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pos: NNP
token:
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lemma:
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id: cord-033759-cjxzenld
pos: NNP
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lemma:
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id: cord-033714-rz5unqaz
pos: NNP
token:
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lemma:
  https://oecddevelopment-matters.org/2020/04/22/the-covid-19-crisis-income-support-to-informal-workers-isnecessary-and-possible


# ent

id: cord-011023-eahx37cy
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  The Conundrums of Counselling Women in Violent Intimate Partner Relationships in South Africa Implications for Practice


id: cord-011023-eahx37cy
type: ORG
entity:
  the Rhodes University Psychology Department s Research Projects and Ethics Review Committee Counsellors


id: cord-031316-yvid6qps
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  cord 031316 yvid6qps authors Bisimwa Patrick N Ongus Juliette R Tiambo Christian K Machuka Eunice M Bisimwa Espoir B Steinaa


id: cord-027859-citynr6c
type: ORG
entity:
  Health Organization Acute Respiratory Infections Geneva World Health Organization Indoor Air Pollution Energy and Health for the Poor Estimate of global


id: cord-027859-citynr6c
type: FAC
entity:
  Africa Global Strategy for the Prevention and Control of Non Communicable Diseases Geneva World Health Organization Global Comparative Assessments


id: cord-021224-dqfmrm6m
type: ORG
entity:
  College Clarkson University DePaul University Hofstra University Michigan State University Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute


id: cord-102885-5y9nkal3
type: DNA
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  PQ 16 scores total t 395 1 56 p 12 distress t 395 1 35 p 18 and loneliness t 395 1 24 p 22 See Figure 3 Figure 3


id: cord-102218-jnigcguz
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  Sleep Duration and Quality Impact on Lifestyle Behaviors and Cardiometabolic Health A Scientific Statement From the Sleep


id: cord-102218-jnigcguz
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  A State of the Art Review Role of Sleep Duration and Quality in the Risk and Severity of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Impact


id: cord-269362-pne9qolr
type: LAW
entity:
  Physical Environment Specific Occupational Health Practices and Hazards Specific Infection Control Practices Equipment and Procedures and


id: cord-299573-vq6ckqtd
type: DNA
entity:
  PEDV T1 GTGGTTTTGGTYRTAAATGC 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 and T2 CACTAACCAACGTGGARCTA 855 874


id: cord-271602-f14wccj3
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  Determine Compliance with Ambient Air Quality Standards for Suspended Particles Regional Contributions to


id: cord-295622-znmpheia
type: GGP
entity:
  SSN i e Sistema Sanitario Nazionale and the expected need for treatment required by forecasts on the


id: cord-295622-znmpheia
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing Vienna R Foundation for Statistical Computing COVID 19


id: cord-345662-vm5btiue
type: GGP
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  Soc Sci DOI 10 1016 j erss 2020 101784 sha 2cfad9dd67889ed702326cbf98d2e3575c0051a8 doc_id 345662 cord_uid vm5btiue Existing socio technical systems tend


id: cord-017741-5apdhf2e
type: ORG
entity:
  the Sources of Growth Economic Demographic and Institutional Determinants of Life Insurance Consumption


id: cord-018332-893cckyz
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  The Heart of Redness Situating Ecology in Recent South African Fiction J M Coetzee s The Lives of Animals


id: cord-033714-rz5unqaz
type: ORG
entity:
  the Multiple Benefits of Climate Resilience and Inclusive Development in Informal Settlements Fighting


id: cord-340848-gdi4c92i
type: ORG
entity:
  Emergency Management Research and Practice in Public Administration Emergency Evolution Expansion and


id: cord-263698-5w70yhvy
type: ORG
entity:
  Korean Society for Antimicrobial Therapy Korean Society for Healthcare associated Infection Control and Prevention


id: cord-263650-jxkjn8ld
type: DNA
entity:
  AMERICANS 11 2 75 79 2 65 69 3 Alzheimer s 7 mothers 5 With caregiver 1 9 0 1 75 79 1 pace maker 1 father 3 independently 10 19 2 2 80 84 2 diabetes 1 husband 3 nursing homes 20 29 1 1 85 89 1 prostate cancer 1 daughter


# url

id: cord-033759-cjxzenld
domain: www.newyorker.com
url:
  http://www.newyorker.com/news/dispatch/the-comforts-of-south-koreas-coronavirusresponse?fbclid=IwAR2k5EOUHMUwlzIAB6MgwjJaYrcKB8-pENpvliJLOh7xud0D848PR-LanHqw


id: cord-033759-cjxzenld
domain: www.nytimes.com
url:
  http://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/23/world/asia/coronavirus-south-korea-flattencurve.html?fbclid=IwAR3gM6G9QrqRQYtJjeBbhihr0SML6nelFvdSj12Cu6AVz65i9vyCsY-JuOGQ


id: cord-033714-rz5unqaz
domain: oecddevelopment-matters.org
url:
  http://oecddevelopment-matters.org/2020/04/22/the-covid-19-crisis-income-support-to-informal-workers-isnecessary-and-possible


# bib

id: cord-011023-eahx37cy
author: Fleischack, Anne
date: 2019-06-08
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7223381/
doi: 10.1007/s10447-019-09384-8
title:
  The Conundrums of Counselling Women in Violent Intimate Partner Relationships in South Africa: Implications for Practice

abstract:
  Little research focuses on how counsellors experience counselling encounters concerning intimate partner violence. This study reports on narrative research conducted with eight South African non-governmental organisation counsellors. Participants spoke of creating productive and caring counselling dynamics, and providing non-directive counselling. However, they also indicated providing moral guidance, particularly in cases where pregnancy or children were involved. Success was viewed rather narrowly as the women leaving the relationship, setting up ‘all-or-nothing’ outcomes. Such ‘success’ led to counsellor happiness, whilst failure in this regard led to counsellors experiencing anger and burn-out. We conclude that the conundrums evident in these data are grounded in patriarchal systems, limiting the efficacy of counselling based on a bondage and deliverance narrative. Implications for practice and training are also outlined.


id: cord-011903-zqt6vu6d
author: Duby, Zoe
date: 2020-07-18
txt: ./txt/cord-011903-zqt6vu6d.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-011903-zqt6vu6d.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7368608/
doi: 10.1007/s10461-020-02974-3
summary:
  Poor mental health, including depressive disorders and stress, contributes significantly to the burden of disease in South Africa, and other parts of sub-Saharan Africa, and is also associated with negative sexual and reproductive health (SRH) outcomes for women, such as ''unintended'' or early pregnancy, and increased risk behaviours for HIV [1] [2] [3] . In the accounts of AGYW, poor mental health, including depression and suicidal risk were linked to sexual/ romantic relationship challenges, early pregnancy and child-bearing, parenting responsibilities, experiences of violence/abuse, HIV status, and lack of emotional support. Building on previous research that has found associations between depressive symptoms and psychological distress related to pregnancy, combined with a lack of social support amongst South African women [16] , our findings provide rich descriptive data on the lived reality of the interconnected psychosocial risks including stress, emotional isolation, feelings of depression and suicidal ideation, with ''unintended'' pregnancy and HIV that AGYW in South Africa face, from their own perspectives.

title:
  “As a Young Pregnant Girl… The Challenges You Face”: Exploring the Intersection Between Mental Health and Sexual and Reproductive Health Amongst Adolescent Girls and Young Women in South Africa

abstract:
  In South Africa, adolescent girls and young women (AGYW) are at risk of poor mental health, HIV infection and early pregnancy. Poor mental health in AGYW is associated with increased sexual risk behaviours, and impeded HIV testing and care. Using in-depth interviews and focus group discussions, we explored subjective experiences of mental health and sexual and reproductive health (SRH) amongst 237 AGYW aged 15–24 years in five South African districts. Respondents shared narratives of stress, emotional isolation, feelings of depression, and suicidal ideation, interconnected with HIV, pregnancy and violence in relationships. Findings show that AGYW in South Africa face a range of mental health stressors and lack sufficient support, which intersect with SRH challenges to heighten their vulnerability. Framed within the syndemic theory, our findings suggest that South African AGYW’s vulnerability towards early pregnancy, HIV infection and poor mental health are bidirectional and interconnected. Considering the overlaps and interactions between mental health and SRH amongst AGYW, it is critical that mental health components are integrated into SRH interventions.


id: cord-016593-t0dn27bc
title: Food as a New Human and Livelihood Security Challenge
author: Spring, Úrsula Oswald
date: 2009
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7120936/
doi: 10.1007/978-3-540-68488-6_33
abstract:
  As a result of a process of “regressive globalization” (Kaldor/Anheier/Glasius 2003; Oswald 2008b) and of an increasing concentration of wealth in few hands, the economic gap has widened between North and South and within the countries between rich and poor, which has often affected the survival of social groups.


id: cord-017741-5apdhf2e
title: South and East Asian Insurance Market Growth and Development
author: Hussels, Stephanie
date: 2007
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7122388/
doi: 10.1007/978-0-387-34163-7_17
abstract:
  Recent economic research, notably by King and Levine (1993a, 1993b), Levine and Zervos (1998), Levine (1999), Levine, et al. (2000), and Beck, et al. (2000), indicates that financial services and its various components, including insurance and banking, have substantial potential for spreading positive externalities throughout the commercial sector of an economy. Such benefits can stem from improved access to capital by firms, better allocation of capital to investment projects, greater risk management, and enhanced portfolio diversification and liquidity for individual investors. While existing economic research shows the development of financial services is generally important for economic growth, a number of previous studies by Outreville (1990) and Ward and Zurbruegg (2000) provide empirical evidence that insurance market development in its own right can promote economic development. The importance of the insurance industry to the wider economy is seen to stem from the relative size of the insurance industry to GDP in many developed economies, the transfer of risks, and the scale of insurance companies’ financial intermediary functions.


id: cord-018332-893cckyz
title: Desire and the Law: Creative Resistance in the Reluctant Passenger and the Heart of Redness
author: Price, Jason D.
date: 2017-07-16
txt: ./txt/cord-018332-893cckyz.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-018332-893cckyz.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7123182/
doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-56726-6_5
summary:
  Where some thinkers espouse an animal rights perspective, this chapter argues that postcolonial desire is vital to protecting communities in ways that rights discourse and the law cannot in the context of the biopolitical workings of the state and globalized capitalism. Since capitalism bombards us with its definition of desire constantly, portrayals of what I''d like to call "postcolonial desire" in these novels offers a line of flight away from capitalist logic: a field of desire which can reorient one''s sense of self and relationships to others, animals, and the environment Woodward argues that animals can be focused on in literature and writing because human rights have been secured in South Africa. Like Morris and the assemblage of characters who work against the business proposal to "develop" the land and remove the baboons from their home in The Reluctant Passenger, Camagu, the outsider to the village of Qolorha-by-Sea and protagonist of Zakes Mda''s The Heart of Redness (2000), works to protect the community and environment of the village.

