# pos

id: cord-024634-ciuynofm
pos: NNP
token:
  https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/apr/15/romanian-fruit-pickers-flown-uk-crisis-farming-sector-coronavirus

lemma:
  https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/apr/15/romanian-fruit-pickers-flown-uk-crisis-farming-sector-coronavirus


id: cord-024634-ciuynofm
pos: NNP
token:
  https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/coronavirus-germanyitaly-france-hospital-treatment-covid-19-a9440906.html

lemma:
  https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/coronavirus-germanyitaly-france-hospital-treatment-covid-19-a9440906.html


id: cord-024898-gvudxbc2
pos: NNP
token:
  http://www.animalpolitico.com/2016/02/los-politicos-de-mexico-enprimera-fila-para-ver-al-papa-francisco/.

lemma:
  http://www.animalpolitico.com/2016/02/los-politicos-de-mexico-enprimera-fila-para-ver-al-papa-francisco/.


id: cord-236070-yao5v598
pos: NNP
token:
  https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/situation-reports/20200402-sitrep-73-covid-19.pdf

lemma:
  https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/situation-reports/20200402-sitrep-73-covid-19.pdf


id: cord-289846-i7xg1tpp
pos: ADD
token:
  https://opiac.org.co/en-riesgo-la-autonomia-y-gobierno-propio-del-pueblo-indigena-andoque-con-zona-minera-indigena-en-eldepartameno-del-amazonas/

lemma:
  https://opiac.org.co/en-riesgo-la-autonomia-y-gobierno-propio-del-pueblo-indigena-andoque-con-zona-minera-indigena-en-eldepartameno-del-amazonas/


id: cord-012408-wcgjyk5m
pos: NNP
token:
  https://www.encodeproject.org/documents/4a2fc974-f021-4f85-ba7a-bd401fe682d1/@@download/attachment/RenLab_ATAC-seq_protocol_20170130.pdf

lemma:
  https://www.encodeproject.org/documents/4a2fc974-f021-4f85-ba7a-bd401fe682d1/@@download/attachment/RenLab_ATAC-seq_protocol_20170130.pdf


# ent

id: cord-017686-127xfkse
type: CELL_LINE
entity:
  Hindu Kush Löfflmann and Vaughan Williams 2017 Maull 2006 the assertion of which resulted in the then German defense minister Struck 2002 Struck 2005 tendering his resignation remains a point


id: cord-017686-127xfkse
type: ORG
entity:
  the Numbers Human Security A New Strategic Narrative for Europe Hobbes s Dilemma and Institutional Change in World Politics Sovereignty


id: cord-017257-4fnzww6y
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  The Emergence of an Asia Pacific Diplomacy of Counter Terrorism in Tackling the Islamic State Threat date 2017 05 13 journal International Security in the Asia Pacific DOI


id: cord-129175-zkwxc9xy
type: LAW
entity:
  Low cost Measurement of Face Mask Efficacy for Filtering Expelled Droplets During Speech Estimating the Effects of Non


id: cord-129175-zkwxc9xy
type: ORG
entity:
  Study A Modelling Framework to Assess the Likely Effectiveness of Facemasks in Combination with Lock


id: cord-129175-zkwxc9xy
type: CHEMICAL
entity:
  N N identity matrix 1 is a N 1 vector of ones w j trav t and w j trav t respectively denote the j th row vector and column vector of W trav t Consistent


id: cord-024898-gvudxbc2
type: DNA
entity:
  Law third paragraph 23 Art und Weise wie jemand die Welt und ihren Sinn sowie sein Dasein betrachtet und beurteilt Mode and form


id: cord-021131-6zbe2qmd
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  ICAO Doc 7300 9 Ninth Edition 2006 2 Machine Readable Travel Documents Part 1 Volume 2 ICAO Doc 9303 Sixth


id: cord-021131-6zbe2qmd
type: DNA
entity:
  1948 Monopolies and Restrictive Practices Inquiry and Control Act which devolved regulatory responsibility


id: cord-021131-6zbe2qmd
type: LAW
entity:
  Article 12 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights Article 17 of the United Nations Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and Article 8 of the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms


id: cord-017721-5bp0qpte
type: ORG
entity:
  the United States Center for Disease Control and Prevention Legal Authorities for Isolation and Quarantine Center for Disease Control and Prevention Division of Global Migration and


id: cord-035330-8g3ygwdc
type: DNA
entity:
  Colombian and Venezuelan border zone Organized crime Analyzing illegal activities criminal structures


id: cord-163946-a4vtc7rp
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  A Comprehensive COVID 19 Vaccine Plan A Survey of Agent Based Intelligent Decision Support Systems to Support Clinical COVID 19 Vaccine Development Access and Distribution in the Indian Context Policy Gradient Methods for Reinforcement Learning with Function Approximation


id: cord-012408-wcgjyk5m
type: DNA
entity:
  ENCODE DCC website accession ENCSR014SFF or GEO accessions GSM348064 GSM348066 GSM559652 PhastCons conserved elements


id: cord-012408-wcgjyk5m
type: DNA
entity:
  Sox9 chr11 112 766 260 112 803 708 mm10 Shh chr5 28 392 703 28 531 239 mm10 Pax3 chr1 78 027 730 78 280 060 mm10 and Wnt6 Ihh chr1 74 643 751 74 987 517 mm10


id: cord-012408-wcgjyk5m
type: DNA
entity:
  chr2 60 752 530 60 767 198 hg19 or liver enhancer cluster right chr2 60 711 940 60 741 118 hg19 Thick black bars


id: cord-289846-i7xg1tpp
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  The Body Multiple Ontology in Medical Practice Terras Pretas de Índio of the Caquetá Japurá River Colombian Amazonia Phytoliths


id: cord-027047-xlz576hm
type: ORG
entity:
  Dubai s Forgotten Urban Spaces The Anti Politics Machine Development The Bare Life Labour Productivity


id: cord-125190-87wcp92x
type: ORG
entity:
  U S Department of Transportation Federal Highway Administration s Exploratory Advanced Research Program


id: cord-125190-87wcp92x
type: ORG
entity:
  Mobile Device Proclamation on Declaring a National Emergency Concerning the Novel Coronavirus Disease COVID


id: cord-261228-o80y5cic
type: DNA
entity:
  Northeast Sergipe Pernambuco Ceará Bahia Southeast Minas Gerais Rio de Janeiro and South Paraná regions


id: cord-311089-3zvmfvru
type: LAW
entity:
  the Collaborative Arrangement for the Prevention and Management of Public Health Events in Civil Aviation CAPSCA


id: cord-164718-f6rx4h3r
type: ORG
entity:
  Mountain CA Health Department of Environmental Health Boston University School of Public Boston MA Surgery Department


id: cord-260730-w9yv4jd7
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  The Somatovisceral Interface Further Evidence Let s Work Together to Protect and Serve Our Patients Staff Families and Communities Publisher s Note Springer Nature


id: cord-347519-aowxr873
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  The Lancet Foreign Policy and Security Towards a Conceptual Framework for Research and Policy Foreign Policy and Security Towards a Conceptual Framework for Research and Policy Managing Global Health Security


id: cord-347519-aowxr873
type: GPE
entity:
  the United States A National Security Stragety for Engagement and Enlargement A National Security Strategy For a New Century


id: cord-347519-aowxr873
type: EVENT
entity:
  the Post Cold War Era Theory of World Security World Health Organisation Commission on Human Security Human Security


id: cord-347519-aowxr873
type: EVENT
entity:
  World Security A New Framework for Analysis Foreign Policy and Security Towards a Conceptual Framework for Research and Policy


id: cord-282620-nv2tg68j
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  Dataset for Informing the United States R A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing ggplot2 Elegant Graphics for Data Analysis


id: cord-276417-8gvv7tna
type: RNA
entity:
  HYDROCARBON ENDOWMENT PER CAPITAIN THE GCC Women Entrepreneurship in Gulf Region Challenges and Strategies In GCC


# url

id: cord-024898-gvudxbc2
domain: www.animalpolitico.com
url:
  http://www.animalpolitico.com/2016/02/los-politicos-de-mexico-enprimera-fila-para-ver-al-papa-francisco/


id: cord-012408-wcgjyk5m
domain: www.encodeproject.org
url:
  http://www.encodeproject.org/documents/4a2fc974-f021-4f85-ba7a-bd401fe682d1/@@download/attachment/RenLab_ATAC-seq_protocol_20170130.pdf


id: cord-289846-i7xg1tpp
domain: opiac.org.co
url:
  http://opiac.org.co/en-riesgo-la-autonomia-y-gobierno-propio-del-pueblo-indigena-andoque-con-zona-minera-indigena-en-eldepartameno-del-amazonas/


id: cord-024634-ciuynofm
domain: www.theguardian.com
url:
  http://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/apr/15/romanian-fruit-pickers-flown-uk-crisis-farming-sector-coronavirus>


id: cord-024634-ciuynofm
domain: www.independent.co.uk
url:
  http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/coronavirus-germanyitaly-france-hospital-treatment-covid-19-a9440906.html>


id: cord-236070-yao5v598
domain: www.who.int
url:
  http://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/situation-reports/20200402-sitrep-73-covid-19.pdf


# bib

id: cord-003396-yu6mw601
title: Detecting early‐warning signals of influenza outbreak based on dynamic network marker
author: Chen, Pei
date: 2018-10-19
txt: ./txt/cord-003396-yu6mw601.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-003396-yu6mw601.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6307766/
doi: 10.1111/jcmm.13943
summary:
  By exploring rich dynamical and high‐dimensional information, our dynamic network marker/biomarker (DNM/DNB) method opens a new way to identify the tipping point prior to the catastrophic transition into an influenza pandemics. On the other hand, the dynamic network marker/biomarker (DNM/DNB) method was developed to quantitatively identify the tipping point or the critical state during the dynamic evolution of a complex system based on the observed data. To further reliably identify the critical state of flu outbreak, we developed a new method called the landscape DNM, which explores F I G U R E 1 Schematic illustration to detect early-warning signals of influenza outbreak based on the DNM method. C, Based on the historical and current clinic records, and regional geographic characteristics of a city, the DNM score is able to provide the early-warning signals of the upcoming influenza outbreak as a real-time indicator monitoring both the local and global records as well as the network structure, and the detailed algorithm is provided below.

