id sid tid token lemma pos cord-263987-ff6kor0c 1 1 key key NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 1 2 : : : cord-263987-ff6kor0c 1 3 cord-263987-ff6kor0c cord-263987-ff6kor0c . cord-263987-ff6kor0c 2 1 authors author NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 2 2 : : : cord-263987-ff6kor0c 2 3 Holmes Holmes NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 2 4 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 2 5 Ian Ian NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 2 6 H. H. NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 2 7 title title NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 2 8 : : : cord-263987-ff6kor0c 2 9 Solving solve VBG cord-263987-ff6kor0c 2 10 the the DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 2 11 master master NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 2 12 equation equation NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 2 13 for for IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 2 14 Indels Indels NNPS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 2 15 date date NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 2 16 : : : cord-263987-ff6kor0c 2 17 2017 2017 CD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 2 18 - - HYPH cord-263987-ff6kor0c 2 19 05 05 CD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 2 20 - - HYPH cord-263987-ff6kor0c 2 21 12 12 CD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 2 22 journal journal NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 2 23 : : : cord-263987-ff6kor0c 3 1 BMC BMC NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 3 2 Bioinformatics Bioinformatics NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 3 3 DOI DOI NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 3 4 : : : cord-263987-ff6kor0c 3 5 10.1186 10.1186 CD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 3 6 / / SYM cord-263987-ff6kor0c 3 7 s12859 s12859 CD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 3 8 - - HYPH cord-263987-ff6kor0c 3 9 017 017 CD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 3 10 - - HYPH cord-263987-ff6kor0c 3 11 1665 1665 CD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 3 12 - - SYM cord-263987-ff6kor0c 3 13 1 1 CD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 3 14 sha sha NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 3 15 : : : cord-263987-ff6kor0c 4 1 ea85420ea72fab3346afc8aaf42b17f571b99a85 ea85420ea72fab3346afc8aaf42b17f571b99a85 CD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 4 2 doc_id doc_id CD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 4 3 : : : cord-263987-ff6kor0c 4 4 263987 263987 CD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 4 5 cord_uid cord_uid NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 4 6 : : : cord-263987-ff6kor0c 4 7 ff6kor0c ff6kor0c JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 4 8 BACKGROUND background NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 4 9 : : : cord-263987-ff6kor0c 5 1 Despite despite IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 5 2 the the DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 5 3 long long RB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 5 4 - - HYPH cord-263987-ff6kor0c 5 5 anticipated anticipate VBN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 5 6 possibility possibility NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 5 7 of of IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 5 8 putting put VBG cord-263987-ff6kor0c 5 9 sequence sequence NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 5 10 alignment alignment NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 5 11 on on IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 5 12 the the DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 5 13 same same JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 5 14 footing footing NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 5 15 as as IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 5 16 statistical statistical JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 5 17 phylogenetics phylogenetic NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 5 18 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 5 19 theorists theorist NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 5 20 have have VBP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 5 21 struggled struggle VBN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 5 22 to to TO cord-263987-ff6kor0c 5 23 develop develop VB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 5 24 time time NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 5 25 - - HYPH cord-263987-ff6kor0c 5 26 dependent dependent JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 5 27 evolutionary evolutionary JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 5 28 models model NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 5 29 for for IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 5 30 indels indel NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 5 31 that that WDT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 5 32 are be VBP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 5 33 as as RB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 5 34 tractable tractable JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 5 35 as as IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 5 36 the the DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 5 37 analogous analogous JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 5 38 models model NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 5 39 for for IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 5 40 substitution substitution NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 5 41 events event NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 5 42 . . . cord-263987-ff6kor0c 6 1 MAIN MAIN NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 6 2 TEXT TEXT NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 6 3 : : : cord-263987-ff6kor0c 7 1 This this DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 7 2 paper paper NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 7 3 discusses discuss VBZ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 7 4 progress progress NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 7 5 in in IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 7 6 the the DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 7 7 area area NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 7 8 of of IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 7 9 insertion insertion NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 7 10 - - HYPH cord-263987-ff6kor0c 7 11 deletion deletion NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 7 12 models model NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 7 13 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 7 14 in in IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 7 15 view view NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 7 16 of of IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 7 17 recent recent JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 7 18 work work NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 7 19 by by IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 7 20 Ezawa Ezawa NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 7 21 ( ( -LRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 7 22 BMC BMC NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 7 23 Bioinformatics Bioinformatics NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 7 24 17:304 17:304 CD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 7 25 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 7 26 2016 2016 CD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 7 27 ) ) -RRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 7 28 ; ; : cord-263987-ff6kor0c 8 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 8 2 BMC BMC NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 8 3 Bioinformatics Bioinformatics NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 8 4 17:397 17:397 CD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 8 5 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 8 6 2016 2016 CD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 8 7 ) ) -RRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 8 8 ; ; : cord-263987-ff6kor0c 8 9 ( ( -LRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 8 10 BMC BMC NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 8 11 Bioinformatics Bioinformatics NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 8 12 17:457 17:457 CD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 8 13 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 8 14 2016 2016 CD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 8 15 ) ) -RRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 8 16 on on IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 8 17 the the DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 8 18 calculation calculation NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 8 19 of of IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 8 20 time time NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 8 21 - - HYPH cord-263987-ff6kor0c 8 22 dependent dependent JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 8 23 gap gap NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 8 24 length length NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 8 25 distributions distribution NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 8 26 in in IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 8 27 pairwise pairwise JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 8 28 alignments alignment NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 8 29 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 8 30 and and CC cord-263987-ff6kor0c 8 31 current current JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 8 32 approaches approach NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 8 33 for for IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 8 34 extending extend VBG cord-263987-ff6kor0c 8 35 these these DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 8 36 approaches approach NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 8 37 from from IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 8 38 ancestor ancestor NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 8 39 - - HYPH cord-263987-ff6kor0c 8 40 descendant descendant NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 8 41 pairs pair NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 8 42 to to TO cord-263987-ff6kor0c 8 43 phylogenetic phylogenetic VB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 8 44 trees tree NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 8 45 . . . cord-263987-ff6kor0c 9 1 CONCLUSIONS conclusion NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 9 2 : : : cord-263987-ff6kor0c 10 1 While while IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 10 2 approximations approximation NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 10 3 that that WDT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 10 4 use use VBP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 10 5 finite finite JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 10 6 - - HYPH cord-263987-ff6kor0c 10 7 state state NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 10 8 machines machine NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 10 9 ( ( -LRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 10 10 Pair Pair NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 10 11 HMMs HMMs NNPS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 10 12 and and CC cord-263987-ff6kor0c 10 13 transducers transducer NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 10 14 ) ) -RRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 10 15 currently currently RB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 10 16 represent represent VBP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 10 17 the the DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 10 18 most most RBS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 10 19 practical practical JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 10 20 approach approach NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 10 21 to to IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 10 22 problems problem NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 10 23 such such JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 10 24 as as IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 10 25 sequence sequence NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 10 26 alignment alignment NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 10 27 and and CC cord-263987-ff6kor0c 10 28 phylogeny phylogeny NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 10 29 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 10 30 more more RBR cord-263987-ff6kor0c 10 31 rigorous rigorous JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 10 32 approaches approach NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 10 33 that that WDT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 10 34 work work VBP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 10 35 directly directly RB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 10 36 with with IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 10 37 the the DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 10 38 matrix matrix NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 10 39 exponential exponential NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 10 40 of of IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 10 41 the the DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 10 42 underlying underlying JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 10 43 continuous continuous JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 10 44 - - HYPH cord-263987-ff6kor0c 10 45 time time NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 10 46 Markov Markov NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 10 47 chain chain NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 10 48 also also RB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 10 49 show show VBP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 10 50 promise promise NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 10 51 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 10 52 especially especially RB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 10 53 in in IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 10 54 view view NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 10 55 of of IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 10 56 recent recent JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 10 57 advances advance NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 10 58 . . . cord-263987-ff6kor0c 11 1 Models model NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 11 2 of of IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 11 3 sequence sequence NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 11 4 evolution evolution NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 11 5 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 11 6 formulated formulate VBN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 11 7 as as IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 11 8 continuoustime continuoustime NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 11 9 discrete discrete JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 11 10 - - HYPH cord-263987-ff6kor0c 11 11 state state NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 11 12 Markov Markov NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 11 13 chains chain NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 11 14 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 11 15 are be VBP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 11 16 central central JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 11 17 to to IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 11 18 statistical statistical JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 11 19 phylogenetics phylogenetic NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 11 20 and and CC cord-263987-ff6kor0c 11 21 bioinformatics bioinformatic NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 11 22 . . . cord-263987-ff6kor0c 12 1 As as IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 12 2 descriptions description NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 12 3 of of IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 12 4 the the DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 12 5 process process NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 12 6 of of IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 12 7 nucleotide nucleotide JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 12 8 or or CC cord-263987-ff6kor0c 12 9 amino amino NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 12 10 acid acid NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 12 11 substitution substitution NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 12 12 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 12 13 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 12 14 earliest early JJS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 12 15 uses use NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 12 16 were be VBD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 12 17 to to TO cord-263987-ff6kor0c 12 18 estimate estimate VB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 12 19 evolutionary evolutionary JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 12 20 distances distance NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 12 21 [ [ -LRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 12 22 1 1 CD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 12 23 ] ] -RRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 12 24 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 12 25 parameterize parameterize VB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 12 26 sequence sequence NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 12 27 alignment alignment NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 12 28 algorithms algorithm NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 12 29 [ [ -LRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 12 30 2 2 CD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 12 31 ] ] -RRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 12 32 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 12 33 and and CC cord-263987-ff6kor0c 12 34 construct construct VB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 12 35 phylogenetic phylogenetic JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 12 36 trees tree NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 12 37 [ [ -LRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 12 38 3 3 CD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 12 39 ] ] -RRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 12 40 . . . cord-263987-ff6kor0c 13 1 Variations variation NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 13 2 on on IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 13 3 these these DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 13 4 models model NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 13 5 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 13 6 including include VBG cord-263987-ff6kor0c 13 7 extra extra JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 13 8 latent latent JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 13 9 variables variable NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 13 10 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 13 11 have have VBP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 13 12 been be VBN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 13 13 used use VBN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 13 14 to to TO cord-263987-ff6kor0c 13 15 estimate estimate VB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 13 16 spatial spatial JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 13 17 variation variation NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 13 18 in in IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 13 19 evolutionary evolutionary JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 13 20 rates rate NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 13 21 [ [ -LRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 13 22 4 4 CD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 13 23 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 13 24 5 5 CD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 13 25 ] ] -RRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 13 26 ; ; : cord-263987-ff6kor0c 13 27 these these DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 13 28 patterns pattern NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 13 29 of of IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 13 30 spatial spatial JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 13 31 variation variation NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 13 32 have have VBP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 13 33 been be VBN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 13 34 used use VBN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 13 35 to to TO cord-263987-ff6kor0c 13 36 predict predict VB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 13 37 exon exon JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 13 38 structures structure NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 13 39 of of IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 13 40 protein protein NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 13 41 - - HYPH cord-263987-ff6kor0c 13 42 coding code VBG cord-263987-ff6kor0c 13 43 genes gene NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 13 44 [ [ -LRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 13 45 6 6 CD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 13 46 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 13 47 7 7 CD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 13 48 ] ] -RRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 13 49 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 13 50 foldback foldback NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 13 51 structure structure NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 13 52 of of IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 13 53 non non JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 13 54 - - JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 13 55 coding code VBG cord-263987-ff6kor0c 13 56 RNA RNA NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 13 57 genes gene NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 13 58 [ [ -LRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 13 59 8 8 CD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 13 60 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 13 61 9 9 CD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 13 62 ] ] -RRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 13 63 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 13 64 regulatory regulatory JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 13 65 elements element NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 13 66 [ [ -LRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 13 67 10 10 CD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 13 68 ] ] -RRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 13 69 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 13 70 ultra ultra JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 13 71 - - JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 13 72 conserved conserve VBN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 13 73 elements element NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 13 74 [ [ -LRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 13 75 11 11 CD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 13 76 ] ] -RRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 13 77 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 13 78 protein protein NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 13 79 secondary secondary JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 13 80 structures structure NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 13 81 [ [ -LRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 13 82 12 12 CD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 13 83 ] ] -RRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 13 84 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 13 85 and and CC cord-263987-ff6kor0c 13 86 transmembrane transmembrane NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 13 87 structures structure NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 13 88 [ [ -LRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 13 89 13 13 CD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 13 90 ] ] -RRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 13 91 . . . cord-263987-ff6kor0c 14 1 They -PRON- PRP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 14 2 are be VBP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 14 3 widely widely RB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 14 4 used use VBN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 14 5 to to TO cord-263987-ff6kor0c 14 6 reconstruct reconstruct VB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 14 7 ancestral ancestral JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 14 8 sequences sequence NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 14 9 [ [ -LRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 14 10 14 14 CD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 14 11 ] ] -RRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 14 12 [ [ -LRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 14 13 15 15 CD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 14 14 ] ] -RRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 14 15 [ [ -LRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 14 16 16 16 CD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 14 17 ] ] -RRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 15 1 [ [ -LRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 15 2 17 17 CD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 15 3 ] ] -RRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 15 4 [ [ -LRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 15 5 18 18 CD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 15 6 ] ] -RRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 15 7 [ [ -LRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 15 8 19 19 CD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 15 9 ] ] -RRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 16 1 [ [ -LRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 16 2 20 20 CD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 16 3 ] ] -RRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 16 4 [ [ -LRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 16 5 21 21 CD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 16 6 ] ] -RRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 17 1 [ [ -LRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 17 2 22 22 CD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 17 3 ] ] -RRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 17 4 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 17 5 a a DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 17 6 method method NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 17 7 that that WDT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 17 8 is be VBZ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 17 9 finding find VBG cord-263987-ff6kor0c 17 10 increasing increase VBG cord-263987-ff6kor0c 17 11 application application NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 17 12 in in IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 17 13 synthetic synthetic JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 17 14 biology biology NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 17 15 [ [ -LRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 17 16 16 16 CD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 17 17 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 17 18 [ [ -LRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 17 19 20 20 CD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 17 20 ] ] -RRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 17 21 [ [ -LRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 17 22 21 21 CD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 17 23 ] ] -RRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 17 24 [ [ -LRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 17 25 22 22 CD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 17 26 ] ] -RRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 17 27 . . . cord-263987-ff6kor0c 18 1 Trees tree NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 18 2 built build VBD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 18 3 using use VBG cord-263987-ff6kor0c 18 4 substitution substitution NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 18 5 models model NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 18 6 used use VBN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 18 7 to to TO cord-263987-ff6kor0c 18 8 classify classify VB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 18 9 species specie NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 18 10 [ [ -LRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 18 11 23 23 CD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 18 12 ] ] -RRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 18 13 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 18 14 predict predict VBP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 18 15 protein protein NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 18 16 function function NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 18 17 [ [ -LRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 18 18 24 24 CD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 18 19 ] ] -RRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 18 20 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 18 21 inform inform VB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 18 22 conservation conservation NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 18 23 efforts effort NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 18 24 [ [ -LRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 18 25 25 25 CD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 18 26 ] ] -RRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 18 27 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 18 28 or or CC cord-263987-ff6kor0c 18 29 identify identify VB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 18 30 novel novel JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 18 31 pathogens pathogen NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 18 32 [ [ -LRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 18 33 26 26 CD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 18 34 ] ] -RRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 18 35 . . . cord-263987-ff6kor0c 19 1 In in IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 19 2 the the DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 19 3 analysis analysis NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 19 4 of of IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 19 5 rapidly rapidly RB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 19 6 evolving evolve VBG cord-263987-ff6kor0c 19 7 pathogens pathogen NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 19 8 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 19 9 these these DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 19 10 methods method NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 19 11 are be VBP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 19 12 used use VBN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 19 13 to to TO cord-263987-ff6kor0c 19 14 uncover uncover VB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 19 15 population population NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 19 16 histories history NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 19 17 [ [ -LRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 19 18 27 27 CD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 19 19 ] ] -RRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 19 20 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 19 21 analyze analyze VB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 19 22 Correspondence correspondence NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 19 23 : : : cord-263987-ff6kor0c 20 1 ihh@berkeley.edu ihh@berkeley.edu NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 20 2 Dept Dept NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 20 3 of of IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 20 4 Bioengineering Bioengineering NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 20 5 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 20 6 University University NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 20 7 of of IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 20 8 California California NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 20 9 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 20 10 94720 94720 CD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 20 11 Berkeley Berkeley NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 20 12 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 20 13 USA USA NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 20 14 transmission transmission NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 20 15 dynamics dynamic NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 20 16 [ [ -LRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 20 17 28 28 CD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 20 18 ] ] -RRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 20 19 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 20 20 reconstruct reconstruct VB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 20 21 key key JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 20 22 transmission transmission NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 20 23 events event NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 20 24 [ [ -LRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 20 25 29 29 CD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 20 26 ] ] -RRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 20 27 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 20 28 and and CC cord-263987-ff6kor0c 20 29 predict predict VB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 20 30 future future JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 20 31 evolutionary evolutionary JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 20 32 trends trend NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 20 33 [ [ -LRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 20 34 30 30 CD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 20 35 ] ] -RRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 20 36 . . . cord-263987-ff6kor0c 21 1 There there EX cord-263987-ff6kor0c 21 2 are be VBP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 21 3 many many JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 21 4 other other JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 21 5 applications application NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 21 6 ; ; : cord-263987-ff6kor0c 21 7 the the DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 21 8 ones one NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 21 9 listed list VBN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 21 10 above above RB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 21 11 were be VBD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 21 12 selected select VBN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 21 13 to to TO cord-263987-ff6kor0c 21 14 give give VB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 21 15 some some DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 21 16 idea idea NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 21 17 of of IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 21 18 how how WRB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 21 19 influential influential JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 21 20 these these DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 21 21 models model NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 21 22 have have VBP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 21 23 been be VBN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 21 24 . . . cord-263987-ff6kor0c 22 1 Continuous continuous JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 22 2 - - HYPH cord-263987-ff6kor0c 22 3 time time NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 22 4 Markov Markov NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 22 5 chains chain NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 22 6 describe describe VBP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 22 7 evolution evolution NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 22 8 in in IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 22 9 a a DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 22 10 state state NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 22 11 space space NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 22 12 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 22 13 for for IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 22 14 example example NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 22 15 the the DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 22 16 set set NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 22 17 of of IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 22 18 nucleotides nucleotide NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 22 19 = = NFP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 22 20 { { -LRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 22 21 A A NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 22 22 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 22 23 C C NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 22 24 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 22 25 G G NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 22 26 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 22 27 T T NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 22 28 } } -RRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 22 29 . . . cord-263987-ff6kor0c 23 1 The the DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 23 2 stochastic stochastic JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 23 3 process process NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 23 4 φ(t φ(t CD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 23 5 ) ) -RRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 23 6 at at IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 23 7 any any DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 23 8 given give VBN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 23 9 instant instant NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 23 10 of of IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 23 11 time time NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 23 12 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 23 13 t t NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 23 14 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 23 15 takes take VBZ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 23 16 one one CD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 23 17 of of IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 23 18 the the DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 23 19 values value NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 23 20 in in RP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 23 21 . . . cord-263987-ff6kor0c 24 1 Let let VB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 24 2 p(t p(t NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 24 3 ) ) -RRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 24 4 be be VB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 24 5 a a DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 24 6 vector vector NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 24 7 describing describe VBG cord-263987-ff6kor0c 24 8 the the DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 24 9 marginal marginal JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 24 10 probability probability NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 24 11 distribution distribution NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 24 12 of of IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 24 13 the the DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 24 14 process process NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 24 15 at at IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 24 16 a a DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 24 17 single single JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 24 18 point point NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 24 19 in in IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 24 20 time time NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 24 21 : : : cord-263987-ff6kor0c 24 22 p p NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 24 23 i i PRP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 24 24 ( ( -LRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 24 25 t t NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 24 26 ) ) -RRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 24 27 = = NFP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 25 1 P(φ(t P(φ(t NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 25 2 ) ) -RRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 25 3 = = NFP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 26 1 i i PRP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 26 2 ) ) -RRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 26 3 . . . cord-263987-ff6kor0c 27 1 The the DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 27 2 time time NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 27 3 - - HYPH cord-263987-ff6kor0c 27 4 evolution evolution NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 27 5 of of IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 27 6 this this DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 27 7 vector vector NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 27 8 is be VBZ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 27 9 governed govern VBN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 27 10 by by IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 27 11 a a DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 27 12 master master NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 27 13 equation equation NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 27 14 where where WRB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 27 15 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 27 16 for for IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 27 17 i i PRP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 27 18 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 27 19 j j NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 27 20 ∈ ∈ NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 27 21 and and CC cord-263987-ff6kor0c 27 22 i i NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 27 23 = = SYM cord-263987-ff6kor0c 27 24 j j NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 27 25 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 27 26 R R NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 27 27 i i NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 27 28 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 27 29 j j NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 27 30 is be VBZ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 27 31 the the DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 27 32 instantaneous instantaneous JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 27 33 rate rate NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 27 34 of of IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 27 35 mutation mutation NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 27 36 from from IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 27 37 state state NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 27 38 i i PRP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 27 39 to to TO cord-263987-ff6kor0c 27 40 state state VB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 27 41 j. j. NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 28 1 For for IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 28 2 probabilistic probabilistic JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 28 3 normalization normalization NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 28 4 of of IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 28 5 Eq Eq NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 28 6 . . . cord-263987-ff6kor0c 29 1 1 1 LS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 29 2 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 29 3 it -PRON- PRP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 29 4 is be VBZ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 29 5 then then RB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 29 6 required require VBN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 29 7 that that IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 29 8 The the DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 29 9 general general JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 29 10 solution solution NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 29 11 to to IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 29 12 Eq Eq NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 29 13 . . . cord-263987-ff6kor0c 30 1 1 1 LS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 30 2 can can MD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 30 3 be be VB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 30 4 written write VBN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 30 5 p(t p(t NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 30 6 ) ) -RRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 30 7 = = NFP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 31 1 p(0)M(t p(0)M(t NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 31 2 ) ) -RRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 31 3 where where WRB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 31 4 M(t M(t NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 31 5 ) ) -RRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 31 6 is be VBZ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 31 7 the the DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 31 8 matrix matrix NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 31 9 exponential exponential JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 31 10 M(t m(t NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 31 11 ) ) -RRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 32 1 = = NFP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 33 1 exp(Rt exp(Rt NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 33 2 ) ) -RRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 33 3 ( ( -LRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 33 4 2 2 LS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 33 5 ) ) -RRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 34 1 Entry Entry NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 34 2 M M NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 34 3 i i NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 34 4 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 34 5 j j NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 34 6 ( ( -LRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 34 7 t t NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 34 8 ) ) -RRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 34 9 of of IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 34 10 this this DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 34 11 matrix matrix NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 34 12 is be VBZ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 34 13 the the DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 34 14 probability probability NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 34 15 P(φ(t p(φ(t NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 34 16 ) ) -RRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 35 1 = = NFP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 36 1 j|φ(0 j|φ(0 NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 36 2 ) ) -RRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 37 1 = = NFP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 38 1 i i PRP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 38 2 ) ) -RRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 38 3 that that IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 38 4 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 38 5 conditional conditional JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 38 6 on on IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 38 7 starting start VBG cord-263987-ff6kor0c 38 8 in in IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 38 9 state state NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 39 1 i i PRP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 39 2 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 39 3 the the DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 39 4 system system NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 39 5 will will MD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 39 6 after after IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 39 7 time time NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 39 8 t t NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 39 9 be be VB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 39 10 in in IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 39 11 state state NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 40 1 j. j. NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 40 2 It -PRON- PRP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 40 3 follows follow VBZ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 40 4 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 40 5 by by IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 40 6 definition definition NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 40 7 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 40 8 that that IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 40 9 this this DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 40 10 matrix matrix NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 40 11 satisfies satisfy VBZ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 40 12 the the DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 40 13 Chapman Chapman NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 40 14 - - HYPH cord-263987-ff6kor0c 40 15 Kolmogorov Kolmogorov NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 40 16 forward forward RB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 40 17 equation equation NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 40 18 : : : cord-263987-ff6kor0c 40 19 That that DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 40 20 is is RB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 40 21 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 40 22 if if IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 40 23 M M NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 40 24 i i NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 40 25 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 40 26 j j NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 40 27 ( ( -LRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 40 28 t t NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 40 29 ) ) -RRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 40 30 is be VBZ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 40 31 the the DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 40 32 probability probability NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 40 33 that that WDT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 40 34 state state NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 40 35 i i PRP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 40 36 will will MD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 40 37 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 40 38 after after IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 40 39 a a DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 40 40 finite finite JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 40 41 time time NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 40 42 interval interval NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 40 43 t t NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 40 44 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 40 45 have have VBP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 40 46 evolved evolve VBN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 40 47 into into IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 40 48 state state NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 40 49 j j NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 40 50 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 40 51 and and CC cord-263987-ff6kor0c 40 52 M M NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 40 53 j j NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 40 54 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 40 55 k k NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 40 56 ( ( -LRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 40 57 u u NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 40 58 ) ) -RRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 40 59 is be VBZ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 40 60 the the DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 40 61 analogous analogous JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 40 62 probability probability NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 40 63 that that WDT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 40 64 state state NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 40 65 j j NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 40 66 will will MD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 40 67 after after IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 40 68 time time NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 40 69 u u PRP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 40 70 evolve evolve VBP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 40 71 into into IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 40 72 state state NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 40 73 k k NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 40 74 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 40 75 then then RB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 40 76 summing sum VBG cord-263987-ff6kor0c 40 77 out out RP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 40 78 j j NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 40 79 has have VBZ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 40 80 the the DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 40 81 expected expect VBN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 40 82 result result NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 40 83 : : : cord-263987-ff6kor0c 40 84 This this DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 40 85 is be VBZ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 40 86 one one CD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 40 87 way way NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 40 88 of of IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 40 89 stating state VBG cord-263987-ff6kor0c 40 90 the the DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 40 91 defining define VBG cord-263987-ff6kor0c 40 92 property property NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 40 93 of of IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 40 94 a a DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 40 95 Markov Markov NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 40 96 chain chain NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 40 97 : : : cord-263987-ff6kor0c 40 98 its -PRON- PRP$ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 40 99 lack lack NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 40 100 of of IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 40 101 historical historical JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 40 102 memory memory NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 40 103 previous previous JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 40 104 to to IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 40 105 its -PRON- PRP$ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 40 106 current current JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 40 107 state state NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 40 108 . . . cord-263987-ff6kor0c 41 1 Equation equation NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 41 2 1 1 CD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 41 3 is be VBZ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 41 4 just just RB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 41 5 an an DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 41 6 instantaneous instantaneous JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 41 7 version version NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 41 8 of of IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 41 9 this this DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 41 10 equation equation NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 41 11 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 41 12 and and CC cord-263987-ff6kor0c 41 13 Eq Eq NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 41 14 . . . cord-263987-ff6kor0c 42 1 3 3 CD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 42 2 is be VBZ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 42 3 the the DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 42 4 same same JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 42 5 equation equation NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 42 6 in in IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 42 7 matrix matrix NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 42 8 form form NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 42 9 . . . cord-263987-ff6kor0c 43 1 The the DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 43 2 conditional conditional JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 43 3 likelihood likelihood NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 43 4 for for IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 43 5 an an DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 43 6 ancestor ancestor NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 43 7 - - HYPH cord-263987-ff6kor0c 43 8 descendant descendant JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 43 9 pair pair NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 43 10 can can MD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 43 11 be be VB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 43 12 converted convert VBN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 43 13 into into IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 43 14 a a DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 43 15 phylogenetic phylogenetic JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 43 16 likelihood likelihood NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 43 17 for for IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 43 18 a a DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 43 19 set set NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 43 20 of of IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 43 21 extant extant JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 43 22 taxon taxon NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 43 23 states state NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 43 24 S S NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 43 25 related relate VBN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 43 26 by by IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 43 27 a a DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 43 28 tree tree NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 43 29 T T NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 43 30 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 43 31 as as IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 43 32 follows follow VBZ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 43 33 . . . cord-263987-ff6kor0c 44 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 44 2 I -PRON- PRP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 44 3 assume assume VBP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 44 4 for for IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 44 5 convenience convenience NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 44 6 that that WDT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 44 7 T T NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 44 8 is be VBZ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 44 9 a a DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 44 10 binary binary JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 44 11 tree tree NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 44 12 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 44 13 though though IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 44 14 relaxing relax VBG cord-263987-ff6kor0c 44 15 this this DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 44 16 constraint constraint NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 44 17 is be VBZ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 44 18 straightforward straightforward JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 44 19 . . . cord-263987-ff6kor0c 44 20 ) ) -RRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 45 1 To to TO cord-263987-ff6kor0c 45 2 compute compute VB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 45 3 the the DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 45 4 likelihood likelihood NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 45 5 requires require VBZ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 45 6 that that IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 45 7 one one CD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 45 8 first first NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 45 9 computes compute VBZ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 45 10 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 45 11 for for IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 45 12 every every DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 45 13 node node NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 45 14 n n CC cord-263987-ff6kor0c 45 15 in in IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 45 16 the the DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 45 17 tree tree NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 45 18 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 45 19 the the DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 45 20 probability probability NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 45 21 F F NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 45 22 i i NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 45 23 ( ( -LRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 45 24 n n NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 45 25 ) ) -RRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 45 26 of of IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 45 27 all all DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 45 28 observed observe VBN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 45 29 states state NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 45 30 at at IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 45 31 leaf leaf NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 45 32 nodes node NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 45 33 descended descend VBD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 45 34 from from IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 45 35 node node NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 45 36 n n NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 45 37 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 45 38 conditioned condition VBN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 45 39 on on IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 45 40 node node NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 45 41 n n NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 45 42 being be VBG cord-263987-ff6kor0c 45 43 in in IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 45 44 state state NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 45 45 i. i. NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 46 1 This this DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 46 2 is be VBZ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 46 3 given give VBN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 46 4 by by IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 46 5 Felsenstein Felsenstein NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 46 6 's 's POS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 46 7 pruning pruning NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 46 8 recursion recursion NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 46 9 : : : cord-263987-ff6kor0c 46 10 if if IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 46 11 n n NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 46 12 is be VBZ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 46 13 a a DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 46 14 leaf leaf NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 46 15 node node NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 46 16 in in IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 46 17 state state NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 46 18 s s NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 46 19 n n NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 46 20 ( ( -LRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 46 21 4 4 CD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 46 22 ) ) -RRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 46 23 where where WRB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 46 24 t t NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 46 25 mn mn NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 46 26 denotes denote VBZ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 46 27 the the DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 46 28 length length NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 46 29 of of IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 46 30 the the DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 46 31 branch branch NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 46 32 from from IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 46 33 tree tree NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 46 34 node node NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 46 35 m m NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 46 36 to to IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 46 37 tree tree NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 46 38 node node NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 46 39 n. n. NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 47 1 I -PRON- PRP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 47 2 have have VBP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 47 3 used use VBN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 47 4 the the DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 47 5 notation notation NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 47 6 ( ( -LRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 47 7 j j NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 47 8 ) ) -RRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 47 9 for for IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 47 10 the the DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 47 11 unit unit NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 47 12 vector vector NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 47 13 in in IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 47 14 dimension dimension NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 47 15 j j NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 47 16 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 47 17 and and CC cord-263987-ff6kor0c 47 18 the the DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 47 19 symbol symbol NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 47 20 • • NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 47 21 to to TO cord-263987-ff6kor0c 47 22 denote denote VB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 48 1 the the DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 48 2 Hadamard Hadamard NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 48 3 product product NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 48 4 ( ( -LRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 48 5 also also RB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 48 6 known know VBN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 48 7 as as IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 48 8 the the DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 48 9 pointwise pointwise JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 48 10 product product NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 48 11 ) ) -RRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 48 12 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 48 13 defined define VBN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 48 14 such such JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 48 15 that that IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 48 16 for for IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 48 17 any any DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 48 18 two two CD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 48 19 vectors vector NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 48 20 u u NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 48 21 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 48 22 v v NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 48 23 of of IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 48 24 the the DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 48 25 same same JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 48 26 size size NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 48 27 : : : cord-263987-ff6kor0c 48 28 Supposing suppose VBG cord-263987-ff6kor0c 48 29 that that DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 48 30 node node NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 48 31 1 1 CD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 48 32 is be VBZ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 48 33 the the DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 48 34 root root NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 48 35 node node NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 48 36 of of IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 48 37 the the DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 48 38 tree tree NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 