# pos

id: cord-016322-dyjpfvvf
pos: NNP
token:
  https://www.kff.org/globalhealth-policy/poll-finding/data-note-americans-views-on-the-u-s-role-in-global-health/.

lemma:
  https://www.kff.org/globalhealth-policy/poll-finding/data-note-americans-views-on-the-u-s-role-in-global-health/.


id: cord-023792-lrgj8gxd
pos: NNP
token:
  https://www.projectsyndicate.org/commentary/covid-19-deglobalization-pandemic-by-harold-james-2020-02

lemma:
  https://www.projectsyndicate.org/commentary/covid-19-deglobalization-pandemic-by-harold-james-2020-02


id: cord-023792-lrgj8gxd
pos: XX
token:
  https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-03-05/sequoia-capital-warns-startups-of-coronavirus-blackswan-event

lemma:
  https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-03-05/sequoia-capital-warns-startups-of-coronavirus-blackswan-event


id: cord-023792-lrgj8gxd
pos: XX
token:
  https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/mar/08/leaked-coronavirus-plan-to-quarantine-16m-sparks-chaosin-italy

lemma:
  https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/mar/08/leaked-coronavirus-plan-to-quarantine-16m-sparks-chaosin-italy


# ent

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entity:
  Red Cross and Red Crescent the International Medical Corps Save the Children and the International Rescue Committee The aid contributed to the faster deployment of doctors and nurses


id: cord-017858-kugh9y8c
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entity:
  the Causes of Illicit Traffic in Cultural Property and Some Potential Cures Art and Cultural Heritage Law Policy and


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entity:
  Poison Gas Plant Guilt Symbol Exposing a Devilish Gas Using Supercritical Water Oxidation to Treat Hydrosylate


id: cord-005227-74ycwmyg
type: ORG
entity:
  the National Research Council Industrial Aspects of Technical Cooperation in Microbiology and Biotechnology


id: cord-005227-74ycwmyg
type: CHEMICAL
entity:
  arsenic derivative Lieutenant Yamamoto Yoshinaka a 23 year old twice wounded in China watched as boats emerged from boats landing craft in the United States armada disgorging


id: cord-016557-f2mzwhrt
type: CELL_LINE
entity:
  Chinese hamster ovary CHO hypoxanthine guanine phosphoribosyl transferase mammalian cell forward gene


id: cord-016557-f2mzwhrt
type: GGP
entity:
  miticides e g avermectins azobenzene benzoximate bromopropylate dofenapyn nikkomycins tetranactin ii Algicides


id: cord-016557-f2mzwhrt
type: CHEMICAL
entity:
  ulceration acid base disturbances renal failure hypotension cardiac arrest pulmonary dysfunction convulsions coma


id: cord-016557-f2mzwhrt
type: CHEMICAL
entity:
  3 ethoxypropyl mercury bromide ethylmercury acetate ethylmercury bromide ethylmercury chloride ethylmercury 2 3 dihydroxypropyl mercaptide ethylmercury phosphate N ethylmercury ptoluenesulphonanilide


id: cord-022380-49oti4zg
type: GGP
entity:
  Kaposi s sarcoma lymphoma disseminated TB toxoplasmosis and cryptococcal meningitis now account for the majority of index HIV


id: cord-022380-49oti4zg
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entity:
  the Advisory Council for the Elimination of Tuberculosis Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Targeted


id: cord-022380-49oti4zg
type: ORG
entity:
  the Immunization Practices Advisory Committee ACIP Occupational Safety and Health Administration Department of Labor


id: cord-022380-49oti4zg
type: ORG
entity:
  National Institutes of Health Consensus Development Conference Panel Statement Management of Hepatitis C


id: cord-022380-49oti4zg
type: ORG
entity:
  the Healthcare Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee HICPAC US Department of Health and Human Services Centers for Disease Control Case


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type: CELL_LINE
entity:
  PER C6 cell grown influenza H7 virus vaccine Influenza vaccination coverage how well did we do in 2012 13


id: cord-001800-644lf8vn
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  Estimating the Potential Effects of a Vaccine Program Against an Emerging Influenza Pandemic United States


id: cord-001800-644lf8vn
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entity:
  influenza A H7N9 virus Population level antibody estimates to novel influenza A H7N9 Emergence of avian influenza A H7N9 virus


id: cord-016536-8wfyaxcb
type: GGP
entity:
  Specifi c Explanations of a General Pattern The SPIRITual History Religion and Depression A Review of the Literature Religious Involvement and Mortality A Meta Analytic Review Income Dynamics and Adult Mortality in the United States The Case for More Active Policy Attention


id: cord-016536-8wfyaxcb
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entity:
  Health Problems Health and Ways of Living The Alameda County Study Social Determinants of Health Meeting


id: cord-016536-8wfyaxcb
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  The State of the Debate on Inequality FPP 04 5 Ottawa Canada Canadian Foundation for the Americas FOCAL Regional Obesity and Risk of Cardiovascular Disease


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type: ORG
entity:
  Cambridge MA Harvard Center for Population and Development Studies Alternative Projections of Mortality and


id: cord-016536-8wfyaxcb
type: ORG
entity:
  q23 Impact of Regional Climate Change on Human Health Global Prescriptions Gendering Health and Human Rights Levels of Physical Activity and Inactivity in Children and Adults


id: cord-016536-8wfyaxcb
type: ORG
entity:
  Health A Review and Redirection Men s Health Chronic Lower Respiratory Diseases World Health Organization


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entity:
  The Convention on the Prohibition of the Development Production and Stockpiling of Biological and Toxin Weapons


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  United States PLoS Medicine 4 12 NYC Health 2007 HIV Epidemiology and Field Services Research Unit Report Accessed 5 November Human Rights Watch 2006 Family Unvalued


id: cord-017675-in9r33ww
type: ORG
entity:
  Practice Division of Epidemiology School of Public Health University of Illinois at Chicago Betteridge G


id: cord-017675-in9r33ww
type: ORG
entity:
  Sub Saharan Africa Harvard School of Public Health Program on International Health and Human Rights Hamied YK


id: cord-017675-in9r33ww
type: ORG
entity:
  the Center of the Global AIDS Struggle Open Society Institute The Way Forward Prevention Treatment and Human Rights Conspiring


id: cord-017675-in9r33ww
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  The Way Forward Prevention Treatment and Human Rights Consolidated Version New Law Allows Needle Exchanges


id: cord-017675-in9r33ww
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  Statement on HIV AIDS Related Travel Restrictions International Guidelines on HIV AIDS and Human Rights


id: cord-016840-p3sq99yg
type: ORG
entity:
  Africa Ideas for Action Westlands Nairobi HelpAge International Africa Regional Development Centre Military Preventative Medicine Mobilization


id: cord-263667-5g51n27e
type: ORG
entity:
  Veterinary Public Health Laboratory US Department of Health Education and Welfare Public Health Service


id: cord-016130-5q9ufu28
type: CELL_TYPE
entity:
  human T lymphocyte proliferation 145 146 and vitamin D analogs have been shown to be effective in the prevention and treatment of some models of autoimmune disease in rodents particularly autoimmune diabetes in mice 144 147 148 In 1997 Muhe and colleagues 110 149


id: cord-016130-5q9ufu28
type: ORG
entity:
  Medicaid The Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women Infants and Children or the Food Stamp Program


id: cord-016130-5q9ufu28
type: ORG
entity:
  the United States Department of Agriculture USDA Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women Infants and Children WIC


id: cord-016130-5q9ufu28
type: ORG
entity:
  Free Radical Scavenging Enzyme Activity Profiles in Risk Assessment of Idiosyncratic Drug Reactions Free


id: cord-016130-5q9ufu28
type: ORG
entity:
  American Medical Association International Classification of Diseases 9th Revision Clinical Modification Compliance


id: cord-016130-5q9ufu28
type: ORG
entity:
  The Norwegian National Council on Nutrition and Physical Activity Feeding Recommendations for Infants for Health Care Workers


id: cord-017554-yvx1gyp9
type: LAW
entity:
  the International Covenant on Social Economic and Cultural Rights the Convention on the Rights of the Child the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination and the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities These


id: cord-017554-yvx1gyp9
type: ORG
entity:
  Inter Governmental Asia Pacific Consultations on Refugees Displaced Persons And Migrants APC Environmental


id: cord-022734-xpyldrw7
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  The Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism Public Health Security and Bioterrorism Preparedness and Response Act


id: cord-033687-djkljey2
type: GPE
entity:
  the United States Effect of Media Environment Diversity and Advertising Tone on Information Search Selective Exposure


id: cord-023713-daz2vokz
type: DATE
entity:
  1956 1958 1960 1962 1964 1966 1968 1970 1972 1974 1976 1978 1980 1982 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 1984 2002


id: cord-023713-daz2vokz
type: ORG
entity:
  National Heart Lung and Blood Institute World Health Organization Global Initiative for Asthma Public Health Service National Institutes of Health NIH


id: cord-023713-daz2vokz
type: CHEMICAL
entity:
  vitamin C carotenoids flavonoids polyunsaturated fatty acids vitamin D folate 122 133 foods e g fruits vegetables metals


id: cord-023713-daz2vokz
type: DISEASE
entity:
  Bacillus subtilis papain fungal amylase wood dust or barks e g Western red cedar oak reactive dyes drugs e g penicillin methyldopa metals


id: cord-257751-n7w1psr4
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  Coping With COVID 19 Learning from Past Pandemics to Avoid Pitfalls www ghspjournal org Global Health Science and Practice 2020


id: cord-326922-bajpr5a2
type: ORG
entity:
  Congress of Clinical Toxicology NACCT American College of Emergency Physicians ACEP Scientific Assembly Society for Academic Emergency Medicine


id: cord-326922-bajpr5a2
type: ORG
entity:
  Central Admixture Pharmacy Services Inc Summary Suspension Maryland State Board of Pharmacy Outbreak of Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome Linked


id: cord-265017-byyx2y47
type: ORG
entity:
  the American Indian Pandemic Influenza Emergency Planning and Community Preparedness Postal Testing Increasing


id: cord-269958-nj0ub9in
type: DISEASE
entity:
  independence movements to xenophobic and antiimmigrant expressions within an existing state The current form of nationalist governance


id: cord-323913-v32c2vda
type: DISEASE
entity:
  diseases of the cardiovascular or pulmonary system diabetes mellitus hemoglobinopathies renal insufficiency


id: cord-027860-s97hdhh6
type: CL
entity:
  lymphocytic meningitis cranial neuropathy especially facial nerve palsy radiculoneuritis migratory joint and muscle pains myocarditis and transient atrioventricular blocks of varying degree If left untreated the disease can progress to intermittent swelling and pain of one or a few joints usually large weight bearing joints such as the knee cognitive disorders sleep disturbance fatigue and personality changes The diagnosis is based primarily on clinical findings and it is often appropriate to treat patients with early disease solely on the basis of objective signs and a known exposure Serologic testing may provide valuable supportive diagnostic information in patients with endemic exposure and objective clinical findings that suggest later stage disseminated Lyme disease Treatment for 3 to 4 weeks with doxycycline or amoxicillin


id: cord-027860-s97hdhh6
type: GGP
entity:
  Castleman s disease HSV Herpes simplex virus EBV Epstein Barr virus HHV human herpesvirus VZV varicella zoster virus RSV respiratory syncytial virus GVHD graft


id: cord-027860-s97hdhh6
type: ORG
entity:
  Infectious Diseases Society American Thoracic Society Consensus Guidelines on Management of Community Acquired Pneumonia in Adults


id: cord-027860-s97hdhh6
type: ORG
entity:
  Infectious Diseases Society American Thoracic Society Consensus Guidelines on Management of Community Acquired Pneumonia


id: cord-027860-s97hdhh6
type: ORG
entity:
  the Infectious Diseases Society of America Infectious Viral Hepatitis National Institutes of Health Consensus Development Conference Statement


id: cord-027860-s97hdhh6
type: DISEASE
entity:
  HBV hepatitis B virus Abscesses Hepatic subhepatic gallbladder subphrenic splenic periappendiceal perinephric pelvic


id: cord-263261-xhem8l39
type: DNA
entity:
  MMR measles mumps rubella 2 doses Hib Hemophilus influenza b rotavirus pneumococcal pneumonia and HPV Human papillomavirus vaccines


id: cord-263261-xhem8l39
type: ORG
entity:
  Accountable Care Organizations ACO Patient Centered Medical Home PCMH and Population Health Management System PHMS


id: cord-263261-xhem8l39
type: ORG
entity:
  Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development OECD Organization of Economic Cooperation and Development OECD Organization of Economic Cooperation and Development OECD


id: cord-329283-s3ale8ko
type: CELL_LINE
entity:
  Refugees UNHCR United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees UNHCR 2020a IOM UNHCR Announce Temporary Suspension of Resettlement Travel


id: cord-209730-nzcch4ji
type: CELL_LINE
entity:
  U S Financial Crisis A blockchain system with integrated human and computer intelligence The Chinese version 论数字货币与世界财富 科技中心的转移


id: cord-326916-bakwk4tm
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  The Rate of Underascertainment of Novel Coronavirus 2019 nCoV Infection Estimation Using Japanese Passengers Data on Evacuation Flights


id: cord-327748-8ob6okeh
type: FAC
entity:
  Tornado Warnings Behavioral Foundations of Community Emergency Planning Communication of Emergency Public Warnings A Social Science Perspective


id: cord-024981-yfuuirnw
type: ORG
entity:
  Emergency Nurses Association Pediatric Committee American College of Emergency Physicians National Association of EMS Physicians Pediatric Equipment Guidelines Committee Emergency Medical Services for Children EMSC Partnership for Children Stakeholder Group Handbook


id: cord-024981-yfuuirnw
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  Quantico VA Critical Incident Response Group CIRG National Center for the Analysis of Violent Crime Perforation of


id: cord-024981-yfuuirnw
type: ORG
entity:
  Preparedness and Response Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority United States Department of Health and Human Services Office of the


id: cord-023367-ujflw19b
type: DISEASE
entity:
  intestinal malabsorption electrolyte loss metabolic acidosis hypoglycemia hyponatremia hypochloremia hyperkalemia


id: cord-273789-sbppgkza
type: ORG
entity:
  Centers for Disease Control and Prevention National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases Division of Vector Borne


id: cord-021555-rrverrsj
type: ORG
entity:
  Current Veterinary Therapy Food Animal Practice Livestock Handling Guide Management Practices that Reduce Livestock Bruises and Injuries


id: cord-021555-rrverrsj
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  Animal Models of Human Disease Bibliography of Naturally Occurring Models of Human Disease Postpartum


id: cord-021555-rrverrsj
type: DISEASE
entity:
  abscesses tetanus selenium vitamin E deficiencies copper deficiency strawberry foot rot bluetongue virus infection


id: cord-315726-ltjurdrq
type: ORG
entity:
  first Emerging Infections Enteropathogenic Infections Epidemiological Concepts and Historical Examples


id: cord-315726-ltjurdrq
type: DISEASE
entity:
  foodborne viruses rotavirus enteric adenovirus saporo like viruses coronaviruses toroviruses reoviruses


id: cord-343021-gqem6bxj
type: ORG
entity:
  Allam Zaheer title Oil Health Equipment and Trade Revisiting Political Economy and International Relations


id: cord-343021-gqem6bxj
type: ORG
entity:
  Coronavirus Pandemic Energy Consumption Economic Growth and Financial Development Exploring the Empirical Linkages for India Hundreds of Doctors


id: cord-300371-6ja5o3sa
type: ORG
entity:
  Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Yellow Fever Vaccine Information Statement Cruise Ships A


id: cord-321194-xi4zy5ow
type: CELL_LINE
entity:
  China Displayed Sign Banning Black People Trump Signs Historic 2 Trillion Stimulus After Congress Passes


id: cord-321194-xi4zy5ow
type: DNA
entity:
  Curb Coronavirus EBRD Unveils V1 Billion Emergency Coronavirus Financing Package Inquiry After 668 of French Aircraft Carrier s Crew Catch Coronavirus Coronavirus Nuggets Report Member of Organization Tested Positive


id: cord-321194-xi4zy5ow
type: ORG
entity:
  Tackle Coronavirus Outbreak Commission Publishes Guidance on Export Requirements for Personal Protective Equipment


id: cord-321194-xi4zy5ow
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  Prisoners to Curb Coronavirus EBRD Unveils V1 Billion Emergency Coronavirus Financing Package Inquiry


id: cord-319463-erdwejd2
type: ORG
entity:
  The Interrelationships of Climate Change International Commerce Free Trade and International Travel on Observed Human Health Consequences Many


id: cord-319463-erdwejd2
type: CHEMICAL
entity:
  rodenticides 5 reducing and controlling snail and slug paratenic host populations with molluscicides


id: cord-325300-wawui0fd
type: ORG
entity:
  the advisory Committee on Immunization Practices the American Academy of Pediatrics the American Academy of Family Physicians


id: cord-325300-wawui0fd
type: ORG
entity:
  Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices the American Academy of Pediatrics


id: cord-297125-la20vi9j
type: ORG
entity:
  A Milbank Foundation Report World Health Organization Maximizing Positive Synergies Collaborative Group


id: cord-297125-la20vi9j
type: CHEMICAL
entity:
  atenolol bezafibrate clofibric acid cyclophosphamide diazepam erythromycin furosemide lincomycin oleandomycin ranitidine


id: cord-348495-pa6iqc83
type: ORG
entity:
  Migration Using Big Data Exploring the Potential of Social Media Data for Measuring EU Mobility Flows and Stocks of


id: cord-294590-1niaplc2
type: DISEASE
entity:
  bacterial or viral infection bronchoalveolar fluid sputum tracheal aspirates nasal washings and nasal nasopharyngeal and oropharyngeal swab


id: cord-308066-lrbi5198
type: CL
entity:
  red fox rabies in many countries in western Europe Aubert 1999b In the United States deployment of ORV to reduce enzootic


id: cord-308066-lrbi5198
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  The Compendium of Animal Rabies Prevention and Control Centers for Disease Control 2005 Surveillance


id: cord-304056-2bo0s0hz
type: DNA
entity:
  Transatlantic Administrative Simplification Workshop a Medicines Regulation Transatlantic Administrative Simplification Action Plan


id: cord-304056-2bo0s0hz
type: LAW
entity:
  Regulation and Licensing of Biological Products in Countries with Newly Developing Regulatory Authorities 63


id: cord-304056-2bo0s0hz
type: EVENT
entity:
  The International Conference on Harmonization of Technical Requirements for Registration of Pharmaceuticals for Human Use ICH


id: cord-304056-2bo0s0hz
type: ORG
entity:
  the Assessment and Control of DNA Reactive Mutagenic Impurities in Pharmaceuticals to Limit Potential Carcinogenic Risk


id: cord-304056-2bo0s0hz
type: ORG
entity:
  the ICH GCP Registration of medicines Guidelines for Submitting Applications for Registration of a Medicine


id: cord-304056-2bo0s0hz
type: EVENT
entity:
  the International Conference on Harmonization of Technical Requirements for Registration of Pharmaceuticals for Human Use ICH


id: cord-304056-2bo0s0hz
type: ORG
entity:
  the Transatlantic Administrative Simplification Workshop a Medicines Regulation Transatlantic Administrative Simplification Action Plan


id: cord-304056-2bo0s0hz
type: DISEASE
entity:
  diseases via blood products It also contributes to technology transfer global cooperation and harmonization of regulations via the Blood Regulators


id: cord-347601-kt2rqx8m
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  Omnibus Bill Completes NIH Doubling Plan Large Increases for Bioterrorism R D and Facilities R D Funding Update R D


id: cord-347601-kt2rqx8m
type: ORG
entity:
  Funding University Science National Research Funding Levels Science Policy Study Task Force on Science Policy Committee on Science and Technology


id: cord-347601-kt2rqx8m
type: EVENT
entity:
  World War II Pasteur s Quadrant Basic Science and Technological Innovation Historical Institutionalism in Comparative Politics Sponsored


id: cord-353772-z1x52stl
type: ORG
entity:
  Biological Warfare Health Services Effects of War and Political Violence on Health Consequences of War and Political Violence Biohazard New York


id: cord-353772-z1x52stl
type: ORG
entity:
  Committee on Research Standards and Practices to Prevent the Destructive Application of Biotechnology Biowarrior Inside


id: cord-351231-aoz5jbf1
type: ORG
entity:
  California World Health Organization Multicentre Collaborative Network for Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome


id: cord-351231-aoz5jbf1
type: DISEASE
entity:
  influenza A H7N9 and influenza A H5N1 28 29 30 Both show high mortality rates but little evidence so far of that single critical mutation permitting attachment to the hemagglutinin antigen


id: cord-337218-risqto89
type: ORG
entity:
  TEEB United Nations Environment Programme Guidelines for Ecological Risk Assessment Wadeable Streams Assessment A Collaborative Survey of the Nation s Streams


id: cord-337218-risqto89
type: CHEMICAL
entity:
  giant kelp Macrocystis pyrifera decimating the kelp fronds and the habitat they provided for countless other marine creatures including commercially harvested fishes Thanks


id: cord-303447-3a7jxl34
type: ORG
entity:
  United States Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices American Academy of Pediatrics American Academy of Family Physicians National Immunization Program Development of


id: cord-303447-3a7jxl34
type: ORG
entity:
  the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices the American Academy of Pediatrics the American Academy of Family Physicians


id: cord-023767-rcv4pl0d
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  chemokines e g interleukm IL 8 monocyte chemotactic protein type 1 MCP 1 1 granulocyte macrophage cell stimulating factor GM CSF


id: cord-023767-rcv4pl0d
type: GGP
entity:
  adenosine diphosphate ribosylation of a guanosine triphosphate binding regulatory subunit of adenylate cy


id: cord-340195-425rd7ul
type: CELL_LINE
entity:
  China Philippines Hong Kong Thailand and Nigeria 5 countries with endemic pathogens such as highly pathogenic H5N1 influenza virus Nipah virus and simian retroviruses Health risks to the US public agricultural industry and native wildlife posed by the wildlife trade have generally not been quantified due to minimal surveillance of live animal imports and the absence of surveillance of wildlife product


id: cord-340195-425rd7ul
type: ORG
entity:
  the US Geological Survey National Wildlife Health Center the Department of Health and Human Services the Public Health Service


id: cord-292853-xihpfidg
type: ORG
entity:
  the United Nations Principles on the Effective Investigation and Documentation of Torture and Other Cruel Inhuman


id: cord-292853-xihpfidg
type: ORG
entity:
  Catholic Charities United States Church World Service Lutheran Disaster Response National Association of Jewish Chaplains


id: cord-292853-xihpfidg
type: ORG
entity:
  Green Cross Action Aid the United States the American Refugee Committee The Center for Victims of Torture and Doctors Without


id: cord-273099-zkk5d6gd
type: GGP
entity:
  antigen e g Hib 31 Figure 1 As such small deviations in the manufacturing process can have a major impact on the potency and or purity of these products


id: cord-273099-zkk5d6gd
type: ORG
entity:
  ACIP Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices BLA Biological License Application HRSA Health Resources and Services Administration


id: cord-273099-zkk5d6gd
type: ORG
entity:
  Department of Health and Human Services Health Resources and Services Administration National Vaccine Injury Compensation Program


id: cord-275033-y9z9l0ji
type: ORG
entity:
  Policy Ottawa CA Caledon Institute of Social Policy Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion


id: cord-275033-y9z9l0ji
type: ORG
entity:
  the United States Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices ACIP United States Department of Health and Human Services United States Department of Health and Human Services


id: cord-275033-y9z9l0ji
type: ORG
entity:
  The Task Force on Community Preventive Services Institute of Medicine US Committee on Immunization Finance Policies


id: cord-275033-y9z9l0ji
type: ORG
entity:
  Comunity Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation for Use of Immunization Information Systems to Increase Vaccination Rates Immunization


id: cord-334925-csy5fekx
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  In Rethinking Integrated Care A Systematic Hermeneutic Review of the Literature on Integrated Care Strategies and Concepts Gemma Hughes


id: cord-023529-zrnczve3
type: ORG
entity:
  the national Institute of Standards and Technology Final Report on the Collapse of the World Trade Center


id: cord-023529-zrnczve3
type: ORG
entity:
  The World Trade Center Building Performance Study Data Collection Preliminary Observations and Recommendations


id: cord-023529-zrnczve3
type: ORG
entity:
  the World Trade Center Building Performance Study Data Collection Preliminary Observations and Recommendations


id: cord-023529-zrnczve3
type: ORG
entity:
  DictionarySearchKey F Emergency Evacuation Elevator Systems Guideline Council on Tall Buildings and Urban


id: cord-023529-zrnczve3
type: ORG
entity:
  Norton Information Resources Center Building Performance Study Data Collection Preliminary Observations and Recommendations Federal Emergency Management Agency Lessons Learned


id: cord-323311-xl2fv0qx
type: ORG
entity:
  P L Nara Center for Advanced Host Defences Immunobiotics and Translational Comparative Medicine Iowa State University Ames Iowa USA


id: cord-323311-xl2fv0qx
type: ORG
entity:
  PCR Assay for Detection and Differentiation of Mycoplasma Species in Biological Samples From Various Hosts


id: cord-323311-xl2fv0qx
type: ORG
entity:
  Diagnostics Veterinary Services Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service United States Department of Agriculture


id: cord-323311-xl2fv0qx
type: ORG
entity:
  P S A Woods Veterinary Public Health Section Faculty of Veterinary Science University of Pretoria Onderstepoort South Africa


id: cord-323311-xl2fv0qx
type: ORG
entity:
  N M Taylor Veterinary Epidemiology and Economics Unit School of Agriculture Policy and Development University of Reading


id: cord-323311-xl2fv0qx
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  Emerging Antimicrobial Resistance in Commensal E Coli with Public Health Relevance by Dr A Käsbohrer


id: cord-323311-xl2fv0qx
type: EVENT
entity:
  this Special Supplement Constructing Ecological Networks A Tool to Infer Risk of Transmission and Dispersal of Leishmaniasis Dr C González Salazar


id: cord-323311-xl2fv0qx
type: ORG
entity:
  MedImmune Boehringer Ingelheim Vetmedica GmbH Prionics AG Center of Excellence for Emerging and Zoonotic Animal Diseases CEEZAD


id: cord-332610-t99l3zii
type: ORG
entity:
  Balance New and Resurgent Infections Prediction Detection and Management of Tomorrow s Epidemics The Changing Face of Disease Implications for Society


id: cord-332610-t99l3zii
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  The Politics of Emerging and Resurgent Infectious Diseases Disease in Evolution Global Changes and Emergence of Infectious Diseases Endocrine Diseases Overview P C Hindmarsh


