# ent

id: cord-264993-cj75bdm2
type: DNA
entity:
  habitual 17 como EE UU 92 y algunos países europeos como Francia e Italia y más recientemente España 94 95 Esto añade un potencial


id: cord-264993-cj75bdm2
type: GGP
entity:
  Clínica DOI 10 1157 13127586 sha ea7cca1773fb3c0142d62defa87d6ccfcf73caa5 doc_id 264993 cord_uid cj75bdm2 Con


id: cord-281961-5mdiwzvc
type: DNA
entity:
  5 Horas y 2 Minutos Diarios por Persona Appropriate Governance Responses to Infectious Disease Threats Developing Working Hypotheses Risk Hazards


id: cord-281961-5mdiwzvc
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  Statement on the Second Meeting of the International Health Regulations 2005 Emergency Committee Regarding the Outbreak of Novel Coronavirus 2019 nCoV Convened


id: cord-266771-zesp6q0w
type: DNA
entity:
  sourc e gbs_ge_summa ry_r cad 0 v onepa ge q f false Vie Physarale Roman Roads with Slime Mould Paris chez Mme


id: cord-316050-mqrx003q
type: ORG
entity:
  Sidney Institute for Economics Peace Institute for Economics Peace Lisboa Instituto Nacional de Estatística Retrieved


id: cord-325077-j77wbcr3
type: ORG
entity:
  the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control ECDC European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control


id: cord-290967-u0xx47dl
type: ORG
entity:
  The Commission of the European Communities DG Telecommunications Information Industries and Innovation Subcutaneous electronic


id: cord-290967-u0xx47dl
type: ORG
entity:
  camel World Health Organization Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations WHO FAO Terrestrial


id: cord-290967-u0xx47dl
type: CHEMICAL
entity:
  acacia branches Acacia salicina Lindl 1 to 2 0 kg d and concentrate 0 5 to 3 5 kg d according to their requirements


id: cord-343685-iq3njzoi
type: DNA
entity:
  W21 COVID 19 outbreak follows Gompertz exponential law with doubling times in the range 5 0 5 6 a Spain and 3 9 6 7 a Netherlands and roughing double every five years Same happens for the effective IFR in Spain This result is not far from the characteristic time observed for age specific death rates in the past twenty years which are 6 8 a Spain and 6 0 a Netherlands Excess death for the eldest age group climbs to 1 8


id: cord-308005-t0bf5nos
type: ORG
entity:
  Lessons for Crisis Communication on Social Media A Systematic Review of What Research Tells the Practice


id: cord-308005-t0bf5nos
type: EVENT
entity:
  Winter Olympics Monitoring the Opinion of the Crowd Psychological Mechanisms Underlying Public Opinion Perceptions on Social Media


id: cord-355935-psnqrdo2
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  The Scaling of Contact Rates with Population Density for the Infectious Disease Models Decline in Temperature and Humidity Increases the Occurrence of Influenza


id: cord-355935-psnqrdo2
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  Global Trends in Emerging Infectious Diseases Projecting the Transmission Dynamics of SARS CoV 2 Through the Postpandemic Period Low Ambient Humidity Impairs Barrier Function and Innate Resistance Against Influenza Infection


id: cord-355935-psnqrdo2
type: ORG
entity:
  the Perspective of Vulnerable Population Segments Rapid Expert Consultation on SARS CoV 2 Survival in Relation to Temperature and Humidity and Potential for Seasonality for the COVID 19 Pandemic Perceived Risk and Modal Choice Risk Compensation


id: cord-324635-27q3nxte
type: GGP
entity:
  Rev Esp Quimioter DOI 10 37201 req 057 2020 sha 96acef8fc17006257afbfef2a7a40c9e19aaed75 doc_id 324635 cord_uid 27q3nxte Infection


id: cord-324635-27q3nxte
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  A Composite of Functional Status and Pneumonia Severity Index Improves the Prediction of Pneumonia Mortality in Older Patients Estimating the proportion of


id: cord-324635-27q3nxte
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  The Core Curriculum and Educaton Committee for the International Federation for Emergency Medicine Informe


id: cord-324635-27q3nxte
type: FAC
entity:
  Medidas de prevención de la trasmisión de organismos entre pacientes hospitalizados Higiene de manos


id: cord-007890-bie1veti
type: CELL_LINE
entity:
  Fundación Jiménez Díaz Medical Microbiology Madrid Spain b GlaxoSmithKline Medical Madrid Spain Urine


id: cord-007890-bie1veti
type: CELL_LINE
entity:
  Santa Casa Pediatrics S Paulo Brazil b Santa Casa Microbiology S Paulo Brazil c Adolfo Lutz Microbiology S Paulo Brazil d Adolfo Lutz Bacteriology S Paulo Brazil


id: cord-007890-bie1veti
type: DNA
entity:
  chloramphenicol 9 3 trimethoprim sulfamethoxazole 11 6 tetracycline 4 6 and kanamycin 11 6 Invasive Hi


id: cord-007890-bie1veti
type: CELL_LINE
entity:
  Santa Casa Pediatrics S Paulo Brazil b Elly Lilly Scientific S Paulo Brazil c FAC ABC Pediatrics Santo Andre Brazil d University Hospital Pediatrics S Paulo Brazil A multicenter open label prospective randomized trial in which patients 2 Á 16 years of age with proven GABHS pharyngitis


id: cord-007890-bie1veti
type: DNA
entity:
  Fundación Jiménez Díaz Medical Microbiology Madrid Spain b Fundación Jiménez Díaz Otorrinolaryngology Madrid Spain c GlaxoSmithKline Medical Department Madrid Spain A gerbil model


id: cord-007890-bie1veti
type: DNA
entity:
  AFSSA UMB Ploufragan France b AFSSA HQPAP Ploufragan France c AFSSA LERMVD Fougères France In 1999 620


id: cord-007890-bie1veti
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  V Angelevski A Nikolovski B Military Hospital Microbiology Skopje The Former Yugoslav Republic Macedonia Purpose


id: cord-007890-bie1veti
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  coagulase negative staphylococci 13 Pseudomonas aeruginosa 2 Staphylococcus aureus 1 Acinetobacter baumanii 1 Serratia mercescens 1 Enterobacter cloacae 1 Escherichia coli 1 Proteus mirabilus 1 Enterococcus faecalis 1 Viridans Streptococci 1


id: cord-007890-bie1veti
type: GGP
entity:
  species S pneumoniae Spn S pyogenes Spy S aureus Sau E faecalis Efa M catarrhalis Mca H influenzae Hin E coli Eco K pneumoniae Kpn P mirabilis Pmi and P aeruginosa Pae


id: cord-007890-bie1veti
type: CL
entity:
  Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans Eikenella corrodens and Capnocytophaga were 8 16 64 16 16 32 and 8 16 32 mg ml respectively Conclusion Our results show enoxolone has antibacterial effect on A actinomycetemcomitans E corrodens and Capnocytophaga spp Sakalova STN


id: cord-007890-bie1veti
type: GGP
entity:
  penicillin 2 ampicillin 15 amoksicillin clavulonic acid 67 ceftazidime 66 gentamicin 29 tetracycline s 28 erythromycin 61 lincomycin 44 ciprofloksacin 95 cotrimoxazole 82 vancomycin 100 fusidic acid


id: cord-007890-bie1veti
type: GGP
entity:
  mellitus P 0 0 0002 diagnosis of cervical cancer P 0 0 0001 history of pre cancer of vulva Postpartum endometritis due to group A Streptococcus a case control study PM247 Unite Operationnelle d Hygiene All isolates


id: cord-007890-bie1veti
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  DA WHO Centre Collaborating for Prevention and Treatment of Human Echinococcosis University of Franche


id: cord-007890-bie1veti
type: PERCENT
entity:
  3 Schaetz L a Sessa A b a Hoffman La Roche F Basel Switzerland b Italian College of General Practitioners Italy Introduction


id: cord-007890-bie1veti
type: PRODUCT
entity:
  Moretti F Quiros Roldan E Casari S Chiodera A Viale P Carosi G University of Brescia Institute of Infectious and Tropical Diseases Brescia Italy


id: cord-007890-bie1veti
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  Liberti A a Izzo B a Loiacono L b Calabria G a Patarino T a Izzo E a a II Department Naples D Cotugno Hospital Italy


id: cord-007890-bie1veti
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  PS171 Borderon JC a Hamed A b Ragot S b a Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Tours France b Médecine Préventive Universitaire


id: cord-007890-bie1veti
type: ORG
entity:
  a Department of Internal Medicine Derer s University Hospital Bratislava Slovakia b Department of Urology Comenius University School Bratislava Slovakia c Department of Pharmacology St Elisabeth Cancer Institute


id: cord-007890-bie1veti
type: ORG
entity:
  Silan L a Breza J b a Department of Internal Medicine Derer s University Hospital Bratislava Slovakia


id: cord-007890-bie1veti
type: ORG
entity:
  Meropenem Beghi G Aiolfi S Maghini L Patruno V Aiolfi E S Marta Hospital Pulmonary Rehabilitation Unit A O Rivolta


id: cord-007890-bie1veti
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  Hryniewiecki T a Gzyl A b Rawczynska Englert I a a Department of Acquired Valvular Heart Disease National Institute of Cardiology Warsaw Poland b Department of Sera and Vaccines National Institute of Hygiene Warsaw Poland Infective


id: cord-007890-bie1veti
type: FAC
entity:
  PM192 Quintera SM Sousa JC Peixe L Department of Microbiology Faculty of Pharmacy University of Oporto Oporto Portugal


id: cord-007890-bie1veti
type: CHEMICAL
entity:
  Saccharomyces boulardii 2 Enterococcus spp 3 lactulose 4 L casei GG 5 L rhamnosus L bifidus and L acidophilus 6 B


id: cord-007890-bie1veti
type: CHEMICAL
entity:
  penicillin amoxicillin clavulanic acid doxycycline azithromycin clarithromycin ceftriaxone ciprofloxacin levofloxacin moxifloxacin


id: cord-007890-bie1veti
type: CHEMICAL
entity:
  Nuevo Leon Infectologia Monterrey Mexico b Instituto Nacional de Salud Publica Epidemiologia Cuernavaca


id: cord-007890-bie1veti
type: CHEMICAL
entity:
  erythromycin clindamycin vancomycin teicoplanin ciprofloxacin moxifloxacin nourseothricin rifampicin


id: cord-007890-bie1veti
type: CHEMICAL
entity:
  ampicillin azithromycin ciprofloxacin cefepime cefuroxime cefotaxime ceftazidime ceftriaxone cefoxitin chloramphenicol cotrimoxazole