48 39 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 48 40 and and CC cord-263987-ff6kor0c 48 41 that that IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 48 42 the the DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 48 43 distribution distribution NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 48 44 of of IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 48 45 states state NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 48 46 at at IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 48 47 this this DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 48 48 root root NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 48 49 node node NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 48 50 is be VBZ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 48 51 given give VBN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 48 52 by by IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 48 53 ρ ρ NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 48 54 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 48 55 the the DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 48 56 likelihood likelihood NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 48 57 can can MD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 48 58 be be VB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 48 59 written write VBN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 48 60 as as IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 48 61 where where WRB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 48 62 u u NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 48 63 · · NFP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 48 64 v v NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 48 65 denotes denote VBZ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 48 66 the the DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 48 67 scalar scalar JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 48 68 product product NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 48 69 of of IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 48 70 u u NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 48 71 and and CC cord-263987-ff6kor0c 48 72 v. v. NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 49 1 It -PRON- PRP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 49 2 is be VBZ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 49 3 common common JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 49 4 to to TO cord-263987-ff6kor0c 49 5 assume assume VB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 49 6 that that IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 49 7 the the DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 49 8 root root NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 49 9 node node NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 49 10 is be VBZ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 49 11 at at IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 49 12 equilibrium equilibrium NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 49 13 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 49 14 so so IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 49 15 that that IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 49 16 ρ ρ NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 49 17 = = SYM cord-263987-ff6kor0c 49 18 π π NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 49 19 . . . cord-263987-ff6kor0c 50 1 As as IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 50 2 mentioned mention VBN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 50 3 above above RB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 50 4 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 50 5 this this DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 50 6 mathematical mathematical JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 50 7 approach approach NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 50 8 is be VBZ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 50 9 fundamental fundamental JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 50 10 to to IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 50 11 statistical statistical JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 50 12 phylogenetics phylogenetic NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 50 13 and and CC cord-263987-ff6kor0c 50 14 many many JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 50 15 applications application NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 50 16 in in IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 50 17 bioinformatics bioinformatic NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 50 18 . . . cord-263987-ff6kor0c 51 1 For for IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 51 2 small small JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 51 3 state state NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 51 4 spaces space NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 51 5 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 51 6 such such JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 51 7 as as IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 51 8 ( ( -LRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 51 9 for for IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 51 10 example example NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 51 11 ) ) -RRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 51 12 the the DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 51 13 20 20 CD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 51 14 amino amino NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 51 15 acids acid NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 51 16 or or CC cord-263987-ff6kor0c 51 17 61 61 CD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 51 18 sense sense NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 51 19 codons codon NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 51 20 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 51 21 the the DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 51 22 matrix matrix NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 51 23 exponential exponential JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 51 24 M(t M(t NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 51 25 ) ) -RRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 51 26 in in IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 51 27 Eq Eq NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 51 28 . . . cord-263987-ff6kor0c 52 1 2 2 LS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 52 2 can can MD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 52 3 be be VB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 52 4 solved solve VBN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 52 5 exactly exactly RB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 52 6 and and CC cord-263987-ff6kor0c 52 7 practically practically RB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 52 8 by by IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 52 9 the the DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 52 10 technique technique NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 52 11 of of IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 52 12 spectral spectral JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 52 13 decomposition decomposition NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 52 14 ( ( -LRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 52 15 i.e. i.e. FW cord-263987-ff6kor0c 52 16 finding find VBG cord-263987-ff6kor0c 52 17 eigenvalues eigenvalue NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 52 18 and and CC cord-263987-ff6kor0c 52 19 eigenvectors eigenvector NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 52 20 ) ) -RRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 52 21 . . . cord-263987-ff6kor0c 53 1 Such such JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 53 2 an an DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 53 3 approach approach NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 53 4 informs inform VBZ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 53 5 the the DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 53 6 Dayhoff Dayhoff NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 53 7 PAM PAM NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 53 8 matrix matrix NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 53 9 . . . cord-263987-ff6kor0c 54 1 It -PRON- PRP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 54 2 was be VBD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 54 3 also also RB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 54 4 solved solve VBN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 54 5 for for IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 54 6 certain certain JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 54 7 specific specific JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 54 8 parametric parametric JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 54 9 forms form NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 54 10 of of IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 54 11 the the DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 54 12 rate rate NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 54 13 matrix matrix NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 54 14 R r NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 54 15 by by IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 54 16 Jukes Jukes NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 54 17 and and CC cord-263987-ff6kor0c 54 18 Cantor Cantor NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 54 19 [ [ -LRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 54 20 1 1 CD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 54 21 ] ] -RRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 54 22 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 54 23 Kimura Kimura NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 54 24 [ [ -LRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 54 25 31 31 CD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 54 26 ] ] -RRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 54 27 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 54 28 Felsenstein Felsenstein NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 54 29 [ [ -LRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 54 30 3 3 CD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 54 31 ] ] -RRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 54 32 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 54 33 and and CC cord-263987-ff6kor0c 54 34 Hasegawa Hasegawa NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 54 35 et et NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 54 36 al al NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 54 37 . . . cord-263987-ff6kor0c 55 1 [ [ -LRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 55 2 32 32 CD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 55 3 ] ] -RRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 55 4 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 55 5 among among IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 55 6 others other NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 55 7 . . . cord-263987-ff6kor0c 56 1 This this DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 56 2 approach approach NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 56 3 is be VBZ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 56 4 used use VBN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 56 5 by by IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 56 6 all all DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 56 7 likelihood likelihood NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 56 8 - - HYPH cord-263987-ff6kor0c 56 9 based base VBN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 56 10 phylogenetics phylogenetic NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 56 11 tools tool NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 56 12 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 56 13 such such JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 56 14 as as IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 56 15 RevBayes RevBayes NNPS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 56 16 [ [ -LRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 56 17 33 33 CD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 56 18 ] ] -RRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 56 19 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 56 20 BEAST BEAST NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 56 21 [ [ -LRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 56 22 34 34 CD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 56 23 ] ] -RRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 56 24 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 56 25 RAxML RAxML VBZ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 56 26 [ [ -LRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 56 27 35 35 CD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 56 28 ] ] -RRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 56 29 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 56 30 HyPhy HyPhy NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 56 31 [ [ -LRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 56 32 36 36 CD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 56 33 ] ] -RRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 56 34 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 56 35 PAML PAML NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 56 36 [ [ -LRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 56 37 37 37 CD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 56 38 ] ] -RRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 56 39 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 56 40 PHYLIP PHYLIP NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 56 41 [ [ -LRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 56 42 38 38 CD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 56 43 ] ] -RRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 56 44 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 56 45 TREE tree NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 56 46 - - HYPH cord-263987-ff6kor0c 56 47 PUZZLE puzzle NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 56 48 [ [ -LRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 56 49 39 39 CD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 56 50 ] ] -RRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 56 51 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 56 52 and and CC cord-263987-ff6kor0c 56 53 XRate XRate NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 56 54 [ [ -LRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 56 55 40 40 CD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 56 56 ] ] -RRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 56 57 . . . cord-263987-ff6kor0c 57 1 Many many JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 57 2 more more JJR cord-263987-ff6kor0c 57 3 bioinformatics bioinformatics NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 57 4 tools tool NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 57 5 use use VBP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 57 6 the the DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 57 7 Dayhoff Dayhoff NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 57 8 PAM PAM NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 57 9 matrix matrix NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 57 10 or or CC cord-263987-ff6kor0c 57 11 other other JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 57 12 substitution substitution NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 57 13 matrix matrix NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 57 14 based base VBN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 57 15 on on IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 57 16 an an DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 57 17 underlying underlie VBG cord-263987-ff6kor0c 57 18 master master NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 57 19 equation equation NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 57 20 of of IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 57 21 the the DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 57 22 form form NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 57 23 Eq Eq NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 57 24 . . . cord-263987-ff6kor0c 58 1 1 1 LS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 58 2 . . . cord-263987-ff6kor0c 59 1 There there EX cord-263987-ff6kor0c 59 2 exists exist VBZ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 59 3 a a DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 59 4 deep deep JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 59 5 literature literature NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 59 6 on on IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 59 7 Markov Markov NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 59 8 chains chain NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 59 9 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 59 10 to to TO cord-263987-ff6kor0c 59 11 which which WDT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 59 12 this this DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 59 13 brief brief JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 59 14 survey survey NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 59 15 can can MD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 59 16 not not RB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 59 17 remotely remotely RB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 59 18 do do VB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 59 19 justice justice NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 59 20 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 59 21 but but CC cord-263987-ff6kor0c 59 22 several several JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 59 23 concepts concept NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 59 24 must must MD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 59 25 be be VB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 59 26 mentioned mention VBN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 59 27 in in IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 59 28 order order NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 59 29 to to TO cord-263987-ff6kor0c 59 30 survey survey VB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 59 31 progress progress NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 59 32 in in IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 59 33 this this DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 59 34 area area NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 59 35 . . . cord-263987-ff6kor0c 60 1 A a DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 60 2 Markov Markov NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 60 3 chain chain NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 60 4 is be VBZ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 60 5 time time NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 60 6 - - HYPH cord-263987-ff6kor0c 60 7 homogeneous homogeneous JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 60 8 if if IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 60 9 the the DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 60 10 elements element NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 60 11 of of IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 60 12 the the DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 60 13 rate rate NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 60 14 matrix matrix NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 60 15 R r NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 60 16 in in IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 60 17 Eq Eq NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 60 18 . . . cord-263987-ff6kor0c 61 1 1 1 CD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 61 2 are be VBP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 61 3 themselves -PRON- PRP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 61 4 independent independent JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 61 5 of of IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 61 6 time time NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 61 7 . . . cord-263987-ff6kor0c 62 1 If if IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 62 2 a a DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 62 3 Markov Markov NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 62 4 chain chain NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 62 5 is be VBZ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 62 6 time time NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 62 7 - - HYPH cord-263987-ff6kor0c 62 8 homogeneous homogeneous JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 62 9 and and CC cord-263987-ff6kor0c 62 10 is be VBZ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 62 11 known know VBN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 62 12 to to TO cord-263987-ff6kor0c 62 13 be be VB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 62 14 in in IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 62 15 equilibrium equilibrium NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 62 16 at at IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 62 17 a a DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 62 18 given give VBN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 62 19 time time NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 62 20 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 62 21 for for IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 62 22 example example NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 62 23 p(0 p(0 NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 62 24 ) ) -RRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 62 25 = = NFP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 63 1 π π LS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 64 1 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 64 2 then then RB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 64 3 ( ( -LRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 64 4 absent absent VB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 64 5 any any DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 64 6 other other JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 64 7 constraints constraint NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 64 8 ) ) -RRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 64 9 it -PRON- PRP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 64 10 will will MD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 64 11 be be VB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 64 12 in in IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 64 13 equilibrium equilibrium NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 64 14 at at IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 64 15 all all DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 64 16 times time NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 64 17 ; ; : cord-263987-ff6kor0c 64 18 such such PDT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 64 19 a a DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 64 20 chain chain NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 64 21 is be VBZ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 64 22 referred refer VBN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 64 23 to to IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 64 24 as as IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 64 25 being be VBG cord-263987-ff6kor0c 64 26 stationary stationary JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 64 27 . . . cord-263987-ff6kor0c 65 1 The the DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 65 2 time time NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 65 3 - - HYPH cord-263987-ff6kor0c 65 4 scaling scaling NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 65 5 of of IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 65 6 these these DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 65 7 models model NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 65 8 is be VBZ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 65 9 somewhat somewhat RB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 65 10 arbitrary arbitrary JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 65 11 : : : cord-263987-ff6kor0c 65 12 if if IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 65 13 the the DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 65 14 time time NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 65 15 parameter parameter NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 65 16 t t NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 65 17 is be VBZ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 65 18 replaced replace VBN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 65 19 by by IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 65 20 a a DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 65 21 scaled scale VBN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 65 22 version version NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 65 23 t t NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 65 24 / / SYM cord-263987-ff6kor0c 65 25 κ κ NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 65 26 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 65 27 while while IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 65 28 the the DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 65 29 rate rate NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 65 30 matrix matrix NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 65 31 R r NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 65 32 is be VBZ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 65 33 replaced replace VBN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 65 34 by by IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 65 35 Rκ Rκ NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 65 36 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 65 37 then then RB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 65 38 the the DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 65 39 likelihood likelihood NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 65 40 in in IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 65 41 Eq Eq NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 65 42 . . . cord-263987-ff6kor0c 66 1 2 2 CD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 66 2 is be VBZ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 66 3 unchanged unchanged JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 66 4 . . . cord-263987-ff6kor0c 67 1 For for IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 67 2 some some DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 67 3 models model NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 67 4 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 67 5 the the DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 67 6 rate rate NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 67 7 is be VBZ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 67 8 allowed allow VBN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 67 9 to to TO cord-263987-ff6kor0c 67 10 vary vary VB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 67 11 between between IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 67 12 sites site NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 67 13 [ [ -LRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 67 14 4 4 CD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 67 15 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 67 16 5 5 CD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 67 17 ] ] -RRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 67 18 . . . cord-263987-ff6kor0c 68 1 A a DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 68 2 Markov Markov NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 68 3 chain chain NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 68 4 is be VBZ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 68 5 reversible reversible JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 68 6 if if IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 68 7 it -PRON- PRP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 68 8 satisfies satisfy VBZ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 68 9 the the DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 68 10 instantaneous instantaneous JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 68 11 detailed detailed JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 68 12 balance balance NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 68 13 condition condition NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 69 1 π π LS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 70 1 i i PRP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 70 2 R r VBP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 70 3 i i NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 70 4 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 70 5 j j NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 70 6 = = SYM cord-263987-ff6kor0c 70 7 π π NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 70 8 j j NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 70 9 R R NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 70 10 j j NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 70 11 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 70 12 i i PRP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 70 13 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 70 14 or or CC cord-263987-ff6kor0c 70 15 its -PRON- PRP$ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 70 16 finite finite JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 70 17 - - HYPH cord-263987-ff6kor0c 70 18 time time NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 70 19 equivalent equivalent JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 71 1 π π LS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 72 1 i i PRP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 73 1 M M NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 73 2 i i NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 73 3 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 73 4 j j NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 73 5 = = SYM cord-263987-ff6kor0c 73 6 π π NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 73 7 j j NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 73 8 M M NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 73 9 j j NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 73 10 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 73 11 i i PRP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 73 12 . . . cord-263987-ff6kor0c 74 1 This this DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 74 2 amounts amount VBZ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 74 3 to to IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 74 4 a a DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 74 5 symmetry symmetry NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 74 6 constraint constraint NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 74 7 on on IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 74 8 the the DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 74 9 parameter parameter NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 74 10 space space NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 74 11 of of IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 74 12 the the DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 74 13 chain chain NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 74 14 ( ( -LRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 74 15 specifically specifically RB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 74 16 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 74 17 the the DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 74 18 matrix matrix NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 74 19 S S NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 74 20 with with IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 74 21 elements element NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 75 1 S S NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 75 2 i i NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 75 3 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 75 4 j j NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 75 5 = = NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 76 1 π π LS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 77 1 i i PRP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 77 2 / / SYM cord-263987-ff6kor0c 77 3 π π NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 78 1 j j NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 78 2 R R NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 78 3 i i NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 78 4 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 78 5 j j NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 78 6 is be VBZ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 78 7 symmetric symmetric JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 78 8 ) ) -RRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 78 9 which which WDT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 78 10 has have VBZ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 78 11 several several JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 78 12 convenient convenient JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 78 13 advantages advantage NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 78 14 : : : cord-263987-ff6kor0c 78 15 it -PRON- PRP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 78 16 effectively effectively RB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 78 17 halves halve VBZ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 78 18 the the DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 78 19 number number NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 78 20 of of IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 78 21 parameters parameter NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 78 22 that that WDT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 78 23 must must MD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 78 24 be be VB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 78 25 determined determine VBN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 78 26 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 78 27 it -PRON- PRP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 78 28 eases ease VBZ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 78 29 some some DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 78 30 of of IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 78 31 the the DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 78 32 matrix matrix NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 78 33 manipulations manipulation NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 78 34 ( ( -LRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 78 35 symmetric symmetric JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 78 36 matrices matrix NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 78 37 have have VBP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 78 38 real real JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 78 39 eigenvalues eigenvalue NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 78 40 and and CC cord-263987-ff6kor0c 78 41 the the DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 78 42 algorithms algorithm NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 78 43 to to TO cord-263987-ff6kor0c 78 44 find find VB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 78 45 them -PRON- PRP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 78 46 are be VBP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 78 47 generally generally RB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 78 48 more more RBR cord-263987-ff6kor0c 78 49 stable stable JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 78 50 ) ) -RRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 78 51 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 78 52 and and CC cord-263987-ff6kor0c 78 53 it -PRON- PRP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 78 54 allows allow VBZ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 78 55 for for IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 78 56 some some DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 78 57 convenient convenient JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 78 58 manipulations manipulation NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 78 59 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 78 60 such such JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 78 61 as as IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 78 62 the the DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 78 63 socalled socalled JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 78 64 pulley pulley NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 78 65 principle principle NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 78 66 allowing allow VBG cord-263987-ff6kor0c 78 67 for for IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 78 68 arbitrary arbitrary JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 78 69 re re NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 78 70 - - NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 78 71 rooting rooting NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 78 72 of of IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 78 73 the the DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 78 74 tree tree NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 78 75 [ [ -LRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 78 76 3 3 CD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 78 77 ] ] -RRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 78 78 . . . cord-263987-ff6kor0c 79 1 From from IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 79 2 another another DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 79 3 angle angle NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 79 4 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 79 5 however however RB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 79 6 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 79 7 these these DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 79 8 supposed suppose VBN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 79 9 advantages advantage NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 79 10 may may MD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 79 11 be be VB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 79 12 viewed view VBN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 79 13 as as IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 79 14 drawbacks drawback NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 79 15 : : : cord-263987-ff6kor0c 79 16 reversibility reversibility NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 79 17 is be VBZ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 79 18 a a DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 79 19 simplification simplification NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 79 20 which which WDT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 79 21 ignores ignore VBZ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 79 22 some some DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 79 23 unreversible unreversible JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 79 24 aspects aspect NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 79 25 of of IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 79 26 real real JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 79 27 data datum NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 79 28 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 79 29 limits limit VBZ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 79 30 the the DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 79 31 expressiveness expressiveness NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 79 32 of of IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 79 33 the the DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 79 34 model model NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 79 35 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 79 36 and and CC cord-263987-ff6kor0c 79 37 makes make VBZ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 79 38 the the DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 79 39 root root NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 79 40 node node NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 79 41 placement placement NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 79 42 statistically statistically RB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 79 43 unidentifiable unidentifiable JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 79 44 . . . cord-263987-ff6kor0c 80 1 Stationarity stationarity NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 80 2 has have VBZ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 80 3 similar similar JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 80 4 advantages advantage NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 80 5 and and CC cord-263987-ff6kor0c 80 6 drawbacks drawback NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 80 7 . . . cord-263987-ff6kor0c 81 1 If if IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 81 2 one one PRP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 81 3 assumes assume VBZ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 81 4 the the DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 81 5 process process NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 81 6 was be VBD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 81 7 started start VBN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 81 8 at at IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 81 9 equilibrium equilibrium NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 81 10 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 81 11 that that RB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 81 12 is be VBZ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 81 13 one one CD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 81 14 less less JJR cord-263987-ff6kor0c 81 15 set set NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 81 16 of of IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 81 17 parameters parameter NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 81 18 to to TO cord-263987-ff6kor0c 81 19 worry worry VB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 81 20 about about IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 81 21 ( ( -LRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 81 22 since since IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 81 23 the the DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 81 24 equilibrium equilibrium NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 81 25 distribution distribution NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 81 26 is be VBZ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 81 27 implied imply VBN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 81 28 by by IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 81 29 the the DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 81 30 process process NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 81 31 itself -PRON- PRP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 81 32 ) ) -RRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 81 33 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 81 34 but but CC cord-263987-ff6kor0c 81 35 it -PRON- PRP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 81 36 also also RB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 81 37 renders render VBZ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 81 38 the the DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 81 39 model model NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 81 40 less less RBR cord-263987-ff6kor0c 81 41 expressive expressive JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 81 42 and and CC cord-263987-ff6kor0c 81 43 makes make VBZ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 81 44 some some DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 81 45 kinds kind NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 81 46 of of IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 81 47 inference inference NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 81 48 impossible impossible JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 81 49 . . . cord-263987-ff6kor0c 82 1 The the DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 82 2 early early JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 82 3 literature literature NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 82 4 on on IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 82 5 substitution substitution NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 82 6 models model NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 82 7 involved involve VBN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 82 8 generalizing generalize VBG cord-263987-ff6kor0c 82 9 from from IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 82 10 rate rate NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 82 11 matrices matrix NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 82 12 R r NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 82 13 characterized characterize VBN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 82 14 only only RB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 82 15 by by IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 82 16 a a DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 82 17 single single JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 82 18 rate rate NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 82 19 parameter parameter NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 82 20 [ [ -LRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 82 21 1 1 CD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 82 22 ] ] -RRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 82 23 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 82 24 to to TO cord-263987-ff6kor0c 82 25 symmetry symmetry VB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 82 26 - - HYPH cord-263987-ff6kor0c 82 27 breaking break VBG cord-263987-ff6kor0c 82 28 versions version NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 82 29 that that WDT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 82 30 allowed allow VBD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 82 31 for for IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 82 32 different different JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 82 33 transition transition NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 82 34 and and CC cord-263987-ff6kor0c 82 35 transversion transversion NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 82 36 rates rate NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 82 37 [ [ -LRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 82 38 31 31 CD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 82 39 ] ] -RRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 82 40 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 82 41 non non JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 82 42 - - JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 82 43 uniform uniform JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 82 44 equilibrium equilibrium NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 82 45 distributions distribution NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 82 46 over over IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 82 47 nucleotides nucleotide NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 82 48 [ [ -LRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 82 49 3 3 CD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 82 50 ] ] -RRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 82 51 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 82 52 and and CC cord-263987-ff6kor0c 82 53 combinations combination NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 82 54 of of IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 82 55 the the DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 82 56 above above JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 82 57 [ [ -LRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 82 58 32 32 CD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 82 59 ] ] -RRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 82 60 . . . cord-263987-ff6kor0c 83 1 These these DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 83 2 models model NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 83 3 are be VBP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 83 4 all all DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 83 5 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 83 6 however however RB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 83 7 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 83 8 reversible reversible JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 83 9 . . . cord-263987-ff6kor0c 84 1 A a DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 84 2 good good JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 84 3 deal deal NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 84 4 of of IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 84 5 subsequent subsequent JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 84 6 research research NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 84 7 has have VBZ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 84 8 gone go VBN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 84 9 into into IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 84 10 the the DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 84 11 problem problem NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 84 12 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 84 13 in in IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 84 14 various various JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 84 15 guises guise NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 84 16 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 84 17 of of IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 84 18 generalizing generalize VBG cord-263987-ff6kor0c 84 19 results result NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 84 20 obtained obtain VBN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 84 21 for for IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 84 22 reversible reversible JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 84 23 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 84 24 homogeneous homogeneous JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 84 25 and/or and/or CC cord-263987-ff6kor0c 84 26 stationary stationary JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 84 27 models model NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 84 28 to to IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 84 29 the the DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 84 30 analogous analogous JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 84 31 irreversible irreversible JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 84 32 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 84 33 nonhomogeneous nonhomogeneous JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 84 34 and and CC cord-263987-ff6kor0c 84 35 nonstationary nonstationary JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 84 36 models model NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 84 37 . . . cord-263987-ff6kor0c 85 1 For for IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 85 2 examples example NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 85 3 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 85 4 see see VB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 85 5 [ [ -LRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 85 6 30 30 CD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 85 7 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 85 8 [ [ -LRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 85 9 41 41 CD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 85 10 ] ] -RRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 85 11 [ [ -LRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 85 12 42 42 CD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 85 13 ] ] -RRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 85 14 [ [ -LRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 85 15 43 43 CD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 85 16 ] ] -RRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 85 17 . . . cord-263987-ff6kor0c 86 1 The the DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 86 2 question question NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 86 3 naturally naturally RB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 86 4 arises arise VBZ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 86 5 : : : cord-263987-ff6kor0c 86 6 how how WRB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 86 7 to to TO cord-263987-ff6kor0c 86 8 extend extend VB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 86 9 the the DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 86 10 model model NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 86 11 to to TO cord-263987-ff6kor0c 86 12 describe describe VB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 86 13 the the DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 86 14 evolution evolution NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 86 15 of of IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 86 16 an an DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 86 17 entire entire JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 86 18 sequence sequence NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 86 19 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 86 20 not not RB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 86 21 just just RB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 86 22 individual individual JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 86 23 sites site NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 86 24 ? ? . cord-263987-ff6kor0c 87 1 In in IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 87 2 such such JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 87 3 cases case NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 87 4 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 87 5 when when WRB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 87 6 one one CD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 87 7 talks talk VBZ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 87 8 about about IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 87 9 M(t M(t NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 87 10 ) ) -RRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 88 1 i i PRP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 88 2 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 88 3 j j NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 88 4 " " `` cord-263987-ff6kor0c 88 5 the the DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 88 6 likelihood likelihood NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 88 7 of of IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 88 8 an an DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 88 9 ancestor ancestor NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 88 10 - - HYPH cord-263987-ff6kor0c 88 11 descendant descendant JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 88 12 pair pair NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 88 13 ( ( -LRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 88 14 i i NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 88 15 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 88 16 j j NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 88 17 ) ) -RRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 88 18 " " '' cord-263987-ff6kor0c 89 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 89 2 or or CC cord-263987-ff6kor0c 89 3 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 89 4 more more RBR cord-263987-ff6kor0c 89 5 precisely precisely RB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 89 6 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 89 7 the the DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 89 8 probability probability NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 89 9 that that WDT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 89 10 - - HYPH cord-263987-ff6kor0c 89 11 given give VBN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 89 12 the the DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 89 13 system system NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 89 14 starts start VBZ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 89 15 in in IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 89 16 ancestral ancestral JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 89 17 state state NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 89 18 i i PRP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 89 19 - - : cord-263987-ff6kor0c 89 20 it -PRON- PRP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 89 21 will will MD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 89 22 after after IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 89 23 time time NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 89 24 t t NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 89 25 have have VBP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 89 26 evolved evolve VBN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 89 27 into into IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 89 28 descendant descendant JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 89 29 state state NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 89 30 j j NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 89 31 ) ) -RRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 90 1 one one PRP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 90 2 must must MD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 90 3 bear bear VB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 90 4 in in IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 90 5 mind mind NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 90 6 that that IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 90 7 the the DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 90 8 states state NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 91 1 i i PRP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 91 2 and and CC cord-263987-ff6kor0c 91 3 j j NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 91 4 now now RB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 91 5 represent represent VBP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 91 6 not not RB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 91 7 just just RB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 91 8 individual individual JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 91 9 residues residue NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 91 10 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 91 11 but but CC cord-263987-ff6kor0c 91 12 entire entire JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 91 13 sequences sequence NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 91 14 . . . cord-263987-ff6kor0c 92 1 As as RB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 92 2 long long RB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 92 3 as as IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 92 4 the the DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 92 5 allowed allow VBN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 92 6 mutations mutation NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 92 7 are be VBP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 92 8 restricted restrict VBN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 92 9 to to IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 92 10 point point NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 92 11 substitutions substitution NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 92 12 and and CC cord-263987-ff6kor0c 92 13 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 92 14 mutation mutation NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 92 15 rates rate NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 92 16 are be VBP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 92 17 independent independent JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 92 18 of of IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 92 19 flanking flanking JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 92 20 context context NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 92 21 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 92 22 then then RB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 92 23 the the DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 92 24 extension extension NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 92 25 to to IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 92 26 whole whole JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 92 27 sequences sequence NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 92 28 is be VBZ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 92 29 trivially trivially RB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 92 30 easy easy JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 92 31 : : : cord-263987-ff6kor0c 92 32 one one PRP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 92 33 can can MD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 92 34 simply simply RB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 92 35 multiply multiply VB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 92 36 together together RB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 92 37 probabilities probability NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 92 38 of of IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 92 39 independent independent JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 92 40 sites site NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 92 41 . . . cord-263987-ff6kor0c 93 1 However however RB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 93 2 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 93 3 many many JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 93 4 kinds kind NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 93 5 of of IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 93 6 mutation mutation NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 93 7 violate violate VBP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 93 8 this this DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 93 9 assumption assumption NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 93 10 of of IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 93 11 site site NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 93 12 independence independence NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 93 13 ; ; : cord-263987-ff6kor0c 93 14 most most RBS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 93 15 notably notably RB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 93 16 contextdependent contextdependent JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 93 17 substitutions substitution NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 93 18 and and CC cord-263987-ff6kor0c 93 19 indels indel NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 93 20 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 93 21 where where WRB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 93 22 the the DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 93 23 rates rate NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 93 24 depend depend VBP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 93 25 on on IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 93 26 neighboring neighboring NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 93 27 sites site NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 93 28 . . . cord-263987-ff6kor0c 94 1 For for IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 94 2 these these DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 94 3 mutations mutation NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 94 4 the the DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 94 5 natural natural JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 94 6 approach approach NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 94 7 is be VBZ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 94 8 to to TO cord-263987-ff6kor0c 94 9 extend extend VB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 94 10 the the DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 94 11 state state NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 94 12 space space NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 94 13 to to TO cord-263987-ff6kor0c 94 14 be be VB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 94 15 the the DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 94 16 set set NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 94 17 of of IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 94 18 all all DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 94 19 possible possible JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 94 20 sequences sequence NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 94 21 over over IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 94 22 a a DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 94 23 given give VBN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 94 24 alphabet alphabet NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 94 25 ( ( -LRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 94 26 for for IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 94 27 example example NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 94 28 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 94 29 the the DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 94 30 set set NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 94 31 of of IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 94 32 all all DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 94 33 DNA dna NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 94 34 or or CC cord-263987-ff6kor0c 94 35 protein protein NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 94 36 sequences sequence NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 94 37 ) ) -RRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 94 38 . . . cord-263987-ff6kor0c 95 1 This this DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 95 2 state state NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 95 3 space space NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 95 4 is be VBZ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 95 5 ( ( -LRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 95 6 countably countably RB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 95 7 ) ) -RRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 95 8 infinite infinite JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 95 9 ; ; : cord-263987-ff6kor0c 95 10 Eqs Eqs NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 95 11 . . . cord-263987-ff6kor0c 96 1 1 1 LS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 96 2 - - SYM cord-263987-ff6kor0c 96 3 4 4 CD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 96 4 can can MD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 96 5 still still RB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 96 6 be be VB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 96 7 used use VBN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 96 8 on on IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 96 9 an an DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 96 10 infinite infinite JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 96 11 state state NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 96 12 space space NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 96 13 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 96 14 but but CC cord-263987-ff6kor0c 96 15 solution solution NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 96 16 by by IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 96 17 brute brute JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 96 18 - - HYPH cord-263987-ff6kor0c 96 19 force force NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 96 20 enumeration enumeration NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 96 21 of of IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 96 22 eigenvalues eigenvalue NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 96 23 and and CC cord-263987-ff6kor0c 96 24 eigenvectors eigenvector NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 96 25 is be VBZ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 96 26 no no DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 96 27 longer long RBR cord-263987-ff6kor0c 96 28 feasible feasible JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 96 29 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 96 30 except except IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 96 31 in in IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 96 32 special special JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 96 33 cases case NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 96 34 where where WRB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 96 35 there there EX cord-263987-ff6kor0c 96 36 is be VBZ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 96 37 explicit explicit JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 96 38 structure structure NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 96 39 to to IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 96 40 the the DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 96 41 rate rate NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 96 42 matrix matrix NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 96 43 that that WDT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 96 44 allows allow VBZ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 96 45 identification identification NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 96 46 of of IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 96 47 the the DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 96 48 eigensystem eigensystem NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 96 49 by by IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 96 50 algebraic algebraic JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 96 51 approaches approach NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 96 52 [ [ -LRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 96 53 44 44 CD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 96 54 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 96 55 45 45 CD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 96 56 ] ] -RRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 96 57 . . . cord-263987-ff6kor0c 97 1 It -PRON- PRP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 97 2 has have VBZ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 97 3 turned turn VBN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 97 4 