abstract:
  The seasonal outbreaks of influenza infection cause globally respiratory illness, or even death in all age groups. Given early‐warning signals preceding the influenza outbreak, timely intervention such as vaccination and isolation management effectively decrease the morbidity. However, it is usually a difficult task to achieve the real‐time prediction of influenza outbreak due to its complexity intertwining both biological systems and social systems. By exploring rich dynamical and high‐dimensional information, our dynamic network marker/biomarker (DNM/DNB) method opens a new way to identify the tipping point prior to the catastrophic transition into an influenza pandemics. In order to detect the early‐warning signals before the influenza outbreak by applying DNM method, the historical information of clinic hospitalization caused by influenza infection between years 2009 and 2016 were extracted and assembled from public records of Tokyo and Hokkaido, Japan. The early‐warning signal, with an average of 4‐week window lead prior to each seasonal outbreak of influenza, was provided by DNM‐based on the hospitalization records, providing an opportunity to apply proactive strategies to prevent or delay the onset of influenza outbreak. Moreover, the study on the dynamical changes of hospitalization in local district networks unveils the influenza transmission dynamics or landscape in network level.


id: cord-011464-tr5ata0h
title: Medical Licensure: It is time to eliminate practice borders within the United States
author: Sawalha, Amr H.
date: 2020-05-19
txt: ./txt/cord-011464-tr5ata0h.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-011464-tr5ata0h.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7236681/
doi: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2020.04.015
abstract: nan
summary:
  The status quo of restrictions imposed on the practice of medicine by State medical licensure does not make sense, and needlessly puts a tremendous pressure on the ability of physicians to do what they do best-take care of patients. Needlessly having to apply and go through verification processes for another medical license for a different State entails significant effort, time, and resources that are better invested in taking care of patients. Physicians will continue to be required to hold a medical license in good standing to practice medicine. However, this license can be issued from any State regardless of where the physician practices within the country. If that system was to be adopted, then maintenance of such a license can continue to be issued from the State where a physician lives or wishes to practice, and again entails no loss of revenue to State medical licensing boards.


id: cord-012408-wcgjyk5m
title: An atlas of dynamic chromatin landscapes in mouse fetal development
author: Gorkin, David U.
date: 2020-07-29
txt: ./txt/cord-012408-wcgjyk5m.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-012408-wcgjyk5m.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7398618/
doi: 10.1038/s41586-020-2093-3
summary:
  At each stage, we dissected a diverse panel of tissues from multiple litters of embryos and performed two replicates of ATAC-seq and ChIP-seq for each of eight histone modifications chosen to distinguish between different types of functional elements (for example, promoters, enhancers and gene bodies), and activity levels (for example, active, poised and repressed) 13,14 (Fig. 1a , b, Extended Data Fig. 1a, b) . In summary, our results describe a multi-tiered compendium of functional annotations for the developmental mouse genome, including chromatin state maps for 72 distinct tissue-stages, an extensive catalogue of candidate regulatory sequences (many with dynamic temporal activity), enhancer target gene predictions, and a collection of transgenic reporter assays that demonstrates a strong relationship between H3K27ac signal and validation rate.

abstract:
  The Encyclopedia of DNA Elements (ENCODE) project has established a genomic resource for mammalian development, profiling a diverse panel of mouse tissues at 8 developmental stages from 10.5 days after conception until birth, including transcriptomes, methylomes and chromatin states. Here we systematically examined the state and accessibility of chromatin in the developing mouse fetus. In total we performed 1,128 chromatin immunoprecipitation with sequencing (ChIP–seq) assays for histone modifications and 132 assay for transposase-accessible chromatin using sequencing (ATAC–seq) assays for chromatin accessibility across 72 distinct tissue-stages. We used integrative analysis to develop a unified set of chromatin state annotations, infer the identities of dynamic enhancers and key transcriptional regulators, and characterize the relationship between chromatin state and accessibility during developmental gene regulation. We also leveraged these data to link enhancers to putative target genes and demonstrate tissue-specific enrichments of sequence variants associated with disease in humans. The mouse ENCODE data sets provide a compendium of resources for biomedical researchers and achieve, to our knowledge, the most comprehensive view of chromatin dynamics during mammalian fetal development to date.


id: cord-016839-cqtpj3m0
title: Intellectual Property and Human Security
author: Ramcharan, Robin
date: 2012-08-17
txt: ./txt/cord-016839-cqtpj3m0.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-016839-cqtpj3m0.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7121255/
doi: 10.1007/978-90-6704-900-9_2
summary:
  Article 27 (1) of the TRIPS Agreement stipulates that "patents shall be available for any inventions, whether products or processes, in all fields of technology, provided that they are new, involve an inventive step and are capable of industrial application." According to para 2: Members may exclude from patentability inventions, the prevention within their territory of the commercial exploitation of which is necessary to protect ordre public or morality, including to protect human, animal or plant life or health or to avoid serious prejudice to the environment, provided that such exclusion is not made merely because the exploitation is prohibited by their law.

abstract:
  This chapter discusses the interrelatedness between intellectual property and human security. There are two sides of this interrelationship. In the first place, IP issues are closely related to the hard security of nations. In the second place, the application of the regime of international intellectual property laws can help promote economic and social development and, at the same time, can result in major hardships when it comes to protection of the right to life and realization of the rights to health, food, and education. In the pages that follow, different aspects of these issues are explored.


id: cord-017067-19eawrjt
author: Ogbondah, Chris Wolumati
date: 2017-10-24
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7121539/
doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-70443-2_18
title:
  Terrorists and Social Media Messages: A Critical Analysis of Boko Haram’s Messages and Messaging Techniques

abstract:
  Post-colonial Nigeria has been plagued with violent conflicts. A bloody civil war in which an estimated 1 million people were killed ravaged the country from 1967 to 1970. Interethnic and intra-communal conflicts have also shaken the foundations of the nation since 1960 when colonial rule ended. Other violent conflicts that have plagued the country are religious conflicts in Kano, Bauchi, Kaduna, Kafanchan, Zaria, Jos, Maiduguri, and many other places. Blood-letting in the name of religion in these and other places in Nigeria has left thousands dead and wounded. Destruction of property in the course of religious violence in Nigeria has also wreaked economic calamity on the country. For instance, wanton destruction of property during the Maitatsene religious uprising in Kano from 1980 to 1985 resulted in the loss of lives and of millions of dollars. Clashes between members of the militant Shi’ite religious sect and the Nigerian army in 2016 led to the demolition of an entire neighborhood in Zaria city Nigeria’s latest bout of violence emanates from a deadly terrorist group, Boko Haram. Since 2009, it has killed over 20,000 people, displaced more than one million people, and contributed to the devastation of Nigeria’s northeast region. Initially, Boko Haram could not be contained by Nigerian security forces. It captured and held on to 14 local government districts and it constantly churned out online propaganda about its invisibility and its certainty that it would impose a radical Islamic government over the entire country. This chapter provides a critical analysis of Boko Haram’s propaganda. It examines the group’s core messages and the stylistic techniques used in delivering them. The chapter notes that Boko Haram deliberately used crude, unvanished imagery to reinforce the brutality of its actions in suicide bombings, drive-by shootings, and direct attacks against military barracks, markets, mosques, and churches. We contend that the effectiveness of Boko Haram’s propaganda began to decline as it suffered military defeats by Nigerian forces.


id: cord-017257-4fnzww6y
author: Singh, Bilveer
date: 2017-05-13
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7121770/
doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-60762-7_12
title:
  The Emergence of an Asia-Pacific Diplomacy of Counter-Terrorism in Tackling the Islamic State Threat

abstract:
  The militaries in the Asia-Pacific region have been largely established to respond to specific threats to national security. While most of the ASEAN countries have been modernising their force structures for conventional conflict since the waning years of the Cold War, many still retain doctrines and equipment geared for internal security needs. The advent of non-traditional security threats ranging from natural disasters to transnational terrorism may challenge this state of affairs. Against this backdrop, how can one analyse and conceptualise the Asia-Pacific’s diplomacy of counter-terrorism in tackling the threat posed by the Islamic State? This chapter will examine the counter-terrorism policies of Asia-Pacific states and analyse how non-traditional threats such as that posed by terrorism have been managed by the armed forces of the region. A short case study of Indonesia will be included.


id: cord-017686-127xfkse
title: Human Rights and State Responsibilities
author: Bindenagel Šehović, Annamarie
date: 2018-01-14
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7122324/
doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-72068-5_2
abstract:
  This chapter lays out an argument that citizens’ human rights are the responsibility of the corresponding State, meaning that citizens of a territorial State claim particular rights that State is obliged to deliver. In return, in an aspect which is often neglected in analyses of human security, citizens also owe allegiance to the State. Citizens’ rights have been expanded to encompass not only physical protection within a territory but also a host of economic and welfare provisions. Despite the increasingly international discourse on human security rights, their legal home remains with the national State vis-à-vis its citizens. The chapter argues that the rules of the State-based order are shifting, with no clear loci of responsibility and accountability for human security.


id: cord-017721-5bp0qpte
title: Public Health Law and Biological Terrorism
author: Gable, Lance
date: 2008-09-10
txt: ./txt/cord-017721-5bp0qpte.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-017721-5bp0qpte.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7122365/
doi: 10.1007/978-1-59745-326-4_12
abstract: nan
summary:
  However, many existing public health and emergency response laws at the state and federal levels may not be sufficient to address biological terrorism. Federal public health and legal authorities may specifically respond to multiple components of a bioterrorism attack, as well as offer guidance and expertise to assist state and local governments in their responses. In the following sections, we focus predominantly on two specific areas of public health powers authorized under law: (1) restrictions on personal liberty (quarantine, isolation, travel restrictions, privacy) and (2) restrictions on property (decontamination, use of supplies and facilities, disposal of remains). The use of quarantine and isolation by state and local governments is therefore legally and constitutionally acceptable, provided that these powers are used appropriately to protect public health and safety. When should public health authorities use quarantine or isolation to restrict individuals during a bioterrorism emergency?


id: cord-021131-6zbe2qmd
title: The ePassport — new technology to counter security threats
author: Abeyratne, Ruwantissa
date: 2012-11-11
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7149056/
doi: 10.1007/s12198-012-0101-z
abstract:
  The ePassport is the culmination of a sustained process of development of technical specifications for machine readable travel documents (MRTD). It introduces a new dimension to aviation security in that, within the conventional machine readable passport with its machine readable zone, an additional layer of verification of information contained in an electronic chip is placed, which verifies the information in the passport’s machine readable zone by the use of a special reader. Much research has gone into the areas of the technology and verification in the development of the ePassport. At a Symposium held at the International Civil Aviation Organization in early October 2012, the ePassport was subjected to much discussion by the various experts gathered from across the globe. This article discusses these deliberations and places them against the backdrop of the privacy of the individual and aviation security law.


