the severe financial consequences of the virus. The ongoing scientific contributions confirm that the academic response to COVID-19 is both massive and multifaceted (Bonilla-Aldana et al., 2020; Felice and Polimeni, 2020; Nowakowska et al., 2020) . A revealing fact in this regard is that since the pandemic's outset, the number of scientific papers on COVID-19 have doubled every 15 days (Torres-Salinas, 2020) .

This sheer volume of the scientific output in response to the pandemic renders it difficult even when resorting to accurate keywords to pinpoint information from the databases such as PubMed, Web of Science and Scopus. In order to facilitate the search for scientific information related to COVID-19, academics are following two different alternative paths.

The first, applied by academics from various branches, consists of carrying out comprehensive reviews and bibliometric analyses so as to synthesize and simplify the results. papers between December 2019 and April 2020. Bonilla-Aldana et al. (2020) and Radanliev, De Roure and Walton (2020) proceeded further by evaluating the scientific literature on coronavirus types and potential vaccine treatments. Verma and Gustafsson (2020) in the sphere of socioeconomics conducted a bibliometric study of COVID-19 literature in the domains of business and management so as to identify current areas of research and propose future lines of research. Sigala (2020) , in the field of tourism, likewise undertook a critical review on the impacts and implications of COVID-19 so as to offer solutions to reset the industry. At the same time, efforts are being conducted to build COVID-19-oriented databases of scientific papers to continually update the scientific contributions to the subject. Examples are the databases of the World Health Organization (2020) and the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (2020).

In this period of pandemic, the audiovisual and written media bear the responsibility (now more than ever) to disseminate true and quality information, and prevent the proliferation of hoaxes and fake news in the face of an uncertain future. Nevertheless, the spread of fake news and misunderstandings is occurring, more than ever, and at a very rapid pace. This is due to the growth of accessibility to internet, the popularity of social media and the nature of how it works (i.e., post sharing) combined with the appetite of the media to increase their visibility via click-baiting techniques and sensational headlines. In their effort to avoid misconceptions, information and communication professionals have turned to scientific texts on virology, epidemiology, law, economics or psychology to attempt to transfer the scientific results through their newsletters in a simple, informative and accessible manner. Journalists from the newspaper El País (De Benito, 2020) , for example, reported on the findings of crucial scientific research with the aim to explain the drugs available to treat COVID-19. The New York Times (Debgupta, 2020) , likewise based on scientific data, offered a guide on how to attend to supermarket food purchases. The World Health J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f Organization (2020) also reported on how to cope with the stress related to COVID-19. This reporting on the effect of COVID-19 at pharmacological, nutritional and psychological levels contrasts with the little data advanced by the international media as to the consequences of COVID-19 on the environment. Exceptions are reports by the BBC (Henriques, 2020) that offered scientific details from other pandemics to answer the query "Will COVID-19 have a lasting impact on the environment?" The online newspaper Eldiario.es (García-Charton, 2020) likewise delved into the environmental consequences of new methods of consumption, migration and mobility subsequent to the crisis. It is also noteworthy that different media reported opposite data as to COVID-19's biomedical-environmental origin and ecological consequences (Anon., 2020; O'callaghan, 2020) .

Due to the low quality of the current information regarding the main environmental consequences of COVID-19 and the diffuse and little-known growth of reports on the subject, a descriptive and visual quantification of scientific research on the virus and its effect on the environment would be of assistance to information professionals and environmental academics to gain an objective perspective of the evolution, current scope and main results to include in their reporting and research. This task would lend a hand to information professionals to disseminate the effects of COVID-19 on the environment consistently and clearly and depict the encroaching phenomenon of the coming months. Although certain bibliometric analyses on COVID-19 exist in a general level (e.g., Bonilla-Aldana et al., 2020; Chahrour, 2020; Felice and Polimeni, 2020; Hossain, 2020; Nowakowska et al., 2020; Torres-Salinas, 2020) , no study has explored the evolution of publications related to COVID-19 or identified its main thematic axes and environmental consequences in the specific area of the environment.