# bib

id: cord-007890-bie1veti
title: ECC-4 Abstracts
author: nan
date: 2002-04-16
txt: ./txt/cord-007890-bie1veti.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-007890-bie1veti.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7126403/
doi: 10.1016/s0924-8579(02)00033-x
abstract: nan
summary:
  Effects of Interferon alpha plus ribavirine therapy on frequencies of HCV, HIV and CMV specific CD4-T-cell responses in peripheral blood of HIV/HCV coinfected patients after 6 months of treatment SoA9.5 Methods: Two groups of patients with chronic HCV infection were studied: 26 HIV coinfected progressors with antiretroviral therapy and 13 HIV-negative controls. In order to assess the local temporal trend of antibiotic sensitivity of the most common urinary tract bacterial pathogen, all urine-cultured Escherichia coli isolates were reviewed as to susceptibility profile, and specimen source (community-versus hospital-acquired infection). Methods: A total of 87 penicillin resistant clinical strains isolated from patients at Hacettepe Children''s Hospital, Ankara, Turkey between 1999 and 2001 were tested for their in vitro susceptibility to various antibiotics that are commonly used in the treatment of respiratory tract infections.


id: cord-010300-z33hblvi
author: Montoya, Ana
date: 2020-04-21
txt: ./txt/cord-010300-z33hblvi.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-010300-z33hblvi.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7175573/
doi: 10.1186/s13071-020-04080-8
summary:
  infantum infection in dogs in Spain, Part II: current clinical management and control according to a national survey of veterinary practitioners While knowledge about CanL, its management, treatment, prevention and control mounts, it remains unclear whether all clinical veterinarians follow the same international recommendations, such as those of the LeishVet group. Canine leishmaniosis (CanL) is an important parasitic zoonotic disease caused by Leishmania infantum, endemic in the Mediterranean basin including Spain. infantum infection, the clinical signs observed, the diagnostic techniques and the complementary analyses used for the diagnosis of CanL and its monitoring, treatment, disease progression, control measures, vaccination and information provided to the owner. Veterinarians also need to make owners aware that culling CanL positive dogs is not an adequate disease control measure, as confirmed in studies conducted in Brazil where culling seropositive dogs failed to reduce the incidence of canine or human leishmaniosis [90] [91] [92] .

title:
  Latest trends in L. infantum infection in dogs in Spain, Part II: current clinical management and control according to a national survey of veterinary practitioners

abstract:
  BACKGROUND: Canine leishmaniosis (CanL) is a parasitic zoonotic disease, endemic in the Mediterranean basin including Spain. While knowledge about CanL, its management, treatment, prevention and control mounts, it remains unclear whether all clinical veterinarians follow the same international recommendations, such as those of the LeishVet group. This study was thus designed to assess recent trends in the clinical management of CanL in veterinary clinics across Spain through a questionnaire-based survey. Results were compared with those of a prior national multicenter questionnaire administered by our research team in 2005. METHODS: A questionnaire consisting of 28 questions about CanL was developed using Google Forms and distributed by email to 1428 veterinary clinics in Spain. Questions were designed to obtain data on common clinical signs, techniques and complementary exams used to diagnose the disease, and on its monitoring, treatment and control measures. Data were collected in a database for statistical analysis. RESULTS: Completed questionnaires were returned by 295 clinics. Compared to the situation in 2005, responses indicate that clinical signs of CanL have not changed significantly, cutaneous lesions being still the most prevalent sign observed by practitioners. Quantitative serological techniques are considered an adequate approach to diagnosis, provided their results are supported by the findings of a thorough physical exam, as well as complementary tests (complete blood count, biochemical profile, plasma protein electrophoretogram and complete urinalysis). Treatment protocols and check-ups follow international recommendations. Finally, a multimodal approach is being endorsed to adequately control CanL including preventive measures such as annual serological check-ups and the combination of repellents and vaccines. Additionally, owners are being better informed about CanL by veterinarians, which translates to the improved control of this zoonosis. CONCLUSIONS: The clinical management of CanL has recently undergone significant changes owing to improvements in clinical knowledge of the disease, more unified international criteria, improved diagnostic techniques and their adequate interpretation, as well as a greater awareness of the disease transmitted to owners. [Image: see text]


id: cord-017158-w2tlq6ho
author: Moriones, Enrique
date: 2007
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7121651/
doi: 10.1007/978-1-4020-4769-5_7
title:
  Recombination in the TYLCV Complex: a Mechanism to Increase Genetic Diversity. Implications for Plant Resistance Development

abstract:
  Mutation, reassortment, and recombination are the major sources of genetic variation of plant viruses (García-Arenal et al., 2001; Worobey & Holmes, 1999). During mixed infections, viruses can exchange genetic material through recombination or reassortment of segments (when the parental genomes are fragmented) if present in the same cell context of the host plant. Hybrid progeny viruses might then arise, some of them with novel pathogenic characteristics and well adapted in the population that can cause new emerging diseases. Genetic exchange provides organisms with a tool to combine sequences from different origins which might help them to quickly evolve (Crameri et al., 1998). In many DNA and RNA viruses, genetic exchange is achieved through recombination (Froissart et al., 2005; Martin et al., 2005). As increasing numbers of viral sequences become available, recombinant viruses are recognized to be frequent in nature and clear evidence is found for recombination to play a key role in virus evolution (Awadalla, 2003; Chenault & Melcher, 1994; Moonan et al., 2000; Padidam et al., 1999; Revers et al., 1996; García-Arenal et al., 2001; Moreno et al., 2004). Understanding the role of recombination in generating and eliminating variation in viral sequences is thus essential to understand virus evolution and adaptation to changing environments Knowledge about the existence and frequency of recombination in a virus population might help understanding the extent at which genes are exchanged and new virus variants arise. This information is essential, for example, to predict durability of genetic resistance because new recombinant variants might be formed with increased fitness in host-resistant genotypes. Determination of the extent and rate at which genetic rearrangement through recombination does occur in natural populations is also crucial if we use genome and genetic-mapping information to locate genes responsible of important phenotypes such as genes associated with virulence, transmission, or breakdown of resistance. Therefore, better estimates of the rate of recombination will facilitate the development of more robust strategies for virus control (Awadalla, 2003).


id: cord-023773-sqojhvwx
title: Spanish Economic-Financial Crisis: Social and Academic Interest
author: Araújo-Vila, Noelia
date: 2020-04-21
txt: ./txt/cord-023773-sqojhvwx.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-023773-sqojhvwx.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7173778/
doi: 10.1007/s41549-020-00045-z
summary:
  The present study analyses the interest of both experts and the general population in the economic-financial crisis that has affected Spain up until 2019. The present work analyses the interest demonstrated by both the general population and economic scholars (and those from related areas) in the economic-financial crisis that affected Spain up until the observed period (2019). Naturally, the goal of the present study was not verifying any previously proposed hypothesis about the interest of academics in the Spanish financial crisis, but simply exploring the trends and patterns in such interest through the analysis of published researches. Related search terms that present a punctual increase include "Spain financial crisis" and "Spanish Economic crisis". The content analysis carried out on the works from the most proliferous authors within the topic indicates that construction is amongst the most addressed industries or sectors in researches related to the crisis.

abstract:
  The present study analyses the interest of both experts and the general population in the economic-financial crisis that has affected Spain up until 2019. To examine the interest of the general users, Google searches were analysed through the Google Trends tool. Meanwhile, the interest of scholars was assessed through the analysis of academic papers published on Scopus, one of the most relevant peer reviewed literature database. To this end, a Scopus search was made for papers containing the fragment “Spanish financial crisis” on their tittles, abstracts, or keywords, which ensued a sample of 632 studies. Findings show that the Spanish financial crisis worries the general population as well as scholars. Peaks in searches by general internet users take place in the years preceding the crisis (2004 and 2005) as well as throughout its duration (2008, 2010, and 2012). Accordingly, the academic interest has also grown substantially up from 2008.


id: cord-027960-qzg2jsz6
title: From Boom to Bust: The Economic Crisis in Spain 2008–2013
author: Royo, Sebastián
date: 2020-06-28
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7320871/
doi: 10.1057/978-1-137-53228-2_4
abstract:
  This chapter analyzes the overall economic crisis that started in 2008 in Spain. It is impossible to disentangle the 2008 banking crisis from the overall economic crisis that affected the country at the same time. This chapter looks at the performance of the Spanish economy throughout the 1990s and the first decade of the twentieth century. It examines the reasons for the success of the Spanish economy in the 1990s and provides an overview of the main causes of the 2008–2013 crisis and the governments’ responses.