id: cord-263438-9ra94uda
type: GGP
entity:
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id: cord-263438-9ra94uda
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  The Global Threat of New and Reemerging Infectious Diseases Reconciling U S National Security and Public Health Policy 53


id: cord-263438-9ra94uda
type: FAC
entity:
  Malaria Textbook of Malaria Eradication Dynamics of Tropical Disease A Selection of Papers with Biographical Introduction


id: cord-263438-9ra94uda
type: ORG
entity:
  Zaire Public Health Systems and Emerging Infections Assessing the Capabilities of the Public and Private Sectors


id: cord-263438-9ra94uda
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  The Global Threat of New and Reemerging Infectious Diseases Reconciling U S National Security and Public Health Policy WHO


id: cord-263438-9ra94uda
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  The Global Threat of New and Reemerging Infectious Diseases Reconciling U S National Security and Public Health Policy


id: cord-263438-9ra94uda
type: ORG
entity:
  the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases Preventing Emerging Infectious Diseases A Strategy


id: cord-263438-9ra94uda
type: ORG
entity:
  SARS Bell DMWorld Health Organization Working Group on International and Community Transmission of SARS Public


id: cord-263438-9ra94uda
type: ORG
entity:
  Managed Care Systems and Emerging Infections Challenges and Opportunities for Strengthening Surveillance Research and Prevention


id: cord-339372-f3onp9mg
type: ORG
entity:
  The Council on Credentialing in Pharmacy Resource Document Continuing Professional Development in Pharmacy


id: cord-339372-f3onp9mg
type: ORG
entity:
  the Accreditation Council for Pharmacy Education Guidance on Continuing Professional Development CPD


id: cord-339372-f3onp9mg
type: ORG
entity:
  CPE Monitor Plus FIP International Pharmaceutical Federation Statement of Professional Standards on Continuing Professional Development Forty Years of ACPE CPE Accreditation Opportunities and Responsibilities in Pharmaceutical Care Accreditation Council for Pharmacy Education Policies and Procedures for ACPE Accreditation of Professional Degree Programs ASHP s


id: cord-339372-f3onp9mg
type: ORG
entity:
  Pharmacist Practitioners Essential Health Care Providers Developing a Vision and Strategic Action Plan


id: cord-339372-f3onp9mg
type: ORG
entity:
  the PA Profession Committee on Planning a Continuing Health Professional Education Institute Redesigning Continuing Education


id: cord-339372-f3onp9mg
type: ORG
entity:
  the Health Professions International Federation of Pharmacists FIP Statement of Professional Standards Continuing Professional Development Resource Document on Continuing Professional Development in Pharmacy Guidance on Continuing Professional Development CPD


id: cord-339372-f3onp9mg
type: ORG
entity:
  Health Care Outcomes Continuing Professional Development Continuing Education in Pharmacy A Global Report Continuing Professional Development Training Program Among Pharmacist Preceptors and Non Preceptors


id: cord-276758-k2imddzr
type: DNA
entity:
  ucNavMenu_TSMenuTargetType54 ucNavMenu_TSMenuID56 id51613 Streptococcus salivarius meningitis following myelography Streptococcal meningitis complicating diagnostic myelography three cases and review Streptococcal meningitis after myelography Iatrogenic meningitis an increasing role for resistant viridans streptococci Case


id: cord-276758-k2imddzr
type: GGP
entity:
  I B 3 c Airborne Transmission Airborne transmission occurs by dissemination of either airborne droplet


id: cord-276758-k2imddzr
type: ORG
entity:
  the Guidelines for Prevention of Transmission of Tuberculosis in Hospitals and Other Health Care Settings


id: cord-276758-k2imddzr
type: ORG
entity:
  The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention s National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health


id: cord-276758-k2imddzr
type: ORG
entity:
  Hygiene Task Force Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America Association for Professionals in Infection Control Infectious Diseases Society of America Guideline


id: cord-276758-k2imddzr
type: ORG
entity:
  Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America and Infectious Diseases Society of America Joint Committee on the Prevention of Antimicrobial Resistance


id: cord-276758-k2imddzr
type: DISEASE
entity:
  myocardial infarction congestive heart failure overdose stroke gastrointestinal bleeding renal failure hepatic failure multiorgan system failure


id: cord-307899-427a7i3h
type: CELL_LINE
entity:
  chicken pancreas cell culture Miyamae 1978 Inactivated AE virus vaccines have been developed for use in susceptible breeding flocks


id: cord-009997-oecpqf1j
type: DNA
entity:
  t 12 21 p13 q22 11q23 rearrangements KMT2A iAmp21 t 1 19 q23 p13 1 t 9 22 q34 q11 hypodiploidy hyperdiploidy


id: cord-009997-oecpqf1j
type: CELL_LINE
entity:
  California San Diego La Jolla California United States Background Clinical outcomes after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation HSCT


id: cord-009997-oecpqf1j
type: GGP
entity:
  Asmaa Salama Eman D El Desouky Lobna Shalaby National Cancer Institute Cairo Cairo Egypt Background Hodgkin lymphoma HL


id: cord-009997-oecpqf1j
type: ORG
entity:
  the SIOP International Society of Paediatric Oncology PODC Paediatric Oncology in Developing Countries Abandonment of Treatment Working Group


id: cord-009997-oecpqf1j
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  OS Children s Mercy Hospital Kansas City Kansas City Missouri United States Background Post Consolidation


id: cord-009997-oecpqf1j
type: DISEASE
entity:
  B cell lymphoma posttransplant lymphoproliferative disease Wilms tumor rhabdomyosarcoma Ewings sarcoma osteosarcoma neuroblastoma


id: cord-009997-oecpqf1j
type: DISEASE
entity:
  rhabdomyosarcoma RMS n 2 alveolar histology primary site nasopharynx n 1 and lower extremity n 1 Ewing s sarcoma


# url

id: cord-016322-dyjpfvvf
domain: www.kff.org
url:
  http://www.kff.org/globalhealth-policy/poll-finding/data-note-americans-views-on-the-u-s-role-in-global-health/


id: cord-023792-lrgj8gxd
domain: www.projectsyndicate.org
url:
  http://www.projectsyndicate.org/commentary/covid-19-deglobalization-pandemic-by-harold-james-2020-02>


id: cord-023792-lrgj8gxd
domain: www.bloomberg.com
url:
  http://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-03-05/sequoia-capital-warns-startups-of-coronavirus-blackswan-event>


id: cord-023792-lrgj8gxd
domain: www.theguardian.com
url:
  http://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/mar/08/leaked-coronavirus-plan-to-quarantine-16m-sparks-chaosin-italy>


# bib

id: cord-001197-bhlxglyd
title: Linking the Historical Roots of Environmental Conservation with Human and Wildlife Health
author: Olival, Kevin J.
date: 2013-09-28
txt: ./txt/cord-001197-bhlxglyd.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-001197-bhlxglyd.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3914161/
doi: 10.1007/s10393-013-0862-2
summary:
  We propose a modern-day synthesis of these ideologies that recognizes that environmental degradation and the emergence of zoonotic and epizootic diseases, affecting both humans and wildlife (i.e., pathogen pollution), are interconnected. On this 40th anniversary of the Endangered Species Act, it is appropriate to look at the historical roots of environmental protection and conservation in the United States, particularly as they relate to ecology and to health. While pollutants remain an insidious threat to health and the environment, there is now a growing acceptance that emerging infectious diseases (EID''s) are on the rise and are having dramatic impacts on both global health and conservation (Daszak et al. The emergence of Nipah virus in Malaysia is a good example of how environmental drivers, including the industrialization and expansion of pig farms into bat habitat, led to pathogen spillover and a subsequent human outbreak (Daszak et al. Emerging infectious diseases of wildlif: threats to biodiversity and human health

abstract:
  We examine the historical and philosophical roots of environmental stewardship and how they relate to conservation and human health. Concern for the environment in the United States derives from two distinct historical ideologies that we term “green” and “brown” environmentalism. We propose a modern-day synthesis of these ideologies that recognizes that environmental degradation and the emergence of zoonotic and epizootic diseases, affecting both humans and wildlife (i.e., pathogen pollution), are interconnected. This interconnection provides a compelling new reason to protect and preserve biodiversity.


id: cord-001800-644lf8vn
author: Biggerstaff, Matthew
date: 2015-05-01
txt: ./txt/cord-001800-644lf8vn.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-001800-644lf8vn.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4610126/
doi: 10.1093/cid/ciu1175
summary:
  For the second scenario, we clinical attack rate of the influenza pandemic is 20% and the overall case fatality ratio is 0.53% (high-severity scenario); 10 million doses (left) or 30 million doses (right) of vaccine are administered each week; the vaccination program begins 16 weeks after, 8 weeks after, the same week as, 8 weeks before, and 16 weeks before the first cases of a novel influenza virus occur in the United States; and the efficacy is "H1N1pmd09 monovalent vaccine-like." 2009 H1N1-like vaccine effectiveness: 2 doses of vaccine administered 3 weeks apart required to be fully effective (62% for persons aged <60 years and 43% for persons ≥60 years) in protecting against subclinical and clinical cases, hospitalizations, and deaths. For an influenza pandemic with a 30% overall cumulative attack rate and high-severity scenario, we estimated that a vaccination program beginning the same week as the pandemic started in the United States that administered 10 million doses of vaccine with the moderate VE per week could avert 260 000 hospitalizations and 32 000 deaths (6% reduction) (Tables 2 and 3 ; Figures 2 and 3) .

title:
  Estimating the Potential Effects of a Vaccine Program Against an Emerging Influenza Pandemic—United States

abstract:
  Background. Human illness from influenza A(H7N9) was identified in March 2013, and candidate vaccine viruses were soon developed. To understand factors that may impact influenza vaccination programs, we developed a model to evaluate hospitalizations and deaths averted considering various scenarios. Methods. We utilized a model incorporating epidemic curves with clinical attack rates of 20% or 30% in a single wave of illness, case hospitalization ratios of 0.5% or 4.2%, and case fatality ratios of 0.08% or 0.53%. We considered scenarios that achieved 80% vaccination coverage, various starts of vaccination programs (16 or 8 weeks before, the same week of, or 8 or 16 weeks after start of pandemic), an administration rate of 10 or 30 million doses per week (the latter rate is an untested assumption), and 2 levels of vaccine effectiveness (2 doses of vaccine required; either 62% or 80% effective for persons aged <60 years, and either 43% or 60% effective for persons aged ≥60 years). Results. The start date of vaccination campaigns most influenced impact; 141 000–2 200 000 hospitalizations and 11 000–281 000 deaths were averted when campaigns started before a pandemic, and <100–1 300 000 hospitalizations and 0–165 000 deaths were averted for programs beginning the same time as or after the introduction of the pandemic virus. The rate of vaccine administration and vaccine effectiveness did not influence campaign impact as much as timing of the start of campaign. Conclusions. Our findings suggest that efforts to improve the timeliness of vaccine production will provide the greatest impacts for future pandemic vaccination programs.


id: cord-003970-3e58229u
title: Temporal Dynamics of Co-circulating Lineages of Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus
author: Paploski, Igor Adolfo Dexheimer
date: 2019-11-01
txt: ./txt/cord-003970-3e58229u.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-003970-3e58229u.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6839445/
doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02486
summary:
  Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), the etiological agent of PRRS, is one of the most important endemic viruses affecting the swine industry in the United States (Holtkamp et al., 2013) and globally (Stadejek et al., 2013; VanderWaal and Deen, 2018) . Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus was first recognized almost simultaneously in Europe (Wensvoort et al., 1991) and North America (Collins et al., 1992) in the late 1980s and early 1990s, but genetic differences suggested a much earlier evolutionary divergence between the North American and European viral types. Here, we describe the temporal dynamics of PRRSV occurrence in a swine-dense region of the United States, characterizing these patterns according to ORF5 genetic lineages and sub-lineages. Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus diversity of Eastern Canada swine herds in a large sequence dataset reveals two hypervariable regions under positive selection

abstract:
  Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus (PRRSV) is the most important endemic pathogen in the U.S. swine industry. Despite control efforts involving improved biosecurity and different vaccination protocols, the virus continues to circulate and evolve. One of the foremost challenges in its control is high levels of genetic and antigenic diversity. Here, we quantify the co-circulation, emergence and sequential turnover of multiple PRRSV lineages in a single swine-producing region in the United States over a span of 9 years (2009–2017). By classifying over 4,000 PRRSV sequences (open-reading frame 5) into phylogenetic lineages and sub-lineages, we document the ongoing diversification and temporal dynamics of the PRRSV population, including the rapid emergence of a novel sub-lineage that appeared to be absent globally pre-2008. In addition, lineage 9 was the most prevalent lineage from 2009 to 2010, but its occurrence fell to 0.5% of all sequences identified per year after 2014, coinciding with the emergence or re-emergence of lineage 1 as the dominant lineage. The sequential dominance of different lineages, as well as three different sub-lineages within lineage 1, is consistent with the immune-mediated selection hypothesis for the sequential turnover in the dominant lineage. As host populations build immunity through natural infection or vaccination toward the most common variant, this dominant (sub-) lineage may be replaced by an emerging variant to which the population is more susceptible. An analysis of patterns of non- synonymous and synonymous mutations revealed evidence of positive selection on immunologically important regions of the genome, further supporting the potential that immune-mediated selection shapes the evolutionary and epidemiological dynamics for this virus. This has important implications for patterns of emergence and re-emergence of genetic variants of PRRSV that have negative impacts on the swine industry. Constant surveillance on PRRSV occurrence is crucial to a better understanding of the epidemiological and evolutionary dynamics of co-circulating viral lineages. Further studies utilizing whole genome sequencing and exploring the extent of cross-immunity between heterologous PRRS viruses could shed further light on PRRSV immunological response and aid in developing strategies that might be able to diminish disease impact.


id: cord-005227-74ycwmyg
author: Richardson, Jacques G.
date: 2004
txt: ./txt/cord-005227-74ycwmyg.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-005227-74ycwmyg.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7089138/
doi: 10.1007/s11948-004-0046-0
summary:
  How did the scientifically based Haber''s constant-the product of the concentration of a substance as parts per million in a fixed volume multiplied by time in minutesbecome, during the First World War, the measure of effectiveness of chemical agents as weapons? When the United Nations'' Special Commission on Iraq (UNSCOM) was forced by that country''s leader to abandon in December 1998 its monitoring of what Iraq might be developing as weapons of mass destruction, the international inspection group determined that Iraq had progressed in terms of developing • biological weapons: culturing enough anthrax bacteria to produce 26,000 liters of infectious agent to be held in reserve, • chemical arms including a supply of 550 artillery shells filled with mustard gas, together with at least one and a half tonnes of the nerve reagent VX, and • what may be a long-term missile project, spread among twelve different national facilities.

title:
  The bane of “inhumane” weapons and overkill: An overview of increasingly lethal arms and the inadequacy of regulatory controls

abstract:
  Weapons of both defense and offense have grown steadily in their effectiveness—especially since the industrial revolution. The mass destruction of humanity, by parts or in whole, became reality with the advent of toxic agents founded on chemistry and biology or nuclear weapons derived from physics. The military’s new non-combat roles, combined with a quest for non-lethal weapons, may change the picture in regard to conventional defense establishments but are unlikely to deter bellicose tyrants or the new terrorists from using the unlimited potential of today’s and tomorrow’s arsenals. The author addresses the issues that are raised by this developing situation with the intent of seeking those ethics that will enable us to survive in a future and uncertain world.


id: cord-005861-3k8h3euj
title: Safety in anesthesia
author: Gravenstein, J. S.
date: 2014-03-17
txt: ./txt/cord-005861-3k8h3euj.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-005861-3k8h3euj.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7095858/
doi: 10.1007/s00101-002-0319-4
summary:
  Efforts to enhance safety in anesthesia must include adherence to explicit and implicit safety standards, must make use of equipment that offers modern safety features, must seek to detect and correct developing safety threats as early as possible and must have a structured system to analyze problems and to institute remedies to prevent their recurrence. The health care system in which these fatal and non-fatal errors occur covers a spectrum that stretches from the manufacturers of equipment and drugs to the cleaning crew in the operating room and it involves many different clinical and supportive departments and their personnel.Anesthesia is an important component of this health care system comprising many interdependent parts that can affect the quality of anesthesia care. The Institute of Medicine [5] includes in its definitions the terms "accidental injury" and, interestingly, makes reference to a process:"Ensuring patient safety involves the establishment of operational systems and processes that minimize the likelihood of errors and maximize the likelihood of intercepting them when they occur."

abstract:
  The specialty of anesthesiology has made extraordinary advances in anesthesia safety. Yet, anesthetic mortality and morbidity continue to be far from tolerable. Efforts to enhance safety in anesthesia must include adherence to explicit and implicit safety standards, must make use of equipment that offers modern safety features, must seek to detect and correct developing safety threats as early as possible and must have a structured system to analyze problems and to institute remedies to prevent their recurrence.


id: cord-007542-12dzeebn
title: Rewards, risks, and responsibilities of globalization for the cardiothoracic surgeon
author: Jonas, Richard A.
date: 2007-06-26
txt: ./txt/cord-007542-12dzeebn.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-007542-12dzeebn.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7118771/
doi: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2006.09.067
abstract: nan
summary:
  The relatively recent subspecialization of cardiothoracic surgery into adult cardiac, general thoracic, and congenital has undoubtedly complicated the projection of manpower needs ( Figure 14 ). At this meeting, we have instituted a global session that will be held again this year on Wednesday morning, organized by Dr Philip Corcoran, the chief of cardiothoracic surgery at Walter Reed Medical Center in Washington, DC, with whom I have the pleasure of working. There is no international organization that has the resources to estimate the total number of cardiothoracic surgical procedures that will be performed globally in 10, 20, and 30 years. Within congenital cardiac surgery, the problem of matching supply and demand on a global scale has resulted in an interesting distribution of surgeons around the planet, often working in locations that are quite remote from their institution of training. What are the implications of a global mismatch of cardiothoracic surgical supply and demand for surgical training programs in the United States?


id: cord-009507-l74c9x0n
author: Singh, Amandeep
date: 2008-01-08
txt: ./txt/cord-009507-l74c9x0n.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-009507-l74c9x0n.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7159384/
doi: 10.1111/j.1553-2712.2004.tb01429.x
abstract: nan
summary:
  To generate the appropriate differential diagnosis in this case, there are several key features of the patient''s history and physical examination that aid in the understanding of his pathologic process: 1) symptom development occurred soon after emigration from Indonesia, 2) the patient''s primary symptoms were pulmonary in origin, and 3) secondary cardiac involvement resulted in a large, initially asymptomatic pericardial effusion. 10 Acute infection begins with sudden onset of one or more of the following: high fevers (up to 104-1058F), severe headache, general malaise, myalgia, confusion, sore throat, chills, sweats, nonproductive cough, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, and chest pain. In our patient, the most likely cause of the pericardial effusion was infection with tuberculosis. To summarize, this patient''s recent immigration, symptoms of intermittent fever and of chronic cough that failed to respond to outpatient antibiotics, and development of large pericardial effusion all are consistent with a diagnosis of tuberculosis.

title:
  Clinicopathological Conference: Fever, Productive Cough, and Tachycardia in a 22‐year‐old Asian Male


id: cord-009997-oecpqf1j
title: 2018 ASPHO ABSTRACTS
author: nan
date: 2018-03-31
txt: ./txt/cord-009997-oecpqf1j.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-009997-oecpqf1j.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7167873/
doi: 10.1002/pbc.27057
abstract: nan
summary:
  Completed cranial radiation and proceeded to allogeneic stem cell transplant with unrelated cord marrow donor and is disease free at approximately day +200.Case 2: 5 year-old female diagnosed with FLT3 and MLL negative AML and completed treatment per COG AAML1031 study on the low risk arm without Bortezomib. Design/Method: This study was a retrospective chart review that included patients 3 to 23 years old with sickle cell disease type SS and S 0 followed at St. Christopher''s Hospital for Children. Background: Hydroxyurea, chronic blood transfusion, and bone marrow transplantation can reduce complications, and improve survival in sickle cell disease (SCD), but are associated with a significant decisional dilemma because of the inherent risk-benefit tradeoffs, and the lack of comparative studies. Brown University -Hasbro Children''s Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island, United States Background: Despite clinical advances in the treatment of sickle cell disease (SCD) in pediatric and young adult patients, pain remains a significant source of disease-related morbidity.


id: cord-015646-tt2p9uue
title: Global Strategies and Response Measures to the Influenza A (H1N1) Pandemic
author: Xue, Lan
date: 2018-11-24
txt: ./txt/cord-015646-tt2p9uue.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-015646-tt2p9uue.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7114975/
doi: 10.1007/978-981-13-0644-0_2
summary:
  20 In response to the ongoing global pandemic, the WHO stressed the importance for countries to carry out inoculations and to set forth three goals for their vaccination strategies, i.e. ensuring the normal operation of national healthcare systems, lowering morbidity and mortality, and minimizing possibilities of community-level outbreaks. In Australia, funds for prevention and control against Influenza A (H1N1) originated mainly from the federal government, which was used specifically for monitoring pandemic development, stockpiling and distributing antiviral drugs, training medical personnel, providing free vaccinations for citizens, and assisting developing countries with prevention and control efforts. The federal government spent 43 million USD on antiviral drugs, 1.4 million USD on the purchasing of automatic detection equipment for the National Influenza Center and other public health laboratories, 4 million USD on training general practitioners across the country, and 3 million USD on a donation to the WHO which was used in aiding developing countries, especially those neighboring Australia, with pandemic monitoring, detection, preparation and response.

abstract:
  As an infectious respiratory disease, influenza is prone to cause pandemics for its fast mutation, easy dissemination, susceptibility to humans, and its elusive nature in terms of treatment. Three influenza pandemics occurred in the 20th century which caused huge losses worldwide.


id: cord-016130-5q9ufu28
author: Linday, Linda A.
date: 2010-12-17
txt: ./txt/cord-016130-5q9ufu28.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-016130-5q9ufu28.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7120316/
doi: 10.1007/978-1-59259-880-9_21
summary:
  Our clinical research demonstrates that daily supplementation with a flavored cod liver oil (which meets European purity standards) and a children''s multivitamin-mineral with trace metals, including Se, can decrease morbidity from upper respiratory tract illnesses, otitis media, and sinusitis in young children living in the United States. This chapter discusses the role of essential fatty acids, vitamins, and trace metals in the pathophysiology of inflammation; reviews our clinical research on the use of a lemon-flavored cod liver oil (which meets European purity standards) and a children''s chewable multivitamin-mineral with Se for the prevention and adjunctive treatment of these disorders; reviews the history of cod liver oil, including its importance in the discovery of vitamin D and the anti-infective properties of vitamin A; and discusses the current clinical use of these supplements.

title:
  Nutritional Supplements and Upper Respiratory Tract Illnesses in Young Children in the United States

abstract:
  KEY POINTS: In the United States, children have lower blood levels than adults of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), an important ω-3 fatty acid that helps decrease inflammation; vitamin A, the “anti-infective” vitamin; and selenium (Se), a trace metal that is an intrinsic part of glutathione peroxidase, an important free-radical scavenging enzyme. EPA, vitamin A, and Se are important in controlling inflammation and can be supplied by oral nutritional supplements. Cod liver oil contains EPA (and other important ω-3 fatty acids), and vitamin A as well as vitamin D. Fish oil contains ω-3 fatty acids (including EPA) but no vitamins. Our clinical research demonstrates that daily supplementation with a flavored cod liver oil (which meets European purity standards) and a children’s multivitamin-mineral with trace metals, including Se, can decrease morbidity from upper respiratory tract illnesses, otitis media, and sinusitis in young children living in the United States. These supplements can be used by practitioners on an individual basis, when clinically indicated; the supplements can be purchased in the United States without a prescription. Socioeconomically disadvantaged children are at risk for micronutrient deficiencies. However, their families may not be able to afford to purchase these supplements, which are not available through Medicaid, The Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants and Children, or the Food Stamp Program. If our results are confirmed in larger studies, a system change will be needed to provide these supplements to nutritionally vulnerable, socioeconomically disadvantaged children living in the United States.


id: cord-016285-cwhmm3f6
title: Challenges to the European Exception: What Can S&T Do?
author: nan
date: 2006
txt: ./txt/cord-016285-cwhmm3f6.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-016285-cwhmm3f6.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7120524/
doi: 10.1007/978-1-4020-5551-5_1
abstract: nan
summary:
  Yet, because of population growth; consumption patterns; market, policy and political failures; features of existing technologies; and world views and values, Europe and the world at large are still far removed from a development trajectory that is truly sustainable, that is, which satisfies the current needs of society (growth, competitiveness, employment, etc.) without compromising the needs of future generations. A 2004 review of nine recent comprehensive analyses of global environmental problems (Table 1 .1) showed near-unanimous agreement that the three problems posing the greatest threats to the global environment and continuing economic development include: (1) water quality and access; (2) climate change; and (3) loss of biodiversity. Besides investing in education and developing skills, this means dedicating research programmes to find ways to fight inner-city poverty, to relieve the effects of urbanisation, to diminish the impacts of ever increasing mobility on our environment, and to improve the quality of life of the vulnerable groups in society, such as the handicapped and the ill, the elderly and the young.


id: cord-016322-dyjpfvvf
title: Foreign Aid and Humanitarian Assistance
author: Gardner, Anthony Luzzatto
date: 2019-12-10
txt: ./txt/cord-016322-dyjpfvvf.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-016322-dyjpfvvf.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7120568/
doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-29966-8_12
summary:
  We are committed to develop and implement an effective global early warning system and response network for new and re-emerging communicable diseases such as AIDS and the Ebola virus, and to increase training and professional exchanges in this area. And in December the US Congress overwhelmingly supported legislation providing $5.4 billion in emergency funding for the CDC and other health services, the State Department, and USAID; much of this funding was earmarked for the prevention, detection, and response to the Ebola crisis in West Africa, as well for efforts to assist in the region''s recovery. Ensuring that all people in sub-Saharan Africa have access to electricity by 2030, one of the UN''s Sustainable Development Goals, will require a major effort by the region''s governments and the international community, above all the United States and the European Union.

abstract:
  Together the US and EU provide two-thirds of global humanitarian assistance for the alleviation of emergencies arising from natural and man-made disasters and 80% of global foreign aid for longer-term development assistance programs. It is therefore vital that they continue their close partnership to ensure their dollars and euros are spent as effectively as possible in an era of increasingly tight budgetary constraints. The outbreak of Ebola in West Africa in 2014 is a good example of how the US and the EU successfully addressed (albeit belatedly) a major health crisis that could have turned into a global pandemic. In many areas in Africa, they are collaborating closely on the foundation of shared priorities, including on food security, resilience, and electrification. They are also among the largest donors to the Global Fund to fight HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, and malaria and to the Global Alliance for Vaccines and Immunisation.