abstract:
  This chapter offers a critique of animal rights approaches for their weakness in relying on the passage of laws, and in depending upon their proper administration by legal authorities to attempt the protection of animals. Where some thinkers espouse an animal rights perspective, this chapter argues that postcolonial desire is vital to protecting communities in ways that rights discourse and the law cannot in the context of the biopolitical workings of the state and globalized capitalism. Drawing from Deleuze and Guattari’s work on desire and the law in Kafka (1986), the chapter considers the potential of desire to offer creative alternatives, outside of legal discourse, toward the protection of animals and the larger community. Additionally, it recognizes how indigenous environmental knowledge and notions of desire offer ways of relating to animals that can challenge capitalist instrumentalization.


id: cord-021224-dqfmrm6m
author: Cooke, Philip
date: 2017-07-12
txt: ./txt/cord-021224-dqfmrm6m.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-021224-dqfmrm6m.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7149171/
doi: 10.1186/s40852-017-0061-4
summary:
  A different model of "thin globalisation" led by knowledge-intensive high-tech, biotech and cleantech with prodigious financialization is characteristic of the new fast-growth regions and countries elsewhere, notably Israel, Silicon Valley and Cambridge. However, because of its emphasis on "imitating" the Japanese "developmental state" model of rapid industrialisation by major investment in heavy industry, notably steel and shipbuilding, followed by light engineering in consumer goods (automotives and electronics) South Korea experienced a somewhat asymmetrical "financialization" if indeed that is a correct descriptor. Typically, this way of operating has characterised the SME platform ecosystems of the Quaternary activities pronounced in the Silicon Valley, Cambridge and Israeli set-ups and in the global financial "superhubs, "biomedical megacentres" that are nowadays the leading "frame" for learning innovative organizational "(non)governance" (Nadivi, 2017) .

title:
  A ground-up “Quaternary” innovation strategy for South Korea using entrepreneurial ecosystem platforms

abstract:
  This paper offers an account of the recent economic slowdown in the growth trajectory formerly enjoyed by South Korea as one of the first “Asian Tigers”. Indicators are provided that, unlike the others, Hong Kong, Singapore and Taiwan that have continued their upward profile, South Korea has stagnated. It is argued that the others and some more recent Asian growth economies have moved upwards to higher value, high skill and high profitability levels and deindustrialising as they did so. This even applies to recent breakthrough economies like China and Vietnam. In each case, “financialization” has been an important element in the growth of the Quaternary economy, even in such relative newcomers as Vietnam, where privatization of services has attracted private equity and other foreign direct investment financiers. Thus manufacturing is less pronounced than it was. Meanwhile, South Korea has a weak international presence of banks and other financial sectors because of the domestic focus in its indigenous growth model. Other weaknesses of closed versus open innovation and “cronyism” at the behest of the Chaebol system can be laid at the door of South Korea’s traditional conglomerates. A different model of “thin globalisation” led by knowledge-intensive high-tech, biotech and cleantech with prodigious financialization is characteristic of the new fast-growth regions and countries elsewhere, notably Israel, Silicon Valley and Cambridge. Here flattened hierarchies, reliable networking, and “crossover” innovation are pronounced and from which South Korean industrialists and policymakers could usefully learn to recover past growth performance.


id: cord-024077-7o3qhfk3
title: Clinical Ethical Challenges in the Covid-19 Crisis in South Africa
author: Behrens, Kevin G.
date: 2020-04-17
txt: ./txt/cord-024077-7o3qhfk3.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-024077-7o3qhfk3.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7187741/
doi: 10.18772/26180197.2020.v2nsia5
abstract: nan
summary:
  They assert, "priority for limited resources should aim both at saving the most lives and at maximizing improvements in individuals'' post-treatment length of life".(2) Given the lack of time and information in this pandemic, they go on to claim that it is "justifiable to give priority to maximizing the number of patients that survive treatment with a reasonable life expectancy and to regard maximizing improvements in length of life as a subordinate aim".(2) Several recent publications broadly agree with this position.(3-6) Emanuel et al. Allocation of scarce critical care resources during the COVID-19 public health emergency in South Africa. <https:// cr itic alc are.org.z a/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/ Allocation-of-Scarce-Critical-Care-Resources-During-the-COVID-19-Public-Health-Emergency-in-South-Africa. Summary of allocation of scarce critical care resources during the COVID-19 public health emergency in South Africa


id: cord-024078-d34e31zd
title: Social Dimensions of COVID-19 in South Africa: A Neglected Element of the Treatment Plan
author: Baldwin-Ragaven, Laurel
date: 2020-04-17
txt: ./txt/cord-024078-d34e31zd.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-024078-d34e31zd.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7187742/
doi: 10.18772/26180197.2020.v2nsia6
abstract: nan
summary:
  From the social distancing necessary to reduce the speed of transmission and flatten the curve, to buying essential goods for the duration of a communal lockdown, to the suffering endured by not consuming alcohol and tobacco, to reports about the personal and collective economic costs, to the nightly release of case statistics by geographical region, to the biographies of those who have died, we have amassed a hefty repository of pandemic stories that are intended to reveal a shared humanity and promote common cause. The National Department of Health in its COVID-19 Infection Prevention and Control Guidelines for South Africa states an obvious truth about combatting the spread of the virus in our particular situation: "South Africa has a unique challenge of a large vulnerable immunocompromised population living in overcrowded conditions".(13) Over the past 26 years, prior to being hit by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, this is a frank admission that we have been sluggish in our duty to address the needs of the masses.


id: cord-027859-citynr6c
title: Epidemiology of Disease in the Tropics
author: P. Shetty, Nandini
date: 2020-06-22
txt: ./txt/cord-027859-citynr6c.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-027859-citynr6c.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7315327/
doi: 10.1016/b978-1-4160-4470-3.50007-0
abstract: nan
summary:
  No more than six deadly infectious diseases: pneumonia, tuberculosis, diarrhoeal diseases, malaria, measles and more recently, HIV/AIDS, account for half of all premature deaths, killing mostly children and young adults (Figure 3 .3). 9 In May 2002, the World Health Organization and the United Nations Children''s Fund recommended that the formulation of oral rehydration solution (ORS) for treatment of patients with diarrhoea be changed to one with a reduced osmolarity and that safety of the new formulation, particularly development of symptomatic hyponatremia, be monitored. Rotavirus is the most common cause of severe diarrhoeal disease in infants and young children all over the world, and an important public health problem, particularly in developing countries where 600 000 deaths each year are associated with this infection. falciparum causes most of the severe disease and deaths attributable to malaria and is most prevalent in Africa south of the Sahara and in certain areas of South-east Asia and the Western Pacifi c (Figure 3.7) .


id: cord-030421-8eu9zlba
author: Shirley, Dennis
date: 2020-08-13
txt: ./txt/cord-030421-8eu9zlba.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-030421-8eu9zlba.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7423846/
doi: 10.1007/s10833-020-09399-8
summary:
  These concern diverse modalities of educators'' professionalism, debates around "getting to scale" with successful innovations, and conflicting views of social justice in schools and societies. The article asks what kinds of new research, and what kinds of affiliated theories in these topic areas, can best help to move the field of educational change forward in the coming years. While open to engaging with the kinds of concerns espoused by Hargreaves and Stoll, Amanda Datnow, my predecessor as Editor-in-Chief of the Journal of Educational Change, suggests that an intermediate strategy that draws upon data selectively but is not enslaved to it, could be explored by teachers in more schools. In its first 20 years, the Journal of Educational Change has served as a fulcrum for fascinating debates on many more topics than the themes of professionalism, getting to scale, and social justice than are featured in this Special Issue.

title:
  Vectors of educational change: An introduction to the twentieth anniversary issue of the Journal of Educational Change

abstract:
  This article introduces a special, 20th anniversary issue of the Journal of Educational Change. The special issue edictoras have organized significant international contributions to theory-building into three areas. These concern diverse modalities of educators’ professionalism, debates around “getting to scale” with successful innovations, and conflicting views of social justice in schools and societies. Each of these areas comprises an independent vector of disagreement and debate, with differing meaning and interpretations based upon the cultures and histories of the given systems under review. The article asks what kinds of new research, and what kinds of affiliated theories in these topic areas, can best help to move the field of educational change forward in the coming years.


id: cord-031316-yvid6qps
author: Bisimwa, Patrick N.
date: 2020-09-03
txt: ./txt/cord-031316-yvid6qps.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-031316-yvid6qps.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7468181/
doi: 10.1186/s12985-020-01398-8
summary:
  Sequences of p72 and p54 amplicon were compared with 25 other p72 and p54 ASFV sequences retrieved from the Gen-Bank database and the phylogenetic analysis revealed that the South Kivu ASF virus strains analyzed clustered with p72 genotype X including strains reported in previous studies in Burundi (AF449463), Kenya (AY261360) and Tanzania (JX403648, AF301546, MF437291) ( Fig. 2a and b) . Sequences of African swine fever virus (ASFV) strains from the South Kivu province, eastern DRC, showing tetrameric repeats of representative genotypes, including a reference sequence of a virus isolated in 1950 in Kenya (Kenya 1950; GenBank accession no.

title:
  First detection of African swine fever (ASF) virus genotype X and serogroup 7 in symptomatic pigs in the Democratic Republic of Congo

abstract:
  BACKGROUND: African swine fever (ASF) is a highly contagious and severe hemorrhagic viral disease of domestic pigs. The analysis of variable regions of African swine fever virus (ASFV) genome led to more genotypic and serotypic information about circulating strains. The present study aimed at investigating the genetic diversity of ASFV strains in symptomatic pigs in South Kivu province of the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Blood samples collected from 391 ASF symptomatic domestic pigs in 6 of 8 districts in South Kivu were screened for the presence of ASFV, using a VP73 gene-specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with the universal primer set PPA1-PPA2. To genotype the strains, we sequenced and compared the nucleotide sequences of PPA-positive samples at three loci: the C-terminus of B646L gene encoding the p72 protein, the E183L gene encoding the p54 protein, and the central hypervariable region (CVR) of the B602L gene encoding the J9L protein. In addition, to serotype and discriminate between closely related strains, the EP402L (CD2v) gene and the intergenic region between the I73R and I329L genes were analyzed. RESULTS: ASFV was confirmed in 26 of 391 pigs tested. However, only 19 and 15 PPA-positive samples, respectively, were successfully sequenced and phylogenetically analyzed for p72 (B646L) and p54 (E183L). All the ASFV studied were of genotype X. The CVR tetrameric repeat clustered the ASFV strains in two subgroups: the Uvira subgroup (10 TRS repeats, AAAABNAABA) and another subgroup from all other strains (8 TRS repeats, AABNAABA). The phylogenetic analysis of the EP402L gene clustered all the strains into CD2v serogroup 7. Analyzing the intergenic region between I73R and I329L genes revealed that the strains were identical but contained a deletion of a 33-nucleotide internal repeat sequence compared to ASFV strain Kenya 1950. CONCLUSION: ASFV genotype X and serogroup 7 was identified in the ASF disease outbreaks in South Kivu province of DRC in 2018–2019. This represents the first report of ASFV genotype X in DRC. CVR tetrameric repeat sequences clustered the ASFV strains studied in two subgroups. Our finding emphasizes the need for improved coordination of the control of ASF.