id: cord-028308-50pck13g
title: Regional unemployment and cyclical sensitivity in Spain
author: Almeida, Alejandro
date: 2020-07-02
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7330538/
doi: 10.1007/s12076-020-00252-3
abstract:
  Unemployment has been routinely used as a measure of the economic cycle. In addition, regional unemployment rates are characterized by, among other factors, their relation to the national unemployment rate. In this regard, the literature on regional sensitivity to the economic cycle has analyzed how fluctuations in the national unemployment rate affect the regions. In recent years, due to the great impact of past crises, the development of new econometric techniques and the possible arrival of new crises, the debate on how sensitive regions are to the economic cycle has reopened. In Spain, this debate is necessary since unemployment rates are very high and display a great deal of heterogeneity. We analyzed regional unemployment rates in Spain between 1978 and 2018 through a recently developed dynamic spatial econometric model with common factors and found that some regions are more sensitive than others to the economic cycle. The results seem to show that in Spain, the sensitivity to the economic cycle displays a geographical pattern where the most sensitive regions are those located on the Mediterranean coast. Specifically, we find that the sensitivity to the economic cycle of unemployment is not determined by the fact that regions have high or low unemployment; it seems that geographical location plays an important role. These results can be useful for the national and regional governments when they implement countercyclical policies.


id: cord-146091-kpvxdhcu
title: Anomalous atmospheric circulation favored the spread of COVID-19 in Europe
author: Sanchez-Lorenzo, Arturo
date: 2020-04-26
txt: ./txt/cord-146091-kpvxdhcu.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-146091-kpvxdhcu.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://arxiv.org/pdf/2004.12503v1.pdf
doi: nan
summary:
  In this study we show that an unusual persistent anticyclonic situation prevailing in southwestern Europe during February 2020 (i.e. anomalously strong positive phase of the North Atlantic and Arctic Oscillations) could have resulted in favorable conditions, in terms of air temperature and humidity, in Italy and Spain for a quicker spread of the virus compared with the rest of the European countries. These results evidence that it seems plausible that the positive phase of the NAO, and the atmospheric conditions associated with it, provided optimal conditions for the spread of the COVID-19 in southern countries like Spain and Italy, where both the start and the most severe impacts of the outbreak in Europe were located. Taking into account these results, we claim that the major initial outbreaks of COVID-19 in Europe (i.e., Italy and Spain) may be favored by an anomalous atmospheric circulation pattern in February, characterized by a positive phase of the NAO and AO.

abstract:
  The current pandemic caused by the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 is having negative health, social and economic consequences worldwide. In Europe, the pandemic started to develop strongly at the end of February and beginning of March 2020. It has subsequently spread over the continent, with special virulence in northern Italy and inland Spain. In this study we show that an unusual persistent anticyclonic situation prevailing in southwestern Europe during February 2020 (i.e. anomalously strong positive phase of the North Atlantic and Arctic Oscillations) could have resulted in favorable conditions, in terms of air temperature and humidity, in Italy and Spain for a quicker spread of the virus compared with the rest of the European countries. It seems plausible that the strong atmospheric stability and associated dry conditions that dominated in these regions may have favored the virus's propagation, by short-range droplet transmission as well as likely by long-range aerosol (airborne) transmission.


id: cord-168710-a5pst4gf
author: Jalilian, Abdollah
date: 2020-09-28
txt: ./txt/cord-168710-a5pst4gf.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-168710-a5pst4gf.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://arxiv.org/pdf/2009.13577v1.pdf
doi: nan
summary:
  In this paper, we use a spatio-temporal stochastic model to explain the temporal and spatial variations in the daily number of new confirmed cases in Spain, Italy and Germany from late February to mid September 2020. To account for the underlying temporal and spatial autocorrelation structure in the spread of COVID-19, available data on the daily number of new cases and deaths in different countries/regions have already been analyzed in a considerable number of studies. Variations of the random rate Λ it relative to the expected number of cases E it provide useful information about the spatio-temporal risk of COVID-19 in the whole spatial domain of interest during the study period. For example, a histogram with heights Table 4 presents the Bayesian estimates (posterior means) for every parameter of the considered model fitted to the daily number of new COVID-19 cases in Spain, Italy and Germany.

title:
  A hierarchical spatio-temporal model to analyze relative risk variations of COVID-19: a focus on Spain, Italy and Germany

abstract:
  The novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has spread rapidly across the world in a short period of time and with a heterogeneous pattern. Understanding the underlying temporal and spatial dynamics in the spread of COVID-19 can result in informed and timely public health policies. In this paper, we use a spatio-temporal stochastic model to explain the temporal and spatial variations in the daily number of new confirmed cases in Spain, Italy and Germany from late February to mid September 2020. Using a hierarchical Bayesian framework, we found that the temporal trend of the epidemic in the three countries rapidly reached their peaks and slowly started to decline at the beginning of April and then increased and reached their second maximum in August. However decline and increase of the temporal trend seems to be sharper in Spain and smoother in Germany. The spatial heterogeneity of the relative risk of COVID-19 in Spain is also more pronounced than Italy and Germany.


id: cord-205189-4be24yda
author: Asawa, Parth
date: 2020-10-26
txt: ./txt/cord-205189-4be24yda.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-205189-4be24yda.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://arxiv.org/pdf/2010.14628v1.pdf
doi: nan
summary:
  We see that the new case predictions reflects twitter sentiment, meaningfully tied to a trigger sub-event that enables policy-related findings for Spain and India to be effectively compared. To this end, we juxtapose Spain and India''s epidemiological data to identify a date when the curves show the number of new cases diverging from each other, and India started showing worsening conditions.Although it could be argued that the differences we see in cases were due to travel from hotspots, it''s important to note that India closed its borders by suspending all international flights starting March 22nd, in addition to taking steps to suspend inter-state travel by suspending domestic flights and domestic trains throughout the time frame of our analysis 3 . On the data from these states/regions, we did visualizations of counts of new cases during April and May. This period was essential to assess the effectiveness of government policies in controlling the COVID-19 pandemic.

title:
  COVID-19 in Spain and India: Comparing Policy Implications by Analyzing Epidemiological and Social Media Data

abstract:
  The COVID-19 pandemic has forced public health experts to develop contingent policies to stem the spread of infection, including measures such as partial/complete lockdowns. The effectiveness of these policies has varied with geography, population distribution, and effectiveness in implementation. Consequently, some nations (e.g., Taiwan, Haiti) have been more successful than others (e.g., United States) in curbing the outbreak. A data-driven investigation into effective public health policies of a country would allow public health experts in other nations to decide future courses of action to control the outbreaks of disease and epidemics. We chose Spain and India to present our analysis on regions that were similar in terms of certain factors: (1) population density, (2) unemployment rate, (3) tourism, and (4) quality of living. We posit that citizen ideology obtainable from twitter conversations can provide insights into conformity to policy and suitably reflect on future case predictions. A milestone when the curves show the number of new cases diverging from each other is used to define a time period to extract policy-related tweets while the concepts from a causality network of policy-dependent sub-events are used to generate concept clouds. The number of new cases is predicted using sentiment scores in a regression model. We see that the new case predictions reflects twitter sentiment, meaningfully tied to a trigger sub-event that enables policy-related findings for Spain and India to be effectively compared.


id: cord-232959-jcnvnn2k
title: Private Sources of Mobility Data Under COVID-19
author: Arnal, Raquel P'erez
date: 2020-07-14
url: https://arxiv.org/pdf/2007.07095v1.pdf
doi: nan
abstract:
  The COVID-19 pandemic is changing the world in unprecedented and unpredictable ways. Human mobility is at the epicenter of that change, as the greatest facilitator for the spread of the virus. To study the change in mobility, to evaluate the efficiency of mobility restriction policies, and to facilitate a better response to possible future crisis, we need to properly understand all mobility data sources at our disposal. Our work is dedicated to the study of private mobility sources, gathered and released by large technological companies. This data is of special interest because, unlike most public sources, it is focused on people, not transportation means. i.e., its unit of measurement is the closest thing to a person in a western society: a phone. Furthermore, the sample of society they cover is large and representative. On the other hand, this sort of data is not directly accessible for anonymity reasons. Thus, properly interpreting its patterns demands caution. Aware of that, we set forth to explore the behavior and inter-relations of private sources of mobility data in the context of Spain. This country represents a good experimental setting because of its large and fast pandemic peak, and for its implementation of a sustained, generalized lockdown. We find private mobility sources to be both correlated and complementary. Using them, we evaluate the efficiency of implemented policies, and provide a insights into what new normal means in Spain.


id: cord-264993-cj75bdm2
title: Enfermedades infecciosas importadas en España
author: Rojo Marcos, Gerardo
date: 2008-10-31
txt: ./txt/cord-264993-cj75bdm2.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-264993-cj75bdm2.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0025775308730938
doi: 10.1157/13127586
summary:
  A esta cifra hay que añadir los extranjeros residentes en España que visitan a sus familiares y amigos en sus países de origen, un colectivo con un riesgo especial de contraer infecciones, sobre todo los niños, ya que allí viven en las mismas condiciones que la población local y no suelen solicitar consejos al viajero por una baja percepción del riesgo sanitario. En las consultas especializadas de medicina tropical y del viajero, la mayoría de los pacientes presenta fiebre, diarrea, clínica respiratoria o dermatológica 3 , y un estudio limitado suele ser suficiente para el diagnóstico. No obstante, la mayoría de los casos de loiasis importados son asintomáticos o se presentan en forma de eosinofilia, a veces con prurito, por lo que algunos autores recomiendan el cribado sistemático con estudio de microfilarias en sangre de los inmigrantes procedentes de las zonas endémicas 45 . Por este motivo se diagnostican más viriasis importadas en viajeros que en inmigrantes y no han supuesto hasta ahora un riesgo importante para la salud pública en España.