out out RP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 97 5 that that IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 97 6 whole whole JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 97 7 - - HYPH cord-263987-ff6kor0c 97 8 sequence sequence NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 97 9 evolutionary evolutionary JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 97 10 models model NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 97 11 have have VBP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 97 12 proved prove VBN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 97 13 quite quite RB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 97 14 challenging challenging JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 97 15 for for IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 97 16 theorists theorist NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 97 17 . . . cord-263987-ff6kor0c 98 1 There there EX cord-263987-ff6kor0c 98 2 is be VBZ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 98 3 extensive extensive JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 98 4 evidence evidence NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 98 5 suggesting suggest VBG cord-263987-ff6kor0c 98 6 that that IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 98 7 indels indel NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 98 8 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 98 9 in in IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 98 10 particular particular JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 98 11 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 98 12 can can MD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 98 13 be be VB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 98 14 profoundly profoundly RB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 98 15 informative informative JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 98 16 to to IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 98 17 phylogenetic phylogenetic JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 98 18 studies study NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 98 19 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 98 20 and and CC cord-263987-ff6kor0c 98 21 to to IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 98 22 applications application NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 98 23 of of IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 98 24 phylogenetics phylogenetic NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 98 25 in in IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 98 26 sequence sequence NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 98 27 analysis analysis NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 98 28 [ [ -LRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 98 29 46 46 CD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 98 30 ] ] -RRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 99 1 [ [ -LRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 99 2 47 47 CD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 99 3 ] ] -RRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 100 1 [ [ -LRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 100 2 48 48 CD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 100 3 ] ] -RRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 101 1 [ [ -LRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 101 2 49 49 CD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 101 3 ] ] -RRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 101 4 [ [ -LRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 101 5 50 50 CD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 101 6 ] ] -RRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 101 7 [ [ -LRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 101 8 51 51 CD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 101 9 ] ] -RRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 101 10 . . . cord-263987-ff6kor0c 102 1 The the DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 102 2 field field NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 102 3 of of IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 102 4 efforts effort NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 102 5 to to TO cord-263987-ff6kor0c 102 6 unify unify VB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 102 7 alignment alignment NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 102 8 and and CC cord-263987-ff6kor0c 102 9 phylogeny phylogeny NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 102 10 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 102 11 and and CC cord-263987-ff6kor0c 102 12 to to TO cord-263987-ff6kor0c 102 13 build build VB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 102 14 a a DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 102 15 theoretical theoretical JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 102 16 framework framework NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 102 17 for for IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 102 18 the the DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 102 19 evolutionary evolutionary JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 102 20 analysis analysis NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 102 21 of of IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 102 22 indels indel NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 102 23 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 102 24 has have VBZ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 102 25 been be VBN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 102 26 dubbed dub VBN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 102 27 statistical statistical JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 102 28 alignment alignment NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 102 29 by by IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 102 30 Hein Hein NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 102 31 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 102 32 one one CD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 102 33 of of IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 102 34 its -PRON- PRP$ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 102 35 pioneers pioneer NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 102 36 [ [ -LRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 102 37 52 52 CD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 102 38 ] ] -RRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 102 39 . . . cord-263987-ff6kor0c 103 1 Recent recent JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 103 2 publications publication NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 103 3 by by IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 103 4 Ezawa Ezawa NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 103 5 [ [ -LRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 103 6 53 53 CD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 103 7 ] ] -RRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 103 8 [ [ -LRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 103 9 54 54 CD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 103 10 ] ] -RRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 103 11 [ [ -LRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 103 12 55 55 CD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 103 13 ] ] -RRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 103 14 and and CC cord-263987-ff6kor0c 103 15 Rivas Rivas NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 103 16 and and CC cord-263987-ff6kor0c 103 17 Eddy Eddy NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 103 18 [ [ -LRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 103 19 56 56 CD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 103 20 ] ] -RRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 103 21 have have VBP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 103 22 highlighted highlight VBN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 103 23 this this DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 103 24 problem problem NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 103 25 once once RB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 103 26 again again RB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 103 27 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 103 28 directly directly RB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 103 29 leading lead VBG cord-263987-ff6kor0c 103 30 to to IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 103 31 the the DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 103 32 present present JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 103 33 review review NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 103 34 . . . cord-263987-ff6kor0c 104 1 In in IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 104 2 this this DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 104 3 paper paper NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 104 4 I -PRON- PRP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 104 5 focus focus VBP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 104 6 only only RB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 104 7 on on IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 104 8 " " `` cord-263987-ff6kor0c 104 9 local local JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 104 10 " " '' cord-263987-ff6kor0c 104 11 mutations mutation NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 104 12 : : : cord-263987-ff6kor0c 104 13 mostly mostly RB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 104 14 indel indel JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 104 15 events event NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 104 16 ( ( -LRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 104 17 which which WDT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 104 18 may may MD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 104 19 include include VB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 104 20 local local JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 104 21 duplications duplication NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 104 22 ) ) -RRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 104 23 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 104 24 but but CC cord-263987-ff6kor0c 104 25 also also RB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 104 26 context context NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 104 27 - - HYPH cord-263987-ff6kor0c 104 28 dependent dependent JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 104 29 substitutions substitution NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 104 30 . . . cord-263987-ff6kor0c 105 1 This this DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 105 2 is be VBZ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 105 3 not not RB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 105 4 because because IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 105 5 " " `` cord-263987-ff6kor0c 105 6 nonlocal nonlocal JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 105 7 " " '' cord-263987-ff6kor0c 105 8 events event NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 105 9 ( ( -LRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 105 10 such such JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 105 11 as as IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 105 12 rearrangements rearrangement NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 105 13 ) ) -RRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 105 14 are be VBP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 105 15 unimportant unimportant JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 105 16 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 105 17 but but CC cord-263987-ff6kor0c 105 18 rather rather RB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 105 19 that that IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 105 20 they -PRON- PRP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 105 21 tend tend VBP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 105 22 to to TO cord-263987-ff6kor0c 105 23 defy defy VB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 105 24 phylogenetic phylogenetic JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 105 25 reconstruction reconstruction NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 105 26 due due IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 105 27 to to IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 105 28 the the DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 105 29 rapid rapid JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 105 30 proliferation proliferation NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 105 31 of of IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 105 32 possible possible JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 105 33 histories history NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 105 34 after after IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 105 35 even even RB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 105 36 a a DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 105 37 few few JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 105 38 such such JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 105 39 events event NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 105 40 [ [ -LRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 105 41 57 57 CD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 105 42 ] ] -RRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 105 43 . . . cord-263987-ff6kor0c 106 1 The the DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 106 2 discussion discussion NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 106 3 here here RB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 106 4 is be VBZ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 106 5 separated separate VBN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 106 6 into into IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 106 7 two two CD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 106 8 parts part NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 106 9 . . . cord-263987-ff6kor0c 107 1 In in IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 107 2 the the DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 107 3 first first JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 107 4 part part NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 107 5 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 107 6 I -PRON- PRP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 107 7 discuss discuss VBP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 107 8 the the DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 107 9 master master NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 107 10 equation equation NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 107 11 ( ( -LRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 107 12 Eq Eq NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 107 13 . . NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 107 14 1 1 CD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 107 15 ) ) -RRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 107 16 and and CC cord-263987-ff6kor0c 107 17 exact exact JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 107 18 solutions solution NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 107 19 thereof thereof RB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 108 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 108 2 Eq Eq NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 108 3 . . NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 108 4 2 2 CD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 108 5 ) ) -RRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 108 6 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 108 7 along along IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 108 8 with with IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 108 9 various various JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 108 10 approximations approximation NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 108 11 and and CC cord-263987-ff6kor0c 108 12 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 108 13 departure departure NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 108 14 from from IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 108 15 the the DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 108 16 Chapman Chapman NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 108 17 - - HYPH cord-263987-ff6kor0c 108 18 Kolmogorov Kolmogorov NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 108 19 ideal ideal NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 108 20 ( ( -LRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 108 21 Eq Eq NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 108 22 . . NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 108 23 3 3 CD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 108 24 ) ) -RRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 108 25 . . . cord-263987-ff6kor0c 109 1 This this DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 109 2 is be VBZ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 109 3 an an DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 109 4 area area NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 109 5 in in IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 109 6 which which WDT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 109 7 recent recent JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 109 8 progress progress NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 109 9 has have VBZ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 109 10 been be VBN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 109 11 reported report VBN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 109 12 in in IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 109 13 this this DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 109 14 journal journal NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 109 15 . . . cord-263987-ff6kor0c 110 1 In in IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 110 2 the the DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 110 3 second second JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 110 4 part part NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 110 5 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 110 6 I -PRON- PRP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 110 7 review review VBP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 110 8 the the DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 110 9 extension extension NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 110 10 from from IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 110 11 pairwise pairwise JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 110 12 probability probability NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 110 13 distributions distribution NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 110 14 to to TO cord-263987-ff6kor0c 110 15 phylogenetic phylogenetic VB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 110 16 likelihoods likelihood NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 110 17 of of IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 110 18 multiple multiple JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 110 19 sequences sequence NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 110 20 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 110 21 using use VBG cord-263987-ff6kor0c 110 22 analogs analog NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 110 23 of of IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 110 24 Felsenstein Felsenstein NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 110 25 's 's POS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 110 26 pruning pruning NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 110 27 recursion recursion NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 110 28 ( ( -LRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 110 29 Eq Eq NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 110 30 . . NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 110 31 4 4 CD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 110 32 ) ) -RRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 110 33 . . . cord-263987-ff6kor0c 111 1 This this DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 111 2 section section NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 111 3 begins begin VBZ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 111 4 with with IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 111 5 various various JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 111 6 approaches approach NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 111 7 to to IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 111 8 finding find VBG cord-263987-ff6kor0c 111 9 the the DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 111 10 time time NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 111 11 - - HYPH cord-263987-ff6kor0c 111 12 dependent dependent JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 111 13 probability probability NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 111 14 distribution distribution NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 111 15 of of IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 111 16 gap gap NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 111 17 lengths length NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 111 18 in in IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 111 19 a a DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 111 20 pairwise pairwise JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 111 21 alignment alignment NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 111 22 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 111 23 under under IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 111 24 several several JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 111 25 evolutionary evolutionary JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 111 26 models model NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 111 27 . . . cord-263987-ff6kor0c 112 1 As as IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 112 2 an an DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 112 3 approach approach NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 112 4 to to IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 112 5 models model NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 112 6 on on IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 112 7 strings string NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 112 8 of of IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 112 9 unbounded unbounded JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 112 10 length length NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 112 11 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 112 12 one one PRP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 112 13 can can MD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 112 14 consider consider VB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 112 15 short short JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 112 16 motifs motif NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 112 17 of of IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 112 18 k k NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 112 19 residues residue NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 112 20 . . . cord-263987-ff6kor0c 113 1 These these DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 113 2 can can MD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 113 3 still still RB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 113 4 be be VB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 113 5 considered consider VBN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 113 6 as as IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 113 7 finite finite JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 113 8 state state NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 113 9 - - HYPH cord-263987-ff6kor0c 113 10 space space NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 113 11 models model NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 113 12 ; ; : cord-263987-ff6kor0c 113 13 for for IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 113 14 example example NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 113 15 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 113 16 a a DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 113 17 k k NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 113 18 - - HYPH cord-263987-ff6kor0c 113 19 nucleotide nucleotide JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 113 20 model model NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 113 21 has have VBZ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 113 22 4 4 CD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 113 23 k k NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 113 24 possible possible JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 113 25 states state NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 113 26 . . . cord-263987-ff6kor0c 114 1 Several several JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 114 2 such such JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 114 3 models model NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 114 4 have have VBP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 114 5 been be VBN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 114 6 analyzed analyze VBN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 114 7 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 114 8 including include VBG cord-263987-ff6kor0c 114 9 models model NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 114 10 on on IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 114 11 codons codon NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 114 12 where where WRB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 114 13 k k NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 114 14 = = SYM cord-263987-ff6kor0c 114 15 3 3 CD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 114 16 [ [ -LRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 114 17 47 47 CD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 114 18 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 114 19 58 58 CD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 114 20 ] ] -RRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 114 21 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 114 22 dinucleotides dinucleotide NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 114 23 involved involve VBN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 114 24 in in IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 114 25 RNA RNA NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 114 26 basepairs basepair NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 114 27 where where WRB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 114 28 k k NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 114 29 = = SYM cord-263987-ff6kor0c 114 30 2 2 CD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 114 31 [ [ -LRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 114 32 59 59 CD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 114 33 ] ] -RRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 114 34 [ [ -LRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 114 35 60 60 CD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 114 36 ] ] -RRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 114 37 [ [ -LRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 114 38 61 61 CD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 114 39 ] ] -RRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 114 40 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 114 41 and and CC cord-263987-ff6kor0c 114 42 models model NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 114 43 over over IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 114 44 sequences sequence NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 114 45 of of IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 114 46 arbitrary arbitrary JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 114 47 length length NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 115 1 k k NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 115 2 [ [ -LRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 115 3 44 44 CD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 115 4 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 115 5 62 62 CD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 115 6 ] ] -RRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 115 7 . . . cord-263987-ff6kor0c 116 1 Mostly mostly RB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 116 2 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 116 3 these these DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 116 4 models model NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 116 5 handle handle VBP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 116 6 short short JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 116 7 sequences sequence NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 116 8 ( ( -LRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 116 9 motifs motif NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 116 10 ) ) -RRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 116 11 and and CC cord-263987-ff6kor0c 116 12 do do VBP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 116 13 not not RB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 116 14 allow allow VB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 116 15 the the DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 116 16 sequence sequence NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 116 17 length length NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 116 18 to to TO cord-263987-ff6kor0c 116 19 change change VB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 116 20 over over IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 116 21 time time NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 116 22 ( ( -LRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 116 23 so so RB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 116 24 they -PRON- PRP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 116 25 model model VBP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 116 26 only only RB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 116 27 substitutions substitution NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 116 28 and and CC cord-263987-ff6kor0c 116 29 not not RB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 116 30 indels indel NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 116 31 ) ) -RRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 116 32 . . . cord-263987-ff6kor0c 117 1 Some some DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 117 2 of of IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 117 3 the the DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 117 4 later later JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 117 5 models model NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 117 6 do do VBP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 117 7 allow allow VB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 117 8 the the DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 117 9 sequence sequence NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 117 10 length length NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 117 11 to to TO cord-263987-ff6kor0c 117 12 change change VB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 117 13 via via IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 117 14 insertions insertion NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 117 15 or or CC cord-263987-ff6kor0c 117 16 deletions deletion NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 117 17 [ [ -LRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 117 18 62 62 CD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 117 19 ] ] -RRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 117 20 though though IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 117 21 these these DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 117 22 models model NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 117 23 have have VBP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 117 24 not not RB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 117 25 yet yet RB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 117 26 been be VBN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 117 27 analyzed analyze VBN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 117 28 in in IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 117 29 a a DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 117 30 way way NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 117 31 that that WDT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 117 32 would would MD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 117 33 allow allow VB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 117 34 the the DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 117 35 computation computation NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 117 36 of of IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 117 37 alignment alignment NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 117 38 likelihoods likelihood NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 117 39 for for IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 117 40 sequences sequence NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 117 41 of of IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 117 42 realistic realistic JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 117 43 lengths length NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 117 44 . . . cord-263987-ff6kor0c 118 1 It -PRON- PRP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 118 2 is be VBZ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 118 3 a a DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 118 4 remarkable remarkable JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 118 5 reflection reflection NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 118 6 on on IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 118 7 the the DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 118 8 extremely extremely RB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 118 9 challenging challenging JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 118 10 nature nature NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 118 11 of of IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 118 12 this this DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 118 13 problem problem NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 118 14 that that IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 118 15 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 118 16 to to IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 118 17 date date NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 118 18 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 118 19 the the DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 118 20 only only JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 118 21 exactly exactly RB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 118 22 solved solve VBD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 118 23 indel indel NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 118 24 model model NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 118 25 on on IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 118 26 strings string NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 118 27 is be VBZ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 118 28 the the DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 118 29 TKF91 TKF91 NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 118 30 model model NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 118 31 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 118 32 named name VBN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 118 33 after after IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 118 34 the the DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 118 35 authors author NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 118 36 ' ' POS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 118 37 initials initial NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 118 38 and and CC cord-263987-ff6kor0c 118 39 date date NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 118 40 of of IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 118 41 publication publication NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 118 42 of of IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 118 43 this this DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 118 44 seminal seminal JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 118 45 paper paper NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 118 46 [ [ -LRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 118 47 63 63 CD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 118 48 ] ] -RRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 118 49 . . . cord-263987-ff6kor0c 119 1 While while IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 119 2 there there EX cord-263987-ff6kor0c 119 3 has have VBZ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 119 4 been be VBN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 119 5 progress progress NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 119 6 in in IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 119 7 developing develop VBG cord-263987-ff6kor0c 119 8 approximate approximate JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 119 9 models model NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 119 10 in in IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 119 11 the the DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 119 12 25 25 CD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 119 13 years year NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 119 14 since since IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 119 15 the the DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 119 16 publication publication NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 119 17 of of IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 119 18 this this DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 119 19 paper paper NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 119 20 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 119 21 and and CC cord-263987-ff6kor0c 119 22 in in IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 119 23 extending extend VBG cord-263987-ff6kor0c 119 24 it -PRON- PRP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 119 25 from from IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 119 26 pairwise pairwise JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 119 27 to to IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 119 28 multiple multiple JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 119 29 sequence sequence NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 119 30 alignment alignment NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 119 31 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 119 32 it -PRON- PRP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 119 33 remains remain VBZ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 119 34 the the DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 119 35 only only JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 119 36 model model NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 119 37 for for IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 119 38 which which WDT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 119 39 1 1 CD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 119 40 . . . cord-263987-ff6kor0c 120 1 the the DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 120 2 state state NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 120 3 space space NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 120 4 is be VBZ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 120 5 the the DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 120 6 set set NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 120 7 of of IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 120 8 all all DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 120 9 sequences sequence NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 120 10 ( ( -LRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 120 11 strings string NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 120 12 ) ) -RRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 120 13 over over IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 120 14 a a DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 120 15 finite finite JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 120 16 alphabet alphabet NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 120 17 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 120 18 2 2 CD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 120 19 . . . cord-263987-ff6kor0c 121 1 the the DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 121 2 state state NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 121 3 space space NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 121 4 is be VBZ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 121 5 ergodically ergodically RB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 121 6 explored explore VBN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 121 7 by by IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 121 8 substitutions substitution NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 121 9 and and CC cord-263987-ff6kor0c 121 10 indels indel NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 121 11 ( ( -LRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 121 12 so so RB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 121 13 there there EX cord-263987-ff6kor0c 121 14 is be VBZ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 121 15 a a DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 121 16 valid valid JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 121 17 alignment alignment NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 121 18 and and CC cord-263987-ff6kor0c 121 19 evolutionary evolutionary JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 121 20 trajectory trajectory NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 121 21 between between IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 121 22 any any DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 121 23 two two CD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 121 24 sequences sequence NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 121 25 φ(0 φ(0 NFP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 121 26 ) ) -RRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 121 27 and and CC cord-263987-ff6kor0c 121 28 φ(t φ(t NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 121 29 ) ) -RRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 121 30 ) ) -RRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 121 31 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 121 32 3 3 CD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 121 33 . . . cord-263987-ff6kor0c 122 1 Equation equation NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 122 2 2 2 CD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 122 3 can can MD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 122 4 be be VB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 122 5 calculated calculate VBN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 122 6 exactly exactly RB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 122 7 ( ( -LRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 122 8 specifically specifically RB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 122 9 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 122 10 as as IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 122 11 a a DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 122 12 sum sum NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 122 13 over over IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 122 14 alignments alignment NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 122 15 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 122 16 where where WRB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 122 17 the the DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 122 18 individual individual JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 122 19 alignment alignment NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 122 20 likelihoods likelihood NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 122 21 can can MD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 122 22 be be VB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 122 23 written write VBN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 122 24 in in IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 122 25 closed closed JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 122 26 form form NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 122 27 ) ) -RRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 122 28 . . . cord-263987-ff6kor0c 123 1 The the DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 123 2 TKF91 TKF91 NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 123 3 model model NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 123 4 allows allow VBZ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 123 5 single single JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 123 6 - - HYPH cord-263987-ff6kor0c 123 7 residue residue NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 123 8 contextindependent contextindependent NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 123 9 events event NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 123 10 only only RB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 123 11 . . . cord-263987-ff6kor0c 124 1 These these DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 124 2 include include VBP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 124 3 ( ( -LRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 124 4 i i NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 124 5 ) ) -RRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 124 6 single single JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 124 7 - - HYPH cord-263987-ff6kor0c 124 8 residue residue NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 124 9 substitutions substitution NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 124 10 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 124 11 ( ( -LRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 124 12 ii ii NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 124 13 ) ) -RRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 124 14 single single JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 124 15 - - HYPH cord-263987-ff6kor0c 124 16 residue residue NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 124 17 insertions insertion NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 124 18 ( ( -LRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 124 19 with with IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 124 20 the the DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 124 21 inserted insert VBN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 124 22 residue residue NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 124 23 drawn draw VBN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 124 24 from from IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 124 25 the the DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 124 26 equilibrium equilibrium NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 124 27 distribution distribution NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 124 28 of of IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 124 29 the the DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 124 30 substitution substitution NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 124 31 process process NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 124 32 ) ) -RRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 124 33 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 124 34 and and CC cord-263987-ff6kor0c 124 35 ( ( -LRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 124 36 iii iii NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 124 37 ) ) -RRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 124 38 single single JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 124 39 - - HYPH cord-263987-ff6kor0c 124 40 residue residue NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 124 41 deletions deletion NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 124 42 ( ( -LRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 124 43 whose whose WP$ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 124 44 rates rate NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 124 45 are be VBP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 124 46 independent independent JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 124 47 of of IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 124 48 the the DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 124 49 residue residue NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 124 50 being be VBG cord-263987-ff6kor0c 124 51 deleted delete VBN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 124 52 ) ) -RRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 124 53 . . . cord-263987-ff6kor0c 125 1 The the DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 125 2 rates rate NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 125 3 of of IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 125 4 all all PDT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 125 5 these these DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 125 6 mutation mutation NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 125 7 events event NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 125 8 are be VBP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 125 9 independent independent JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 125 10 of of IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 125 11 the the DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 125 12 flanking flanking JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 125 13 sequence sequence NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 125 14 . . . cord-263987-ff6kor0c 126 1 This this DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 126 2 process process NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 126 3 is be VBZ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 126 4 equivalent equivalent JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 126 5 to to IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 126 6 a a DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 126 7 linear linear JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 126 8 birth birth NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 126 9 - - HYPH cord-263987-ff6kor0c 126 10 death death NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 126 11 model model NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 126 12 with with IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 126 13 constant constant JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 126 14 immigration immigration NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 126 15 [ [ -LRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 126 16 64 64 CD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 126 17 ] ] -RRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 126 18 . . . cord-263987-ff6kor0c 127 1 Thorne Thorne NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 127 2 et et NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 127 3 al al NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 127 4 . . NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 127 5 showed show VBD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 127 6 that that IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 127 7 an an DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 127 8 ancestral ancestral JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 127 9 sequence sequence NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 127 10 can can MD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 127 11 be be VB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 127 12 split split VBN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 127 13 into into IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 127 14 independently independently RB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 127 15 evolving evolve VBG cord-263987-ff6kor0c 127 16 zones zone NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 127 17 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 127 18 one one CD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 127 19 for for IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 127 20 each each DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 127 21 ancestral ancestral JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 127 22 residue residue NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 127 23 ( ( -LRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 127 24 or or CC cord-263987-ff6kor0c 127 25 " " `` cord-263987-ff6kor0c 127 26 links link NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 127 27 " " '' cord-263987-ff6kor0c 127 28 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 127 29 as as IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 127 30 they -PRON- PRP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 127 31 call call VBP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 127 32 them -PRON- PRP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 127 33 ) ) -RRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 127 34 . . . cord-263987-ff6kor0c 128 1 This this DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 128 2 leads lead VBZ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 128 3 to to IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 128 4 the the DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 128 5 very very RB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 128 6 appealing appealing JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 128 7 result result NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 128 8 that that IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 128 9 the the DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 128 10 length length NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 128 11 distribution distribution NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 128 12 for for IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 128 13 observed observed JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 128 14 gaps gap NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 128 15 is be VBZ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 128 16 geometric geometric JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 128 17 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 128 18 which which WDT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 128 19 conveniently conveniently RB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 128 20 allows allow VBZ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 128 21 the the DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 128 22 joint joint JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 128 23 probability probability NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 128 24 P(φ(0 P(φ(0 NNPS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 128 25 ) ) -RRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 128 26 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 128 27 φ(t φ(t NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 128 28 ) ) -RRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 128 29 ) ) -RRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 128 30 to to TO cord-263987-ff6kor0c 128 31 be be VB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 128 32 expressed express VBN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 128 33 as as IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 128 34 a a DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 128 35 paired pair VBN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 128 36 - - HYPH cord-263987-ff6kor0c 128 37 sequence sequence NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 128 38 Hidden Hidden NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 128 39 Markov Markov NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 128 40 Model Model NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 128 41 or or CC cord-263987-ff6kor0c 128 42 " " `` cord-263987-ff6kor0c 128 43 Pair pair VB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 128 44 HMM hmm NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 128 45 " " '' cord-263987-ff6kor0c 128 46 [ [ -LRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 128 47 65 65 CD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 128 48 ] ] -RRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 128 49 . . . cord-263987-ff6kor0c 129 1 The the DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 129 2 conditional conditional JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 129 3 probability probability NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 129 4 P(φ(t)|φ(0 P(φ(t)|φ(0 NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 129 5 ) ) -RRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 129 6 ) ) -RRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 129 7 can can MD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 129 8 similarly similarly RB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 129 9 be be VB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 129 10 expressed express VBN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 129 11 as as IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 129 12 a a DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 129 13 weighted weighted JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 129 14 finite finite JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 129 15 - - HYPH cord-263987-ff6kor0c 129 16 state state NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 129 17 transducer transducer NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 129 18 [ [ -LRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 129 19 66 66 CD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 129 20 ] ] -RRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 129 21 [ [ -LRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 129 22 67 67 CD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 129 23 ] ] -RRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 129 24 [ [ -LRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 129 25 68 68 CD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 129 26 ] ] -RRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 129 27 . . . cord-263987-ff6kor0c 130 1 Some some DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 130 2 interesting interesting JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 130 3 discussion discussion NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 130 4 of of IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 130 5 why why WRB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 130 6 the the DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 130 7 TKF91 TKF91 NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 130 8 model model NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 130 9 should should MD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 130 10 be be VB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 130 11 solvable solvable JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 130 12 at at RB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 130 13 all all DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 130 14 can can MD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 130 15 be be VB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 130 16 found find VBN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 130 17 in in IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 130 18 [ [ -LRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 130 19 69 69 CD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 130 20 ] ] -RRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 130 21 and and CC cord-263987-ff6kor0c 130 22 in in IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 130 23 [ [ -LRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 130 24 42 42 CD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 130 25 ] ] -RRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 130 26 . . . cord-263987-ff6kor0c 131 1 There there EX cord-263987-ff6kor0c 131 2 are be VBP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 131 3 several several JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 131 4 variations variation NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 131 5 on on IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 131 6 the the DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 131 7 TKF91 TKF91 NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 131 8 model model NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 131 9 . . . cord-263987-ff6kor0c 132 1 The the DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 132 2 case case NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 132 3 where where WRB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 132 4 there there EX cord-263987-ff6kor0c 132 5 are be VBP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 132 6 no no DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 132 7 indels indel NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 132 8 at at RB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 132 9 all all RB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 132 10 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 132 11 only only RB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 132 12 substitutions substitution NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 132 13 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 132 14 can can MD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 132 15 be be VB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 132 16 viewed view VBN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 132 17 as as IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 132 18 a a DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 132 19 special special JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 132 20 case case NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 132 21 of of IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 132 22 TKF91 TKF91 NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 132 23 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 132 24 and and CC cord-263987-ff6kor0c 132 25 can can MD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 132 26 of of IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 132 27 course course NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 132 28 be be VB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 132 29 solved solve VBN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 132 30 exactly exactly RB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 132 31 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 132 32 as as IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 132 33 is be VBZ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 132 34 well well RB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 132 35 known known JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 132 36 . . . cord-263987-ff6kor0c 133 1 Another another DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 133 2 variation variation NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 133 3 on on IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 133 4 the the DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 133 5 TKF91 TKF91 NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 133 6 model model NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 133 7 constrains constrain VBZ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 133 8 the the DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 133 9 total total JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 133 10 indel indel NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 133 11 rate rate NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 133 12 to to TO cord-263987-ff6kor0c 133 13 be be VB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 133 14 independent independent JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 133 15 of of IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 133 16 sequence sequence NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 133 17 length length NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 133 18 [ [ -LRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 133 19 70 70 CD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 133 20 ] ] -RRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 133 21 . . . cord-263987-ff6kor0c 134 1 In in IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 134 2 the the DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 134 3 following following JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 134 4 section section NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 134 5 I -PRON- PRP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 134 6 cover cover VBP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 134 7 some some DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 134 8 variants variant NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 134 9 that that WDT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 134 10 use use VBP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 134 11 different different JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 134 12 state state NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 134 13 spaces space NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 134 14 . . . cord-263987-ff6kor0c 135 1 It -PRON- PRP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 135 2 is be VBZ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 135 3 difficult difficult JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 135 4 to to TO cord-263987-ff6kor0c 135 5 extend extend VB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 135 6 TKF91 TKF91 NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 135 7 to to IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 135 8 more more RBR cord-263987-ff6kor0c 135 9 realistic realistic JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 135 10 models model NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 135 11 wherein wherein WRB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 135 12 indels indel NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 135 13 ( ( -LRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 135 14 or or CC cord-263987-ff6kor0c 135 15 substitutions substitution NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 135 16 ) ) -RRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 135 17 can can MD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 135 18 affect affect VB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 135 19 multiple multiple JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 135 20 residues residue NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 135 21 at at IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 135 22 once once RB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 135 23 . . . cord-263987-ff6kor0c 136 1 In in IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 136 2 such such JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 136 3 models model NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 136 4 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 136 5 the the DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 136 6 fate fate NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 136 7 of of IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 136 8 adjacent adjacent JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 136 9 residues residue NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 136 10 is be VBZ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 136 11 no no DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 136 12 longer long RBR cord-263987-ff6kor0c 136 13 independent independent JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 136 14 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 136 15 since since IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 136 16 a a DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 136 17 single single JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 136 18 event event NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 136 19 can can MD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 136 20 span span VB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 136 21 multiple multiple JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 136 22 sites site NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 136 23 . . . cord-263987-ff6kor0c 137 1 As as IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 137 2 a a DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 137 3 way way NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 137 4 around around IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 137 5 this this DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 137 6 difficulty difficulty NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 137 7 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 137 8 several several JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 137 9 researchers researcher NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 137 10 have have VBP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 137 11 developed develop VBN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 137 12 evolutionary evolutionary JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 137 13 models model NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 137 14 where where WRB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 137 15 the the DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 137 16 state state NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 137 17 is be VBZ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 137 18 not not RB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 137 19 a a DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 137 20 pure pure JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 137 21 DNA dna NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 137 22 or or CC cord-263987-ff6kor0c 137 23 protein protein NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 137 24 sequence sequence NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 137 25 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 137 26 but but CC cord-263987-ff6kor0c 137 27 includes include VBZ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 137 28 some some DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 137 29 extra extra JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 137 30 " " `` cord-263987-ff6kor0c 137 31 hidden hidden JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 137 32 " " '' cord-263987-ff6kor0c 137 33 information information NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 137 34 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 137 35 such such JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 137 36 as as IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 137 37 boundaries boundary NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 137 38 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 137 39 markers marker NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 137 40 or or CC cord-263987-ff6kor0c 137 41 other other JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 137 42 latent latent JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 137 43 structure structure NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 137 44 . . . cord-263987-ff6kor0c 138 1 In in IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 138 2 some some DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 138 3 of of IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 138 4 these these DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 138 5 models model NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 138 6 the the DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 138 7 sequence sequence NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 138 8 of of IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 138 9 residues residue NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 138 10 is be VBZ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 138 11 replaced replace VBN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 138 12 by by IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 138 13 a a DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 138 14 sequence sequence NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 138 15 of of IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 138 16 indivisible indivisible JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 138 17 fragments fragment NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 138 18 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 138 19 each each DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 138 20 of of IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 138 21 which which WDT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 138 22 can can MD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 138 23 contain contain VB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 138 24 more more JJR cord-263987-ff6kor0c 138 25 than than IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 138 26 one one CD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 138 27 residue residue NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 138 28 [ [ -LRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 138 29 56 56 CD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 138 30 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 138 31 69 69 CD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 138 32 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 138 33 71 71 CD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 138 34 ] ] -RRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 138 35 . . . cord-263987-ff6kor0c 139 1 These these DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 139 2 includes include VBZ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 139 3 the the DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 139 4 TKF92 tkf92 JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 139 5 model model NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 139 6 [ [ -LRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 139 7 71 71 CD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 139 8 ] ] -RRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 139 9 which which WDT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 139 10 is be VBZ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 139 11 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 139 12 essentially essentially RB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 139 13 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 139 14 TKF91 TKF91 NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 139 15 with with IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 139 16 residues residue NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 139 17 replaced replace VBN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 139 18 by by IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 139 19 fragments fragment NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 139 20 ( ( -LRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 139 21 so so IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 139 22 the the DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 139 23 alphabet alphabet NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 139 24 itself -PRON- PRP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 139 25 is be VBZ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 139 26 the the DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 139 27 countably countably RB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 139 28 infinite infinite JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 139 29 set set NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 139 30 of of IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 139 31 all all DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 139 32 sequences sequence NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 139 33 over over IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 139 34 some some DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 139 35 other other JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 139 36 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 139 37 finite finite JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 139 38 alphabet alphabet NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 139 39 ) ) -RRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 139 40 . . . cord-263987-ff6kor0c 140 1 Other other JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 140 2 models model NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 140 3 approximate approximate VBP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 140 4 indels indel NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 140 5 as as IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 140 6 a a DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 140 7 kind kind NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 140 8 of of IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 140 9 substitution substitution NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 140 10 that that WDT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 140 11 temporarily temporarily RB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 140 12 hides hide VBZ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 140 13 a a DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 140 14 residue residue NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 140 15 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 140 16 by by IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 140 17 augmenting augment VBG cord-263987-ff6kor0c 140 18 the the DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 140 19 DNA dna NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 140 20 or or CC cord-263987-ff6kor0c 140 21 protein protein NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 140 22 alphabet alphabet NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 140 23 with with IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 140 24 an an DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 140 25 additional additional JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 140 26 gap gap NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 140 27 character character NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 140 28 [ [ -LRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 140 29 72 72 CD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 140 30 ] ] -RRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 140 31 [ [ -LRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 140 32 73 73 CD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 140 33 ] ] -RRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 140 34 [ [ -LRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 140 35 74 74 CD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 140 36 ] ] -RRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 140 37 . . . cord-263987-ff6kor0c 141 1 These these DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 141 2 models model NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 141 3 can can MD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 141 4 be be VB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 141 5 used use VBN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 141 6 to to TO cord-263987-ff6kor0c 141 7 calculate calculate VB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 141 8 some some DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 141 9 form form NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 141 10 of of IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 141 11 likelihood likelihood NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 141 12 for for IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 141 13 a a DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 141 14 pairwise pairwise JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 141 15 alignment alignment NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 141 16 of of IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 141 17 two two CD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 141 18 sequences sequence NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 141 19 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 141 20 but but CC cord-263987-ff6kor0c 141 21 since since IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 141 22 this this DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 141 23 likelihood likelihood NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 141 24 is be VBZ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 141 25 not not RB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 141 26 derived derive VBN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 141 27 from from IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 141 28 an an DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 141 29 underlying underlie VBG cord-263987-ff6kor0c 141 30 instantaneous instantaneous JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 141 31 model model NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 141 32 of of IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 141 33 indels indel NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 141 34 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 141 35 the the DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 141 36 equations equation NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 141 37 do do VBP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 141 38 not not RB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 141 39 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 141 40 in in IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 141 41 general general JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 141 42 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 141 43 satisfy satisfy VB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 141 44 the the DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 141 45 Chapman Chapman NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 141 46 - - HYPH cord-263987-ff6kor0c 141 47 Kolmogorov Kolmogorov NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 141 48 forward forward RB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 141 49 Eq Eq NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 141 50 . . . cord-263987-ff6kor0c 142 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 142 2 3 3 CD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 142 3 ) ) -RRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 142 4 . . . cord-263987-ff6kor0c 143 1 That that RB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 143 2 is is RB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 143 3 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 143 4 the the DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 143 5 probability probability NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 143 6 of of IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 143 7 evolving evolve VBG cord-263987-ff6kor0c 143 8 from from IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 143 9 i i PRP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 143 10 to to IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 143 11 k k NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 143 12 comes come VBZ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 143 13 out out RP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 143 14 differently differently RB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 143 15 depending depend VBG cord-263987-ff6kor0c 143 16 on on IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 143 17 whether whether IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 143 18 or or CC cord-263987-ff6kor0c 143 19 not not RB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 143 20 one one CD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 143 21 conditions condition NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 143 22 on on IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 143 23 an an DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 143 24 intermediate intermediate JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 143 25 sequence sequence NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 144 1 j. j. NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 144 2 Clearly clearly RB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 144 3 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 144 4 something something NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 144 5 about about IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 144 6 this this DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 144 7 " " `` cord-263987-ff6kor0c 144 8 seems seem VBZ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 144 9 wrong wrong JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 144 10 " " '' cord-263987-ff6kor0c 144 11 : : : cord-263987-ff6kor0c 144 12 the the DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 144 13 failure failure NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 144 14 to to TO cord-263987-ff6kor0c 144 15 obey obey VB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 144 16 Eq Eq NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 144 17 . . . cord-263987-ff6kor0c 145 1 3 3 CD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 145 2 illustrates illustrate VBZ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 145 3 the the DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 145 4 ad ad FW cord-263987-ff6kor0c 145 5 hoc hoc FW cord-263987-ff6kor0c 145 6 nature nature NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 145 7 of of IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 145 8 these these DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 145 9 approaches approach NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 145 10 . . . cord-263987-ff6kor0c 146 1 Ezawa Ezawa NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 146 2 [ [ -LRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 146 3 53 53 CD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 146 4 ] ] -RRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 146 5 describes describe VBZ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 146 6 the the DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 146 7 Chapman Chapman NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 146 8 - - HYPH cord-263987-ff6kor0c 146 9 Kolmogorov Kolmogorov NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 146 10 property property NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 146 11 ( ( -LRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 146 12 Eq Eq NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 146 13 . . NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 146 14 3 3 LS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 146 15 ) ) -RRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 146 16 as as IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 146 17 evolutionary evolutionary JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 146 18 consistency consistency NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 146 19 ; ; : cord-263987-ff6kor0c 146 20 it -PRON- PRP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 146 21 can can MD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 146 22 also also RB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 146 23 be be VB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 146 24 regarded regard VBN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 146 25 as as IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 146 26 being be VBG cord-263987-ff6kor0c 146 27 the the DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 146 28 defining define VBG cord-263987-ff6kor0c 146 29 property property NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 146 30 of of IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 146 31 any any DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 146 32 correct correct JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 146 33 solution solution NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 146 34 to to IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 146 35 a a DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 146 36 continuous continuous JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 146 37 - - HYPH cord-263987-ff6kor0c 146 38 time time NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 146 39 Markov Markov NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 146 40 chain chain NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 146 41 . . . cord-263987-ff6kor0c 147 1 The the DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 147 2 abovementioned abovementioned JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 147 3 approaches approach NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 147 4 may may MD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 147 5 be be VB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 147 6 evolutionarily evolutionarily RB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 147 7 consistent consistent JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 147 8 if if IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 147 9 the the DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 147 10 state state NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 147 11 space space NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 147 12 is be VBZ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 147 13 allowed allow VBN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 147 14 to to TO cord-263987-ff6kor0c 147 15 include include VB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 147 16 the the DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 147 17 extra extra JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 147 18 information information NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 147 19 that that WDT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 147 20 is be VBZ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 147 21 introduced introduce VBN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 147 22 to to TO cord-263987-ff6kor0c 147 23 make make VB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 147 24 the the DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 147 25 model model NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 147 26 tractable tractable JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 147 27 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 147 28 such such JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 147 29 as as IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 147 30 fragment fragment NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 147 31 boundaries boundary NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 147 32 . . . cord-263987-ff6kor0c 148 1 Lèbre Lèbre NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 148 2 and and CC cord-263987-ff6kor0c 148 3 Michel Michel NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 148 4 have have VBP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 148 5 criticized criticize VBN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 148 6 other other JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 148 7 aspects aspect NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 148 8 of of IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 148 9 the the DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 148 10 Rivas Rivas NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 148 11 - - HYPH cord-263987-ff6kor0c 148 12 Eddy Eddy NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 148 13 2005 2005 CD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 148 14 and and CC cord-263987-ff6kor0c 148 15 2008 2008 CD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 148 16 models model NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 148 17 [ [ -LRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 148 18 73 73 CD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 148 19 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 148 20 74 74 CD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 148 21 ] ] -RRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 148 22 ; ; : cord-263987-ff6kor0c 148 23 in in IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 148 24 particular particular JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 148 25 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 148 26 incomplete incomplete JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 148 27 separation separation NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 148 28 of of IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 148 29 the the DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 148 30 indel indel NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 148 31 and and CC cord-263987-ff6kor0c 148 32 substitution substitution NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 148 33 processes process NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 148 34 [ [ -LRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 148 35 42 42 CD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 148 36 ] ] -RRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 148 37 . . . cord-263987-ff6kor0c 149 1 Models model NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 149 2 which which WDT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 149 3 allow allow VBP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 149 4 for for IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 149 5 heterogeneity heterogeneity NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 149 6 of of IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 149 7 indel indel NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 149 8 and and CC cord-263987-ff6kor0c 149 9 substitution substitution NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 149 10 rates rate NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 149 11 along along IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 149 12 the the DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 149 13 sequence sequence NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 149 14 also also RB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 149 15 fall fall VBP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 149 16 into into IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 149 17 this this DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 149 18 category category NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 149 19 of of IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 149 20 latent latent JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 149 21 variable variable JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 149 22 models model NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 149 23 . . . cord-263987-ff6kor0c 150 1 The the DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 150 2 usual usual JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 150 3 way way NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 150 4 of of IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 150 5 allowing allow VBG cord-263987-ff6kor0c 150 6 for for IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 150 7 such such JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 150 8 spatial spatial JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 150 9 variation variation NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 150 10 in in IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 150 11 substitution substitution NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 150 12 models model NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 150 13 is be VBZ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 150 14 to to TO cord-263987-ff6kor0c 150 15 assume assume VB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 150 16 a a DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 150 17 latent latent JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 150 18 rate rate NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 150 19 - - HYPH cord-263987-ff6kor0c 150 20 scaling scale VBG cord-263987-ff6kor0c 150 21 parameter parameter NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 150 22 associated associate VBN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 150 23 with with IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 150 24 each each DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 150 25 site site NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 150 26 [ [ -LRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 150 27 4 4 CD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 150 28 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 150 29 5 5 CD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 150 30 ] ] -RRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 150 31 . . . cord-263987-ff6kor0c 151 1 For for IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 151 2 indel indel NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 151 3 models model NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 151 4 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 151 5 this this DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 151 6 latent latent JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 151 7 information information NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 151 8 must must MD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 151 9 be be VB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 151 10 extended extend VBN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 151 11 to to TO cord-263987-ff6kor0c 151 12 include include VB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 151 13 hidden hide VBN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 151 14 site site NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 151 15 boundaries boundary NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 151 16 [ [ -LRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 151 17 56 56 CD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 151 18 ] ] -RRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 151 19 . . . cord-263987-ff6kor0c 152 1 Another another DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 152 2 variation variation NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 152 3 on on IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 152 4 TKF91 TKF91 NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 152 5 is be VBZ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 152 6 the the DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 152 7 TKF TKF NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 152 8 Structure Structure NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 152 9 Tree Tree NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 152 10 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 152 11 which which WDT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 152 12 describes describe VBZ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 152 13 the the DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 152 14 evolutionary evolutionary JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 152 15 behavior behavior NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 152 16 of of IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 152 17 RNA RNA NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 152 18 structures structure NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 152 19 with with IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 152 20 stem stem NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 152 21 and and CC cord-263987-ff6kor0c 152 22 loop loop NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 152 23 regions region NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 152 24 which which WDT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 152 25 are be VBP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 152 26 subject subject JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 152 27 to to IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 152 28 insertion insertion NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 152 29 and and CC cord-263987-ff6kor0c 152 30 deletion deletion NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 152 31 [ [ -LRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 152 32 75 75 CD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 152 33 ] ] -RRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 152 34 . . . cord-263987-ff6kor0c 153 1 Rather rather RB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 153 2 than than IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 153 3 describing describe VBG cord-263987-ff6kor0c 153 4 the the DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 153 5 evolution evolution NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 153 6 of of IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 153 7 a a DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 153 8 sequence sequence NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 153 9 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 153 10 this this DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 153 11 model model NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 153 12 essentially essentially RB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 153 13 captures capture VBZ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 153 14 the the DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 153 15 time time NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 153 16 - - HYPH cord-263987-ff6kor0c 153 17 evolution evolution NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 153 18 grammar grammar NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 153 19 of of IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 153 20 a a DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 153 21 tree tree NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 153 22 - - HYPH cord-263987-ff6kor0c 153 23 like like JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 153 24 graph graph NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 153 25 whose whose WP$ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 153 26 individual individual JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 153 27 edges edge NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 153 28 are be VBP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 153 29 evolving evolve VBG cord-263987-ff6kor0c 153 30 according accord VBG cord-263987-ff6kor0c 153 31 to to IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 153 32 the the DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 153 33 TKF91 TKF91 NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 153 34 model model NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 153 35 . . . cord-263987-ff6kor0c 154 1 Other other JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 154 2 evolutionary evolutionary JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 154 3 models model NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 154 4 have have VBP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 154 5 made make VBN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 154 6 use use NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 154 7 of of IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 154 8 graph graph NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 154 9 grammars grammar NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 154 10 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 154 11 for for IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 154 12 example example NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 154 13 to to TO cord-263987-ff6kor0c 154 14 model model NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 154 15 pseudoknots pseudoknot NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 154 16 [ [ -LRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 154 17 76 76 CD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 154 18 ] ] -RRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 154 19 or or CC cord-263987-ff6kor0c 154 20 context context NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 154 21 - - HYPH cord-263987-ff6kor0c 154 22 dependent dependent JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 154 23 indels indel NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 154 24 [ [ -LRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 154 25 77 77 CD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 154 26 ] ] -RRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 154 27 . . . cord-263987-ff6kor0c 155 1 In in IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 155 2 tackling tackle VBG cord-263987-ff6kor0c 155 3 indel indel NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 155 4 models model NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 155 5 where where WRB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 155 6 the the DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 155 7 indel indel NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 155 8 events event NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 155 9 can can MD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 155 10 insert insert VB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 155 11 or or CC cord-263987-ff6kor0c 155 12 delete delete VB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 155 13 multiple multiple JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 155 14 residues residue NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 155 15 at at IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 155 16 once once RB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 155 17 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 155 18 several several JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 155 19 authors author NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 155 20 have have VBP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 155 21 used use VBN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 155 22 the the DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 155 23 approximation approximation NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 155 24 that that IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 155 25 indels indel NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 155 26 never never RB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 155 27 overlap overlap VBP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 155 28 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 155 29 so so IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 155 30 that that IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 155 31 any any DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 155 32 observed observed JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 155 33 gap gap NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 155 34 corresponds correspond VBZ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 155 35 to to IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 155 36 a a DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 155 37 single single JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 155 38 indel indel NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 155 39 event event NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 155 40 . . . cord-263987-ff6kor0c 156 1 This this DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 156 2 approximation approximation NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 156 3 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 156 4 which which WDT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 156 5 is be VBZ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 156 6 justified justify VBN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 156 7 if if IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 156 8 one one CD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 156 9 is be VBZ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 156 10 considering consider VBG cord-263987-ff6kor0c 156 11 evolutionary evolutionary JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 156 12 timespans timespan NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 156 13 t t NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 156 14 1/(δ 1/(δ CD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 156 15 ) ) -RRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 156 16 where where WRB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 156 17 δ δ NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 156 18 is be VBZ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 156 19 the the DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 156 20 indel indel NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 156 21 rate rate NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 156 22 per per IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 156 23 site site NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 156 24 and and CC cord-263987-ff6kor0c 156 25 is be VBZ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 156 26 the the DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 156 27 gap gap NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 156 28 length length NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 156 29 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 156 30 considerably considerably RB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 156 31 simplifies simplify VBZ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 156 32 the the DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 156 33 task task NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 156 34 of of IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 156 35 calculating calculate VBG cord-263987-ff6kor0c 156 36 gap gap NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 156 37 probabilities probability NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 156 38 [ [ -LRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 156 39 67 67 CD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 156 40 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 156 41 [ [ -LRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 156 42 78 78 CD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 156 43 ] ] -RRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 156 44 [ [ -LRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 156 45 79 79 CD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 156 46 ] ] -RRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 156 47 [ [ -LRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 156 48 80 80 CD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 156 49 ] ] -RRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 156 50 [ [ -LRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 156 51 81 81 CD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 156 52 ] ] -RRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 156 53 [ [ -LRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 156 54 82 82 CD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 156 55 ] ] -RRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 156 56 [ [ -LRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 156 57 83 83 CD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 156 58 ] ] -RRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 156 59 . . . cord-263987-ff6kor0c 157 1 At at IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 157 2 longer long JJR cord-263987-ff6kor0c 157 3 timescales timescale NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 157 4 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 157 5 it -PRON- PRP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 157 6 is be VBZ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 157 7 necessary necessary JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 157 8 to to TO cord-263987-ff6kor0c 157 9 consider consider VB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 157 10 multiple multiple JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 157 11 - - HYPH cord-263987-ff6kor0c 157 12 event event NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 157 13 trajectories trajectory NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 157 14 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 157 15 but but CC cord-263987-ff6kor0c 157 16 ( ( -LRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 157 17 as as IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 157 18 a a DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 157 19 simplifying simplify VBG cord-263987-ff6kor0c 157 20 approximation approximation NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 157 21 ) ) -RRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 157 22 one one PRP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 157 23 can can MD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 157 24 still still RB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 157 25 truncate truncate VB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 157 26 the the DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 157 27 trajectory trajectory NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 157 28 at at IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 157 29 a a DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 157 30 finite finite JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 157 31 number number NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 157 32 of of IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 157 33 events event NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 157 34 . . . cord-263987-ff6kor0c 158 1 A a DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 158 2 problem problem NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 158 3 with with IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 158 4 this this DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 158 5 approach approach NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 158 6 is be VBZ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 158 7 that that IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 158 8 many many JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 158 9 different different JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 158 10 trajectories trajectory NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 158 11 will will MD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 158 12 generally generally RB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 158 13 be be VB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 158 14 consistent consistent JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 158 15 with with IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 158 16 an an DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 158 17 observed observed JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 158 18 mutation mutation NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 158 19 . . . cord-263987-ff6kor0c 159 1 Summing sum VBG cord-263987-ff6kor0c 159 2 over over IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 159 3 all all DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 159 4 such such JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 159 5 trajectories trajectory NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 159 6 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 159 7 to to TO cord-263987-ff6kor0c 159 8 compute compute VB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 159 9 the the DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 159 10 probability probability NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 159 11 of of IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 159 12 observing observe VBG cord-263987-ff6kor0c 159 13 a a DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 159 14 particular particular JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 159 15 configuration configuration NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 159 16 after after IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 159 17 finite finite JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 159 18 time time NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 159 19 ( ( -LRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 159 20 e.g. e.g. RB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 159 21 the the DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 159 22 observed observed JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 159 23 gap gap NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 159 24 length length NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 159 25 distribution distribution NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 159 26 ) ) -RRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 159 27 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 159 28 is be VBZ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 159 29 a a DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 159 30 nontrivial nontrivial JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 159 31 problem problem NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 159 32 . . . cord-263987-ff6kor0c 160 1 In in IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 160 2 analyzing analyze VBG cord-263987-ff6kor0c 160 3 the the DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 160 4 long long JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 160 5 indel indel NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 160 6 model model NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 160 7 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 160 8 a a DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 160 9 generalization generalization NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 160 10 of of IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 160 11 TKF91 TKF91 NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 160 12 with with IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 160 13 arbitrary arbitrary JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 160 14 length length NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 160 15 distributions distribution NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 160 16 for for IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 160 17 instantaneous instantaneous JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 160 18 indel indel NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 160 19 events event NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 160 20 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 160 21 Miklós Miklós NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 160 22 et et NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 160 23 al al NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 160 24 . . . cord-263987-ff6kor0c 161 1 [ [ -LRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 161 2 84 84 CD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 161 3 ] ] -RRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 161 4 make make VB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 161 5 the the DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 161 6 claim claim NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 161 7 that that IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 161 8 the the DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 161 9 existence existence NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 161 10 of of IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 161 11 a a DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 161 12 conserved conserved JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 161 13 residue residue NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 161 14 implies imply VBZ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 161 15 the the DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 161 16 alignment alignment NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 161 17 probability probability NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 161 18 is be VBZ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 161 19 factorable factorable JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 161 20 at at IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 161 21 that that DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 161 22 point point NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 161 23 ( ( -LRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 161 24 since since IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 161 25 no no DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 161 26 indel indel NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 161 27 has have VBZ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 161 28 ever ever RB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 161 29 crossed cross VBN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 161 30 the the DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 161 31 boundary boundary NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 161 32 ) ) -RRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 161 33 . . . cord-263987-ff6kor0c 162 1 They -PRON- PRP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 162 2 use use VBP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 162 3 a a DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 162 4 numerical numerical JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 162 5 sum sum NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 162 6 over over IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 162 7 indel indel NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 162 8 trajectories trajectory NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 162 9 to to TO cord-263987-ff6kor0c 162 10 approximate approximate VB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 162 11 the the DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 162 12 probability probability NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 162 13 distribution distribution NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 162 14 of of IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 162 15 observed observed JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 162 16 gap gap NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 162 17 lengths length NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 162 18 . . . cord-263987-ff6kor0c 163 1 Although although IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 163 2 they -PRON- PRP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 163 3 used use VBD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 163 4 a a DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 163 5 reversible reversible JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 163 6 model model NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 163 7 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 163 8 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 163 9 approach approach NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 163 10 generalizes generalize VBZ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 163 11 readily readily RB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 163 12 to to IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 163 13 irreversible irreversible JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 163 14 models model NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 163 15 . . . cord-263987-ff6kor0c 164 1 This this DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 164 2 work work NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 164 3 builds build VBZ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 164 4 on on IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 164 5 an an DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 164 6 earlier early JJR cord-263987-ff6kor0c 164 7 model model NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 164 8 which which WDT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 164 9 allows allow VBZ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 164 10 long long JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 164 11 insertions insertion NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 164 12 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 164 13 but but CC cord-263987-ff6kor0c 164 14 only only RB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 164 15 single single JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 164 16 - - HYPH cord-263987-ff6kor0c 164 17 residue residue NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 164 18 deletions deletion NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 164 19 [ [ -LRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 164 20 85 85 CD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 164 21 ] ] -RRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 164 22 . . . cord-263987-ff6kor0c 165 1 Recent recent JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 165 2 work work NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 165 3 by by IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 165 4 Ezawa Ezawa NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 165 5 has have VBZ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 165 6 put put VBN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 165 7 this this DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 165 8 finite finite JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 165 9 - - HYPH cord-263987-ff6kor0c 165 10 event event NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 165 11 approximation approximation NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 165 12 on on IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 165 13 a a DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 165 14 more more RBR cord-263987-ff6kor0c 165 15 solid solid JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 165 16 footing footing NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 165 17 by by IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 165 18 developing develop VBG cord-263987-ff6kor0c 165 19 a a DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 165 20 rigorous rigorous JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 165 21 algebraic algebraic JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 165 22 definition definition NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 165 23 of of IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 165 24 equivalence equivalence NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 165 25 classes class NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 165 26 for for IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 165 27 event event NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 165 28 trajectories trajectory NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 165 29 [ [ -LRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 165 30 53 53 CD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 165 31 ] ] -RRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 165 32 [ [ -LRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 165 33 54 54 CD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 165 34 ] ] -RRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 165 35 [ [ -LRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 165 36 55 55 CD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 165 37 ] ] -RRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 165 38 . . . cord-263987-ff6kor0c 166 1 Solutions solution NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 166 2 obtained obtain VBN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 166 3 using use VBG cord-263987-ff6kor0c 166 4 finite finite JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 166 5 - - HYPH cord-263987-ff6kor0c 166 6 event event NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 166 7 approximations approximation NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 166 8 will will MD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 166 9 not not RB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 166 10 exactly exactly RB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 166 11 satisfy satisfy VB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 166 12 Eq Eq NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 166 13 . . . cord-263987-ff6kor0c 167 1 3 3 LS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 167 2 . . . cord-263987-ff6kor0c 168 1 There there EX cord-263987-ff6kor0c 168 2 will will MD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 168 3 be be VB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 168 4 some some DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 168 5 error error NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 168 6 in in IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 168 7 the the DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 168 8 probability probability NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 168 9 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 168 10 and and CC cord-263987-ff6kor0c 168 11 in in IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 168 12 general general JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 168 13 the the DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 168 14 error error NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 168 15 will will MD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 168 16 be be VB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 168 17 greater great JJR cord-263987-ff6kor0c 168 18 on on IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 168 19 longer long JJR cord-263987-ff6kor0c 168 20 branches branch NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 168 21 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 168 22 as as IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 168 23 the the DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 168 24 main main JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 168 25 assumption assumption NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 168 26 behind behind IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 168 27 the the DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 168 28 approximation approximation NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 169 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 169 2 that that IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 169 3 there there EX cord-263987-ff6kor0c 169 4 are be VBP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 169 5 no no DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 169 6 overlapping overlap VBG cord-263987-ff6kor0c 169 7 indels indel NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 169 8 in in IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 169 9 the the DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 169 10 time time NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 169 11 interval interval NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 169 12 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 169 13 or or CC cord-263987-ff6kor0c 169 14 that that IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 169 15 there there EX cord-263987-ff6kor0c 169 16 is be VBZ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 169 17 a a DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 169 18 finite finite JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 169 19 limit limit NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 169 20 to to IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 169 21 the the DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 169 22 number number NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 169 23 of of IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 169 24 overlapping overlap VBG cord-263987-ff6kor0c 169 25 indels indel NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 169 26 ) ) -RRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 169 27 starts start VBZ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 169 28 to to TO cord-263987-ff6kor0c 169 29 break break VB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 169 30 down down RP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 169 31 . . . cord-263987-ff6kor0c 170 1 However however RB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 170 2 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 170 3 since since IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 170 4 these these DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 170 5 are be VBP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 170 6 principled principled JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 170 7 approximations approximation NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 170 8 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 170 9 it -PRON- PRP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 170 10 should should MD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 170 11 be be VB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 170 12 possible possible JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 170 13 to to TO cord-263987-ff6kor0c 170 14 form form VB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 170 15 some some DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 170 16 conclusions conclusion NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 170 17 as as IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 170 18 to to IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 170 19 the the DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 170 20 severity severity NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 170 21 of of IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 170 22 the the DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 170 23 error error NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 170 24 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 170 25 and and CC cord-263987-ff6kor0c 170 26 its -PRON- PRP$ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 170 27 dependence dependence NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 170 28 on on IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 170 29 model model NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 170 30 parameters parameter NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 170 31 . . . cord-263987-ff6kor0c 171 1 Simulation simulation NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 171 2 studies study NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 171 3 have have VBP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 171 4 also also RB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 171 5 been be VBN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 171 6 of of IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 171 7 some some DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 171 8 help help NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 171 9 in in IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 171 10 assessing assess VBG cord-263987-ff6kor0c 171 11 the the DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 171 12 error error NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 171 13 of of IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 171 14 these these DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 171 15 approximations approximation NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 171 16 . . . cord-263987-ff6kor0c 172 1 For for IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 172 2 context context NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 172 3 - - HYPH cord-263987-ff6kor0c 172 4 dependent dependent JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 172 5 substitution substitution NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 172 6 processes process NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 172 7 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 172 8 such such JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 172 9 as as IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 172 10 models model NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 172 11 that that WDT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 172 12 include include VBP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 172 13 methylation methylation NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 172 14 - - HYPH cord-263987-ff6kor0c 172 15 induced induce VBN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 172 16 CpGdeamination CpGdeamination NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 172 17 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 172 18 a a DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 172 19 clever clever JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 172 20 approach approach NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 172 21 was be VBD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 172 22 developed develop VBN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 172 23 in in IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 172 24 [ [ -LRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 172 25 44 44 CD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 172 26 ] ] -RRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 172 27 . . . cord-263987-ff6kor0c 173 1 Rather rather RB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 173 2 than than IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 173 3 considering consider VBG cord-263987-ff6kor0c 173 4 a a DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 173 5 finite finite JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 173 6 - - HYPH cord-263987-ff6kor0c 173 7 event event NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 173 8 trajectory trajectory NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 173 9 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 173 10 they -PRON- PRP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 173 11 develop develop VBP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 173 12 an an DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 173 13 explicit explicit JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 173 14 Taylor Taylor NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 173 15 series series NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 173 16 for for IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 173 17 the the DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 173 18 matrix matrix NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 173 19 exponential exponential NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 173 20 ( ( -LRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 173 21 Eq Eq NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 173 22 . . NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 173 23 2 2 LS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 173 24 ) ) -RRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 173 25 and and CC cord-263987-ff6kor0c 173 26 then then RB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 173 27 truncate truncate VB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 173 28 this this DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 173 29 Taylor Taylor NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 173 30 series series NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 173 31 . . . cord-263987-ff6kor0c 174 1 Specifically specifically RB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 174 2 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 174 3 the the DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 174 4 rate rate NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 174 5 matrix matrix NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 174 6 for for IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 174 7 a a DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 174 8 finite finite JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 174 9 - - HYPH cord-263987-ff6kor0c 174 10 length length NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 174 11 sequence sequence NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 174 12 is be VBZ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 174 13 constructed construct VBN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 174 14 as as IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 174 15 a a DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 174 16 sum sum NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 174 17 of of IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 174 18 rate rate NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 174 19 matrices matrix NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 174 20 operating operate VBG cord-263987-ff6kor0c 174 21 locally locally RB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 174 22 on on IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 174 23 the the DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 174 24 sequence sequence NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 174 25 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 174 26 using use VBG cord-263987-ff6kor0c 174 27 the the DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 174 28 Kronecker Kronecker NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 174 29 sum sum NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 174 30 ⊕ ⊕ NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 174 31 and and CC cord-263987-ff6kor0c 174 32 Kronecker Kronecker NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 174 33 product product NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 174 34 ⊗ ⊗ NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 174 35 to to TO cord-263987-ff6kor0c 174 36 concatenate concatenate VB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 174 37 rate rate NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 174 38 matrices matrix NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 174 39 . . . cord-263987-ff6kor0c 175 1 These these DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 175 2 operators operator NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 175 3 may may MD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 175 4 be be VB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 175 5 understood understand VBN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 175 6 as as IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 175 7 follows follow VBZ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 175 8 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 175 9 for for IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 175 10 an an DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 175 11 alphabet alphabet NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 175 12 of of IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 175 13 N n