id: cord-024634-ciuynofm
title: National Governance of Public Health Responses in a Pandemic?
author: DOBBS, Mary
date: 2020-04-21
txt: ./txt/cord-024634-ciuynofm.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-024634-ciuynofm.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7211797/
doi: 10.1017/err.2020.39
summary:
  Whilst each state shares values and goals of strong public health and also a resilient economy, with both closely intertwined in the long term, there is clearly no broad global consensus on the balance between values and approaches to them. Consequently, any decision-making is based on the precautionary principle (whether express or otherwise) and it becomes more challenging to identify clear pathways to address the pandemic effectively that also minimise countervailing riskssomething that may in itself justify national rather than international approaches, even whilst benefiting from the centralisation and sharing of scientific data. If one returns to the three core approaches and presumes that they are each effective in principleherd immunity will arise, case numbers and severity can be controlled and/or the disease can be eradicated within the populationsimply reflect on the global nature of our society and the continued shifting nature of our populations.

abstract:
  The world is currently facing the worst pandemic in a century and we were caught unprepared. COVID-19 has proven highly contagious and with severe consequences that are still unfolding. As of 16 April 2020, there were over 2 million confirmed cases and over 136,000 related deaths reported worldwide. Over 1 million of those confirmed cases were in the preceding 14 days, with the USA accounting for nearly half of those. Furthermore, the International Monetary Fund (IMF) is now warning that the world is about to suffer the worst economic recession since the Great Depression in the 1920s.


id: cord-024898-gvudxbc2
title: Mexican Law of Religion at 28 Years of the Constitutional Reform on Religious Matters
author: Medina González, María Concepción
date: 2020-05-17
txt: ./txt/cord-024898-gvudxbc2.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-024898-gvudxbc2.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7229517/
doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-46717-3_7
summary:
  For that reason, among others, I prefer to refer to the "Mexican Law of Religion" as the set of rules of the State concerning the religious factor that attends to the religious needs and interests at the individual level (individual juridical person), corporate level (religious communities and religious associations), and collective level (indigenous peoples, with respect to their religious practices and customs), under the principles of religious freedom, laicity (laicidad), and separation of state and churches (or religious communities). Although a prohibition is incorporated: "No one can use the public acts of expression of this freedom for political purposes, proselytism or propaganda." Before this reform, several civil and non-Catholic religious associations demonstrated in about 20 states in the Mexican Republic to warn that they would not allow the reform of Article 24 of the Constitution, because it threatens the secular nature of the Mexican State and it gives privileges for Catholics.

abstract:
  In the framework of the centenary of the promulgation of the Political Constitution of the United Mexican States (1917), the current directions of Mexican Law of Religion are addressed. The starting point is the constitutional reform of January 28, 1992, to Articles 3, 5, 24, 27, and 130, which are the basis for the development of a Law of Religion in a positive sense. This reform contains the principles that guarantee the freedom of religion in Mexico: separation between State and churches and Laicity of State. “Mexican Law of Religion” means the totality of state legal norms that include the religious factor linked to individual, corporate, and collective religious needs and interests under the fundamental principles of religious freedom, secularism (laicity), and separation of the State and religious communities. In this sense, the holders of the religious factor are not only the individual person and the religious communities or religious associations but also the indigenous peoples. For the analysis, I will focus my remarks on some fundamental topics: the amendments to Articles 24 and 40 of the Political Constitution and the New Constitution of Mexico City; development and legal protection of the dimensions of religious freedom; management of religious diversity as public policy and recent cases, such as the Native American Church case and the Blood Transfusion case, since these illustrate the Supreme Court’s readiness to protect the right of religious freedom. One of the most difficult issues to resolve with respect to the register of religious associations has been how to define “notorio arraigo.” The Basic Law strives to protect religious freedom and to establish a society tolerant of religious difference. Furthermore, increased protection of religious minorities may signal a change in Mexican cultural perceptions of religious minorities.


id: cord-027047-xlz576hm
title: The Singaporean State and Community Care in the Time of Corona
author: Koh, Vanessa
date: 2020-06-04
txt: ./txt/cord-027047-xlz576hm.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-027047-xlz576hm.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7300938/
doi: 10.1111/ciso.12297
abstract: nan
summary:
  Following Aulino, and contra some of the rhetoric of aid organizations, we take seriously care-as-maintenance as a valid approach to care in the time of Covid-19, and note that competence on the part of state actors and policy-makers has little to do with sentiment or "concern" per se in terms of daily problem-solving and an overall moral orientation. Rather than adding to existing critiques of the state''s lack of care-as-concern, we focus instead on the structural issue of Singapore''s policies around migrant labor in Singapore that now renders present techniques of care-as-maintenance as insufficient. Of-the-moment responses in the time of Covid-19 may, therefore, fail to highlight areas of provision most needed for migrants in Singapore, beyond perceived insufficiencies in both care-as-concern and care-as-maintenance frameworks. Care-as-maintenance can also be a serious crisis response, but its apparent insufficiencies must be read within a larger context of structural inequalities that dispossess short-term migrant laborers in Singapore, rather than simply a lack of accompanying care-as-concern.


id: cord-029288-fn70apbe
title: SeQuaiA: A Scalable Tool for Semi-Quantitative Analysis of Chemical Reaction Networks
author: Češka, Milan
date: 2020-06-13
txt: ./txt/cord-029288-fn70apbe.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-029288-fn70apbe.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7363201/
doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-53288-8_32
summary:
  1. The analysis is notoriously difficult and computationally expensive due to several aspects: state-space explosion (exponential growth in the number of species, possibly infinite spaces due to unbounded populations as in Fig. 1 , different rates for different populations, again as in Fig. 1 ), stochasticity (races between reactions), stiffness (rates of different magnitudes), multimodality (qualitatively different behaviours such as extinction of predators only, or also of preys in the predator-prey models) [17, 34] . Visualization: The GUI provides a number of ways to display the results, facilitating understanding the models, including (i) identification of strongly connected parts of ''iterations'', corresponding to ''temporarily stable'' behaviours, (ii) quantitative information on transient times and steady-state distributions, or (iii) visual qualitative explanations, such as semantic grouping of states or tracking correlations between populations.

abstract:
  Chemical reaction networks (CRNs) play a fundamental role in analysis and design of biochemical systems. They induce continuous-time stochastic systems, whose analysis is a computationally intensive task. We present a tool that implements the recently proposed semi-quantitative analysis of CRN. Compared to the proposed theory, the tool implements the analysis so that it is more flexible and more precise. Further, its GUI offers a wide range of visualization procedures that facilitate the interpretation of the analysis results as well as guidance to refine the analysis. Finally, we define and implement a new notion of “mean” simulations, summarizing the typical behaviours of the system in a way directly comparable to standard simulations produced by other tools.


id: cord-029325-7zceop25
title: Hampa: Solver-Aided Recency-Aware Replication
author: Li, Xiao
date: 2020-06-13
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7363281/
doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-53288-8_16
abstract:
  Replication is a common technique to build reliable and scalable systems. Traditional strong consistency maintains the same total order of operations across replicas. This total order is the source of multiple desirable consistency properties: integrity, convergence and recency. However, maintaining the total order has proven to inhibit availability and performance. Weaker notions exhibit responsiveness and scalability; however, they forfeit the total order and hence its favorable properties. This project revives these properties with as little coordination as possible. It presents a tool called [Formula: see text] that given a sequential object with the declaration of its integrity and recency requirements, automatically synthesizes a correct-by-construction replicated object that simultaneously guarantees the three properties. It features a relational object specification language and a syntax-directed analysis that infers optimum staleness bounds. Further, it defines coordination-avoidance conditions and the operational semantics of replicated systems that provably guarantees the three properties. It characterizes the computational power and presents a protocol for recency-aware objects. [Formula: see text] uses automatic solvers statically and embeds them in the runtime to dynamically decide the validity of coordination-avoidance conditions. The experiments show that recency-aware objects reduce coordination and response time.


id: cord-030704-cgoq0m5u
title: Verified Certification of Reachability Checking for Timed Automata
author: Wimmer, Simon
date: 2020-03-13
txt: ./txt/cord-030704-cgoq0m5u.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-030704-cgoq0m5u.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7439749/
doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-45190-5_24
summary:
  The resulting tool is evaluated on a set of standard benchmarks to demonstrate its practicality, using a new unverified model checker implementation in Standard ML to construct the certificates. Previous work [31] has addressed this problem by constructing a model checker for timed automata that is fully verified using Isabelle/HOL [25] . We use a new unverified model checker called Mlunta, which is implemented in Standard ML (SML), to generate certificates for a set of standard benchmarks, and to evaluate our verified certifier''s performance on these benchmarks 1 . Thus, model checking algorithms for timed automata are based on the idea of abstracting from concrete valuations to sets of clock valuations of type (nat ⇒ real ) set, often called zones. Using these techniques, we obtain a simple certificate checker that is executable, provided that we can implement the elementary model checking primitives such as the subsumption check or computing the list of successors of a state.

abstract:
  Prior research has shown how to construct a mechanically verified model checker for timed automata, a popular formalism for modeling real-time systems. In this paper, we shift the focus from verified model checking to certifying unreachability. This allows us to benefit from better approximation operations for symbolic states, and reduces execution time by exploring fewer states and by exploiting parallelism. Moreover, this gives us the ability to audit results of unverified model checkers that implement a range of further optimizations, including certificate compression. The resulting tool is evaluated on a set of standard benchmarks to demonstrate its practicality, using a new unverified model checker implementation in Standard ML to construct the certificates.