Prior environmental research resorting to bibliometric analyses have examined the characteristics and implications of the patterns in shale gas literature between 1990 and 2014 J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f (Wang and Li, 2017) or have attempted to identify a research profile on the natural gas acquired from these types of deposits (Wang and Lin, 2016) . Closer to the current COVID-19 topic are studies delving into the effects of temperature and relative humidity on the viability of previous types of coronavirus (Casanova et al., 2010; Chan et al., 2011) . Other studies have focused on the survivability of earlier strains of coronavirus in water and wastewater (Gundy et al., 2008; Ye et al., 2016) . Recent environmental literature is placing great weight on the antecedents and consequences of COVID-19 on the environment and its interaction with human activities (e.g., Sims and Kasprzyk-Hordern, 2020; Wang and Su, 2020; Xie and Zhu, 2020) . The intention of the current study is to offer a first straightforward report on the evolution of publications combining the effect of COVID-19 on the environment since the outset of the pandemic, as well as to identify the main lines of research that are surging as a result of the crisis and establish a research agenda for environmental scholars. The study specifically pursues five objectives:

(i) quantification of the volume of production of COVID-19-related scientific articles in the field of environment studies including peer-reviewed publications indexed in the main databases (i.e. Web of Science and Scopus) spanning 1 December 2020 to 6 September 2020.

Environmental studies is a multidisciplinary field which systematically delves into human interaction with the environment. It specifically draws together principles from the physical sciences, commerce/economics, and humanities and social sciences to address complex contemporary environmental issues (Soulé and Press, 1998) .

(ii) identification of the main authors and scientific journals publishing research on COVID-19 and the environment. This study is not only a first in the evolution of COVID-19 research from the specific perspective of environmental studies, but will be of extreme utility for information professionals to disseminate objective and quality coverage on the effects of the virus on the environment. Furthermore, the results will offer insight into the authors, research journals and themes worth considering in future environmental research.

The databases Web of Science Core Collection and Scopus served for this study. The information gleaned from them was from a consultation carried out on 6 September 2020.

The query equation for Scopus was the following: ALL (( "2019-nCoV" OR "Covid-19" OR "COVID-19" OR "SARS-CoV-2" OR The initial search yielded over 2,618 papers in English, of which 714 were duplicates (i.e., indexed in both databases) and thus excluded from further analysis. The corpus was then narrowed down to articles within the scope of environmental studies so as to eliminate contributions linked to COVID-19 treatments, or others related to the implications of the virus on public health. This manual screening process led to a collection of 440 documents published between 1 December 2019 and 6 September 2020.

The data analysis was carried out with SciMAT software (Cobo et al., 2011) , a technique serving to examine the social, intellectual and conceptual framework of a specific field. Based on the two files extracted from consulting the Scopus and Web of Science databases, the SciMAT software: (i) sorted and ranked all the 440 documents by year of publication, number of citations, and titles of journals; and (ii) carried out a co-word analysis aiming to identify emerging themes related to COVID-19 stemming from the realm of environmental research (Cobo et al., 2012) . Thus the co-word analysis applied text-mining techniques to the titles, abstracts, and keywords leading to the design, based on fundamental bibliometric indicators such as the number of publications, of a strategic diagram illustrating the main themes of interest related to the issue of environment in COVID-19 research.

To accurately detect the main topics garnered from the co-word analysis, the authors specifically followed the steps outlined in the study by Cobo et al. (2011) consisting of isolating the author and journal keywords after an initial manual elimination of the documents not directly linked to the environment. The second step was to collect the relevant information from the raw data of these documents. As noted by Cobo et al. (2011) , this information is gathered by analyzing the co-occurrence of keyword frequency. Individually, this frequency J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f of two keywords is extracted from the corpus by computing the number of documents in which the two keywords appear together. The third step is to calculate the similarities between the items collected in the second step. The similarities are calculated from keywords co-occurrence frequency. Following the recommendation of Cobo et al. (2011) , an equivalence index is the most appropriate means to normalize the frequency of co-occurrence.

The fourth step was to determine the clusters that serve to identify subgroups of linked keywords that signal topics of interest. Likewise, following the method suggested by Cobo et al. (2011) , the Simple Center Algorithm (with the values 1 and 4 representing the minimum and maximum size of the network) was applied to detect the themes of relevance. Finally, the values of the "number of citations" and "number of documents" served to measure the quality of the strategic diagram.

