Summary of your 'study carrel' ============================== This is a summary of your Distant Reader 'study carrel'. The Distant Reader harvested & cached your content into a collection/corpus. It then applied sets of natural language processing and text mining against the collection. The results of this process was reduced to a database file -- a 'study carrel'. The study carrel can then be queried, thus bringing light specific characteristics for your collection. These characteristics can help you summarize the collection as well as enumerate things you might want to investigate more closely. This report is a terse narrative report, and when processing is complete you will be linked to a more complete narrative report. Eric Lease Morgan Number of items in the collection; 'How big is my corpus?' ---------------------------------------------------------- 52 Average length of all items measured in words; "More or less, how big is each item?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 452 Average readability score of all items (0 = difficult; 100 = easy) ------------------------------------------------------------------ 5 Top 50 statistically significant keywords; "What is my collection about?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 50 Saudi 33 Arabia 16 MERS 8 COVID-19 6 East 5 covid-19 5 Hajj 4 Middle 2 saudi 2 respiratory 2 pilgrim 2 knowledge 2 health 2 KSA 1 virus 1 team 1 student 1 public 1 prevention 1 pharmacist 1 nursing 1 model 1 infection 1 hajj 1 dental 1 cryptosporidium 1 country 1 cough 1 child 1 camel 1 anxiety 1 Valley 1 Spike 1 Rift 1 Newcastle 1 Mecca 1 LBP 1 Kuwait 1 Jeddah 1 ICU 1 Human 1 Gulf 1 GCC 1 CNS 1 ASP Top 50 lemmatized nouns; "What is discussed?" --------------------------------------------- 1665 % 1376 study 1242 infection 1152 case 775 disease 767 health 756 patient 668 virus 651 coronavirus 511 camel 508 outbreak 483 syndrome 461 country 434 risk 398 hospital 388 student 383 transmission 374 year 373 knowledge 372 participant 367 number 357 factor 347 datum 344 child 339 rate 335 control 332 population 330 measure 327 result 312 contact 311 time 303 level 301 model 299 healthcare 293 pilgrim 288 cov 284 age 280 care 277 analysis 266 sample 261 practice 260 group 258 individual 256 p 252 region 244 day 241 pandemic 241 animal 227 cryptosporidium 226 author Top 50 proper nouns; "What are the names of persons or places?" -------------------------------------------------------------- 1456 Saudi 1432 MERS 1367 Arabia 802 CoV 471 Middle 457 East 421 COVID-19 371 Hajj 325 al 285 Health 274 et 217 . 165 Riyadh 135 Al 130 Kingdom 128 May 126 GCC 123 Jeddah 122 Coronavirus 108 World 105 SARS 102 Table 102 Ministry 98 east 95 United 95 June 95 HCWs 94 China 91 PCR 89 March 88 Organization 82 LBP 80 Korea 79 KSA 73 Syndrome 71 Respiratory 69 April 68 Gulf 67 South 66 University 64 RNA 63 Mecca 63 Africa 62 Makkah 61 middle 58 Arabian 57 King 55 Fig 54 MOH 53 Egypt Top 50 personal pronouns nouns; "To whom are things referred?" ------------------------------------------------------------- 563 it 325 we 253 they 77 them 56 i 24 he 13 us 11 she 10 themselves 9 one 8 you 7 itself 2 u 2 him 1 oneself 1 herself 1 her Top 50 lemmatized verbs; "What do things do?" --------------------------------------------- 7363 be 1891 have 678 use 652 report 447 include 366 show 318 associate 286 base 261 identify 248 confirm 215 increase 205 do 197 follow 194 infect 184 find 183 cause 180 compare 177 conduct 172 provide 166 suggest 165 develop 159 relate 150 observe 146 occur 146 consider 134 indicate 133 detect 130 emerge 123 test 119 collect 114 need 113 know 112 take 110 present 110 make 110 assess 109 improve 109 hospitalize 106 require 105 accord 104 result 103 obtain 103 estimate 102 reduce 96 perform 95 represent 95 implement 94 suspect 94 give 92 remain Top 50 lemmatized adjectives and adverbs; "How are things described?" --------------------------------------------------------------------- 955 respiratory 628 high 553 not 430 other 392 also 389 public 363 - 362 human 331 more 321 saudi 316 low 306 such 281 however 280 most 265 significant 256 clinical 255 first 241 different 216 well 216 only 205 viral 202 social 200 severe 190 positive 189 infectious 167 acute 159 large 157 available 156 zoonotic 155 primary 147 several 146 further 144 many 143 important 142 covid-19 137 therefore 136 as 132 respectively 132 medical 127 new 124 infected 121 dental 118 total 114 significantly 113 old 112 non 110 current 108 common 107 novel 104 epidemiological Top 50 lemmatized superlative adjectives; "How are things described to the extreme?