key: cord-255877-k8r98w3e
authors: Toye, Francine; Pearl, Jeannine; Vincent, Katy; Barker, Karen
title: A qualitative evidence synthesis using meta-ethnography to understand the experience of living with pelvic organ prolapse
date: 2020-09-01
journal: Int Urogynecol J
DOI: 10.1007/s00192-020-04494-z
sha: 
doc_id: 255877
cord_uid: k8r98w3e

INTRODUCTION AND HYPOTHESIS: Pelvic organ prolapse (POP) affects the lives of many people. We aimed to systematically search for, identify and synthesize qualitative research that explores what it is like to live with POP and make this knowledge available for healthcare improvement. METHODS: We systematically searched Medline, PsychInfo, Embase and CINAHL, from inception to March 2020, for qualitative research exploring the experience of living with POP. We used meta-ethnography to synthesize findings. This is a conceptual approach to qualitative evidence synthesis. We used the recent guidelines for reporting meta-ethnography. RESULTS: We screened 3103 titles and 255 abstracts and included 37 primary studies. These incorporated the experience of 777 women, (aged 18 to 95 years) from a range of countries. We organized 162 ideas into 27 conceptual categories and 10 themes. We developed a conceptual model that helps us to understand the experience of pelvic organ prolapse. This model indicates that (1) the physical losses of POP are intricately linked to loss of identity; (2) women conceptualized POP as part of womanhood, yet also its thief; (3) there is a vicious cycle of taboo, silence and misunderstanding about POP and its treatment; (4) this silence is exacerbated by a feeling that POP is not taken seriously in healthcare. CONCLUSIONS: This meta-ethnography helps us to understand the experience of living with a POP. Our model illustrates the complex process of healthcare decision making. Further studies to explore the complexity of decision making from the perspective of patient and health professional are timely.

Pelvic organ prolapse (POP) occurs when the muscles and tissues supporting the pelvic organs become weakened, causing one or more of the organs to bulge down out of position. Symptomatic POP has a prevalence of 3-6%, although this may be has high as 50% when based upon vaginal examination [1, 2] . In the UK, 96,286 surgical procedures for POP were performed between 2008 and 2017 [3] . This number is likely to increase with an ageing population. Public concern about the use of mesh for POP surgery, and the subsequent withdrawal of these procedures [3] , has highlighted the importance of incorporating patient voices into healthcare policy and practice [4] . We aimed to systematically search for, identify and synthesize qualitative research exploring the experience of living with POP in order to understand this experience and incorporate this knowledge into healthcare improvement.

Ethics Ethical permissions were not required for this study as it is an evidence synthesis of published studies.

Patient and Public Involvement: We identified a patient partner with experience of urogynaecology healthcare for POP to co-analyse the data and to work with us to develop a meaningful and relevant conceptual model. The National Institute of Health Research (UK) support the involvement of patient partners in research (https://www.invo.org.uk/) and we have found that patient partners make an important contribution to analysis in QES.

This phase includes developing the rationale and aims of the study. To determine the need for a QES to explore the experience of living with POP, we first searched for any existing QES, using search terms designed for that purpose [5] . We found one QES which aimed to identify core treatment outcomes for POP [6] . Our innovation was to undertake a comprehensive search and conceptual synthesis of primary qualitative research using the methods of meta-ethnography to help us to understand what it like to live with POP. There are different methods for synthesizing the findings of qualitative research. Some reviewers focus on amalgamating and describing primary research findings, whereas others aim to abstract findings and develop conceptual understanding. We planned to conceptualize the experience of living with POP and to develop a line of argument synthesis to make 'a whole into something more than the parts alone imply' [7] (page 28). Meta-ethnography is a conceptual approach [7] . This approach has been used effectively to conceptualize the experience of urinary incontinence [8] . We used the recent guidelines for reporting meta-ethnography (eMERGe) [9] . These guidelines report recommendations, guidance and good practice for conducting the seven phases of a meta-ethnography.

We included qualitative studies that explored the experience of POP. We used thesaurus and free text terms for qualitative research, combined with thesaurus and free text terms for POP. We limited our search to studies reported in English. Table 1 reports the elements of STARLITE recommended for qualitative research. STARLITE is an acronym which outlines the standards recommended for reporting systematic searches of qualitative research: Sampling strategy, Type of study, Approaches, Range of years, Limits, Inclusion and exclusions, Terms used and Electronic sources [10] . We began with Medline and then proceeded with PsychInfo, CINAHL and EMBASE to allow us to evaluate the added value of searching these databases. A single reviewer with > 20 years of qualitative research experience screened titles and abstracts for relevance [7] . Two reviewers appraised full texts, excluded 'irrelevant' or 'fatally flawed' studies and included studies that were at least 'satisfactory' [11] .