The results of the bibliometric analysis applying the Web of Science and Scopus databases yielded a corpus of 440 articles published in peer-reviewed scientific journals since the outset of the pandemic (December 2019) combining the subject of COVID-19 and the environment. 72% were identified through Scopus. The remaining 28% were through both Scopus and Web of Science. Of note is that 96% indexed through the Web of Science finds are of open access, while 78.55% of this type were identified through Scopus.

The recent interest of the effects triggered by the international COVID-19 health crisis (Table 1 ). The authors with the greatest number of publications the effects of COVID-19 on the environment are primarily Chinese and American universities and research institutes (Table 2) . 

The two-dimensional graph generated by SciMAT software (Figure 1 and (6) lessons learnt from COVID-19 applicable to climate action.

One of the motor themes of environmental study literature linked to the COVID-19

pandemic is the role of the virus in air and water quality. A number of studies have explored the reduction of air pollutants (e.g., nitrogen dioxide, NO 2 ; carbon dioxide, CO 2 ; Particulate Matters, PM) and the decrease in fossil fuel emissions stemming from the daily lockdown. 

Another thematic area that stands out among the main analyses of COVID-19 and the environment is the effect of meteorological factors (i.e., temperature, humidity, wind speed and ultraviolet radiation) on the rate of COVID-19 infection.

Xie and Zhu (2020) Other research has focused on the relationship between wind, ultraviolet radiation and COVID-19 rates. Rendana (2020) specifically concluded that low wind speed correlates with a rise in COVID-19 cases (r = -0.314). The study also reveals that low temperatures and the number of sunshine hours match with a higher number of COVID-19 cases. Şahin (2020) 

Environmental studies are now paying particular attention to the effects of COVID-19 on wildlife and ecosystem conservation. Certain initial enquiries, such as that by Yuan et al. 

Environmental specialists have more recently attempted to evaluate the effects of COVID-19 on food supply chain efficiency and security, i.e., the availability and delivery of food and its accessibility. This is an important issue in environmental research as after the COVID-19 crisis rose to the top of policy agendas, several decision makers warned of the problem of food supply and spikes of food prices (Keulertz et al., 2020) . Deaton and Deaton (2020), for instance, in their appraisal of Canada's food security and agricultural systems during the pandemic, noted that despite surges in demand and supply chain disruptions, there was no broad, rapid hike in food prices suggesting an adequate short-term supply of food.

Kerr (2020) 

Environmental study academics also have explored how the monitoring of environmental settings can serve to prevent and predict such outbreaks and, consequently, improve public health. Sims and Kasprzyk-Hordern (2020) Their results suggest the great potential of wastewater monitoring to offer early warning signs on the extension of COVID-19 circulation in a community, especially among those marked by mild or no symptoms. Similar findings were reported by La Rosa et al. (2020) in Italy, Kumar et al. (2020) in India, and Mlejnkova et al. (2020) in the Czech Republic.

In order to implement strategies to prevent the spread of COVID-19, environmental researchers have also evaluated aerosol transmission. Morawska and Cao (2020) , for example, recommend that the authorities take into account the airborne spread of COVID-19 in their regulations to prevent transmission in indoor spaces. Tang et al. (2020) review the evidence of aerosol transmission and concluded its plausibility and scored, based on the weight of the combined evidence, at 8 out of 9.

J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f Applying the concept of smart cities to tourism is known as Smart tourism, that is, the creation of innovative spaces and improve services founded on a state-of-the-art technological infrastructure taking advantage of the surge of Information and Communication

Technologies. Its objective is to guarantee a sustainable development of a territory, accessible to all, and facilitate the interaction and integration of the visitor with the environment. In the framework of the current pandemic, tourism companies and institutions are increasingly boosting these intelligent environments as a way to monitor and guarantee tourist security.

