cord-007890-bie1veti	2002	Effects of Interferon alpha plus ribavirine therapy on frequencies of HCV, HIV and CMV specific CD4-T-cell responses in peripheral blood of HIV/HCV coinfected patients after 6 months of treatment SoA9.5 Methods: Two groups of patients with chronic HCV infection were studied: 26 HIV coinfected progressors with antiretroviral therapy and 13 HIV-negative controls. In order to assess the local temporal trend of antibiotic sensitivity of the most common urinary tract bacterial pathogen, all urine-cultured Escherichia coli isolates were reviewed as to susceptibility profile, and specimen source (community-versus hospital-acquired infection). Methods: A total of 87 penicillin resistant clinical strains isolated from patients at Hacettepe Children''s Hospital, Ankara, Turkey between 1999 and 2001 were tested for their in vitro susceptibility to various antibiotics that are commonly used in the treatment of respiratory tract infections.
cord-010300-z33hblvi	2020	infantum infection in dogs in Spain, Part II: current clinical management and control according to a national survey of veterinary practitioners While knowledge about CanL, its management, treatment, prevention and control mounts, it remains unclear whether all clinical veterinarians follow the same international recommendations, such as those of the LeishVet group. Canine leishmaniosis (CanL) is an important parasitic zoonotic disease caused by Leishmania infantum, endemic in the Mediterranean basin including Spain. infantum infection, the clinical signs observed, the diagnostic techniques and the complementary analyses used for the diagnosis of CanL and its monitoring, treatment, disease progression, control measures, vaccination and information provided to the owner. Veterinarians also need to make owners aware that culling CanL positive dogs is not an adequate disease control measure, as confirmed in studies conducted in Brazil where culling seropositive dogs failed to reduce the incidence of canine or human leishmaniosis [90] [91] [92] .
cord-017158-w2tlq6ho	2007	
cord-023773-sqojhvwx	2020	The present study analyses the interest of both experts and the general population in the economic-financial crisis that has affected Spain up until 2019. The present work analyses the interest demonstrated by both the general population and economic scholars (and those from related areas) in the economic-financial crisis that affected Spain up until the observed period (2019). Naturally, the goal of the present study was not verifying any previously proposed hypothesis about the interest of academics in the Spanish financial crisis, but simply exploring the trends and patterns in such interest through the analysis of published researches. Related search terms that present a punctual increase include "Spain financial crisis" and "Spanish Economic crisis". The content analysis carried out on the works from the most proliferous authors within the topic indicates that construction is amongst the most addressed industries or sectors in researches related to the crisis.
cord-027960-qzg2jsz6	2020	
cord-028308-50pck13g	2020	
cord-146091-kpvxdhcu	2020	In this study we show that an unusual persistent anticyclonic situation prevailing in southwestern Europe during February 2020 (i.e. anomalously strong positive phase of the North Atlantic and Arctic Oscillations) could have resulted in favorable conditions, in terms of air temperature and humidity, in Italy and Spain for a quicker spread of the virus compared with the rest of the European countries. These results evidence that it seems plausible that the positive phase of the NAO, and the atmospheric conditions associated with it, provided optimal conditions for the spread of the COVID-19 in southern countries like Spain and Italy, where both the start and the most severe impacts of the outbreak in Europe were located. Taking into account these results, we claim that the major initial outbreaks of COVID-19 in Europe (i.e., Italy and Spain) may be favored by an anomalous atmospheric circulation pattern in February, characterized by a positive phase of the NAO and AO.
cord-168710-a5pst4gf	2020	In this paper, we use a spatio-temporal stochastic model to explain the temporal and spatial variations in the daily number of new confirmed cases in Spain, Italy and Germany from late February to mid September 2020. To account for the underlying temporal and spatial autocorrelation structure in the spread of COVID-19, available data on the daily number of new cases and deaths in different countries/regions have already been analyzed in a considerable number of studies. Variations of the random rate Λ it relative to the expected number of cases E it provide useful information about the spatio-temporal risk of COVID-19 in the whole spatial domain of interest during the study period. For example, a histogram with heights Table 4 presents the Bayesian estimates (posterior means) for every parameter of the considered model fitted to the daily number of new COVID-19 cases in Spain, Italy and Germany.