abstract:
  Con el crecimiento de los viajes internacionales y la inmigración, en España ha aumentado el número de pacientes con enfermedades infecciosas importadas, muchas de ellas desde zonas tropicales o subtropicales. Paralelamente también se ha multiplicado el número de publicaciones científicas de autores españoles sobre infecciones importadas causadas por parásitos, hongos, micobacterias, bacterias o virus. El riesgo que representan para la salud pública es bajo, aunque para su correcta prevención y su control es importante facilitar el acceso universal a la asistencia sanitaria y a unas condiciones socioeconómicas dignas, así como mantener una formación clínica y epidemiológica actualizada del personal sanitario. Estas medidas a escala nacional deben compaginarse con las iniciativas internacionales de control global de estas infecciones. In Spain, owing to the rise of international travels and immigration, the number of patients with imported infectious diseases has increased, many of them from tropical or subtropical areas. In parallel, there has been a multiplication in the number of scientific papers with Spanish authors about imported infections due to parasites, fungus, mycobacteriae, bacteriae or viruses. The risk for public health is low, althought for their correct prevention and control it is important to ease an universal access to healthcare and fair socioeconomic conditions, along with maintaining an updated clinical and epidemiological training of the health personnel. These nationwide measures must be supplemented with worldwide initiatives of global control of these infections.


id: cord-266771-zesp6q0w
title: Complex networks to understand the past: the case of roads in Bourbon Spain
author: Pablo-Martí, Federico
date: 2020-10-06
txt: ./txt/cord-266771-zesp6q0w.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-266771-zesp6q0w.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33042288/
doi: 10.1007/s11698-020-00218-x
summary:
  We build a new, complete map of the main roads at the beginning of the eighteenth century along with the matrix of transport costs for all the important towns describing the communications network. The second statement posits that the new roads generated significant changes in the transport network that led to improving the communications of Madrid with the periphery instead of activating the growth of the interior regions (Ringrose 1972; Anes 1974; Carr 1978; Madrazo Madrazo 1984b) . To verify this statement, quite consolidated in the literature though not entirely (Grafe 2012), we will use three hypotheses: H2.A ''The newly paved roads produced important changes on the interregional mobility patterns''; H2.B ''The improvements in accessibility resulting from the newly paved roads were concentrated in a few regions, mainly Madrid and the coastal regions, which was a comparative disadvantage for the inland regions,'' or, in other words, ''those investments affected the regions differently''; H2.C ''The effects were mainly at the level of cities, not so much of regions.''

abstract:
  The work aims to study, using GIS techniques and network analysis, the development of the road network in Spain during the period between the War of Succession and the introduction of the railway (1700–1850). Our research is based on a detailed cartographic review of maps made during the War of Succession, largely improving preexisting studies based on books of itineraries from the sixteenth century onwards. We build a new, complete map of the main roads at the beginning of the eighteenth century along with the matrix of transport costs for all the important towns describing the communications network. Our study of this complex network, supplemented by a counterfactual analysis carried out using a simulation model based on agents using different centralized decision-making processes, allows us to establish three main results. First, existing trade flows at the beginning of the eighteenth century had a radial structure, so the Bourbon infrastructure plan only consolidated a preexisting situation. Second, the development of the network did not suppose important alterations in the comparative centrality of the regions. Finally, the design of the paved road network was adequate for the economic needs of the country. These findings are in stark contrast with claims that the radial structure of the Bourbon roads was designed ex-novo with political or ideological objectives rather than economic ones. Our methodology paves the way to further studies of path-dependent, long-term processes of network design as the key to understanding the true origin of many currently existing situations.


id: cord-273494-cl60qmu3
author: Campa, Juan Luis
date: 2016-12-31
url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S096669231630237X
doi: 10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2016.09.012
title:
  High speed rail effects on tourism: Spanish empirical evidence derived from China's modelling experience

abstract:
  Abstract China and Spain are currently among the top tourist destinations, coming third and fourth place in the 2014 world ranking of tourist arrivals, behind France and the US. Tourism is crucial for the economies of Spain and China, and both countries have the longest high speed rail (HSR) networks in the world. What role has HSR infrastructure played in the development of tourism in both countries? Little research has been done to date, even in Europe, to estimate empirically how tourism indicators are affected by new HSR lines. In 2012 a multivariate panel analysis by Chen and Haynes was applied to 27 Chinese regions, and confirmed that emerging high speed rail services (during the period 1999–2010) had significant positive impacts on boosting tourism in China. No similar empirical tool has ever been tested in Europe. The aim of this paper is to analyse and validate this tool when applied to the Spanish context, and to develop a comparative analysis with the Chinese case study. The methodology is applied to 47 Spanish provinces during the period 1999–2015, and the results clearly reveal a positive but lower-value link (compared to China) between the increase in certain tourism outputs (foreign arrivals and revenues) and HSR network construction. However, further research is needed into the model's limitations, namely the availability of suitable tourism indicators in the official databases, the HSR explanatory variables considered, and the ability to detect “circular cause-effects” between HSR and tourism.


id: cord-274532-i1g9ikdb
author: Tobias, Aurelio
date: 2020-04-06
url: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.04.01.20049684
doi: 10.1101/2020.04.01.20049684
title:
  COVID19-Tracker: A shiny app to produce comprehensive data visualization for SARS-CoV-2 epidemic in Spain

abstract:
  Data visualization is an essential tool for exploring and communicating findings in medical research, and especially in epidemiological surveillance. The COVID19-Tracker web application systematically produces daily updated data visualization and analysis of the SARS-CoV-2 epidemic in Spain. It collects automatically daily data on COVID-19 diagnosed cases, intensive care unit admissions, and mortality, from February 24th, 2020 onwards. Two applications have already been developed; 1) to analyze data trends and estimating short-term projections; 2) to estimate the case fatality rate, and; 3) To assess the effect of the lockdown measures on the trends of incident data. The application may help for a better understanding of the SARS-CoV-2 epidemic data in Spain.


id: cord-274778-wds40e6i
author: Tejedor, Santiago
date: 2020-08-31
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32878092/
doi: 10.3390/ijerph17176330
title:
  Information on the COVID-19 Pandemic in Daily Newspapers’ Front Pages: Case Study of Spain and Italy

abstract:
  Spain and Italy are amongst the European countries where the COVID-19 pandemic has produced its major impact and where lockdown measures have been the harshest. This research aims at understanding how the corona crisis has been represented in Spanish and Italian media, focusing on reference newspapers. The study analyzes 72 front pages of El País and El Mundo in Spain and Italy’s Corriere della Sera and La Repubblica, collecting 710 news items and 3456 data evidences employing a mixed method (both qualitative and quantitative) based on content analysis and hemerographic analysis. Results show a predominance of informative journalistic genres (especially brief and news), while the visual framing emerging from the photographic choice, tend to foster humanization through an emotional representation of the pandemic. Politicians are the most represented actors, showing a high degree of politicization of the crisis.


id: cord-281716-e9fo38gy
author: Gómez, L.
date: 2008-05-31
url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S0921448808000266
doi: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2008.01.005
title:
  Relationship between the treatment and the evolution of the clinical course in scouring Merino lambs from “La Serena” (Southwest Spain)

abstract:
  Abstract This work investigated the link between the type of treatment and the clinical evolution of lambs suffering from diarrhoea attributed to non-enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli. Two hundred and forty scouring lambs, and 25 healthy lambs selected as control, were used in this trial. The faecal samples from the scouring lambs were positive to non-enterotoxigenic E. coli. All the scouring lambs received supportive care and they were randomly allotted to two groups of 120 animals (treated group and untreated group). The lambs in the treated group were given two daily doses of 20mg/kg live weight spectinomycin for 3 days, while the other group of lambs (untreated group) did not receive any antibiotic. Serum endotoxin was higher in the treated lambs. The combined infection of E. coli + Proteus mirabilis was the most frequent microbiological result in the deceased treated lambs, while the only enteric pathogen isolated in the untreated lambs submitted to necroscopy was E. coli. The pathological findings most commonly recorded in the untreated lambs were suggestive of a generalized inflammatory process attributed to colibacilosis, while the lesions in the treated lambs might correspond to an enterotoxoemic process. The overproduction of P. mirabilis might be consequence of the antibiotic treatment and it would be the most probable cause of the endotoxemia, the high mortality rate and the pathological findings in the treated lambs. Therefore, a supportive care without antibiotics does not lead to a poorer chance of survival in lambs with diarrhoea attributed to non-enterotoxigenic E. coli.


id: cord-281961-5mdiwzvc
author: de las Heras-Pedrosa, Carlos
date: 2020-07-31
url: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17155542
doi: 10.3390/ijerph17155542
title:
  Sentiment Analysis and Emotion Understanding during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Spain and Its Impact on Digital Ecosystems

abstract:
  COVID-19 has changed our lives forever. The world we knew until now has been transformed and nowadays we live in a completely new scenario in a perpetual restructuring transition, in which the way we live, relate, and communicate with others has been altered permanently. Within this context, risk communication is playing a decisive role when informing, transmitting, and channeling the flow of information in society. COVID-19 has posed a real pandemic risk management challenge in terms of impact, preparedness, response, and mitigation by governments, health organizations, non-governmental organizations (NGOs), mass media, and stakeholders. In this study, we monitored the digital ecosystems during March and April 2020, and we obtained a sample of 106,261 communications through the analysis of APIs and Web Scraping techniques. This study examines how social media has affected risk communication in uncertain contexts and its impact on the emotions and sentiments derived from the semantic analysis in Spanish society during the COVID-19 pandemic.


id: cord-283979-1dn7at6k
title: Arthropods as vectors of transmissible diseases in Spain()
author: Portillo, Aránzazu
date: 2018-12-14
url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2387020618304364
doi: 10.1016/j.medcle.2018.10.008
abstract:
  Different aspects related to globalization together with the great capacity of the arthropod vectors to adapt to a changing world favour the emergence and reemergence of numerous infectious diseases transmitted by them. Diptera (mosquitoes and sandflies), ticks, fleas and lice, among others, cause a wide spectrum of diseases with relevance in public health. Herein, arthropod-borne disease are reviewed, with special emphasis on the existing risk to contract them in Spain according to different parameters, such as the presence of arthropod and the circulation or the possible circulation of the causative agents.