Jamal and Budke (2020), for example, explain the importance of smart destinations and offer directions for tourism research and practice subsequent to the pandemic. Specifically, the authors state that there is a need of a greater responsibility among residents and tourists to

seek correct scientific facts about the virus and take sensible precautions, as well as exercise care to those suffering its adverse impact. They also advise of the need of a greater global coordination and attention to vulnerable destinations and an increase in the use of smart devices. Chang et al. (2020) likewise advance the need of development of a more sustainable tourism as a way to balance tourism, travel, and the hospitality industry. Among other measures, the authors highlight the urgency of personal protection equipment during travel, the need to implement comprehensive and frequent monitoring to control diseases and pandemics, as well as the necessity to impose updated rules to monitor medical facilities and highly trained on-board healthcare workers. Gallego and Font (2020) also advanced a method of the early detection of the reactivation of tourist markets to help mitigate the effects of the COVID-19 crisis resorting to analyzing Skyscanner data as to flight searches between November 2018 and December 2020. Their results reveal how Big Data can offer timely information crucial to identify highly volatile situations and that destination firms must improve their Big Data analytical competence.

Environmental studies are also evaluating the effects of artificial intelligence (a field of science and technology investigating the combination of algorithms designed to create machines emulating human capabilities) on how to control COVID-19. Ghazaly et al. (2020) , for example, conclude that artificial intelligence can be applied to deploy intelligent diagnostic and treatment devices. In addition, they surmise that it can serve for teleworking, distance education and intelligent production to ensure a minimal disruption of daily life.

Along a same vein, Nadikattuan et al. (2020) propose an innovative localization method to track through sensors the position of individuals in an outdoor environment. Specifically, the authors suggest a novel smart device resorting to artificial intelligence to maintain social distancing as well as to detect COVID-19 symptoms. Similarly, Simsek and Kantarci (2020) recommend an artificial intelligence-driven strategy for mobile assessment agents during epidemics/pandemics. By means of simulations of real street map mobile crowd-sensing simulator, the authors signal "… that on the 15th day following the first confirmed case in the J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f city under the risk of community spread, AI-enabled mobilization of assessment centers can reduce the unassessed population size down to one fourth of the unassessed population under the case when assessment agents are randomly deployed over the entire city" (Simsek and Kantarci, 2020, p. 1).

Main thematic networks serving to evaluate the interaction between COVID-19 and smart cities

A last research theme among the 440 documents identified by the searches of the databases focuses on the future tasks that we, as a society, and environmental researchers, must develop to mitigate climate change. Howarth et al. (2020) , for example, posit that COVID-19 has raised our awareness of how vulnerable we are in the face of climate change.

According to these authors, mitigating climate change requires a more carefully planned, inclusive, less disruptive and greater sustained response through deliberative engagement mechanisms aiming to build a social mandate for post-COVID climate action. In an effort to clarify the measures of sustainability that we must assume in the future help mitigate climate change, Meles et al. (2020) examined the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the 2030 EU CO 2 emissions target. The authors claim that although existing climate policy measures in the wake of the pandemic will reduce emissions more than 40% by 2030, this will not be enough to meet the guidelines of the Paris agreement. Hence a need for more strict and sustainable measures. Klenert et al. (2020) summarized the main lessons of COVID-19 applicable to reduce climate change: (i) delayed action increases mitigation costs; therefore, institutions and long-term incentives should be drawn up; (ii) there is a need to involve citizens in the reasons of climate change, thereby policies should be more appealing; (iii) actions in the future should address distributive concerns as well as measures of mitigation; (iv) individuals, governments and organizations must work together to encourage multilevel collaboration, tying in large emitters; and (iv) citizens must be inoculated against misinformation.

Environmental researchers have likewise highlighted that COVID-19 should serve as a starting point to promote social sustainable habits. Kleinschroth and Kowarik (2020) resorted to Google Trends to estimate changes in online searches for basic activities typically carried out in urban green areas (e.g., walking) before and after the onset of the pandemic. Their results indicate that searches for outdoor walks and parks during the pandemic increased exponentially. The authors therefore suggest that the crisis underscores the value of preserving and further developing urban green infrastructure. Along the same line, Mukanjari and Sterner (2020) propose that efforts to revitalize the economy after COVID-19 should resort to green and renewable resources as more polluting means and materials (e.g., airports, fossil fuel, carbon) experienced the largest decreases in stock value during the crisis.