CD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 175 14 symbols symbol NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 175 15 : : : cord-263987-ff6kor0c 175 16 suppose suppose VB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 175 17 that that IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 175 18 M M NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 175 19 m m NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 175 20 is be VBZ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 175 21 the the DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 175 22 set set NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 175 23 of of IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 175 24 all all DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 175 25 matrices matrix NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 175 26 indexed index VBN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 175 27 by by IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 175 28 m m NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 175 29 - - HYPH cord-263987-ff6kor0c 175 30 mers mers NNPS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 175 31 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 175 32 so so IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 175 33 that that IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 175 34 if if IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 175 35 A a DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 175 36 ∈ ∈ NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 175 37 M M NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 175 38 m m NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 175 39 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 175 40 then then RB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 175 41 A a DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 175 42 is be VBZ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 175 43 an an DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 175 44 N n NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 175 45 m m NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 175 46 × × NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 175 47 N n NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 175 48 m m NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 175 49 matrix matrix NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 175 50 . . . cord-263987-ff6kor0c 176 1 Let let VB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 176 2 i i PRP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 176 3 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 176 4 j j NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 176 5 be be VB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 176 6 m m NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 176 7 - - HYPH cord-263987-ff6kor0c 176 8 mers mers NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 176 9 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 177 1 k k NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 177 2 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 177 3 l l NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 177 4 be be VB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 177 5 n n NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 177 6 - - HYPH cord-263987-ff6kor0c 177 7 mers mers NNPS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 177 8 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 177 9 and and CC cord-263987-ff6kor0c 177 10 ik ik UH cord-263987-ff6kor0c 177 11 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 177 12 jl jl NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 177 13 the the DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 177 14 concatenated concatenate VBN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 177 15 m m NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 177 16 + + CC cord-263987-ff6kor0c 177 17 n n NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 177 18 - - HYPH cord-263987-ff6kor0c 177 19 mers mers NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 177 20 . . . cord-263987-ff6kor0c 178 1 If if IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 178 2 A a DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 178 3 ∈ ∈ NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 178 4 M m NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 178 5 m m NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 178 6 and and CC cord-263987-ff6kor0c 178 7 B B NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 178 8 ∈ ∈ NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 178 9 M m NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 178 10 n n NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 178 11 then then RB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 178 12 A a DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 178 13 ⊕ ⊕ NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 178 14 B B NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 178 15 and and CC cord-263987-ff6kor0c 178 16 A a DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 178 17 ⊗ ⊗ NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 178 18 B B NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 178 19 are be VBP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 178 20 both both DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 178 21 in in IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 178 22 M M NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 178 23 m+n m+n NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 178 24 and and CC cord-263987-ff6kor0c 178 25 are be VBP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 178 26 specified specify VBN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 178 27 by by IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 178 28 where where WRB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 178 29 Commuting commute VBG cord-263987-ff6kor0c 178 30 terms term NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 178 31 in in IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 178 32 the the DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 178 33 Taylor Taylor NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 178 34 series series NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 178 35 for for IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 178 36 exp(Rt exp(Rt NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 178 37 ) ) -RRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 178 38 can can MD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 178 39 then then RB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 178 40 be be VB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 178 41 systematically systematically RB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 178 42 rearranged rearrange VBN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 178 43 into into IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 178 44 a a DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 178 45 quicklyconverging quicklyconverge VBG cord-263987-ff6kor0c 178 46 dynamic dynamic JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 178 47 programming programming NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 178 48 recursion recursion NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 178 49 . . . cord-263987-ff6kor0c 179 1 This this DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 179 2 approach approach NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 179 3 was be VBD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 179 4 first first RB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 179 5 used use VBN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 179 6 by by IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 179 7 [ [ -LRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 179 8 44 44 CD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 179 9 ] ] -RRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 179 10 and and CC cord-263987-ff6kor0c 179 11 further further RB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 179 12 developed develop VBN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 179 13 including include VBG cord-263987-ff6kor0c 179 14 model model NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 179 15 - - HYPH cord-263987-ff6kor0c 179 16 fitting fit VBG cord-263987-ff6kor0c 179 17 algorithms algorithm NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 179 18 [ [ -LRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 179 19 86 86 CD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 179 20 ] ] -RRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 179 21 application application NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 179 22 to to TO cord-263987-ff6kor0c 179 23 phylogenetic phylogenetic VB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 179 24 trees tree NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 179 25 [ [ -LRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 179 26 87 87 CD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 179 27 ] ] -RRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 179 28 and and CC cord-263987-ff6kor0c 179 29 discussion discussion NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 179 30 of of IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 179 31 the the DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 179 32 associated associate VBN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 179 33 eigensystem eigensystem NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 179 34 [ [ -LRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 179 35 45 45 CD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 179 36 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 179 37 62 62 CD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 179 38 ] ] -RRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 179 39 . . . cord-263987-ff6kor0c 180 1 It -PRON- PRP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 180 2 remains remain VBZ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 180 3 to to TO cord-263987-ff6kor0c 180 4 be be VB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 180 5 seen see VBN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 180 6 to to TO cord-263987-ff6kor0c 180 7 what what WDT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 180 8 extent extent NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 180 9 such such PDT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 180 10 an an DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 180 11 approach approach NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 180 12 offers offer VBZ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 180 13 a a DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 180 14 practical practical JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 180 15 solution solution NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 180 16 for for IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 180 17 general general JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 180 18 indel indel NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 180 19 models model NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 180 20 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 180 21 where where WRB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 180 22 the the DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 180 23 instantaneous instantaneous JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 180 24 transitions transition NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 180 25 are be VBP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 180 26 between between IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 180 27 sequences sequence NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 180 28 of of IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 180 29 differing differ VBG cord-263987-ff6kor0c 180 30 lengths length NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 180 31 . . . cord-263987-ff6kor0c 181 1 Such such JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 181 2 is be VBZ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 181 3 the the DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 181 4 difficulty difficulty NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 181 5 of of IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 181 6 solving solve VBG cord-263987-ff6kor0c 181 7 long long JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 181 8 indel indel NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 181 9 models model NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 181 10 that that IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 181 11 several several JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 181 12 authors author NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 181 13 have have VBP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 181 14 performed perform VBN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 181 15 simulations simulation NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 181 16 to to TO cord-263987-ff6kor0c 181 17 investigate investigate VB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 181 18 the the DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 181 19 empirical empirical JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 181 20 gap gap NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 181 21 length length NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 181 22 distributions distribution NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 181 23 that that WDT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 181 24 are be VBP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 181 25 observed observe VBN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 181 26 after after IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 181 27 finite finite JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 181 28 time time NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 181 29 intervals interval NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 181 30 for for IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 181 31 various various JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 181 32 given give VBN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 181 33 instantaneous instantaneous JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 181 34 indelrate indelrate JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 181 35 models model NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 181 36 . . . cord-263987-ff6kor0c 182 1 These these DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 182 2 observed observe VBN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 182 3 gaps gap NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 182 4 can can MD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 182 5 arise arise VB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 182 6 from from IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 182 7 multiple multiple JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 182 8 overlapping overlapping JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 182 9 indel indel NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 182 10 events event NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 182 11 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 182 12 in in IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 182 13 ways way NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 182 14 that that WDT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 182 15 have have VBP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 182 16 so so RB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 182 17 far far RB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 182 18 defied defy VBN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 182 19 straightforward straightforward JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 182 20 algebraic algebraic JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 182 21 characterization characterization NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 182 22 . . . cord-263987-ff6kor0c 183 1 In in IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 183 2 recent recent JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 183 3 work work NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 183 4 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 183 5 Rivas Rivas NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 183 6 and and CC cord-263987-ff6kor0c 183 7 Eddy Eddy NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 183 8 [ [ -LRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 183 9 56 56 CD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 183 10 ] ] -RRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 183 11 have have VBP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 183 12 shown show VBN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 183 13 that that IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 183 14 if if IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 183 15 an an DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 183 16 underlying underlying JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 183 17 model model NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 183 18 has have VBZ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 183 19 a a DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 183 20 simple simple JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 183 21 geometric geometric JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 183 22 length length NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 183 23 distribution distribution NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 183 24 over over IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 183 25 instantaneous instantaneous JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 183 26 indel indel NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 183 27 events event NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 183 28 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 183 29 the the DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 183 30 observed observed JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 183 31 gap gap NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 183 32 length length NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 183 33 distribution distribution NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 183 34 at at IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 183 35 finite finite JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 183 36 times time NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 183 37 ( ( -LRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 183 38 accounting account VBG cord-263987-ff6kor0c 183 39 for for IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 183 40 the the DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 183 41 possibility possibility NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 183 42 of of IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 183 43 multiple multiple JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 183 44 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 183 45 overlapping overlap VBG cord-263987-ff6kor0c 183 46 indels indel NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 183 47 ) ) -RRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 183 48 can can MD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 183 49 not not RB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 183 50 be be VB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 183 51 geometric geometric JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 183 52 . . . cord-263987-ff6kor0c 184 1 Rivas Rivas NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 184 2 and and CC cord-263987-ff6kor0c 184 3 Eddy Eddy NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 184 4 report report NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 184 5 simulation simulation NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 184 6 studies study NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 184 7 supporting support VBG cord-263987-ff6kor0c 184 8 this this DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 184 9 result result NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 184 10 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 184 11 and and CC cord-263987-ff6kor0c 184 12 go go VB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 184 13 on on RP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 184 14 to to TO cord-263987-ff6kor0c 184 15 propose propose VB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 184 16 several several JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 184 17 models model NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 184 18 incorporating incorporate VBG cord-263987-ff6kor0c 184 19 hidden hide VBN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 184 20 information information NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 184 21 ( ( -LRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 184 22 such such JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 184 23 as as IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 184 24 fragment fragment NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 184 25 boundaries boundary NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 184 26 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 184 27 a a FW cord-263987-ff6kor0c 184 28 la la FW cord-263987-ff6kor0c 184 29 TKF92 TKF92 NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 184 30 ) ) -RRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 184 31 which which WDT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 184 32 have have VBP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 184 33 the the DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 184 34 advantage advantage NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 184 35 of of IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 184 36 being be VBG cord-263987-ff6kor0c 184 37 good good JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 184 38 fits fit NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 184 39 to to IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 184 40 HMMs HMMs NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 184 41 for for IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 184 42 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 184 43 finite finite JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 184 44 - - HYPH cord-263987-ff6kor0c 184 45 time time NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 184 46 distributions distribution NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 184 47 . . . cord-263987-ff6kor0c 185 1 It -PRON- PRP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 185 2 has have VBZ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 185 3 long long RB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 185 4 been be VBN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 185 5 known know VBN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 185 6 that that IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 185 7 the the DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 185 8 lengths length NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 185 9 of of IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 185 10 empiricallyobserved empiricallyobserved JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 185 11 indels indel NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 185 12 are be VBP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 185 13 more more RBR cord-263987-ff6kor0c 185 14 accurately accurately RB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 185 15 described describe VBN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 185 16 by by IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 185 17 a a DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 185 18 power power NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 185 19 - - HYPH cord-263987-ff6kor0c 185 20 law law NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 185 21 distribution distribution NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 185 22 than than IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 185 23 a a DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 185 24 geometric geometric JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 185 25 distribution distribution NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 185 26 [ [ -LRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 185 27 46 46 CD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 185 28 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 185 29 47 47 CD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 185 30 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 185 31 [ [ -LRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 185 32 88 88 CD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 185 33 ] ] -RRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 185 34 [ [ -LRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 185 35 89 89 CD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 185 36 ] ] -RRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 185 37 [ [ -LRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 185 38 90 90 CD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 185 39 ] ] -RRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 185 40 [ [ -LRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 185 41 91 91 CD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 185 42 ] ] -RRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 185 43 and and CC cord-263987-ff6kor0c 185 44 that that IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 185 45 alignment alignment NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 185 46 algorithms algorithm NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 185 47 may may MD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 185 48 benefit benefit VB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 185 49 from from IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 185 50 using use VBG cord-263987-ff6kor0c 185 51 such such JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 185 52 length length NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 185 53 distributions distribution NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 185 54 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 185 55 which which WDT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 185 56 lead lead VBP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 185 57 to to IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 185 58 generalized generalized JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 185 59 convex convex JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 185 60 gap gap NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 185 61 penalties penalty NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 185 62 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 185 63 rather rather RB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 185 64 than than IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 185 65 the the DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 185 66 computationally computationally RB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 185 67 more more RBR cord-263987-ff6kor0c 185 68 convenient convenient JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 185 69 geometric geometric JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 185 70 distribution distribution NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 185 71 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 185 72 which which WDT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 185 73 leads lead VBZ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 185 74 to to IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 185 75 an an DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 185 76 affine affine JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 185 77 or or CC cord-263987-ff6kor0c 185 78 linear linear JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 185 79 gap gap NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 185 80 penalty penalty NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 185 81 [ [ -LRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 185 82 92 92 CD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 185 83 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 185 84 93 93 CD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 185 85 ] ] -RRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 185 86 . . . cord-263987-ff6kor0c 186 1 For for IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 186 2 molecular molecular JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 186 3 evolution evolution NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 186 4 purposes purpose NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 186 5 in in IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 186 6 particular particular JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 186 7 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 186 8 it -PRON- PRP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 186 9 is be VBZ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 186 10 known know VBN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 186 11 that that IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 186 12 overreliance overreliance NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 186 13 on on IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 186 14 affine affine JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 186 15 gap gap NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 186 16 penalties penalty NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 186 17 leads lead VBZ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 186 18 to to IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 186 19 serious serious JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 186 20 underestimates underestimate NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 186 21 of of IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 186 22 the the DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 186 23 true true JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 186 24 lengths length NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 186 25 of of IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 186 26 natural natural JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 186 27 indels indel NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 186 28 [ [ -LRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 186 29 94 94 CD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 186 30 ] ] -RRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 186 31 . . . cord-263987-ff6kor0c 187 1 For for IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 187 2 almost almost RB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 187 3 as as RB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 187 4 long long JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 187 5 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 187 6 it -PRON- PRP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 187 7 has have VBZ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 187 8 been be VBN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 187 9 known know VBN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 187 10 that that IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 187 11 using use VBG cord-263987-ff6kor0c 187 12 a a DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 187 13 mixture mixture NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 187 14 of of IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 187 15 geometric geometric JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 187 16 distributions distribution NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 187 17 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 187 18 or or CC cord-263987-ff6kor0c 187 19 ( ( -LRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 187 20 considered consider VBN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 187 21 in in IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 187 22 score score NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 187 23 space space NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 187 24 rather rather RB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 187 25 than than IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 187 26 probability probability NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 187 27 space space NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 187 28 ) ) -RRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 187 29 a a DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 187 30 piecewise piecewise JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 187 31 linear linear JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 187 32 gap gap NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 187 33 penalty penalty NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 187 34 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 187 35 mitigates mitigate VBZ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 187 36 some some DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 187 37 of of IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 187 38 these these DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 187 39 problems problem NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 187 40 in in IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 187 41 sequence sequence NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 187 42 alignment alignment NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 187 43 [ [ -LRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 187 44 94 94 CD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 187 45 ] ] -RRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 187 46 [ [ -LRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 187 47 95 95 CD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 187 48 ] ] -RRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 187 49 [ [ -LRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 187 50 96 96 CD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 187 51 ] ] -RRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 187 52 . . . cord-263987-ff6kor0c 188 1 Taken take VBN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 188 2 together together RB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 188 3 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 188 4 these these DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 188 5 results result NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 188 6 suggest suggest VBP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 188 7 that that IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 188 8 simple simple JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 188 9 HMM hmm NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 188 10 - - HYPH cord-263987-ff6kor0c 188 11 like like JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 188 12 models model NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 188 13 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 188 14 which which WDT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 188 15 are be VBP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 188 16 most most RBS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 188 17 efficient efficient JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 188 18 at at IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 188 19 modeling model VBG cord-263987-ff6kor0c 188 20 geometric geometric JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 188 21 length length NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 188 22 distributions distribution NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 188 23 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 188 24 may may MD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 188 25 be be VB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 188 26 fundamentally fundamentally RB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 188 27 limited limit VBN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 188 28 in in IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 188 29 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 188 30 ability ability NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 188 31 to to TO cord-263987-ff6kor0c 188 32 fully fully RB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 188 33 describe describe VB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 188 34 indels indel NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 188 35 ; ; : cord-263987-ff6kor0c 188 36 that that IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 188 37 adding add VBG cord-263987-ff6kor0c 188 38 more more JJR cord-263987-ff6kor0c 188 39 states state NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 188 40 ( ( -LRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 188 41 yielding yield VBG cord-263987-ff6kor0c 188 42 length length NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 188 43 distributions distribution NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 188 44 that that WDT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 188 45 arise arise VBP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 188 46 from from IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 188 47 sums sum NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 188 48 of of IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 188 49 geometric geometric JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 188 50 random random JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 188 51 variates variate NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 188 52 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 188 53 such such JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 188 54 as as IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 188 55 negative negative JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 188 56 binomial binomial JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 188 57 distributions distribution NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 188 58 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 188 59 or or CC cord-263987-ff6kor0c 188 60 mixtures mixture NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 188 61 of of IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 188 62 geometric geometric JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 188 63 distributions distribution NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 188 64 ) ) -RRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 188 65 can can MD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 188 66 lead lead VB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 188 67 to to IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 188 68 an an DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 188 69 improvement improvement NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 188 70 ; ; : cord-263987-ff6kor0c 188 71 and and CC cord-263987-ff6kor0c 188 72 that that IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 188 73 generalized generalized JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 188 74 HMMs HMMs NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 188 75 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 188 76 which which WDT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 188 77 can can MD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 188 78 model model VB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 188 79 arbitrary arbitrary JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 188 80 length length NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 188 81 distributions distribution NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 188 82 at at IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 188 83 the the DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 188 84 cost cost NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 188 85 of of IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 188 86 some some DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 188 87 computational computational JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 188 88 efficiency efficiency NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 188 89 [ [ -LRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 188 90 97 97 CD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 188 91 ] ] -RRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 188 92 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 188 93 may may MD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 188 94 be be VB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 188 95 most most RBS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 188 96 appropriate appropriate JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 188 97 . . . cord-263987-ff6kor0c 189 1 For for IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 189 2 example example NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 189 3 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 189 4 the the DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 189 5 abovementioned abovementioned JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 189 6 " " `` cord-263987-ff6kor0c 189 7 long long JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 189 8 indel indel NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 189 9 " " '' cord-263987-ff6kor0c 189 10 model model NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 189 11 of of IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 189 12 Miklós Miklós NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 189 13 et et NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 189 14 al al NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 189 15 . . NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 189 16 uses use VBZ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 189 17 a a DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 189 18 generalized generalized JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 189 19 Pair pair NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 189 20 HMM hmm NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 189 21 [ [ -LRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 189 22 84 84 CD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 189 23 ] ] -RRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 189 24 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 189 25 as as IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 189 26 does do VBZ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 189 27 the the DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 189 28 HMM HMM NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 189 29 of of IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 189 30 [ [ -LRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 189 31 98 98 CD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 189 32 ] ] -RRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 189 33 . . . cord-263987-ff6kor0c 190 1 It -PRON- PRP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 190 2 is be VBZ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 190 3 even even RB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 190 4 conceivable conceivable JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 190 5 that that IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 190 6 some some DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 190 7 molecular molecular JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 190 8 evolution evolution NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 190 9 studies study NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 190 10 in in IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 190 11 the the DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 190 12 future future NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 190 13 will will MD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 190 14 abandon abandon VB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 190 15 HMMs HMMs NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 190 16 altogether altogether RB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 190 17 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 190 18 although although IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 190 19 they -PRON- PRP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 190 20 remain remain VBP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 190 21 very very RB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 190 22 convenient convenient JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 190 23 for for IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 190 24 many many JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 190 25 applications application NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 190 26 . . . cord-263987-ff6kor0c 191 1 The the DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 191 2 recent recent JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 191 3 work work NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 191 4 of of IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 191 5 Ezawa Ezawa NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 191 6 has have VBZ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 191 7 some some DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 191 8 parallels parallel NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 191 9 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 191 10 but but CC cord-263987-ff6kor0c 191 11 also also RB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 191 12 differences difference NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 191 13 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 191 14 to to IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 191 15 the the DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 191 16 work work NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 191 17 of of IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 191 18 Rivas Rivas NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 191 19 and and CC cord-263987-ff6kor0c 191 20 Eddy Eddy NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 191 21 [ [ -LRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 191 22 53 53 CD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 191 23 ] ] -RRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 191 24 [ [ -LRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 191 25 54 54 CD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 191 26 ] ] -RRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 191 27 [ [ -LRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 191 28 55 55 CD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 191 29 ] ] -RRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 191 30 . . . cord-263987-ff6kor0c 192 1 Ezawa Ezawa NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 192 2 criticizes criticize VBZ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 192 3 over over IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 192 4 - - HYPH cord-263987-ff6kor0c 192 5 reliance reliance NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 192 6 on on IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 192 7 HMM HMM NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 192 8 - - HYPH cord-263987-ff6kor0c 192 9 like like JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 192 10 models model NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 192 11 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 192 12 and and CC cord-263987-ff6kor0c 192 13 insists insist VBZ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 192 14 on on IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 192 15 a a DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 192 16 systematic systematic JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 192 17 derivation derivation NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 192 18 from from IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 192 19 simple simple JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 192 20 instantaneous instantaneous JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 192 21 models model NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 192 22 . . . cord-263987-ff6kor0c 193 1 He -PRON- PRP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 193 2 puts put VBZ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 193 3 the the DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 193 4 intuition intuition NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 193 5 of of IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 193 6 Miklós Miklós NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 193 7 et et NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 193 8 al al NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 193 9 [ [ -LRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 193 10 84 84 CD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 193 11 ] ] -RRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 193 12 on on IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 193 13 a a DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 193 14 more more RBR cord-263987-ff6kor0c 193 15 formal formal JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 193 16 footing footing NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 193 17 by by IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 193 18 introducing introduce VBG cord-263987-ff6kor0c 193 19 an an DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 193 20 explicit explicit JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 193 21 notation notation NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 193 22 for for IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 193 23 indel indel NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 193 24 trajectories trajectory NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 193 25 and and CC cord-263987-ff6kor0c 193 26 the the DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 193 27 concept concept NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 193 28 of of IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 193 29 " " `` cord-263987-ff6kor0c 193 30 local local JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 193 31 history history NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 193 32 set set VBD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 193 33 equivalence equivalence NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 193 34 classes class NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 193 35 " " '' cord-263987-ff6kor0c 193 36 for for IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 193 37 equivalent equivalent JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 193 38 trajectories trajectory NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 193 39 . . . cord-263987-ff6kor0c 194 1 Ezawa Ezawa NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 194 2 uses use VBZ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 194 3 this this DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 194 4 concept concept NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 194 5 to to TO cord-263987-ff6kor0c 194 6 prove prove VB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 194 7 that that DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 194 8 alignment alignment NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 194 9 likelihoods likelihood NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 194 10 for for IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 194 11 long long JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 194 12 - - HYPH cord-263987-ff6kor0c 194 13 indel indel NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 194 14 and and CC cord-263987-ff6kor0c 194 15 related related JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 194 16 models model NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 194 17 are be VBP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 194 18 indeed indeed RB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 194 19 factorable factorable JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 194 20 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 194 21 and and CC cord-263987-ff6kor0c 194 22 investigates investigate NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 194 23 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 194 24 by by IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 194 25 numerical numerical JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 194 26 computation computation NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 194 27 and and CC cord-263987-ff6kor0c 194 28 analysis analysis NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 194 29 ( ( -LRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 194 30 with with IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 194 31 confirmation confirmation NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 194 32 by by IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 194 33 simulation simulation NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 194 34 ) ) -RRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 194 35 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 194 36 the the DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 194 37 relative relative JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 194 38 contribution contribution NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 194 39 of of IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 194 40 multiple multiple JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 194 41 - - HYPH cord-263987-ff6kor0c 194 42 event event NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 194 43 trajectories trajectory NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 194 44 to to IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 194 45 gap gap VB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 194 46 length length NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 194 47 distributions distribution NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 194 48 . . . cord-263987-ff6kor0c 195 1 Ezawa Ezawa NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 195 2 's 's POS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 195 3 results result NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 195 4 also also RB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 195 5 show show VBP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 195 6 that that IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 195 7 the the DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 195 8 effects effect NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 195 9 on on IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 195 10 the the DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 195 11 observed observed JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 195 12 indel indel NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 195 13 lengths length NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 195 14 due due JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 195 15 to to IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 195 16 overlapping overlap VBG cord-263987-ff6kor0c 195 17 indels indel NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 195 18 become become VBP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 195 19 more more RBR cord-263987-ff6kor0c 195 20 significant significant JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 195 21 as as IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 195 22 the the DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 195 23 indels indel NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 195 24 get get VBP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 195 25 larger large JJR cord-263987-ff6kor0c 195 26 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 195 27 making make VBG cord-263987-ff6kor0c 195 28 the the DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 195 29 problem problem NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 195 30 particularly particularly RB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 195 31 acute acute JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 195 32 for for IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 195 33 genomic genomic JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 195 34 alignments alignment NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 195 35 where where WRB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 195 36 indels indel NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 195 37 can can MD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 195 38 be be VB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 195 39 much much RB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 195 40 larger large JJR cord-263987-ff6kor0c 195 41 than than IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 195 42 in in IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 195 43 proteins protein NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 195 44 . . . cord-263987-ff6kor0c 196 1 A a DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 196 2 number number NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 196 3 of of IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 196 4 excellent excellent JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 196 5 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 196 6 realistic realistic JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 196 7 sequence sequence NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 196 8 simulators simulator NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 196 9 are be VBP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 196 10 available available JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 196 11 including include VBG cord-263987-ff6kor0c 196 12 DAWG DAWG NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 196 13 [ [ -LRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 196 14 99 99 CD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 196 15 ] ] -RRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 196 16 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 196 17 INDELible indelible JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 196 18 [ [ -LRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 196 19 100 100 CD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 196 20 ] ] -RRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 196 21 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 196 22 and and CC cord-263987-ff6kor0c 196 23 indel indel NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 196 24 - - HYPH cord-263987-ff6kor0c 196 25 Seq seq NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 196 26 - - HYPH cord-263987-ff6kor0c 196 27 Gen Gen NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 196 28 [ [ -LRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 196 29 101 101 CD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 196 30 ] ] -RRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 196 31 . . . cord-263987-ff6kor0c 197 1 Consider consider VB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 197 2 now now RB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 197 3 the the DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 197 4 extension extension NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 197 5 of of IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 197 6 these these DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 197 7 results result NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 197 8 from from IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 197 9 pairwise pairwise JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 197 10 alignments alignment NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 197 11 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 197 12 such such JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 197 13 as as IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 197 14 TKF91 TKF91 NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 197 15 and and CC cord-263987-ff6kor0c 197 16 the the DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 197 17 " " `` cord-263987-ff6kor0c 197 18 long long JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 197 19 indel indel NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 197 20 " " '' cord-263987-ff6kor0c 197 21 model model NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 197 22 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 197 23 to to IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 197 24 multiple multiple JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 197 25 alignments alignment NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 197 26 ( ( -LRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 197 27 with with IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 197 28 associated associated JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 197 29 phylogenies phylogeny NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 197 30 ) ) -RRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 197 31 . . . cord-263987-ff6kor0c 198 1 Some some DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 198 2 of of IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 198 3 the the DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 198 4 approaches approach NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 198 5 to to IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 198 6 this this DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 198 7 problem problem NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 198 8 use use VBP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 198 9 Markov Markov NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 198 10 Chain Chain NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 198 11 Monte Monte NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 198 12 Carlo Carlo NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 198 13 ( ( -LRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 198 14 MCMC MCMC NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 198 15 ) ) -RRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 198 16 ; ; : cord-263987-ff6kor0c 198 17 some some DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 198 18 of of IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 198 19 the the DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 198 20 approaches approach NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 198 21 use use VBP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 198 22 finite finite JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 198 23 - - HYPH cord-263987-ff6kor0c 198 24 state state NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 198 25 automata automaton NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 198 26 ; ; : cord-263987-ff6kor0c 198 27 and and CC cord-263987-ff6kor0c 198 28 there there EX cord-263987-ff6kor0c 198 29 is be VBZ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 198 30 also also RB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 198 31 some some DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 198 32 overlap overlap VBP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 198 33 between between IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 198 34 these these DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 198 35 categories category NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 199 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 199 2 i.e. i.e. FW cord-263987-ff6kor0c 199 3 MCMC MCMC NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 199 4 approaches approach VBZ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 199 5 that that WDT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 199 6 use use VBP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 199 7 automata automata NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 199 8 ) ) -RRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 199 9 . . . cord-263987-ff6kor0c 200 1 MCMC MCMC NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 200 2 is be VBZ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 200 3 the the DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 200 4 most most RBS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 200 5 principled principled JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 200 6 approach approach NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 200 7 to to IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 200 8 integrating integrate VBG cord-263987-ff6kor0c 200 9 phylogeny phylogeny NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 200 10 with with IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 200 11 multiple multiple JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 200 12 alignment alignment NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 200 13 . . . cord-263987-ff6kor0c 201 1 In in IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 201 2 principle principle NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 201 3 an an DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 201 4 MCMC MCMC NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 201 5 algorithm algorithm NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 201 6 for for IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 201 7 phylogenetic phylogenetic JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 201 8 alignment alignment NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 201 9 can can MD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 201 10 yield yield VB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 201 11 the the DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 201 12 posterior posterior JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 201 13 distribution distribution NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 201 14 of of IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 201 15 alignments alignment NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 201 16 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 201 17 trees tree NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 201 18 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 201 19 and and CC cord-263987-ff6kor0c 201 20 parameters parameter NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 201 21 for for IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 201 22 any any DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 201 23 model model NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 201 24 whose whose WP$ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 201 25 pairwise pairwise JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 201 26 distribution distribution NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 201 27 can can MD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 201 28 be be VB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 201 29 computed compute VBN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 201 30 . . . cord-263987-ff6kor0c 202 1 This this DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 202 2 includes include VBZ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 202 3 long long JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 202 4 indel indel NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 202 5 models model NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 202 6 and and CC cord-263987-ff6kor0c 202 7 also also RB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 202 8 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 202 9 in in IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 202 10 principle principle NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 202 11 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 202 12 other other JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 202 13 effects effect NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 202 14 such such JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 202 15 as as IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 202 16 context context NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 202 17 - - HYPH cord-263987-ff6kor0c 202 18 dependent dependent JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 202 19 substitutions substitution NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 202 20 . . . cord-263987-ff6kor0c 203 1 Of of IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 203 2 the the DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 203 3 MCMC MCMC NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 203 4 methods method NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 203 5 reported report VBN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 203 6 in in IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 203 7 the the DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 203 8 literature literature NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 203 9 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 203 10 some some DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 203 11 just just RB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 203 12 focus focus VBP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 203 13 on on IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 203 14 alignment alignment NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 203 15 and and CC cord-263987-ff6kor0c 203 16 ancestral ancestral JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 203 17 sequence sequence NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 203 18 reconstruction reconstruction NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 203 19 [ [ -LRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 203 20 65 65 CD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 203 21 ] ] -RRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 203 22 ; ; : cord-263987-ff6kor0c 203 23 others other NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 203 24 on on IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 203 25 simultaneous simultaneous JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 203 26 alignment alignment NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 203 27 and and CC cord-263987-ff6kor0c 203 28 phylogenetic phylogenetic JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 203 29 reconstruction reconstruction NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 203 30 [ [ -LRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 203 31 79 79 CD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 203 32 - - SYM cord-263987-ff6kor0c 203 33 81 81 CD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 203 34 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 203 35 83 83 CD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 203 36 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 203 37 102 102 CD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 203 38 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 203 39 103 103 CD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 203 40 ] ] -RRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 203 41 ; ; : cord-263987-ff6kor0c 203 42 some some DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 203 43 also also RB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 203 44 include include VBP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 203 45 estimation estimation NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 203 46 of of IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 203 47 evolutionary evolutionary JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 203 48 parameters parameter NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 203 49 such such JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 203 50 as as IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 