id: cord-031836-bzos4k52
title: ‘The “Strongest” Climate Ruling Yet’: The Dutch Supreme Court’s Urgenda Judgment
author: Spier, Jaap
date: 2020-09-14
txt: ./txt/cord-031836-bzos4k52.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-031836-bzos4k52.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7487283/
doi: 10.1007/s40802-020-00172-5
summary:
  A series of important issues have been considered in review: can human rights serve as a basis for the injunctive relief sought?, the role of the precautionary principle, the need for a consistent policy, suum cuique tribuere, minimal causation (each State has to assume responsibility for ''its part''), is the marginal causal contribution of Dutch emissions an insurmountable hurdle?, minimum obligations, a disproportionate burden, the role of the Paris Agreement, and the political issue doctrine. The Court of Appeal''s judgment is consistent with the foregoing, as it held that the State''s policy regarding GHG reduction is obviously not meeting the requirements pursuant to Articles 2 and 8 ECHR to take suitable measures to protect the residents of the Netherlands from dangerous climate change. The Court of Appeal''s judgment is consistent with the foregoing, as the Court of Appeal held that the State''s policy regarding greenhouse gas reduction is obviously not meeting the requirements pursuant to Articles 2 and 8 ECHR to take suitable measures to protect the residents of the Netherlands from dangerous climate change.

abstract:
  The Dutch Supreme Court’s Urgenda judgment breaks new ground. It is the first court to order a State to reduce its GHG emissions. The State has to reduce its GHG emissions by at least 25% before the end of 2020. A series of important issues have been considered in review: can human rights serve as a basis for the injunctive relief sought?, the role of the precautionary principle, the need for a consistent policy, suum cuique tribuere, minimal causation (each State has to assume responsibility for ‘its part’), is the marginal causal contribution of Dutch emissions an insurmountable hurdle?, minimum obligations, a disproportionate burden, the role of the Paris Agreement, and the political issue doctrine. This case note analyses and discusses these issues. In addition it speculates what could or should happen if the State does not comply with the judgment. The case note elaborates on the prospects of the Urgenda judgment as a precedent for other national courts. Lastly, it discusses whether the judgment could be of any avail in shaping obligations of the corporate sector.


id: cord-035330-8g3ygwdc
author: García Pinzón, Viviana
date: 2020-11-12
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7657711/
doi: 10.1007/s12117-020-09399-3
title:
  Contested borders: organized crime, governance, and bordering practices in Colombia-Venezuela borderlands

abstract:
  Based on the conceptualizations of organized crime as both an enterprise and a form of governance, borderland as a spatial category, and borders as institutions, this paper looks at the politics of bordering practices by organized crime in the Colombian-Venezuelan borderlands. It posits that contrary to the common assumptions about transnational organized crime, criminal organizations not only blur or erode the border but rather enforce it to their own benefit. In doing so, these groups set norms to regulate socio-spatial practices, informal and illegal economies, and migration flows, creating overlapping social orders and, lastly, (re)shaping the borderland. Theoretically, the analysis brings together insights from political geography, border studies, and organized crime literature, while empirically, it draws on direct observation, criminal justice data, and in-depth interviews.


id: cord-125190-87wcp92x
author: Xiong, Chenfeng
date: 2020-05-02
txt: ./txt/cord-125190-87wcp92x.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-125190-87wcp92x.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://arxiv.org/pdf/2005.00667v2.pdf
doi: nan
summary:
  This study uses real-world location-based service data collected from anonymized mobile devices to uncover mobility changes during COVID-19 and under the ''Stay-at-home'' state orders in the U.S. The study measures human mobility with two important metrics: daily average number of trips per person and daily average person-miles traveled. While the data confirmed that, nationwide, mobility had dropped significantly one week or even two weeks before the orders were issued, an additional 6.1% decrease in daily average number of trips per person and 10.8% decrease in daily average person-miles traveled (PMT) were observed in the week after the order took effect across different states. To quantify how people in different states responded to "Stay-at-home" orders during the COVID-19 pandemic, we studied the longitudinal changes in state-level mobility using a generalized additive model (GAM) (Wood, 2017; Hastie, 1993; Hastie & Tibshirani, 1990 ) of daily average number of trips per person and daily average person-miles traveled.

title:
  Data-Driven Modeling Reveals the Impact of Stay-at-Home Orders on Human Mobility during the COVID-19 Pandemic in the U.S

abstract:
  One approach to delay the spread of the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) is to reduce human travel by imposing travel restriction policies. It is yet unclear how effective those policies are on suppressing the mobility trend due to the lack of ground truth and large-scale dataset describing human mobility during the pandemic. This study uses real-world location-based service data collected from anonymized mobile devices to uncover mobility changes during COVID-19 and under the 'Stay-at-home' state orders in the U.S. The study measures human mobility with two important metrics: daily average number of trips per person and daily average person-miles traveled. The data-driven analysis and modeling attribute less than 5% of the reduction in the number of trips and person-miles traveled to the effect of the policy. The models developed in the study exhibit high prediction accuracy and can be applied to inform epidemics modeling with empirically verified mobility trends and to support time-sensitive decision-making processes.


id: cord-129175-zkwxc9xy
title: Preventing COVID-19 Fatalities: State versus Federal Policies
author: Renne, Jean-Paul
date: 2020-10-28
url: https://arxiv.org/pdf/2010.15263v3.pdf
doi: nan
abstract:
  Are COVID-19 fatalities large when a federal government does not impose containment policies and instead allow states to implement their own policies? We answer this question by developing a stochastic extension of a SIRD epidemiological model for a country composed of multiple states. Our model allows for interstate mobility. We consider three policies: mask mandates, stay-at-home orders, and interstate travel bans. We fit our model to daily U.S. state-level COVID-19 death counts and exploit our estimates to produce various policy counterfactuals. While the restrictions imposed by some states inhibited a significant number of virus deaths, we find that more than two-thirds of U.S. COVID-19 deaths could have been prevented by late September 2020 had the federal government imposed federal mandates as early as some of the earliest states did. Our results highlight the need for early actions by a federal government for the successful containment of a pandemic.


id: cord-129527-dzkrar2t
title: An Interstate Trips Analysis during COVID-19 in the United States
author: Zhou, Weiyi
date: 2020-07-04
txt: ./txt/cord-129527-dzkrar2t.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-129527-dzkrar2t.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://arxiv.org/pdf/2007.02020v1.pdf
doi: nan
summary:
  Then, with repeated measures ANOVA and post-hoc analysis, we discern different time-course patterns of between-state population flow by pandemic severity groups. Third, the high-, middle-, and low-severity states are compared to show the time course changes of interstate trips through Repeated Measures ANOVA and post-hoc analysis. We also conduct a more detailed analysis of interstate trips at the origin-destination level between states, as shown in Fig. 2 , with states in both axis ordered by the cumulative cases by April 6 (when all states announced stay-in-home orders) in ascending sequence. The daily Spearman correlation coefficient between percentage change of inflow interstate trips and cumulative cases per 1,000 people (defined as the indicator of pandemic severity) of all 50 states and the District of Columbia shows interesting time-course changes (Fig. 3) . With repeated measures one-way ANOVA and post hoc analysis, we investigate the course of interstate trip variations by pandemic severity groups.

abstract:
  The worldwide outbreak of COVID-19 has posed a dire threat to the public. Human mobility has changed in various ways over the course of the pandemic. Despite current studies on common mobility metrics, research specifically on state-to-state mobility is very limited. By leveraging the mobile phone location data from over 100 million anonymous devices, we estimate the population flow between all states in the United States. We first analyze the temporal pattern and spatial differences of between-state flow from January 1, 2020 to May 15, 2020. Then, with repeated measures ANOVA and post-hoc analysis, we discern different time-course patterns of between-state population flow by pandemic severity groups. A further analysis shows moderate to high correlation between the flow reduction and the pandemic severity, the strength of which varies with different policies. This paper is promising in predicting imported cases.


id: cord-155475-is3su3ga
title: Winning the competition: enhancing counter-contagion in SIS-like epidemic processes
author: Kalogeratos, Argyris
date: 2020-06-24
url: https://arxiv.org/pdf/2006.13395v1.pdf
doi: nan
abstract:
  In this paper we consider the epidemic competition between two generic diffusion processes, where each competing side is represented by a different state of a stochastic process. For this setting, we present the Generalized Largest Reduction in Infectious Edges (gLRIE) dynamic resource allocation strategy to advantage the preferred state against the other. Motivated by social epidemics, we apply this method to a generic continuous-time SIS-like diffusion model where we allow for: i) arbitrary node transition rate functions that describe the dynamics of propagation depending on the network state, and ii) competition between the healthy (positive) and infected (negative) states, which are both diffusive at the same time, yet mutually exclusive on each node. Finally we use simulations to compare empirically the proposed gLRIE against competitive approaches from literature.


id: cord-163946-a4vtc7rp
author: Awasthi, Raghav
date: 2020-09-14
txt: ./txt/cord-163946-a4vtc7rp.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-163946-a4vtc7rp.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://arxiv.org/pdf/2009.06602v1.pdf
doi: nan
summary:
  We approach this problem by proposing a novel pipeline VacSIM that dovetails Actor-Critic using Kronecker-Factored Trust Region (ACKTR) model into a Contextual Bandits approach for optimizing the distribution of COVID-19 vaccine. We evaluate this framework against a naive allocation approach of distributing vaccine proportional to the incidence of COVID-19 cases in five different States across India and demonstrate up to 100,000 additional lives potentially saved and a five-fold increase in the efficacy of limiting the spread over a period of 30 days through the VacSIM approach. In this paper, we introduce VacSIM, a novel feed-forward reinforcement learning approach for learning effective policy combined with near real-time optimization of vaccine distribution and demonstrate its potential benefit if applied to five States across India. Contextual Bandits play an action based on its current context, given a corresponding reward, hence are more relevant to real-world environments such as the vaccine distribution problem attacked in this work.

title:
  VacSIM: Learning Effective Strategies for COVID-19 Vaccine Distribution using Reinforcement Learning

abstract:
  A COVID-19 vaccine is our best bet for mitigating the ongoing onslaught of the pandemic. However, vaccine is also expected to be a limited resource. An optimal allocation strategy, especially in countries with access inequities and a temporal separation of hot-spots might be an effective way of halting the disease spread. We approach this problem by proposing a novel pipeline VacSIM that dovetails Actor-Critic using Kronecker-Factored Trust Region (ACKTR) model into a Contextual Bandits approach for optimizing the distribution of COVID-19 vaccine. Whereas the ACKTR model suggests better actions and rewards, Contextual Bandits allow online modifications that may need to be implemented on a day-to-day basis in the real world scenario. We evaluate this framework against a naive allocation approach of distributing vaccine proportional to the incidence of COVID-19 cases in five different States across India and demonstrate up to 100,000 additional lives potentially saved and a five-fold increase in the efficacy of limiting the spread over a period of 30 days through the VacSIM approach. We also propose novel evaluation strategies including a standard compartmental model based projections and a causality preserving evaluation of our model. Finally, we contribute a new Open-AI environment meant for the vaccine distribution scenario, and open-source VacSIM for wide testing and applications across the globe.