id: cord-284017-1fz90e3k
title: The first months of the COVID-19 pandemic in Spain
author: Henríquez, Josefa
date: 2020-08-27
url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hlpt.2020.08.013
doi: 10.1016/j.hlpt.2020.08.013
abstract:
  BACKGROUND: : The COVID-19 outbreak has led to an unprecedented crisis in Spain. After Italy, the spread of the virus was quick, and Spain became the second epicenter in Europe by number of cases and deceased. To tackle the outbreak and contain the spread, the Spanish authorities undertook exceptional measures based on a generalized lockdown by which the majority of the economic activity ceased for several weeks. OBJECTIVES: : The goal of this paper is to examine the spread of COVID-19 in Spain from February to May 2020, as well as the public policies and technologies used to contain the evolution of the pandemic. In particular it aims to assess the effectivity of the policies applied within the different autonomous communities. Cases and deaths are presented until August as well as the main changes in containment and mitigation measures. METHODS: : Data was collected from various official sources, including government reports, press releases and datasets provided by national and international level institutions. RESULTS: : We show that the main measure to contain the spread of the pandemic was a stringent confinement policy enforced through fines. It resulted in a substantial reduction in the mobility and the economic activity. At a regional level, the negative consequences of the crisis affected differently across regions.


id: cord-290967-u0xx47dl
author: Caja, G.
date: 2016-08-17
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27695805/
doi: 10.2527/jas.2016-0472
title:
  Comparison of visual and electronic devices for individual identification of dromedary camels under different farming conditions

abstract:
  The camel industry uses traditional (i.e., iron brands and ear tags) and modern (i.e., microchips) identification (ID) systems without having performance results of reference. Previously iron-branded (n = 45; 1 yr) and microchipped (n = 59; 7 yr) camels showed problems of healing (8.6% of brands) and reading (only 42.9% of brands and 69.5% of microchips were readable), which made their use inadvisable. With the aim of proposing suitable ID systems for different farming conditions, an on-field study was performed using a total of 528 dromedaries at 4 different locations (Egypt, n = 83; Spain, n = 304; Saudi Arabia, n = 90; and Tunisia, n = 51). The ID devices tested were visual (button ear tags, 28.5 mm diameter, n = 178; double flag ear tags, 50 by 15 mm, n = 83; both made of polyurethane) and electronic (ear tags, n = 90, and rumen boluses, n = 555). Electronic ear tags were polyurethane-loop type (75 by 9 mm) with a container in which a 22-mm transponder of full-duplex technology was lodged. Electronic boluses of 7 types, varying in dimensions (50 to 76 mm length, 11 to 21 mm width, and 12.7 to 82.1 g weight) and specific gravity (SG; 1.49 to 3.86) and each of them containing a 31-mm transponder of half-duplex technology, were all administered to the dromedaries at the beginning of the study. When a low-SG bolus was lost, a high-SG bolus was readministered. Readability rates of each ID system were evaluated during 1 to 3 yr, according to device and location, and yearly values were estimated for comparison. On a yearly basis, visual ear tag readability was not fully satisfactory; it was lower for rectangular ear tags (66.3%) than for button ear tags (80.9%). Yearly readability of electronic ear tags was 93.7%. Bolus readability dramatically varied according to their SG; the SG < 2.0 boluses were fully lost after 8 mo. In contrast, the SG > 3.0 boluses were efficiently retained (99.6 to 100%) at all locations. In conclusion, according to the expected long lifespan of camels, low ID performances were observed for iron brands, injectable microchips, and ear tags (visual and electronic), making their use inadvisable as unique ID systems in camels. The high readability of dense electronic boluses recommended their use as a permanent ID device of reference in camels.


id: cord-293717-j4w6mq0f
author: Meza, Herbert Tejada
date: 2020-06-26
txt: ./txt/cord-293717-j4w6mq0f.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-293717-j4w6mq0f.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32525468/
doi: 10.1177/1747493020938301
summary:
  CONCLUSION: We found a decrease in the number of ischemic stroke admissions and an increase in in-hospital mortality during the COVID-19 epidemic in this large study from North-West Spain. We aimed to analyze the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic outbreak on hospital ischemic stroke admissions as well as the use of reperfusion therapies and inhospital mortality in tertiary referral hospitals from North-West Spain. We used descriptive statistics to compare the incidence of stroke admissions before and after the setting of the state of emergency in Spain, expressed in strokes per week (W) and the differences between the other study variables (IVT, EVT, in-hospital mortality, and wake-up strokes or unknown-onset time) in those periods. This study demonstrates a decrease in stroke admissions and an increase in stroke mortality during the COVID-19 pandemic across 16 centers within the NORDICTUS network including Arago''n, Asturias, Cantabria, Castilla y Leo''n, Euskadi, Galicia, La Rioja, and Navarra in North-West Spain.

title:
  Impact of COVID-19 outbreak on ischemic stroke admissions and in-hospital mortality in North-West Spain

abstract:
  BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Spain has been one of the countries heavily stricken by COVID-19. But this epidemic has not affected all regions equally. We analyzed the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on hospital stroke admissions and in-hospital mortality in tertiary referral hospitals from North-West Spain. METHODS: Spanish multicenter retrospective observational study based on data from tertiary hospitals of the NORDICTUS network. We recorded the number of patients admitted for ischemic stroke between 30 December 2019 and 3 May 2020, the number of IVT and EVT procedures, and in-hospital mortality. RESULTS: In the study period, 2737 patients were admitted with ischemic stroke. There was a decrease in the weekly mean admitted patients during the pandemic (124 vs. 173, p<0.001). In-hospital mortality of stroke patients increased significantly (9.9% vs. 6.5%, p = 0.003), but there were no differences in the proportion of IVT (17.3% vs. 16.1%, p = 0.405) or EVT (22% vs. 23%, p = 0.504). CONCLUSION: We found a decrease in the number of ischemic stroke admissions and an increase in in-hospital mortality during the COVID-19 epidemic in this large study from North-West Spain. There were regional changes within the network, not fully explained by the severity of the pandemic in different regions.


id: cord-295358-8niqpwvc
author: Santamaria, Luis
date: 2020-04-14
txt: ./txt/cord-295358-8niqpwvc.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-295358-8niqpwvc.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.04.09.20059345
doi: 10.1101/2020.04.09.20059345
summary:
  We conducted segmented, linear regressions on log-transformed data to identify changes in the slope of these curves and/or sudden shifts in the number of cases (i.e. changes in the intercept) at fitted breaking points, and compared their results with a timeline including both key events of the epidemic and containment measures taken by the national and regional governments. The dropdown in the rate of infections coincides with an increase of the awareness of the Spanish population (due to the reporting of a rapidly increasing number of cases and deaths, i.e. the delayed perception of the events of phase 1) and the issuing of official recommendations for the prevention and treatment of COVID infections, but precedes the legal enforcement of most social-distancing measures by the regional and central governments (see Figure 5 , Table S1 ).

title:
  Chasing the ghost of infection past: identifying thresholds of change during the COVID-19 infection in Spain

abstract:
  COVID-19 pandemic has spread worldwide rapidly from its first outbreak in China, with different impacts depending on the age and social structure of the populations, and the measures taken by each government. Within Europe, the first countries to be strongly affected have been Italy and Spain. In Spain, infection has expanded in highly populated areas, resulting in one of the largest nationwide bursts so far by early April. We analyze the evolution of the growth curve of the epidemic in both the whole of Spain and Madrid Autonomous Region (the second largest conurbation in Europe), based on the cumulative numbers of reported cases and deaths. We conducted segmented, linear regressions on log-transformed data to identify changes in the slope of these curves and/or sudden shifts in the number of cases (i.e. changes in the intercept) at fitted breaking points, and compared their results with a timeline including both key events of the epidemic and containment measures taken by the national and regional governments. Results were largely consistent in the four curves analyzed (reported infections and deaths for Spain and Madrid, respectively), showing two major shifts in slopes (growth rates) at 14-15 and 26-29 March that resulted in 37-65% reductions of slope, and originated in infection on 4-5 and 16-18 March (for case detections) and 14-23 February and 5-6 March (for deaths). Small upward shifts in the progress of the disease in Madrid were not associated with significant changes in the intercept of the curve, and seem related with unevenness in case reporting. These results evidence an early deceleration in the spread of COVID-19 coinciding with personal hygiene and social distancing recommendations, as well as the general awareness of the population; and a second, stronger decrease when harder isolation measures were enforced. The combination of both breakpoints seemingly led to the start of the contention of the disease outbreak by early April, the limit of our time series. This highlights the importance of adopting public health strategies that include disseminating basic knowledge on personal hygiene and reduced social contact at the onset of the epidemic, and the importance of early enforcement of hard contention measures for its subsequent contention.


id: cord-295543-nj4a640t
title: Physical Activity Change during COVID-19 Confinement
author: Castañeda-Babarro, Arkaitz
date: 2020-09-21
url: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17186878
doi: 10.3390/ijerph17186878
abstract:
  Background: The lockdown and social distancing caused by COVID-19 may influence common health behavior. The unprecedent worldwide confinement, in which Spain has been one of the most affected—with severe rules governing confinement—may have changed physical activity (PA) and sedentary habits due to prolonged stays at home. Purpose: The aim of this study is to evaluate how self-reported PA and sedentary time (ST) have changed during confinement in the Spanish population. Methods: 3800 healthy adults (age 18–64 years) residing in Spain answered the international physical activity questionnaire short (IPAQ-S) twice between 23 March and 1 April (confinement). Data analysis was carried out taking into consideration meeting general PA recommendations before confinement, age and gender. Results: Self-reported PA decreased significantly during confinement in our sample. Vigorous physical activities (VPA) and walking time decreased by 16.8% (p < 0.001) and 58.2% (p < 0.001), respectively, whereas ST increased by 23.8% (p < 0.001). The percent of people fulfilling the 75 min/week of VPA recommendation decreased by 10.7% (p < 0.001) while the percent of people who reached 150 min/week of moderate activity barely changed (1.4%). The group that performed the most VPA before confinement showed the greatest decrease (30.5%, p < 0.001). Men reduced time in VPA more than women (21% vs 9%, respectively) who even increased time in moderate PA by 11% (p < 0.05) and reported less increase in ST than men (35% vs 25.3%, respectively). Conclusion: The Spanish adult population, especially young people, students and very active men, decreased daily self-reported PA and increased ST during COVID-19 confinement.