id: cord-031840-k9l91unc
title: Forum: COVID-19 Dispatches
author: Lu, Li
date: 2020-09-11
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7488168/
doi: 10.1177/1532708620953190
abstract:
  COVID-19 pandemic is the first truly global crisis in the digital age. With death count worldwide reaching 586,000 merely 7 months after its first outbreak in China in late December 2019 and 13.6 million cases reported in 188 countries and territories as of July 2020, this ongoing pandemic has spread far beyond domain of world health problem to become an unprecedented challenge facing humanity at every level. In addition to causing social and economic disruptions on a scale unseen before, it has turned the world into a site of biopolitical agon where science and reason are forced to betray their impotence against cultish thinking in the planetary endgame depicted in so many dystopian science fictions. It is in this context that this forum offers a set of modest reflections on the current impacts incurred by the COVID-19 virus. Blending ethnographic observations with theory-driven reflections, the five authors address issues made manifest by the crisis across different regions, while keeping their sight on the sociopolitical problems plaguing our life both individually and collectively. Taken together, they provide a grounded documentary for the archive that the COVID-19 virus is making us to construct.


id: cord-031942-mfz313q0
author: Kim, Hye Kyung
date: 2020-09-13
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7492825/
doi: 10.1177/1075547020959670
title:
  Effects of COVID-19 Misinformation on Information Seeking, Avoidance, and Processing: A Multicountry Comparative Study

abstract:
  We examined the implications of exposure to misinformation about COVID-19 in the United States, South Korea, and Singapore in the early stages of the global pandemic. The online survey results showed that misinformation exposure reduced information insufficiency, which subsequently led to greater information avoidance and heuristic processing, as well as less systematic processing of COVID-19 information. Indirect effects differ by country and were stronger in the U.S. sample than in the Singapore sample. This study highlights negative consequences of misinformation during a global pandemic and addresses possible cultural and situational differences in how people interpret and respond to misinformation.


id: cord-032252-8usagw86
title: Africa, Prisons and COVID-19
author: Muntingh, Lukas M
date: 2020-08-31
txt: ./txt/cord-032252-8usagw86.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-032252-8usagw86.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7499662/
doi: 10.1093/jhuman/huaa031
summary:
  Yet African states have remained remarkably reluctant to engage in prison reform, despite the fact that poorly managed prisons pose a significant threat to general public health care. When the World Health Organization (WHO) recommended the release of prisoners to address overcrowding (WHO 2020) and this call was further supported by the UN Subcommittee on Prevention of Torture (SPT) in its public advice to National Preventive Mechanisms (NPMs) (UN SPT 2020: para 9(b)), it seemed in principle like an admirable idea, but reality demanded a more cautious approach, in Africa at least. Seven countries announced significant releases with the highest number in South Africa (19,000), Ethiopia (5,600) and Mozambique (5,032) (Republic of South Africa, The Presidency 2020; Ethiopian Monitor 2020a; Daily Nation 2020) and the lowest in Botswana (149). Of the 24 countries surveyed in southern and east Africa, only two could be confirmed as not having declared a state of disaster or emergency or lockdown: Malawi and Tanzania (New Frame 2020).

abstract:
  Africa’s prisons are a long-standing concern for rights defenders given the prevalence of rights abuses, overcrowding, poor conditions of detention and the extent to which the criminal justice system is used to target the poor. The paper surveys 24 southern and east African countries within the context of COVID-19. Between 5 March and 15 April 2020 COVID-19 had spread to 23 southern and east African countries, except Lesotho. The overwhelming majority of these countries imposed general restrictions on their populations from March 2020 and nearly all restricted visits to prisons to prevent the spread of the coronavirus. The pandemic and government responses demonstrated the importance of reliable and up to date data on the prison population, and any confined population, as it became evident that such information is sorely lacking. The World Health Organization recommended the release of prisoners to ease congestion, a step supported by the UN Subcommittee on Prevention of Torture. However, the lack of data and the particular African context pose some questions about the desirability of such a move. The curtailment of prison visits by external persons also did away with independent oversight even in states parties to the Optional Protocol to the Convention against Torture (OPCAT). In the case of South Africa, prison monitors were not listed in the ensuing legislation as part of essential services and thus were excluded from access to prisons. In the case of Mozambique, it was funding being placed on hold by the donor community that prevented the Human Rights Commission from visiting prisons. The COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted long-standing systemic problems in Africa’s prisons. Yet African states have remained remarkably reluctant to engage in prison reform, despite the fact that poorly managed prisons pose a significant threat to general public health care.


id: cord-033714-rz5unqaz
title: COVID-19: what is not being addressed
author: Gupte, Jaideep
date: 2020-10-13
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7554414/
doi: 10.1177/0956247820963961
abstract:
  As the number of confirmed COVID-19 cases nears 27 million, there is a rush to answer (what next) and a rush to act (to solve the immediate problems of COVID-19). This paper discusses, with a specific focus on urban areas in the global South, what is missing to date from this response. That includes an identification of things that there are too much of, things that are not being done at all, and things that are unbalanced. There has been an enormous upsurge of academic research papers and opinions on COVID-19. “Technological” and “scientific” solutions tend to overshadow other approaches, even if people know that “social is important”. Based on our analysis to date, our primary concern is that there is too little understanding about the importance of building dialogue, exploring collaboration and co-producing solutions. There is too little understanding as to why social and cultural responses are important, and how the recognition that they are important can be actioned.


id: cord-033759-cjxzenld
author: Kang, Jaeho
date: 2020-08-17
txt: ./txt/cord-033759-cjxzenld.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-033759-cjxzenld.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7556903/
doi: 10.1017/s0021911820002302
summary:
  Analyzing the intensification of surveillance and the rapid datafication of society, this essay argues that the current state of emergency is not a breakdown of normality but a continuation of the state of crisis and disaster that rules a developing country like South Korea. 7 Les Echos, the oldest French financial newspaper, featured an opinion column arguing that the French government should not sacrifice individual freedoms by adopting the tracking measures deployed by South Korea, a totalitarian country with "a culture of hyper-surveillance and denunciation." 8 The Asia Times, a Hong Kong-based news platform, stressed that Confucian Asian countries were winning the war against COVID-19 while Western countries were losing the battle with "fear, panic and hysteria." 9 The portrayal of Korea as a Confucian patriarchal country-that is, a hierarchical, homogeneous, monolithic, traditional, and collectivist society in Asia-is not only found in media outlets but also resonates in a more sophisticated and philosophical way among prominent intellectuals.

title:
  The Media Spectacle of a Techno-City: COVID-19 and the South Korean Experience of the State of Emergency

abstract:
  This essay provides a critical observation of the South Korean government's distinctive management of COVID-19 with particular reference to the state of emergency. It reveals that the success of South Korea's handling of the pandemic is largely attributed by a majority of Western media to the efficient deployment of both information and communication technologies and Confucian collectivism, two components that seem contradictory yet not incompatible under the rubric of techno-Orientalism. Analyzing the intensification of surveillance and the rapid datafication of society, this essay argues that the current state of emergency is not a breakdown of normality but a continuation of the state of crisis and disaster that rules a developing country like South Korea. In doing so, the essay seeks to facilitate a critical discussion about a new mode of democracy in the era of pandemic that increasingly grapples with tensions between individual freedom and public health.


id: cord-102218-jnigcguz
author: Ong, Z. L.
date: 2020-08-25
txt: ./txt/cord-102218-jnigcguz.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-102218-jnigcguz.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: http://medrxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.08.23.20157073v1?rss=1
doi: 10.1101/2020.08.23.20157073
summary:
  Competing risks regressions were used to estimate the hazard ratios (HRs) of developing type 2 diabetes associated with four self-reported baseline sleep exposures (difficulty falling asleep, early morning waking, waking up tired and snoring) while adjusting for confounders. Even fewer studies have included ethnic minorities (5, 7) , specifically South Asians and African Caribbeans, despite their two-to three-fold increased risk of type 2 diabetes compared to those of European origin (8) . Given the potential social patterning of sleep (9) and that OSA may be more prevalent among ethnic minorities (10), we hypothesised that there would be (i) a deleterious association between specific sleep quality measures (difficulty falling asleep, early morning waking, waking up feeling tired, and snoring) and type 2 diabetes risk, and (ii) that these associations would be stronger in people of South Asian or African Caribbean origin.

title:
  The Association between Sleep Quality and Type Two Diabetes at 20 Year Follow-up in the Southall And Brent REvisited (SABRE) Cohort: a Tri-ethnic Analysis

abstract:
  Objective: The risk of developing type 2 diabetes associated with poor sleep quality is comparable to that of traditional risk factors (e.g. overweight, physical inactivity). In the United Kingdom, these traditional risk factors could not explain the two to three-fold excess risks in South Asian and African Caribbean men compared to Europeans. This study investigates the (i)the association between mid-life sleep quality and later-life type 2 diabetes risk and (ii)a potential modifying effect of ethnicity. Research Design and Methods: The Southall and Brent REvisited (SABRE) cohort comprised Europeans, South Asians, and African Caribbeans (median follow-up = 19 years). Complete case analysis was performed on 2190 participants without diabetes at baseline (age= 51.7 {+/-} 7SD). Competing risks regressions were used to estimate the hazard ratios (HRs) of developing type 2 diabetes associated with four self-reported baseline sleep exposures (difficulty falling asleep, early morning waking, waking up tired and snoring) while adjusting for confounders. Modifying effects of ethnicity were analysed by (i) testing for interactions and (ii) performing ethnicity-stratified analysis. Results: Snoring was strongly associated with increased type 2 diabetes risk but only among South Asians in a fully-adjusted model (HR 1.42, 95%CI=1.08-1.85, P=0.011). Our results revealed no elevated risk for any of the sleep exposures across all three ethnic groups. Conclusions: The association between snoring and type 2 diabetes appeared to be modified by ethnicity, with South Asians at greatest risk.