id: cord-164718-f6rx4h3r
author: Wellenius, Gregory A.
date: 2020-04-21
txt: ./txt/cord-164718-f6rx4h3r.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-164718-f6rx4h3r.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://arxiv.org/pdf/2004.10172v2.pdf
doi: nan
summary:
  In summary, using anonymized, aggregated, and differentially private data from Google users who opted in to Location History, we found that state-mandated social distancing orders were effective in decreasing time spent away from places of residence, as well as reducing visits to work, and visits to both grocery stores/pharmacies and retail/recreational locations. Our overall approach was to use regression discontinuity using each county''s recent past as its own control to assess the impact of state declarations of emergency and targeted social distancing policies on the relative changes in the average time spent away from places of residence, the number of visits to work, and the number of visits to: 1) grocery stores and pharmacies, 2) retail stores, recreational sites, and eateries, 3) transit stops, and 4) parks.

title:
  Impacts of State-Level Policies on Social Distancing in the United States Using Aggregated Mobility Data during the COVID-19 Pandemic

abstract:
  Social distancing has emerged as the primary mitigation strategy to combat the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States. However, large-scale evaluation of the public's response to social distancing campaigns has been lacking. We used anonymized and aggregated mobility data from Google Location History users to estimate the impact of social distancing recommendations on bulk mobility among users who have opted into this service. We found that state-of-emergency declarations resulted in approximately a 10% reduction in time spent away from places of residence. Implementation of one or more social distancing policies resulted in an additional 25% reduction in mobility the following week. Subsequent shelter-in-place mandates provided an additional 29% reduction. Our findings provide evidence that state-wide mandates are effective in promoting social distancing within this study group.


id: cord-169288-aeyz2t6c
title: Initialization of a Disease Transmission Model
author: Runvik, Haakan
date: 2020-07-17
txt: ./txt/cord-169288-aeyz2t6c.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-169288-aeyz2t6c.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://arxiv.org/pdf/2007.08925v1.pdf
doi: nan
summary:
  Approaches to the calculation of the full state vector of a larger epidemiological model for the spread of COVID-19 in Sweden at the initial time instant from available data and with a simplified dynamical model are proposed and evaluated. This paper is concerned with using publicly available epidemiological data for estimating suitable initial conditions for a large mechanistic general Susceptible-Exposed-Infectious-Recovered (SEIR) model of the Swedish COVID-19 outbreak. The problem of estimating the infected, exposed, and asymptomatic populations at a given point in time (model initialization point) is therefore investigated, based on the data for cumulative incidence measured over a fixed time horizon. The remaining compartments of the Markov chain model do not influence the infected, exposed or asymptomatic populations and are therefore not included at present in the considered estimation problem. First, linear model (1) was used to generate the data, with the same Poisson-distributed state dependent noise sources as derived for the estimators.

abstract:
  Approaches to the calculation of the full state vector of a larger epidemiological model for the spread of COVID-19 in Sweden at the initial time instant from available data and with a simplified dynamical model are proposed and evaluated. The larger epidemiological model is based on a continuous Markov chain and captures the demographic composition of and the transport flows between the counties of Sweden. Its intended use is to predict the outbreak development in temporal and spatial coordinates as well as across the demographic groups. It can also support evaluating and comparing of prospective intervention strategies in terms of e.g. lockdown in certain areas or isolation of specific age groups. The simplified model is a discrete time-invariant linear system that has cumulative infectious incidence, infected population, asymptomatic population, exposed population, and infectious pressure as the state variables. Since the system matrix of the model depends on a number transition rates, structural properties of the model are investigated for suitable parameter ranges. It is concluded that the model becomes unobservable for some parameter values. Two contrasting approaches to the initial state estimation are considered. One is a version of Rauch-Tung-Striebel smoother and another is based on solving a batch nonlinear optimization problem. The benefits and shortcomings of the considered estimation techniques are analyzed and compared on synthetic data for several Swedish counties.


id: cord-175286-j9mvulr0
author: Prasad, Rabinder Kumar
date: 2020-07-12
url: https://arxiv.org/pdf/2007.05954v1.pdf
doi: nan
title:
  Changing Clusters of Indian States with respect to number of Cases of COVID-19 using incrementalKMN Method

abstract:
  The novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) incidence in India is currently experiencing exponential rise but with apparent spatial variation in growth rate and doubling time rate. We classify the states into five clusters with low to the high-risk category and study how the different states moved from one cluster to the other since the onset of the first case on $30^{th}$ January 2020 till the end of unlock 1 that is $30^{th}$ June 2020. We have implemented a new clustering technique called the incrementalKMN (Prasad, R. K., Sarmah, R., Chakraborty, S.(2019))


id: cord-232657-deu921ma
title: Surveillance of COVID-19 Pandemic using Hidden Markov Model
author: Prabhu, Shreekanth M.
date: 2020-08-14
url: https://arxiv.org/pdf/2008.07609v1.pdf
doi: nan
abstract:
  COVID-19 pandemic has brought the whole world to a stand-still over the last few months. In particular the pace at which pandemic has spread has taken everybody off-guard. The Governments across the world have responded by imposing lock-downs, stopping/restricting travel and mandating social distancing. On the positive side there is wide availability of information on active cases, recoveries and deaths collected daily across regions. However, what has been particularly challenging is to track the spread of the disease by asymptomatic carriers termed as super-spreaders. In this paper we look at applying Hidden Markov Model to get a better assessment of extent of spread. The outcome of such analysis can be useful to Governments to design the required interventions/responses in a calibrated manner. The data we have chosen to analyze pertains to Indian scenario.


id: cord-236070-yao5v598
title: Lockdown effects in US states: an artificial counterfactual approach
author: Carneiro, Carlos B.
date: 2020-09-28
url: https://arxiv.org/pdf/2009.13484v1.pdf
doi: nan
abstract:
  We adopt an artificial counterfactual approach to assess the impact of lockdowns on the short-run evolution of the number of cases and deaths in some US states. To do so, we explore the different timing in which US states adopted lockdown policies, and divide them among treated and control groups. For each treated state, we construct an artificial counterfactual. On average, and in the very short-run, the counterfactual accumulated number of cases would be two times larger if lockdown policies were not implemented.


id: cord-257903-rnuslepe
title: Political and Administrative Systems
author: Guo, Rongxing
date: 2012-07-12
txt: ./txt/cord-257903-rnuslepe.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-257903-rnuslepe.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780123978264000056
doi: 10.1016/b978-0-12-397826-4.00005-6
summary:
  The supreme legislative organ of China, the NPC, holds regular (annual) meetings in the Great Hall of the People in Beijing to discuss state affairs, to approve those whom are recommended by the Chinese Communist Party Central Committee (CCPCC) as central government officials, and to issue laws and regulations.

abstract:
  China’s political and administrative systems are mysteries to many Westerners. At one level, China is a one-party state that has been ruled by the Chinese Communist Party since 1949. In the late 1950s, the same authoritarian regime was waging a massive campaign under the name of the ‘Great Leap Forward’, which resulted in the loss of a large number of lives. From 1966 to 1976, the same regime was launching a so-called ‘Great Cultural Revolution’, causing serious cultural and economic damages to this nation. Furthermore, influential theories of the political economy of the former socialist systems emphasize that unless the one-party monopoly is abolished, reforms are doomed to fail. Obviously, the achievements of China’s modernization defy conventional explanations. Consequently, this will lead to the asking of questions such as: How has the Chinese political system worked during the past decades? Can it be sustained in the long run? Keywords Political system, Chinese Communist Party (CCP), Chinese characteristics, authoritarianism, governance, administrative efficiency, legal system, corruption control


id: cord-260730-w9yv4jd7
author: Neff, Shawn M.
date: 2020-07-06
txt: ./txt/cord-260730-w9yv4jd7.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-260730-w9yv4jd7.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32631385/
doi: 10.1186/s12998-020-00333-6
summary:
  Data were collected regarding the official guidance provided by each state''s chiropractic licensing board as well as the issuance of stay-at-home orders and designations of essential personnel by state governors. The seven domains involve: 1.) shelter-in-place or stay-at-home orders/directives, 2.) classification of chiropractors as essential healthcare providers, 3.) restriction of chiropractic practice to urgent/ emergent presentations, 4.) recommendations for infectious disease control or use of personal protective equipment (PPE), 5.) chiropractic telehealth recommendations, 6.) alterations to continuing education (CE) or license renewal requirements (e.g. deadline extensions or changes to distance learning limitations), and 7.) warnings against false, deceptive, or misleading claims related to spinal manipulation/adjustments conferring protection against infection or COVID-19. Fourteen state chiropractic licensing boards (28%) provided guidance to restrict face-to-face chiropractic appointments to only those patients deemed to have urgent, acute, or emergency conditions; the remaining 36 states (72%) provided no guidance on whether chiropractors should continue with business as usual or restrict their practices (see Table 2 ).

title:
  Guidance concerning chiropractic practice in response to COVID-19 in the U.S.: a summary of state regulators’ web-based information

abstract:
  INTRODUCTION: The COVID-19 pandemic led to unprecedented changes, as many state and local governments enacted stay-at-home orders and non-essential businesses were closed. State chiropractic licensing boards play an important role in protecting the public via regulation of licensure and provision of guidance regarding standards of practice, especially during times of change or uncertainty. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to summarize the guidance provided in each of the 50 United States, related to chiropractic practice during the COVID-19 pandemic. METHODS: A review of the public facing websites of governors and state chiropractic licensing boards was conducted in the United States. Data were collected regarding the official guidance provided by each state’s chiropractic licensing board as well as the issuance of stay-at-home orders and designations of essential personnel by state governors. Descriptive statistics were used to report the findings from this project. RESULTS: Each of the 50 state governor’s websites and individual state chiropractic licensing board’s websites were surveyed. Stay-at-home or shelter-in-place orders were issued in 86% of all states. Chiropractors were classified as essential providers in 54% of states, non-essential in one state (2%), and no guidance was provided in the remaining 44% of all states. Fourteen states (28%) recommended restricting visits to only urgent cases and the remaining states (72%) provided no guidance. Twenty-seven states (54%) provided information regarding protecting against infectious disease and the remaining states (46%) provided no guidance. Twenty-two states (44%) provided recommendations regarding chiropractic telehealth and the remaining states (56%) provided no guidance. Seventeen states (34%) altered license renewal requirements and eight states (16%) issued warnings against advertising misleading or false information regarding spinal manipulation and protection from COVID-19. CONCLUSION: State guidance during the COVID-19 pandemic was heterogenous, widely variability in accessibility, and often no guidance was provided by state chiropractic licensing boards. Some state chiropractic licensing boards chose to assemble guidance for licensees into a single location, which we identified as a best practice for future situations where changes in chiropractic practice must be quickly communicated.