id: cord-016379-lcog1654
title: Plant,Animal, and Microbe Invasive Species in the United States and World
author: Pimentel, David
date: 2007
txt: ./txt/cord-016379-lcog1654.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-016379-lcog1654.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7120639/
doi: 10.1007/978-3-540-36920-2_18
summary:
  Calculating the negative economic impacts associated with the invasion of exotic species is difficult.For a few species, there are sufficient data to estimate some impacts on agriculture, forestry, fisheries, public health, and the natural ecosystem in the US and worldwide. Worldwide, an estimated 30,000 species of exotic plants have been intentionally introduced as crops, and have escaped to become established in various natural ecosystems. In the United States, introduced plant species are spreading and invading approximately 700,000 ha of US natural ecosystems per year (Babbitt 1998) . In the Great Lakes, for instance, nearly 50 invasive species are found, and these invaders are causing an estimated $ 5 billion in damages to the fisheries per year (Pimentel 2005) . This investigation reports on various economic damages associated with invasive species in various nations of the world that total more than $ 1.4 trillion per year (Pimentel 2002) .

abstract:
  Approximately 50,000 plant, animal, and microbe invasive species are present in the United States, and an estimated 500,000 plant, animal, and microbe invasive species have invaded other nations of the world. Immediately, it should be pointed out that the US and world agriculture depend on introduced food crops and livestock.Approximately 99 % of all crops and livestock in all nations are intentionally introduced plants, animals, and microbes (Pimentel 2002). Worldwide, the value of agriculture (including beneficial non-indigenous species) is estimated to total $ 30 trillion per year. Other exotic species have been introduced for landscape restoration, biological pest control, sport, and food processing, also contributing significant benefits. Calculating the negative economic impacts associated with the invasion of exotic species is difficult.For a few species, there are sufficient data to estimate some impacts on agriculture, forestry, fisheries, public health, and the natural ecosystem in the US and worldwide. In this article, we estimate the magnitude of the economic benefits, and environmental and economic costs associated with a variety of invasive species that exist in the United States and elsewhere in the world.


id: cord-016536-8wfyaxcb
title: Physical, Social and Cultural, and Global Influences
author: Ubokudom, Sunday E.
date: 2012-02-20
txt: ./txt/cord-016536-8wfyaxcb.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-016536-8wfyaxcb.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7120848/
doi: 10.1007/978-1-4614-3169-5_6
summary:
  The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) estimate that only about 10% of premature deaths in the United States can be attributed to inadequate access to medical care, while the remaining 90% can be accounted for by individual lifestyle and behaviors (50%), genetic profi les (20%), and social and environmental conditions (20%) (CDC 1979 ) . In summation, international trade and fi nance, infectious disease epidemics, global warming and climate change, population mobility, and natural disasters and terrorism signifi cantly affect the United States health care delivery and policymaking systems. Research demonstrates that most of the deaths in the country are attributable to a small number of largely controllable behaviors and exposures, or due to factors that fall under the preventive, social, economic, environmental, and lifestyle and behavioral determinants of health. But even though most of the deaths in the country are the result of social, cultural, economic, environmental, and global factors, medical care is also an important determinant of health that cannot be ignored.

abstract:
  In Chap. 5, we examined the technological environment of the health care policy-making system. Specifically, we examined the classification, evolution, and diffusion of medical technology; the effects of medical technology on medical training and the practice of medicine; effects on medical costs, quality of care, and quality of life; effects on access to care; the ethical concerns raised by medical technology; and the practice of technology assessment. We concluded the chapter by observing that the growth of technology, as well as other human endeavors, affects other important aspects of our lives, most notably, the air we breathe, the food we eat, the generation of radioactive by-products and toxic chemicals, the manufacture of illicit drugs, and the generation of natural and man-made hazards. In other words, in addition to their effects on the health care system, technology and other human activities affect many other aspects of our lives that are associated with health.


id: cord-016557-f2mzwhrt
title: Agrochemical Poisoning
author: Aggrawal, Anil
date: 2006
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7120889/
doi: 10.1007/978-1-59259-921-9_10
abstract:
  A general increase in the use of chemicals in agriculture has brought about a concomitant increase in the incidence of agrochemical poisoning. Organophosphates are the most common agrochemical poisons followed closely by herbicides. Many agricultural poisons, such as parathion and paraquat are now mixed with a coloring agent such as indigocarmine to prevent their use criminally. In addition, paraquat is fortified with a “stenching” agent. Organo-chlorines have an entirely different mechanism of action. Whereas organophosphates have an anticholinesterase activity, organochlorines act on nerve cells interfering with the transmission of impulses through them. A kerosene-like smell also emanates from death due to organochlorines. The diagnosis lies in the chemical identification of organochlorines in the stomach contents or viscera. Organochlorines also resist putrefaction and can be detected long after death. Paraquat has been involved in suicidal, accidental, and homicidal poisonings. It is mildly corrosive and ulceration around lips and mouth is common in this poisoning. However, the hallmark of paraquat poisoning, especially when the victim has survived a few days, are the profound changes in lungs. Other agrochemicals such as algicides, aphicides, herbicide safeneres, fertilizers, and so on, are less commonly encountered. Governments in most countries have passed legislations to prevent accidental poisonings with these agents. The US government passed the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) in 1962 and the Indian government passed The Insecticides Act in 1968. Among other things, these acts require manufacturers to use signal words on the labels of insecticides, so the public is warned of their toxicity and accompanying danger.


id: cord-016840-p3sq99yg
author: Bales, Connie Watkins
date: 2008-09-09
txt: ./txt/cord-016840-p3sq99yg.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-016840-p3sq99yg.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7121257/
doi: 10.1007/978-1-60327-385-5_29
summary:
  Complex emergencies (CEs) can occur anywhere and are defined as crisis situations that greatly elevate the risk to nutrition and overall health (morbidity and mortality) of older individuals in the affected area. The major underlying threats to nutritional status for older adults during CEs are food insecurity, inadequate social support, and lack of access to health services. Any of a number of crisis situations that greatly elevate the health risk of individuals in the affected area; examples are natural disasters like floods and earthquakes; urban health emergencies like fires, epidemics, and blackouts; and terrorist acts like massive bombings or poisonings of food or water supplies. Examples include natural disasters like floods and earthquakes, urban health emergencies like fires, epidemics and blackouts, and terrorist acts like massive bombings or poisonings of food or water supplies (see Table 29 .2).

title:
  Minimizing the Impact of Complex Emergencies on Nutrition and Geriatric Health: Planning for Prevention is Key

abstract:
  Complex emergencies (CEs) can occur anywhere and are defined as crisis situations that greatly elevate the risk to nutrition and overall health (morbidity and mortality) of older individuals in the affected area. In urban areas with high population densities and heavy reliance on power-driven devices for day-to-day survival, CEs can precipitate a rapid deterioration of basic services that threatens nutritionally and medically vulnerable older adults. The major underlying threats to nutritional status for older adults during CEs are food insecurity, inadequate social support, and lack of access to health services. The most effective strategy for coping with CEs is to have detailed, individualized pre-event preparations. When a CE occurs, the immediate relief efforts focus on establishing access to food, safe water, and essential medical services.


id: cord-016855-hqs94hfa
title: Pesticides
author: Simpson, William M.
date: 2006
txt: ./txt/cord-016855-hqs94hfa.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-016855-hqs94hfa.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7121274/
doi: 10.1007/0-387-30105-4_16
abstract: nan
summary:
  Most toxicity from contact with skin or eyes or ingestion involves mucous membrane irritation. Otherwise, aggressive supportive care including protection of the airway, correction of hypotension, and treatment of arrhythmias, hyperthermia, and seizures may be required (3) . Urea-substituted herbicides have low systemic toxicity based on animal feeding studies; they may, however, produce methemoglobinemia with heavy ingestion. Treatment of paraquat ingestion is aimed at several points along the toxicity pathway-removing toxin from the GI tract, increasing excretion from the blood, and preventing pulmonary damage with anti-inflammatory agents. No human or animal toxicity has been reported with morfamquat, but poisoning with the chemical should probably be treated initially as a paraquat poisoning (6). Treatment of exposure is with skin and GI decontamination, oxygen supplementation, fluid support, and avoidance of alcohol. Treatment is skin and GI decontamination, respiratory support, and chelation therapy (for severe, acute poisoning, though the possibility of inducing renal failure with a large load of cadmium exists).


id: cord-017351-73hlwwdh
title: Studying Future Disasters and Crises: A Heuristic Approach
author: Quarantelli, E. L.
date: 2017-09-12
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7121892/
doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-63254-4_4
abstract:
  Over time, new types of crises and disasters have emerged. We argue that new types of adversity will continue to emerge. In this chapter, we offer a framework to study and interpret new forms of crises and disasters. This framework is informed by historical insights on societal interpretations of crises and disasters. We are particularly focused here on the rise of transboundary crises – those crises that traverse boundaries between countries and policy systems. We identify the characteristics of these transboundary disruptions, sketch a few scenarios and explore the societal vulnerabilities to this type of threat. We end by discussing some possible implications for planning and preparation practices.


id: cord-017469-dnnkor2o
title: Tick-Borne Bacterial, Rickettsial, Spirochetal, and Protozoal Diseases
author: Georgiev, Vassil St.
date: 2009
txt: ./txt/cord-017469-dnnkor2o.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-017469-dnnkor2o.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7122040/
doi: 10.1007/978-1-60327-297-1_22
summary:
  Infections transmitted by the Ixodidae family (hard ticks) include (i) Lyme disease (borreliosis); (ii) human ehrlichiosis; (iii) Rocky Mountain spotted fever; (iv) tularemia; Other developments of NIAID-supported Lyme borreliosis and tick-borne rickettsial disease research include: r The transmission of Lyme disease r Diagnostic procedures r Co-infection r Antibiotic therapy r The role of autoimmune reactivity r Vaccine production Lack of Evidence of Borrelia Involvement in Alzheimer''s Disease. Because fatigue, which is a nonspecific symptom, was the only primary outcome measure affected and because the treatment examined was associated with adverse events, the results of the SUNY study do not support the use of additional antibiotic therapy with parenteral ceftriaxone in posttreatment, persistently fatigued PTCLD patients (http://www3.niaid.nih.gov/research/topics/lyme). burgdorferi often carry-and simultaneously transmit-other emerging pathogens, such as Anaplasma (Ehrlichia) species, the causative agent of human granulocytic ehrlichiosis (HGE), and Babesia microti, which causes babesiosis (http://www3.niaid.nih.gov/research/topics/lyme/ research/co-infection/).

abstract:
  Approximately 900 tick species exist worldwide, parasitizing a broad array of mammals, including humans, and thereby playing a significant role in the transmission of infectious diseases (1). In the United States, tick-borne diseases are generally seasonal and geographically distributed. They occur mostly during the spring and summer but can occur throughout the year.


id: cord-017554-yvx1gyp9
title: Forced Migration and Refugee Policy
author: Martin, Susan F.
date: 2017-09-15
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7122144/
doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-67147-5_14
abstract:
  This chapter focuses on international, regional and national legal norms, policies, organizational roles and relations and good practices that are applicable to a broad range of humanitarian crises that have migration consequences. These crises and the resulting displacement differ by their causes, intensity, geography, phases and affected populations. The chapter examines movements stemming directly and indirectly from: persecution, armed conflict, extreme natural hazards that cause extensive destruction of lives and infrastructure; slower onset environmental degradation, such as drought and desertification, which undermine livelihoods; manmade environmental disasters, such as nuclear accidents, which destroy habitat and livelihoods; communal violence, civil strife and political instability; and global pandemics that cause high levels of mortality and morbidity. Demographic trends are themselves drivers of displacement in conjunction with other factors. This can play out in two ways—demography as a macro-level factor and demographic composition as a micro-level driver of movement. The chapter compares the paucity of legal, policy and institutional frameworks for addressing crisis-related movements with the more abundant frameworks for addressing the consequences of refugee movements. The chapter discusses the policy implications of the findings, positing that State-led initiatives such as the Nansen and Migrants in Countries in Crisis initiatives are useful mechanisms to fill protection gaps in the absence of political will to adopt and implement more binding legal frameworks. It also argues that, in the context of slow onset climate change, in particular, there is a need for better understanding of how population density, distribution and growth as well as household composition affect vulnerability and resilience to the drivers of displacement.


id: cord-017675-in9r33ww
title: The Way Forward: Prevention, Treatment and Human Rights
author: nan
date: 2008
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7122313/
doi: 10.1007/978-3-540-78392-3_9
abstract:
  There now is a considerable body of evidence to support the view that an effective HIV/AIDS strategy integrates prevention, treatment and human rights. In this chapter, we emphasize the importance of each of these aspects and draw upon the conclusions reached in previous chapters to map out the future of HIV/AIDS. While medicine and science have a crucial role to play in addressing pandemics, whether slow-moving (like HIV/AIDS) or fast-moving (like influenza), the social, legal, political, financial and economic ramifications of pandemics can not be ignored. Well-considered social, legal, political and financial strategies are essential in order to address any pandemic effectively.


id: cord-017858-kugh9y8c
title: Civil and Criminal Legislation Regarding Money Laundering and the Protection of Cultural Heritage
author: De Sanctis, Fausto Martin
date: 2013-06-09
txt: ./txt/cord-017858-kugh9y8c.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-017858-kugh9y8c.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7122535/
doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-00173-9_2
summary:
  This was revoked in part by the Framework Decision 19 of the European Union Council dated 06/26/2001, whereby Member States agreed not to make reservations on Articles 2 and 6 of the European Convention of 1990 (including the rule that provides for money laundering resulting generically from criminal conduct), since only serious infractions can be at issue, and provided measures for confiscation and criminal action on the proceeds of crime having a maximum penalty of greater than one year, or crimes considered serious (Article 1). To increase the likelihood of recovering assets of criminal origin, States are urged to draft laws instituting Civil Forfeiture Actions for Illegally Acquired Assets as a means of fighting money laundering by interrupting the usufruct of the proceeds of crime.

abstract:
  The aim of this chapter is to understand how States combat money laundering and its possible links to organized crime and other financial crimes. The illegal flow of capital poses a great threat to States. Through international joint actions, States can fight crime and curtail the enjoyment of property illegally acquired through criminal activity, particularly with respect to the acquisition of works of art on the black market.


id: cord-017997-obvk2d8e
title: The Welfare Of Feral Cats
author: Slater, Margaret R.
date: 2007
txt: ./txt/cord-017997-obvk2d8e.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-017997-obvk2d8e.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7122712/
doi: 10.1007/978-1-4020-3227-1_6
abstract: nan
summary:
  The interest in feral cats may focus on animal control, especially in countries where the free-roaming dog problem no longer is a major concern, or on issues such as predation, public health or the well-being of the cats themselves. Several small studies using secondary poisoning of predators with agent 1080 (sodium monofluoroacetate) or brodifacoum (a second-generation anticoagulant) via poisoned prey species suggest that this may be a more effective method to kill all predators present, including feral cats, stoats and ferrets Gillies & Pierce 1999; Alterio 2002) . Thus, TNR together with adoption and monitoring programs are the most effective and humane options for the long-term control of feral cat colonies. Several large programs in the northeast and west have become increasingly high profile in animal welfare and animal protection conferences and web sites, indicating a growing awareness, if not always acceptance, of TNR as a humane method for the control of feral cats.


id: cord-018084-c48chbfa
title: Global Health Security and Weapons of Mass Destruction Chapter
author: Reynolds, Chris
date: 2019-06-07
txt: ./txt/cord-018084-c48chbfa.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-018084-c48chbfa.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7122872/
doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-23491-1_9
summary:
  Dennis Blair [2] states in an DNI Threat Assessment, "Most terrorist groups that have shown some interest, intent or capability to conduct CBRN attacks have pursued only limited, technically simple approaches that have not yet caused large numbers of casualties. The potential for non-state actors, which includes both domestic and international terrorists, successfully obtaining access to WMD''s is a very real threat to the safety and security of all people [4] . In 2004, the United Nations Security Council passed Resolution 1540, with the intent of keeping WMD out of the hands of non-state actors, which included nuclear, biological, and chemical weapons, their means of delivery, and related materials. 3. All States must adopt and enforce domestic controls over nuclear, chemical, and biological weapons, their means of delivery, and related materials, in order to prevent their proliferation. WMD''s include chemical agents, biological pathogens, radiological agents, and nuclear weapons, each of which require special protective measures for responders and decontamination for victims.

abstract:
  The global proliferation of weapons of mass destruction (WMD) presents a clear and present danger to global health security. Unlike conventional weapons that confine themselves to a defined and targeted area, WMD’s cross international boundaries and borders. Moreover, the release of WMDs can be achieved using a low technology approach resulting in a transformation and redefinition of the mission of global health providers. This chapter will focus on the ease of access to WMDs, the impact biological weapons and bioterrorism plays on global health security, United States global policies on public health, and the role actors and non-state actors play in the global health landscape. In addition, this chapter will focus on global WMD proliferation prevention to include international efforts, treaties, and conventions. The chapter will conclude with a discussion of ongoing research initiatives, identification of emerging threats, and additional recommended readings.


id: cord-018508-pk0ealu5
title: A Farewell to the “Sick Man of East Asia”: The Irony, Deconstruction, and Reshaping of the Metaphor
author: Hu, Yi
date: 2013-08-28
txt: ./txt/cord-018508-pk0ealu5.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-018508-pk0ealu5.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7123395/
doi: 10.1007/978-3-642-39982-4_12
summary:
  From the very beginning of the war, the Chinese people and the Chinese government maintained to resort to peaceful methods when solving the Korea problem and that warnings be given to the United States about withdrawing the armed forces from Taiwan, stopping the aggression against North Korea, and solving the problem of Korea and the Far East peacefully. The metaphor of the "Sick Man of East Asia" implied physical and moral denigration to the oppressed state and its people; in addition, the world police system is to prevent, control, and eradicate what was, in their eyes, the physical diseases as well as the social "diseases" -resistance, revolts, rebels, etc. The "sick men" was turned from a metaphor to a self-portrait of and a realistic oppressive discourse to the Chinese people of the time. After the sick men awakened and began an organized resistance, however, the Western powers turned to violence (the War in North Korea) as a new parasitic means.

abstract:
  Susan Sontag revealed how a disease could be turned into a metaphor in social evolution, from merely a disease of the body to moral judgment or even political oppression. In her article “AIDS and its Metaphors” written in 1989, she offers a plan to do away with the metaphor: “With this illness, one that elicits so much guilt and shame, the effort to detach it from these meanings, these metaphors, seems particularly liberating, even consoling. But the metaphors cannot be distanced just by abstaining from them. They have to be exposed, criticized, belabored, used up” (Songtag 2003). In Sontag’s terms, “metaphor” mainly refers to the symbolic social oppression of the diseases. For example, cancer is a metaphor for the defect of the sick person in personality. While diseases were a biological phenomenon, the “metaphor” was a social one. What I would like to demonstrate here was none other than the related “political metaphor” started by the “anti-germ warfare.”


id: cord-021555-rrverrsj
title: Biology and Diseases of Ruminants: Sheep, Goats, and Cattle
author: Delano, Margaret L.
date: 2007-09-02
txt: ./txt/cord-021555-rrverrsj.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-021555-rrverrsj.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7150219/
doi: 10.1016/b978-012263951-7/50017-x
abstract: nan
summary:
  These references also provide information regarding vaccination products licensed for use in ruminants and typical herd and flock vaccination parasite control schedules ("Current Veterinary Therapy," 1986 , 1999 "Council report," 1994; "Large Animal Internal Medicine," 1996; Smith and Sherman, 1994) When designing a vaccination program during qualification of a source or at the research facility, it is important to evaluate the local disease incidence and the potential for exposure. Clinical signs in chronic cases in older animals, such as adult goats, include soft stools, weight loss, anorexia, depression, and severe diarrhea, sometimes with mucus and blood. This pathogen does present a complication due to the carrier status of some animals, the likelihood of herd outbreaks, the severity of disease in younger animals, and the morbidity, possible progression to uveitis, and time and treatment costs associated with infections.


id: cord-021637-f5wwn45z
title: The Vaccine Industry
author: Douglas, R. Gordon
date: 2017-07-17
txt: ./txt/cord-021637-f5wwn45z.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-021637-f5wwn45z.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7151793/
doi: 10.1016/b978-0-323-35761-6.00004-3
abstract: nan
summary:
  The vaccine industry is composed of companies that are engaged in any of the following activities: research (including that performed in industry and biotech), development, manufacture, or sales, marketing, and distribution of vaccines. In addition, new alliances will be formed between the big four manufacturers and emerging companies in India, China, and Brazil, to take advantage of increasing immunization rates in those countries as well as growth of their private markets. These product development partnership organizations (PDPs; essentially not-for-profit biotech companies) bring together specialized knowledge, animal models, immunologic assays, and field sites for vaccine testing as well as early capital investment to reduce the scientific technical risks, opportunity costs, and financial risk to their biotech and large pharma industrial partners.


id: cord-021887-22lop0pk
title: Biological Attack
author: Artenstein, Andrew W.
date: 2015-10-23
txt: ./txt/cord-021887-22lop0pk.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-021887-22lop0pk.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7152162/
doi: 10.1016/b978-0-323-28665-7.00079-0
abstract: nan
summary:
  This trend culminated with the October 2001 anthrax attacks in the United States, which elevated bioterrorism to the forefront of international dialogue and heightened public concerns regarding systemic health care preparation against the threat of biological attacks. Physicians and other health care workers must therefore maintain a high index of suspicion of bioterrorism, and recognize suggestive epidemiologic clues and clinical features to enhance early recognition and guide initial management of casualties. Multiple features make smallpox an attractive biological weapon and ensure that any reintroduction into human populations would be a global public health catastrophe: it is stable in aerosol form, has a low infective dose, is associated with up to a 30% case-fatality rate, and has a large vulnerable target population because civilian vaccination was terminated in 1972. 42 Although not always clinically apparent, the psychological effect of a bioterrorism event is certainly a significant and important consideration for ongoing public health management strategies following any biological threat or terrorist attack.


id: cord-022035-annn4qn1
title: Other Viral, Bacterial, Parasitic and Prion-Based Infectious Complications
author: Menitove, Jay E.
date: 2009-05-15
txt: ./txt/cord-022035-annn4qn1.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-022035-annn4qn1.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7152373/
doi: 10.1016/b978-0-443-06981-9.50053-3
abstract: nan
summary:
  [20] [21] [22] [23] Despite documentation that the spirochete survives routine RBC and frozen plasma storage, testing blood donors is not under consideration because no reports exist of transfusion-associated Lyme disease. 29 An extensive epidemiologic study in Arkansas involving military trainee blood donors who had been exposed to tick bites and unknowingly infected with the agents of ehrlichiosis and Rocky Mountain spotted fever (RMSF) found no clinical illness among the recipients of RBCs and platelets donated by these soldiers. 32 Ongoing malaria surveillance in the United States by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) continues to identify cases in immigrants and in residents and travelers to areas of the world where malaria transmission still occurs. 110, 111 An active investigation to determine whether transfusion associated-vCJD transmission occurs in humans began in the United Kingdom in 1997 by identifying vCJD patients who donated blood before illness.


id: cord-022066-8aj480hz
title: Health Screening in Immigrants, Refugees, and International Adoptees
author: MacPherson, Douglas W.
date: 2016-09-23
txt: ./txt/cord-022066-8aj480hz.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-022066-8aj480hz.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7152420/
doi: 10.1016/b978-0-323-37506-1.00019-2
abstract: nan
summary:
  The legal basis governing inadmissibility to the United States because of health-related conditions and authorization to undertake medical examination to determine that admissibility is found in the Immigration and Nationality Act (INA) (Title 8 US Code). Currently, the regulations list the following as communicable diseases of public health significance: • For example, smallpox, poliomyelitis due to wild-type poliovirus, cholera, or viral hemorrhagic fevers (including Ebola) Currently a medical examination is required for all refugees entering the United States and all those applying for an immigrant visa from outside the United States. Currently, some refugee populations being resettled in the United States who are determined to be at increased risk for specific infections receive population-based treatment for malaria and intestinal parasites in addition to the routine immigration medical screening. Those conditions, while not relevant for immigration purposes, can be significant for new arrivals, and their identification and clinical management in the United States is important in some migrant populations.


id: cord-022351-qfhmwqgg
title: Political and foreign policy implications of tourism
author: Edgell, David L.
date: 2009-11-16
txt: ./txt/cord-022351-qfhmwqgg.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-022351-qfhmwqgg.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7155601/
doi: 10.1016/b978-0-7506-8557-3.50010-3
abstract: nan
summary:
  • increasing two-way tourism, • supporting efforts by the National Tourism Organization travel promotion office(s), • improving tourism facilitation, • encouraging reciprocal investments in the two nations'' tourism industries, • promoting the sharing of research, statistics and information, • recognizing the importance of the safety and security of tourists, • suggesting mutual cooperation on policy issues in international tourism, • providing for regular consultations on tourism matters, • acknowledging benefits from education and training in tourism, • enhancing mutual understanding and goodwill. In July 2003, WTTC revealed its Blueprint for New Tourism that proffered the statement ''which issues a call to action for both government and the industry to make several long-term commitments to ensure the prosperity of travel and tourism -one of the world''s largest industries, responsible for over 200 million jobs and over 10 per cent of global GDP (Gross Domestic Product)''. STS continues its dedication to promoting and developing tourism and travel by leading regional and national organizations in innovative programmes and research.


id: cord-022581-awivedxp
title: Ticks, Including Tick Paralysis
author: Diaz, James H.
date: 2014-10-31
txt: ./txt/cord-022581-awivedxp.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-022581-awivedxp.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7158346/
doi: 10.1016/b978-1-4557-4801-3.00298-8
abstract: nan
summary:
  SHORT VIEW SUMMARY KEYWORDS anaplasmosis; argasid ticks; Babesia; babesiosis; Borrelia; borreliosis; ehrlichiosis; Francisella; ixodid ticks; Lyme disease; rickettsialpox; Rocky Mountain spotted fever; tick paralysis; tick-borne coltiviruses; tick-borne encephalitis viruses; tick-borne hemorrhagic fever viruses; tick-borne relapsing fever viruses; tick-borne rickettsioses; ticks; tularemia By the 1980s and 1990s, the causative agents of the ehrlichioses were stratified as newly emerging, Rickettsia-like species, and later (2001) were completely reorganized into separate genera, Ehrlichia and Anaplasma. africae causing African tick-bite fever); and regional clusters and epidemic cycles of more severe SFs worldwide (RMSF in the United States, Mediterranean SF [MSF] in Europe, and Queensland tick typhus [QTT] in Australia).* The reasons for such changes in rickettsial SF epidemiology are unclear and may include warming temperatures and increasing humidity, more frequent drought-rain cycles, residential development in preferred tick ecosystems, more competent tick vectors given competitive advantages by environmental and and there have been no long-term sequelae reported in STARI cases, some have questioned whether antibiotic therapy is indicated in STARI.