id: cord-102885-5y9nkal3
title: Deterioration of mental health despite successful control of the COVID-19 pandemic in South Korea.
author: Lee, Hyeon-Seung
date: 2020-11-13
txt: ./txt/cord-102885-5y9nkal3.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-102885-5y9nkal3.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S0165178120332315
doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113570
summary:
  Between March and June 2020, 400 South Korean residents participated in an online study of depression, anxiety, stress, psychosis-risk and loneliness, as well as indices of social network, physical health and demographics. The major aim of the present study was to survey mental health and social wellbeing during the COVID-19 pandemic among the general population in South Korea where effective public health strategies and high compliance by the residents were able to successfully stop the spread of the virus. Participants were asked to respond to questions about their demographic information (age, sex, education level, occupation, marital status), 4 levels of concern about the COVID-19 pandemic from "not at all concerned" to "extremely concerned", general physical health status, mental health, loneliness and social network. Overall, these findings suggest a significant psychological impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the mental health and social wellbeing in South Korean, with high rates of depression, anxiety, stress and psychosis-risk.

abstract:
  South Korea was able to successfully control the spread of COVID-19 without nationwide lockdowns or drastic social distancing efforts, but pandemic-related psychological outcome of the general population remains unknown. Between March and June 2020, 400 South Korean residents participated in an online study of depression, anxiety, stress, psychosis-risk and loneliness, as well as indices of social network, physical health and demographics. Clinical levels of depression, anxiety or stress were reported by 45% of the respondents, and psychosis-risk was present in 12.8%; a drastic increase above the base rate reported by previous studies conducted in South Korea prior to the pandemic. Subjective feelings of loneliness, but not the size of the social network accounted for poor mental health. Women were especially at increased risk for mental health problems. Thus, despite effective mitigation of the pandemic, there was a striking deterioration of mental health. As the psychological burden of the continuing pandemic accrues, the probability of an impending mental health crisis is increasing, especially in countries with greater infection and death rates than South Korea. Comprehensive efforts to address the psychological aftermath of the pandemic are urgently needed.


id: cord-133998-yni5wnwq
author: Lee, Myeong
date: 2020-06-28
url: https://arxiv.org/pdf/2006.16965v2.pdf
doi: nan
title:
  Human Mobility during COVID-19 in the Context of Mild Social Distancing: Implications for Technological Interventions

abstract:
  The COVID-19 pandemic has brought both tangible and intangible damage to our society. Many researchers studied about its societal impacts in the countries that had implemented strong social distancing measures such as stay-at-home orders. Among them, human mobility has been studied extensively due to its importance in flattening the curve. However, mobility has not been actively studied in the context of mild social distancing. Insufficient understanding of human mobility in diverse contexts might provide limited implications for any technological interventions to alleviate the situation. To this end, we collected a dataset consisting of more than 1M daily smart device users in the third-largest city of South Korea, which has implemented mild social distancing policies. We analyze how COVID-19 shaped human mobility in the city from geographical, socio-economic, and socio-political perspectives. We also examine mobility changes for points of interest and special occasions such as transportation stations and the case of legislative elections. We identify a typology of populations through these analyses as a means to provide design implications for technological interventions. This paper contributes to social sciences through in-depth analyses of human mobility and to the CSCW community with new design challenges and potential implications.


id: cord-256004-rqdeac7h
author: Wilcox, Elizabeth S.
date: 2020-06-23
url: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17124519
doi: 10.3390/ijerph17124519
title:
  Empowering Health Workers to Protect their Own Health: A Study of Enabling Factors and Barriers to Implementing HealthWISE in Mozambique, South Africa, and Zimbabwe

abstract:
  Ways to address the increasing global health workforce shortage include improving the occupational health and safety of health workers, particularly those in high-risk, low-resource settings. The World Health Organization and International Labour Organization designed HealthWISE, a quality improvement tool to help health workers identify workplace hazards to find and apply low-cost solutions. However, its implementation had never been systematically evaluated. We, therefore, studied the implementation of HealthWISE in seven hospitals in three countries: Mozambique, South Africa, and Zimbabwe. Through a multiple-case study and thematic analysis of data collected primarily from focus group discussions and questionnaires, we examined the enabling factors and barriers to the implementation of HealthWISE by applying the integrated Promoting Action on Research Implementation in Health Services (i-PARiHS) framework. Enabling factors included the willingness of workers to engage in the implementation, diverse teams that championed the process, and supportive senior leadership. Barriers included lack of clarity about how to use HealthWISE, insufficient funds, stretched human resources, older buildings, and lack of incident reporting infrastructure. Overall, successful implementation of HealthWISE required dedicated local team members who helped facilitate the process by adapting HealthWISE to the workers’ occupational health and safety (OHS) knowledge and skill levels and the cultures and needs of their hospitals, cutting across all constructs of the i-PARiHS framework.


id: cord-263625-gqzly8xw
title: Response to COVID-19 in South Korea and implications for lifting stringent interventions
author: Dighe, Amy
date: 2020-10-09
txt: ./txt/cord-263625-gqzly8xw.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-263625-gqzly8xw.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33032601/
doi: 10.1186/s12916-020-01791-8
summary:
  BACKGROUND: After experiencing a sharp growth in COVID-19 cases early in the pandemic, South Korea rapidly controlled transmission while implementing less stringent national social distancing measures than countries in Europe and the USA. CONCLUSIONS: Whilst early adoption of testing and contact tracing is likely to be important for South Korea''s successful outbreak control, other factors including regional implementation of strong social distancing measures likely also contributed. Despite a rapid growth of cases early in the global timescale, South Korea has brought the transmission of the causative agent of COVID-19 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)) under control with less stringent national social distancing policies relative to countries such as Italy, France, and the UK [36] . This analysis of South Korea''s response to COVID-19 highlights how, despite a sharp growth in cases early in the pandemic, transmission was rapidly controlled, resulting in a relatively small epidemic made up of large linked clusters.

abstract:
  BACKGROUND: After experiencing a sharp growth in COVID-19 cases early in the pandemic, South Korea rapidly controlled transmission while implementing less stringent national social distancing measures than countries in Europe and the USA. This has led to substantial interest in their “test, trace, isolate” strategy. However, it is important to understand the epidemiological peculiarities of South Korea’s outbreak and characterise their response before attempting to emulate these measures elsewhere. METHODS: We systematically extracted numbers of suspected cases tested, PCR-confirmed cases, deaths, isolated confirmed cases, and numbers of confirmed cases with an identified epidemiological link from publicly available data. We estimated the time-varying reproduction number, R(t), using an established Bayesian framework, and reviewed the package of interventions implemented by South Korea using our extracted data, plus published literature and government sources. RESULTS: We estimated that after the initial rapid growth in cases, R(t) dropped below one in early April before increasing to a maximum of 1.94 (95%CrI, 1.64–2.27) in May following outbreaks in Seoul Metropolitan Region. By mid-June, R(t) was back below one where it remained until the end of our study (July 13th). Despite less stringent “lockdown” measures, strong social distancing measures were implemented in high-incidence areas and studies measured a considerable national decrease in movement in late February. Testing the capacity was swiftly increased, and protocols were in place to isolate suspected and confirmed cases quickly; however, we could not estimate the delay to isolation using our data. Accounting for just 10% of cases, individual case-based contact tracing picked up a relatively minor proportion of total cases, with cluster investigations accounting for 66%. CONCLUSIONS: Whilst early adoption of testing and contact tracing is likely to be important for South Korea’s successful outbreak control, other factors including regional implementation of strong social distancing measures likely also contributed. The high volume of testing and the low number of deaths suggest that South Korea experienced a small epidemic relative to other countries. Caution is needed in attempting to replicate the South Korean response in populations with larger more geographically widespread epidemics where finding, testing, and isolating cases that are linked to clusters may be more difficult.


id: cord-263650-jxkjn8ld
title: Family care across diverse cultures: Re-envisioning using a transnational lens
author: Andruske, Cynthia Lee
date: 2020-10-20
url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0890406520300621
doi: 10.1016/j.jaging.2020.100892
abstract:
  In an increasingly globalized world, the importance of developing a more culturally complex understanding of family care has been clearly identified. This study explored family care across three different cultural groups - Chinese, South Asian, and Latin American - living in a metropolitan, Pacific-West, Canadian city. In-depth qualitative interviews were conducted with 29 family members from one of the three family groups exploring how they practiced ‘care’ for their aging, often frail, relatives. The importance of conceptualizing family care as a transnational, collective undertaking emerged from the outset as critical for understanding care practices in all three cultural communities. Three themes identified contributed to this conceptualization: the need to broaden the understanding of family care; the centrality of geographic mobility, and the need to rethink the location of aging and consider its relationship to mobility; and the use of technology by extended family networks to facilitate continuity and connection. An over-riding notion of ‘flow’ or fluid movement, rather than a fixed, static arrangement, emerged as critical for understanding family care. This perspective challenges the dominant approach to studying family care in gerontology that generally conceptualizes family care practice as one local primary caregiver, often female, with some support from other family members. Understanding family care from a transnational lens builds support for the importance of a feminist Ethics of Care lens and has important implications for policy and service delivery practices.


id: cord-263698-5w70yhvy
author: Kim, Y.
date: 2020-05-12
txt: ./txt/cord-263698-5w70yhvy.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-263698-5w70yhvy.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32511567/
doi: 10.1101/2020.05.07.20091769
summary:
  title: Evolving Transmission Network Dynamics of COVID-19 Cluster Infections in South Korea: a descriptive study We conducted a retrospective observational study with 3,127 confirmed cases'' contact tracing data from the Center for Disease and Prevention (CDC) of South Korea. Amid the global pandemic on coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID19) , epidemiologists promote containment strategies to prevent community transmission.(1) Contact tracing of susceptible persons and extensive testing in South Korea demonstrated as an example of successful containment.(1) South Korea reported the first confirmed cases on January 20, 2020, and the instances spiked from February 20 to 29, 2020.(2,3) As of mid-March, 2020, such containment strategies helped flatten the curve of new confirmed cases. The network analysis has been widely studied in various infectious diseases such as Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS), (4, 5) Several Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS),(6)(6,7) tuberculosis, (8, 9) and cholera.(10) Some COVID-19 studies have revealed evolving person-to-person transmission dynamics in China in a longitudinal view.

title:
  Evolving Transmission Network Dynamics of COVID-19 Cluster Infections in South Korea: a descriptive study

abstract:
  Background. Extensive contact tracing and testing in South Korea allows us to investigate the transmission dynamics of the COVID-19 into diverse local communities. Objective. Understand the critical aspects of transmission dynamics in a different age, sex, and clusters with various activities. Methods. We conducted a retrospective observational study with 3,127 confirmed cases' contact tracing data from the Center for Disease and Prevention (CDC) of South Korea. We investigated network property concerning infected persons' demographics and different infection clusters. Findings. Overall, women had higher centrality scores than men after week four, when the confirmed cases rapidly increased. Older adults have higher centrality than young/middle-aged adults after week 9. In the infection clusters, young/middle-aged adults' infection clusters (such as religious gatherings and gym facilities) have higher average path lengths and diameter than older adults' nursing home infection clusters. Interpretation. Some women had higher reproduction numbers and bridged successive transmission than men when the confirmed cases rapidly increased. Similarly, some older adults (who were not residents of nursing homes) had higher reproduction numbers and bridged successive transmission than young/middle-aged adults after the peak has passed. The young/middle-aged adults' religious gatherings and group workout have caused long successive transmissions. In contrast, the older adults' nursing homes were a small world where the transmissions within a few steps can reach out to many persons.