id: cord-261228-o80y5cic
author: Jorge, D. C. P.
date: 2020-06-28
txt: ./txt/cord-261228-o80y5cic.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-261228-o80y5cic.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.06.26.20140780
doi: 10.1101/2020.06.26.20140780
summary:
  In this work we analyzed the effects of 547 published governmental interventions, and population adherence thereof, on the dynamics of COVID-19 cases across all 27 Brazilian states, with emphasis on state capitals and remaining inland cities. In this work, we comparatively analyze the evolution of the COVID-19 transmission rate and reproductive number in all 27 Brazilian states, with emphasis on state capitals and remaining inland cities, establishing links with measures of governmental restrictions (NPIs) implemented in each region together with the human behaviour response, particularly the adherence to recommendations of social distancing. In this work we evaluated the effects of non-pharmaceutical interventions and social mobility reduction patterns on the spread dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 throughout the 27 Brazilian states, by employing an underlying SEIR model to estimate TRs. Our results show that the measures adopted, combined with the population adherence to restrict circulation, contributed to the decrease of the TR in almost all states, an effect that was perceived in both capitals and inland cities.

title:
  Assessing the nationwide impact of COVID-19 mitigation policies on the transmission rate of SARS-CoV-2 in Brazil

abstract:
  COVID-19 is now identified in almost all countries in the world, with poorer regions being particularly more disadvantaged to efficiently mitigate the impacts of the pandemic. In the absence of efficient therapeutics or vaccines, control strategies are currently based on non-pharmaceutical interventions, comprising changes in population behavior and governmental interventions, among which the prohibition of mass gatherings, closure of non-essential establishments, quarantine and movement restrictions. In this work we analyzed the effects of 547 published governmental interventions, and population adherence thereof, on the dynamics of COVID-19 cases across all 27 Brazilian states, with emphasis on state capitals and remaining inland cities. A generalized SEIR model with a time-varying transmission rate (TR), that considers transmission by asymptomatic individuals, is presented. Confirmed COVID-19 cases were used to calibrate the model parameters using non-linear least squares methods. We analyze the changes on the TR and effective reproduction number as a function of both the extent of enforced measures across Brazilian states as well as population movement. The social mobility reduction index, a measure of population movement, together with the stringency index, adapted to incorporate the degree of restrictions imposed by governmental regulations, were used in conjunction to quantify and compare the effects of varying degrees of policy strictness across Brazilian states. Our results show that population adherence to social distance recommendations plays an important role for the effectiveness of interventions, and represents a major challenge to the control of COVID-19 in low- and middle-income countries.


id: cord-261835-5p5bkcnt
title: Extended lockdown and India's alcohol policy: a qualitative analysis of newspaper articles
author: Ghosh, Abhishek
date: 2020-09-15
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32947138/
doi: 10.1016/j.drugpo.2020.102940
abstract:
  OBJECTIVES: : Since 25th March 2020 India went into a complete and extended lockdown. Alcohol production, sales, and purchase were barred with this overnight prohibition order. We conducted a qualitative analysis of the media reports published within the first month of the nationwide lockdown with the objectives (a) using the media reports as indications of possible public health impact and population response of a sudden alcohol prohibition in India, (b) suggesting areas for future research. METHODS: : We performed thematic and content analysis of 350 articles published online in national newspapers between the 26th March, 2020 and 25th April, 2020. Initial inductive, followed by deductive coding was done in this exploratory thematic analysis. Results: The thematic analysis revealed four main themes: the beneficial aspects of the policy, the harmful aspects of the policy, non-compliance and attempts to change and / or subvert the policy, popularity and level of public buy-in of the policy. We generated relevant sub-themes under main themes. Two additional themes, not directly related to the sudden prohibition, were use of stigmatizing language and ethical concerns. The content analysis showed the frequency of the appearance of the main themes and proportions of sub-themes and codes under those main themes. CONCLUSION: : The harms, perceived from the media reports, should be balanced against the potential benefits. Absence of a national-level alcohol policy was made apparent by the reflexive, disconnected , and conflictual measures. Future research could systematically examine the potential ramifications of alcohol prohibition on public health, social, and economic aspects.


id: cord-273778-68wxa782
author: Lawal, Olanrewaju
date: 2020-11-02
txt: ./txt/cord-273778-68wxa782.txt
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url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33162644/
doi: 10.1007/s10708-020-10331-z
summary:
  The emergence of COVID-19 across the globe prompted many countries to institute total lockdown or other models of mobility restrictions to mitigate the spread of the disease. Examination of the weekly aggregated mobility for the retail and recreation category showed that 7 states exhibited no statistically significant trend (Fig. 4a) . Yobe and Gombe States recorded a declining trend for mobility in the Grocery and Pharmacy place category (Fig. 4c) . The remaining States spread across different parts of the country-mostly in the southern part displayed a statistically significant upward trend of mobility for this place categories. The multiple correspondence analysis identified two dimensions within the mobility trend designation recorded for each State for the six place categories ( Table 1 ). As mobility started an uptrend even during the lockdown period, there is an indication that generally, peoples'' perception of the disease is to consider the pandemic as a voluntary risk.

title:
  Movement and risk perception: evidence from spatial analysis of mobile phone-based mobility during the COVID-19 lockdown, Nigeria

abstract:
  The emergence of COVID-19 across the globe prompted many countries to institute total lockdown or other models of mobility restrictions to mitigate the spread of the disease. On March 29th, Nigeria instituted a nationwide lockdown. It is pertinent to understand the pattern created by this lockdown. This could offer insights into how people perceive the hazard and the level of compliance across the States in Nigeria. Mobile phone-based mobility data and the number of new cases from the beginning to the end of the lockdown were utilised. The study examines space-time trends across different place categories at the state level. Place categories witnessed mobility reduction as high as 56%, 57%, 65%, 75%, 38% for retail and recreation (RtRc), Grocery and Pharmacy (GrPh), Park, and Transport Hubs (Trst) respectively. Most States recorded mobility uptrend towards workplace, retail and recreational areas. Multiple correspondence analysis (MCA) identified two dimensions from the Space-time trends. The first dimension (D1) accounted for 66% of the variance. Examination of the Object Scores from the MCA showed that there are two classes–two risk perception groups. The pattern of mobility recorded shows that there is a variation in mobility restriction compliance across the States. The trend groupings identified captured an aspect of risk perception within each State. Thus, pointing to difference in levels of risk acceptance. With the level of misinformation currently being experienced worldwide, concerted efforts should be made on improving risk perception to prevent the re-emergence of the disease.


id: cord-274694-kdsv7v8e
title: The Kerala Model in the time of COVID19: rethinking State, Society and Democracy
author: Chathukulam, Jos
date: 2020-09-23
txt: ./txt/cord-274694-kdsv7v8e.txt
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mime: text/plain
url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S0305750X2030334X
doi: 10.1016/j.worlddev.2020.105207
summary:
  On the other hand, there are some relatively poor, so-called under-developed countries and regions, such as Vietnam (The Economist, 2020), Cambodia and the small state of Kerala in India (a state within a state) which have emerged as success stories with a record of early and effective interventions, of controlling the spread of the virus, healing the infected and reducing the death rate. We will especially focus on the state and Kerala''s model of an effective and vibrant democracy and "public action" in the words of Dreze and Sen. We argue that while Kerala was blessed with good and efficient leaders during this crisis, the more important factors behind Kerala''s success have been robust institutions of state and governance built over many years with the capacity to take timely and effective measures in handling the crisis.

abstract:
  Kerala, a small state in South India, has been celebrated as a development model by scholars across the world for its exemplary achievements in human development and poverty reduction despite relatively low GDP growth. It was no surprise, then, that the Covid 19 pandemic that hit Kerala before any other part of India, became a test case for the Kerala model in dealing with such a crisis. Kerala was lauded across the world once again as a success story in containing this unprecedented pandemic, in treating those infected, and in making needed provisions for those adversely affected by the lockdown. But as it turned out, this celebration was premature as Kerala soon faced a third wave of Covid 19 infections. The objective of this paper is to examine Kerala’s trajectory in achieving the success and then confronting the unanticipated reversal. It will examine the legacy of the Kerala model such as robust and decentralized institutions and provisions for healthcare, welfare and safety nets, and especially the capacity of a democratic state working in synergy with civil society and enjoying a high degree of consensus and public trust. It will then examine the new surge of the virus and attempts to establish if this was due to any mistakes made by the state or some deficits in its model of “public action” that includes adversarial politics having a disruptive tenor about it. We will conclude by arguing that the Kerala model is still relevant, and that it is still a model in motion.


id: cord-276417-8gvv7tna
title: Entrepreneurship in a Transformative and Resource-Rich State: The Case of Qatar
author: Tok, Evren
date: 2020-04-23
url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214790X19303363?v=s5
doi: 10.1016/j.exis.2020.04.002
abstract:
  Countries blessed with natural resources have generally struggled to achieve sustainable economic development and prosperity. Population growth, the depletion of natural resources coupled with mismanagement, and sharp fluctuations in prices of those resources are among the main reasons for sub-optimal economic performance. Some resource-rich countries have been expending effort and money in an attempt to change this inverse relationship (a.k.a. “the resource curse”) by designing policies to diversify their economies with high value-added industries and sectors. Qatar is a such country and point of the interest in this article. Qatar's political and economic structure, its efforts to diversify its economy, and the potential for improved entrepreneurial outcomes with high value-added products, services, businesses, and industries are analyzed. The country has been very effective in maximizing the benefits of its oil resources and especially its large natural gas reserves, becoming the largest exporter of liquefied natural gas (LNG) in the world. Revenues from oil and gas sales have been invested in the domestic economy and global assets. Thus far, however, it has not shown the in-house capacity for innovation and entrepreneurship critical for sustainable economic diversification going forward. This publication was made possible in part by NPRP grant #10-1203-160007 from the Qatar National Research Fund (a member of the Qatar Foundation).