id: cord-301527-i3xz1rfi
author: Millán, Javier
date: 2009-01-13
txt: ./txt/cord-301527-i3xz1rfi.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-301527-i3xz1rfi.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32214938/
doi: 10.1007/s10344-008-0246-z
summary:
  Twenty-five serum samples of 22 free-living European wildcats (Felis silvestris) captured from 1991 to 1993 in central Spain were tested for evidence of exposure to seven feline pathogens. The results suggest that some agents probably had a reservoir in domestic cats and may cause some undetected morbidity/mortality in the studied wildcat population, whereas others, such as FeLV and FCV, may be enzootic. The aims of the present study were (1) to assess the seroprevalence against feline disease agents in free-living wildcats and (2) to examine whether prevalence, number of detected agents, and similarity between wildcats in the composition of the pathogens they were exposed to were related with sex, season, and body condition. Seroprevalence to the different studied disease agents in the wildcat population of Toledo Mountains was either in the range of, or higher than, values previously reported in Europe (Artois and Remond 1994; McOrist et al.

title:
  A serological survey of common feline pathogens in free-living European wildcats (Felis silvestris) in central Spain

abstract:
  Twenty-five serum samples of 22 free-living European wildcats (Felis silvestris) captured from 1991 to 1993 in central Spain were tested for evidence of exposure to seven feline pathogens. All the wildcats but one (95.4%) presented evidence of contact with at least one of the agents (mean = 2.2). Contact with feline leukemia virus (FeLV) was detected in 81% of the wildcats (antibodies, 77%; antigen p27, 15%). Antibodies to feline calicivirus (FCV, 80%), feline herpesvirus (FHV, 20%), feline parvovirus (FPV, 18%), and Chlamydophila sp. (27%) were also detected. Analyses were negative for feline immunodeficiency virus and feline coronavirus. The probability of having antibodies to FPV was inversely related with the concentration of serum cholesterol and with a morphometric index of body condition. Similarity in the composition of antibodies against disease agents (number and identity of detected and undetected antibodies) was significantly higher in pairs of female wildcats than in pairs of males or heterosexual pairs, suggesting that females had a more homogeneous exposure to pathogens. Seroprevalence for FHV was higher in males than in females. Antibodies to FHV and Chlamydophila sp. were more frequent in winter than in other seasons. In addition, the mean similarity of the pathogen community between pairs of serum samples was higher if both wildcats were caught during the same season than if they were not. Mean similarity was lowest when serum samples obtained in winter were compared with those from spring or summer. The results suggest that some agents probably had a reservoir in domestic cats and may cause some undetected morbidity/mortality in the studied wildcat population, whereas others, such as FeLV and FCV, may be enzootic.


id: cord-307846-t8ejmq71
author: Ugolini, Francesca
date: 2020-10-16
url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S1618866720307056
doi: 10.1016/j.ufug.2020.126888
title:
  Effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on the use and perceptions of urban green space: an international exploratory study

abstract:
  Urban green space (UGS) is an essential element in the urban environment, providing multiple ecosystem services as well as beneficial effects on physical and mental health. In a time of societal crisis these effects may be amplified, but ensuring that they are maintained requires effective planning and management – which is a complex challenge given the rapid changes in modern society and the need for continual adaptation. This study aims to identify the drivers that normally attract visitors to UGS, and to assess the effects of social isolation on the usage and perception of UGS during the COVID-19 pandemic. We conducted an online survey during the period in which restrictive measures were imposed in response to the pandemic (March-May 2020), in Croatia, Israel, Italy, Lithuania, Slovenia and Spain. Results showed that urban residents normally have a need for accessible UGS, mainly for physical exercise, relaxing and observing nature. The reduction in UGS visitation during the containment period was related to distinct changes in the motivations of those who did visit, with a relative increase in "necessary activities" such as taking the dog out, and a reduction in activities that could be considered non-essential or high-risk such as meeting people or observing nature. Behavioral changes related to proximity were also observed, with an increase in people walking to small urban gardens nearby (e.g. in Italy) or tree-lined streets (e.g. in Spain, Israel), and people traveling by car to green areas outside the city (e.g. in Lithuania). What the respondents missed the most about UGS during the pandemic was "spending time outdoors" and "meeting other people" – highlighting that during the COVID-19 isolation, UGS was important for providing places of solace and respite, and for allowing exercise and relaxation. Respondents expressed the need for urban greenery even when legally mandated access was limited – and many proposed concrete suggestions for improved urban planning that integrates green spaces of different sizes within the fabric of cities and neighborhoods, so that all residents have access to UGS.


id: cord-308005-t0bf5nos
title: The Contagion of Sentiments during the COVID-19 Pandemic Crisis: The Case of Isolation in Spain
author: Iglesias-Sánchez, Patricia P.
date: 2020-08-14
txt: ./txt/cord-308005-t0bf5nos.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-308005-t0bf5nos.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17165918
doi: 10.3390/ijerph17165918
summary:
  The communications obtained from the Instagram social media platform and online forums only showed statistically significant differences in the emotional response related to anger (p < 0.05), but no significant differences in the emotional responses related to fear, sadness, uncertainty, disgust or joy (p > 0.05). The communications obtained from the Instagram social media platform and online forums only showed statistically significant differences in the emotional response related to anger (p < 0.05), but no significant differences in the emotional responses related to fear, sadness, uncertainty, disgust or joy (p > 0.05). The amount of user-generated content and social-media communications related to the social distancing, self-isolation and quarantine measures in Spain increased rapidly and steadily during Stage 1 of the study period. The amount of user-generated content and social-media communications related to the social distancing, self-isolation and quarantine measures in Spain increased rapidly and steadily during Stage 1 of the study period.

abstract:
  This study examines how confinement measures established during the COVID-19 pandemic crisis affected the emotions of the population. For this purpose, public sentiment on social media and digital ecosystems in Spain is analyzed. We identified affective tones towards media and citizens published on social media focusing on six basic emotions: anger, fear, joy, sadness, disgust and uncertainty. The main contribution of this work is the evidence of contagious sentiments and, consequently, the possibility of using this new dimension of social media as a form of a “collective therapy”. This paper contributes to understanding the impact of confinement measures in a pandemic from the point of view of emotional health. This analysis provides a set of practical implications that can guide conceptual and empirical work in health crisis management with an alternative approach, especially useful for decision-making processes facing emergency responses and health crises, even in an unprecedented global health crisis such as the traumatic events caused by the COVID-19 disease.


id: cord-308658-38f8ftmh
author: Aleta, Alberto
date: 2020-03-06
txt: ./txt/cord-308658-38f8ftmh.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-308658-38f8ftmh.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.03.01.20029801
doi: 10.1101/2020.03.01.20029801
summary:
  Our results are in line with the most recent recommendations from the World Health Organization, namely, that the best strategy is the early detection and isolation of individuals with symptoms, followed by interventions and public recommendations aimed at reducing the transmissibility of the disease, which although not efficacious for disease eradication, would produce as a second-order effect a delay of several days in the raise of the number of infected cases Here, we follow the modeling path and analyze, through a data-driven stochastic SEIR-metapopulation model, the temporal and spatial transmission of the COVID-19 disease in Spain as well as the expected impact of possible and customary contention measures. Figure 4 shows the expected hitting time for each province when the disease starts from 5 different locations, as well as one case with seeds in multiple places, as obtained from the SEIR metapopulation model.

title:
  Evaluation of the potential incidence of COVID-19 and effectiveness of contention measures in Spain: a data-driven approach

abstract:
  Our society is currently experiencing an unprecedented challenge, managing and containing an outbreak of a new coronavirus disease known as COVID-19. While China - were the outbreak started - seems to have been able to contain the growth of the epidemic, different outbreaks are nowadays being detected in multiple countries. Much is currently unknown about the natural history of the disease, such as a possible asymptomatic spreading or the role of age in both the susceptibility and mortality of the disease. Nonetheless, authorities have to take action and implement contention measures, even if not everything is known. To facilitate this task, we have studied the effect of different containment strategies that can be put into effect. Our work specifically refers to the situation in Spain as of February 28th, 2020, where a few dozens of cases have been detected. We implemented an SEIR-metapopulation model that allows tracing explicitly the spatial spread of the disease through data-driven stochastic simulations. Our results are in line with the most recent recommendations from the World Health Organization, namely, that the best strategy is the early detection and isolation of individuals with symptoms, followed by interventions and public recommendations aimed at reducing the transmissibility of the disease, which although not efficacious for disease eradication, would produce as a second-order effect a delay of several days in the raise of the number of infected cases


id: cord-315248-hww7duvj
title: A double life cycle in tourism arrivals to Spain: Unit root tests with gradual change analysis
author: Albaladejo, Isabel P.
date: 2020-12-31
txt: ./txt/cord-315248-hww7duvj.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-315248-hww7duvj.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S2212571X20301190
doi: 10.1016/j.jdmm.2020.100497
summary:
  The Tourism Area Life Cycle (TALC) theory by Butler (1980) proposes an S-shaped growth trend for the evolution of the number of tourists to a specific tourist destination. Taking into account the logistic growth models by Lundtorp and Wanhill (2001) and Albaladejo and Martínez-García (2017) , this paper will show that the TALC theory can be validated by testing whether a logistic or bilogistic growth trend is a long-run equilibrium path to tourism evolution. Albaladejo and Martínez-García (2017) go further and propose a multilogistic growth model, which is characterized by a non-constant carrying capacity, to represent the superposition of several life cycles in the tourism performance of a destination. A rejection of the null hypothesis of Harley-Mills test would indicate that the shocks to tourism are temporary, and that tourism arrivals in Spain would probably be a stationary time series around a double S-shaped curve, providing empirical evidence in favor of two tourism area life cycles.