id: cord-269362-pne9qolr
author: Yassi, Annalee
date: 2011-11-08
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22166059/
doi: 10.1186/1472-698x-11-s2-s8
title:
  Collaboration between infection control and occupational health in three continents: a success story with international impact

abstract:
  Globalization has been accompanied by the rapid spread of infectious diseases, and further strain on working conditions for health workers globally. Post-SARS, Canadian occupational health and infection control researchers got together to study how to better protect health workers, and found that training was indeed perceived as key to a positive safety culture. This led to developing information and communication technology (ICT) tools. The research conducted also showed the need for better workplace inspections, so a workplace audit tool was also developed to supplement worker questionnaires and the ICT. When invited to join Ecuadorean colleagues to promote occupational health and infection control, these tools were collectively adapted and improved, including face-to-face as well as on-line problem-based learning scenarios. The South African government then invited the team to work with local colleagues to improve occupational health and infection control, resulting in an improved web-based health information system to track incidents, exposures, and occupational injury and diseases. As the H1N1 pandemic struck, the online infection control course was adapted and translated into Spanish, as was a novel skill-building learning tool that permits health workers to practice selecting personal protective equipment. This tool was originally developed in collaboration with the countries from the Caribbean region and the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO). Research from these experiences led to strengthened focus on building capacity of health and safety committees, and new modules are thus being created, informed by that work. The products developed have been widely heralded as innovative and interactive, leading to their inclusion into “toolkits” used internationally. The tools used in Canada were substantially improved from the collaborative adaptation process for South and Central America and South Africa. This international collaboration between occupational health and infection control researchers led to the improvement of the research framework and development of tools, guidelines and information systems. Furthermore, the research and knowledge-transfer experience highlighted the value of partnership amongst Northern and Southern researchers in terms of sharing resources, experiences and knowledge.


id: cord-271602-f14wccj3
title: Recent increase of surface particulate matter concentrations in the Seoul Metropolitan Area, Korea
author: Kim, Hyun Cheol
date: 2017-07-05
url: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-05092-8
doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-05092-8
abstract:
  Recent changes of surface particulate matter (PM) concentration in the Seoul Metropolitan Area (SMA), South Korea, are puzzling. The long-term trend of surface PM concentration in the SMA declined in the 2000s, but since 2012 its concentrations have tended to incline, which is coincident with frequent severe hazes in South Korea. This increase puts the Korean government’s emission reduction efforts in jeopardy. This study reports that interannual variation of surface PM concentration in South Korea is closely linked with the interannual variations of wind speed. A 12-year (2004–2015) regional air quality simulation was conducted over East Asia (27-km) and over South Korea (9-km) to assess the impact of meteorology under constant anthropogenic emissions. Simulated PM concentrations show a strong negative correlation (i.e. R = −0.86) with regional wind speed, implying that reduced regional ventilation is likely associated with more stagnant conditions that cause severe pollutant episodes in South Korea. We conclude that the current PM concentration trend in South Korea is a combination of long-term decline by emission control efforts and short-term fluctuation of regional wind speed interannual variability. When the meteorology-driven variations are removed, PM concentrations in South Korea have declined continuously even after 2012.


id: cord-271870-8v9w3sps
title: Testing on the Move South Korea’s rapid response to the COVID-19 pandemic
author: Lee, David
date: 2020-04-21
url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2590198220300221?v=s5
doi: 10.1016/j.trip.2020.100111
abstract:
  Abstract The emergence of COVID-19 in South Korea, and the public and private sector response to it, serves as a valuable case study for countries facing similar outbreaks. This article focuses on how Korean health officials implemented drive-through and walk-through diagnostic testing, and extensive movement and contact tracing, to identify and inform exposed members of the public. Mobile applications from both government agencies and private developers played an important role in guiding people to testing centers, communicating movement trajectories of confirmed cases on digital maps, and tracking the health and movements of travelers and others at risk of exposure. This case study illustrates the importance of rapid adaptation of transportation infrastructure and location-based information technology to respond to public health crises, and how governments can learn from experimentation and past experience to accelerate these responses.


id: cord-273318-82ptu8fi
author: Prats-Uribe, A.
date: 2020-09-18
url: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.09.15.20195545
doi: 10.1101/2020.09.15.20195545
title:
  Heterogeneity and temporal variation in the management of COVID-19: a multinational drug utilization study including 71,921 hospitalized patients from China, South Korea, Spain, and the United States of America

abstract:
  Objectives: A plethora of medicines have been repurposed or used as adjunctive therapies for COVID-19. We characterized the utilization of medicines as prescribed in routine practice amongst patients hospitalized for COVID-19 in South Korea, China, Spain, and the USA. Design: International network cohort Setting: Hospital electronic health records from Columbia University Irving Medical Centre (NYC, USA), Stanford (CA, USA), Tufts (MA, USA), Premier (USA), Optum EHR (USA), department of veterans affairs (USA), NFHCRD (Honghu, China) and HM Hospitals (Spain); and nationwide claims from HIRA (South Korea) Participants: patients hospitalized for COVID-19 from January to June 2020 Main outcome measures: Prescription/dispensation of any medicine on or 30 days after hospital admission date Analyses: Number and percentage of users overall and over time Results: 71,921 people were included: 304 from China, 2,089 from Spain, 7,599 from South Korea, and 61,929 from the USA. A total of 3,455 medicines were identified. Common repurposed medicines included hydroxychloroquine (<2% in NFHCRD to 85.4% in HM), azithromycin (4.9% in NFHCRD to 56.5% in HM), lopinavir/ritonavir (<3% in all US but 34.9% in HIRA and 56.5% in HM), and umifenovir (0% in all except 78.3% in NFHCRD). Adjunctive medicines were used with great variability, with the ten most used treatments being (in descending order): bemiparin, enoxaparin, heparin, ceftriaxone, aspirin, vitamin D, famotidine, vitamin C, dexamethasone, and metformin. Hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin increased rapidly in use in March-April but declined steeply in May-June. Conclusions: Multiple medicines were used in the first months of COVID-19 pandemic, with substantial geographic and temporal variation. Hydroxychloroquine, azithromycin, lopinavir-ritonavir, and umifenovir (in China only) were the most prescribed repurposed medicines. Antithrombotics, antibiotics, H2 receptor antagonists and corticosteroids were often used as adjunctive treatments. Research is needed on the comparative risk and benefit of these treatments in the management of COVID-19.


id: cord-279401-eehb5yny
title: ‘When will I be free’: Lessons of COVID-19 for Child Protection in South Africa
author: Haffejee, Sadiyya
date: 2020-09-04
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33071025/
doi: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2020.104715
abstract:
  BACKGROUND: COVID-19 has highlighted and amplified structural inequalities; drawing attention to issues of racism, poverty, xenophobia as well as arguably ineffective government policies and procedures. In South Africa, the pandemic and the resultant national lockdown has highlighted the shortcomings in the protection and care of children. Children in alternative care are particularly at risk as a result of disrupted and uncoordinated service delivery. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to explore the experiences and impact of the pandemic and the resulting social isolation on the wellbeing and protection of children living in a residential care facility. Methods and participants: We used qualitative, participatory approaches – specifically draw-and-write methods – to engage with 32 children (average age = 13.5 years) living in a residential care facility in Gauteng. FINDINGS: Children in care demonstrated an awareness of the socio-economic difficulties facing communities in South Africa, and shared deep concerns about the safety, well-being and welfare of parents and siblings. Although they expressed frustration at the lack of contact with family members, they acknowledged the resources they had access to in a residential care facility, which enabled them to cope and which ensured their safety. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: We focus our discussion on the necessity of a systemic response to child welfare, including a coordinated approach by policy makers, government departments and child welfare systems to address the structural factors at the root of inequality and inadequate, unacceptable care. This is essential not only during COVID-19 but also in pre- and post-pandemic context.


id: cord-284652-7npya3yx
author: Shim, Eunha
date: 2020-10-08
txt: ./txt/cord-284652-7npya3yx.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-284652-7npya3yx.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33038555/
doi: 10.1016/j.ijid.2020.10.007
summary:
  Results At the regional level, Seoul and Gyeonggi Province have experienced the first peak of COVID-19 in early March, followed by the second wave in early June, withRt exceeding 3.0 and mean doubling time ranging from 3.6 to 10.1 days. Therefore, since 10 July, the government banned churches from organizing small gatherings other than regular worship services (KCDC, 2020a To estimate the regional and temporal variability in the reproduction number of COVID-19 in South Korea, including the second wave concentrated in the greater Seoul areas, we analysed the spatiotemporal progression of the epidemic in the country from mid-February to mid-July 2020. In this report, we estimated the doubling time and the effective reproduction number involving two epidemic waves of the COVID-19 epidemic in South Korea by employing the time series of cases by date of symptoms onset for the four most affected Korean regions: Seoul, Gyeonggi Province, Gyeongbuk Province, and Daegu.

title:
  Spatial variability in reproduction number and doubling time across two waves of the COVID-19 pandemic in South Korea, February to July 2020

abstract:
  Objectives In South Korea, 13,745 cases of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) have been reported as of 19 July, 2020. To examine the spatiotemporal changes in the transmission potential, we present regional estimates of the doubling time and reproduction number (Rt ) of COVID-19 in the country. Methods Daily series of confirmed COVID-19 cases in the most affected regions were extracted from publicly available sources. We employed established mathematical and statistical methods to investigate the time-varying reproduction numbers of the COVID-19 in Korea and its doubling time, respectively. Results At the regional level, Seoul and Gyeonggi Province have experienced the first peak of COVID-19 in early March, followed by the second wave in early June, withRt exceeding 3.0 and mean doubling time ranging from 3.6 to 10.1 days. As of 19 July, 2020, Gyeongbuk Province and Daegu are yet to experience a second wave of the disease, where the mean Rt reached 3.5-4.4 and doubling time ranging from 2.8 to 4.6 days during the first wave. Conclusions Our findings support the effectiveness of control measures against COVID-19 in Korea. However, the easing of the restrictions imposed by the government in May 2020 facilitated a second wave in the greater Seoul area.