id: cord-282620-nv2tg68j
title: Internet-based tool for visualizing county and state level COVID-19 trends in the United States.
author: Hinz, S.
date: 2020-05-18
url: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.05.11.20095851
doi: 10.1101/2020.05.11.20095851
abstract:
  The novel COVID-19 outbreak started in 2019 in Wuhan China and quickly spread to at least 185 countries. We developed an interactive web application that allows users to visualize the spread of COVID-19 in the Unites States at state and county levels. This tool allows visualization of how the virus spreads over time and how state-wide efforts to reduce transmissions have affected the curve in local areas. The downloadable application data allows users to conduct additional analyses. We demonstrate exemplars of trend analyses comparing the daily infection and death rates before and after safer at home orders were implemented per state. The goal was to develop a COVID-19 tracking tool that informs users about the spread of the virus to enable them to make informed decisions after better understanding the presented data.


id: cord-289029-6vcjioon
title: The Rejuvenation of the Withering Nation State and Bio-power: The New Dynamics of Human Interaction
author: Suri, Abdul Wahab
date: 2020-08-25
txt: ./txt/cord-289029-6vcjioon.txt
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mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32840845/
doi: 10.1007/s11673-020-10021-y
summary:
  The incapacity of some advanced nation-states to control the masses through their frameworks of governmentality is leading to a revival of disciplinary power in the First World. In many parts of the world, states are instrumentalizing this type of power to discipline people in order to control the wide spread of the virus. In our part of the world (Pakistan) the people in power are constantly informing those who are not that, given that the virus is so contagious, they will be unable to provide healthcare to everyone who is infected or likely to be infected. This discourse at the subliminal level conveys the false assumption that under normal circumstances the public sector healthcare apparatus is actually capable of accommodating all the sick people affected by diseases other than COVID-19-which is, of course, untrue.

abstract:
  The outbreak of COVID-19 comes at the time when a shrinking public sector healthcare is an acknowledged fact in post-colonial societies. The policies adopted by the apparatus of most nation states for the past thirty years or more reveal that providing healthcare to all sections of societies is not a priority. The gradual process of economic liberalization has established “market” as the only legitimate mechanism of the distribution of goods/services as per the efficiency principle. The financial markets are globalized in such a manner that nation states are constantly losing their capacity to perform redistributive functions. State withdrawal from the provision of welfare rights is undermining its moral authority to impose any normative imperative to the people who are being left alone at the mercy of market forces. But the spread of COVID-19 on a global scale has provided an opportunity to the nation state. With the help of healthcare systems, the State has reasserted itself as the ultimate archangel to define human beings and their respective status in the newly emerging nomenclature of the public sphere. In this paper, the rejuvenation of the nation state with respect to bio-power will be discussed in the postcolonial context.


id: cord-289846-i7xg1tpp
author: Torres, Camilo
date: 2020-10-15
txt: ./txt/cord-289846-i7xg1tpp.txt
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mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2020.09.013
doi: 10.1016/j.geoforum.2020.09.013
summary:
  Drawing on recent fieldwork among the Andoke, an ethnic group well acquainted with extractivism in its different historical modalities and presently affronting the fallout of gold dredge mining we narrate how a parallel, non-state governance system makes it difficult for them to care for their land and entertain mutual and respectful relations with human and nonhuman beings (which we translate as ''territorial health''). The vast, continuous forests gather a large spectrum of visions and practices that shape different forms of state-led environmental governance, the largest one being the administrative figure of Resguardos or Indigenous Reserves (55.43% of the area). 5 State-led environmental governance in the Colombian Amazon is of course not the haphazard outcome of State-Indigenous peoples relations but rather the result of the ontologically inflected ways in which the State has historically framed the problems and solutions of the region.

title:
  Re-imagining environmental governance: Gold dredge mining vs Territorial Health in the Colombian Amazon

abstract:
  This article describes and analyses an encounter in the Colombian Amazon between Indigenous practices and arrangements to manage their environment and the conservation policies of the State. Indigenous peoples understand their world as populated by powerful human and nonhuman beings; for them, the moral duty of achieving happiness and abundance for all implies sustaining reciprocal and respectful relations with these beings (including the State). In contrast Colombian environmental policy distinguishes between nature and culture, seeking to safeguard landscapes from human interference so that natural processes can unfold unhindered. In practice these partially connected, yet incommensurable worldviews make for a ‘perfect storm’ - opening opportunities for illegal mining. Drawing on recent fieldwork among the Andoke, an ethnic group well acquainted with extractivism in its different historical modalities and presently affronting the fallout of gold dredge mining we narrate how a parallel, non-state governance system makes it difficult for them to care for their land and entertain mutual and respectful relations with human and nonhuman beings (which we translate as ‘territorial health’). We conclude by arguing for the need to re-imagine environmental governance in ways that more closely engage with what we call pluriversal governance: a form of (environmental) governance that does ontological justice to those involved in the environmental conflict – including, crucially, Indigenous people.


id: cord-307753-p1htdvrp
title: Lessons from the past, policies for the future: resilience and sustainability in past crises
author: Haldon, John
date: 2020-05-24
txt: ./txt/cord-307753-p1htdvrp.txt
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mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10669-020-09778-9
doi: 10.1007/s10669-020-09778-9
summary:
  Past human societies as a whole have been extraordinarily resilient in the face of severe challenges, but the configuration of social and political structures was always impacted in a number of ways, with substantial implications for development pathways (e.g., the different medium-term outcomes of the Black Death in England and France) (Borsch 2005, pp. How societies in the past responded to stress depends on three key sets of conditions: their complexity (the degree of interdependency across social relationships and structures), their institutional and ideological flexibility, and their systemic redundancy, all of which together determine the resilience of the system. Yet if we examine particular outbreaks, even the destructive demographic narrative demonstrates the ability of the Eastern Roman state to react both immediately to the increased numbers of deaths, maintain vital administrative efforts, and continue its long-term political goals.

abstract:
  This article surveys some examples of the ways past societies have responded to environmental stressors such as famine, war, and pandemic. We show that people in the past did think about system recovery, but only on a sectoral scale. They did perceive challenges and respond appropriately, but within cultural constraints and resource limitations. Risk mitigation was generally limited in scope, localized, and again determined by cultural logic that may not necessarily have been aware of more than symptoms, rather than actual causes. We also show that risk-managing and risk-mitigating arrangements often favored the vested interests of elites rather than the population more widely, an issue policy makers today still face.


id: cord-311089-3zvmfvru
title: Aeropolitics in a post-COVID-19 world
author: Macilree, John
date: 2020-07-28
txt: ./txt/cord-311089-3zvmfvru.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-311089-3zvmfvru.txt
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mime: text/plain
url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S096969972030301X
doi: 10.1016/j.jairtraman.2020.101864
summary:
  We offer several further, as yet unanswerable, questions about future aeropolitical issues, including how ICAO will continue to address the crisis, implications for air services capacity restrictions, the impact of deglobalisation and the question of state aid for national carriers and other parts of the aviation system. As a UN agency, the International Civil Aviation Organisation (ICAO) is tasked with, and has experience in, providing global oversight and leadership of regulatory provisions centering around international passenger air transport, particularly in times of crisis. Some airlines and related aviation sectors, such as airports and air traffic control providers, have signalled to their respective national governments the need for financial support in the form of loans, grants, other cash or fee waivers.

abstract:
  We review selected aeropolitical issues that may impact the international aviation sector post-COVID-19. Consideration regarding ICAO's role in coordinating safety provisions using existing frameworks will be important. Issues relating to national airline bailouts and recapitalisation as well as international ownership are also explored. We offer several further, as yet unanswerable, questions about future aeropolitical issues, including how ICAO will continue to address the crisis, implications for air services capacity restrictions, the impact of deglobalisation and the question of state aid for national carriers and other parts of the aviation system.


id: cord-315681-p3j8kt80
title: Public Health Law and Science in the Community Mitigation Strategy for Covid-19
author: Wiley, Lindsay F
date: 2020-05-08
txt: ./txt/cord-315681-p3j8kt80.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-315681-p3j8kt80.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32728464/
doi: 10.1093/jlb/lsaa019
summary:
  To mitigate the spread of Covid-19, federal, state, and local officials have exercised broad powers available to them under public health statutes and emergency declarations to close businesses and restrict the movement of individuals outside their homes. A court asked to address whether a public health agency has acted reasonably and without abusing its discretion need not simply defer to the expertise of the agency without requiring that the agency to identify and explain the logic the agency deployed to reach its conclusion that quarantine was appropriate." 97 The same is true of officials charged with developing emergency communicable disease control guidelines that, while technically voluntary, are likely to be relied on to enforce involuntary-and highly intrusive-measures by state and local governments.

abstract:
  In a crisis like the Covid-19 pandemic, the role of judges is first and foremost to adjudicate urgent requests for temporary restraining orders and preliminary injunctions. This means that judges hearing challenges to bans on gatherings, orders to close gun shops, orders to halt abortion care, and detention of civil immigration detainees in crowded and unsanitary conditions are issuing orders based on the parties’ pleadings alone. There is no time—yet—for the discovery, expert testimony, or amicus briefs from professional groups that typically inform assessments of science by judges. This essay examines the role public health science is likely to play in the coming months as judges field challenges to mandatory orders adopted as part of the community mitigation the Covid-19 pandemic. It identifies voluntary guidelines from international and federal health agencies as a resource judges rely on heavily in reviewing emergency communicable disease control orders and argues that transparency of and accountability for guidelines should therefore be held to a higher bar than their voluntary status might otherwise suggest.