203 51 dN dN NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 203 52 / / SYM cord-263987-ff6kor0c 203 53 dS ds NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 203 54 [ [ -LRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 203 55 104 104 CD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 203 56 ] ] -RRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 203 57 ; ; : cord-263987-ff6kor0c 203 58 and and CC cord-263987-ff6kor0c 203 59 some some DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 203 60 ( ( -LRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 203 61 focused focus VBN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 203 62 on on IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 203 63 RNA RNA NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 203 64 sequences sequence NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 203 65 ) ) -RRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 203 66 attempt attempt VBP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 203 67 prediction prediction NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 203 68 of of IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 203 69 secondary secondary JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 203 70 structure structure NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 203 71 [ [ -LRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 203 72 105 105 CD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 203 73 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 203 74 106 106 CD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 203 75 ] ] -RRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 203 76 . . . cord-263987-ff6kor0c 204 1 In in IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 204 2 practise practise NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 204 3 these these DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 204 4 mostly mostly RB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 204 5 use use VBP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 204 6 HMMs HMMs NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 204 7 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 204 8 or or CC cord-263987-ff6kor0c 204 9 dynamic dynamic JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 204 10 programming programming NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 204 11 of of IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 204 12 some some DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 204 13 form form NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 204 14 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 204 15 in in IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 204 16 common common JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 204 17 with with IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 204 18 the the DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 204 19 methods method NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 204 20 of of IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 204 21 the the DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 204 22 following following JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 204 23 section section NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 204 24 . . . cord-263987-ff6kor0c 205 1 It -PRON- PRP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 205 2 is be VBZ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 205 3 of of IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 205 4 course course NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 205 5 possible possible JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 205 6 to to TO cord-263987-ff6kor0c 205 7 use use VB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 205 8 HMM HMM NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 205 9 - - HYPH cord-263987-ff6kor0c 205 10 based base VBN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 205 11 or or CC cord-263987-ff6kor0c 205 12 other other JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 205 13 MCMC MCMC NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 205 14 approaches approach NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 205 15 to to TO cord-263987-ff6kor0c 205 16 propose propose VB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 205 17 candidate candidate NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 205 18 reconstructions reconstruction NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 205 19 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 205 20 and and CC cord-263987-ff6kor0c 205 21 then then RB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 205 22 to to TO cord-263987-ff6kor0c 205 23 accept accept VB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 205 24 or or CC cord-263987-ff6kor0c 205 25 reject reject VB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 205 26 those those DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 205 27 proposals proposal NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 205 28 ( ( -LRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 205 29 in in IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 205 30 the the DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 205 31 manner manner NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 205 32 of of IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 205 33 Metropolis Metropolis NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 205 34 - - HYPH cord-263987-ff6kor0c 205 35 Hastings Hastings NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 205 36 or or CC cord-263987-ff6kor0c 205 37 importance importance NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 205 38 sampling sampling NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 205 39 ) ) -RRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 205 40 using use VBG cord-263987-ff6kor0c 205 41 a a DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 205 42 more more RBR cord-263987-ff6kor0c 205 43 realistic realistic JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 205 44 formulation formulation NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 205 45 of of IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 205 46 the the DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 205 47 indel indel NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 205 48 likelihood likelihood NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 205 49 . . . cord-263987-ff6kor0c 206 1 Ezawa Ezawa NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 206 2 's 's POS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 206 3 methods method NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 206 4 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 206 5 and and CC cord-263987-ff6kor0c 206 6 others other NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 206 7 that that WDT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 206 8 build build VBP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 206 9 on on IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 206 10 them -PRON- PRP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 206 11 or or CC cord-263987-ff6kor0c 206 12 are be VBP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 206 13 related relate VBN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 206 14 to to IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 206 15 them -PRON- PRP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 206 16 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 206 17 may may MD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 206 18 be be VB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 206 19 useful useful JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 206 20 in in IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 206 21 this this DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 206 22 context context NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 206 23 . . . cord-263987-ff6kor0c 207 1 For for IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 207 2 example example NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 207 3 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 207 4 Ezawa Ezawa NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 207 5 's 's POS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 207 6 formulation formulation NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 207 7 was be VBD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 207 8 used use VBN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 207 9 to to TO cord-263987-ff6kor0c 207 10 calculate calculate VB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 207 11 the the DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 207 12 indel indel NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 207 13 component component NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 207 14 of of IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 207 15 the the DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 207 16 probability probability NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 207 17 of of IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 207 18 a a DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 207 19 fixed fix VBN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 207 20 multiple multiple JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 207 21 sequence sequence NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 207 22 alignment alignment NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 207 23 ( ( -LRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 207 24 MSA MSA NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 207 25 ) ) -RRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 207 26 resulting result VBG cord-263987-ff6kor0c 207 27 from from IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 207 28 sequence sequence NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 207 29 evolution evolution NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 207 30 along along IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 207 31 a a DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 207 32 fixed fix VBN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 207 33 tree tree NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 207 34 [ [ -LRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 207 35 53 53 CD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 207 36 ] ] -RRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 207 37 . . . cord-263987-ff6kor0c 208 1 He -PRON- PRP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 208 2 also also RB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 208 3 developed develop VBD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 208 4 an an DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 208 5 algorithm algorithm NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 208 6 to to TO cord-263987-ff6kor0c 208 7 approximately approximately RB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 208 8 calculate calculate VB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 208 9 the the DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 208 10 indel indel NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 208 11 component component NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 208 12 of of IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 208 13 the the DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 208 14 MSA MSA NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 208 15 probability probability NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 208 16 using use VBG cord-263987-ff6kor0c 208 17 all all DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 208 18 MSAcompatible msacompatible JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 208 19 parsimonious parsimonious JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 208 20 indel indel NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 208 21 histories history NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 208 22 [ [ -LRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 208 23 54 54 CD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 208 24 ] ] -RRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 208 25 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 208 26 and and CC cord-263987-ff6kor0c 208 27 applied apply VBD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 208 28 it -PRON- PRP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 208 29 to to IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 208 30 some some DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 208 31 analyses analysis NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 208 32 of of IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 208 33 simulated simulated JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 208 34 MSAs msa NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 208 35 [ [ -LRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 208 36 107 107 CD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 208 37 ] ] -RRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 208 38 . . . cord-263987-ff6kor0c 209 1 Using use VBG cord-263987-ff6kor0c 209 2 such such JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 209 3 realistic realistic JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 209 4 likelihood likelihood NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 209 5 calculations calculation NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 209 6 as as IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 209 7 a a DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 209 8 post post JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 209 9 - - JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 209 10 processing processing JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 209 11 " " `` cord-263987-ff6kor0c 209 12 filter filter NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 209 13 " " '' cord-263987-ff6kor0c 209 14 for for IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 209 15 coarser coarser NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 209 16 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 209 17 more more RBR cord-263987-ff6kor0c 209 18 rapid rapid JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 209 19 MCMC MCMC NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 209 20 approaches approach VBZ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 209 21 that that WDT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 209 22 sample sample VBP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 209 23 the the DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 209 24 space space NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 209 25 of of IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 209 26 possible possible JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 209 27 reconstructions reconstruction NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 209 28 could could MD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 209 29 be be VB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 209 30 a a DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 209 31 promising promising JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 209 32 approach approach NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 209 33 . . . cord-263987-ff6kor0c 210 1 The the DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 210 2 dynamic dynamic JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 210 3 programming programming NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 210 4 recursion recursion NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 210 5 for for IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 210 6 pairwise pairwise JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 210 7 alignment alignment NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 210 8 reported report VBN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 210 9 for for IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 210 10 the the DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 210 11 TKF91 TKF91 NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 210 12 model model NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 210 13 [ [ -LRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 210 14 63 63 CD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 210 15 ] ] -RRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 210 16 can can MD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 210 17 be be VB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 210 18 exactly exactly RB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 210 19 extended extend VBN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 210 20 to to IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 210 21 alignment alignment NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 210 22 of of IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 210 23 multiple multiple JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 210 24 sequences sequence NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 210 25 given give VBN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 210 26 a a DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 210 27 tree tree NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 210 28 [ [ -LRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 210 29 108 108 CD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 210 30 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 210 31 109 109 CD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 210 32 ] ] -RRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 210 33 . . . cord-263987-ff6kor0c 211 1 This this DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 211 2 works work VBZ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 211 3 essentially essentially RB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 211 4 because because IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 211 5 the the DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 211 6 TKF91 TKF91 NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 211 7 joint joint JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 211 8 distribution distribution NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 211 9 over over IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 211 10 ancestor ancestor NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 211 11 and and CC cord-263987-ff6kor0c 211 12 descendant descendant JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 211 13 sequences sequence NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 211 14 can can MD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 211 15 be be VB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 211 16 represented represent VBN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 211 17 as as IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 211 18 a a DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 211 19 Pair pair NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 211 20 HMM HMM NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 211 21 ; ; : cord-263987-ff6kor0c 211 22 the the DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 211 23 multiple multiple JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 211 24 - - HYPH cord-263987-ff6kor0c 211 25 sequence sequence NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 211 26 version version NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 211 27 is be VBZ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 211 28 a a DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 211 29 multi multi JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 211 30 - - JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 211 31 sequence sequence NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 212 1 HMM hmm UH cord-263987-ff6kor0c 212 2 [ [ -LRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 212 3 65 65 CD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 212 4 ] ] -RRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 212 5 . . . cord-263987-ff6kor0c 213 1 This this DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 213 2 approach approach NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 213 3 can can MD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 213 4 be be VB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 213 5 generalized generalize VBN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 213 6 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 213 7 using use VBG cord-263987-ff6kor0c 213 8 finite finite JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 213 9 - - HYPH cord-263987-ff6kor0c 213 10 state state NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 213 11 transducer transducer NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 213 12 theory theory NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 213 13 . . . cord-263987-ff6kor0c 214 1 Transducers transducer NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 214 2 were be VBD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 214 3 originally originally RB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 214 4 developed develop VBN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 214 5 as as IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 214 6 modular modular JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 214 7 representations representation NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 214 8 of of IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 214 9 sequence sequence NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 214 10 - - HYPH cord-263987-ff6kor0c 214 11 transforming transform VBG cord-263987-ff6kor0c 214 12 operations operation NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 214 13 for for IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 214 14 use use NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 214 15 in in IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 214 16 speech speech NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 214 17 recognition recognition NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 214 18 [ [ -LRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 214 19 110 110 CD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 214 20 ] ] -RRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 214 21 . . . cord-263987-ff6kor0c 215 1 In in IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 215 2 bioinformatics bioinformatic NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 215 3 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 215 4 they -PRON- PRP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 215 5 offer offer VBP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 215 6 ( ( -LRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 215 7 among among IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 215 8 other other JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 215 9 things thing NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 215 10 ) ) -RRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 215 11 a a DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 215 12 systematic systematic JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 215 13 way way NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 215 14 of of IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 215 15 extending extend VBG cord-263987-ff6kor0c 215 16 HMM HMM NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 215 17 - - HYPH cord-263987-ff6kor0c 215 18 like like JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 215 19 pairwise pairwise JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 215 20 alignment alignment NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 215 21 likelihoods likelihood NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 215 22 to to IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 215 23 trees tree NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 215 24 [ [ -LRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 215 25 67 67 CD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 215 26 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 215 27 68 68 CD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 215 28 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 215 29 111 111 CD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 215 30 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 215 31 112 112 CD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 215 32 ] ] -RRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 215 33 . . . cord-263987-ff6kor0c 216 1 Other other JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 216 2 applications application NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 216 3 of of IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 216 4 transducer transducer NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 216 5 models model NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 216 6 in in IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 216 7 bioinformatics bioinformatic NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 216 8 have have VBP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 216 9 included include VBN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 216 10 copy copy NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 216 11 number number NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 216 12 variation variation NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 216 13 in in IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 216 14 tumors tumor NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 216 15 [ [ -LRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 216 16 113 113 CD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 216 17 ] ] -RRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 216 18 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 216 19 protein protein NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 216 20 family family NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 216 21 classification classification NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 216 22 [ [ -LRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 216 23 114 114 CD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 216 24 ] ] -RRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 216 25 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 216 26 DNA dna NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 216 27 - - HYPH cord-263987-ff6kor0c 216 28 protein protein NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 216 29 alignment alignment NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 216 30 [ [ -LRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 216 31 115 115 CD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 216 32 ] ] -RRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 216 33 and and CC cord-263987-ff6kor0c 216 34 error error NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 216 35 - - HYPH cord-263987-ff6kor0c 216 36 correcting correct VBG cord-263987-ff6kor0c 216 37 codes code NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 216 38 for for IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 216 39 DNA dna NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 216 40 storage storage NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 216 41 [ [ -LRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 216 42 116 116 CD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 216 43 ] ] -RRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 216 44 . . . cord-263987-ff6kor0c 217 1 A a DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 217 2 finite finite JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 217 3 - - HYPH cord-263987-ff6kor0c 217 4 state state NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 217 5 transducer transducer NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 217 6 is be VBZ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 217 7 a a DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 217 8 state state NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 217 9 machine machine NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 217 10 that that WDT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 217 11 reads read VBZ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 217 12 an an DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 217 13 input input NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 217 14 tape tape NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 217 15 and and CC cord-263987-ff6kor0c 217 16 writes write VBZ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 217 17 to to IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 217 18 an an DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 217 19 output output NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 217 20 tape tape NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 217 21 [ [ -LRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 217 22 117 117 CD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 217 23 ] ] -RRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 217 24 . . . cord-263987-ff6kor0c 218 1 A a DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 218 2 probabilistically probabilistically RB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 218 3 weighted weight VBN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 218 4 finite finite JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 218 5 - - HYPH cord-263987-ff6kor0c 218 6 state state NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 218 7 transducer transducer NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 218 8 is be VBZ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 218 9 the the DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 218 10 same same JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 218 11 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 218 12 but but CC cord-263987-ff6kor0c 218 13 its -PRON- PRP$ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 218 14 behavior behavior NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 218 15 is be VBZ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 218 16 stochastic stochastic JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 218 17 [ [ -LRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 218 18 110 110 CD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 218 19 ] ] -RRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 218 20 . . . cord-263987-ff6kor0c 219 1 For for IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 219 2 the the DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 219 3 purposes purpose NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 219 4 of of IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 219 5 bioinformatics bioinformatics NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 219 6 sequence sequence NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 219 7 analysis analysis NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 219 8 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 219 9 a a DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 219 10 transducer transducer NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 219 11 can can MD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 219 12 be be VB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 219 13 thought think VBN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 219 14 of of IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 219 15 as as IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 219 16 being be VBG cord-263987-ff6kor0c 219 17 just just RB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 219 18 like like IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 219 19 a a DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 219 20 Pair pair NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 219 21 HMM hmm NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 219 22 ; ; : cord-263987-ff6kor0c 219 23 except except IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 219 24 where where WRB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 219 25 a a DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 219 26 Pair pair NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 219 27 HMM HMM NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 219 28 's 's POS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 219 29 transition transition NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 219 30 and and CC cord-263987-ff6kor0c 219 31 emission emission NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 219 32 probabilities probability NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 219 33 have have VBP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 219 34 been be VBN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 219 35 normalized normalize VBN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 219 36 so so IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 219 37 as as IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 219 38 to to TO cord-263987-ff6kor0c 219 39 describe describe VB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 219 40 joint joint JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 219 41 probabilities probability NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 219 42 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 219 43 a a DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 219 44 transducer transducer NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 219 45 's 's POS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 219 46 probabilities probability NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 219 47 are be VBP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 219 48 normalized normalize VBN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 219 49 so so IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 219 50 as as IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 219 51 to to TO cord-263987-ff6kor0c 219 52 describe describe VB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 219 53 conditional conditional JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 219 54 probabilities probability NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 219 55 like like IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 219 56 the the DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 219 57 entries entry NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 219 58 of of IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 219 59 matrix matrix NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 219 60 M(t M(t NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 219 61 ) ) -RRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 220 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 220 2 Eq Eq NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 220 3 . . NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 220 4 2 2 CD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 220 5 ) ) -RRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 220 6 . . . cord-263987-ff6kor0c 221 1 More more RBR cord-263987-ff6kor0c 221 2 specifically specifically RB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 221 3 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 221 4 if if IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 221 5 i i PRP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 221 6 and and CC cord-263987-ff6kor0c 221 7 j j NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 221 8 are be VBP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 221 9 sequences sequence NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 221 10 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 221 11 then then RB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 221 12 one one PRP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 221 13 can can MD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 221 14 define define VB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 221 15 the the DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 221 16 matrix matrix NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 221 17 entry entry NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 222 1 A a DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 223 1 i i PRP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 223 2 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 223 3 j j NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 223 4 to to TO cord-263987-ff6kor0c 223 5 be be VB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 223 6 the the DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 223 7 Forward forward JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 223 8 score score NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 223 9 for for IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 223 10 those those DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 223 11 two two CD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 223 12 sequences sequence NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 223 13 using use VBG cord-263987-ff6kor0c 223 14 transducer transducer NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 223 15 A. a. NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 224 1 Thus thus RB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 224 2 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 224 3 the the DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 224 4 transducer transducer NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 224 5 is be VBZ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 224 6 a a DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 224 7 compact compact JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 224 8 encoding encoding NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 224 9 for for IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 224 10 a a DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 224 11 square square JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 224 12 matrix matrix NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 224 13 of of IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 224 14 countably countably DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 224 15 infinite infinite JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 224 16 rank rank NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 224 17 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 224 18 indexed index VBN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 224 19 by by IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 224 20 sequence sequence NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 224 21 states state NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 224 22 ( ( -LRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 224 23 rather rather RB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 224 24 than than IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 224 25 nucleotide nucleotide JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 224 26 or or CC cord-263987-ff6kor0c 224 27 amino amino NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 224 28 acid acid NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 224 29 states state NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 224 30 ) ) -RRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 224 31 . . . cord-263987-ff6kor0c 225 1 The the DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 225 2 utility utility NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 225 3 of of IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 225 4 transducers transducer NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 225 5 arises arise VBZ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 225 6 since since IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 225 7 for for IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 225 8 many many JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 225 9 purposes purpose NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 225 10 they -PRON- PRP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 225 11 can can MD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 225 12 be be VB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 225 13 manipulated manipulate VBN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 225 14 analogously analogously RB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 225 15 to to IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 225 16 matrices matrix NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 225 17 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 225 18 while while IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 225 19 being be VBG cord-263987-ff6kor0c 225 20 more more RBR cord-263987-ff6kor0c 225 21 compact compact JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 225 22 than than IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 225 23 the the DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 225 24 corresponding correspond VBG cord-263987-ff6kor0c 225 25 matrix matrix NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 225 26 ( ( -LRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 225 27 as as IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 225 28 noted note VBN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 225 29 above above RB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 225 30 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 225 31 matrices matrix NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 225 32 describing describe VBG cord-263987-ff6kor0c 225 33 evolution evolution NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 225 34 of of IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 225 35 arbitrary arbitrary JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 225 36 - - HYPH cord-263987-ff6kor0c 225 37 length length NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 225 38 sequences sequence NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 225 39 are be VBP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 225 40 impractically impractically RB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 225 41 - - : cord-263987-ff6kor0c 225 42 or or CC cord-263987-ff6kor0c 225 43 even even RB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 225 44 infinitely infinitely RB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 225 45 - - HYPH cord-263987-ff6kor0c 225 46 large large JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 225 47 ) ) -RRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 225 48 . . . cord-263987-ff6kor0c 226 1 If if IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 226 2 A a NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 226 3 and and CC cord-263987-ff6kor0c 226 4 B b NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 226 5 are be VBP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 226 6 finite finite JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 226 7 transducers transducer NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 226 8 encoding encode VBG cord-263987-ff6kor0c 226 9 ( ( -LRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 226 10 potentially potentially RB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 226 11 infinite infinite JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 226 12 ) ) -RRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 226 13 matrices matrix NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 226 14 A a NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 226 15 and and CC cord-263987-ff6kor0c 226 16 B b NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 226 17 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 226 18 then then RB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 226 19 there there EX cord-263987-ff6kor0c 226 20 is be VBZ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 226 21 a a DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 226 22 well well RB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 226 23 - - HYPH cord-263987-ff6kor0c 226 24 defined define VBN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 226 25 operation operation NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 226 26 called call VBN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 226 27 transducer transducer NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 226 28 composition composition NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 226 29 yielding yield VBG cord-263987-ff6kor0c 226 30 a a DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 226 31 finite finite JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 226 32 transducer transducer NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 226 33 AB AB NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 226 34 that that WDT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 226 35 represents represent VBZ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 226 36 the the DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 226 37 matrix matrix NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 226 38 product product NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 226 39 AB AB NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 226 40 . . . cord-263987-ff6kor0c 227 1 There there EX cord-263987-ff6kor0c 227 2 are be VBP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 227 3 other other JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 227 4 well well RB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 227 5 - - HYPH cord-263987-ff6kor0c 227 6 defined define VBN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 227 7 transducer transducer NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 227 8 operations operation NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 227 9 corresponding correspond VBG cord-263987-ff6kor0c 227 10 to to IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 227 11 the the DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 227 12 various various JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 227 13 other other JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 227 14 linear linear JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 227 15 algebra algebra NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 227 16 operations operation NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 227 17 used use VBN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 227 18 in in IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 227 19 this this DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 227 20 paper paper NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 227 21 : : : cord-263987-ff6kor0c 227 22 the the DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 227 23 Hadamard Hadamard NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 227 24 product product NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 227 25 ( ( -LRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 227 26 • • NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 227 27 ) ) -RRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 227 28 corresponds correspond VBZ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 227 29 to to IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 227 30 transducer transducer NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 227 31 intersection intersection NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 227 32 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 228 1 the the DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 228 2 Kronecker Kronecker NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 228 3 product product NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 228 4 ( ( -LRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 228 5 ⊗ ⊗ NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 228 6 ) ) -RRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 228 7 corresponds correspond VBZ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 228 8 to to IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 228 9 transducer transducer NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 228 10 concatenation concatenation NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 228 11 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 228 12 and and CC cord-263987-ff6kor0c 228 13 the the DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 228 14 scalar scalar JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 228 15 product product NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 228 16 ( ( -LRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 228 17 · · NFP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 228 18 ) ) -RRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 228 19 and and CC cord-263987-ff6kor0c 228 20 the the DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 228 21 unit unit NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 228 22 vector vector NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 228 23 ( ( -LRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 228 24 ) ) -RRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 228 25 can can MD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 228 26 also also RB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 228 27 readily readily RB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 228 28 be be VB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 228 29 constructed construct VBN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 228 30 using use VBG cord-263987-ff6kor0c 228 31 transducers transducer NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 228 32 . . . cord-263987-ff6kor0c 229 1 Consequently consequently RB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 229 2 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 229 3 Eq Eq NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 229 4 . . NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 229 5 4 4 CD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 229 6 can can MD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 229 7 be be VB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 229 8 interpreted interpret VBN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 229 9 directly directly RB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 229 10 in in IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 229 11 terms term NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 229 12 of of IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 229 13 transducers transducer NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 229 14 [ [ -LRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 229 15 67 67 CD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 229 16 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 229 17 68 68 CD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 229 18 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 229 19 82 82 CD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 229 20 ] ] -RRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 229 21 . . . cord-263987-ff6kor0c 230 1 This this DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 230 2 has have VBZ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 230 3 several several JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 230 4 benefits benefit NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 230 5 . . . cord-263987-ff6kor0c 231 1 One one CD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 231 2 is be VBZ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 231 3 theoretical theoretical JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 231 4 unification unification NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 231 5 : : : cord-263987-ff6kor0c 231 6 Eq Eq NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 231 7 . . . cord-263987-ff6kor0c 232 1 4 4 LS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 232 2 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 232 3 using use VBG cord-263987-ff6kor0c 232 4 the the DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 232 5 above above JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 232 6 linear linear JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 232 7 algebra algebra NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 232 8 interpretation interpretation NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 232 9 of of IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 232 10 transducer transducer NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 232 11 manipulations manipulation NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 232 12 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 232 13 turns turn VBZ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 232 14 out out RP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 232 15 to to TO cord-263987-ff6kor0c 232 16 be be VB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 232 17 very very RB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 232 18 similar similar JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 232 19 to to IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 232 20 Sankoff Sankoff NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 232 21 's 's POS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 232 22 algorithm algorithm NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 232 23 for for IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 232 24 phylogenetic phylogenetic JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 232 25 multiple multiple JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 232 26 alignment alignment NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 232 27 [ [ -LRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 232 28 118 118 CD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 232 29 ] ] -RRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 232 30 . . . cord-263987-ff6kor0c 233 1 Thus thus RB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 233 2 is be VBZ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 233 3 a a DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 233 4 famous famous JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 233 5 algorithm algorithm NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 233 6 in in IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 233 7 bioinformatics bioinformatic NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 233 8 unified unify VBN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 233 9 with with IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 233 10 a a DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 233 11 famous famous JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 233 12 algorithm algorithm NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 233 13 in in IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 233 14 likelihood likelihood NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 233 15 phylogenetics phylogenetic NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 233 16 by by IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 233 17 using use VBG cord-263987-ff6kor0c 233 18 a a DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 233 19 tool tool NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 233 20 from from IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 233 21 computational computational JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 233 22 linguistics linguistics NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 233 23 . . . cord-263987-ff6kor0c 234 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 234 2 This this DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 234 3 excludes exclude VBZ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 234 4 the the DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 234 5 RNA RNA NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 234 6 structure structure NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 234 7 - - HYPH cord-263987-ff6kor0c 234 8 prediction prediction NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 234 9 component component NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 234 10 of of IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 234 11 Sankoff Sankoff NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 234 12 's 's POS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 234 13 algorithm algorithm NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 234 14 ; ; : cord-263987-ff6kor0c 234 15 that that DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 234 16 can can MD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 234 17 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 234 18 however however RB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 234 19 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 234 20 be be VB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 234 21 included include VBN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 234 22 by by IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 234 23 extending extend VBG cord-263987-ff6kor0c 234 24 the the DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 234 25 transducer transducer NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 234 26 framework framework NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 234 27 to to IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 234 28 pushdown pushdown JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 234 29 automata automaton NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 234 30 [ [ -LRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 234 31 119 119 CD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 234 32 ] ] -RRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 234 33 . . . cord-263987-ff6kor0c 234 34 ) ) -RRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 235 1 Practically practically RB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 235 2 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 235 3 the the DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 235 4 phylogenetic phylogenetic JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 235 5 transducer transducer NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 235 6 can can MD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 235 7 be be VB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 235 8 used use VBN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 235 9 for for IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 235 10 alignment alignment NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 235 11 [ [ -LRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 235 12 79 79 CD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 235 13 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 235 14 81 81 CD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 235 15 ] ] -RRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 235 16 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 235 17 parameter parameter NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 235 18 estimation estimation NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 235 19 [ [ -LRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 235 20 104 104 CD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 235 21 ] ] -RRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 235 22 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 235 23 and and CC cord-263987-ff6kor0c 235 24 ancestral ancestral JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 235 25 reconstruction reconstruction NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 235 26 [ [ -LRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 235 27 67 67 CD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 235 28 ] ] -RRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 235 29 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 235 30 with with IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 235 31 promising promising JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 235 32 results result NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 235 33 for for IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 235 34 improved improved JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 235 35 accuracy accuracy NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 235 36 in in IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 235 37 multiple multiple JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 235 38 sequence sequence NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 235 39 alignment alignment NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 235 40 [ [ -LRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 235 41 112 112 CD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 235 42 ] ] -RRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 235 43 . . . cord-263987-ff6kor0c 236 1 More more RBR cord-263987-ff6kor0c 236 2 broadly broadly RB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 236 3 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 236 4 one one PRP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 236 5 can can MD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 236 6 think think VB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 236 7 of of IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 236 8 the the DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 236 9 transducer transducer NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 236 10 as as IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 236 11 being be VBG cord-263987-ff6kor0c 236 12 in in IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 236 13 a a DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 236 14 family family NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 236 15 of of IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 236 16 methods method NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 236 17 that that WDT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 236 18 combine combine VBP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 236 19 phylogenetic phylogenetic JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 236 20 trees tree NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 236 21 ( ( -LRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 236 22 modeling model VBG cord-263987-ff6kor0c 236 23 the the DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 236 24 temporal temporal JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 236 25 structure structure NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 236 26 of of IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 236 27 evolution evolution NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 236 28 ) ) -RRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 236 29 with with IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 236 30 automata automata NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 236 31 theory theory NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 236 32 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 236 33 grammars grammar NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 236 34 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 236 35 and and CC cord-263987-ff6kor0c 236 36 dynamic dynamic JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 236 37 programming programming NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 236 38 on on IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 236 39 sequences sequence NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 236 40 ( ( -LRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 236 41 modeling model VBG cord-263987-ff6kor0c 236 42 the the DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 236 43 spatial spatial JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 236 44 structure structure NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 236 45 of of IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 236 46 evolution evolution NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 236 47 ) ) -RRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 236 48 . . . cord-263987-ff6kor0c 237 1 The the DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 237 2 TKF TKF NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 237 3 Structure Structure NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 237 4 Tree Tree NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 237 5 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 237 6 mentioned mention VBN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 237 7 above above RB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 237 8 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 237 9 is be VBZ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 237 10 in in IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 237 11 this this DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 237 12 family family NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 237 13 too too RB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 237 14 : : : cord-263987-ff6kor0c 237 15 it -PRON- PRP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 237 16 can can MD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 237 17 be be VB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 237 18 viewed view VBN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 237 19 as as IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 237 20 a a DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 237 21 context context NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 237 22 - - HYPH cord-263987-ff6kor0c 237 23 free free JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 237 24 grammar grammar NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 237 25 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 237 26 or or CC cord-263987-ff6kor0c 237 27 as as IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 237 28 a a DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 237 29 transducer transducer NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 237 30 with with IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 237 31 a a DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 237 32 pushdown pushdown NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 237 33 stack stack NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 237 34 [ [ -LRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 237 35 75 75 CD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 237 36 ] ] -RRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 237 37 . . . cord-263987-ff6kor0c 238 1 The the DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 238 2 HMM HMM NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 238 3 - - HYPH cord-263987-ff6kor0c 238 4 like like JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 238 5 nature nature NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 238 6 of of IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 238 7 TKF91 TKF91 NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 238 8 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 238 9 and and CC cord-263987-ff6kor0c 238 10 the the DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 238 11 ubiquity ubiquity NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 238 12 of of IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 238 13 HMMs HMMs NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 238 14 and and CC cord-263987-ff6kor0c 238 15 dynamic dynamic JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 238 16 programming programming NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 238 17 in in IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 238 18 sequence sequence NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 238 19 analysis analysis NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 238 20 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 238 21 has have VBZ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 238 22 motivated motivate VBN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 238 23 numerous numerous JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 238 24 approaches approach NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 238 25 to to TO cord-263987-ff6kor0c 238 26 indel indel NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 238 27 analysis analysis NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 238 28 based base VBN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 238 29 on on IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 238 30 Pair Pair NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 238 31 HMMs HMMs NNPS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 238 32 [ [ -LRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 238 33 56 56 CD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 238 34 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 238 35 71 71 CD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 238 36 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 238 37 74 74 CD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 238 38 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 238 39 78 78 CD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 238 40 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 238 41 120 120 CD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 238 42 ] ] -RRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 238 43 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 238 44 as as RB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 238 45 well well RB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 238 46 as as IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 238 47 many many JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 238 48 other other JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 238 49 applications application NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 238 50 of of IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 238 51 phylogenetic phylogenetic NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 238 52 HMMs HMMs NNPS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 238 53 [ [ -LRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 238 54 6 6 CD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 238 55 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 238 56 7 7 CD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 238 57 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 238 58 12 12 CD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 238 59 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 238 60 121 121 CD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 238 61 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 238 62 122 122 CD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 238 63 ] ] -RRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 238 64 and and CC cord-263987-ff6kor0c 238 65 phylogenetic phylogenetic JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 238 66 grammars grammar NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 238 67 [ [ -LRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 238 68 8 8 CD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 238 69 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 238 70 10 10 CD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 238 71 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 238 72 40 40 CD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 238 73 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 238 74 60 60 CD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 238 75 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 238 76 123 123 CD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 238 77 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 238 78 124 124 CD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 238 79 ] ] -RRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 238 80 . . . cord-263987-ff6kor0c 239 1 In in IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 239 2 most most JJS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 239 3 of of IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 239 4 these these DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 239 5 models model NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 239 6 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 239 7 an an DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 239 8 alignment alignment NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 239 9 is be VBZ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 239 10 assumed assume VBN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 239 11 fixed fix VBN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 239 12 and and CC cord-263987-ff6kor0c 239 13 the the DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 239 14 HMM HMM NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 239 15 or or CC cord-263987-ff6kor0c 239 16 grammar grammar NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 239 17 used use VBN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 239 18 to to TO cord-263987-ff6kor0c 239 19 partition partition VB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 239 20 it -PRON- PRP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 239 21 ; ; : cord-263987-ff6kor0c 239 22 however however RB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 239 23 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 239 24 in in IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 239 25 principle principle NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 239 26 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 239 27 one one PRP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 239 28 can can MD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 239 29 combine combine VB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 239 30 the the DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 239 31 ability ability NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 239 32 of of IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 239 33 HMMs HMMs NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 239 34 / / , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 239 35 grammars grammar NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 239 36 to to TO cord-263987-ff6kor0c 239 37 model model VB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 239 38 indels indel NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 239 39 ( ( -LRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 239 40 and and CC cord-263987-ff6kor0c 239 41 thus thus RB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 239 42 impute impute VB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 239 43 alignments alignment NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 239 44 ) ) -RRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 239 45 with with IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 239 46 the the DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 239 47 ability ability NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 239 48 to to TO cord-263987-ff6kor0c 239 49 partition partition VB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 239 50 sequences sequence NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 239 51 into into IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 239 52 differently differently RB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 239 53 evolving evolve VBG cord-263987-ff6kor0c 239 54 regions region NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 239 55 . . . cord-263987-ff6kor0c 240 1 The the DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 240 2 promise promise NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 240 3 of of IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 240 4 using use VBG cord-263987-ff6kor0c 240 5 continuous continuous JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 240 6 - - HYPH cord-263987-ff6kor0c 240 7 time time NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 240 8 Markov Markov NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 240 9 chains chain NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 240 10 to to TO cord-263987-ff6kor0c 240 11 model model VB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 240 12 indels indel NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 240 13 has have VBZ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 240 14 been be VBN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 240 15 partially partially RB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 240 16 realized realize VBN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 240 17 by by IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 240 18 automatatheoretic automatatheoretic JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 240 19 approaches approach NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 240 20 based base VBN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 240 21 on on IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 240 22 transducers transducer NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 240 23 and and CC cord-263987-ff6kor0c 240 24 HMMs HMMs NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 240 25 . . . cord-263987-ff6kor0c 241 1 Recent recent JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 241 2 work work NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 241 3 by by IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 241 4 Rivas Rivas NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 241 5 and and CC cord-263987-ff6kor0c 241 6 Eddy Eddy NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 241 7 [ [ -LRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 241 8 56 56 CD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 241 9 ] ] -RRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 242 1 and and CC cord-263987-ff6kor0c 242 2 by by IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 242 3 Ezawa Ezawa NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 242 4 [ [ -LRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 242 5 53 53 CD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 242 6 ] ] -RRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 242 7 [ [ -LRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 242 8 54 54 CD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 242 9 ] ] -RRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 243 1 [ [ -LRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 243 2 55 55 CD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 243 3 ] ] -RRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 243 4 may may MD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 243 5 be be VB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 243 6 interpreted interpret VBN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 243 7 as as IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 243 8 both both CC cord-263987-ff6kor0c 243 9 good good JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 243 10 and and CC cord-263987-ff6kor0c 243 11 bad bad JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 243 12 news news NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 243 13 for for IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 243 14 automata automata NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 243 15 - - HYPH cord-263987-ff6kor0c 243 16 theoretic theoretic JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 243 17 approaches approach NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 243 18 . . . cord-263987-ff6kor0c 244 1 It -PRON- PRP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 244 2 appears appear VBZ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 244 3 that that IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 244 4 closed closed JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 244 5 - - HYPH cord-263987-ff6kor0c 244 6 form form NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 244 7 solutions solution NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 244 8 for for IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 244 9 observed observed JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 244 10 gap gap NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 244 11 length length NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 244 12 distributions distribution NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 244 13 at at IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 244 14 finite finite JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 244 15 times time NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 244 16 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 244 17 and and CC cord-263987-ff6kor0c 244 18 in in IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 244 19 particular particular JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 244 20 the the DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 244 21 geometric geometric JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 244 22 distributions distribution NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 244 23 that that WDT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 244 24 simple simple JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 244 25 automata automata NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 244 26 are be VBP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 244 27 good good JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 244 28 at at IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 244 29 modeling modeling NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 244 30 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 244 31 are be VBP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 244 32 still still RB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 244 33 out out IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 244 34 of of IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 244 35 reach reach NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 244 36 for for IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 244 37 realistic realistic JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 244 38 indel indel NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 244 39 models model NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 244 40 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 244 41 and and CC cord-263987-ff6kor0c 244 42 indeed indeed RB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 244 43 ( ( -LRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 244 44 for for IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 244 45 simple simple JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 244 46 models model NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 244 47 ) ) -RRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 244 48 have have VBP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 244 49 been be VBN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 244 50 proven prove VBN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 244 51 impossible impossible JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 244 52 [ [ -LRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 244 53 56 56 CD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 244 54 ] ] -RRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 244 55 . . . cord-263987-ff6kor0c 245 1 Further further RB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 245 2 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 245 3 simulation simulation NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 245 4 results result NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 245 5 have have VBP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 245 6 demonstrated demonstrate VBN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 245 7 that that IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 245 8 geometric geometric JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 245 9 distributions distribution NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 245 10 are be VBP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 245 11 not not RB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 245 12 a a DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 245 13 good good JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 245 14 fit fit NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 245 15 to to IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 245 16 the the DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 245 17 observed observed JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 245 18 gap gap NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 245 19 length length NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 245 20 distributions distribution NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 245 21 when when WRB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 245 22 the the DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 245 23 underlying underlying JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 245 24 indel indel NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 245 25 model model NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 245 26 has have VBZ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 245 27 geometrically geometrically RB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 245 28 - - HYPH cord-263987-ff6kor0c 245 29 distributed distribute VBN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 245 30 lengths length NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 245 31 for for IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 245 32 its -PRON- PRP$ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 245 33 instantaneous instantaneous JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 245 34 indel indel NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 245 35 events event NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 245 36 [ [ -LRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 245 37 56 56 CD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 245 38 ] ] -RRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 245 39 . . . cord-263987-ff6kor0c 246 1 If if IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 246 2 the the DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 246 3 lengths length NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 246 4 of of IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 246 5 the the DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 246 6 instantaneous instantaneous JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 246 7 indels indel NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 246 8 follow follow VBP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 246 9 biologically biologically RB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 246 10 plausible plausible JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 246 11 power power NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 246 12 - - HYPH cord-263987-ff6kor0c 246 13 law law NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 246 14 distributions distribution NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 246 15 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 246 16 the the DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 246 17 evolutionary evolutionary JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 246 18 effects effect NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 246 19 due due IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 246 20 to to IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 246 21 overlapping overlap VBG cord-263987-ff6kor0c 246 22 indels indel NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 246 23 become become VBP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 246 24 larger large JJR cord-263987-ff6kor0c 246 25 as as IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 246 26 the the DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 246 27 gaps gap NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 246 28 grow grow VB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 246 29 longer long RBR cord-263987-ff6kor0c 246 30 [ [ -LRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 246 31 54 54 CD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 246 32 ] ] -RRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 246 33 . . . cord-263987-ff6kor0c 247 1 That that DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 247 2 is be VBZ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 247 3 the the DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 247 4 bad bad JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 247 5 news news NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 247 6 ( ( -LRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 247 7 at at IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 247 8 least least JJS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 247 9 for for IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 247 10 automata automata NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 247 11 ) ) -RRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 247 12 . . . cord-263987-ff6kor0c 248 1 The the DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 248 2 good good JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 248 3 news news NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 248 4 is be VBZ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 248 5 that that IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 248 6 the the DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 248 7 simulation simulation NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 248 8 results result NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 248 9 also also RB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 248 10 suggest suggest VBP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 248 11 that that IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 248 12 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 248 13 for for IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 248 14 short short JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 248 15 branches branch NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 248 16 and/or and/or CC cord-263987-ff6kor0c 248 17 gaps gap NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 248 18 ( ( -LRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 248 19 such such JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 248 20 that that IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 248 21 indels indel NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 248 22 rarely rarely RB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 248 23 overlap overlap VBP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 248 24 ) ) -RRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 248 25 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 248 26 the the DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 248 27 error error NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 248 28 may may MD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 248 29 not not RB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 248 30 be be VB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 248 31 too too RB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 248 32 bad bad JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 248 33 to to TO cord-263987-ff6kor0c 248 34 live live VB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 248 35 with with IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 248 36 . . . cord-263987-ff6kor0c 249 1 Approximate approximate JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 249 2 - - HYPH cord-263987-ff6kor0c 249 3 fit fit JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 249 4 approaches approach NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 249 5 that that WDT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 249 6 are be VBP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 249 7 common common JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 249 8 in in IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 249 9 Pair pair NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 249 10 HMM HMM NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 249 11 modeling model VBG cord-263987-ff6kor0c 249 12 and and CC cord-263987-ff6kor0c 249 13 pairwise pairwise JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 249 14 sequence sequence NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 249 15 alignment alignment NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 249 16 - - : cord-263987-ff6kor0c 249 17 such such JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 249 18 as as IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 249 19 using use VBG cord-263987-ff6kor0c 249 20 a a DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 249 21 mixture mixture NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 249 22 of of IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 249 23 geometric geometric JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 249 24 distributions distribution NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 249 25 to to TO cord-263987-ff6kor0c 249 26 approximate approximate VB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 249 27 a a DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 249 28 gap gap NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 249 29 length length NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 249 30 distribution distribution NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 249 31 ( ( -LRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 249 32 yielding yield VBG cord-263987-ff6kor0c 249 33 a a DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 249 34 longer long JJR cord-263987-ff6kor0c 249 35 tail tail NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 249 36 than than IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 249 37 can can MD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 249 38 be be VB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 249 39 modeled model VBN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 249 40 using use VBG cord-263987-ff6kor0c 249 41 a a DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 249 42 pure pure JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 249 43 geometric geometric JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 249 44 distribution)may distribution)may TO cord-263987-ff6kor0c 249 45 help help NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 249 46 bridge bridge VB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 249 47 the the DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 249 48 accuracy accuracy NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 249 49 gap gap NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 249 50 [ [ -LRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 249 51 96 96 CD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 249 52 ] ] -RRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 249 53 . . . cord-263987-ff6kor0c 250 1 Given give VBN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 250 2 the the DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 250 3 power power NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 250 4 of of IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 250 5 automata automata NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 250 6 - - HYPH cord-263987-ff6kor0c 250 7 theoretic theoretic JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 250 8 approaches approach NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 250 9 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 250 10 the the DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 250 11 best good JJS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 250 12 way way NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 250 13 forward forward RB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 250 14 ( ( -LRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 250 15 in in IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 250 16 the the DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 250 17 absence absence NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 250 18 of of IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 250 19 a a DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 250 20 closed closed JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 250 21 - - HYPH cord-263987-ff6kor0c 250 22 form form NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 250 23 solution solution NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 250 24 ) ) -RRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 250 25 may may MD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 250 26 be be VB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 250 27 to to TO cord-263987-ff6kor0c 250 28 embrace embrace VB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 250 29 such such JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 250 30 approximations approximation NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 250 31 and and CC cord-263987-ff6kor0c 250 32 live live VBP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 250 33 with with IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 250 34 the the DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 250 35 ensuing ensue VBG cord-263987-ff6kor0c 250 36 error error NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 250 37 . . . cord-263987-ff6kor0c 251 1 Interestingly interestingly RB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 251 2 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 251 3 the the DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 251 4 authors author NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 251 5 of of IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 251 6 the the DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 251 7 two two CD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 251 8 recent recent JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 251 9 simulation simulation NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 251 10 studies study NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 251 11 that that WDT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 251 12 prompted prompt VBD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 251 13 this this DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 251 14 commentary commentary NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 251 15 come come VB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 251 16 to to IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 251 17 different different JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 251 18 conclusions conclusion NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 251 19 about about IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 251 20 the the DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 251 21 viability viability NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 251 22 of of IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 251 23 automatabased automatabased JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 251 24 dynamic dynamic JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 251 25 programming programming NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 251 26 approaches approach NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 251 27 . . . cord-263987-ff6kor0c 252 1 Ezawa Ezawa NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 252 2 [ [ -LRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 252 3 53 53 CD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 252 4 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 252 5 54 54 CD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 252 6 ] ] -RRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 252 7 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 252 8 arguing argue VBG cord-263987-ff6kor0c 252 9 that that IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 252 10 realism realism NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 252 11 is be VBZ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 252 12 paramount paramount NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 252 13 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 252 14 advocates advocate VBZ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 252 15 deeper deep JJR cord-263987-ff6kor0c 252 16 study study NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 252 17 of of IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 252 18 the the DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 252 19 gap gap NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 252 20 length length NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 252 21 distributions distribution NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 252 22 obtained obtain VBN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 252 23 from from IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 252 24 simple simple JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 252 25 instantaneous instantaneous JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 252 26 models model NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 252 27 - - : cord-263987-ff6kor0c 252 28 while while IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 252 29 acknowledging acknowledge VBG cord-263987-ff6kor0c 252 30 that that IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 252 31 such such JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 252 32 gap gap NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 252 33 length length NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 252 34 distributions distribution NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 252 35 may may MD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 252 36 be be VB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 252 37 more more RBR cord-263987-ff6kor0c 252 38 difficult difficult JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 252 39 to to TO cord-263987-ff6kor0c 252 40 use use VB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 252 41 in in IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 252 42 practice practice NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 252 43 than than IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 252 44 the the DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 252 45 simple simple JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 252 46 geometric geometric JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 252 47 distributions distribution NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 252 48 offered offer VBN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 252 49 by by IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 252 50 HMM HMM NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 252 51 - - HYPH cord-263987-ff6kor0c 252 52 like like JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 252 53 models model NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 252 54 . . . cord-263987-ff6kor0c 253 1 Rivas Rivas NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 253 2 and and CC cord-263987-ff6kor0c 253 3 Eddy Eddy NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 253 4 [ [ -LRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 253 5 56 56 CD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 253 6 ] ] -RRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 253 7 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 253 8 clearly clearly RB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 253 9 targeting target VBG cord-263987-ff6kor0c 253 10 applications application NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 253 11 ( ( -LRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 253 12 particularly particularly RB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 253 13 those those DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 253 14 such such JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 253 15 as as IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 253 16 profile profile NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 253 17 HMMs HMMs NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 253 18 ) ) -RRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 253 19 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 253 20 work work VBP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 253 21 backward backward RB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 253 22 from from IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 253 23 HMMlike hmmlike JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 253 24 models model NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 253 25 toward toward IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 253 26 evolutionary evolutionary JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 253 27 models model NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 253 28 with with IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 253 29 embedded embed VBN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 253 30 hidden hide VBN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 253 31 information information NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 253 32 . . . cord-263987-ff6kor0c 254 1 These these DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 254 2 models model NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 254 3 may may MD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 254 4 be be VB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 254 5 somewhat somewhat RB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 254 6 mathematically mathematically RB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 254 7 contrived contrived JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 254 8 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 254 9 but but CC cord-263987-ff6kor0c 254 10 are be VBP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 254 11 easier easy JJR cord-263987-ff6kor0c 254 12 to to TO cord-263987-ff6kor0c 254 13 tailor tailor VB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 254 14 so so IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 254 15 as as IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 254 16 to to TO cord-263987-ff6kor0c 254 17 model model VB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 254 18 effects effect NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 254 19 such such JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 254 20 as as IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 254 21 position position NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 254 22 - - HYPH cord-263987-ff6kor0c 254 23 specific specific JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 254 24 conservation conservation NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 254 25 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 254 26 thus thus RB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 254 27 trading trade VBG cord-263987-ff6kor0c 254 28 ( ( -LRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 254 29 in in IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 254 30 a a DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 254 31 certain certain JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 254 32 sense sense NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 254 33 ) ) -RRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 254 34 purism purism NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 254 35 for for IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 254 36 expressiveness expressiveness NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 254 37 . . . cord-263987-ff6kor0c 255 1 Whichever whichever WDT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 255 2 approach approach NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 255 3 is be VBZ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 255 4 used use VBN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 255 5 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 255 6 these these DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 255 7 results result NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 255 8 are be VBP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 255 9 unambiguously unambiguously RB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 255 10 good good JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 255 11 news news NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 255 12 for for IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 255 13 the the DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 255 14 theoretical theoretical JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 255 15 study study NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 255 16 of of IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 255 17 indel indel NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 255 18 processes process NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 255 19 . . . cord-263987-ff6kor0c 256 1 The the DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 256 2 potential potential JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 256 3 benefits benefit NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 256 4 of of IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 256 5 modeling model VBG cord-263987-ff6kor0c 256 6 alignment alignment NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 256 7 as as IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 256 8 an an DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 256 9 aspect aspect NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 256 10 of of IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 256 11 statistical statistical JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 256 12 phylogenetics phylogenetic NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 256 13 are be VBP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 256 14 significant significant JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 256 15 . . . cord-263987-ff6kor0c 257 1 One one PRP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 257 2 can can MD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 257 3 reasonably reasonably RB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 257 4 hope hope VB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 257 5 that that IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 257 6 the the DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 257 7 advance advance NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 257 8 of of IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 257 9 theoretical theoretical JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 257 10 work work NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 257 11 in in IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 257 12 this this DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 257 13 area area NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 257 14 will will MD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 257 15 continue continue VB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 257 16 to to TO cord-263987-ff6kor0c 257 17 inform inform VB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 257 18 advances advance NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 257 19 in in IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 257 20 both both DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 257 21 bioinformatics bioinformatic NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 257 22 and and CC cord-263987-ff6kor0c 257 23 statistical statistical JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 257 24 phylogenetics phylogenetic NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 257 25 . . . cord-263987-ff6kor0c 258 1 After after RB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 258 2 all all RB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 258 3 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 258 4 and and CC cord-263987-ff6kor0c 258 5 in in IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 258 6 spite spite NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 258 7 of of IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 258 8 the the DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 258 9 Cambrian Cambrian NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 258 10 explosion explosion NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 258 11 in in IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 258 12 bioinformatics bioinformatics NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 258 13 subdisciplines subdiscipline NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 258 14 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 258 15 sequence sequence NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 258 16 alignment alignment NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 258 17 and and CC cord-263987-ff6kor0c 258 18 phylogeny phylogeny NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 258 19 truly truly RB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 258 20 are be VBP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 258 21 closely closely RB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 258 22 related relate VBN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 258 23 aspects aspect NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 258 24 of of IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 258 25 mathematical mathematical JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 258 26 biology biology NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 258 27 . . . cord-263987-ff6kor0c 259 1 Evolution evolution NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 259 2 of of IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 259 3 protein protein NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 260 1 molecules molecule NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 260 2 A a DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 260 3 model model NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 260 4 of of IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 260 5 evolutionary evolutionary JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 260 6 change change NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 260 7 in in IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 260 8 proteins protein NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 260 9 Atlas Atlas NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 260 10 of of IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 260 11 Protein Protein NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 260 12 Sequence Sequence NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 260 13 and and CC cord-263987-ff6kor0c 260 14 Structure structure NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 261 1 In in IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 261 2 Evolutionary evolutionary JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 261 3 trees tree NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 261 4 from from IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 261 5 DNA dna NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 261 6 sequences sequence NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 261 7 : : : cord-263987-ff6kor0c 261 8 a a DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 261 9 maximum maximum JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 261 10 likelihood likelihood NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 261 11 approach approach NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 261 12 Maximum maximum NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 261 13 - - HYPH cord-263987-ff6kor0c 261 14 likelihood likelihood NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 261 15 estimation estimation NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 261 16 of of IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 261 17 phylogeny phylogeny NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 261 18 from from IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 261 19 DNA dna NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 261 20 sequences sequence NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 261 21 when when WRB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 261 22 substitution substitution NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 261 23 rates rate NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 261 24 differ differ VBP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 261 25 over over IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 261 26 sites site NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 261 27 Maximum maximum JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 261 28 likelihood likelihood NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 261 29 phylogenetic phylogenetic JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 261 30 estimation estimation NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 261 31 from from IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 261 32 DNA dna NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 261 33 sequences sequence NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 261 34 with with IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 261 35 variable variable JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 261 36 rates rate NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 261 37 over over IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 261 38 sites site NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 261 39 : : : cord-263987-ff6kor0c 261 40 approximate approximate JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 261 41 methods method NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 261 42 Gene Gene NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 261 43 finding find VBG cord-263987-ff6kor0c 261 44 with with IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 261 45 a a DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 261 46 hidden hide VBN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 261 47 Markov Markov NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 261 48 model model NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 261 49 of of IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 261 50 genome genome NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 261 51 structure structure NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 261 52 and and CC cord-263987-ff6kor0c 261 53 evolution evolution NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 261 54 Combining combine VBG cord-263987-ff6kor0c 261 55 phylogenetic phylogenetic NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 261 56 and and CC cord-263987-ff6kor0c 261 57 hidden hide VBN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 261 58 Markov Markov NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 261 59 models model NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 261 60 in in IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 261 61 biosequence biosequence NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 261 62 analysis analysis NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 261 63 Identification identification NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 261 64 and and CC cord-263987-ff6kor0c 261 65 classification classification NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 261 66 of of IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 261 67 conserved conserve VBN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 261 68 RNA RNA NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 261 69 secondary secondary JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 261 70 structures structure NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 261 71 in in IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 261 72 the the DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 261 73 human human JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 261 74 genome genome NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 262 1 An an DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 262 2 RNA RNA NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 262 3 gene gene NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 262 4 expressed express VBN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 262 5 during during IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 262 6 cortical cortical JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 262 7 development development NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 262 8 evolved evolve VBD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 262 9 rapidly rapidly RB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 262 10 in in IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 262 11 humans human NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 263 1 A a DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 263 2 comparative comparative JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 263 3 method method NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 263 4 for for IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 263 5 finding find VBG cord-263987-ff6kor0c 263 6 and and CC cord-263987-ff6kor0c 263 7 folding fold VBG cord-263987-ff6kor0c 263 8 RNA RNA NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 263 9 secondary secondary JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 263 10 structures structure NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 263 11 within within IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 263 12 protein protein NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 263 13 - - HYPH cord-263987-ff6kor0c 263 14 coding code VBG cord-263987-ff6kor0c 263 15 regions region NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 264 1 Evolutionarily evolutionarily RB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 264 2 conserved conserve VBN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 264 3 elements element NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 264 4 in in IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 264 5 vertebrate vertebrate NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 264 6 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 264 7 insect insect NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 264 8 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 264 9 worm worm NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 264 10 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 264 11 and and CC cord-263987-ff6kor0c 264 12 yeast yeast NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 264 13 genomes genome NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 264 14 Using use VBG cord-263987-ff6kor0c 264 15 evolutionary evolutionary JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 264 16 trees tree NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 264 17 in in IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 264 18 protein protein NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 264 19 secondary secondary JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 264 20 structure structure NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 264 21 prediction prediction NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 264 22 and and CC cord-263987-ff6kor0c 264 23 other other JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 264 24 comparative comparative JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 264 25 sequence sequence NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 264 26 analyses analysis NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 264 27 Using use VBG cord-263987-ff6kor0c 264 28 protein protein NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 264 29 structural structural JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 264 30 information information NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 264 31 in in IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 264 32 evolutionary evolutionary JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 264 33 inference inference NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 264 34 : : : cord-263987-ff6kor0c 265 1 transmembrane transmembrane NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 265 2 proteins protein NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 265 3 Reconstructing reconstruct VBG cord-263987-ff6kor0c 265 4 large large JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 265 5 regions region NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 265 6 of of IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 265 7 an an DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 265 8 ancestral ancestral JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 265 9 mammalian mammalian JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 265 10 genome genome NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 265 11 in in IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 265 12 silico silico NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 265 13 Evolution evolution NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 265 14 of of IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 265 15 coral coral JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 265 16 pigments pigment NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 265 17 recreated recreate VBD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 265 18 Ancestral ancestral JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 265 19 sequence sequence NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 265 20 reconstruction reconstruction NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 265 21 Crystal Crystal NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 265 22 structure structure NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 265 23 of of IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 265 24 an an DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 265 25 ancient ancient JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 265 26 protein protein NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 265 27 : : : cord-263987-ff6kor0c 265 28 evolution evolution NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 265 29 by by IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 265 30 conformational conformational JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 265 31 epistasis epistasis NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 265 32 Palaeotemperature Palaeotemperature NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 265 33 trend trend NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 265 34 for for IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 265 35 Precambrian precambrian JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 265 36 life life NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 265 37 inferred infer VBN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 265 38 from from IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 265 39 resurrected resurrect VBN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 265 40 proteins protein NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 265 41 Fast Fast NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 265 42 M M NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 265 43 L l NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 265 44 : : : cord-263987-ff6kor0c 266 1 a a DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 266 2 web web NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 266 3 server server NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 266 4 for for IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 266 5 probabilistic probabilistic JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 266 6 reconstruction reconstruction NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 266 7 of of IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 266 8 ancestral ancestral JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 266 9 sequences sequence NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 266 10 Directed direct VBN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 266 11 evolution evolution NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 266 12 of of IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 266 13 sulfotransferases sulfotransferase NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 266 14 and and CC cord-263987-ff6kor0c 266 15 paraoxonases paraoxonase NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 266 16 by by IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 266 17 ancestral ancestral JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 266 18 libraries library NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 267 1 AAV AAV NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 267 2 ancestral ancestral JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 267 3 reconstruction reconstruction NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 267 4 library library NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 267 5 enables enable VBZ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 267 6 selection selection NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 267 7 of of IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 267 8 broadly broadly RB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 267 9 infectious infectious JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 267 10 viral viral JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 267 11 variants variant NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 267 12 Enhancing enhance VBG cord-263987-ff6kor0c 267 13 the the DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 267 14 pharmaceutical pharmaceutical JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 267 15 properties property NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 267 16 of of IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 267 17 protein protein NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 267 18 drugs drug NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 267 19 by by IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 267 20 ancestral ancestral JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 267 21 sequence sequence NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 267 22 reconstruction reconstruction NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 267 23 Synthesis synthesis NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 267 24 of of IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 267 25 phylogeny phylogeny NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 267 26 and and CC cord-263987-ff6kor0c 267 27 taxonomy taxonomy NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 267 28 into into IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 267 29 a a DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 267 30 comprehensive comprehensive JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 267 31 tree tree NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 267 32 of of IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 267 33 life life NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 268 1 Protein protein NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 268 2 molecular molecular JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 268 3 function function NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 268 4 prediction prediction NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 268 5 by by IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 268 6 Bayesian Bayesian NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 268 7 phylogenomics phylogenomic NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 268 8 Phylogenetic Phylogenetic NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 268 9 diversity diversity NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 268 10 meets meet VBZ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 268 11 conservation conservation NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 268 12 policy policy NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 268 13 : : : cord-263987-ff6kor0c 268 14 small small JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 268 15 areas area NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 268 16 are be VBP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 268 17 key key JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 268 18 to to IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 268 19 preserving preserve VBG cord-263987-ff6kor0c 268 20 eucalypt eucalypt JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 268 21 lineages lineage NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 268 22 Identification identification NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 268 23 of of IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 268 24 a a DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 268 25 novel novel JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 268 26 coronavirus coronavirus NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 268 27 in in IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 268 28 patients patient NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 268 29 with with IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 268 30 severe severe JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 268 31 acute acute JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 268 32 respiratory respiratory JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 268 33 syndrome syndrome NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 268 34 Bayesian bayesian JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 268 35 coalescent coalescent JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 268 36 inference inference NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 268 37 of of IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 268 38 past past JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 268 39 population population NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 268 40 dynamics dynamic NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 268 41 from from IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 268 42 molecular molecular JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 268 43 sequences sequence NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 268 44 Unifying unify VBG cord-263987-ff6kor0c 268 45 the the DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 268 46 spatial spatial JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 268 47 epidemiology epidemiology NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 268 48 and and CC cord-263987-ff6kor0c 268 49 molecular molecular JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 268 50 evolution evolution NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 268 51 of of IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 269 1 emerging emerge VBG cord-263987-ff6kor0c 269 2 epidemics epidemic NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 269 3 Patient Patient NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 269 4 0 0 NFP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 269 5 ' ' '' cord-263987-ff6kor0c 269 6 HIV-1 HIV-1 NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 269 7 genomes genome NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 269 8 illuminate illuminate VBP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 269 9 early early JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 269 10 HIV HIV NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 269 11 / / SYM cord-263987-ff6kor0c 269 12 AIDS AIDS NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 269 13 history history NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 269 14 in in IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 269 15 North North NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 269 16 America America NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 270 1 Identifying identify VBG cord-263987-ff6kor0c 270 2 predictors predictor NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 270 3 of of IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 270 4 time time NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 270 5 - - HYPH cord-263987-ff6kor0c 270 6 inhomogeneous inhomogeneous JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 270 7 viral viral JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 270 8 evolutionary evolutionary JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 270 9 processes process NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 271 1 A a DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 271 2 simple simple JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 271 3 method method NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 271 4 for for IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 271 5 estimating estimate VBG cord-263987-ff6kor0c 271 6 evolutionary evolutionary JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 271 7 rates rate NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 271 8 of of IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 271 9 base base NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 271 10 substitutions substitution NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 271 11 through through IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 271 12 comparative comparative JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 271 13 studies study NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 271 14 of of IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 271 15 nucleotide nucleotide JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 271 16 sequences sequence NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 271 17 Dating date VBG cord-263987-ff6kor0c 271 18 the the DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 271 19 human human JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 271 20 - - HYPH cord-263987-ff6kor0c 271 21 ape ape NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 271 22 splitting splitting NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 271 23 by by IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 271 24 a a DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 271 25 molecular molecular JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 271 26 clock clock NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 271 27 of of IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 271 28 mitochondrial mitochondrial JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 271 29 DNA DNA NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 271 30 RevBayes RevBayes NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 271 31 : : : cord-263987-ff6kor0c 272 1 Bayesian bayesian JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 272 2 phylogenetic phylogenetic JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 272 3 inference inference NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 272 4 using use VBG cord-263987-ff6kor0c 272 5 graphical graphical JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 272 6 models model NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 272 7 and and CC cord-263987-ff6kor0c 272 8 an an DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 272 9 interactive interactive JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 272 10 model model NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 272 11 - - HYPH cord-263987-ff6kor0c 272 12 specification specification NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 272 13 language language NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 272 14 BEAST beast NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 272 15 : : : cord-263987-ff6kor0c 273 1 Bayesian bayesian JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 273 2 evolutionary evolutionary JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 273 3 analysis analysis NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 273 4 by by IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 273 5 sampling sampling NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 273 6 trees tree NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 273 7 RAxML RAxML VBZ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 273 8 - - HYPH cord-263987-ff6kor0c 273 9 VI vi NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 273 10 - - HYPH cord-263987-ff6kor0c 273 11 HPC HPC NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 273 12 : : : cord-263987-ff6kor0c 273 13 maximum maximum JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 273 14 likelihood likelihood NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 273 15 - - HYPH cord-263987-ff6kor0c 273 16 based base VBN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 273 17 phylogenetic phylogenetic NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 273 18 analyses analysis NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 273 19 with with IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 273 20 thousands thousand NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 273 21 of of IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 273 22 taxa taxon NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 273 23 and and CC cord-263987-ff6kor0c 273 24 mixed mixed JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 273 25 models model NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 274 1 HyPhy HyPhy NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 274 2 : : : cord-263987-ff6kor0c 274 3 hypothesis hypothesis NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 274 4 testing testing NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 274 5 using use VBG cord-263987-ff6kor0c 274 6 phylogenies phylogeny NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 274 7 PAML PAML NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 274 8 4 4 CD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 274 9 : : : cord-263987-ff6kor0c 274 10 phylogenetic phylogenetic JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 274 11 analysis analysis NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 274 12 by by IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 274 13 maximum maximum JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 274 14 likelihood likelihood NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 275 1 PHYLIP PHYLIP NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 275 2 -phylogeny -phylogeny : cord-263987-ff6kor0c 275 3 inference inference NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 275 4 package package NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 275 5 ( ( -LRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 275 6 version version NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 275 7 3.2 3.2 CD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 275 8 ) ) -RRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 275 9 TREE tree NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 275 10 - - HYPH cord-263987-ff6kor0c 275 11 PUZZLE puzzle NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 275 12 : : : cord-263987-ff6kor0c 275 13 maximum maximum JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 275 14 likelihood likelihood NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 275 15 phylogenetic phylogenetic JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 275 16 analysis analysis NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 275 17 using use VBG cord-263987-ff6kor0c 275 18 quartets quartet NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 275 19 and and CC cord-263987-ff6kor0c 275 20 parallel parallel NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 275 21 computing computing NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 275 22 Developing developing NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 275 23 and and CC cord-263987-ff6kor0c 275 24 applying apply VBG cord-263987-ff6kor0c 275 25 heterogeneous heterogeneous JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 275 26 phylogenetic phylogenetic JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 275 27 models model NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 275 28 with with IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 275 29 XRate XRate NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 275 30 Estimation Estimation NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 275 31 of of IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 275 32 evolutionary evolutionary JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 