abstract:
  The Tourism Area Life Cycle (TALC) theory by Butler (1980) proposes an S-shaped growth trend for the evolution of the number of tourists to a specific tourist destination. According to the data on tourist arrivals in Spain from 1946 to 2015, there may have been one or two life cycles. This paper sets out to test these hypotheses by unit root tests with gradual change. The results confirm that a double S-shaped or bilogistic curve is the long-run equilibrium, thereby validating the existence of two TALCs in the evolution of Spanish tourism. The two logistic curves overlap in the late 1970s and early 1980s. The first is characterized by the Spanish tourism boom in the 1960s, while the second illustrates the intense growth from 1995 to 2007, a period of sustained world economic growth.


id: cord-316050-mqrx003q
title: The influence of terrorism in tourism arrivals: A longitudinal approach in a Mediterranean country
author: Seabra, Claudia
date: 2020-01-31
txt: ./txt/cord-316050-mqrx003q.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-316050-mqrx003q.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2019.102811
doi: 10.1016/j.annals.2019.102811
summary:
  The main results show that terrorist attacks have a strong impact on tourist arrivals and confirm the existence of terrorism spillover, namely the substitution and generalization effects phenomena. The decline in tourists'' arrivals and receipts caused by terrorism is well documented in several countries and regions since the 90s and has affected countries like Spain (Enders & Sandler, 1991) , European countries ( (Enders, Sandler, & Parise, 1992; Radić, Dragičević, & Sotošek, 2018) , the Mediterranean region (Drakos & Kutan, 2003) , non-democratic countries and Africa (Blomberg, Hess, & Orphanides, 2004) , the USA (Bonham, Edmonds, & Mak, 2006; Goodrich, 2002) , Israel (Eckstein & Tsiddon, 2004; Fleisher & Buccola, 2002; Morag, 2006; Pizam & Fleischer, 2002) , Italy (Greenbaum & Hultquist, 2006) , Nepal (Baral, Baral, & Nigel, 2004) , Ireland (O''Connor, Stafford, & Gallagher, 2008) , Fiji and Kenya (Fletcher & Morakabati, 2008) , Nigeria (Adora, 2010) ; Turkey (Feridun, 2011; Ozsoy & Sahin, 2006) , Pakistan (Raza & Jawaid, 2013) , the Middle East (Bassil, 2014) , the Caribbean (Lutz & Lutz, 2018) , Tunisia (Lanouar & Goaied, 2019) , and worlwide (Liu & Pratt, 2017; Llorca-Vivero, 2008; Neumayer & Plümper, 2016) . Terrorism in Greece, Germany, and France positively affects tourist arrivals from America, while terrorist events occurred in Israel, Russia and Spain will have a negative effect on the number of American tourists who choose Portugal as their destination.

abstract:
  Abstract This longitudinal study examines the impact that terrorist attacks within a representative group of European countries can have on the tourism demand of a South European country with no record of terrorism attacks. In order to analyze the connections between terrorist attacks and tourists' arrivals, occurred between 2002 and the end of 2016, an Unrestricted Vector Autoregressive model was used for multivariate time series analysis. The main results show that terrorist attacks have a strong impact on tourist arrivals and confirm the existence of terrorism spillover, namely the substitution and generalization effects phenomena.


id: cord-316736-fz1yfhme
author: Munoz-Navarro, R.
date: 2020-05-30
url: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.05.30.20117457
doi: 10.1101/2020.05.30.20117457
title:
  Emotional distress and associated sociodemographic risk factors during the COVID-19 outbreak in Spain

abstract:
  Background Spain is one of the countries that has been most affected by COVID-19 disease. However, the emotional distress on the Spanish population remains poorly understood. The aim of this study was to determine the presence of emotional disorders and related symptoms and to assess the influence of sociodemographic characteristics on this population. Methods We conducted a cross-sectional survey using an online platform. Participation was completely voluntary. Sociodemographic variables were collected and symptoms of anxiety, depression, and panic were assessed through three questionnaires: Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7), Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9), and the Patient Health Questionnaire-Panic Disorder (PHQ-PD). Chi-squared statistics were applied to determine the influence of sociodemographic variables on symptom severity and diagnosis. Results Most respondents (n=1753) were female (76.8%), with a mean (SD) age of 40.4 (12.9) years; 39.1% were married and 39.5% held a high school degree. Severe and moderate symptoms of anxiety and depression were high (6.5% and 14.3%; 9.9% and 12.9%, respectively) and more than one in four participants (25.7%) experienced a panic attack. A high proportion of participants met diagnostic criteria for emotional disorders: 15.3% for GAD; 12.2% for MDD; and 17.2% for PD. Significant risk factors were as follows: female, young adult, single, unemployed, and low income. Conclusion Due to limitations related to the study design (convenience sample), the findings of these study may not be applicable to the general population. Nonetheless, the high prevalence of emotional symptoms and disorders in this sample suggests that mental health interventions are urgently needed in Spain.


id: cord-320134-823msjjc
author: Knez, Matjaz
date: 2020-08-29
url: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10098-020-01909-9
doi: 10.1007/s10098-020-01909-9
title:
  Features influencing policy recommendations for the promotion of zero-emission vehicles in Slovenia, Spain, and Poland

abstract:
  ABSTRACT: To make society more sustainable, cleaner transportation technologies, such as zero-emission vehicles and sustainable mobility, are being investigated, promoted, and supported by different policy measures. The emphasis of this paper is determining the zero-emission vehicle features that can influence specific policy recommendations; this understanding can boost zero-emission vehicle use as a potential cleaner transportation technology among different consumer segments in different EU member states. A customer-oriented study of over 1500 Slovenians, Spaniards, and Poles revealed the most relevant zero-emission vehicle-purchasing features are: (a) vehicle price and (b) fuel economy. The percentage of potential zero-emission vehicle buyers is said to rise to 80% should the price of electric cars decrease and fuel price increase accordingly, i.e. by 30% and 50%, respectively. Concerning the car price, Slovenian and Polish consumers’ preferences are similar, and 40% of them (and up to 85% of Spaniards) would consider buying one if the price drops by 25%. Women in all three studied countries are more interested in zero-emission vehicles than men are. Different policies should be used in Poland, where people are not as interested in zero-emission vehicles as Spanish and Slovenian consumers are. Customer segmentation in all three groups pointed out that Poland has the highest share (19%) of "No-green" consumers, whereas Spain has the highest share (60%) of "Go-green" consumers, i.e. consumers who would consider buying a zero-emission vehicle in the foreseeable future. GRAPHIC ABSTRACT: [Image: see text]


id: cord-324635-27q3nxte
title: The situation of infection in the elderly in Spain: a multidisciplinary opinion document
author: Bouza, Emilio
date: 2020-09-08
txt: ./txt/cord-324635-27q3nxte.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-324635-27q3nxte.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.37201/req/057.2020
doi: 10.37201/req/057.2020
summary:
  Thus, for long-term care facility (LTCF) residents and in hospitalised elderly people, UTI is the number one cause of infection and is the second most common in older women living in the community [19] . The first data on infection in nursing homes in Spain come from the EPINGER study, conducted in community health centres in Catalonia, which reported a prevalence of 6.5%, although it should be pointed out that in Catalonia the concept of the community health centre would include medium-long term patients, while in the rest of the Spanish autonomous communities this concept would be limited to nursing homes [40] . This is a multi-centre system for monitoring nosocomial infections, based on the production of an annual prevalence study, which has been conducted since 1990 in a large group of hospitals in Spain and was promoted by the Spanish Society of Preventive Medicine, Public Health and Hygiene. The studies reviewed allow us to estimate a prevalence of infection of between 4 and 10% in nursing homes in Spain, depending on their complexity, and between 6 and 9% in hospitalised elderly people.

abstract:
  Infection in the elderly is a huge issue whose treatment usually has partial and specific approaches. It is, moreover, one of the areas where intervention can have the most success in improving the quality of life of older patients. In an attempt to give the widest possible focus to this issue, the Health Sciences Foundation has convened experts from different areas to produce this position paper on Infection in the Elderly, so as to compare the opinions of expert doctors and nurses, pharmacists, journalists, representatives of elderly associations and concluding with the ethical aspects raised by the issue. The format is that of discussion of a series of pre-formulated questions that were discussed by all those present. We begin by discussing the concept of the elderly, the reasons for their predisposition to infection, the most frequent infections and their causes, and the workload and economic burden they place on society. We also considered whether we had the data to estimate the proportion of these infections that could be reduced by specific programmes, including vaccination programmes. In this context, the limited presence of this issue in the media, the position of scientific societies and patient associations on the issue and the ethical aspects raised by all this were discussed.