Once we had agreed which studies to include, we uploaded the manuscript onto Nvivo 11 software to allow us to keep track of data and link it to developing ideas. One reviewer read all studies in alphabetical order, by author, to identify concepts. Similarly, a second reviewer read the papers to identify, compare and discuss any differences. The aim of this was to add to concepts rather than agree about them.

We included all concepts identified from different contexts and research designs. We extracted contextual information to allow us to determine how studies were related to each other. Two reviewers 'translated' the concepts between studies by comparing them with each other, distilling their essence and sorting them into conceptual categories. We identified any disconfirming cases [9] that did not support our interpretations. One reviewer translated each conceptual category into accessible first-person English to distil its essential meaning, and this was checked by our patient partner. We repeated the same process of constant comparison with our conceptual categories to develop final further abstracted themes. We used the four domains of the GRADE-CERQual framework [12] to encourage reflection: (1) methodological limitation, (2) relevance, (3) adequacy of data ('richness and quantity of data'), and (4) coherence ('consistency across studies'). It is currently the only framework of its kind designed to provide guidance for assessing how much confidence to place in findings from QES.

We organized the themes into a conceptual model. This is done through a process of comparison, thinking and discussion: multiple draft versions of a model are made before reaching a final agreement on a model that synthesizes ideas into a line of argument. In view of the social distancing measures in place in response to COVID-19, two reviewers met on three occasions via remote meetings with video links to discuss and develop the model. We had successfully used this method when working with international patient partners on previous studies.

A summary of our search is shown in Fig. 1 . We screened 3103 titles, 255 abstracts and 46 full texts: we excluded 9 full texts and included data from 37 studies (32 unique samples). The majority of studies (32 out of 37) were identified from MEDLINE . Five further studies were identified from the remaining databases combined [45] [46] [47] [48] [49] . Table 2 shows the author, year of publication, number and age of participants, country of origin, condition, data collection and analysis methods, and aims for each study. Studies incorporated the experience of 777 women, ranging in age from 18 to 95 years, from a range of countries: USA (12) , Ethiopia (4), Nepal (4), UK (4), New Zealand (4), Sweden (2), USA/Mexico border (2) Canada (1), Iran (1), Mexico (1), The Netherlands (1) and South Africa (1).

We organized 162 ideas from the primary studies into 27 conceptual categories and 10 themes: my body is broken; the life of a woman can take its toll; I am broken; it has taken the woman out of me; my world is shrinking; pelvic organ prolapse is taboo; what on earth is going on down there; powerless in healthcare; which treatment should I choose; it was a relief to tell someone about it. Table 3 shows the studies supporting each theme. We report each theme with its underlying conceptual categories, translated into accessible firstperson English. Figure 2 gives an example of the phases of analysis in developing a theme. We also identify any disconfirming cases that did not support our interpretations [9] . We do not include first person narratives.

This theme describes the physical losses of POP: my bladder and bowel are in a mess; it feels like I have a ball in my vagina; the pain and discomfort are unrelenting; my body is falling apart. exp. "PERSONAL EXPERIENCE"/ Qualitative methodsfree text Qualitative ADJ5 (theor* OR study OR studies OR research OR analys*)).ti,ab OR (ethnog*).ti,ab OR (phenomenolog*).ti,ab OR (hermeneutic* OR heidegger* OR husserl* OR colaizzi* OR giorgi* OR glaser OR strauss OR (van AND kaam*) OR (van AND manen) OR ricoeur OR spiegelberg* OR merleau).ti,ab OR (constant ADJ3 compar*).ti,ab OR (grounded ADJ3 (theor* OR study OR studies OR research OR analys*)).ti,ab OR (narrative ADJ3 analys*).ti,ab OR (discourse ADJ3 analys*).ti,ab OR (conversation ADJ3 analys*).ti,ab OR ((lived OR life) ADJ3 experience*).ti,ab OR ((theoretical OR purposive) ADJ3 sampl*).ti,ab OR (field ADJ note*) OR (field ADJ record*) OR fieldnote*).ti,ab OR (participant* ADJ3 observ*).ti,ab OR (action ADJ research).ti,ab OR (digital ADJ record) OR audiorecord*).ti,ab OR (co AND operative) AND inquir* OR co-operative AND inquir*).ti,ab OR ((semi-structured OR semistructured OR unstructured OR structured) ADJ3 interview*).ti,ab OR (feminis*).ti,ab OR (humanistic OR existential OR experiential).ti,ab OR (social AND construct*).ti,ab OR (poststructural* OR post structural* OR post-structural*).ti,ab OR (postmodern* OR post modern* OR post-modern*).ti,ab OR ('appreciative inquiry').ti,ab OR ('interpretative phenomenological analysis').ti,ab OR (face ADJ3 interview*).ti,ab OR ((depth OR in-depth) ADJ3 interview*).ti,ab OR (abductive ADJ analys*).ti,ab) Condition terms exp "WOMEN'S HEALTH SERVICES"/ OR exp. GYNAECOLOGY/ OR exp. "REPRODUCTIVE MEDICINE"/ OR exp. UROLOGY/)" AND exp. "PELVIC ORGAN PROLAPSE"/" AND exp. "URINARY INCONTINENCE"/" AND (prolapse 