id: cord-322645-ipzntrm2
title: The local governance of COVID-19: Disease prevention and social security in rural India
author: Dutta, Anwesha
date: 2020-10-17
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33106724/
doi: 10.1016/j.worlddev.2020.105234
abstract:
  Countries around the world have undertaken a wide range of strategies to halt the spread of COVID-19 and control the economic fallout left in its wake. Rural areas of developing countries pose particular difficulties for developing and implementing effective responses owing to underdeveloped health infrastructure, uneven state capacity for infection control, and endemic poverty. This paper makes the case for the critical role of local governance in coordinating pandemic response by examining how state authorities are attempting to bridge the gap between the need for rapid, vigorous response to the pandemic and local realities in three Indian states -- Rajasthan, Odisha, and Kerala. Through a combination of interviews with mid and low-level bureaucrats and a review of policy documents, we show how the urgency of COVID-19 response has galvanized new kinds of cross-sectoral and multi-scalar interaction between administrative units involved in coordinating responses, as local governments have assumed central responsibility in the implementation of disease control and social security mechanisms. Evidence from Kerala in particular suggests that the state’s long term investment in democratic local government and arrangements for incorporating women within grassroots state functions (through its Kudumbashree program) has built a high degree of public trust and cooperation with state actors, while local authorities embrace an ethic of care in the implementation of state responses. These observations, from the early months of the pandemic in South Asia, can serve as a foundation for future studies of how existing institutional arrangements and their histories pattern the long-term success of disease control and livelihood support as the pandemic proceeds. Governance, we argue, will be as important to understanding the trajectory of COVID-19 impacts and recovery as biology, demography, and economy.


id: cord-332577-2z5pchyq
title: Governor partisanship explains the adoption of statewide mandates to wear face coverings
author: Adolph, C.
date: 2020-09-02
url: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.08.31.20185371
doi: 10.1101/2020.08.31.20185371
abstract:
  Public mask use has emerged as a key tool in response to COVID-19. We develop and document a classification of statewide mask mandates that reveals variation in their scope and timing. Some U.S. states quickly mandated the wearing of face coverings in most public spaces, whereas others issued narrow mandates or no mandate at all. We consider how differences in COVID-19 epidemiological indicators, state capacity, and partisan politics affect when states adopted broad mask mandates. The most important predictor is whether a state is led by a Republican governor. These states were much slower to adopt mandates, if they did so at all. COVID-19 indicators such as confirmed cases or deaths per million are much less important predictors of statewide mask mandates. This finding highlights a key challenge to public efforts to increase mask-wearing, widely believed to be one of the most effective tools for preventing the spread of SARS-CoV-2 while restoring economic activity.


id: cord-334541-d0l0nqgh
author: Chui, Kenneth KH
date: 2011-06-07
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21649919/
doi: 10.1186/1471-2458-11-444
title:
  Snowbirds and infection--new phenomena in pneumonia and influenza hospitalizations from winter migration of older adults: A spatiotemporal analysis

abstract:
  BACKGROUND: Despite advances in surveillance and prevention, pneumonia and influenza (P&I) remain among the leading causes of mortality in the United States. Elderly adults experience the most severe morbidity from influenza-associated diseases, and have the highest rates of seasonal migration within the U.S. compared to other subpopulations. The objective of this study is to assess spatiotemporal patterns in influenza-associated hospitalizations in the elderly, by time, geography, and intensity of P&I. Given the high seasonal migration of individuals to Florida, this state was examined more closely using harmonic regression to assess spatial and temporal patterns of P&I hospitalizations by state of residence. METHODS: Data containing all Medicare-eligible hospitalizations in the United States for 1991-2006 with P&I (ICD-9-CM codes 480-487) were abstracted for the 65+ population. Hospitalizations were classified by state of residence, provider state, and date of admissions, specifically comparing those admitted between October and March to those admitted between April and September. We then compared the hospitalization profile data of Florida residents with that of out-of-state residents by state of primary residence and time of year (in-season or out-of-season). RESULTS: We observed distinct seasonal patterns of nonresident P&I hospitalizations, especially comparing typical winter destination states, such as California, Arizona, Texas, and Florida, to other states. Although most other states generally experienced a higher proportion of non-resident P&I during the summer months (April-September), these states had higher nonresident P&I during the traditional peak influenza season (October-March). CONCLUSIONS: This study is among the first to quantify spatiotemporal P&I hospitalization patterns in the elderly, focusing on the change of patterns that are possibly due to seasonal population migration. Understanding migration and influenza-associated disease patterns in this vulnerable population is critical to prepare for and potentially prevent influenza outbreaks in this vulnerable population.


id: cord-343414-2embihmf
title: Social distancing merely stabilized COVID‐19 in the US
author: Wagner, Aaron B.
date: 2020-07-13
url: https://doi.org/10.1002/sta4.302
doi: 10.1002/sta4.302
abstract:
  Social distancing measures have been imposed across the US in order to stem the spread of COVID‐19. We quantify the reduction in doubling rate, by state, that is associated with this intervention. Using the earlier of K‐12 school closures and restaurant closures, by state, to define the start of the intervention, and considering daily confirmed cases through April 23rd, 2020, we find that social distancing is associated with a statistically‐significant (p < 0.01) reduction in the doubling rate for all states except for Nebraska, North Dakota, and South Dakota, when controlling for false discovery, with the doubling rate averaged across the states falling from 0.302 (0.285, 0.320) days(‐1) to 0.010 (‐0.007, 0.028) days(‐1). However, we do not find that social distancing has made the spread subcritical. Instead, social distancing has merely stabilized the spread of the disease. We provide an illustration of our findings for each state, including estimates of the effective reproduction number, R, both with and without social distancing. We also discuss the policy implications of our findings.


id: cord-343759-me0n2k3f
title: Seroprevalence of COVID-19 in Niger State
author: Majiya, H.
date: 2020-08-05
txt: ./txt/cord-343759-me0n2k3f.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-343759-me0n2k3f.txt
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mime: text/plain
url: http://medrxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.08.04.20168112v1?rss=1
doi: 10.1101/2020.08.04.20168112
summary:
  Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Pandemic is ongoing, and to know how far the virus has spread in Niger State, Nigeria, a pilot study was carried out to determine the COVID-19 seroprevalence, patterns, dynamics, and risk factors in the state. COVID-19 IgG and IgM Rapid Test Kits (Colloidal gold immunochromatography lateral flow system) were used to determine the presence or absence of antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 in the blood of sampled participants across Niger State as from 26th June 2020 to 30th June 2020. Antigen-Antibody based kits unlike other methods can detect previous exposure to the infectious agents (WHO, 2020a; 2020b; 2020c; Xiao et al., 2020 )-this information is very important especially in COVID-19 with assumed high rate of asymptomatic cases in order to see how far the virus has spread and infection patterns, effectiveness of social distancing measures enforced and determination of herd immunity to the disease to know the extent of vaccination to do when COVID-19 vaccines become available.

abstract:
  Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Pandemic is ongoing, and to know how far the virus has spread in Niger State, Nigeria, a pilot study was carried out to determine the COVID-19 seroprevalence, patterns, dynamics, and risk factors in the state. A cross sectional study design and clustered-stratified-Random sampling strategy were used. COVID-19 IgG and IgM Rapid Test Kits (Colloidal gold immunochromatography lateral flow system) were used to determine the presence or absence of antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 in the blood of sampled participants across Niger State as from 26th June 2020 to 30th June 2020. The test kits were validated using the blood samples of some of the NCDC confirmed positive and negative COVID-19 cases in the State. COVID-19 IgG and IgM Test results were entered into the EPIINFO questionnaire administered simultaneously with each test. EPIINFO was then used for both the descriptive and inferential statistical analyses of the data generated. The seroprevalence of COVID-19 in Niger State was found to be 25.41% and 2.16% for the positive IgG and IgM respectively. Seroprevalence among age groups, gender and by occupation varied widely. A seroprevalence of 37.21% was recorded among health care workers in Niger State. Among age groups, COVID-19 seroprevalence was found to be in order of 30-41 years (33.33%) > 42-53 years (32.42%) > 54-65 years (30%) > 66 years and above (25%) > 6-17 years (19.20%) > 18-29 years (17.65%) > 5 years and below (6.66%). A seroprevalence of 27.18% was recorded for males and 23.17% for females in the state. COVID-19 asymptomatic rate in the state was found to be 46.81%. The risk analyses showed that the chances of infection are almost the same for both urban and rural dwellers in the state. However, health care workers and those that have had contact with person (s) that travelled out of Nigeria in the last six (6) months are twice ( 2 times) at risk of being infected with the virus. More than half (54.59%) of the participants in this study did not practice social distancing at any time since the pandemic started. Discussions about knowledge, practice and attitude of the participants are included. The observed Niger State COVID-19 seroprevalence means that the herd immunity for COVID-19 is yet to be achieved and the population is still susceptible for more infection and transmission of the virus. If the prevalence stays as reported here, the population will definitely need COVID-19 vaccines when they become available. Niger State should fully enforce the use of face/nose masks and observation of social/physical distancing in gatherings including religious gatherings in order to stop or slow the spread of the virus.


id: cord-347519-aowxr873
title: Dimensions of Health Security—A Conceptual Analysis
author: Stoeva, Preslava
date: 2020-07-28
txt: ./txt/cord-347519-aowxr873.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-347519-aowxr873.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1002/gch2.201700003
doi: 10.1002/gch2.201700003
summary:
  HIV/AIDS was framed as a foreign policy problem by the Clinton Administration''s Interagency working group on emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases'' report "Infectious Disease: A Global Health Threat," and the National Intelligence Council''s report "The Global Infectious Disease Threat and its Implications for the United States." Fidler''s analysis, however, mistook US'' foreign policy focus on emerging and reemerging communicable diseases and bioterrorism for a global trend and a normative shift, claiming that health had achieved "pre-eminent political value for 21st century humanity." [40] Kickbusch (2002) argued that the US had shaped the international agenda to fit in with its national interests and priorities and in doing so had preferenced a "unilateral hegemonic approach" to multilateral cooperation.

abstract:
  Discussions of the politics and practicalities of confronting health security challenges—from infectious disease outbreaks to antimicrobial resistance and the silent epidemic of noncommunicable diseases—hinge on the conceptualization of health security. There is no consensus among analysts about the specific parameters of health security. This inhibits comparative evaluation and critique, and affects the consistency of advice for policymakers. This article aims to contribute to debates about the meaning and scope of health security by applying Baldwin’s (1997) framework for conceptualizing security with a view to propose an alternative framing. Asking Baldwin’s concept‐defining questions of the health security literature highlights how implicit and explicit assumptions currently place health security squarely within a narrow traditionalist analytical framework. Such framing of health security is inaccurate and constraining, as demonstrated by practice and empirical observations. Alternative approaches to security propose that security politics can also be multiactor, cooperative, and ethical, while being conscious of postcolonial and feminist critique in search of sustainable solutions to existential threats to individuals and communities. A broader conceptualization of health security can transform the politics of health security, improving health outcomes beyond acute crises and contribute to broader security studies’ debates.