id: cord-022734-xpyldrw7
title: Laboratory biosecurity in the United States: Evolution and regulation
author: Zelicoff, Alan P.
date: 2016-02-19
txt: ./txt/cord-022734-xpyldrw7.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-022734-xpyldrw7.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7161380/
doi: 10.1016/b978-0-12-801885-9.00001-9
summary:
  Biosecurity laws passed by the Congress vest considerable authority in government departments such as Health and Human Services (HHS) and Agriculture (USDA) to formulate and then implement regulations (frequently referred to by officials as "rules") with which laboratory workers, researchers, staff and security personnel must comply. We will summarize the processes by which agencies with HHS and USDA -typically the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and the Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) -interpret the will of Congress (via laws that have been proposed, debated and passed), formulate proposed regulations, solicit comments from individuals and entities likely to be affected, and then disseminate final rules.

abstract:
  In light of terrorist events in the United States and in recognition of the potential for diversion of highly pathogenic organisms for illicit purposes, the US Congress has in the past 15 years enacted a series of laws designed to enhance laboratory biosecurity. The Office of the President has also issued orders intended to implement and augment these new statutes imposing additional procedural and technical requirements on laboratories working with Select Agents and Toxins. Researchers and laboratory managers can substantially influence the implementation of new mandates with a thorough understanding of the regulatory process, reviewed in this chapter from a historical perspective with an emphasis on the practical aspects of rule-making procedures carried out by the Departments of Agriculture and Health and Human Services.


id: cord-023367-ujflw19b
author: Newcomer, Benjamin W.
date: 2020-04-17
txt: ./txt/cord-023367-ujflw19b.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-023367-ujflw19b.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7169350/
doi: 10.1016/b978-0-323-62463-3.00025-6
abstract: nan
summary:
  The cause of transformation is usually unknown; in rare cases, especially in flock outbreaks in sheep, it can be linked to exposure to the bovine leukemia virus, which has occurred experimentally and as a result of the administration of whole blood Anaplasma vaccines. C. perfringens type C in older sheep causes the disease known as "struck." Affected animals usually are found dead or with signs of toxemia. The course of the disease is usually very short (0.5-12 hours), so sudden or spontaneous death is a common clinical sign across affected small ruminant species. Additional evidence of systemic toxemia (metabolic acidosis, azotemia, and increases in liver and muscle enzymes) also may be seen; however, diagnosis of black disease is based on characteristic history (endemic liver fluke areas), clinical signs, and postmortem findings and testing.

title:
  Diseases of the hematologic, immunologic, and lymphatic systems (multisystem diseases) [Image: see text]


id: cord-023529-zrnczve3
title: Security and Fire Life Safety Threats
author: Craighead, Geoff
date: 2013-02-15
txt: ./txt/cord-023529-zrnczve3.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-023529-zrnczve3.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7171910/
doi: 10.1016/b978-1-85617-555-5.00003-1
abstract: nan
summary:
  (1) The Council on Tall Buildings and Urban habitat (CTBUh) formed a task force to explore options "to further increase the level of safety in tall buildings including the establishment of guidelines to better educate its report, called the World Trade Center Building Performance Study: Data Collection, Preliminary Observations and Recommendations, "fulfilling its goal ''to determine probable failure mechanisms and to identify areas of future investigation that could lead to practical measures for improving the damage resistance of buildings against such unforeseen events. The new codes address areas such as increasing structural resistance to building collapse from fire and other incidents; requiring a third exit stairway for tall buildings; increasing the width of all stairways by 50 percent in new high-rises; strengthening criteria for the bonding, proper installation, and inspection of sprayed fire-resistive materials (commonly known as ''fireproofing''); improving the reliability of active fire protection systems (such as automatic sprinklers); requiring a new class of robust elevators for access by emergency responders in lieu of an additional stairway; making exit path markings more prevalent and more visible; and ensuring effective coverage throughout a building for emergency responder radio communications.


id: cord-023713-daz2vokz
title: Epidemiology of Asthma and Allergic Airway Diseases
author: Devereux, Graham
date: 2013-09-06
txt: ./txt/cord-023713-daz2vokz.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-023713-daz2vokz.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7173512/
doi: 10.1016/b978-0-323-08593-9.00049-8
abstract: nan
summary:
  A systematic review and metaanalysis of the longitudinal studies relating maternal vitamin D status during pregnancy to childhood outcomes concluded that high maternal dietary vitamin D intake is associated with a reduced risk of children wheezing up to the age of 5 years (OR = 0.56; 95% CI, 0.42 to 0.73). The Dutch Prevention and Incidence of Asthma and Mite allergy (PIAMA) birth cohort study related symptom data prospectively collected annually from 3863 children up to the age of 8 years to land-use regression estimates of individual NO 2 , PM 2.5 , and soot exposures at their birth addresses. 327 A systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective birth cohort studies evaluating the effects of allergen (i.e., HDM or dietary) avoidance during pregnancy concluded that early-life allergen avoidance in isolation does not reduce the likelihood of asthma in children at age 5 years (OR = 1.22; 95% CI, 0.83 to 1.78).


id: cord-023767-rcv4pl0d
title: Microorganisms Responsible for Neonatal Diarrhea
author: O’Ryan, Miguel L.
date: 2009-05-19
txt: ./txt/cord-023767-rcv4pl0d.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-023767-rcv4pl0d.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7173613/
doi: 10.1016/b0-72-160537-0/50022-0
abstract: nan
summary:
  coli may disappear completely from stools of breast-fed children during the ensuing weeks, this disappearance is believed to be related to factors present in the human milk rather than the gastric secretions.5~302~303 The use of breast-feeding or expressed human milk has even been effective in terminating nursery epidemics caused by EPEC 0 11 1:B4, probably by reducing the incidence of crossinfections among infants.3033304 Although dose-effect studies have not been performed among newborns, severe diarrhea has occurred after ingestion of 10'' EPEC organisms by very young The clinical syndrome is that of bloody, noninflammatory (sometimes voluminous) diarrhea that is distinct from febrile dysentery with fecal leukocytes seen in shigellosis or EIEC infection^.^^ Most cases of EHEC infections have been recognized in outbreaks of bloody diarrhea or HUS in daycare centers, schools, nursing homes, and c o m m~n i t i e s .~~~-~~~ Although EHEC infections often involve infants and young children, the frequency of this infection in neonates remains unclear; animal studies suggest that receptors for the Shiga toxin may be developmentally regulated and that susceptibility to disease may be age related.


id: cord-023792-lrgj8gxd
title: Towards Stronger EU Governance of Health Threats after the COVID-19 Pandemic
author: RENDA, Andrea
date: 2020-04-09
txt: ./txt/cord-023792-lrgj8gxd.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-023792-lrgj8gxd.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7174850/
doi: 10.1017/err.2020.34
abstract: nan
summary:
  The threat of such a pandemic was to be expected, yet it was ignored, despite repeated warnings by experts, 12 the press 13 and expert groups such as the 2016 Report of the "High-level Panel on the Global Response to Health Crises", which warned about the need to address existing gaps and "enhance global capacity to rapidly detect and respond to health crises"; 14 as well as the 2019 Global Preparedness Monitoring Board (an independent monitoring and accountability body be/professioneel/nieuws-professioneel/ethical-principles-concerning-proportionality-of-critical-care-during-the-covid-19-pandemic-advice-by-the-belgian-society-of-ic-medicine>. A dedicated agencythe European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC)was set up in an attempt to strengthen Europe''s response capability and to provide technical support to Member States. With such a support network, the European Commission could create an executive structure that would coordinate emergency responses by identifying the most effective sequence of measures and enable possible redistribution of materials and resources across Member States to ensure the resilience of the whole Union.


id: cord-024936-ncia0h9m
title: Transitioning to a New Normal after COVID-19: Preparing to Get Back on Track for Cancer Imaging
author: Luker, Gary D.
date: 2020-04-15
txt: ./txt/cord-024936-ncia0h9m.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-024936-ncia0h9m.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7233388/
doi: 10.1148/rycan.2020204011
abstract: nan
summary:
  The COVID-19 pandemic presents institutions and radiologists with two formidable challenges: 1) trying to maintain clinical and research operations in the face of social distancing and stay-at-home-orders; and 2) plotting a course to transition from the immediate threat of the SARS-CoV-2 virus to an uncertain future that certainly will not resemble conditions we previously regarded as normal. While recognizing that COVID-19 has disrupted essentially all aspects of life, this commentary focuses on the immediate and projected future impact on clinical care and research in cancer imaging and image-guided therapy. As the outbreak of COVID-19 emerged in the United States, there were two main priorities that clinics had with regard to decision-making on cancer imaging appointments: keeping people healthy and preserving personal protective equipment resources. As institutional review boards may be prioritizing COVID-19 related projects, there may be a delay in new cancer imaging studies that can be approved and initiated.


id: cord-024981-yfuuirnw
title: Types of Disasters
author: Severin, Paul N.
date: 2020-05-14
txt: ./txt/cord-024981-yfuuirnw.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-024981-yfuuirnw.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7235629/
doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-43428-1_5
summary:
  The World Health Organization and the Pan American Health Organization define a disaster as "an event that occurs in most cases suddenly and unexpectedly, causing severe disturbances to people or objects affected by it, resulting in the loss of life and harm to the health of the population, the destruction or loss of community property, and/or severe damage to the environment. After the events of 9/11, much attention has been given to the possibility of another mass casualty act of terrorism, especially with weapons of mass destruction, that include chemical, biological, nuclear, radiological, and explosive devices (CBNRE), or other forms of violence such as active shooter incidents and mass shootings (Jacobson and Severin 2012) . Antidote therapy should be given as usual for nerve agents, including atropine, diazepam, and pralidoxime chloride (United States Department of Health and Human Services, Office of the Assistant Secretary for Preparedness and Response, National Library of Medicine 2019; United States Department of Health and Human Services, Chemical Hazards Emergency Medical Management (CHEMM) 2019).

abstract:
  Disasters are increasing around the world. Children are greatly impacted by both natural disasters (forces of nature) and man-made (intentional, accidental) disasters. Their unique anatomical, physiological, behavioral, developmental, and psychological vulnerabilities must be considered when planning and preparing for disasters. The nurse or health care provider (HCP) must be able to rapidly identify acutely ill children during a disaster. Whether it is during a natural or man-made event, the nurse or HCP must intervene effectively to improve survival and outcomes. It is extremely vital to understand the medical management of these children during disasters, especially the use of appropriate medical countermeasures such as medications, antidotes, supplies, and equipment.


id: cord-025767-scbteel5
title: COVID‐19 impact on fruit and vegetable markets
author: Richards, Timothy J.
date: 2020-05-18
txt: ./txt/cord-025767-scbteel5.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-025767-scbteel5.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7264629/
doi: 10.1111/cjag.12231
summary:
  In the long term, we expect lasting changes in consumers'' online food‐purchasing habits, heightened constraints on immigrant labor markets, and tighter concentration in fresh produce distribution and perhaps retailing. Anecdotal evidence suggests that, like several nonperishable products, consumers have been stockpiling frozen fruits and vegetables, which has the potential to dampen current and future sales of fresh produce. In fact, in 2018, total retail sales of fresh fruits and vegetables produced domestically averaged about $125 million (CDN) per month (StatsCan, 2020a), while imports averaged approximately seven times that amount (Statista, 2020) . Consequently, most of the impact of changing consumption patterns will be felt by importers, including wholesalers, distributors, and retailers, and any impact on availability will be determined by conditions in the US fresh fruit and vegetable supply chain. We identify three of the most significant in this context as an access to labor issues in the fresh produce growing industries of the United States and Canada, consolidation, and the move to online food purchasing.

abstract:
  Canadian fruit and vegetable markets were significantly impacted by the spread of the novel coronavirus SARS‐CoV‐2 (and COVID‐19 disease), beginning in March 2020. Due to the closure of restaurants, bars, and schools, produce growers and distributors were forced to shift supplies almost entirely from the foodservice to the retail channel. Shippers reported labor and logistical constraints in making the change, but the fresh produce supply chain remained robust. In the long term, we expect lasting changes in consumers’ online food‐purchasing habits, heightened constraints on immigrant labor markets, and tighter concentration in fresh produce distribution and perhaps retailing.


id: cord-027860-s97hdhh6
title: Infectious Diseases
author: Zeimet, Anthony
date: 2020-06-22
txt: ./txt/cord-027860-s97hdhh6.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-027860-s97hdhh6.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7315328/
doi: 10.1016/b978-1-4377-1160-8.10016-8
abstract: nan
summary:
  Although common upper respiratory bacterial pathogens, such as Moraxella (Branhamella) catarrhalis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Haemophilus influenzae, may be isolated from patients with acute bronchitis, their relevance is questionable because these bacteria can be present in the respiratory tract of healthy individuals. In the treatment of Bordetella pertussis, early administration of a macrolide antibiotic and patient isolation will likely decrease coughing paroxysms and limit spread of disease (Braman, 2006) (SOR: A). Risk factors for Pseudomonas infection include severe structural lung disease (e.g., bronchiectasis) and recent antibiotic therapy, health care-associated exposures or stay in hospital (especially in the ICU). Patients who present with severe infection or whose infection is progressing despite empiric antibiotic therapy should be treated more aggressively; the treatment strategy should be based on results of appropriate Gram stain, culture, and drug susceptibility analysis. For suspected MRSA skin infections, oral treatment options include trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, clindamycin, and doxycycline of purulent material when performing incision and drainage in the event that the patient fails to improve and antibiotic coverage becomes necessary.


id: cord-028713-ets0j847
title: How green is green enough? The changing landscape of financing a sustainable European economy
author: Trippel, Elia
date: 2020-07-07
txt: ./txt/cord-028713-ets0j847.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-028713-ets0j847.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7338671/
doi: 10.1007/s12027-020-00611-z
summary:
  Wallace-Wells comments on this shift in 2018, when remarking that "scientists began embracing fear", as "the IPCC released a dramatic, alarmist report illustrating just how much worse climate change would be at 2 degrees of warming compared with 1.5." 18 This paper argues that this shift in narrative among scientists and subsequently EU policy-makers has also influenced the way in which sustainable finance was approached at EU level after 2018. Discussions around the need for clearer sustainability-related disclosures, for increasing the supply of sustainable financial products, for ensuring that environmental, social and governance (ESG factors) were duly taken into account in investment decision-making processes often came back to 21 G20 Green Finance Study Group [12] . In this publication, the first of her six headline ambitions, or proposed Commission priorities, was titled "A European Green Deal." 37 Moreover, the general narrative surrounding climate change and environmental degradation was bolder than what had been presented by Jean-Claude Juncker five years prior, on 15 July 2014.

abstract:
  Changing narratives surrounding the climate and environmental crisis have shaped the degree of ambition in the approach of EU policy-makers towards the sustainability transition and sustainable finance. This paper presents the evolution of EU sustainable finance policies between 2015 and 2019, focusing on the EU Taxonomy, arguing that as European narratives have shifted towards highlighting the severity of the climate and environmental crises, EU sustainable finance policies have also accelerated. The paper considers the IPCC SR1.5, published in October 2018, as one catalyst for this shift in narratives and the subsequently stronger policy responses, culminating in the European Green Deal.


id: cord-029172-fctcfoak
title: Politics of Prevention: Reflections From the COVID-19 Pandemic
author: Romano, John L.
date: 2020-07-13
txt: ./txt/cord-029172-fctcfoak.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-029172-fctcfoak.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7358972/
doi: 10.1177/2632077020938360
summary:
  Two theoretical perspectives that may help to inform effectiveness of COVID-19 prevention measures, Health Belief Model and Theory of Reasoned Action and Planned Behavior, are summarized. Studies of COVID-19 preventive interventions offer rich potential to prevention scientists, researching topics such as effectiveness of recommended behaviors, compliance across different demographic groups, and effectiveness of varying media messages. Systemic prevention interventions that enhance personal, social, and physical well-being across institutions, communities, and larger entities, such as cities, states, or countries, have been advocated across many different problem areas (American Psychological Association [APA], 2014). Interestingly, APA has a very active advocacy initiative within its structure, reporting regularly to the membership about its work with policy makers on topics such as promoting social justice and human rights, reducing health disparities, addressing violence prevention, and encouraging members to do likewise. In a school-based example, some parents will accept and deem important prevention programs that teach sex education to develop healthy sexual behavior, reduce teen pregnancy, and promote respect and acceptance of different sexual identities.

abstract:
  The COVID-19 pandemic from a prevention science perspective, including research topics, is discussed. Political considerations that influence prevention activities, with examples from the pandemic and from more typical prevention initiatives in schools and communities, are presented. The definitions of prevention science and prevention interventions are delineated, and a brief summary of prevention history is given. The relationship between health disparities and COVID-19 is discussed. Two theoretical perspectives that may help to inform effectiveness of COVID-19 prevention measures, Health Belief Model and Theory of Reasoned Action and Planned Behavior, are summarized. The article emphasizes the importance of adapting prevention applications to the intended recipients, especially ethnic and cultural groups. The need to strengthen prevention training in graduate education and strategies to reform the education to meet accreditation and licensing standards are suggested.


id: cord-032716-i6hfj8ca
title: What''s new in economic sanctions?
author: Hufbauer, Gary Clyde
date: 2020-09-25
txt: ./txt/cord-032716-i6hfj8ca.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-032716-i6hfj8ca.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7518878/
doi: 10.1016/j.euroecorev.2020.103572
abstract: nan
summary:
  Very early in the post Second World War era, the United States and its European allies used the International Monetary Fund, the World Bank, and regional development banksinstitutions they controlled --as on-off spigots to block or limit funding to target countries. Trump''s tariffs are aimed at a wide range of products (all autos, all steel, everything Chinese) in pursuit of broad goals that mix commerce and foreign policy (e.g., slash bilateral trade deficits, restore US preeminence as a manufacturing power, or limit technology exports that could strengthen China''s military). Trump''s sanctions take the form of high tariffs, both imposed and threatened, that could eventually cover nearly all US imports from China; a star chamber screening process, under CFIUS auspices, that will deny Chinese investment in any US firm with a technology flavor; and criminal charges against the world''s leading telecom company, Huawei, and its chief financial officer, Meng Wanzhou, for stealing trade secrets and evading economic sanctions on Iran; and the forced sale of TikTok assets in the United States.


id: cord-033687-djkljey2
author: Druckman, James N.
date: 2020-08-24
txt: ./txt/cord-033687-djkljey2.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-033687-djkljey2.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7550884/
doi: 10.1017/xps.2020.28
summary:
  Partisans who harbor high levels of animus towards the other party do not differentiate the "United States''" response to COVID-19 from that of the Trump administration. Because the virus and resulting pandemic was completely novel when it emerged in early 2020, partisans did not have prior beliefs about it and their pre-COVID levels of affective polarization cannot be affected by how elites acted during the crisis. First, in line with Hypothesis 1, we would observe that participants from different political parties offer differential evaluations of the targets (e.g., Republicans being more favorable about Trump than the United States). Republicans with low levels of affective polarization report higher evaluations of the American response in the Trump condition than in the United States condition such that we can reject the null hypothesis of no difference (1.94 versus 1.31, difference of −0.626, p < 0.01). How Affective Polarization Shapes Americans'' Political Beliefs: A Study of Response to the COVID-19 Pandemic

title:
  How Affective Polarization Shapes Americans’ Political Beliefs: A Study of Response to the COVID-19 Pandemic

abstract:
  Affective polarization – partisans’ dislike and distrust of those from the other party – has reached historically high levels in the United States. While numerous studies estimate its effect on apolitical outcomes (e.g., dating and economic transactions), we know much less about its effects on political beliefs. We argue that those who exhibit high levels of affective polarization politicize ostensibly apolitical issues and actors. An experiment focused on responses to COVID-19 that relies on pre-pandemic, exogenous measures of affective polarization supports our expectations. Partisans who harbor high levels of animus towards the other party do not differentiate the “United States’” response to COVID-19 from that of the Trump administration. Less affectively polarized partisans, in contrast, do not politicize evaluations of the country’s response. Our results provide evidence of how affective polarization, apart from partisanship itself, shapes substantive beliefs. Affective polarization has political consequences and political beliefs stem, in part, from partisan animus.


id: cord-034575-kio60itg
author: Lafleur, Jean-Michel
date: 2020-10-31
txt: ./txt/cord-034575-kio60itg.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-034575-kio60itg.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7605455/
doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-51245-3_1
summary:
  Drawing on data from two original surveys with national experts, we operationalize the concepts of descriptive infrastructure for non-residents (i.e. the presence of diaspora-related institutions) and substantive infrastructure (i.e. policies that provide and facilitate access to welfare for nationals abroad) in order to propose a new typology of states'' engagement with their diaspora in the area of social protection. With the concept of diaspora infrastructure, we aim to highlight the fact that sending states'' engagement with nationals abroad in the area of welfare consists of both institutions (consulates, ministries or sub-ministries in charge of emigration issues) and policies (rights and support services) aiming to protect the diaspora against vulnerability or social risks. As previously mentioned, we operationalise sending states'' descriptive infrastructure as the institutional framework that comprises home countries'' public institutions at the national level which meet both conditions of having a mandate to engage primarily with the diaspora and being active in the adoption or implementation of social protection policies that benefit this population.

title:
  Do EU Member States Care About their Diasporas’ Access to Social Protection? A Comparison of Consular and Diaspora Policies across EU27

abstract:
  Despite the growing literature on sending states’ engagement with their populations abroad, little is known so far about their role in helping the diaspora deal with social risks. As argued in this chapter, this is mainly because past studies on sending states’ policies and institutions for the diaspora have failed to systematically focus on social protection, while also ignoring that regional integration dynamics often constrain domestic responses to the welfare needs of nationals residing abroad. This volume aims to fill this research gap by comparatively examining the type of diaspora infrastructure through which EU Member States address the vulnerabilities faced by populations abroad in five core areas of social protection: health care, pensions, family, unemployment, and economic hardship. Drawing on data from two original surveys with national experts, we operationalize the concepts of descriptive infrastructure for non-residents (i.e. the presence of diaspora-related institutions) and substantive infrastructure (i.e. policies that provide and facilitate access to welfare for nationals abroad) in order to propose a new typology of states’ engagement with their diaspora in the area of social protection.


id: cord-177001-ron8oqrn
author: Afshordi, Niayesh
date: 2020-07-01
txt: ./txt/cord-177001-ron8oqrn.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-177001-ron8oqrn.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://arxiv.org/pdf/2007.00159v1.pdf
doi: nan
summary:
  Compared to the linear model of the previous section (Table 1b) Diverse local epidemics reveal the distinct effects of population density, demographics, climate, depletion of susceptibles, and intervention in the first wave of COVID-19 in the United States individual''s probability of becoming infectious, and the distributions of incubation period and generation interval, all as a function of the median age of the population (see Supplementary Material). To obtain the simplest nontrivial incubation period, we assume that β(C) =β Θ(C − 1)where Θ(x) is the Heaviside step function -meaning Diverse local epidemics reveal the distinct effects of population density, demographics, climate, depletion of susceptibles, and intervention in the first wave of COVID-19 in the United States that an infected individual is only infectious once they reach stage C = 1, and the infection rate constant is otherwise unchanging.

title:
  Diverse local epidemics reveal the distinct effects of population density, demographics, climate, depletion of susceptibles, and intervention in the first wave of COVID-19 in the United States

abstract:
  The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has caused significant mortality and morbidity worldwide, sparing almost no community. As the disease will likely remain a threat for years to come, an understanding of the precise influences of human demographics and settlement, as well as the dynamic factors of climate, susceptible depletion, and intervention, on the spread of localized epidemics will be vital for mounting an effective response. We consider the entire set of local epidemics in the United States; a broad selection of demographic, population density, and climate factors; and local mobility data, tracking social distancing interventions, to determine the key factors driving the spread and containment of the virus. Assuming first a linear model for the rate of exponential growth (or decay) in cases/mortality, we find that population-weighted density, humidity, and median age dominate the dynamics of growth and decline, once interventions are accounted for. A focus on distinct metropolitan areas suggests that some locales benefited from the timing of a nearly simultaneous nationwide shutdown, and/or the regional climate conditions in mid-March; while others suffered significant outbreaks prior to intervention. Using a first-principles model of the infection spread, we then develop predictions for the impact of the relaxation of social distancing and local climate conditions. A few regions, where a significant fraction of the population was infected, show evidence that the epidemic has partially resolved via depletion of the susceptible population (i.e.,"herd immunity"), while most regions in the United States remain overwhelmingly susceptible. These results will be important for optimal management of intervention strategies, which can be facilitated using our online dashboard.


id: cord-209730-nzcch4ji
title: On Digital Currency and the Transfer of World Wealth and Technology Centers
author: Cai, Hengjin
date: 2020-08-13
txt: ./txt/cord-209730-nzcch4ji.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-209730-nzcch4ji.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://arxiv.org/pdf/2008.07383v1.pdf
doi: nan
summary:
  As means of overdrawing the future, sovereign currency and bonds have gradually become modern forms of wealth and have strongly promoted scientific and technological progress and social development. The world has been changing rapidly since the outbreak of COVID-19, and new forms of wealth need to be constructed as an extension of the Self of the masses, among which digital currency may be an effective carrier of value. If everyone uses existing assets (such as gold and silver) to serve as collateral for the full specified amount, we will find that even if all social wealth were taken as collateral, it would still not be enough to fill the gap because self-assertiveness demands function unceasingly to make the requirements of the people to exceed actual social output, thereby causing challenges to sustainability, which is also the major problem with Libra lacking a credit mechanism.