cord-205189-4be24yda	2020	We see that the new case predictions reflects twitter sentiment, meaningfully tied to a trigger sub-event that enables policy-related findings for Spain and India to be effectively compared. To this end, we juxtapose Spain and India''s epidemiological data to identify a date when the curves show the number of new cases diverging from each other, and India started showing worsening conditions.Although it could be argued that the differences we see in cases were due to travel from hotspots, it''s important to note that India closed its borders by suspending all international flights starting March 22nd, in addition to taking steps to suspend inter-state travel by suspending domestic flights and domestic trains throughout the time frame of our analysis 3 . On the data from these states/regions, we did visualizations of counts of new cases during April and May. This period was essential to assess the effectiveness of government policies in controlling the COVID-19 pandemic.
cord-232959-jcnvnn2k	2020	
cord-264993-cj75bdm2	2008	A esta cifra hay que añadir los extranjeros residentes en España que visitan a sus familiares y amigos en sus países de origen, un colectivo con un riesgo especial de contraer infecciones, sobre todo los niños, ya que allí viven en las mismas condiciones que la población local y no suelen solicitar consejos al viajero por una baja percepción del riesgo sanitario. En las consultas especializadas de medicina tropical y del viajero, la mayoría de los pacientes presenta fiebre, diarrea, clínica respiratoria o dermatológica 3 , y un estudio limitado suele ser suficiente para el diagnóstico. No obstante, la mayoría de los casos de loiasis importados son asintomáticos o se presentan en forma de eosinofilia, a veces con prurito, por lo que algunos autores recomiendan el cribado sistemático con estudio de microfilarias en sangre de los inmigrantes procedentes de las zonas endémicas 45 . Por este motivo se diagnostican más viriasis importadas en viajeros que en inmigrantes y no han supuesto hasta ahora un riesgo importante para la salud pública en España.
cord-266771-zesp6q0w	2020	We build a new, complete map of the main roads at the beginning of the eighteenth century along with the matrix of transport costs for all the important towns describing the communications network. The second statement posits that the new roads generated significant changes in the transport network that led to improving the communications of Madrid with the periphery instead of activating the growth of the interior regions (Ringrose 1972; Anes 1974; Carr 1978; Madrazo Madrazo 1984b) . To verify this statement, quite consolidated in the literature though not entirely (Grafe 2012), we will use three hypotheses: H2.A ''The newly paved roads produced important changes on the interregional mobility patterns''; H2.B ''The improvements in accessibility resulting from the newly paved roads were concentrated in a few regions, mainly Madrid and the coastal regions, which was a comparative disadvantage for the inland regions,'' or, in other words, ''those investments affected the regions differently''; H2.C ''The effects were mainly at the level of cities, not so much of regions.''
cord-273494-cl60qmu3	2016	
cord-274532-i1g9ikdb	2020	
cord-274778-wds40e6i	2020	
cord-281716-e9fo38gy	2008	
cord-281961-5mdiwzvc	2020	
cord-283979-1dn7at6k	2018	
cord-284017-1fz90e3k	2020	
cord-290967-u0xx47dl	2016	
cord-293717-j4w6mq0f	2020	CONCLUSION: We found a decrease in the number of ischemic stroke admissions and an increase in in-hospital mortality during the COVID-19 epidemic in this large study from North-West Spain. We aimed to analyze the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic outbreak on hospital ischemic stroke admissions as well as the use of reperfusion therapies and inhospital mortality in tertiary referral hospitals from North-West Spain. We used descriptive statistics to compare the incidence of stroke admissions before and after the setting of the state of emergency in Spain, expressed in strokes per week (W) and the differences between the other study variables (IVT, EVT, in-hospital mortality, and wake-up strokes or unknown-onset time) in those periods. This study demonstrates a decrease in stroke admissions and an increase in stroke mortality during the COVID-19 pandemic across 16 centers within the NORDICTUS network including Arago''n, Asturias, Cantabria, Castilla y Leo''n, Euskadi, Galicia, La Rioja, and Navarra in North-West Spain.
cord-295358-8niqpwvc	2020	We conducted segmented, linear regressions on log-transformed data to identify changes in the slope of these curves and/or sudden shifts in the number of cases (i.e. changes in the intercept) at fitted breaking points, and compared their results with a timeline including both key events of the epidemic and containment measures taken by the national and regional governments. The dropdown in the rate of infections coincides with an increase of the awareness of the Spanish population (due to the reporting of a rapidly increasing number of cases and deaths, i.e. the delayed perception of the events of phase 1) and the issuing of official recommendations for the prevention and treatment of COVID infections, but precedes the legal enforcement of most social-distancing measures by the regional and central governments (see Figure 5 , Table S1 ).