275 33 distances distance NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 275 34 under under IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 275 35 stationary stationary JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 275 36 and and CC cord-263987-ff6kor0c 275 37 nonstationary nonstationary JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 275 38 models model NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 275 39 of of IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 275 40 nucleotide nucleotide JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 275 41 substitution substitution NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 275 42 An an DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 275 43 evolution evolution NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 275 44 model model NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 275 45 for for IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 275 46 sequence sequence NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 275 47 length length NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 275 48 based base VBN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 275 49 on on IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 275 50 residue residue NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 275 51 insertion insertion NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 275 52 - - HYPH cord-263987-ff6kor0c 275 53 deletion deletion NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 275 54 independent independent NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 275 55 of of IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 275 56 substitution substitution NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 275 57 : : : cord-263987-ff6kor0c 275 58 an an DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 275 59 application application NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 275 60 to to IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 275 61 the the DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 275 62 GC GC NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 275 63 content content NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 275 64 in in IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 275 65 bacterial bacterial JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 275 66 genomes genome NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 275 67 A a DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 275 68 stochastic stochastic JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 275 69 gene gene NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 275 70 evolution evolution NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 275 71 model model NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 275 72 with with IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 275 73 time time NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 275 74 dependent dependent JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 275 75 mutations mutation NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 276 1 A a DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 276 2 nucleotide nucleotide JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 276 3 substitution substitution NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 276 4 model model NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 276 5 with with IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 276 6 nearest near JJS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 276 7 - - HYPH cord-263987-ff6kor0c 276 8 neighbour neighbour NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 276 9 interactions interaction NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 277 1 A a DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 277 2 generalization generalization NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 277 3 of of IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 277 4 substitution substitution NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 277 5 evolution evolution NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 277 6 models model NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 277 7 of of IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 277 8 nucleotides nucleotide NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 277 9 to to IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 277 10 genetic genetic JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 277 11 motifs motif NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 277 12 Empirical empirical JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 277 13 and and CC cord-263987-ff6kor0c 277 14 structural structural JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 277 15 models model NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 277 16 for for IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 277 17 insertions insertion NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 277 18 and and CC cord-263987-ff6kor0c 277 19 deletions deletion NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 277 20 in in IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 277 21 the the DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 277 22 divergent divergent JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 277 23 evolution evolution NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 277 24 of of IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 277 25 proteins protein NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 277 26 Empirical empirical JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 277 27 analysis analysis NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 277 28 of of IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 277 29 protein protein NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 277 30 insertions insertion NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 277 31 and and CC cord-263987-ff6kor0c 277 32 deletions deletion NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 277 33 determining determine VBG cord-263987-ff6kor0c 277 34 parameters parameter NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 277 35 for for IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 277 36 the the DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 277 37 correct correct JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 277 38 placement placement NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 277 39 of of IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 277 40 gaps gap NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 277 41 in in IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 277 42 protein protein NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 277 43 sequence sequence NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 277 44 alignments alignment NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 277 45 Indel Indel NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 277 46 PDB PDB NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 277 47 : : : cord-263987-ff6kor0c 277 48 a a DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 277 49 database database NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 277 50 of of IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 277 51 structural structural JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 277 52 insertions insertion NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 277 53 and and CC cord-263987-ff6kor0c 277 54 deletions deletion NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 277 55 derived derive VBN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 277 56 from from IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 277 57 sequence sequence NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 277 58 alignments alignment NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 277 59 of of IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 277 60 closely closely RB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 277 61 related related JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 277 62 proteins protein NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 277 63 Sequence sequence NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 277 64 context context NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 277 65 of of IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 277 66 indel indel NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 277 67 mutations mutation NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 277 68 and and CC cord-263987-ff6kor0c 277 69 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 277 70 effect effect NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 277 71 on on IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 277 72 protein protein NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 277 73 evolution evolution NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 277 74 in in IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 277 75 a a DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 277 76 bacterial bacterial JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 277 77 endosymbiont endosymbiont NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 277 78 Alignment Alignment NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 277 79 of of IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 277 80 phylogenetically phylogenetically RB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 277 81 unambiguous unambiguous JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 277 82 indels indel NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 277 83 in in IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 277 84 Shewanella Shewanella NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 277 85 Identification Identification NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 277 86 of of IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 277 87 transposable transposable JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 277 88 elements element NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 277 89 using use VBG cord-263987-ff6kor0c 277 90 multiple multiple JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 277 91 alignments alignment NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 277 92 of of IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 277 93 related related JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 277 94 genomes genome NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 277 95 Statistical statistical JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 277 96 alignment alignment NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 277 97 : : : cord-263987-ff6kor0c 277 98 computational computational JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 277 99 properties property NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 277 100 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 277 101 homology homology NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 277 102 testing testing NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 277 103 and and CC cord-263987-ff6kor0c 277 104 goodness goodness NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 277 105 - - HYPH cord-263987-ff6kor0c 277 106 of of IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 277 107 - - HYPH cord-263987-ff6kor0c 277 108 fit fit JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 277 109 General General NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 277 110 continuous continuous JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 277 111 - - HYPH cord-263987-ff6kor0c 277 112 time time NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 277 113 Markov Markov NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 277 114 model model NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 277 115 of of IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 277 116 sequence sequence NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 277 117 evolution evolution NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 277 118 via via IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 277 119 insertions insertion NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 277 120 / / SYM cord-263987-ff6kor0c 277 121 deletions deletion NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 277 122 : : : cord-263987-ff6kor0c 277 123 are be VBP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 277 124 alignment alignment NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 277 125 probabilities probability NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 277 126 factorable factorable JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 277 127 ? ? . cord-263987-ff6kor0c 278 1 General general JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 278 2 continuous continuous JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 278 3 - - HYPH cord-263987-ff6kor0c 278 4 time time NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 278 5 Markov Markov NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 278 6 model model NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 278 7 of of IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 278 8 sequence sequence NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 278 9 evolution evolution NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 278 10 via via IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 278 11 insertions insertion NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 278 12 / / SYM cord-263987-ff6kor0c 278 13 deletions deletion NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 278 14 : : : cord-263987-ff6kor0c 278 15 local local JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 278 16 alignment alignment NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 278 17 probability probability NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 278 18 computation computation NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 278 19 Erratum Erratum NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 278 20 to to IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 278 21 : : : cord-263987-ff6kor0c 278 22 General general JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 278 23 continuous continuous JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 278 24 - - HYPH cord-263987-ff6kor0c 278 25 time time NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 278 26 Markov Markov NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 278 27 model model NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 278 28 of of IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 278 29 sequence sequence NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 278 30 evolution evolution NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 278 31 via via IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 278 32 insertions insertion NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 278 33 / / SYM cord-263987-ff6kor0c 278 34 deletions deletion NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 278 35 : : : cord-263987-ff6kor0c 278 36 are be VBP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 278 37 alignment alignment NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 278 38 probabilities probability NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 278 39 factorable factorable JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 278 40 ? ? . cord-263987-ff6kor0c 279 1 Parameterizing parameterizing NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 279 2 sequence sequence NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 279 3 alignment alignment NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 279 4 with with IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 279 5 an an DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 279 6 explicit explicit JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 279 7 evolutionary evolutionary JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 279 8 model model NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 279 9 Multiple multiple JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 279 10 genome genome NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 279 11 rearrangement rearrangement NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 279 12 and and CC cord-263987-ff6kor0c 279 13 breakpoint breakpoint NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 279 14 phylogeny phylogeny NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 279 15 Analytical analytical JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 279 16 expression expression NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 279 17 of of IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 279 18 the the DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 279 19 purine purine NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 279 20 / / SYM cord-263987-ff6kor0c 279 21 pyrimidine pyrimidine NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 279 22 codon codon NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 279 23 probability probability NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 279 24 after after IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 279 25 and and CC cord-263987-ff6kor0c 279 26 before before IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 279 27 random random JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 279 28 mutations mutation NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 280 1 Analytical analytical JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 280 2 solutions solution NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 280 3 of of IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 280 4 the the DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 280 5 dinucleotide dinucleotide NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 280 6 probability probability NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 280 7 after after IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 280 8 and and CC cord-263987-ff6kor0c 280 9 before before IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 280 10 random random JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 280 11 mutations mutation NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 281 1 RNA RNA NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 281 2 secondary secondary JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 281 3 structure structure NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 281 4 prediction prediction NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 281 5 using use VBG cord-263987-ff6kor0c 281 6 stochastic stochastic JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 281 7 context context NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 281 8 - - HYPH cord-263987-ff6kor0c 281 9 free free JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 281 10 grammars grammar NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 281 11 and and CC cord-263987-ff6kor0c 281 12 evolutionary evolutionary JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 281 13 history history NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 282 1 Evolution evolution NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 282 2 probabilities probability NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 282 3 and and CC cord-263987-ff6kor0c 282 4 phylogenetic phylogenetic JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 282 5 distance distance NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 282 6 of of IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 282 7 dinucleotides dinucleotides NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 282 8 Genome Genome NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 282 9 evolution evolution NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 282 10 by by IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 282 11 transformation transformation NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 282 12 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 282 13 expansion expansion NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 282 14 and and CC cord-263987-ff6kor0c 282 15 contraction contraction NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 282 16 ( ( -LRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 282 17 GETEC GETEC NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 282 18 ) ) -RRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 283 1 An an DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 283 2 evolutionary evolutionary JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 283 3 model model NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 283 4 for for IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 283 5 maximum maximum JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 283 6 likelihood likelihood NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 283 7 alignment alignment NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 283 8 of of IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 283 9 DNA dna NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 283 10 sequences sequence NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 284 1 An an DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 284 2 introduction introduction NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 284 3 to to IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 284 4 probability probability NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 284 5 theory theory NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 284 6 and and CC cord-263987-ff6kor0c 284 7 its -PRON- PRP$ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 284 8 applications application NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 284 9 Evolutionary Evolutionary NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 284 10 HMMs HMMs NNPS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 284 11 : : : cord-263987-ff6kor0c 284 12 a a DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 284 13 Bayesian bayesian JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 284 14 approach approach NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 284 15 to to IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 284 16 multiple multiple JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 284 17 alignment alignment NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 284 18 Using use VBG cord-263987-ff6kor0c 284 19 guide guide NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 284 20 trees tree NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 284 21 to to TO cord-263987-ff6kor0c 284 22 construct construct VB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 284 23 multiple multiple JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 284 24 - - HYPH cord-263987-ff6kor0c 284 25 sequence sequence NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 284 26 evolutionary evolutionary NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 284 27 HMMs HMMs NNPS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 285 1 Accurate accurate JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 285 2 reconstruction reconstruction NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 285 3 of of IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 285 4 insertion insertion NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 285 5 - - HYPH cord-263987-ff6kor0c 285 6 deletion deletion NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 285 7 histories history NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 285 8 by by IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 285 9 statistical statistical JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 285 10 phylogenetics phylogenetic NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 286 1 A a DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 286 2 note note NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 286 3 on on IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 286 4 probabilistic probabilistic JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 286 5 models model NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 286 6 over over IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 286 7 strings string NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 286 8 : : : cord-263987-ff6kor0c 286 9 the the DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 286 10 linear linear JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 286 11 algebra algebra NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 286 12 approach approach NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 286 13 Statistical statistical JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 286 14 alignment alignment NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 286 15 based base VBN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 286 16 on on IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 286 17 fragment fragment NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 286 18 insertion insertion NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 286 19 and and CC cord-263987-ff6kor0c 286 20 deletion deletion NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 286 21 models model NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 286 22 Evolutionary evolutionary JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 286 23 inference inference NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 286 24 via via IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 286 25 the the DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 286 26 poisson poisson NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 286 27 indel indel NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 286 28 process process NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 286 29 Inching inch VBG cord-263987-ff6kor0c 286 30 toward toward IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 286 31 reality reality NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 286 32 : : : cord-263987-ff6kor0c 286 33 an an DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 286 34 improved improved JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 286 35 likelihood likelihood NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 286 36 model model NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 286 37 of of IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 286 38 sequence sequence NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 286 39 evolution evolution NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 286 40 Models model NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 286 41 of of IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 286 42 sequence sequence NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 286 43 evolution evolution NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 286 44 for for IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 286 45 DNA dna NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 286 46 sequences sequence NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 286 47 containing contain VBG cord-263987-ff6kor0c 286 48 gaps gap NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 286 49 Evolutionary evolutionary JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 286 50 models model NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 286 51 for for IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 286 52 insertions insertion NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 286 53 and and CC cord-263987-ff6kor0c 286 54 deletions deletion NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 286 55 in in IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 286 56 a a DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 286 57 probabilistic probabilistic JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 286 58 modeling modeling NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 286 59 framework framework NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 286 60 Probabilistic probabilistic JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 286 61 phylogenetic phylogenetic JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 286 62 inference inference NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 286 63 with with IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 286 64 insertions insertion NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 286 65 and and CC cord-263987-ff6kor0c 286 66 deletions deletion NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 286 67 A a DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 286 68 probabilistic probabilistic JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 286 69 model model NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 286 70 for for IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 286 71 the the DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 286 72 evolution evolution NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 286 73 of of IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 286 74 RNA RNA NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 286 75 structure structure NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 286 76 Pair pair NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 286 77 stochastic stochastic JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 286 78 tree tree NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 286 79 adjoining adjoin VBG cord-263987-ff6kor0c 286 80 grammars grammar NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 286 81 for for IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 286 82 aligning align VBG cord-263987-ff6kor0c 286 83 and and CC cord-263987-ff6kor0c 286 84 predicting predict VBG cord-263987-ff6kor0c 286 85 pseudoknot pseudoknot NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 286 86 RNA RNA NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 286 87 structures structure NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 287 1 A a DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 287 2 probabilistic probabilistic JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 287 3 model model NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 287 4 for for IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 287 5 sequence sequence NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 287 6 alignment alignment NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 287 7 with with IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 287 8 context context NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 287 9 - - HYPH cord-263987-ff6kor0c 287 10 sensitive sensitive JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 287 11 indels indel NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 287 12 Sequence sequence NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 287 13 alignments alignment NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 287 14 and and CC cord-263987-ff6kor0c 287 15 pair pair VBP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 287 16 hidden hide VBN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 287 17 Markov Markov NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 287 18 models model NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 287 19 using use VBG cord-263987-ff6kor0c 287 20 evolutionary evolutionary JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 287 21 history history NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 287 22 Joint joint JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 287 23 Bayesian bayesian JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 287 24 estimation estimation NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 287 25 of of IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 287 26 alignment alignment NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 287 27 and and CC cord-263987-ff6kor0c 287 28 phylogeny phylogeny NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 287 29 BAli BAli NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 287 30 - - HYPH cord-263987-ff6kor0c 287 31 Phy Phy NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 287 32 : : : cord-263987-ff6kor0c 287 33 simultaneous simultaneous JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 287 34 Bayesian bayesian JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 287 35 inference inference NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 287 36 of of IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 287 37 alignment alignment NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 287 38 and and CC cord-263987-ff6kor0c 287 39 phylogeny phylogeny NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 288 1 Incorporating incorporate VBG cord-263987-ff6kor0c 288 2 indel indel NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 288 3 information information NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 288 4 into into IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 288 5 phylogeny phylogeny NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 288 6 estimation estimation NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 288 7 for for IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 288 8 rapidly rapidly RB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 288 9 emerging emerge VBG cord-263987-ff6kor0c 288 10 pathogens pathogen NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 288 11 Phylogenetic Phylogenetic NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 288 12 automata automata NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 288 13 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 288 14 pruning pruning NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 288 15 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 288 16 and and CC cord-263987-ff6kor0c 288 17 multiple multiple JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 288 18 alignment alignment NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 288 19 Hand hand NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 288 20 Align Align NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 288 21 : : : cord-263987-ff6kor0c 288 22 Bayesian bayesian JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 288 23 multiple multiple JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 288 24 sequence sequence NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 288 25 alignment alignment NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 288 26 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 288 27 phylogeny phylogeny NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 288 28 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 288 29 and and CC cord-263987-ff6kor0c 288 30 ancestral ancestral JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 288 31 reconstruction reconstruction NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 289 1 A a DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 289 2 long long JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 289 3 indel indel NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 289 4 model model NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 289 5 for for IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 289 6 evolutionary evolutionary JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 289 7 sequence sequence NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 289 8 alignment alignment NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 289 9 An an DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 289 10 improved improved JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 289 11 model model NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 289 12 for for IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 289 13 statistical statistical JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 289 14 alignment alignment NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 289 15 Chain Chain NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 289 16 Monte Monte NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 289 17 Carlo Carlo NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 289 18 Expectation Expectation NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 289 19 Maximization Maximization NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 289 20 algorithm algorithm NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 289 21 for for IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 289 22 statistical statistical JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 289 23 analysis analysis NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 289 24 of of IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 289 25 DNA dna NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 289 26 sequence sequence NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 289 27 evolution evolution NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 289 28 with with IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 289 29 neighbor neighbor NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 289 30 - - HYPH cord-263987-ff6kor0c 289 31 dependent dependent JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 289 32 substitution substitution NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 289 33 rates rate NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 290 1 Accurate accurate JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 290 2 estimation estimation NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 290 3 of of IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 290 4 substitution substitution NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 290 5 rates rate NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 290 6 with with IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 290 7 neighbor neighbor NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 290 8 - - HYPH cord-263987-ff6kor0c 290 9 dependent dependent JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 290 10 models model NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 290 11 in in IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 290 12 a a DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 290 13 phylogenetic phylogenetic JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 290 14 context context NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 290 15 Patterns pattern NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 290 16 of of IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 290 17 insertion insertion NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 290 18 and and CC cord-263987-ff6kor0c 290 19 deletion deletion NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 290 20 in in IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 290 21 mammalian mammalian JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 290 22 genomes genome NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 290 23 Exhaustive exhaustive JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 290 24 matching matching NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 290 25 of of IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 290 26 the the DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 290 27 entire entire JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 290 28 protein protein NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 290 29 sequence sequence NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 290 30 database database NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 290 31 Pattern pattern NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 290 32 and and CC cord-263987-ff6kor0c 290 33 rate rate NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 290 34 of of IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 290 35 indel indel NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 290 36 evolution evolution NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 290 37 inferred infer VBN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 290 38 from from IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 290 39 whole whole JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 290 40 chloroplast chloroplast NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 290 41 intergenic intergenic JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 290 42 regions region NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 290 43 in in IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 290 44 sugarcane sugarcane NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 290 45 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 290 46 maize maize NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 290 47 and and CC cord-263987-ff6kor0c 290 48 rice rice NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 290 49 Patterns pattern NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 290 50 of of IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 290 51 nucleotide nucleotide JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 290 52 substitution substitution NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 290 53 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 290 54 insertion insertion NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 290 55 and and CC cord-263987-ff6kor0c 290 56 deletion deletion NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 290 57 in in IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 290 58 the the DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 290 59 human human JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 290 60 genome genome NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 290 61 inferred infer VBN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 290 62 from from IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 290 63 pseudogenes pseudogene NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 290 64 The the DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 290 65 size size NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 290 66 distribution distribution NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 290 67 of of IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 290 68 insertions insertion NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 290 69 and and CC cord-263987-ff6kor0c 290 70 deletions deletion NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 290 71 in in IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 290 72 human human JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 290 73 and and CC cord-263987-ff6kor0c 290 74 rodent rodent NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 290 75 pseudogenes pseudogene NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 290 76 suggests suggest VBZ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 290 77 the the DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 290 78 logarithmic logarithmic JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 290 79 gap gap NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 290 80 penalty penalty NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 290 81 for for IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 290 82 sequence sequence NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 290 83 alignment alignment NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 290 84 Problems problem NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 290 85 and and CC cord-263987-ff6kor0c 290 86 solutions solution NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 290 87 for for IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 290 88 estimating estimate VBG cord-263987-ff6kor0c 290 89 indel indel NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 290 90 rates rate NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 290 91 and and CC cord-263987-ff6kor0c 290 92 length length NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 290 93 distributions distribution NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 290 94 Uncertainty uncertainty NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 290 95 in in IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 290 96 homology homology NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 290 97 inferences inference NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 290 98 : : : cord-263987-ff6kor0c 290 99 assessing assess VBG cord-263987-ff6kor0c 290 100 and and CC cord-263987-ff6kor0c 290 101 improving improve VBG cord-263987-ff6kor0c 290 102 genomic genomic JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 290 103 sequence sequence NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 290 104 alignment alignment NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 290 105 Sequence sequence NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 290 106 comparison comparison NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 290 107 with with IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 290 108 concave concave JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 290 109 weighting weighting NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 290 110 functions function NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 290 111 Probabilistic probabilistic JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 290 112 consistency consistency NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 290 113 - - HYPH cord-263987-ff6kor0c 290 114 based base VBN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 290 115 multiple multiple JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 290 116 sequence sequence NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 290 117 alignment alignment NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 290 118 Prediction Prediction NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 290 119 of of IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 290 120 complete complete JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 290 121 gene gene NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 290 122 structures structure NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 290 123 in in IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 290 124 human human JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 290 125 genomic genomic NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 290 126 DNA DNA NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 290 127 Indelign Indelign NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 290 128 : : : cord-263987-ff6kor0c 290 129 a a DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 290 130 probabilistic probabilistic JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 290 131 framework framework NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 290 132 for for IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 290 133 annotation annotation NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 290 134 of of IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 290 135 insertions insertion NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 290 136 and and CC cord-263987-ff6kor0c 290 137 deletions deletion NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 290 138 in in IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 290 139 a a DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 290 140 multiple multiple JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 290 141 alignment alignment NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 290 142 DNA dna NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 290 143 assembly assembly NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 290 144 with with IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 290 145 gaps gap NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 290 146 ( ( -LRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 290 147 Dawg dawg NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 290 148 ) ) -RRB- cord-263987-ff6kor0c 290 149 : : : cord-263987-ff6kor0c 290 150 simulating simulate VBG cord-263987-ff6kor0c 290 151 sequence sequence NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 290 152 evolution evolution NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 290 153 INDELible indelible NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 290 154 : : : cord-263987-ff6kor0c 290 155 a a DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 290 156 flexible flexible JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 290 157 simulator simulator NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 290 158 of of IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 290 159 biological biological JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 290 160 sequence sequence NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 290 161 evolution evolution NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 290 162 Biological biological JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 290 163 sequence sequence NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 290 164 simulation simulation NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 290 165 for for IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 290 166 testing test VBG cord-263987-ff6kor0c 290 167 complex complex JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 290 168 evolutionary evolutionary JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 290 169 hypotheses hypothesis NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 290 170 : : : cord-263987-ff6kor0c 290 171 indel indel NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 290 172 - - HYPH cord-263987-ff6kor0c 290 173 Seq Seq NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 290 174 - - HYPH cord-263987-ff6kor0c 290 175 Gen Gen NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 290 176 version version NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 290 177 2.0 2.0 CD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 290 178 StatAlign StatAlign NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 290 179 : : : cord-263987-ff6kor0c 290 180 an an DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 290 181 extendable extendable JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 290 182 software software NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 290 183 package package NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 290 184 for for IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 290 185 joint joint JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 290 186 Bayesian bayesian JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 290 187 estimation estimation NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 290 188 of of IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 290 189 alignments alignment NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 290 190 and and CC cord-263987-ff6kor0c 290 191 evolutionary evolutionary JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 290 192 trees tree NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 290 193 Advances advance VBZ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 290 194 in in IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 290 195 Neural Neural NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 290 196 Information Information NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 290 197 Processing Processing NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 290 198 Systems Systems NNPS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 290 199 Erasing erasing NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 290 200 errors error NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 290 201 due due JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 290 202 to to IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 290 203 alignment alignment NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 290 204 ambiguity ambiguity NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 290 205 when when WRB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 290 206 estimating estimate VBG cord-263987-ff6kor0c 290 207 positive positive JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 290 208 selection selection NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 290 209 StatAlign StatAlign NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 290 210 2.0 2.0 CD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 290 211 : : : cord-263987-ff6kor0c 290 212 combining combine VBG cord-263987-ff6kor0c 290 213 statistical statistical JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 290 214 alignment alignment NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 290 215 with with IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 290 216 RNA RNA NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 290 217 secondary secondary JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 290 218 structure structure NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 290 219 prediction prediction NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 290 220 SimulFold SimulFold NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 290 221 : : : cord-263987-ff6kor0c 290 222 simultaneously simultaneously RB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 290 223 inferring infer VBG cord-263987-ff6kor0c 290 224 RNA RNA NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 290 225 structures structure NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 290 226 including include VBG cord-263987-ff6kor0c 290 227 pseudoknots pseudoknot NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 290 228 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 290 229 alignments alignment NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 290 230 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 290 231 and and CC cord-263987-ff6kor0c 290 232 trees tree NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 290 233 using use VBG cord-263987-ff6kor0c 290 234 a a DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 290 235 Bayesian Bayesian NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 290 236 MCMC MCMC NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 290 237 framework framework NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 290 238 Characterization characterization NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 290 239 of of IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 290 240 multiple multiple JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 290 241 sequence sequence NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 290 242 alignment alignment NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 290 243 errors error NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 290 244 using use VBG cord-263987-ff6kor0c 290 245 complete complete JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 290 246 - - HYPH cord-263987-ff6kor0c 290 247 likelihood likelihood NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 290 248 score score NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 290 249 and and CC cord-263987-ff6kor0c 290 250 position position NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 290 251 - - HYPH cord-263987-ff6kor0c 290 252 shift shift NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 290 253 map map NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 290 254 Pacific Pacific NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 290 255 Symposium Symposium NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 290 256 on on IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 290 257 Biocomputing Biocomputing NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 290 258 An an DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 290 259 efficient efficient JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 290 260 algorithm algorithm NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 290 261 for for IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 290 262 statistical statistical JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 290 263 multiple multiple JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 290 264 alignment alignment NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 290 265 on on IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 290 266 arbitrary arbitrary JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 290 267 phylogenetic phylogenetic JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 290 268 trees tree NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 290 269 Weighted weight VBN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 290 270 finite finite JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 290 271 - - HYPH cord-263987-ff6kor0c 290 272 state state NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 290 273 transducers transducer NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 290 274 in in IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 290 275 speech speech NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 290 276 recognition recognition NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 290 277 Automata automata NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 290 278 - - HYPH cord-263987-ff6kor0c 290 279 theoretic theoretic JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 290 280 models model NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 290 281 of of IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 290 282 mutation mutation NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 290 283 and and CC cord-263987-ff6kor0c 290 284 alignment alignment NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 290 285 Historian historian NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 290 286 : : : cord-263987-ff6kor0c 290 287 accurate accurate JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 290 288 reconstruction reconstruction NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 290 289 of of IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 290 290 ancestral ancestral JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 290 291 sequences sequence NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 290 292 and and CC cord-263987-ff6kor0c 290 293 evolutionary evolutionary JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 290 294 rates rate NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 291 1 Phylogenetic phylogenetic JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 291 2 quantification quantification NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 291 3 of of IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 291 4 intra intra JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 291 5 - - JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 291 6 tumour tumour JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 291 7 heterogeneity heterogeneity NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 291 8 Protein Protein NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 291 9 family family NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 291 10 classification classification NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 291 11 using use VBG cord-263987-ff6kor0c 291 12 sparse sparse JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 291 13 Markov Markov NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 291 14 transducers transducer NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 292 1 Modular modular JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 292 2 non non JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 292 3 - - JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 292 4 repeating repeating JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 292 5 codes code NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 292 6 for for IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 292 7 DNA dna NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 292 8 storage storage NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 292 9 A a DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 292 10 method method NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 292 11 for for IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 292 12 synthesizing synthesize VBG cord-263987-ff6kor0c 292 13 sequential sequential JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 292 14 circuits circuit NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 292 15 Simultaneous simultaneous JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 292 16 solution solution NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 292 17 of of IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 292 18 the the DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 292 19 RNA RNA NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 292 20 folding folding NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 292 21 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 292 22 alignment alignment NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 292 23 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 292 24 and and CC cord-263987-ff6kor0c 292 25 protosequence protosequence NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 292 26 problems problem NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 292 27 Evolutionary evolutionary JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 292 28 triplet triplet NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 292 29 models model NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 292 30 of of IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 292 31 structured structured JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 292 32 RNA RNA NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 292 33 MCALIGN2 mcalign2 NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 292 34 : : : cord-263987-ff6kor0c 293 1 faster fast RBR cord-263987-ff6kor0c 293 2 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 293 3 accurate accurate JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 293 4 global global JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 293 5 pairwise pairwise JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 293 6 alignment alignment NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 293 7 of of IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 293 8 non non JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 293 9 - - JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 293 10 coding coding JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 293 11 DNA dna NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 293 12 sequences sequence NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 293 13 based base VBN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 293 14 on on IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 293 15 explicit explicit JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 293 16 models model NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 293 17 of of IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 293 18 indel indel NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 293 19 evolution evolution NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 294 1 A a DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 294 2 hidden hidden JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 294 3 Markov Markov NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 294 4 model model NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 294 5 approach approach NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 294 6 to to IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 294 7 variation variation NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 294 8 among among IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 294 9 sites site NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 294 10 in in IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 294 11 rate rate NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 294 12 of of IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 294 13 evolution evolution NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 294 14 Phylogenetic phylogenetic JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 294 15 estimation estimation NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 294 16 of of IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 294 17 context context NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 294 18 - - HYPH cord-263987-ff6kor0c 294 19 dependent dependent JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 294 20 substitution substitution NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 294 21 rates rate NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 294 22 by by IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 294 23 maximum maximum JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 294 24 likelihood likelihood NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 294 25 RNA RNA NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 294 26 secondary secondary JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 294 27 structure structure NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 294 28 prediction prediction NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 294 29 using use VBG cord-263987-ff6kor0c 294 30 stochastic stochastic JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 294 31 context context NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 294 32 - - HYPH cord-263987-ff6kor0c 294 33 free free JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 294 34 grammars grammar NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 295 1 XRate XRate NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 295 2 : : : cord-263987-ff6kor0c 295 3 a a DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 295 4 fast fast JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 295 5 prototyping prototyping NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 295 6 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 295 7 training training NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 295 8 and and CC cord-263987-ff6kor0c 295 9 annotation annotation NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 295 10 tool tool NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 295 11 for for IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 295 12 phylo phylo NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 295 13 - - HYPH cord-263987-ff6kor0c 295 14 grammars grammar NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 296 1 The the DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 296 2 author author NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 296 3 thanks thank NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 296 4 Kiyoshi Kiyoshi NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 296 5 Ezawa Ezawa NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 296 6 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 296 7 Elena Elena NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 296 8 Rivas Rivas NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 296 9 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 296 10 Sean Sean NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 296 11 Eddy Eddy NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 296 12 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 296 13 Jeff Jeff NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 296 14 Thorne Thorne NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 296 15 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 296 16 Benjamin Benjamin NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 296 17 Redelings Redelings NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 296 18 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 296 19 Marc Marc NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 296 20 Suchard Suchard NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 296 21 , , , cord-263987-ff6kor0c 296 22 and and CC cord-263987-ff6kor0c 296 23 one one CD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 296 24 anonymous anonymous JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 296 25 referee referee NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 296 26 for for IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 296 27 productive productive JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 296 28 conversations conversation NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 296 29 that that WDT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 296 30 have have VBP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 296 31 informed inform VBN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 296 32 this this DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 296 33 review review NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 296 34 . . . cord-263987-ff6kor0c 297 1 This this DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 297 2 work work NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 297 3 was be VBD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 297 4 supported support VBN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 297 5 by by IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 297 6 NIH NIH NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 297 7 / / SYM cord-263987-ff6kor0c 297 8 NHGRI NHGRI NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 297 9 grant grant VBP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 297 10 HG004483 hg004483 NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 297 11 . . . cord-263987-ff6kor0c 298 1 Authors author NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 298 2 ' ' POS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 298 3 contributions contribution NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 298 4 IH IH NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 298 5 wrote write VBD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 298 6 the the DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 298 7 article article NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 298 8 . . . cord-263987-ff6kor0c 299 1 The the DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 299 2 author author NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 299 3 declares declare VBZ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 299 4 that that IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 299 5 they -PRON- PRP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 299 6 have have VBP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 299 7 no no DT cord-263987-ff6kor0c 299 8 competing compete VBG cord-263987-ff6kor0c 299 9 interests interest NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 299 10 . . . cord-263987-ff6kor0c 300 1 Not not RB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 300 2 applicable applicable JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 300 3 . . . cord-263987-ff6kor0c 301 1 Not not RB cord-263987-ff6kor0c 301 2 applicable applicable JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 301 3 . . . cord-263987-ff6kor0c 302 1 Springer Springer NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 302 2 Nature Nature NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 302 3 remains remain VBZ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 302 4 neutral neutral JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 302 5 with with IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 302 6 regard regard NN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 302 7 to to IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 302 8 jurisdictional jurisdictional JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 302 9 claims claim NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 302 10 in in IN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 302 11 published publish VBN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 302 12 maps map NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 302 13 and and CC cord-263987-ff6kor0c 302 14 institutional institutional JJ cord-263987-ff6kor0c 302 15 affiliations affiliation NNS cord-263987-ff6kor0c 302 16 . . . cord-263987-ff6kor0c 303 1 Received receive VBN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 303 2 : : : cord-263987-ff6kor0c 303 3 9 9 CD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 303 4 January January NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 303 5 2017 2017 CD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 304 1 Accepted accept VBN cord-263987-ff6kor0c 304 2 : : : cord-263987-ff6kor0c 304 3 30 30 CD cord-263987-ff6kor0c 304 4 April April NNP cord-263987-ff6kor0c 304 5 2017 2017 CD