abstract:
  The emergence and transfer of wealth promote the evolution of civilizations. Through the pursuit of the form of wealth valued by the members of society, the self-assertiveness demands of a society can be met and thus stimulate creativity. As means of overdrawing the future, sovereign currency and bonds have gradually become modern forms of wealth and have strongly promoted scientific and technological progress and social development. However, due to the unequal distribution of wealth, the sustainability of sovereign currency and bonds is not certain. The world has been changing rapidly since the outbreak of COVID-19, and new forms of wealth need to be constructed as an extension of the Self of the masses, among which digital currency may be an effective carrier of value. China is on an upward trajectory, and the complex and volatile global environment can provide an opportunity for China to focus on developing aspects of its science and technology, optimize its system of governance and strengthen its internal driving force.


id: cord-253161-oz1eziy1
title: MY COVID‐19 DIARY
author: Munyikwa, Michelle
date: 2020-06-04
txt: ./txt/cord-253161-oz1eziy1.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-253161-oz1eziy1.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8322.12575
doi: 10.1111/1467-8322.12575
summary:
  Written in weekly instalments, Michelle Munyikwa''s Covid‐19 diary reflects upon the experience of an unfolding pandemic from her dual role as a medical trainee and anthropologist living in the United States. In this narrative, Michelle Munyikwa, an anthropologist and medical doctor-in-training, reflects on developments in the Covid-19 pandemic in the form of a diary from Philadelphia. Scrolling social media feeds, one is inundated by reports from other countries, graphs and tables attempting to predict the future, and calls to understand the past of previous epidemics such that we might not repeat our errors. This uniquely 21st-century crisis is an object lesson in what it feels like to live through an emerging epidemic during what has often been described as an age of anxiety. We will need to worry about the chronically ill and the fact that many American hospitals cannot handle a surge in patients at this time of year.

abstract:
  Written in weekly instalments, Michelle Munyikwa's Covid‐19 diary reflects upon the experience of an unfolding pandemic from her dual role as a medical trainee and anthropologist living in the United States. Her observations centre on everyday encounters with scenes or objects that reflect the growing crisis, from the absence of masks outside patient rooms to emergent forms of care through telemedicine. The diary follows the author as she experiences grief, ambivalence and disorientation in the first weeks of the pandemic.


id: cord-254978-m8i3q9ww
author: Christian, Michael D.
date: 2008-05-31
txt: ./txt/cord-254978-m8i3q9ww.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-254978-m8i3q9ww.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18460503/
doi: 10.1378/chest.07-2707
summary:
  Baseline shortages of specialized resources such as critical care staff, medical supplies, and treatment spaces are likely to limit the number of critically ill victims who can receive life-sustaining interventions. However, with the anticipation of large volumes of critically ill patients in future disasters, some believe that hospital capacity, and in particular critical care capability, will be a major limiting factor for survival. Within an effective command and control system to coordinate regional response, 10 surge capacity in critical care depends on three crucial elements: (1) "stuff," medical equipment and supplies; (2) "staff," appropriately trained health professionals to competently care for critically ill and injured patients; and (3) "space," the physical location suitable for safe provision of critical care. Although great strides have been made to prepare the health-care system to respond to disaster, these plans fall short for mass casualty events with a large number of critically ill.

title:
  Definitive Care for the Critically Ill During a Disaster: Current Capabilities and Limitations From a Task Force for Mass Critical Care Summit Meeting, January 26–27, 2007, Chicago, IL

abstract:
  In the twentieth century, rarely have mass casualty events yielded hundreds or thousands of critically ill patients requiring definitive critical care. However, future catastrophic natural disasters, epidemics or pandemics, nuclear device detonations, or large chemical exposures may change usual disaster epidemiology and require a large critical care response. This article reviews the existing state of emergency preparedness for mass critical illness and presents an analysis of limitations to support the suggestions of the Task Force on Mass Casualty Critical Care, which are presented in subsequent articles. Baseline shortages of specialized resources such as critical care staff, medical supplies, and treatment spaces are likely to limit the number of critically ill victims who can receive life-sustaining interventions. The deficiency in critical care surge capacity is exacerbated by lack of a sufficient framework to integrate critical care within the overall institutional response and coordination of critical care across local institutions and broader geographic areas.


id: cord-255477-okbxllit
author: Grabau, John C.
date: 2004-09-25
txt: ./txt/cord-255477-okbxllit.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-255477-okbxllit.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S0147956304001086
doi: 10.1016/j.hrtlng.2004.05.005
summary:
  9 An investigation conducted among inner city residents in a large United States city identified predictors of death to be underlying illnesses such as diabetes mellitus, renal failure, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and HIV infection. A TB-related sudden death, where TB disease was not suspected or detected until autopsy, led to a large contact investigation and prompted the New York State Department of Health to look into other TB deaths in an effort to identify patterns where TB disease may have gone undetected and to identify opportunities for intervention to prevent transmission of infection and subsequent development of disease. Firstround testing of close contacts looked at 171 individuals, 24 (14%) of whom were known by the local health department to be TB skin test (TST)-positive. In the investigation described here, the index patient was identified at death as having extensive TB disease and likely infected a substantial number of coworkers and social contacts.

title:
  Investigation of sudden death from Mycobacterium tuberculosis in a foreign-born worker at a resort hotel()

abstract:
  A 60 year-old man born in Central America died suddenly in the hallway of his residence on the grounds of a resort hotel where he worked as a dishwasher. The dishwashing station was in a large, poorly ventilated area where a substantial number of food service workers (cooks, wait staff, bus persons, dishwashers, supervisors, etc.) shared air space with the index patient. Several social contacts of the patient reported that he had been coughing for many months before his death. The County Department Of Health conducted a contact investigation, which identified 171 individuals in need of follow-up. Thirty-six percent of those tested in the first round were tuberculin skin test-positive; a second round of testing yielded a 15% (8 of 52) conversion rate.


id: cord-257751-n7w1psr4
title: Coping With COVID-19: Learning From Past Pandemics to Avoid Pitfalls and Panic
author: Halperin, Daniel T.
date: 2020-06-30
txt: ./txt/cord-257751-n7w1psr4.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-257751-n7w1psr4.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.9745/ghsp-d-20-00189
doi: 10.9745/ghsp-d-20-00189
summary:
  As we wrestle with how best to mitigate COVID-19, it is imperative to concur on the likely main drivers of transmission (notably, infection clusters resulting from prolonged indoor respiratory exposure) in order to clearly explain risk and to determine the most effective, realistic behavioral and other means to reduce illness and mortality. What is clear, based on evidence from several countries (and despite media attention to statistically anomalous cases of healthy and younger victims), is that severe outcomes and deaths from COVID-19 are overwhelmingly associated with preexisting (and especially multiple) serious illnesses such as diabetes and heart disease, [14] [15] [16] more so in men and particularly when exacerbated by obesity and smoking. Moreover, the fact that between 96% (in the United States 16 ) and more than 99% (in Italy 14 ) of COVID-19-related deaths, at any age, have occurred in persons with preexisting conditions could suggest that even very old but otherwise healthy people may not be at greatly elevated risk of dying from the disease.

abstract:
  It is imperative to concur on the main transmission routes of COVID-19 to explain risk and determine the most effective means to reduce illness and mortality. We must avoid generating irrational fear and maintain a broader perspective in the pandemic response, including assessing the possibility for substantial unintended consequences.


id: cord-262892-n38r8n70
author: Sheikh, Jamila
date: 2015-05-08
url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128007693000093
doi: 10.1016/b978-0-12-800769-3.00009-3
title:
  Nutritional Care of the Child with Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection in the United States: A Historical and Contemporary Perspective

abstract:
  In well-resourced settings, early infant diagnosis and administration of life-saving antiretrovirals (ARVs) have significantly improved clinical outcomes in pediatric human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. The dramatic increase in survival rates is associated with enhancements in overall quality of life, which reflect a multidisciplinary, holistic approach to care. Current optimism starkly contrasts with the outlook and prognosis two decades ago, when failure to thrive and wasting syndrome from uncontrolled pediatric HIV infection resulted from poor oral intake, malabsorption, chronic diarrhea, and a persistently catabolic state. The tenets of care developed from that era still hold true in that all infants, children, and adolescents with HIV require comprehensive nutritional services in addition to effective combination antiretroviral therapy (cART). This chapter will review the principles of nutrition in the pre- and post-cART eras and discuss the etiologic factors associated with malnutrition, with an emphasis on interventions that have favorably impacted the growth and body composition of infants, children and adolescents with HIV.


id: cord-263261-xhem8l39
title: Bismarck and the Long Road to Universal Health Coverage
author: Tulchinsky, Theodore H.
date: 2018-03-30
url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128045718000317
doi: 10.1016/b978-0-12-804571-8.00031-7
abstract:
  The 2015 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) state that All United Nations Member States have agreed to try to achieve Universal Health Coverage by 2030. This includes financial risk protection, access to quality essential health care services and access to safe, effective, quality and affordable essential medicines and vaccines for all. Universal health coverage (UHC) means inclusion and empowerment for all people to access medical care, including treatment and prevention services. UHC exists in all the industrial nations except the US, which has a mixed public-private system and struggles with closing the gap between the insured and the uninsured population. Middle- and low-income countries face many challenges for UHC achievement, including low levels of funding, lack of personnel, weak health management, and issues of availability of services favoring middle- and upper-class communities. Community health services for preventive and curative health services for needs in populations at risk for poor health in low-income countries must be addressed with proactive health promotion initiatives for the double burden of infectious and noncommunicable diseases. Each nation will develop its own unique approach to national health systems, but there are models used by a number of countries based on principles of national responsibility for health, social solidarity for providing funding, and for effective ways of providing care with comprehensiveness, efficiency, quality, and cost containment. Universal access does not eliminate social inequalities in health by itself, including a wide context of reducing social inequities. Understanding national health systems requires examining representative models of different systems. Health reform is necessarily a continuing process as all countries must adapt to face challenges of cost constraints, inequalities in access to care, aging populations, emergence of new disease conditions and advancing technology including the growing capacity of medicine, public health and health promotion. The growing stress of increasing obesity, diabetes, and other chronic diseases, requires nations to modify their health care systems. Learning from the systems developed in different countries helps to learn from the processes of change in other countries.


id: cord-263438-9ra94uda
title: Emerging and reemerging diseases: a historical perspective
author: Snowden, Frank M.
date: 2008-09-19
txt: ./txt/cord-263438-9ra94uda.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-263438-9ra94uda.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18837773/
doi: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.2008.00677.x
summary:
  Experience with human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, the return of cholera to the Americas in 1991, the plague outbreak in India in 1994, and the emergence of Ebola in Zaire in 1995 created awareness of a new vulnerability to epidemics due to population growth, unplanned urbanization, antimicrobial resistance, poverty, societal change, and rapid mass movement of people. The United States and the World Health Organization took devised rapid response systems to monitor and contain disease outbreaks and to develop new weapons against microbes. In 1996, in addition, President Bill Clinton (28) issued a fact sheet entitled ''Addressing the Threat of Emerging Infectious Diseases'' in which he declared them ''one of the most significant health and security challenges facing the global community.'' There were also highly visible hearings on emerging infections in the US Congress (29) . The Rand Corporation intelligence report The Global Threat of New and Reemerging Infectious Diseases: Reconciling U.S. National Security and Public Health Policy (53) had two leading themes.

abstract:
  Summary: Between mid‐century and 1992, there was a consensus that the battle against infectious diseases had been won, and the Surgeon General announced that it was time to close the book. Experience with human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, the return of cholera to the Americas in 1991, the plague outbreak in India in 1994, and the emergence of Ebola in Zaire in 1995 created awareness of a new vulnerability to epidemics due to population growth, unplanned urbanization, antimicrobial resistance, poverty, societal change, and rapid mass movement of people. The increasing virulence of dengue fever with dengue hemorrhagic fever and dengue shock syndrome disproved the theory of the evolution toward commensalism, and the discovery of the microbial origins of peptic ulcer demonstrated the reach of infectious diseases. The Institute of Medicine coined the term ‘emerging and reemerging diseases’ to explain that the world had entered an era in which the vulnerability to epidemics in the United States and globally was greater than ever. The United States and the World Health Organization took devised rapid response systems to monitor and contain disease outbreaks and to develop new weapons against microbes. These mechanisms were tested by severe acute respiratory syndrome in 2003, and a series of practical and conceptual blind spots in preparedness were revealed.


id: cord-263667-5g51n27e
title: Veterinary public health: Past success, new opportunities
author: Steele, James Harlan
date: 2008-09-15
txt: ./txt/cord-263667-5g51n27e.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-263667-5g51n27e.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18417229/
doi: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2008.02.014
summary:
  Key historical events, disease outbreaks, and individuals responsible for their control are reviewed and serve as a foundation for understanding the current and future efforts in veterinary public health. Billings makes a strong plea for the development of veterinary public health to control the animal diseases that affect man. He was one of the veterinarians who was active in the early years of the American Public Health Association (APHA), during which discussions of trichinosis, tuberculosis and other animal diseases took place at the early annual meetings. The 1908 report Milk and Its Relation to Public Health by Milton Rosenau, issued by the USPHS, brought reform to the dairy industry and support for the Bureau of Animal Industry program to control bovine tuberculosis (Myers and Steele, 1969) . In the United States, the veterinary medical profession has carried on effectively in eliminating those major problems of animal health that had serious public health ramifications, namely bovine tuberculosis and brucellosis.

abstract:
  Abstract Animal diseases are known to be the origin of many human diseases, and there are many examples from ancient civilizations of plagues that arose from animals, domesticated and wild. Records of attempts to control zoonoses are almost as old. The early focus on food-borne illness evolved into veterinary medicine's support of public health efforts. Key historical events, disease outbreaks, and individuals responsible for their control are reviewed and serve as a foundation for understanding the current and future efforts in veterinary public health. Animal medicine and veterinary public health have been intertwined since humans first began ministrations to their families and animals. In the United States, the veterinary medical profession has effectively eliminated those major problems of animal health that had serious public health ramifications. These lessons and experiences can serve as a model for other countries. Our past must also be a reminder that the battle for human and animal health is ongoing. New agents emerge to threaten human and animal populations. With knowledge of the past, coupled with new technologies and techniques, we must be vigilant and carry on.


id: cord-265017-byyx2y47
title: Seeds of Destruction
author: Ryan, Jeffrey R.
date: 2016-03-25
txt: ./txt/cord-265017-byyx2y47.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-265017-byyx2y47.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128020296000013
doi: 10.1016/b978-0-12-802029-6.00001-3
summary:
  In the United States, bioterrorism became a household word in October 2001, when Bacillus anthracis (the causative agent of anthrax) spores were introduced into the US Postal Service system by several letters dropped into a mailbox in Trenton, New Jersey (see Fig. 1 .1). At the same time as the French were signing the 1925 Geneva Protocol, they were developing a biological warfare program to complement the one they had established for chemical weapons during World War I (Rosebury and Kabat, 1947) . What many people do not know about the group is that it developed and attempted to use biological agents (anthrax, Q fever, Ebola virus, and botulinum toxin) on at least 10 other occasions. To illustrate these points we will briefly discuss four items of international interest that have been emphasized in the media: accidental shipment of live anthrax-positive controls samples, the 2014/2015 Ebola outbreak in West Africa, cases of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) in South Korea and Saudi Arabia, and a massive outbreak of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI).

abstract:
  This chapter provides the reader with an understanding and appreciation for the scope and importance of biological threats and the opportunity to see where they may be and have become the desire of terrorist groups and the makings of weapons of mass destruction. The history of biological warfare is covered in depth. These major events are important in helping us understand the issues related to using biological substances against an adversary. The difference between biosecurity and biodefense are explained and then related to homeland security and homeland defense, respectively. This chapter also details how expensive these programs are, with nearly $80 billion having been spent on civilian biodefense since fiscal year 2001 in the United States alone. As discussed herein, there is a significant difference in the reality and the potential of bioterrorism. Bioterrorism on a large scale is a low-probability event. Bioterrorism on a small scale is a fairly routine occurrence with little potential. Biological threats remain very much in the news. Recent examples, such as laboratory incidents, the Ebola outbreak of 2014, and other emerging threats, are covered in this chapter.


id: cord-265300-jcpyrlw9
author: Lichtenstein, Bronwen
date: 2020-07-28
txt: ./txt/cord-265300-jcpyrlw9.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-265300-jcpyrlw9.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbaa102
doi: 10.1093/geronb/gbaa102
summary:
  OBJECTIVES: This article compares responses to coronavirus control in Australia, the United Kingdom, and the United States, 3 countries in which public ageism erupted over the social and economic costs of protecting older adults from Covid-19. The primary sources for this analysis include major broadsheets such as The Age and Sydney Morning Herald in Australia; The Guardian (and three tabloids, Daily Mail, The Telegraph, and The Sun) in the United Kingdom; and The New York Times and The Washington Post in the United States. (Australia has a smaller population compared to the United Kingdom and United States, and its media resources are fewer.) Nonprint sources include the Australian Broadcasting Commission (ABC), the British Broadcasting Commission (BBC), health policy platforms (e.g., Center for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC]), and advocacy websites for older adults in each country.

title:
  From “Coffin Dodger” to “Boomer Remover”: Outbreaks of Ageism in Three Countries With Divergent Approaches to Coronavirus Control

abstract:
  OBJECTIVES: This article compares responses to coronavirus control in Australia, the United Kingdom, and the United States, 3 countries in which public ageism erupted over the social and economic costs of protecting older adults from Covid-19. METHODS: Thirty-five (35) newspapers, media websites, and current affairs magazines were sourced for the study: 8 for Australia, 12 for the United Kingdom, and 15 for the United States. Searches were conducted daily from April to June 2020, using key words to identify age-related themes on pandemic control. RESULTS: Despite divergent policies in the 3 countries, ageism took similar forms. Public responses to lockdowns and other measures cast older adults as a problem to be ignored or solved through segregation. Name-calling, blame, and “so-be-it” reactions toward age vulnerability were commonplace. Policies banning visits to aged care homes angered many relatives and older adults. Indefinite isolation for older adults was widely accepted, especially as a vehicle to end public lockdowns and economic crises. DISCUSSION: Older adults have and will continue to bear the brunt of Covid-19 in terms of social burdens and body counts as the pandemic continues to affect people around the globe. The rhetoric of disposability underscores age discrimination on a broader scale, with blame toward an age cohort considered to have lived past its usefulness for society and to have enriched itself at the expense of future generations.


id: cord-268331-m4hqxna2
title: Medical Care for Undocumented Immigrants: National and International Issues
author: Beck, Teresa L.
date: 2018-11-16
txt: ./txt/cord-268331-m4hqxna2.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-268331-m4hqxna2.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S240579911830080X
doi: 10.1016/j.cpha.2018.08.002
summary:
  Leading medical professional societies such as the American Medical Association (AMA), American College of Physicians (ACP), the American Academy of Family Physicians (AAFP), and the American Nurses Association (ANA) reaffirm the position that all individuals living in the United States, regardless of their immigration status, should have access to quality health care, including the opportunity to purchase insurance. Several US cities and states with large immigrant populations have attempted to address their health care needs by providing access to primary care. My Health LA (MHLA) is a no-cost health care program that offers comprehensive health care for low-income, uninsured Los Angeles county residents, regardless of immigration status or medical condition. In the United States, cities with large numbers of immigrants have models that provide health care to their uninsured regardless of immigration status, and could potentially be expanded to other areas of the country experiencing increasing growth of their immigrant populations.

abstract:
  The number of undocumented immigrants (UIs) varies worldwide, and most reside in the United States. With more than 12 million UIs in the United States, addressing the health care needs of this population presents unique challenges and opportunities. Most UIs are uninsured and rely on the safety-net health system for their care. Because of young age, this population is often considered to be healthier than the overall US population, but they have specific health conditions and risks. Adequate coverage is lacking; however, there are examples of how to better address the health care needs of UIs.


id: cord-269958-nj0ub9in
title: COVID‐19, nationalism, and the politics of crisis: A scholarly exchange
author: Woods, Eric Taylor
date: 2020-07-19
txt: ./txt/cord-269958-nj0ub9in.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-269958-nj0ub9in.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1111/nana.12644
doi: 10.1111/nana.12644
summary:
  This is deepening as Taiwan gains substantial support from other democratic states, while China appears to be taking advantage of the health crisis to step up its naval and air force intrusions into the waters around the island and into the South China Sea. This growing linkage of the pandemic with the national security of the United States and China creates a context within which individuals in both countries are likely to be harassed as carriers of COVID-19, especially in the context of the rising populism that is highlighted by Miller-Idriss.

abstract:
  In this article, several scholars of nationalism discuss the potential for the COVID‐19 pandemic to impact the development of nationalism and world politics. To structure the discussion, the contributors respond to three questions: (1) how should we understand the relationship between nationalism and COVID‐19; (2) will COVID‐19 fuel ethnic and nationalist conflict; and (3) will COVID‐19 reinforce or erode the nation‐state in the long run? The contributors formulated their responses to these questions near to the outset of the pandemic, amid intense uncertainty. This made it acutely difficult, if not impossible, to make predictions. Nevertheless, it was felt that a historically and theoretically informed discussion would shed light on the types of political processes that could be triggered by the COVID‐19 pandemic. In doing so, the aim is to help orient researchers and policy‐makers as they grapple with what has rapidly become the most urgent issue of our times.


id: cord-273099-zkk5d6gd
title: Vaccine supply, demand, and policy: A primer
author: Muzumdar, Jagannath M.
date: 2016-01-01
txt: ./txt/cord-273099-zkk5d6gd.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-273099-zkk5d6gd.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19589753/
doi: 10.1331/japha.2009.09007
summary:
  According to the authors, an integrated policy approach that preserves incentives for market entry and innovation in the vaccine industry while addressing parental vaccine concerns and increasing immunization funding and reimbursement for both providers and patients is needed. 2 Push strategies seek to address supply-side issues in the vaccine market by providing direct assistance to ease the burden of research, development, and production costs, whereas pull strategies are designed to manipulate demand for vaccines, thereby improving the likelihood of a return on investment by increasing the number of immunizations administered. The United Kingdom has taken a lead in promoting an International Financing Facility for Immunization (IFFIm) 69 IFFIm has raised more than $1 billion in capital markets to immunize poor children in developing nations against Reviews VACCINE POLICY vaccine-preventable diseases.

abstract:
  OBJECTIVE: To provide an overview of supply and demand issues in the vaccine industry and the policy options that have been implemented to resolve these issues. DATA SOURCES: Medline, Policy File, and International Pharmaceutical Abstracts were searched to locate academic journal articles. Other sources reviewed included texts on the topics of vaccine history and policy, government agency reports, and reports from independent think tanks. Keywords included vaccines, immunizations, supply, demand, and policy. STUDY SELECTION: Search criteria were limited to English language and human studies. Articles pertaining to vaccine demand, supply, and public policy were selected and reviewed for inclusion. DATA EXTRACTION: By the authors. DATA SYNTHESIS: Vaccines are biologic medications, therefore making their development and production more difficult and costly compared with “small-molecule” drugs. Research and development costs for vaccines can exceed $800 million, and development may require 10 years or more. Strict manufacturing regulations and facility upgrades add to these costs. Policy options to increase and stabilize the supply of vaccines include those aimed at increasing supply, such as government subsidies for basic vaccine research, liability protection for manufacturers, and fast-track approval for new vaccines. Options to increase vaccine demand include advance purchase commitments, government stockpiles, and government financing for select populations. CONCLUSION: High development costs and multiple barriers to entry have led to a decline in the number of vaccine manufacturers. Although a number of vaccine policies have met with mixed success in increasing the supply of and demand for vaccines, a variety of concerns remain, including developing vaccines for complex pathogens and increasing immunization rates with available vaccines. New policy innovations such as advance market commitments and Medicare Part D vaccine coverage have been implemented and may aid in resolving some of the problems in the vaccine industry.


id: cord-273789-sbppgkza
title: Lyme disease: Current issues, implications, and recommendations for tourism management
author: Donohoe, Holly
date: 2014-08-20
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32287743/
doi: 10.1016/j.tourman.2014.07.006
abstract:
  Lyme disease is a bacterial infection spread through the bite of an infected tick. In the last few decades, the number and spatial reach of new cases has increased globally and in the United States, Lyme disease is now the most commonly reported vector-borne disease. Despite this evolving public health crisis, there has been little-to-no discussion of the implications for tourism supply and demand. This paper reviews the scientific literature to identify Lyme disease risk factors and the implications for tourism management are discussed. The major contribution of this paper is a set of recommendations for tourism managers who may be tasked with mitigating the risks for visitors and employees as well as the potential impacts of Lyme disease on destination sustainability.


id: cord-274061-ynqxgyw6
title: Blood system changes since recognition of transfusion‐associated AIDS
author: Epstein, Jay S.
date: 2013-10-17
txt: ./txt/cord-274061-ynqxgyw6.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-274061-ynqxgyw6.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24032622/
doi: 10.1111/trf.12373
abstract: nan
summary:
  In a set of 14 recommendations directed primarily at federal agencies, the IOM called for a more responsive and integrated decision-making process including establishment of a Blood Safety Council reporting to a designated Blood Safety Director within HHS and a standing "expert panel" to assure communication of blood product risks and alternatives to their use both to care providers and to the public. Several possible strategies were presented, including deferral of blood donations by persons known to be at increased risk for AIDS and the use of surrogate tests to identify persons at increased risk of transmission, such as those with detectable antibody to hepatitis B core antigen (anti-HBc) or low CD4/CD8 T-cell ratios. The Transfusion Transmitted Virus Study, supported by the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, published a retrospective analysis of a prospective study that showed that alanine aminotransferase (ALT) testing of donors might effect a 30% reduction in TAH incidence.


id: cord-275033-y9z9l0ji
title: The Role of Epidemiology in Informing United States Childhood Immunization Policy and Practice
author: Carter-Pokras, O.
date: 2020-10-14
txt: ./txt/cord-275033-y9z9l0ji.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-275033-y9z9l0ji.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annepidem.2020.09.017
doi: 10.1016/j.annepidem.2020.09.017
summary:
  For example, surveillance and studies of childhood infectious diseases provide the basis of morbidity and mortality data used to make J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f Immunization was selected as an example for examination of epidemiology in informing public health policy and practice because childhood immunization is one of the ten greatest public health achievements in the United States--it saves lives and is cost-effective. Since public health authorities across the United States have needed to urgently implement non-pharmaceutical public health disease containment measures (e.g., shelter-in-place, postponements of noncritical health care visits), early epidemiological studies are already documenting a dramatic decline in ordering and administration of childhood vaccines, VFC clinic capacity to vaccinate children, and immunization coverage rates for VPDs.