id: cord-325077-j77wbcr3
author: Prado-Gascó, Vicente
date: 2020-09-30
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33101136/
doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.566900
title:
  Stay at Home and Teach: A Comparative Study of Psychosocial Risks Between Spain and Mexico During the Pandemic

abstract:
  CONTEXT: The emergency situation caused by coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has affected different facets of society. Although much of the attention is focused on the health sector, other sectors such as education have also experienced profound transformations and impacts. This sector is usually highly affected by psychosocial risks, and this could be aggravated during the current health emergency. Psychosocial risks may cause health problems, lack of motivation, and a decrease of effectiveness at work, which in turn affect the quality of teaching. Despite their importance, there are hardly any studies that analyze psychosocial risks of non-university teachers during a health emergency such as that caused by COVID-19. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to analyze the perception of COVID-19 and the psychosocial risks of non-university teachers comparing Spain and Mexico during the state of alarm caused by COVID-19. METHODS: Data were collected from 421 non-university teachers (80.2% women; 56.3% from Mexico, 43.7% from Spain) aged 24–60 (M = 39.32, SD = 10.21) via a self-completed questionnaire during the pandemic from March to April 2020. RESULTS: Data analysis suggests that inequity is the most important risk, followed by work overload. Teachers appear to be moderately satisfied with the information on COVID-19 and the measures taken, while their satisfaction with the available resources is lower. When comparing the two countries, significant differences can be observed in every risk considered except for social support, with lower levels in Mexican teachers compared to Spanish ones. In the case of the perception of COVID-19 and its impact, the perception in general of levels of information, measures, and resources is better among Mexican teachers than among Spanish ones, who present higher scores of the impact of the health emergency. CONCLUSION: The results underline the importance of the professional’s perception of resources during a health emergency, which could prevent to some extent burnout and possible alterations associated with it. The measures taken by the responsible entities and the provision of information do affect teachers not only directly but also indirectly by making them more vulnerable to psychosocial risks that could affect their health and professional performance, thus affecting students as well.


id: cord-343685-iq3njzoi
author: Martin-Olalla, J. M.
date: 2020-08-07
url: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.08.06.20169326
doi: 10.1101/2020.08.06.20169326
title:
  Age disaggregation of crude excess deaths during the 2020 spring COVID-19 outbreak in Spain and Netherlands

abstract:
  Spanish and Dutch official records of mortality and population during the 21st century are analyzed to determine the age specific crude death rate in the 2020 spring COVID-19 outbreak. Excess death rate increases exponentially with age showing a doubling time [5.0,5.6]a (Spain) and [3.9,6.7]a (Netherlands), roughing doubling every five years of increase in age.The effective infection fatality rate in Spain also shows this doubling time. Statistically significant mortality increase is noted above 45a (Spain) and 60a (Netherlands). A statistically significant increase of mortality is also noted in Spain for the youngest age group.


id: cord-343938-0pr18nc9
author: de la Cuesta-González, Marta
date: 2020-05-25
txt: ./txt/cord-343938-0pr18nc9.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-343938-0pr18nc9.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-020-04529-x
doi: 10.1007/s10551-020-04529-x
summary:
  We illustrate in this paper how corporate responsibility at the sector level in retail banking is the product of context-specific processes of negotiation between civil society and public authorities, on behalf of customers and other stakeholders, drawing on legal and other institutions to influence industry behaviour. The analysis draws on the literature to address two questions: first, how in principle ICR might come about, either through industry leadership or coalition building by stakeholders, before exploring resistances to change; and, second, what conditions might allow some actions to be more effective, including the importance of power, legitimacy, magnitude and urgency. Overall, the analysis in this paper has illustrated how corporate responsibility at the sector level in retail banking is, first, the product of contextspecific processes of negotiation between the sector, civil society and public authorities, on behalf of customers and other stakeholders; and, second, has only limited momentum in enabling behavioural change beyond the initial catalysing events.

title:
  Coalitions and Public Action in the Reshaping of Corporate Responsibility: The Case of the Retail Banking Industry

abstract:
  This paper addresses the question of whether and how public action via civil society and/or government can meaningfully shape industry-wide corporate responsibility (ICR) behaviour. We explore how, in principle, ICR can come about and what conditions might be effective in promoting more ethical behaviour. We propose a framework to understand attempts to develop more responsible behaviour at an industry level through processes of negotiation and coalition building. We suggest that any attempt to meaningfully influence ICR would require stakeholders to possess both power and legitimacy; moreover, magnitude and urgency of the issue at stake may affect the ability to influence ICR. The framework is applied to the retail banking industry, focusing on post-crisis experiences in two countries—Spain and the UK—where there has been considerable pressure on the retail banking industry by civil society and/or government to change behaviours, especially to abandon unethical practices. We illustrate in this paper how corporate responsibility at the sector level in retail banking is the product of context-specific processes of negotiation between civil society and public authorities, on behalf of customers and other stakeholders, drawing on legal and other institutions to influence industry behaviour.


id: cord-352717-g247rjh9
author: Guirao, B.
date: 2016-12-31
url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S2352146516307827
doi: 10.1016/j.trpro.2016.12.027
title:
  The Assessment of the HSR Impacts on Spanish Tourism: An Approach Based on Multivariate Panel Data Analysis

abstract:
  Abstract Literature review shows that little research has done so far to estimate how tourism indicators are affected by new High Speed Rail (HSR) lines. In 2012, a multivariate panel analysis developed by Chen and Haynes was applied to the Chinese regions to quantify the HSR impact on tourism output. The Chinese experience confirmed that, during the period 1999-2010, emerging high speed rail services did have significant positive impacts on boosting tourism in China. Since them, no similar empirical tool has ever been tested in Europe. The aim of this paper is to analyze and validate the suitability of this tool to assess empirically the effects of HSR on Spanish tourism during the period 1999-2014, and to enhance the abovementioned model with a tourism database. With more than 20 years’ HSR experience, and operating the longest HSR network in Europe (2,900 km), Spain offers a good scenario for this model application because Spanish tourism sector represents 10.2% of its gross domestic product (GDP). Results clearly show that there is a direct linkage between the evolution of certain Spanish tourism outputs and the construction of the HSR network. However, authorś recommendations include future new research on some variables limitations like the type of tourism output considered or the consideration of alternative explanatory indicators.


id: cord-354814-frlc6694
title: Anomalous atmospheric circulation favored the spread of COVID-19 in Europe
author: Sanchez-Lorenzo, A.
date: 2020-05-01
txt: ./txt/cord-354814-frlc6694.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-354814-frlc6694.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.04.25.20079590
doi: 10.1101/2020.04.25.20079590
summary:
  In this study we show that an unusual persistent anticyclonic situation prevailing in southwestern Europe during February 2020 (i.e. anomalously strong positive phase of the North Atlantic and Arctic Oscillations) could have resulted in favorable conditions, in terms of air temperature and humidity, in Italy and Spain for a quicker spread of the virus compared with the rest of the European countries. These results evidence that it seems plausible that the positive phase of the NAO, and the atmospheric conditions associated with it, provided optimal conditions for the spread of the COVID-19 in southern countries like Spain and Italy, where both the start and the most severe impacts of the outbreak in Europe were located. . https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.04.25.20079590 doi: medRxiv preprint patterns described above for the current COVID-19 outbreak, both in terms of the spatial distribution of the mortality of the pandemic over Europe as well as in prevailing atmospheric circulation conditions before the major outbreak.

abstract:
  The current pandemic caused by the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 is having negative health, social and economic consequences worldwide. In Europe, the pandemic started to develop strongly at the end of February and beginning of March 2020. It has subsequently spread over the continent, with special virulence in northern Italy and inland Spain. In this study we show that an unusual persistent anticyclonic situation prevailing in southwestern Europe during February 2020 (i.e. anomalously strong positive phase of the North Atlantic and Arctic Oscillations) could have resulted in favorable conditions, in terms of air temperature and humidity, in Italy and Spain for a quicker spread of the virus compared with the rest of the European countries. It seems plausible that the strong atmospheric stability and associated dry conditions that dominated in these regions may have favored the virus's propagation, by short-range droplet transmission as well as likely by long-range aerosol (airborne) transmission.


id: cord-355935-psnqrdo2
title: A Spatio‐Temporal Analysis of the Environmental Correlates of COVID‐19 Incidence in Spain
author: Paez, Antonio
date: 2020-06-08
txt: ./txt/cord-355935-psnqrdo2.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-355935-psnqrdo2.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1111/gean.12241
doi: 10.1111/gean.12241
summary:
  Use of spatial Seemingly Unrelated Regressions (SUR) allows us to model the incidence of reported cases of the disease per 100,000 population as an interregional contagion process, in addition to a function of temperature, humidity, and sunshine. We adopt a population health approach, and report results from a spatio-temporal model of the incidence of COVID-19 in the coterminous provinces in Spain, one of the countries hardest hit by the pandemic. Higher incidence is associated with higher GDP per capita and presence of mass transit systems in the province; in contrast, population density and percentage of older adults display negative associations with incidence of COVID-19. The coefficients of the spatially lagged variable are estimated for each time period ρ t and identify the intensity and the sign of the contagion effect. Fig. 3 includes three maps that display the spatial variation of our control variables, namely GDP per capita, percentage of older adults in province, population density, and presence of mass transit systems.

abstract:
  The novel SARS‐CoV2 has disrupted health systems and the economy, and public health interventions to slow its spread have been costly. How and when to ease restrictions to movement hinges in part on whether SARS‐CoV2 will display seasonality due to variations in temperature, humidity, and hours of sunshine. Here, we address this question by means of a spatio‐temporal analysis in Spain of the incidence of COVID‐19, the disease caused by the virus. Use of spatial Seemingly Unrelated Regressions (SUR) allows us to model the incidence of reported cases of the disease per 100,000 population as an interregional contagion process, in addition to a function of temperature, humidity, and sunshine. In the analysis we also control for GDP per capita, percentage of older adults in the population, population density, and presence of mass transit systems. The results support the hypothesis that incidence of the disease is lower at higher temperatures and higher levels of humidity. Sunshine, in contrast, displays a positive association with incidence of the disease. Our control variables also yield interesting insights. Higher incidence is associated with higher GDP per capita and presence of mass transit systems in the province; in contrast, population density and percentage of older adults display negative associations with incidence of COVID‐19.