id: cord-286975-id5dn795
title: Life Under Lockdown: Illustrating Tradeoffs in South Africa’s Response to COVID-19
author: Carlitz, Ruth D.
date: 2020-08-28
url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2020.105168
doi: 10.1016/j.worlddev.2020.105168
abstract:
  This research note sheds light on the first three months of the COVID-19 outbreak in South Africa, where the virus has spread faster than anywhere else in the region. At the same time, South Africa has been recognized globally for its swift and efficient early response. We consider the impact of this response on different segments of the population, looking at changes in mobility by province to highlight variation in the willingness and ability of different subsets of the population to comply with lockdown orders. Using anonymized mobile phone data, we show that South Africans in all provinces reduced their mobility substantially in response to the government’s lockdown orders. Statistical regression analysis shows that such mobility reductions are significantly and negatively associated with COVID-19 growth rates two weeks later. These findings add an important perspective to the emerging literature on the efficacy of shelter-in-place orders, which to date is dominated by studies of the United States. We show that people were particularly willing and able to act in the provinces hit hardest by the pandemic in its initial stages. At the same time, compliance with lockdown orders presented a greater challenge among rural populations and others with more precarious livelihoods. By reflecting on South Africa’s inequality profile and results of a recent survey, we demonstrate how the country’s response may deepen preexisting divides. This cautionary tale is relevant beyond South Africa, as much of the continent -- and the world -- grapples with similar tradeoffs. Along with measures to contain the spread of disease, governments and other development focused organizations should seriously consider how to offset the costs faced by already marginalized populations.


id: cord-292315-7vwybku8
author: Jung, Gyuwon
date: 2020-06-18
txt: ./txt/cord-292315-7vwybku8.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-292315-7vwybku8.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2020.00305
doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2020.00305
summary:
  Then, an ordinal scale of relative privacy risk levels was introduced for evaluation, and the assessment was performed on the personal information included in the contact trace data, such as demographics, significant places, sensitive information, social relationships, and routine behaviors. As shown in Table 2 , the released contact trace data included (1) the patient''s demographics (i.e., nationality, gender, age, and residence), (2) infection information (i.e., infection route and confirmation date), and (3) travel log in time series (e.g., transport modes and visited places). The codebook has an ordinal scale of privacy risk levels and the scale quantifies relative risks from five major categories: demographics (nationality, gender, age), significant places (residence, workplace), sensitive information (hobby, religion, accommodation), social relationships, and routine behavior. In particular, the data from Sejong revealed the most detailed information on significant places (the average privacy risk levels for residence and workplace in Sejong were over level 3), whereas Ulsan showed a relatively high percentage of data disclosure on social relationships (i.e., 72.4% of the confirmed patients in Ulsan).

title:
  Too Much Information: Assessing Privacy Risks of Contact Trace Data Disclosure on People With COVID-19 in South Korea

abstract:
  Introduction: With the COVID-19 outbreak, South Korea has been making contact trace data public to help people self-check if they have been in contact with a person infected with the coronavirus. Despite its benefits in suppressing the spread of the virus, publicizing contact trace data raises concerns about individuals' privacy. In view of this tug-of-war between one's privacy and public safety, this work aims to deepen the understanding of privacy risks of contact trace data disclosure practices in South Korea. Method: In this study, publicly available contact trace data of 970 confirmed patients were collected from seven metropolitan cities in South Korea (20th Jan–20th Apr 2020). Then, an ordinal scale of relative privacy risk levels was introduced for evaluation, and the assessment was performed on the personal information included in the contact trace data, such as demographics, significant places, sensitive information, social relationships, and routine behaviors. In addition, variance of privacy risk levels was examined across regions and over time to check for differences in policy implementation. Results: It was found that most of the contact trace data showed the gender and age of the patients. In addition, it disclosed significant places (home/work) ranging across different levels of privacy risks in over 70% of the cases. Inference on sensitive information (hobby, religion) was made possible, and 48.7% of the cases exposed the patient's social relationships. In terms of regional differences, a considerable discrepancy was found in the privacy risk for each category. Despite the recent release of government guidelines on data disclosure, its effects were still limited to a few factors (e.g., workplaces, routine behaviors). Discussion: Privacy risk assessment showed evidence of superfluous information disclosure in the current practice. This study discusses the role of “identifiability” in contact tracing to provide new directions for minimizing disclosure of privacy infringing information. Analysis of real-world data can offer potential stakeholders, such as researchers, service developers, and government officials with practical protocols/guidelines in publicizing information of patients and design implications for future systems (e.g., automatic privacy sensitivity checking) to strike a balance between one's privacy and the public benefits with data disclosure.


id: cord-295622-znmpheia
author: Simione, Luca
date: 2020-09-04
url: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.02166
doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.02166
title:
  Differences Between Health Workers and General Population in Risk Perception, Behaviors, and Psychological Distress Related to COVID-19 Spread in Italy

abstract:
  In this study, we investigated the perception of risk and the worries about COVID-19 infection in both healthcare workers and the general population in Italy. We studied the difference in risk perception in these two groups and how this related to demographic variables and psychological factors such as stress, anxiety, and death anxiety. To this aim, we administered an online questionnaire about COVID-19 together with other questionnaires assessing the psychological condition of participants. First, we found that the exposition to infection risk, due to living area or job, increased the perceived stress and anxiety (i.e., medical staff in North Italy was more stressed and anxious with respect to both medical- and non-medical participants from Center and South Italy). Then, we conducted hierarchical logistic regression models on our data to assess the response odds ratio relatively to each regressor on each dependent variable. We found that health workers reported higher risk perception, level of worry, and knowledge as related to COVID-19 infection compared to the general population. Psychological state, sex, and living area were less related to these factors. Instead, judgments about behaviors and containment rules were more linked to demographics, such as sex. We discussed these results in the light of risk factors for psychological distress and possible interventions to meet the psychological needs of healthcare workers.


id: cord-295833-z7r45291
author: Tang, Biao
date: 2020-03-13
url: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.03.09.20033464
doi: 10.1101/2020.03.09.20033464
title:
  Lessons drawn from China and South Korea for managing COVID-19 epidemic: insights from a comparative modeling study

abstract:
  We conducted a comparative study of COVID-19 epidemic in three different settings: mainland China, the Guangdong province of China and South Korea, by formulating two disease transmission dynamics models incorporating epidemic characteristics and setting-specific interventions, and fitting the models to multi-source data to identify initial and effective reproduction numbers and evaluate effectiveness of interventions. We estimated the initial basic reproduction number for South Korea, the Guangdong province and mainland China as 2.6 (95% confidence interval (CI): (2.5, 2.7)), 3.0 (95%CI: (2.6, 3.3)) and 3.8 (95%CI: (3.5,4.2)), respectively, given a serial interval with mean of 5 days with standard deviation of 3 days. We found that the effective reproduction number for the Guangdong province and mainland China has fallen below the threshold 1 since February 8th and 18th respectively, while the effective reproduction number for South Korea remains high, suggesting that the interventions implemented need to be enhanced in order to halt further infections. We also project the epidemic trend in South Korea under different scenarios where a portion or the entirety of the integrated package of interventions in China is used. We show that a coherent and integrated approach with stringent public health interventions is the key to the success of containing the epidemic in China and specially its provinces outside its epicenter, and we show that this approach can also be effective to mitigate the burden of the COVID-19 epidemic in South Korea. The experience of outbreak control in mainland China should be a guiding reference for the rest of the world including South Korea.


id: cord-297047-ew9l9yjd
author: Ali, Shahmir H.
date: 2020-08-21
url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmedr.2020.101182
doi: 10.1016/j.pmedr.2020.101182
title:
  Preventing Type 2 Diabetes among South Asian Americans through community-based lifestyle interventions: a systematic review

abstract:
  Ethnic South Asians Americans (SAAs) have the highest relative risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in the United States (US). Culturally tailored lifestyle interventions have the potential to promote South Asian diabetes prevention; however, the extent of their use and evaluation in US settings remains limited. This systematic review characterizes and evaluates outcomes of community-based lifestyle interventions targeted towards T2DM indicators among South Asians living in the US. A PRISMA-informed search of Pubmed, Embase, Cochrane, Web of Science, and clinical trial registry databases using key words pertaining to South Asians migrants and diabetes indicators (glucose and insulin outcomes) was conducted of community-based lifestyle interventions published up until October, 31 2019. Of the eight studies included in the final synthesis, four interventions focused on cultural and linguistic adaptations of past chronic disease prevention curricula using group-based modalities to deliver the intervention. Hemoglobin A1c (A1c) was the most common outcome indicator measured across the interventions. Three of the five studies observed improvements in indicators post-intervention. Based on these findings, this review recommends 1) greater exploration of community-based lifestyle interventions with high quality diabetes indicators (such as fasting blood glucose) in ethnic South Asian American communities, 2) expanding beyond traditional modalities of group-based lifestyle interventions and exploring the use of technology and interventions integrated with passive, active, and individualized components, and 3) development of research on diabetes prevention among second generation South Asians Americans.


id: cord-299573-vq6ckqtd
title: Phylogenetic analysis of porcine astrovirus in domestic pigs and wild boars in South Korea
author: Lee, Meong-Hun
date: 2012-09-11
url: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11262-012-0816-8
doi: 10.1007/s11262-012-0816-8
abstract:
  Porcine astrovirus (PAstV) belongs to genetically divergent lineages within the genus Mamastrovirus. In this study, 25/129 (19.4 %) domestic pig and 1/146 (0.7 %) wild boar fecal samples tested in South Korea were positive for PAstV. Positive samples were mainly from pigs under 6 weeks old. Bayesian inference (BI) tree analysis for RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) and capsid (ORF2) gene sequences, including Mamastrovirus and Avastrovirus, revealed a relatively geographically divergent lineage. The PAstVs of Hungary and America belong to lineage PAstV 4; those of Japan belong to PAstV 1; and those of Canada belong to PAstV 1, 2, 3, and 5, but not to 4. This study revealed that the PAstVs of Korea belong predominantly to lineage PAstV 4 and secondarily to PAstV 2. It was also observed that PAstV infections are widespread in South Korea regardless of the disease state in domestic pigs and in wild boars as well.