abstract:
  One of the ten greatest public health achievements is childhood vaccination because of its impact controlling and eliminating vaccine-preventable diseases (VPDs). Evidence-based immunization policies and practices are responsible for this success and are supported by epidemiology that has generated scientific evidence for informing policy and practice. The purpose of this report is to highlight the role of epidemiology in the development of immunization policy and successful intervention in public health practice that has resulted in a measurable public health impact: the control and elimination of VPDs in the United States. Examples in which epidemiology informed immunization policy were collected from a literature review and consultation with experts who have been working in this field for the past 30 years. Epidemiologic examples (e.g., thimerosal-containing vaccines and the alleged association between the measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine and autism) are presented to describe challenges that epidemiologists have addressed. Finally, we describe ongoing challenges to the nation’s ability to sustain high vaccination coverage, particularly with concerns about vaccine safety and effectiveness, increasing use of religious and philosophical belief exemptions to vaccination, and vaccine hesitancy. Learning from past and current experiences may help epidemiologists anticipate and address current and future challenges to respond to emerging infectious diseases, such as COVID-19, with new vaccines and enhance public health impact of immunization programs for years to come.


id: cord-276758-k2imddzr
author: Siegel, Jane D.
date: 2007-12-07
txt: ./txt/cord-276758-k2imddzr.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-276758-k2imddzr.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18068815/
doi: 10.1016/j.ajic.2007.10.007
abstract: nan
summary:
  Activities currently assigned to ICPs in response to emerging challenges include (1) surveillance and infection prevention at facilities other than acute care hospitals (eg, ambulatory clinics, day surgery centers, LTCFs, rehabilitation centers, home care); (2) oversight of employee health services related to infection prevention (eg, assessment of risk and administration of recommended treatment after exposure to infectious agents, tuberculosis screening, influenza vaccination, respiratory protection fit testing, and administration of other vaccines as indicated, such as smallpox vaccine in 2003); (3) preparedness planning for annual influenza outbreaks, pandemic influenza, SARS, and bioweapons attacks; (4) adherence monitoring for selected infection control practices; (5) oversight of risk assessment and implementation of prevention measures associated with construction and renovation; (6) prevention of transmission of MDROs; (7) evaluation of new medical products that could be associated with increased infection risk (eg, intravenous infusion materials); (8) communication with the public, facility staff, and state and local health departments concerning infection control-related issues; and (9) participation in local and multicenter research projects.

title:
  2007 Guideline for Isolation Precautions: Preventing Transmission of Infectious Agents in Health Care Settings


id: cord-276797-86hc3lbi
author: Jamieson, Denise J.
date: 2006-06-30
txt: ./txt/cord-276797-86hc3lbi.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-276797-86hc3lbi.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16731070/
doi: 10.1016/j.ajog.2005.06.062
summary:
  Objective The purpose of this study was to summarize 3 recent high-profile infectious disease threats that have affected the United States: severe acute respiratory syndrome, West Nile virus, and anthrax. Results The 3 emerging infectious diseases pose very different threats: Severe acute respiratory syndrome is a newly identified pathogen that caused an international pandemic; the West Nile virus investigation involved an old pathogen that was identified in a new location; and the anthrax attacks involved the intentional introduction of a pathogen. This systematic review summarizes 3 recent, highprofile infectious disease threats that have affected the United States: (1) SARS, (2) West Nile virus, and (3) anthrax. The 3 emerging infectious disease threats that are described in this systematic review pose very different and novel health threats: SARS is a newly identified pathogen that caused an international pandemic; the West Nile virus investigation involved an old pathogen that was identified in a new location; and the anthrax attacks involved the intentional introduction of a pathogen.

title:
  Emerging infectious disease outbreaks: Old lessons and new challenges for obstetrician-gynecologists

abstract:
  Objective The purpose of this study was to summarize 3 recent high-profile infectious disease threats that have affected the United States: severe acute respiratory syndrome, West Nile virus, and anthrax. Study design A systematic review was conducted with the use of Medline searches, searches of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention website, and review by experts at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Results The 3 emerging infectious diseases pose very different threats: Severe acute respiratory syndrome is a newly identified pathogen that caused an international pandemic; the West Nile virus investigation involved an old pathogen that was identified in a new location; and the anthrax attacks involved the intentional introduction of a pathogen. Conclusion All 3 outbreaks highlight the importance of obstetrician-gynecologists keeping current with new information as it emerges. In this global environment, it is likely that novel disease threats will continue to emerge in the United States.


id: cord-287839-cslrz4yp
title: Border Health: Who''s Guarding the Gate?
author: Ehnert, Karen
date: 2009-01-28
txt: ./txt/cord-287839-cslrz4yp.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-287839-cslrz4yp.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0195561608001976
doi: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2008.10.012
summary:
  The global trade market, the ease of transporting animals across continents and around the world, lower production costs in foreign countries, and market demand have resulted in a thriving pet trade of exotic animals, birds, and puppies, both purebred and small mixed breeds. Importation of livestock or other hoofed stock, birds, dogs, or other animals may require a permit and possibly quarantine in a USDA facility before the shipment is allowed to enter the United States. For example, dogs entering the United States from countries reporting cases of rabies need proof of a current rabies vaccination, or the importer must sign an agreement to confine the animal until appropriate vaccinations can be obtained and then for an additional 30 days after vaccination. Importation of dogs into the United States: risks from rabies and other zoonotic diseases.

abstract:
  Changes in the global trade market have led to a thriving international pet trade in exotic animals, birds, and puppies. The flood of animals crossing the United States' borders satisfies the public demand for these pets but is not without risk. Imported pets may be infected with diseases that put animals or the public at risk. Numerous agencies work together to reduce the risk of animal disease introduction, but regulations may need to be modified to ensure compliance. With more than 280,000 dogs and 183,000 wildlife shipments being imported into the United States each year, veterinarians must remain vigilant so they can recognize potential threats quickly.


id: cord-291803-hsnz2qry
author: Bhattacharjee, Barnali
date: 2020-08-23
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32829449/
doi: 10.1007/s11126-020-09836-0
title:
  “The COVID-19 Pandemic and its Effect on Mental Health in USA – A Review with Some Coping Strategies”

abstract:
  The COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in enormous losses in terms of human lives and economy in United States. The outbreak has been continuing to heavily impact the mental health of people. Developing key strategies to prevent mental illnesses is extremely important for the well-being of people. A survey conducted during the last week of March 2020 showed that 72% of Americans felt that their lives were impacted by the outbreak, which was a 32% increase from the survey conducted only 2 weeks earlier. The results show a positive correlation between COVID-19 infections/casualties and growing public concern. These observations suggest possible increase in mental health illnesses in United States as a consequence of the pandemic. The authors review a recently published model on COVID-19 related fear among the people. The fear of being infected or dying from the disease is one of the most significant causes of mental health disorders. Loss of employment or the fear of losing employment is another major concern leading to mental illnesses. Several unique strategies to prevent or mitigate mental illnesses are discussed.


id: cord-292853-xihpfidg
title: Social, cultural, and other diversity issues in the traumatic stress field
author: Ford, Julian D.
date: 2015-08-07
txt: ./txt/cord-292853-xihpfidg.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-292853-xihpfidg.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/B978012801288800011X
doi: 10.1016/b978-0-12-801288-8.00011-x
summary:
  A social-ecological framework is used to differentiate the impact of exposure to traumatic stressors and the development of (or resistance to) PTSD, based on the individual''s or group''s (i) personal, unique physical characteristics, including skin color, racial background, gender, and sexual orientation; and (ii) family, ethnocultural, and community membership, including majority or minority group status, religious beliefs and practices, socioeconomic resources, and political and civic affiliations. Depending on Social, cultural, and other diversity issues in the traumatic stress field 505 their cultural background and its traditions and beliefs, individuals may also have "multiple vulnerability status"-that is, to be members of more than one group or to have characteristic that cause them to be even more susceptible to discrimination or victimization (i.e., adolescent black male in the United States; a baby born with physical or developmental disabilities in a culture that endorses selective resources to the ablebodied; a gay man or lesbian woman of color in a highly homophobic and racist society).

abstract:
  This chapter describes how the impact of psychological trauma and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) differ, depending on individual differences and the social and cultural context and culture-specific teachings and resources available to individuals, families, and communities. A social-ecological framework is used to differentiate the impact of exposure to traumatic stressors and the development of (or resistance to) PTSD, based on the individual’s or group’s (i) personal, unique physical characteristics, including skin color, racial background, gender, and sexual orientation; and (ii) family, ethnocultural, and community membership, including majority or minority group status, religious beliefs and practices, socioeconomic resources, and political and civic affiliations. While personal, familial, social, and cultural factors can be a positive resource contributing to safety and well-being, they also can be a basis for placing the person, group, or entire community or population in harm’s way or at heightened risk of developing PTSD.


id: cord-293865-0yp9wd0j
title: Isolation is not the answer
author: May, Thomas
date: 2004
txt: ./txt/cord-293865-0yp9wd0j.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-293865-0yp9wd0j.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15190328/
doi: 10.1038/429603a
abstract: International scientific collaboration is the best defence against bioterror.
summary:
  New restrictions on the publication of sensitive information relevant to biological weapons, on access to ''select'' biological agents for research, and on the training of scientists from specified countries are some examples. Consequently, attention to the global dimensions of bioterror threats is particularly important, including strengthening international means to identify and contain outbreaks of infectious disease. Recognition of the true international nature of the bioterror threat should make the United States take a leading role in training foreign scientists, medical professionals and public-health personnel to build a global capacity for identifying and containing disease outbreaks. Apart from the obvious barriers that restrictions on access to scientific information and tools place on research, restrictions on scientific training for foreign nationals will delay those countries from developing expertise crucial to identifying and containing disease outbreaks -key to any global strategy against bioterrorism.


id: cord-294590-1niaplc2
title: SARS Surveillance during Emergency Public Health Response, United States, March–July 2003
author: Schrag, Stephanie J.
date: 2004-02-17
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15030681/
doi: 10.3201/eid1002.030752
abstract:
  In response to the emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), the United States established national surveillance using a sensitive case definition incorporating clinical, epidemiologic, and laboratory criteria. Of 1,460 unexplained respiratory illnesses reported by state and local health departments to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention from March 17 to July 30, 2003, a total of 398 (27%) met clinical and epidemiologic SARS case criteria. Of these, 72 (18%) were probable cases with radiographic evidence of pneumonia. Eight (2%) were laboratory-confirmed SARS-coronavirus (SARS-CoV) infections, 206 (52%) were SARS-CoV negative, and 184 (46%) had undetermined SARS-CoV status because of missing convalescent-phase serum specimens. Thirty-one percent (124/398) of case-patients were hospitalized; none died. Travel was the most common epidemiologic link (329/398, 83%), and mainland China was the affected area most commonly visited. One case of possible household transmission was reported, and no laboratory-confirmed infections occurred among healthcare workers. Successes and limitations of this emergency surveillance can guide preparations for future outbreaks of SARS or respiratory diseases of unknown etiology.


id: cord-295339-nzc47itk
author: Baker, Marissa G.
date: 2020-04-28
txt: ./txt/cord-295339-nzc47itk.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-295339-nzc47itk.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0232452
doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0232452
summary:
  METHODS: To estimate the number of United States workers frequently exposed to infection and disease in the workplace, national employment data (by Standard Occupational Classification) maintained by the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) was merged with a BLS O*NET survey measure reporting how frequently workers in each occupation are exposed to infection or disease at work. Given the proportion of the United States workforce exposed to disease or infection at work, this analysis also serves as an important reminder that the workplace is a key locus for public health interventions, which could protect both workers and the communities they serve. To estimate the number of United States workers frequently exposed to infection and disease in the workplace, national employment data (by Standard Occupational Classification) maintained by the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) was merged with a BLS O*NET survey measure reporting how frequently workers in each occupation are exposed to infection or disease at work.

title:
  Estimating the burden of United States workers exposed to infection or disease: A key factor in containing risk of COVID-19 infection

abstract:
  INTRODUCTION: With the global spread of COVID-19, there is a compelling public health interest in quantifying who is at increased risk of contracting disease. Occupational characteristics, such as interfacing with the public and being in close quarters with other workers, not only put workers at high risk for disease, but also make them a nexus of disease transmission to the community. This can further be exacerbated through presenteeism, the term used to describe the act of coming to work despite being symptomatic for disease. Quantifying the number of workers who are frequently exposed to infection and disease in the workplace, and understanding which occupational groups they represent, can help to prompt public health risk response and management for COVID-19 in the workplace, and subsequent infectious disease outbreaks. METHODS: To estimate the number of United States workers frequently exposed to infection and disease in the workplace, national employment data (by Standard Occupational Classification) maintained by the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) was merged with a BLS O*NET survey measure reporting how frequently workers in each occupation are exposed to infection or disease at work. This allowed us to estimate the number of United States workers, across all occupations, exposed to disease or infection at work more than once a month. RESULTS: Based on our analyses, approximately 10% (14.4 M) of United States workers are employed in occupations where exposure to disease or infection occurs at least once per week. Approximately 18.4% (26.7 M) of all United States workers are employed in occupations where exposure to disease or infection occurs at least once per month. While the majority of exposed workers are employed in healthcare sectors, other occupational sectors also have high proportions of exposed workers. These include protective service occupations (e.g. police officers, correctional officers, firefighters), office and administrative support occupations (e.g. couriers and messengers, patient service representatives), education occupations (e.g. preschool and daycare teachers), community and social services occupations (community health workers, social workers, counselors), and even construction and extraction occupations (e.g. plumbers, septic tank installers, elevator repair). CONCLUSIONS: The large number of persons employed in occupations with frequent exposure to infection and disease underscore the importance of all workplaces developing risk response plans for COVID-19. Given the proportion of the United States workforce exposed to disease or infection at work, this analysis also serves as an important reminder that the workplace is a key locus for public health interventions, which could protect both workers and the communities they serve.


id: cord-297125-la20vi9j
title: The Threat and Response to Infectious Diseases (Revised)
author: Brower, Jennifer L.
date: 2016-08-01
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27480226/
doi: 10.1007/s00248-016-0806-9
abstract:
  The threat from microorganisms is complex, and the approaches for reducing the challenges the world is facing are also multifaceted, but a combination approach including several simple steps can make a difference and reduce morbidity and mortality and the economic cost of fighting infectious diseases. This paper discusses the continually evolving infectious disease landscape, contributing factors in the rise of the threat, reasons for optimism, and the policies, technologies, actions, and institutions that might be harnessed to further reduce the dangers introduced by pathogens. It builds upon and updates the work of other authors that have recognized the dangers of emerging and re-emerging pathogens and have explored and documented potential solutions.


id: cord-300371-6ja5o3sa
author: Maloney, Susan A.
date: 2004-11-24
txt: ./txt/cord-300371-6ja5o3sa.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-300371-6ja5o3sa.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1045187004000408
doi: 10.1053/j.spid.2004.05.002
summary:
  Children should have a pretravel health assessment that includes recommendations for both routine and special travel-related vaccination; malaria chemoprophylaxis, if indicated; and prevention counseling regarding insect and animal exposures, food and water safety, and avoiding injuries. Children should have a pretravel health assessment that includes recommendations for both routine and special travelrelated vaccination; malaria chemoprophylaxis, if indicated; and prevention counseling regarding insect and animal exposures, food and water safety, and avoiding injuries. During the assessment, the caregiver should ensure the following: 1) the child has received up-to-date and appropriate vaccinations (both routine and special travel-related vaccines); 2) the child has received appropriate malaria and other chemoprophylaxis regimens tailored for use in pediatric travelers; 3) prevention counseling, particularly in the areas of insect barriers, food and water safety, and injury avoidance, has been given; and 4) anticipatory guidance for managing potential illnesses (eg, diarrhea and dehydration) and seeking medical resources overseas has been provided.

title:
  Prevention of infectious diseases among international pediatric travelers: Considerations for clinicians

abstract:
  An estimated 1.9 million children travel overseas annually. Infectious disease risks associated with international travel are diverse and depend on the destination, planned activities, and baseline medical history. Children have special needs and vulnerabilities that should be addressed when preparing for travel abroad. Children should have a pretravel health assessment that includes recommendations for both routine and special travel-related vaccination; malaria chemoprophylaxis, if indicated; and prevention counseling regarding insect and animal exposures, food and water safety, and avoiding injuries. Special consideration should be given to children with chronic diseases. Families should be given anticipatory guidance for management of potential illnesses and information about the location of medical resources overseas.


id: cord-303447-3a7jxl34
title: Immunizations in the United States: A Rite of Passage
author: Cohn, Amanda C.
date: 2005-05-28
txt: ./txt/cord-303447-3a7jxl34.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-303447-3a7jxl34.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S0031395505000647
doi: 10.1016/j.pcl.2005.03.001
summary:
  This article reviews the US immunization program with an emphasis on its role in ensuring that vaccines are effective, safe, and available and highlights several new vaccines and recommendations that will affect the health of children and adolescents and the practice of pediatric medicine in future decades. This article reviews the US immunization program with an emphasis on its role in ensuring that vaccines are effective, safe, and available and highlights several new vaccines and recommendations that will affect the health of children and adolescents and the practice of pediatric medicine in future decades. Before introduction of PCV7, Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus) was a leading cause of infectious morbidity in young children in the United States, annually causing approximately 17,000 cases of invasive disease in children younger than 5 years old, including 700 cases of meningitis and 200 deaths.

abstract:
  Today, vaccination is a cornerstone of pediatric preventive health care and a rite of passage for nearly all of the approximately 11,000 infants born daily in the United States. This article reviews the US immunization program with an emphasis on its role in ensuring that vaccines are effective, safe, and available and highlights several new vaccines and recommendations that will affect the health of children and adolescents and the practice of pediatric medicine in future decades.


id: cord-304056-2bo0s0hz
title: Part I State of Play and Review of Major Cooperation Initiatives
author: Lezotre, Pierre-Louis
date: 2014-12-31
txt: ./txt/cord-304056-2bo0s0hz.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-304056-2bo0s0hz.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128000533000021
doi: 10.1016/b978-0-12-800053-3.00002-1
summary:
  ▸ To maintain a forum for a constructive dialogue between regulatory authorities and the pharmaceutical industry on the real and perceived differences in the technical requirements for product registration in the EU, US, and Japan in order to ensure a more timely introduction of new medicinal products, and their availability to patients; ▸ To contribute to the protection of public health from an international perspective (added upon revision in 2000); ▸ To monitor and update harmonized technical requirements leading to a greater mutual acceptance of research and development data; ▸ To avoid divergent future requirements through harmonization of selected topics needed as a result of therapeutic advances and the development of new technologies for the production of medicinal products; ▸ To facilitate the adoption of new or improved technical research and development approaches which update or replace current practices, where these permit a more economical use of human, animal, and material resources, without compromising safety; ▸ To facilitate the dissemination and communication of information on harmonized guidelines and their use such as to encourage the implementation and integration of common standards.

abstract:
  Abstract The basic principle of international cooperation is to establish bilateral and multilateral efforts to leverage the human, scientific and financial resources and the knowledge and experience of other key regulatory authorities to avoid duplication of efforts, to make activities more efficient and to allow the focussing of limited resources on higher-risk areas of concern. This increased cooperation between worldwide regulators has necessitated proactive deliberate efforts towards convergence/harmonisation of regulation, practices and requirements to eliminate or reduce differences. Cooperation and harmonisation of standards in the pharmaceutical domain are already a reality and have become increasingly important during recent decades, with a high level of commitment to these activities by all stakeholders. The worldwide Drug Regulatory Authorities (DRAs) have been working to end an isolationist attitude that cannot resolve current worldwide issues and challenges caused by an ever increasing globalisation. As a result, many cooperation and harmonisation initiatives have been established at the bilateral, regional and global levels as a response to the changing geo-economic-political situation. The spectrum of collaboration varies from simple informal technical cooperation to full integration of systems and regulations. Indeed, all these initiatives can be very different in scope (some are part of a broader harmonisation initiative), level of harmonisation (depending on the political support/commitment), organisation (well-structured versus simple discussion) or advancement (established process vs. pilot projects), but they all work towards convergence of requirements and/or practices. All these multiple worldwide cooperation and harmonisation programmes have evolved rapidly over the past decades. This book section provides the current status of this complex and broad phenomenon of cooperation, convergence and harmonisation in the pharmaceutical sector. It reviews all major global, regional and bilateral cooperation initiatives.


id: cord-307899-427a7i3h
title: Vaccines Produced by Conventional Means to Control Major Infectious Diseases of Man and Animals
author: BITTLE, JAMES L.
date: 1989-12-31
txt: ./txt/cord-307899-427a7i3h.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-307899-427a7i3h.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780120392339500056
doi: 10.1016/b978-0-12-039233-9.50005-6
summary:
  Adenoviruses cause significant disease in dogs, foxes, and man, but have also been isolated from cattle, swine, goats, sheep, horses, turkeys, and chickens, where they produce mild infections, mainly associated with the respiratory and intestinal tracts. The latter modified the virus by serial passage in porcine and canine tissue cultures; the resulting vaccine immunized dogs and did not produce clinical signs of infection except for occasional corneal opacity similar to that caused by natural infection. The immunity produced by the attenuated live-virus CAV-1 vaccines is long lasting and has drastically reduced the incidence of the canine disease. The exception is human hepatitis A virus, which causes a serious disease and has one serotype; the development of both inactivated virus and attenuated live-virus vaccines is in progress (Hilleman et al., 1982; Provost et al., 1983) . An attenuated live-virus yellow fever vaccine was developed by passage of the virulent Asibi strain in mouse brain and cell culture until it had lost its pathogenicity for monkeys and man (Theiler, 1951) .

abstract:
  Publisher Summary This chapter reviews the development of some of vaccines and their use in controlling such major diseases as diphtheria, rinderpest, Newcastle disease, smallpox, pertussis, yellow fever, rabies, etc. Park–Williams Number 8 (PW8) strain is used to make diphtherial toxoid for vaccines. As a source of toxin, it is rendered nontoxic by incubation with formalin under alkaline conditions. The product's retention of antigenicity, enabling it to induce antitoxin antibodies, makes it an excellent pediatric vaccine. Vaccine against Rinderpest Virus was developed by Koch in 1897 by administering bile from infected cattle. Animals that survived were permanently immune. Formalin- and chloroform-inactivated vaccines were developed using tissues from the infected animals. For the control of Newcastle disease, a number of attenuated live-virus vaccines have been developed which are widely used to control the disease. The Bl strain, the LaSota strain, and the F strain are used to immunize birds of all ages by different routes, including by addition to drinking water and by spraying. Protection against rabies correlates with SN antibody, which can be assessed by a number of tests. Pasteur's classical vaccine, developed from infected spinal cord tissue dried at room temperature for 3–14 days, was given in a series of 21–28 inoculations beginning with material dried the longest and progressing through material dried for only 3 days.


id: cord-308066-lrbi5198
author: Childs, James E.
date: 2007
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17848073/
doi: 10.1007/978-3-540-70962-6_16
title:
  Pre-spillover Prevention of Emerging Zoonotic Diseases: What Are the Targets and What Are the Tools?

abstract:
  The uneven standards of surveillance, human- or animal-based, for zoonotic diseases or pathogens maintained and transmitted by wildlife H R s, or even domestic species, is a global problem, readily apparent even within the United States, where investment in public health, including surveillance systems, has a long and enviable history. As of 2006, there appears to be little scientific, social, or political consensus that animalbased surveillance for zoonoses merits investment in international infrastructure, other than the fledgling efforts with avian influenza, or targeted nontraditional avenues of surveillance and research.


id: cord-315184-py8lbg97
author: Stephany, Fabian
date: 2020-06-28
txt: ./txt/cord-315184-py8lbg97.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-315184-py8lbg97.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1111/tesg.12455
doi: 10.1111/tesg.12455
summary:
  We draw on data from the Online Labour Index and interviews with freelancers in the United States securing work on online platforms, to illuminate effects of the COVID‐19 pandemic. We combine data from the Online Labour Index (OLI) and an interview-based panel study of freelance workers in the United States to provide insight into the changes in online labour markets relative to the ongoing pandemic arising from the global spread of the novel coronavirus, COVID-19. In this initial rapid analysis, we therefore use quantitative data to examine changes in the demand for online labour in three important regional economies with different countermeasures towards the pandemic: United States, Germany, and South Korea. Our interview data come from an ongoing panel study of 60 freelance workers who are located in the United States and seeking work online via the online labour platform Upwork (See http://upwork.com).

title:
  Distancing Bonus Or Downscaling Loss? The Changing Livelihood of Us Online Workers in Times of COVID‐19

abstract:
  We draw on data from the Online Labour Index and interviews with freelancers in the United States securing work on online platforms, to illuminate effects of the COVID‐19 pandemic. The pandemic's global economic upheaval is shuttering shops and offices. Those able to do so are now working remotely from their homes. They join workers who have always been working remotely: freelancers who earn some or all of their income from projects secured via online labour platforms. Data allow us to sketch a first picture of how the initial months of the COVID‐19 pandemic have affected the livelihoods of online freelancers. The data shows online labour demand falling rapidly in early March 2020, but with an equally rapid recovery. We also find significant differences between countries and occupations. Data from interviews make clear jobs are increasingly scarce even as more people are creating profiles and seeking freelance work online.


id: cord-315726-ltjurdrq
title: Food and Waterborne Illnesses
author: Acheson, D.W.K.
date: 2009-02-17
url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780123739445001838
doi: 10.1016/b978-012373944-5.00183-8
abstract:
  There are many different biological, chemical, or radiological agents that when added to food can result in many different types of illness. Some may be rapidly fatal; others require long-term exposure to result in illness. Some lead to short-term illness and others result in long-term complications. The universe of such agents and situations is enormous. This article summarizes some of the principal foodborne microbiological agents that clinicians and those involved with public health have to deal with. While the range of agents is broad and the list is long there are several basic mechanisms such as ingestion of preformed toxins or toxin production once a microbe is present in the intestine that facilitate sorting these agents into some logical framework. However, at the end of the day it is always key to think about ingested agents as a cause for illness, whether that illness be confined to the intestinal system or more systemic. In principle all foodborne illness is preventable and of the key messages to consumers and health care professionals is to know if you or your patient is at greater risk from foodborne illness. If one is dealing with an ‘at risk’ patient, it is important they be educated on what foods to avoid and what precautions to take to minimize the likelihood of acquiring a foodborne illness. While treating most foodborne illness is straightforward, prevention is clearly the path of choice.