This theme describes prolapse as an inevitable consequence of women's labour, both work and childbirth. There was a sense this burden is rooted in their gendered roles and that women must get used to it. We found one disconfirming case in rural Mexico [36] , which not only questioned this inevitability, but also gave a sense that although the body loses strength with every child, that children also brought strength and support [36] . We found one disconfirming case of women living on the USA/Mexico border [25] , challenging this lack of understanding, although the study highlights women's misconceptions about the cause of POP.

This theme describes a feeling of being powerless in healthcare: the health professional undermines my experience: they do not take it seriously and they do not know what they are doing.

The health professional undermines my experience I thought that I had a problem, but the health professional said that I didn't. I started to doubt myself. I just accepted what they said. They don't discuss it with you. I was left with more questions than answers. I feel like a nuisance. They did not tell me that prolapse could get worse or discuss the importance of exercise. I feel misled. The health professionals don't take it seriously. The health professional dismissed my prolapse as 'just bagginess'. They don't take me seriously. They trivialize POP. They make you think that you are making a big fuss. They say it doesn't look too bad and that it is very common. There is no sense of urgency. The health professionals don't know what they are doing. The health professional does not seem to know about prolapse or how to treat it. You get different diagnoses. I am shocked about how little they know. They all have different ideas about it. I don't even know if they are choosing the right treatment.

This theme describes the complexity of making treatment decisions for prolapse: It is difficult to get into the habit of exercising; you have to learn to live with a pessary; surgery might not solve the problem.

It is difficult to get into the habit of exercising. I find it difficult to do pelvic floor muscle exercises regularly and accurately. I forget. I am not confident how to do it properly. I don't know if I am doing it right. You have to get into an exercise routine. Sometimes other things take precedence: I put my family needs first. You have to learn to live with a pessary. I hadn't heard of a pessary and didn't know what it was. I was worried that my body might reject it, or that it might get stuck. I did not feel confident about removing and inserting it. I was not comfortable touching myself. It takes time to get used to the idea. It is not a cure. It can be uncomfortable, or cause bleeding or discharge. However, it gave me freedom to choose when to use it and to do things that I could not do before. It is also less risky than surgery. Surgery might not solve the problem. I just wanted to have surgery so that it was gone for good: a pessary or exercises will not cure me. However, I have to balance the risks and benefits: Surgery might be too risky for me; it might not get rid of my symptoms; I might still be incontinent; I might need another operation; it might come back; there might be complications; I had already had unsuccessful surgery; do I really want plastic bits down there? If surgery fails, the impact would be potentially devastating.

This theme describes the relief that can follow if you break the silence of POP: I let it get so bad before I asked for help and it was a relief to know that I was not alone.

I let it get so bad before I asked for help. I should have done something sooner. I let it get so bad. However, I had to weigh up lots of things before I decided to ask for help: It is so embarrassing; it seems trivial compared to other things; I didn't have the money for travel or treatment; my life is too busy. It was a relief to know that I was not alone. It is a relief to tell people. I wish I had spoken sooner. It was so good to talk to someone else with POP. We shared our experience. I realised that I was not on my own, and I felt better. I am much more open now, and people are sympathetic. We don't have to hide. I have become an advocate for other women with POP and that makes me feel good.

We developed a conceptual model that can help us to understand the experience of living with POP (Fig. 3) . The model starts with physical losses (my body is broken), closely linked to loss of identity (I am broken): I can no longer do the things that I normally do, and I am losing my identity. Time and social space are shrinking, and I am living alone in a gap between what was and what could have been (my world is shrinking). Although I understand that my life as a woman underpins POP (a woman's life takes its toll), at the same time, POP has stolen my sense of being a women (it has taken the woman out of me). I see no beauty in me, and I have no sexual desire. Central to the experience of POP is a sense that I am living in silence: I am ashamed to talk about it (prolapse is taboo), I do not understand it (what is going on down there?) or what best to do about it (is there anything that will make me better?), and the health professional does not take me or my prolapse seriously or know what they are doing (I am powerless in healthcare). It would be a relief to talk about it so that I can get help, and to know that I am not alone (it was a relief to tell someone).