id: cord-299631-snaslr0r
author: Clements, Hayley S.
date: 2020-11-15
url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.111235
doi: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.111235
title:
  Cross-scale and social-ecological changes constitute main threats to private land conservation in South Africa

abstract:
  Conserving biodiversity in the long term will depend in part on the capacity of Protected Areas (PAs) to cope with cross-scale, social-ecological disturbances and changes, which are becoming more frequent in a highly connected world. Direct threats to biodiversity within PAs and their interactions with broader-scale threats are both likely to vary with PA spatial and management characteristics (e.g., location, dependence on ecotourism revenues, governmental support). Private Land Conservation Areas (PLCAs) are interesting case study systems for assessing cross-scale threats to PAs and their determinants. Despite the growing number of PLCAs around the world, there is considerable uncertainty regarding the long-term capacity of these privately owned areas to conserve biodiversity. Their potential impermanence is commonly raised as a key concern. To better understand the threats to which different types of PLCAs are likely to be vulnerable, we asked 112 PLCA landholders in South Africa what they perceived as the top threats to their PLCAs. Landowners identified direct threats to the biodiversity within their PLCAs (e.g., poaching, extreme weather, inappropriate fire regimes, alien species) as well as describing broader socio-economic threats (e.g., regional crime, national legislation and politics, global economic recessions), which were noted to interact across scales. We found support for the hypothesis that patterns in the perceived multi-scale threats to a PLCA correspond with its management and spatial characteristics, including its remoteness, dependence on ecotourism or hunting revenues, and richness of megafaunal species. Understanding the threats to which different PLCAs may be vulnerable is useful for developing more nuanced, targeted strategies to build PLCA resilience to these threats (for example, by strengthening the capacity of self-funded PLCAs to cope with the threat of economic downturns through more innovative financial instruments or diversified revenue streams). Our findings highlight the importance of considering interactions between broad-scale socio-economic changes and direct threats to biodiversity, which can influence the resilience of PAs in ways that are not anticipated by more traditional, discipline-specific consideration of direct threats to the biodiversity within their boundaries.


id: cord-302813-963ypqow
title: Major new lineages of SARS-CoV-2 emerge and spread in South Africa during lockdown.
author: Tegally, H.
date: 2020-10-30
url: http://medrxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.10.28.20221143v1?rss=1
doi: 10.1101/2020.10.28.20221143
abstract:
  In March 2020, the first cases of COVID-19 were reported in South Africa. The epidemic spread very fast despite an early and extreme lockdown and infected over 600,000 people, by far the highest number of infections in an African country. To rapidly understand the spread of SARS-CoV-2 in South Africa, we formed the Network for Genomics Surveillance in South Africa (NGS-SA). Here, we analyze 1,365 high quality whole genomes and identify 16 new lineages of SARS-CoV-2. Most of these unique lineages have mutations that are found hardly anywhere else in the world. We also show that three lineages spread widely in South Africa and contributed to ~42% of all of the infections in the country. This included the first identified C lineage of SARS-CoV-2, C.1, which has 16 mutations as compared with the original Wuhan sequence. C.1 was the most geographically widespread lineage in South Africa, causing infections in multiple provinces and in all of the eleven districts in KwaZulu-Natal (KZN), the most sampled province. Interestingly, the first South-African specific lineage, B.1.106, which was identified in April 2020, became extinct after nosocomial outbreaks were controlled. Our findings show that genomic surveillance can be implemented on a large scale in Africa to identify and control the spread of SARS-CoV-2.


id: cord-306741-3ibprszo
author: Fitchett, Jennifer M
date: 2020-11-11
txt: ./txt/cord-306741-3ibprszo.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-306741-3ibprszo.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33175213/
doi: 10.1007/s00484-020-02042-4
summary:
  The National Guidelines for the Prevention of Malaria in South Africa comprise five key components which are summarized as the "ABC" of malaria prevention, namely Awareness and Assessment of malaria risk, avoidance of mosquito Bites, Compliance with Chemoprophylaxis when indicated, early Detection of malaria disease, and Effective treatment (NDOH 2018a; Baker 2018; Schmidt 2019a, b) . According to the latest malaria risk map produced by the South African National Department of Health in December 2018, areas of moderate risk (where chemoprophylaxis is indicated for all travellers from September to May) are concentrated along the border between South Africa and Mozambique and Zimbabwe (Fig. 1) . Topics included respondents'' demographics and travel histories, awareness and perception of malaria distribution and risk in Southern Africa, understanding of climate change, and attitudes towards malaria prophylaxis-both in terms of bite prevention and chemoprophylaxis. Overall, the composite map created from all 28 usable maps reveals a fairly high degree of awareness among respondents regarding the general location of malaria risk areas in South Africa (Fig. 2) .

title:
  Exploring public awareness of the current and future malaria risk zones in South Africa under climate change: a pilot study

abstract:
  Although only a small proportion of the landmass of South Africa is classified as high risk for malaria, the country experiences on-going challenges relating to malaria outbreaks. Climate change poses a growing threat to this already dire situation. While considerable effort has been placed in public health campaigns in the highest-risk regions, and national malaria maps are updated to account for changing climate, malaria cases have increased. This pilot study considers the sub-population of South Africans who reside outside of the malaria area, yet have the means to travel into this high-risk region for vacation. Through the lens of the governmental “ABC of malaria prevention”, we explore this sub-population’s awareness of the current boundaries to the malaria area, perceptions of the future boundary under climate change, and their risk-taking behaviours relating to malaria transmission. Findings reveal that although respondents self-report a high level of awareness regarding malaria, and their boundary maps reveal the broad pattern of risk distribution, their specifics on details are lacking. This includes over-estimating both the current and future boundaries, beyond the realms of climate-topographic possibility. Despite over-estimating the region of malaria risk, the respondents reveal an alarming lack of caution when travelling to malaria areas. Despite being indicated for high-risk malaria areas, the majority of respondents did not use chemoprophylaxis, and many relied on far less-effective measures. This may in part be due to respondents relying on information from friends and family, rather than medical or governmental advice.


id: cord-307610-tqvt5hzr
author: Arora, Amarpreet Singh
date: 2020-08-08
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32837283/
doi: 10.1007/s10668-020-00883-y
title:
  Current perspective of COVID-19 spread across South Korea: exploratory data analysis and containment of the pandemic

abstract:
  The outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 is regarded as a highly contagious disease that has challenged the healthcare systems worldwide with confirmed cases approaching 12 million and more than 50,000 deaths. Considering the worldwide cases of novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19), it remains a pandemic and the vaccines and therapeutic agents have yet to be developed to stop the spread of this outbreak. Due to the unavailability of specific treatment for the COVID-19, it can be viewed that the risk of cluster infection will continue to be present within the intermittent and small-scale outbreaks. Though the COVID-19 has been identified as a communicable disease, the preventive measures and response policies in South Korea are effectively serving the purpose and gained the confidence to overcome the COVID-19 crisis. This paper includes the exploratory data analysis of COVID-19 cases in South Korea till July 8, 2020. South Korea has reported the lowest death rate with the majority of the deaths, associated with persons with underlying health conditions or elderly infected individuals. Currently the infected patients (total 989) remaining in South Korea are mild cases owing to its robust health care system and quarantine inspection procedures followed by the Ministry of Health and Welfare of South Korea to flatten the COVID-19 curve. Although the COVID-19 countermeasures taken by the South Korean government may not be conclusive or universal for all, but its exemplary approach to tackle COVID-19 can aid countries across the globe to strengthen their response system for the future outbreak of such an infectious disease. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL: The online version of this article (10.1007/s10668-020-00883-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.


id: cord-312840-jvdph782
title: Determining the dynamics of influenza transmission by age
author: White, Laura F
date: 2014-03-21
url: https://doi.org/10.1186/1742-7622-11-4
doi: 10.1186/1742-7622-11-4
abstract:
  BACKGROUND: It is widely accepted that influenza transmission dynamics vary by age; however methods to quantify the reproductive number by age group are limited. We introduce a simple method to estimate the reproductive number by modifying the method originally proposed by Wallinga and Teunis and using existing information on contact patterns between age groups. We additionally perform a sensitivity analysis to determine the potential impact of differential healthcare seeking patterns by age. We illustrate this method using data from the 2009 H1N1 Influenza pandemic in Gauteng Province, South Africa. RESULTS: Our results are consistent with others in showing decreased transmission with age. We show that results can change markedly when we make the account for differential healthcare seeking behaviors by age. CONCLUSIONS: We show substantial heterogeneity in transmission by age group during the Influenza A H1N1 pandemic in South Africa. This information can greatly assist in targeting interventions and implementing social distancing measures.


id: cord-313712-2dwbxq3w
author: Murshed, Muntasir
date: 2020-05-21
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32838023/
doi: 10.1007/s40974-020-00168-0
title:
  Oil price shocks and renewable energy transition: Empirical evidence from net oil-importing South Asian economies

abstract:
  This paper makes a novel attempt to model the nonlinear association between renewable energy consumption and crude oil prices concerning four net oil-importing South Asian economies: Bangladesh, India, Pakistan and Sri Lanka. Using annual data from 1990 to 2018, the long-run elasticity estimates confirm the nonlinear nexus and suggest that although rising crude oil prices do not facilitate renewable energy consumption initially, upon reaching a threshold level of crude oil price, further hikes in the oil prices are likely to elevate the renewable energy consumption figures. The estimated real oil price threshold, in this regard, is predicted to be around 135 US dollars per barrel, which is way above the prevailing oil price level. Identical nonlinearity is also confirmed in the context of the oil prices and renewable energy share in total final energy consumption volumes. Moreover, the nexus between renewable electricity share in aggregate electricity outputs and crude oil prices is also seen to exhibit nonlinearity. However, rising crude oil prices were not found to enhance the renewable electricity shares. Besides, the causality results implicated that movements in crude oil prices influenced the renewable energy transition process across the concerned South Asian economies. Thus, these results, in a nutshell, impose critically important policy implications for attainment of energy security and environmental sustainability in South Asia, particularly via curbing the traditional imported crude oil-dependencies of these nations.


id: cord-314138-odmx6ng8
author: Ryu, Sukhyun
date: 2020-10-17
url: https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2610.201886
doi: 10.3201/eid2610.201886
title:
  Effect of Nonpharmaceutical Interventions on Transmission of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2, South Korea, 2020

abstract:
  We analyzed transmission of coronavirus disease outside of the Daegu-Gyeongsangbuk provincial region in South Korea. We estimated that nonpharmaceutical measures reduced transmissibility by a maximum of 34% without resorting to a strict lockdown strategy. To optimize epidemic control, continuous efforts to monitor the transmissibility are needed.


id: cord-318252-vv3qsq74
author: Stuart, R. M.
date: 2020-09-03
url: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.09.02.20186742
doi: 10.1101/2020.09.02.20186742
title:
  The role of masks in reducing the risk of new waves of COVID-19 in low transmission settings: a modeling study

abstract:
  Objectives: To evaluate the risk of a new wave of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in a setting with ongoing low transmission, high mobility, and an effective test-and-trace system, under different assumptions about mask uptake. Design: We used a stochastic agent-based microsimulation model to create multiple simulations of possible epidemic trajectories that could eventuate over a five-week period following prolonged low levels of community transmission. Setting: We calibrated the model to the epidemiological and policy environment in New South Wales, Australia, at the end of August 2020. Participants: None Intervention: From September 1, 2020, we ran the stochastic model with the same initial conditions (i.e., those prevailing at August 31, 2020), and analyzed the outputs of the model to determine the probability of exceeding a given number of new diagnoses and active cases within five weeks, under three assumptions about future mask usage: a baseline scenario of 30% uptake, a scenario assuming no mask usage, and a scenario assuming mandatory mask usage with near-universal uptake (95%). Main outcome measure: Probability of exceeding a given number of new diagnoses and active cases within five weeks. Results: The policy environment at the end of August is sufficient to slow the rate of epidemic growth, but may not stop the epidemic from growing: we estimate a 20% chance that NSW will be diagnosing at least 50 new cases per day within five weeks from the date of this analysis. Mandatory mask usage would reduce this to 6-9%. Conclusions: Mandating the use of masks in community settings would significantly reduce the risk of epidemic resurgence.