cord-295543-nj4a640t	2020	
cord-301527-i3xz1rfi	2009	Twenty-five serum samples of 22 free-living European wildcats (Felis silvestris) captured from 1991 to 1993 in central Spain were tested for evidence of exposure to seven feline pathogens. The results suggest that some agents probably had a reservoir in domestic cats and may cause some undetected morbidity/mortality in the studied wildcat population, whereas others, such as FeLV and FCV, may be enzootic. The aims of the present study were (1) to assess the seroprevalence against feline disease agents in free-living wildcats and (2) to examine whether prevalence, number of detected agents, and similarity between wildcats in the composition of the pathogens they were exposed to were related with sex, season, and body condition. Seroprevalence to the different studied disease agents in the wildcat population of Toledo Mountains was either in the range of, or higher than, values previously reported in Europe (Artois and Remond 1994; McOrist et al.
cord-307846-t8ejmq71	2020	
cord-308005-t0bf5nos	2020	The communications obtained from the Instagram social media platform and online forums only showed statistically significant differences in the emotional response related to anger (p < 0.05), but no significant differences in the emotional responses related to fear, sadness, uncertainty, disgust or joy (p > 0.05). The communications obtained from the Instagram social media platform and online forums only showed statistically significant differences in the emotional response related to anger (p < 0.05), but no significant differences in the emotional responses related to fear, sadness, uncertainty, disgust or joy (p > 0.05). The amount of user-generated content and social-media communications related to the social distancing, self-isolation and quarantine measures in Spain increased rapidly and steadily during Stage 1 of the study period. The amount of user-generated content and social-media communications related to the social distancing, self-isolation and quarantine measures in Spain increased rapidly and steadily during Stage 1 of the study period.
cord-308658-38f8ftmh	2020	Our results are in line with the most recent recommendations from the World Health Organization, namely, that the best strategy is the early detection and isolation of individuals with symptoms, followed by interventions and public recommendations aimed at reducing the transmissibility of the disease, which although not efficacious for disease eradication, would produce as a second-order effect a delay of several days in the raise of the number of infected cases Here, we follow the modeling path and analyze, through a data-driven stochastic SEIR-metapopulation model, the temporal and spatial transmission of the COVID-19 disease in Spain as well as the expected impact of possible and customary contention measures. Figure 4 shows the expected hitting time for each province when the disease starts from 5 different locations, as well as one case with seeds in multiple places, as obtained from the SEIR metapopulation model.
cord-315248-hww7duvj	2020	The Tourism Area Life Cycle (TALC) theory by Butler (1980) proposes an S-shaped growth trend for the evolution of the number of tourists to a specific tourist destination. Taking into account the logistic growth models by Lundtorp and Wanhill (2001) and Albaladejo and Martínez-García (2017) , this paper will show that the TALC theory can be validated by testing whether a logistic or bilogistic growth trend is a long-run equilibrium path to tourism evolution. Albaladejo and Martínez-García (2017) go further and propose a multilogistic growth model, which is characterized by a non-constant carrying capacity, to represent the superposition of several life cycles in the tourism performance of a destination. A rejection of the null hypothesis of Harley-Mills test would indicate that the shocks to tourism are temporary, and that tourism arrivals in Spain would probably be a stationary time series around a double S-shaped curve, providing empirical evidence in favor of two tourism area life cycles.
cord-316050-mqrx003q	2020	The main results show that terrorist attacks have a strong impact on tourist arrivals and confirm the existence of terrorism spillover, namely the substitution and generalization effects phenomena. The decline in tourists'' arrivals and receipts caused by terrorism is well documented in several countries and regions since the 90s and has affected countries like Spain (Enders & Sandler, 1991) , European countries ( (Enders, Sandler, & Parise, 1992; Radić, Dragičević, & Sotošek, 2018) , the Mediterranean region (Drakos & Kutan, 2003) , non-democratic countries and Africa (Blomberg, Hess, & Orphanides, 2004) , the USA (Bonham, Edmonds, & Mak, 2006; Goodrich, 2002) , Israel (Eckstein & Tsiddon, 2004; Fleisher & Buccola, 2002; Morag, 2006; Pizam & Fleischer, 2002) , Italy (Greenbaum & Hultquist, 2006) , Nepal (Baral, Baral, & Nigel, 2004) , Ireland (O''Connor, Stafford, & Gallagher, 2008) , Fiji and Kenya (Fletcher & Morakabati, 2008) , Nigeria (Adora, 2010) ; Turkey (Feridun, 2011; Ozsoy & Sahin, 2006) , Pakistan (Raza & Jawaid, 2013) , the Middle East (Bassil, 2014) , the Caribbean (Lutz & Lutz, 2018) , Tunisia (Lanouar & Goaied, 2019) , and worlwide (Liu & Pratt, 2017; Llorca-Vivero, 2008; Neumayer & Plümper, 2016) . Terrorism in Greece, Germany, and France positively affects tourist arrivals from America, while terrorist events occurred in Israel, Russia and Spain will have a negative effect on the number of American tourists who choose Portugal as their destination.