Our findings provide a conceptual synthesis, drawn from 37 international studies of 777 women, that can help us to understand the experience of women living with POP. We found that the physical losses of POP were intricately linked to loss of identity. We also found that women conceptualized POP as part of womanhood, yet also its thief. Finally, we found a vicious cycle of taboo, silence and misunderstanding about POP and its treatment. This silence was exacerbated by a sense that POP was not taken seriously in healthcare. Although we identified studies that explored healthcare professionals' experience of treating overactive bladder [50] , we did not identify any that explored the experience of treating women with POP. This area for future research may help us to understand some of the barriers to appropriate care.

There are some methodological issues related to QES to be considered: First, we identified 86% of included studies in Medline (76% from thesaurus terms). Although this might differ for each study, this finding resonates with our previous QES and indicates that Medline is an effective place to start searching. Further research on optimizing search strategies for QES would be useful as these are very time-consuming. Second, we would argue that verification of title and abstract screening by a second reviewer is not essential when the first reviewer is familiar with qualitative research methods: time might be more effectively spent on reflexive and collaborative analysis. QES searches do not aim to be exhaustive and there is no agreed guidance on whether a second reviewer is needed to verify screening. We would argue that verification of screening is not necessarily a good use of research time. Qualitative analysis does not involve numbers and does not rely on statistically representative data sets. Rather, the focus is on abstraction of ideas [8] . Third, we have not found that methodological appraisal, beyond satisfactory or not satisfactory, adds value to meta-ethnography. Similarly, we found it more useful to use a dichotomous categorisation (relevant or not relevant) rather than using all categories of relevance in GRADE-CERQual (partially, indirectly or unclear relevance). Finally, qualitative researchers should consider how, or whether adequacy ('degree of richness and quantity of data') and coherence (consistency across studies) are operationalizable for conceptual QES such as meta-ethnography. Our concern here is the misguided inference that more means truer [51] : ideas do not work like numbers. This concern resonates with issues related to sample size and data saturation in qualitative research [52] . However, we did find that keeping a tally of studies that supported each theme encouraged us to be reflexive and to challenge our interpretations. It also allows readers to identify studies that might be of interest to them.

Our findings are the result of a rigorous research process that incorporates the voices of 777 women living with POP. Our QES includes a diverse group of women from around the world and highlights shared experiences. However, we only included studies written in English, and further research focusing on experience of women from different backgrounds and contexts might be useful. People do not tend to define their experiences by pathology or condition, and it is not always possible to decipher isolated experiences. For this reason, we included eight studies of women with POP and urinary incontinence [15, 16, 25, 26, 31, 32, 37, 34] . We also found that urinary incontinence was an integral part of the experience of POP for some women in studies focusing primarily on POP.

Our conceptual model indicates that taboo and silence can become a barrier to healthcare. Findings resonate with a recent meta-ethnography of urinary incontinence [8] : a strong sense of stigma, shame and guilt, the pull towards concealment and secrecy, and the relief of being able to talk to others. The concept of taboo is relevant in healthcare and is associated with powerful emotions [53] . It is a poignant finding that women feel shame and disgust of their own bodies. In the seminal anthropological text, Purity and Danger, Douglas suggested that feelings of disgust stem from a cultural reaction to ambiguous categorisation or liminality [53] . This experience resonates with findings in urinary incontinence, where the 'boundary between inside and outside the body is unconventionally and unexpectedly breached' [8] . Our findings show that reducing shame and breaking silence can bring health and social rewards.

QES findings are a synthesis of primary research findings and, as such, are interpretations of interpretations (or third order constructs) [54] . This may mean that it is possible to lose sight of subtle nuances in the primary studies. Although qualitative research is traditionally idiographic, meaning that its focus is on unique contextual experience, we also feel that qualitative findings can contribute beyond a specific context. This metaethnography helps us to understand the global experience of living with POP. Our model illustrates the complex process of deciding what to do if you have a POP. Further studies to explore the complexity of decision making for POP within women's health and urogynaecology services are timely, particularly in the context of the recent public concern regarding specific surgical procedures, which highlight the importance of incorporating patient voices into healthcare, policy and practice [3] . 

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Acknowledgements We acknowledge the authors of the primary studies included in this QES and all the women who originally told their stories.

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