id: cord-328742-r4ht266w
author: Heo, Jung Yeon
date: 2018-07-17
txt: ./txt/cord-328742-r4ht266w.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-328742-r4ht266w.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29912713/
doi: 10.3201/eid2407.171222
summary:
  During January 2013–April 2014, we subjected nasopharyngeal specimens collected from patients with acute febrile respiratory illness in a military hospital to PCR testing to detect 12 respiratory viruses and sequence a partial hexon gene for human adenovirus (HAdV) molecular typing. During January 2013-April 2014, we subjected nasopharyngeal specimens collected from patients with acute febrile respiratory illness in a military hospital to PCR testing to detect 12 respiratory viruses and sequence a partial hexon gene for human adenovirus (HAdV) molecular typing. HAdV is most prevalent in patients with acute lower respiratory tract infection and is the most common cause of pneumonia among military personnel in South Korea (12) . Thus, our study aimed to investigate the epidemiology of HAdV infections and to compare the clinical characteristics by type of HAdVs in soldiers in South Korea via hospital-based surveillance on viral respiratory infections.

title:
  Molecular Epidemiology of Human Adenovirus–Associated Febrile Respiratory Illness in Soldiers, South Korea(1)

abstract:
  During January 2013–April 2014, we subjected nasopharyngeal specimens collected from patients with acute febrile respiratory illness in a military hospital to PCR testing to detect 12 respiratory viruses and sequence a partial hexon gene for human adenovirus (HAdV) molecular typing. We analyzed the epidemiologic characteristics of HAdV infections and compared clinical characteristics of HAdV types. Among the 305 patients with acute febrile respiratory illness, we detected respiratory viruses in 139 (45.6%) patients; HAdV was the most prevalent virus (69 cases). Of the 40 adenoviruses identified based on type, HAdV-55 (29 cases) was the most prevalent, followed by HAdV-4 (9 cases). HAdV-55 was common in patients with pneumonia (odds ratio 2.17; 95% CI 0.48–9.86) and hospitalized patients (odds ratio 5.21; 95% CI 1.06–25.50). In soldiers with HAdV infection in Korea, HAdV-55 was the most prevalent type and might be associated with severe clinical outcomes.


id: cord-329953-8nq7fvfh
title: Covid-19 pandemic and the prospects of education in South Africa
author: Le Grange, Lesley
date: 2020-10-19
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33100404/
doi: 10.1007/s11125-020-09514-w
abstract:
  The Covid-19 pandemic has caused havoc in the world, radically changing our lives and raising new and old questions, both existential and educational. This pandemic has revealed the underbelly of South African society in general and its education system more specifically—it has laid bare the gross inequalities that are the legacies of apartheid and the consequences of neoliberal capitalism. Drawing on ideas articulated in the four introductory chapters of the International Handbook of Curriculum Research, edited by William Pinar in 2014, this article discusses Covid-19 and the prospects of education in South Africa. The article shows how understanding the wisdom of indigenous traditions along with the moral dimensions of education, race, and the new technologies of surveillance, neoliberalism, and education can provide a nuanced awareness of the nature of the Covid-19 pandemic. It then explores the implications of such insights for the field of curriculum studies and, where relevant, for the school curriculum. It concludes by showing how these broad themes intersect and gel around the notion of Ubuntu-currere.


id: cord-335404-s48psqth
author: Mukandavire, Zindoga
date: 2020-07-24
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32706790/
doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0236003
title:
  Quantifying early COVID-19 outbreak transmission in South Africa and exploring vaccine efficacy scenarios

abstract:
  The emergence and fast global spread of COVID-19 has presented one of the greatest public health challenges in modern times with no proven cure or vaccine. Africa is still early in this epidemic, therefore the extent of disease severity is not yet clear. We used a mathematical model to fit to the observed cases of COVID-19 in South Africa to estimate the basic reproductive number and critical vaccination coverage to control the disease for different hypothetical vaccine efficacy scenarios. We also estimated the percentage reduction in effective contacts due to the social distancing measures implemented. Early model estimates show that COVID-19 outbreak in South Africa had a basic reproductive number of 2.95 (95% credible interval [CrI] 2.83–3.33). A vaccine with 70% efficacy had the capacity to contain COVID-19 outbreak but at very higher vaccination coverage 94.44% (95% Crl 92.44–99.92%) with a vaccine of 100% efficacy requiring 66.10% (95% Crl 64.72–69.95%) coverage. Social distancing measures put in place have so far reduced the number of social contacts by 80.31% (95% Crl 79.76–80.85%). These findings suggest that a highly efficacious vaccine would have been required to contain COVID-19 in South Africa. Therefore, the current social distancing measures to reduce contacts will remain key in controlling the infection in the absence of vaccines and other therapeutics.


id: cord-340848-gdi4c92i
author: Moon, M. Jae
date: 2020-05-20
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32836434/
doi: 10.1111/puar.13214
title:
  Fighting COVID‐19 with Agility, Transparency, and Participation: Wicked Policy Problems and New Governance Challenges

abstract:
  Governments are being put to the test as they struggle with the fast and wide spread of COVID‐19. This article discusses the compelling challenges posed by the COVID‐19 pandemic by examining how this wicked problem has been managed by the South Korean government with agile‐adaptive, transparent actions to mitigate the surge of COVID‐19. Unlike many Western countries, South Korea has been able to contain the spread of COVID‐19 without a harsh forced lockdown of the epicenter of the virus. This essay argues that an agile‐adaptive approach, a policy of transparency in communicating risk, and citizens’ voluntary cooperation are critical factors. It also suggests that the South Korean government learned costly lessons from the MERS failure of 2015. This essay suggests ways that Western countries can manage future wicked problems such as COVID‐19 without paying too much cost and maintaining quality of life in open and free societies.


id: cord-345662-vm5btiue
author: Walwyn, David R.
date: 2020-10-03
url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214629620303595
doi: 10.1016/j.erss.2020.101784
title:
  Turning points for sustainability transitions: Institutional destabilization, public finance and the techno-economic dynamics of decarbonization in South Africa

abstract:
  Existing socio-technical systems tend to be intransigent to change. Decarbonisation, on the other hand, is an imperative, leading to an obvious conflict between the need for, and highly effective resistance to, change. Moreover, the abandonment of fossil fuel-based technologies in favour of more sustainable alternatives will require substantial reallocation of government’s operational expenditure, particularly in countries like South Africa with high per capita greenhouse gas emissions and low per capita income. In this article, it is argued that reallocation will require more than niche experimentation and destabilisation of the present socio-technical regime. Based on a study of South Africa’s budget processes, it is concluded that change will only occur when four separate pre-conditions converge, namely a rapidly growing environmental problem capable of leading to civil unrest, a supportive and recently developed policy framework, decreasing techno-economic costs for its solution, and strong political support from an effective ministry or minister. Turning points for transition, although infrequent, can be reached through strategic attention to these pre-conditions. A modified Kingdon multiple streams approach, which introduces the additional dimension of techno-economic feasibility, is proposed as a useful framework for anticipating when and how to act in order to mobilise sufficient public resources for decarbonisation.


id: cord-353867-617f90wq
author: Ory, Marcia G.
date: 2020-08-30
txt: ./txt/cord-353867-617f90wq.txt
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mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32872662/
doi: 10.3390/ijerph17176312
summary:
  This community-based initiative reached a large and diverse population, and statistically significant reductions in A1c levels (p < 0.01) were observed among participants with Type 2 diabetes at 3 months. The U.S.-Mexico border is impacted by extremely high disparities in income, education, and healthcare access, and these social determinants of health make this region among the nation''s Figure 1 illustrated the 27 counties formally included in the Healthy South Texas initiative [30] , and the counties in which the Diabetes Education Program was offered were marked with a red dot. Among participants with pre-diabetes or Type 1 diabetes, no statistically significant differences were observed based on baseline A1c level attending a follow-up session at any given time point (Table 2 ). From private and public sources, over USD 15,000,000 was identified in direct support and in-kind dollars for the Healthy South Texas initiative (including delivery of the Diabetes Education Program, as well as other disease prevention and health promotion activities) by governmental and nongovernmental entities.

title:
  Implementing a Diabetes Education Program to Reduce Health Disparities in South Texas: Application of the RE-AIM Framework for Planning and Evaluation

abstract:
  Health disparities in diabetes management and control are well-documented. The objective of this study is to describe one diabetes education program delivered in the United States in terms of the RE-AIM (Reach, Effectiveness, Adoption, Implementation, and Maintenance) Planning and Evaluation Framework. Questionnaires, clinical data, and administrative records were analyzed from 8664 adults with diabetes living in South Texas, an area characterized by high health disparities. The Diabetes Education Program delivered was a professionally led 12-month program involving 8 h of in-person workshop education followed by quarterly follow-up sessions. Changes in average blood glucose levels over the past 3 months (e.g., A1c levels) were the primary clinical outcome. Descriptive and multiple generalized linear mixed models were performed. This community-based initiative reached a large and diverse population, and statistically significant reductions in A1c levels (p < 0.01) were observed among participants with Type 2 diabetes at 3 months. These reductions in A1c levels were sustained at 6-, 9-, and 12-month follow-up assessments (p < 0.01). However, considerable attrition over time at follow-up sessions indicate the need for more robust strategies to keep participants engaged. For this diabetes education program, the RE-AIM model was a useful framework to present study processes and outcomes.


id: cord-354972-nc496v6s
title: Prospects for SARS-CoV-2 diagnostics, therapeutics and vaccines in Africa
author: Margolin, Emmanuel
date: 2020-09-10
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32913297/
doi: 10.1038/s41579-020-00441-3
abstract:
  The emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has resulted in a global pandemic, prompting unprecedented efforts to contain the virus. Many developed countries have implemented widespread testing and have rapidly mobilized research programmes to develop vaccines and therapeutics. However, these approaches may be impractical in Africa, where the infrastructure for testing is poorly developed and owing to the limited manufacturing capacity to produce pharmaceuticals. Furthermore, a large burden of HIV-1 and tuberculosis in Africa could exacerbate the severity of infection and may affect vaccine immunogenicity. This Review discusses global efforts to develop diagnostics, therapeutics and vaccines, with these considerations in mind. We also highlight vaccine and diagnostic production platforms that are being developed in Africa and that could be translated into clinical development through appropriate partnerships for manufacture.