Furthermore, Goffman (2020) states that the best way to simultaneously alleviate the rapidly moving pandemic crisis and the slower moving environmental crisis is through glocalization, that is, a world in which people live far more local lives than in recent decades but foster a greater global awareness through a connective world. The author adds that these measures J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f should be accompanied by a reduction of air and automobile travel and an increase in local production and smart growth. 

The global spread of the severe acute respiratory coronavirus 2 syndrome and the response to the pandemic by national authorities is unprecedented in its speed and scope. The current crisis has likewise placed information professionals in the centre of an information pandemic (Torres-Salinas, 2020) as they are required to turn to scientific texts as sources to offer the public simple, instructive and accessible information. Moreover, academics are turning to bibliometric surveys to facilitate navigating through the scientific databases to synthesize and simplify access to the findings of research on COVID-19. Despite the fact that COVID-19 bibliometric studies have been carried out in the fields of biology and medicine (Bonilla-Aldana et al. 2020), socioeconomics (Verma and Gustafsson, 2020) and

tourism (Sigala, 2020) , no study of this ilk has explored the growing number of COVID-19- This also suggests that populations suffering from poorer air quality suffer more COVID-19

infections, hospital admissions and deaths. Water pollution improved during the COVID-19 lockdown as evidenced by decreases in SPM and metal concentrations in lakes and rivers.

(ii) COVID-19 and meteorological factors. Environmental studies indicate significant correlations between wind speed, air pressure, humidity, ultraviolet radiation and COVID-19

rates. Despite certain findings suggesting an opposite effect between temperature and virus cases, little research corroborates such a link.

(iii) effects of COVID-19 on wildlife and agricultural conservation. Environmental study specialists exploring the changes provoked of COVID-19 on food supply chains and changes in waste habits during the pandemic offer arguments as to its impact on the conservation of biodiversity.

(iv) COVID-19 and epidemiology. Environmental researchers claim that monitoring wastewater has a great potential to offer early warning signs on the degree of distribution of COVID-19 in a community, especially among individuals bearing mild symptoms or no symptoms at all.

(v) COVID-19 and smart cities. Environmental and urban researchers coincide that the use of artificial intelligence, SIG and smart devices can serve in monitoring the mobilization of citizens in urban and tourism destinations, and thus play a vital role in preventing an advance of the pandemic. propagation. Hence prospective studies are now in a good position to evaluate this relationship in different tropical zones. Thirdly, future studies exploring social changes in energy consumption, real environmental purchases, waste behavior and leisure activities is required to advance in the understanding of the effects of pandemics on social daily routines.

Fourthly, although studies have identified airborne transmission of COVID-19, no analysis to date has specifically enquired into what extent meteorological factors or urban contexts affect this type of transmission. Lastly, more environmental studies are required to assess the manner in which smart devices and monitoring platforms can assist prevention and avoidance of COVID-19 propagation.

Finally, the current study only isolated documents indexed in the Web of Science and Scopus and has not identified all published materials. This study likewise did not take into account preprints, early versions of scientific articles, which also represent a rapid means of dissemination of information (Torres-Salinas, 2020). However, despite the fact that preprints enable a rapid dissemination of findings, commentaries and critical reviews through open access platforms, we contend that they increase the risk of spreading false information as they are posted devoid of independent quality control. Considering the daily coverage that COVID-19 receives from the international media, erroneous conclusions could be quickly replicated beyond the scientific sources leading to misinformation. Finally, the current study did not account for the different methods applied by environmental researchers. Future research should discuss these diverse methods applied to each of the above-mentioned thematic networks.

Hence the findings of this article offer information professionals with a true and objective framework of the main current scientific research combining COVID-19 and the environment. Journalists as well as information and documentation professionals, by incorporating these findings into their news stories and narratives, would bolster and guarantee their credibility in a time marked by an unprecedented information explosion.

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This study was supported by an Excellence Project awarded by the Junta de Andalusia [REF:B-SEJ-220-UGR18] and by a grant from the Fundación Ramón Areces [RARECES01-2019].

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