id: cord-318826-l922zqci
title: Salmonella in Dairy Cattle
author: Holschbach, Chelsea L.
date: 2018-03-31
url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S0749072017300853
doi: 10.1016/j.cvfa.2017.10.005
abstract:
  As an infectious, contagious pathogen, Salmonella is probably rivaled by only bovine viral diarrhea virus in its ability to cause clinical disease, such as enteritis, septicemia, pneumonia, and reproductive losses. The increasing prevalence of Salmonella, particularly Salmonella Dublin, on dairies presents new challenges to producers and veterinarians. No current discussion of bovine salmonellosis is complete without acknowledging the increasing public health concern. Increasing antimicrobial resistance among enteric pathogens brings the use of antimicrobials by veterinarians and producers under ever stricter scrutiny. This article provides a comprehensive review of Salmonella etiology, prevalence, pathogenesis, diagnostics, treatment, and control.


id: cord-318845-w7q5o8wc
title: Economic Assessment of FMDv Releases from the National Bio and Agro Defense Facility
author: Pendell, Dustin L.
date: 2015-06-26
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26114546/
doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0129134
abstract:
  This study evaluates the economic consequences of hypothetical foot-and-mouth disease releases from the future National Bio and Agro Defense Facility in Manhattan, Kansas. Using an economic framework that estimates the impacts to agricultural firms and consumers, quantifies costs to non-agricultural activities in the epidemiologically impacted region, and assesses costs of response to the government, we find the distribution of economic impacts to be very significant. Furthermore, agricultural firms and consumers bear most of the impacts followed by the government and the regional non-agricultural firms.


id: cord-319463-erdwejd2
title: Global Climate Changes and International Trade and Travel: Effects on Human Health Outcomes
author: Diaz, J. H.
date: 2011-12-31
txt: ./txt/cord-319463-erdwejd2.txt
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mime: text/plain
url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780444522726005274
doi: 10.1016/b978-0-444-52272-6.00527-4
summary:
  The ultimate effects of climate changes and the increased distribution of pathogens by international trade and travel will not be limited to infectious disease outbreaks in immunologically naïve populations but will also impact world food production and quality, air quality, drinking water availability and quality, immigration, urban relocation, and civil unrest. Accessible airline connections now permit infected individuals to travel anywhere in the world in less than 24 h, delivering human reservoirs of malaria, dengue, West Nile virus, and Chikungunya fever to new temperate areas for autochthonous or local transmission by new and adaptable mosquito vectors, often recent air or sea arrivals themselves. Although the relationships among infected vector importation, index case immigration, reclaimed disease ecosystems, and malaria transmission are complex, future attempts to control and eradicate airport and imported malaria should be based on an understanding of disease transmission mechanisms and an appreciation that climate and ecosystem changes can support reemerging local mosquito-borne infectious diseases, especially malaria, dengue, Chikungunya fever, and West Nile virus (Table 1) .

abstract:
  There is now near-unanimous scientific agreement that greenhouse gas emissions generated by human activities have increased global temperatures and changed the earth's climate. There is, however, no universal agreement on how rapidly, regionally, or asymmetrically the earth will warm; or on the true impact of global warming on infectious disease outbreaks and natural disasters and their inevitable public health outcomes. In addition, many other factors influence the emergence and reemergence of infectious diseases in a changing environment including international trade and travel, exotic eating habits, lifestyle and residential choices, host susceptibility, and microbial adaptation. The ultimate effects of climate changes and the increased distribution of pathogens by international trade and travel will not be limited to infectious disease outbreaks in immunologically naïve populations but will also impact world food production and quality, air quality, drinking water availability and quality, immigration, urban relocation, and civil unrest. Despite the uncertainties in outcomes and their magnitudes, the active responses to climate changes in a global economy must include combinations of environmental, political, regulatory, socioeconomic, and public health measures.


id: cord-321194-xi4zy5ow
author: Allam, Zaheer
date: 2020-07-24
txt: ./txt/cord-321194-xi4zy5ow.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-321194-xi4zy5ow.txt
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mime: text/plain
url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/B9780128243138000036
doi: 10.1016/b978-0-12-824313-8.00003-6
summary:
  The build-up to this global pandemic announcement saw a national wide lockdown declared in Italy on 9th following an uncontrollable and astronomic increase in the number of new cases and deaths in the country (BBC, 2020c) . As the situation escalated, with over 1000 confirmed cases in the country, and over 31 deaths from the virus, the National Basketball Association (NBA), one of the most popular and fancied sporting activity in North America abruptly suspended its season, as of March 11, when a player of the Utah Jazz tested positive for coronavirus, just before their game with Oklahoma City began (Cacciola and Deb, 2020) . While a majority of countries, especially in Europe writhed in desperation from the impacts of COVID-19, China reported a third consecutive day with no local new case of coronavirus (The straits Times, 2020c).

title:
  The Third 50 Days: A Detailed Chronological Timeline and Extensive Review of Literature Documenting the COVID-19 Pandemic From Day 100 to Day 150

abstract:
  This chapter surveys the global unfolding of events during the third 50 days of the COVID-19 pandemic that originated from China. The third 50 days of the unfolding of the events showcased how city-wide lockdowns were started to be considered globally, the moving of the epicenter from China to Europe, and major industries being impacted worldwide. To document this, an extensive review of the literature provides a daily overview of the situation covering health, economic, political, and social perspectives and outlines key events during the unfolding of the pandemic. This chapter surveys, and establishes a chronological timeline of the outbreak from day 50 to day 100, covering issues appertaining to health policy and dwells into socioeconomic measures and impacts during the unfolding of the pandemic.


id: cord-323311-xl2fv0qx
title: 6th International Conference on Emerging Zoonoses
author: Kahn, R. E.
date: 2012-09-07
txt: ./txt/cord-323311-xl2fv0qx.txt
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extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22958247/
doi: 10.1111/j.1863-2378.2012.01539.x
summary:
  The three key characteristics of this integrated approach to so many infectious diseases are as follows: (i) to use cell culture, primary cells, nonhuman primate and human clinical models to study viral infection; (ii) to combine traditional histopathological, virological and biochemical approaches with functional genomics, proteomics and computational biology (Haagmans et al., 2009); and (iii) to obtain signatures of virulence and insights into mechanisms of host defense response, viral evasion and pathogenesis (Casadevaill et al., 2011) . The unity of human, animal and ecosystem health outlined by Professor Aguirre, as well as the interactions among multiple tick-borne pathogens in a natural reservoir host set out by Professor Fish and his research team, both summarized in Topic 1 above, highlight the necessity of cross-disciplinary collaboration in studying zoonotic bacterial diseases (Daszak et al., 2007, pp.

abstract:
  The 6th International Conference on Emerging Zoonoses, held at Cancun, Mexico, 24–27 February 2011, offered 84 participants from 18 countries, a snapshot of current research in numerous zoonoses caused by viruses, bacteria or prions. Co‐chaired by Professors Heinz Feldmann and Jürgen Richt, the conference explored 10 topics: (i) The ecology of emerging zoonotic diseases; (ii) The role of wildlife in emerging zoonoses; (iii) Cross‐species transmission of zoonotic pathogens; (iv) Emerging and neglected influenza viruses; (v) Haemorrhagic fever viruses; (vi) Emerging bacterial diseases; (vii) Outbreak responses to zoonotic diseases; (viii) Food‐borne zoonotic diseases; (ix) Prion diseases; and (x) Modelling and prediction of emergence of zoonoses. Human medicine, veterinary medicine and environmental challenges are viewed as a unity, which must be considered under the umbrella of ‘One Health’. Several presentations attempted to integrate the insights gained from field data with mathematical models in the search for effective control measures of specific zoonoses. The overriding objective of the research presentations was to create, improve and use the tools essential to address the risk of contagions in a globalized society. In seeking to fulfil this objective, a three‐step approach has often been applied: (i) use cultured cells, model and natural animal hosts and human clinical models to study infection; (ii) combine traditional histopathological and biochemical approaches with functional genomics, proteomics and computational biology; and (iii) obtain signatures of virulence and insights into mechanisms of host defense response, immune evasion and pathogenesis. This meeting review summarizes 39 of the conference presentations and mentions briefly the 16 articles in this Special Supplement, most of which were presented at the conference in earlier versions. The full affiliations of all presenters and many colleagues have been included to facilitate further inquiries from readers.


id: cord-323913-v32c2vda
title: Global Distribution of Infectious Diseases Requiring Intensive Care
author: Istúriz, Raul E.
date: 2006-07-31
txt: ./txt/cord-323913-v32c2vda.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-323913-v32c2vda.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16893734/
doi: 10.1016/j.ccc.2006.03.004
summary:
  Although children are among the groups most at risk for developing influenza and its complications and are more likely to spread the infection to others, complications of seasonal influenza occur most frequently among patients older than 60 years and those with chronic comorbidities including diseases of the cardiovascular or pulmonary system, diabetes mellitus, hemoglobinopathies, renal insufficiency, and immunosuppression. Generalized tetanus, a protein-toxin mediated neurologic disorder caused by Clostridium tetani, an obligate anaerobic, motile gram-positive rod with terminal spores has traditionally been, and continues to represent despite effective vaccine a common cause of intensive care admissions that are long and are associated with high mortality [33] and cost. The risk of developing clinical tetanus after an acute puncture or laceration is higher in patients older than 60 years, a reflection of waning immunity, with a significant proportion of cases occurring in women [35] , and a low mortality rate.

abstract:
  This article describes infectious diseases that are of special importance to intensivists. The emphasis on epidemiology notwithstanding, it also addresses clinical, diagnostic, and treatment issues related to each infection described. The discussion avoids terrorism-related aspects of these infections, because they were very well covered in the October 2005 issue of the Critical Care Clinics.


id: cord-324185-zt88o3co
author: Sovacool, Benjamin K.
date: 2020-10-31
txt: ./txt/cord-324185-zt88o3co.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-324185-zt88o3co.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2020.101701
doi: 10.1016/j.erss.2020.101701
summary:
  Jefferson (this volume) [18] writes "In the run-up to the collapse of crude oil prices in early 2020 it was primarily a division between Russia and Saudi Arabia within OPEC which appeared to be the main force at work, but then the COVID-19 pandemic took over, followed by US oil prices turning negative in April 2020, as May contracts expired and traders had to offload stocks with ongoing storage becoming extremely limited." He further states that despite the stimulus and recovery packages being offered by many nations, "there will be many oil sectors incurring losses, from US shale oil and Canadian tar sands producers, to many standard crude oil exporters incurring problems with production equipment access and costs, or experiencing lack of competitiveness in key markets." Recent data from the International Energy Agency confirms this point, noting severe reductions in global demand for oil and natural gas (see Fig. 2 ).

title:
  Contextualizing the Covid-19 pandemic for a carbon-constrained world: Insights for sustainability transitions, energy justice, and research methodology

abstract:
  Abstract The global Covid-19 pandemic has rapidly overwhelmed our societies, shocked the global economy and overburdened struggling health care systems and other social institutions around the world. While such impacts of Covid-19 are becoming clearer, the implications of the disease for energy and climate policy are more prosaic. This Special Section seeks to offer more clarity on the emerging connections between Covid-19 and energy supply and demand, energy governance, future low-carbon transitions, social justice, and even the practice of research methodology. It features articles that ask, and answer: What are the known and anticipated impacts of Covid-19 on energy demand and climate change? How has the disease shaped institutional responses and varying energy policy frameworks, especially in Africa? How will the disease impact ongoing social practices, innovations and sustainability transitions, including not only renewable energy but also mobility? How might the disease, and social responses to it, exacerbate underlying patterns of energy poverty, energy vulnerability, and energy injustice? Lastly, what challenges and insights does the pandemic offer for the practice of research, and for future research methodology? We find that without careful guidance and consideration, the brave new age wrought by Covid-19 could very well collapse in on itself with bloated stimulus packages that counter sustainability goals, misaligned incentives that exacerbate climate change, the entrenchment of unsustainable practices, and acute and troubling consequences for vulnerable groups.


id: cord-325300-wawui0fd
title: 4 Communicable Diseases
author: Tulchinsky, Theodore H.
date: 2000-12-31
txt: ./txt/cord-325300-wawui0fd.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-325300-wawui0fd.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/B9780127033501500061
doi: 10.1016/b978-012703350-1/50006-1
summary:
  No less important are organized programs to promote self protection, case finding, and effective treatment of infections to stop their spread to other susceptible persons (e.g., HIV, sexually transmitted diseases, tuberculosis, malaria). Very great progress has been made in infectious disease control by clinical, public health, and societal means since 1900 in the industrialized countries and since the 1970s in the developing world. The WHO in 1998 has declared hepatitis prevention as a major public health crisis, with an estimated 170 million persons infected worldwide (1996) , stressing that this "silent epidemic" is being neglected and that screening of blood products is vital to reduce transmission of this disease as for HIu HCV is a major cause of chronic cirrhosis and liver cancer. Varicella vaccine is now recommended for routine immunization at age 12-18 months in the United States, with catch-up for children up to age 13 years and for occupationally exposed persons in health or child care settings.

abstract:
  Publisher Summary In a world of rapid international transport and contact between populations, systems are needed to monitor the potential explosive spread of pathogens that may be transferred from their normal habitat. The potential for the international spread of new or reinvigorated infectious diseases constitute threat to mankind akin to ecological and other man-made disasters. Public health has addressed the issues of communicable disease as one of its key issues in protecting individual and population health. Methods of intervention include classic public health through sanitation, immunization, and well beyond that into nutrition, education, case finding, and treatment, and changing human behavior. The knowledge, attitudes, beliefs, and practices of policy makers, health care providers, and parents is as important in the success of communicable disease control as are the technology available and methods of financing health systems. Together, these encompass the broad programmatic approach of the New Public Health to control of communicable diseases.


id: cord-326916-bakwk4tm
title: Coast-to-Coast Spread of SARS-CoV-2 during the Early Epidemic in the United States
author: Fauver, Joseph R.
date: 2020-05-07
txt: ./txt/cord-326916-bakwk4tm.txt
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mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2020.04.021
doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2020.04.021
summary:
  To uncover the sources of SARS-CoV-2 introductions and patterns of spread within the United States, we sequenced nine viral genomes from early reported COVID-19 patients in Connecticut. To delineate the roles of domestic and international virus spread in the emergence of new United States COVID-19 outbreaks, we sequenced SARS-CoV-2 viruses collected from cases identified in Connecticut. We sequenced SARS-CoV-2 genomes from nine of the first COVID-19 cases reported in Connecticut, with sample collection dating from March 6-14, 2020 (Data S1). By combining daily passenger volumes ( Figure 2B ) with COVID-19 prevalence at the travel route origin (Figures 2C and 2D) and accounting for differences in reporting rates, we found that the domestic and international SARS-CoV-2 importation risk started to increase dramatically at the beginning of March 2020 ( Figure 2E ).

abstract:
  The novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 was first detected in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States in January 2020, with subsequent COVID-19 outbreaks detected in all 50 states by early March. To uncover the sources of SARS-CoV-2 introductions and patterns of spread within the United States, we sequenced nine viral genomes from early reported COVID-19 patients in Connecticut. Our phylogenetic analysis places the majority of these genomes with viruses sequenced from Washington state. By coupling our genomic data with domestic and international travel patterns, we show that early SARS-CoV-2 transmission in Connecticut was likely driven by domestic introductions. Moreover, the risk of domestic importation to Connecticut exceeded that of international importation by mid-March regardless of our estimated effects of federal travel restrictions. This study provides evidence of widespread sustained transmission of SARS-CoV-2 within the United States and highlights the critical need for local surveillance.


id: cord-326922-bajpr5a2
author: Watson, C. James
date: 2020-11-02
txt: ./txt/cord-326922-bajpr5a2.txt
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url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33140232/
doi: 10.1007/s13181-020-00814-3
summary:
  In the modern-day United States (US), medications are by-inlarge manufactured in commercial facilities, and this production is regulated and overseen by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Furthermore, a new form of large-scale compounding has become commonplace, whereby pharmacies produce bulk volumes of medications which are not available commercially, and broadly distribute them to healthcare practices and individual patients. Patient harm caused by compounded medications has been the focus of media, medical, and legislative attention in recent years, especially following a multistate, multi-fatality outbreak of fungal meningitis caused by contaminated steroid injections compounded at a pharmacy in Framingham, MA [2, 3, 5, 6] . We categorized errors under the conceptual framework described by Sarah Sellers, PharmD, MPH, former board member for the FDA''s Advisory Committee on Pharmacy Compounding, in testimony to the US Senate Committee on Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions, namely, that "suprapotency," "subpotency," and "contamination" are the primary risks associated with pharmaceutical compounding [59] .

title:
  Pharmaceutical Compounding: a History, Regulatory Overview, and Systematic Review of Compounding Errors

abstract:
  INTRODUCTION: Medications are compounded when a formulation of a medication is needed but not commercially available. Regulatory oversight of compounding is piecemeal and compounding errors have resulted in patient harm. We review compounding in the United States (US), including a history of compounding, a critique of current regulatory oversight, and a systematic review of compounding errors recorded in the literature. METHODS: We gathered reports of compounding errors occurring in the US from 1990 to 2020 from PubMed, Embase, several relevant conference abstracts, and the US Food and Drug Administration “Drug Alerts and Statements” repository. We categorized reports into errors of “contamination,” suprapotency,” and “subpotency.” Errors were also subdivided by whether they resulted in morbidity and mortality. We reported demographic, medication, and outcome data where available. RESULTS: We screened 2155 reports and identified 63 errors. Twenty-one of 63 were errors of concentration, harming 36 patients. Twenty-seven of 63 were contamination errors, harming 1119 patients. Fifteen errors did not result in any identified harm. DISCUSSION: Compounding errors are attributed to contamination or concentration. Concentration errors predominantly result from compounding a prescription for a single patient, and disproportionately affect children. Contamination errors largely occur during bulk distribution of compounded medications for parenteral use, and affect more patients. The burden falls on the government, pharmacy industry, and medical providers to reduce the risk of patient harm caused by compounding errors. CONCLUSION: In the US, drug compounding is important in ensuring access to vital medications, but has the potential to cause patient harm without adequate safeguards.


id: cord-327748-8ob6okeh
title: Product Quality Risk Perceptions and Decisions: Contaminated Pet Food and Lead‐Painted Toys
author: Feng, Tianjun
date: 2010-07-09
txt: ./txt/cord-327748-8ob6okeh.txt
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mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20626691/
doi: 10.1111/j.1539-6924.2010.01459.x
summary:
  Those selecting our study were told: "We are conducting a study on how people react to product quality related crises, with a focus on the recent recalls of contaminated pet food and lead-painted children''s toys." We further analyzed the relationship between participants'' gender and their subjective probability judgment for all three versions, and we did not find significant differences. Using the psychometric paradigm, we now examine the ratings on seven risk perception dimensions of eight hazardous products or risky situations, including contaminated dog food, lead-painted toys, contaminated spinach, avian flu, mad cow disease, SARS, cell phone radiation, and cigarette smoking.

abstract:
  In the context of the recent recalls of contaminated pet food and lead‐painted toys in the United States, we examine patterns of risk perceptions and decisions when facing consumer product‐caused quality risks. Two approaches were used to explore risk perceptions of the product recalls. In the first approach, we elicited judged probabilities and found that people appear to have greatly overestimated the actual risks for both product scenarios. In the second approach, we applied the psychometric paradigm to examine risk perception dimensions concerning these two specific products through factor analysis. There was a similar risk perception pattern for both products: they are seen as unknown risks and are relatively not dread risks. This pattern was also similar to what prior research found for lead paint. Further, we studied people's potential actions to deal with the recalls of these two products. Several factors were found to be significant predictors of respondents’ cautious actions for both product scenarios. Policy considerations regarding product quality risks are discussed. For example, risk communicators could reframe information messages to prompt people to consider total risks packed together from different causes, even when the risk message has been initiated due to a specific recall event.


id: cord-329283-s3ale8ko
author: Grant, Aubrey
date: 2020-08-09
txt: ./txt/cord-329283-s3ale8ko.txt
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mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1002/wmh3.362
doi: 10.1002/wmh3.362
summary:
  The United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) continues to work with member states to provide guidance and assistance to those populations protected under their mandate. In the United States, the Trump Administration has responded to the crisis by further eroding refugee and asylum resettlement programs and failing to properly protect the asylum seekers currently being detained. In the United States, the Trump Administration has responded to the crisis by further eroding refugee and asylum resettlement programs and failing to properly protect the asylum seekers currently being detained. In Baltimore, Mera Kitchen Collective-founded in 2018 to empower refugee and immigrant women through food entrepreneurship (Meehan, 2018; Cassie, 2019) -has responded to the coronavirus pandemic by donating prepared meals to health-care workers and fellow Baltimoreans in need (Strickland, 2020) .

title:
  Coronavirus, Refugees, and Government Policy: The State of U.S. Refugee Resettlement during the Coronavirus Pandemic

abstract:
  The novel coronavirus pandemic poses unique challenges to forcibly displaced populations around the world. Months into the pandemic, countries are still scrambling to enact policies that mitigate the outbreak and minimize the strain on their health‐care infrastructures and economies. The United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees continues to work with member states to provide guidance and assistance to those populations protected under their mandate. However, there is great concern regarding the ability to appropriately provide for displaced populations, as they tend to be hosted in areas that lack access to health care and proper hygiene materials. The situation has been exacerbated by the temporary suspension of refugee resettlement across the globe. In the United States, the Trump Administration has responded to the crisis by further eroding refugee and asylum resettlement programs and failing to properly protect the asylum seekers currently being detained. At the local level, resettled refugees and asylees have responded to the unique challenges posed by coronavirus by using their skillsets to provide assistance and services to community members in need. The coronavirus, and the Trump Administration's response, are likely to have long‐term negative impacts on refugee resettlement and asylum programs.


id: cord-329905-dwfwwdbn
title: International Adoption: Issues in Infectious Diseases
author: Staat, Dana D.
date: 2012-01-06
txt: ./txt/cord-329905-dwfwwdbn.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-329905-dwfwwdbn.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16945042/
doi: 10.1592/phco.26.9.1207
summary:
  Furthermore, infectious organisms (e.g., intestinal parasites), bacterial pathogens (e.g., Bordetella pertussis and Treponema pallidum), and viruses (e.g., human immunodeficiency virus and hepatitis viruses) may cause clinically significant morbidity and mortality among infected children. 7 Adopted children may have received vaccines of differing potencies or at different ages, or they may have been given a number of doses other than what is recommended in the United States. Because other countries may focus on required vaccinations for diseases endemic to their region, clinicians should ensure that all vaccinations that the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices recommend are given to newly adopted children. 24 Of note, the high rate of positive results among internationally adopted children may be due to not only exposure to active cases of tuberculosis in their countries of origin but also vaccination with the bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine, which is more common in developing countries than in the United States.

abstract:
  International adoptions have become increasingly common in the United States. Children awaiting international adoption and families traveling to adopt these children can be exposed to a variety of infectious diseases. Compared with the United States, foreign countries often have different immunization practices and methods of diagnosing, treating, and monitoring disease. Reporting of medical conditions can also differ from that of the United States. The prevalence of infectious diseases varies from country to country and may or may not be common among adopted children. The transmission of tuberculosis, hepatitis B, and measles from adopted children to family members has been documented. Furthermore, infectious organisms (e.g., intestinal parasites), bacterial pathogens (e.g., Bordetella pertussis and Treponema pallidum), and viruses (e.g., human immunodeficiency virus and hepatitis viruses) may cause clinically significant morbidity and mortality among infected children. Diseases such as severe acute respiratory syndrome or avian influenza have not been reported among international adoptees, but transmission is possible if infection is present. Family members may be infected by others during travel or by their adopted child after returning home. Families preparing to adopt a child from abroad should pay special attention to the infectious diseases they may encounter and to the precautions they should take on returning home.


id: cord-332610-t99l3zii
title: Emerging Diseases: Overview
author: Mayer, J.D.
date: 2008-08-26
txt: ./txt/cord-332610-t99l3zii.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-332610-t99l3zii.txt
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mime: text/plain
url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/B9780123739605004536
doi: 10.1016/b978-012373960-5.00453-6
summary:
  The potential for new diseases to emerge in the United States was there, and it took just a few years until this happened, catching the medical and public health communities by surprise. The issue at the time was whether legionnaires disease and toxic shock syndrome were anomalies, whether the assumption of the conquest of infectious diseases had clearly been erroneous, or whether these two outbreaks were harbingers of a new stage in ''epidemiologic history''a historical period during which emerging infections would become common and would catch the attention of the public, the public health community, the medical community, and government agencies. Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) proved to be of great import in both the public awareness of emerging infectious diseases and in the testing and real-time construction of both domestic and international systems of public health surveillance and response.

abstract:
  Emerging infectious diseases are diseases that are either new, are newly recognized, or are increasing in prevalence in new areas. Resurgent diseases are also usually grouped in this category, as is antimicrobial resistance. These diseases have been given formal recognition in the past two decades, although a historical outlook demonstrates that the phenomenon has probably been persistent, although largely undetected, through recorded history. Emergence has accelerated recently, driven by factors such as demographic change, land use change, increased rapidity and frequency of intercontinental transportation, and other mostly social trends. Continued infectious disease emergence poses, and will continue to pose, significant challenges for public health and for basic science.


id: cord-332703-ohzkpbwy
author: Hui, Jane Yuet Ching
date: 2020-08-25
txt: ./txt/cord-332703-ohzkpbwy.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-332703-ohzkpbwy.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32852291/
doi: 10.1097/coc.0000000000000757
summary:
  METHODS: Participants were recruited to an anonymous cross-sectional online survey of oncology physicians (surgeons, medical oncologists, and radiation oncologists) using social media from March 27 to April 10, 2020. Though not statistically significant, radiation oncologists were also more likely than surgeons or medical oncologists to alter treatment plans due to concerns about exposure risk to health care workers (61.7% vs. At~10 to 11 weeks after the first confirmed case of COVID-19 in the United States, we found that the majority of physicians had already altered the oncology treatment plans, including surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy, for their patients. We did observe that physicians who practice in states with higher numbers of confirmed COVID-19 cases were more likely to have altered their treatment plans but do not have longitudinal data to assess how case numbers affect cancer care. We found that physicians who practice in states with a higher COVID-19 case count were more likely to have already altered cancer treatment plans.