cord-316736-fz1yfhme	2020	
cord-320134-823msjjc	2020	
cord-324635-27q3nxte	2020	Thus, for long-term care facility (LTCF) residents and in hospitalised elderly people, UTI is the number one cause of infection and is the second most common in older women living in the community [19] . The first data on infection in nursing homes in Spain come from the EPINGER study, conducted in community health centres in Catalonia, which reported a prevalence of 6.5%, although it should be pointed out that in Catalonia the concept of the community health centre would include medium-long term patients, while in the rest of the Spanish autonomous communities this concept would be limited to nursing homes [40] . This is a multi-centre system for monitoring nosocomial infections, based on the production of an annual prevalence study, which has been conducted since 1990 in a large group of hospitals in Spain and was promoted by the Spanish Society of Preventive Medicine, Public Health and Hygiene. The studies reviewed allow us to estimate a prevalence of infection of between 4 and 10% in nursing homes in Spain, depending on their complexity, and between 6 and 9% in hospitalised elderly people.
cord-325077-j77wbcr3	2020	
cord-343685-iq3njzoi	2020	
cord-343938-0pr18nc9	2020	We illustrate in this paper how corporate responsibility at the sector level in retail banking is the product of context-specific processes of negotiation between civil society and public authorities, on behalf of customers and other stakeholders, drawing on legal and other institutions to influence industry behaviour. The analysis draws on the literature to address two questions: first, how in principle ICR might come about, either through industry leadership or coalition building by stakeholders, before exploring resistances to change; and, second, what conditions might allow some actions to be more effective, including the importance of power, legitimacy, magnitude and urgency. Overall, the analysis in this paper has illustrated how corporate responsibility at the sector level in retail banking is, first, the product of contextspecific processes of negotiation between the sector, civil society and public authorities, on behalf of customers and other stakeholders; and, second, has only limited momentum in enabling behavioural change beyond the initial catalysing events.
cord-352717-g247rjh9	2016	
cord-354814-frlc6694	2020	In this study we show that an unusual persistent anticyclonic situation prevailing in southwestern Europe during February 2020 (i.e. anomalously strong positive phase of the North Atlantic and Arctic Oscillations) could have resulted in favorable conditions, in terms of air temperature and humidity, in Italy and Spain for a quicker spread of the virus compared with the rest of the European countries. These results evidence that it seems plausible that the positive phase of the NAO, and the atmospheric conditions associated with it, provided optimal conditions for the spread of the COVID-19 in southern countries like Spain and Italy, where both the start and the most severe impacts of the outbreak in Europe were located. . https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.04.25.20079590 doi: medRxiv preprint patterns described above for the current COVID-19 outbreak, both in terms of the spatial distribution of the mortality of the pandemic over Europe as well as in prevailing atmospheric circulation conditions before the major outbreak.
cord-355935-psnqrdo2	2020	Use of spatial Seemingly Unrelated Regressions (SUR) allows us to model the incidence of reported cases of the disease per 100,000 population as an interregional contagion process, in addition to a function of temperature, humidity, and sunshine. We adopt a population health approach, and report results from a spatio-temporal model of the incidence of COVID-19 in the coterminous provinces in Spain, one of the countries hardest hit by the pandemic. Higher incidence is associated with higher GDP per capita and presence of mass transit systems in the province; in contrast, population density and percentage of older adults display negative associations with incidence of COVID-19. The coefficients of the spatially lagged variable are estimated for each time period ρ t and identify the intensity and the sign of the contagion effect. Fig. 3 includes three maps that display the spatial variation of our control variables, namely GDP per capita, percentage of older adults in province, population density, and presence of mass transit systems.