title:
  Cancer Management During the COVID-19 Pandemic in the United States: Results From a National Physician Cross-sectional Survey

abstract:
  OBJECTIVES: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has significantly impacted health care delivery across the United States, including treatment of cancer. We aim to describe the determinants of treatment plan changes from the perspective of oncology physicians across the United States during the COVID-19 pandemic. METHODS: Participants were recruited to an anonymous cross-sectional online survey of oncology physicians (surgeons, medical oncologists, and radiation oncologists) using social media from March 27 to April 10, 2020. Physician demographics, practice characteristics, and cancer treatment decisions were collected. RESULTS: The analytic cohort included 411 physicians: 241 (58.6%) surgeons, 106 (25.8%) medical oncologists, and 64 (15.6%) radiation oncologists. In all, 38.0% were practicing in states with 1001 to 5000 confirmed COVID-19 cases as of April 3, 2020, and 37.2% were in states with >5000 cases. Most physicians (N=285; 70.0% of surgeons, 64.4% of medical oncologists, and 73.4% of radiation oncologists) had altered cancer treatment plans. Most respondents were concerned about their patients’ COVID-19 exposure risks, but this was the primary driver for treatment alterations only for medical oncologists. For surgeons, the primary driver for treatment alterations was conservation of personal protective equipment, institutional mandates, and external society recommendations. Radiation oncologists were primarily driven by operational changes such as visitor restrictions. CONCLUSIONS: The COVID-19 pandemic has caused a majority of oncologists to alter their treatment plans, but the primary motivators for changes differed by oncologic specialty. This has implications for reinstitution of standard cancer treatment, which may occur at differing time points by treatment modality.


id: cord-334925-csy5fekx
title: Living in a Covid‐19 World
author: COHEN, ALAN B.
date: 2020-06-16
txt: ./txt/cord-334925-csy5fekx.txt
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extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32542882/
doi: 10.1111/1468-0009.12466
abstract: nan
summary:
  In two complementary Milbank Quarterly Perspectives, Nason Maani and Sandro Galea explore the long-term negative effects of the United States'' failure to invest in the nation''s infrastructure to address both population health and public health. In "COVID-19 and Underinvestment in the Health of the US Population," they identify the underlying conditions of the US population that have made Americans particularly susceptible to the spread of the virus, including inequitable socioeconomic conditions, long-entrenched racial and ethnic divides, poor treatment of marginalized populations, and a mismatch between health care needs and access to care. In a new Milbank Quarterly Perspective, Tsung-Mei Cheng draws upon the work of her late husband and health policy collaborator, Uwe Reinhardt, with particular attention to possible lessons for the United States from Germany''s all-payer health care system. The authors identify multiple measures of context (factors to support effective academic-community collaboration), process (measures of group dynamics and trust), and outcomes (impacts such as benefits and challenges of CEnR participation).


id: cord-335065-fv122304
title: American Dreaming: Really Reading The Great Gatsby
author: Cain, William E.
date: 2020-09-02
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32895582/
doi: 10.1007/s12115-020-00510-6
abstract:
  F. Scott Fitzgerald’s The Great Gatsby (1925) is one of the best known and most widely read and taught novels in American literature. It is so familiar that even those who have not read it believe that they have and take for granted that they know about its main character and theme of the American Dream. We need to approach The Great Gatsby as if it were new and really read it, paying close attention to Fitzgerald’s literary language. His novel gives us a vivid depiction of and insight into income inequality as it existed in the 1920s and, by extension, as it exists today, when the American Dream is even more limited to the fortunate few, not within reach of the many. When we really read The Great Gatsby, we perceive and understand the American dimension of the novel and appreciate, too, the global range and relevance that in it Fitzgerald has achieved. It is a great American book and a great book of world literature.


id: cord-336464-eslgz1ka
title: Wildlife, Exotic Pets, and Emerging Zoonoses
author: Chomel, Bruno B.
date: 2007-01-17
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17370509/
doi: 10.3201/eid1301.060480
abstract:
  Most emerging infectious diseases are zoonotic; wildlife constitutes a large and often unknown reservoir. Wildlife can also be a source for reemergence of previously controlled zoonoses. Although the discovery of such zoonoses is often related to better diagnostic tools, the leading causes of their emergence are human behavior and modifications to natural habitats (expansion of human populations and their encroachment on wildlife habitat), changes in agricultural practices, and globalization of trade. However, other factors include wildlife trade and translocation, live animal and bushmeat markets, consumption of exotic foods, development of ecotourism, access to petting zoos, and ownership of exotic pets. To reduce risk for emerging zoonoses, the public should be educated about the risks associated with wildlife, bushmeat, and exotic pet trades; and proper surveillance systems should be implemented.


id: cord-337218-risqto89
title: Environmental Impact, Concept and Measurement of
author: Chu, Ellen W.
date: 2013-02-05
txt: ./txt/cord-337218-risqto89.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-337218-risqto89.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/B9780123847195002537
doi: 10.1016/b978-0-12-384719-5.00253-7
summary:
  107 ) sums up what he calls the hazards of human progress this way: ''''Each time history repeats itself, the price goes up.'''' Indeed, as the second decade of the 21st century begins, humans are ecosystem engineers on a planetary scale, and our global civilization threatens the life-sustaining capacity of all of Earth''s environmental ''''spheres'''': But with nearly 7 billion people occupying or using resources from every place on Earth, humans are overwhelming the ability of other life-forms to make a living and depleting the planet''s natural wealth. Chemicals -as varied as prescription drugs flowing out of sewage plants, pesticides, heavy metals, and cancer-causing by-products of countless manufacturing processes -now lace the world''s water, soil, and air and the bodies of all living things, including humans. The list of chemicals'' effects on living things is so long that chemical pollution equals humans'' environmental impact in most people''s minds, yet it is just one form of biotic impoverishment.

abstract:
  Environments on Earth are always changing, and living systems evolve within them. For most of their history, human beings did the same. But in the last two centuries, humans have become the planet's dominant species, changing and impoverishing the environment for all life on Earth and even decimating humans' own cultural diversity. Contemporary cultural worldviews that have severed humans' ancient connections with the natural world, along with consumption and population growth, have deepened this impoverishment. Understanding, measuring, and managing human environmental impacts – the most important of which is the impoverishment of living systems – is the 21st century's greatest challenge.


id: cord-337632-2q6gm7n3
title: Mental Health Challenges of United States Healthcare Professionals During COVID-19
author: Pearman, Ann
date: 2020-08-13
url: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.02065
doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.02065
abstract:
  As COVID-19 continues to impact global society, healthcare professionals (HCPs) are at risk for a number of negative well-being outcomes due to their role as care providers. The objective of this study was to better understand the current psychological impact of COVID-19 on HCPs in the United States This study used an online survey tool to collect demographic data and measures of well-being of adults age 18 and older living in the United States between March 20, 2020 and May 14, 2020. Measures included anxiety and stress related to COVID-19, depressive symptoms, current general anxiety, health questions, tiredness, control beliefs, proactive coping, and past and future appraisals of COVID-related stress. The sample included 90 HCPs and 90 age-matched controls (M(age) = 34.72 years, SD = 9.84, range = 23 – 67) from 35 states of the United States. A multivariate analysis of variance was performed, using education as a covariate, to identify group differences in the mental and physical health measures. HCPs reported higher levels of depressive symptoms, past and future appraisal of COVID-related stress, concern about their health, tiredness, current general anxiety, and constraint, in addition to lower levels of proactive coping compared to those who were not HCPs (p < 0.001, η(2) = 0.28). Within the context of this pandemic, HCPs were at increased risk for a number of negative well-being outcomes. Potential targets, such as adaptive coping training, for intervention are discussed.


id: cord-339372-f3onp9mg
title: Advancing the Adoption of Continuing Professional Development (CPD) in the United States
author: Owen, James A.
date: 2020-08-31
txt: ./txt/cord-339372-f3onp9mg.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-339372-f3onp9mg.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmacy8030157
doi: 10.3390/pharmacy8030157
summary:
  Over the last four decades, the expanded patient care roles of pharmacists in the United States (U.S.) have increased focus on ensuring the implementation of processes to enhance continuing professional development within the profession. The concept of CPD within the profession of pharmacy was initially defined by the International Pharmaceutical Federation (FIP) as "the responsibility of individual pharmacists for systematic maintenance, development and broadening of knowledge, skills and attitudes, to ensure continuing competence as a professional, throughout their careers" [1] . Ensure that pharmacists maintain (at an appropriate level) their knowledge, skills, and competence to practice through their careers in their own specific (or current) areas of practice Improve the pharmacist''s personal performance (i.e., develop knowledge and skills) Enhance the pharmacist''s career progression While aligned with the FIP model, the CCP model was modified slightly to meet the identified needs of pharmacists in the United States.

abstract:
  Over the last four decades, the expanded patient care roles of pharmacists in the United States (U.S.) have increased focus on ensuring the implementation of processes to enhance continuing professional development within the profession. The transition from a model of continuing pharmacy education (CPE) to a model of continuing professional development (CPD) is still evolving. As pharmacists assume more complex roles in patient care delivery, particularly in community-based settings, the need to demonstrate and maintain professional competence becomes more critical. In addition, long-held processes for post-graduate education and licensure must also continue to adapt to meet these changing needs. Members of the pharmacy profession in the U.S. must adopt the concept of CPD and implement processes to support the thoughtful completion of professional development plans. Comprehensive, state-of-the-art technology solutions are available to assist pharmacists with understanding, implementing and applying CPD to their professional lives.


id: cord-340195-425rd7ul
title: Zoonotic Viruses Associated with Illegally Imported Wildlife Products
author: Smith, Kristine M.
date: 2012-01-10
url: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0029505
doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0029505
abstract:
  The global trade in wildlife has historically contributed to the emergence and spread of infectious diseases. The United States is the world's largest importer of wildlife and wildlife products, yet minimal pathogen surveillance has precluded assessment of the health risks posed by this practice. This report details the findings of a pilot project to establish surveillance methodology for zoonotic agents in confiscated wildlife products. Initial findings from samples collected at several international airports identified parts originating from nonhuman primate (NHP) and rodent species, including baboon, chimpanzee, mangabey, guenon, green monkey, cane rat and rat. Pathogen screening identified retroviruses (simian foamy virus) and/or herpesviruses (cytomegalovirus and lymphocryptovirus) in the NHP samples. These results are the first demonstration that illegal bushmeat importation into the United States could act as a conduit for pathogen spread, and suggest that implementation of disease surveillance of the wildlife trade will help facilitate prevention of disease emergence.


id: cord-343021-gqem6bxj
author: Allam, Zaheer
date: 2020-07-24
txt: ./txt/cord-343021-gqem6bxj.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-343021-gqem6bxj.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/B9780128243138000097
doi: 10.1016/b978-0-12-824313-8.00009-7
summary:
  The disruptions came just when the consumer demand for different products in other countries from different parts of the world was on a high and rising as depicted in a "United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD)" report showing that exports in 2019 grew by 9.7% in 2018, with China being the world''s leading merchandise trader of the year (UNCTAD, 2020). In other countries such as the United States, it was reported that the government was prompted to force, through an executive order, major companies such as General Motors (GM) to produce ventilators to help bridge the gap that the increasing confirmed cases for coronavirus created (Haynes, 2020) . In other places, such as in the oil-producing countries, including the United States, the impacts of COVID-19 on different economic sectors such as transport and manufacturing saw the demand for oil and oil products plummeting in rates not experienced in recent history.

title:
  Oil, Health Equipment, and Trade: Revisiting Political Economy and International Relations During the COVID-19 Pandemic

abstract:
  The COVID-19 pandemic saw disruptions at an unprecedented global scale with deep societal impacts in cities, countries, and regions. Moreover, in a time of global urgent need for personal protective equipment, ventilators, and other health appliances and gear, both air and sea transport were halted, disconnecting manufacturing nations with consumer nations. With steep rise in demand, and impacted supply chains, nations, which were previously hailing collaborative calls to fight the pandemic, were seen to enter into a trade war of health equipment. With borders closed, nationalist policies were on the rise coupled with fears of tech-powered surveillance states. On the commodities market, the price of oil crashed leading to uncertainties as to the future for oil producing nations as the end point of the pandemic was still unclear. Altogether, the pandemic put on test not only economic structures but also geopolitical ones, where it is seen as the biggest challenge since World War II. This chapter surveys the impacts of the pandemic on the global political landscape and outlines concerns and questions for sustaining a peaceful shared future.


id: cord-345402-brhvfsgy
author: Miller, Ryan S.
date: 2013-06-01
url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.prevetmed.2012.11.021
doi: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2012.11.021
title:
  Diseases at the livestock–wildlife interface: Status, challenges, and opportunities in the United States

abstract:
  Abstract In the last half century, significant attention has been given to animal diseases; however, our understanding of disease processes and how to manage them at the livestock–wildlife interface remains limited. In this study, we conduct a systematic review of the scientific literature to evaluate the status of diseases at the livestock–wildlife interface in the United States. Specifically, the goals of the literature review were three fold: first to evaluate domestic animal diseases currently found in the United States where wildlife may play a role; second to identify critical issues faced in managing these diseases at the livestock–wildlife interface; and third to identify potential technical and policy strategies for addressing these issues. We found that of the 86 avian, ruminant, swine, poultry, and lagomorph diseases that are reportable to the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE), 53 are present in the United States; 42 (79%) of these have a putative wildlife component associated with the transmission, maintenance, or life cycle of the pathogen; and 21 (40%) are known to be zoonotic. At least six of these reportable diseases—bovine tuberculosis, paratuberculosis, brucellosis, avian influenza, rabies, and cattle fever tick (vector control)—have a wildlife reservoir that is a recognized impediment to eradication in domestic populations. The complex nature of these systems highlights the need to understand the role of wildlife in the epidemiology, transmission, and maintenance of infectious diseases of livestock. Successful management or eradication of these diseases will require the development of cross-discipline and institutional collaborations. Despite social and policy challenges, there remain opportunities to develop new collaborations and new technologies to mitigate the risks posed at the livestock–wildlife interface.


id: cord-347601-kt2rqx8m
author: Laird, Frank N.
date: 2020-06-11
url: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11024-020-09409-2
doi: 10.1007/s11024-020-09409-2
title:
  Sticky Policies, Dysfunctional Systems: Path Dependency and the Problems of Government Funding for Science in the United States

abstract:
  Leaders of the scientific community have declared that American science is in a crisis due to inadequate federal funding. They misconstrue the problem; its roots lie instead in the institutional interactions between federal funding agencies and higher education. After World War II, science policy elites advocated for a system of funding that addressed what they perceived at the time as their most pressing problems of science-government relations: the need for greater federal funding for science, especially to universities, while maintaining scientific autonomy in the distribution and use of those funds. The agencies that fund university research developed institutional rules, norms, and procedures that created unintended consequences when they interacted with those of American higher education. The project system for funding, justified by peer-review and coupled with rapidly increasing R&D budgets, created incentives for universities to expand their research programs massively, which led to unsustainable growth in the demand for federal research money. That system produced spectacular successes but also created the unintended longer-term problem that demand for science funding has grown more quickly than government funding ever could. Most analysts neglect potentially painful reforms that might address these problems. This case demonstrates that successful political coalitions can create intractable long-term problems for themselves.


id: cord-348495-pa6iqc83
author: Perrotta, D.
date: 2020-05-15
txt: ./txt/cord-348495-pa6iqc83.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-348495-pa6iqc83.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.05.09.20096388
doi: 10.1101/2020.05.09.20096388
summary:
  Our goal in this paper is to provide insights into the relation between participants'' demographic characteristics and (i) the threat they perceive COVID-19 to pose to various levels of society, (ii) the confidence they have in the preparedness of different national and international organizations to handle the current crisis, and (iii) the behavioral measures (preventive measures and social distancing measures) they have taken to protect themselves from the coronavirus. The questionnaire consists of four topical sections: (i) socio-demographic indicators (age, sex, country of birth, country of residence, level of education, household size and composition); (ii) health indicators (underlying medical conditions, flu vaccination status, pregnancy, symptoms experienced in the previous seven days); (iii) opinions and behaviors (perceived threat from COVID-19, level of trust in institutions, level of confidence in sources of information, preventive measures taken, disruptions to daily routine); (iv) social contact data, i.e. the number of interactions that respondents had the day before participating in the survey in different settings (at home, at school, at work, or in other locations).

title:
  Behaviors and attitudes in response to the COVID-19 pandemic: Insights from a cross-national Facebook survey

abstract:
  In the absence of medical treatment and vaccination, the mitigation and containment of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic relies on behavioral changes. Timely data on attitudes and behaviors are thus necessary to develop optimal intervention strategies and to assess the consequences of the pandemic for different demographic groups. We developed a rapid response monitoring system via a continuously run online survey (the "COVID-19 Health Behavior Survey") across eight countries (Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Spain, the United Kingdom, the United States). The survey was specifically designed to collect key information on people's health status, behaviors, close social contacts, and attitudes in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. We developed an innovative approach to recruit participants via targeted Facebook advertisement campaigns in order to generate balanced samples for post-stratification. In this paper, we present results for the period from March 13-April 19, 2020. We estimate important differences by sex: women show a substantially higher perception of threat along with a lower level of confidence in the health system. This is paralleled by sex-specific behaviors, with women more likely to adopt a wide range of preventive behaviors. We thus expect behavior to serve as a protective factor for women. Our findings also show a higher level of awareness and concern among older respondents, in line with the evidence that the elderly are at highest risk of severe complications following infection from COVID-19. While across all the samples respondents were less concerned for themselves than for their country or for the world, we also observed substantial temporal and spatial heterogeneity in terms of confidence in institutions and responses to non-pharmaceutical interventions.


id: cord-348807-9xxc5hyl
title: Sub-national longitudinal and geospatial analysis of COVID-19 tweets
author: Cuomo, Raphael E.
date: 2020-10-28
url: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0241330
doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0241330
abstract:
  OBJECTIVES: According to current reporting, the number of active coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infections is not evenly distributed, both spatially and temporally. Reported COVID-19 infections may not have properly conveyed the full extent of attention to the pandemic. Furthermore, infection metrics are unlikely to illustrate the full scope of negative consequences of the pandemic and its associated risk to communities. METHODS: In an effort to better understand the impacts of COVID-19, we concurrently assessed the geospatial and longitudinal distributions of Twitter messages about COVID-19 which were posted between March 3rd and April 13th and compared these results with the number of confirmed cases reported for sub-national levels of the United States. Geospatial hot spot analysis was also conducted to detect geographic areas that might be at elevated risk of spread based on both volume of tweets and number of reported cases. RESULTS: Statistically significant aberrations of high numbers of tweets were detected in approximately one-third of US states, most of which had relatively high proportions of rural inhabitants. Geospatial trends toward becoming hotspots for tweets related to COVID-19 were observed for specific rural states in the United States. DISCUSSION: Population-adjusted results indicate that rural areas in the U.S. may not have engaged with the COVID-19 topic until later stages of an outbreak. Future studies should explore how this dynamic can inform future outbreak communication and health promotion.


id: cord-349765-90g5v697
title: The Pandemic and the Transformation of Liberal International Order
author: Huang, Qingming
date: 2020-10-16
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33082701/
doi: 10.1007/s11366-020-09698-0
abstract:
  In 2018, 43 leading International Relations scholars in the United States signed a public statement in support of an urgent call to preserve the current international order, triggering heated scholarly debates. The idealized form of the liberal international order was criticized by many scholars for its chronic problems, including the contradictions between proclaimed liberal values and illiberal behaviors, the inability to reform its institutional pillars to accommodate the diverse group of emerging powers, and the tensions between the defenders of this order and its challengers. These problems became fully exposed under the external shock caused by the coronavirus pandemic. As the coronavirus spreads globally and disrupts the world’s political, economic, and social fabric, several forces that have gained momentum and strength during the last decade are now converging as a formidable force that may reconfigure the post-pandemic international order. This paper addresses three significant challenges to the foundations of the current liberal order: (1) the entrenchment of authoritarianism, characterized by authoritarian resilience, autocratization, and the consolidation of competing authoritarian political-economic models; (2) the exacerbation of nationalism enabled by nationalist and populist politicians; and (3) the intensified competition among major powers. China has played mixed roles in the process of reconfiguring the current order. It challenges the mythologized liberal international order and exposes the contradictions in the dominant Western model, while promoting an alternative hybrid political-economic model. The shock brought by the pandemic has provided ample opportunities for China to extend its networks and expand international space for its model.


id: cord-349821-5ykwwq75
title: Biological weapons: Hospital preparedness to bioterrorism and other infectious disease emergencies
author: Ippolito, G.
date: 2006-09-09
txt: ./txt/cord-349821-5ykwwq75.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-349821-5ykwwq75.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16964581/
doi: 10.1007/s00018-006-6309-y
summary:
  The term ''highly infectious diseases'' describes infections caused by pathogens that are transmissible from person to person, cause severe or life-threatening illness; present a serious hazard in healthcare settings and in the community; and require specific control measures, which may include management of cases in a highly secure isolation unit. In Canada, where SARS ''paralysed the Greater Toronto Area healthcare system for weeks'' [27] , and the Toronto public health department investigated 2132 potential cases of SARS, identified over 23,000 contacts as requiring quarantine and logged more than 316,000 calls on its SARS hotline [28] , a national review commission identified systemic deficiencies in response capacity, including ''inadequacies in institutional outbreak management protocols, infection control and infectious disease surveillance'', and found that these deficiencies resulted at least in part from failure to implement lessons learned from earlier public health emergencies [22] .

abstract:
  In the last 2 decades, successive outbreaks caused by new, newly recognised and resurgent pathogens, and the risk that high-consequence pathogens might be used as bioterrorism agents amply demonstrated the need to enhance capacity in clinical and public health management of highly infectious diseases. In this article we review these recent and current threats to public health, whether naturally occurring or caused by accidental or intentional release. Moreover, we discuss some components of hospital preparedness for, and response to, infectious disease of the emergencies in developed countries. The issues of clinical awareness and education, initial investigation and management, surge capacity, communication, and caring for staff and others affected by the emergency are discussed. We also emphasise the importance of improving the everyday practice of infection control by healthcare professionals.


id: cord-351231-aoz5jbf1
title: Why Infectious Diseases
author: Bartlett, John G.
date: 2014-09-15
txt: ./txt/cord-351231-aoz5jbf1.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-351231-aoz5jbf1.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciu441
doi: 10.1093/cid/ciu441
summary:
  The value of the infectious disease practitioner is now magnified by the crisis of antibiotic resistance, the expanding consequences of international travel, the introduction of completely new pathogen diagnostics, and healthcare reform with emphasis on infection prevention and cost in dollars and lives. The point is that epidemics are the domain of infectious diseases and public health, with the expectation for management or prevention of outbreaks with requirements for detection, reporting, isolation, and case management. This began with a patient transferred from a New York City hospital with a KPC infection and became the source of an institutional outbreak that required extraordinary efforts to control, including a wall constructed to isolate cases, removal of plumbing (as a possible source), use of matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) molecular diagnostics to detect cases and carriers, hydrogen peroxide room aerosols, and "whole house" surveillance cultures. The new healthcare system should value infectious disease expertise based on its important role in addressing resistance and costs associated with nosocomial infections.

abstract:
  Infectious diseases is a broad discipline that is almost unique in contemporary medicine with its ability to cure and prevent disease, to identify specific disease causes (microbes), and to deal with diverse, sometimes massive outbreaks. The value of the infectious disease practitioner is now magnified by the crisis of antibiotic resistance, the expanding consequences of international travel, the introduction of completely new pathogen diagnostics, and healthcare reform with emphasis on infection prevention and cost in dollars and lives. Infectious disease careers have great personal rewards to the practitioner based on these observations. It is unfortunate that we have been so effective in our work, but relatively ineffective in convincing the healthcare system of this value.


id: cord-353726-e0mr8kqb
title: Strategies for managing risk in a changing aviation environment
author: Adler, Nicole
date: 2012-07-31
url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0969699711001360
doi: 10.1016/j.jairtraman.2011.12.014
abstract:
  Abstract Given the increasing volatility in the economic performance of airlines, partially reflecting the dynamics of demand for air transport and the fixed costs associated with the industry, all stakeholders need to consider appropriate strategies for better managing the risks. Many risks were identified in the literature previously, some even decades ago, however most have yet to be satisfactorily addressed. Urgency is growing. Removal of the remaining barriers to competition at all levels, congestion management, open skies policies across continents, computer-centric air traffic management systems and increased research and development into the processes and technology needed to reduce environmental externalities remain among the top challenges for the next decade.


id: cord-353772-z1x52stl
title: Combatting Bioterrorism
author: Wilkening, Dean A.
date: 2008-09-05
url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/B9780123739858002233
doi: 10.1016/b978-012373985-8.00223-3
abstract:
  Concern that a terrorist group might attack civilian populations or agriculture by releasing deadly pathogens has grown in the past decade. Failed attempts by the Japanese cult Aum Shinrikyo to release botulinum toxin and anthrax in Tokyo on several occasions in the early 1990s, and the 2001 anthrax letter attacks in the United States seem to confirm these fears. However, there were only five fatalities in the US case and none in the Japanese case. The question naturally arises: How serious is this threat and, if it is serious, what strategy should states take to combat it? This article draws on US experience to outline a strategy for combating bioterrorism that is general enough to apply to most states, especially ones with well developed public health and medical infrastructures.


id: cord-354009-1ek4s8oe
title: Spatiotemporal Characteristics of COVID-19 Epidemic in the United States
author: Wang, Yun
date: 2020-07-08
url: https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciaa934
doi: 10.1093/cid/ciaa934
abstract:
  BACKGROUND: A range of near-real-time online/mobile mapping dashboards and applications have been used to track the COVID-19 pandemic worldwide. It remains unknown about small area-based spatiotemporal patterns of COVID-19 in the United States. METHODS: We obtained county-based counts of COVID-19 cases confirmed in the United States from January 22 to May 13, 2020 (N=1,386,050). We characterized the dynamics of COVID-19 epidemic through detecting weekly hotspots of newly confirmed cases using Spatial and Space-Time Scan Statistics and quantifying the trends of incidence of COVID-19 by county characteristics using the Joinpoint analysis. RESULTS: Along with the national plateau reached in early April, COVID-19 incidence significantly decreased in the Northeast (estimated weekly percentage changes [EWPC]: -16.6%), but remained increasing in the Midwest, South and West Regions (EWPCs: 13.2%, 5.6%, and 5.7%, respectively). Higher risks of clustering and incidence of COVID-19 were consistently observed in metropolitan vs rural counties, counties closest to core airports, most populous counties, and counties with highest proportion of racial/ethnic minority counties. However, geographic differences in the incidence have shrunk since early April, driven by a significant decrease in the incidence in these counties (EWPC range: -2.0% – -4.2%) and a consistent increase in other areas (EWPC range: 1.5% – 20.3%). CONCLUSIONS: To substantially decrease the nationwide incidence of COVID-19, strict social distancing measures should be continuously implemented, especially in geographic areas with increasing risks, including rural areas. Spatiotemporal characteristics and trends of COVID-19 should be considered in decision-making on the timeline of re-opening for states and localities.