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 82 high 78 most 47 large 46 Most 32 good 26 low 23 least 10 late 8 great 6 close 6 big 3 poor 3 common 3 bad 2 fast 1 old 1 new 1 long 1 hot 1 holy 1 deep 1 -6-carboxy Top 50 lemmatized superlative adverbs; "How do things do to the extreme?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 202 most 25 least 2 well 1 worst 1 long Top 50 Internet domains; "What Webbed places are alluded to in this corpus?" ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 12 doi.org 2 www.who.int 1 wwwnc.cdc.gov 1 www.mbio.ncsu.edu 1 www.mbio 1 www.football-data.co.uk 1 www.dovepress.com 1 www 1 web.cbio.uct.ac.za 1 weatherspark.com 1 swissmodel.expasy.org 1 jid.oxfordjournals.org 1 github.com 1 clinicaltrials.gov Top 50 URLs; "What is hyperlinked from this corpus?" ---------------------------------------------------- 6 http://doi.org/10.1101/2020.06.01.20119800 5 http://doi.org/10.1101/2020.05.09.20096677 1 http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/EID/article/23/4/16-1793-Techapp1 1 http://www.who.int/csr/don/archive/disease/mers-cov/en/ 1 http://www.who.int/csr/disease/coronavirus_infections/ 1 http://www.mbio.ncsu.edu/BioEdit/bioedit.html 1 http://www.mbio 1 http://www.football-data.co.uk/data 1 http://www.dovepress.com/ 1 http://www 1 http://web.cbio.uct.ac.za/~darren/rdp.html 1 http://weatherspark.com/history/32777/2012/Riyadh-Saudi-Arabia 1 http://swissmodel.expasy.org/ 1 http://jid.oxfordjournals.org 1 http://github.com/halrashe/COVID-19_SA_Simulation 1 http://doi.org/10 1 http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/home Top 50 email addresses; "Who are you gonna call?" ------------------------------------------------- 1 zmemish@yahoo.com Top 50 positive assertions; "What sentences are in the shape of noun-verb-noun?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 12 cov infected patients 9 study did not 8 % were able 5 % were nurses 5 countries including saudi 4 % did not 4 % reported moderate 4 % were health 4 study showed satisfactory 4 study was voluntary 3 % reported training 3 cases are asymptomatic 3 cases were secondary 3 infection is usually 3 participants were aware 3 patients were male 3 study does not 3 study was not 3 viruses were human 2 % had acute 2 % had direct 2 % were females 2 % were grade 2 % were males 2 % were non 2 % were not 2 % were physicians 2 % were primary 2 % were ≤ 2 arabia are more 2 arabia is necessary 2 arabia using multiplex 2 cases have also 2 cases is close 2 cases were male 2 cases were not 2 coronavirus was first 2 cov are yet 2 covid-19 is approximately 2 covid-19 was clearly 2 covid-19 was more 2 covid-19 was not 2 diseases was poor 2 hospitals do n't 2 infection is supportive 2 infection was mostly 2 infections have not 2 participants did not 2 participants reporting high 2 participants were positive Top 50 negative assertions; "What sentences are in the shape of noun-verb-no|not-noun?" --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 % had no dental 1 % were not able 1 % were not health 1 arabia is no different 1 arabia is no stranger 1 cases have no significant 1 cases were not always 1 cases were not fully 1 cov are not well 1 cov does not yet 1 covid-19 was not available 1 covid-19 was not similar 1 infection were not specific 1 patients were not available 1 students is not well 1 studies are not comprehensive 1 studies showed no difference 1 study are not publicly 1 study does not only 1 study has not yet 1 study was not able 1 transmission have not yet 1 transmission is not entirely 1 transmission is not yet 1 virus does not necessarily 1 viruses was not significant A rudimentary bibliography -------------------------- id = cord-319113-844o9nr2 author = AL-Rasheedi, Mabrouk title = Public and healthcare providers awareness of Coronavirus (COVID-19) in Qassim Region, Saudi Arabia date = 2020-09-10 keywords = Arabia; COVID-19; Saudi summary = Objective The aim of this study is to analyze and evaluate the awareness of both the general public and healthcare providers in Qassim region in Saudi Arabia. Results showed significant positive correlation between the recognition of high-risk groups, reliable source of information, infection symptoms, disease prevention and available treatments. Results showed that there were significant differences of awareness levels among different groups of age and sex in response to the identification of COVID-19 treatment. Results showed significant positive correlation between high risk groups recognition, reliable source of information, infection symptoms, disease spread prevention and COVID-19 available treatments. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the awareness of healthcare professionals and the general public regarding COVID-19 in Qassim region, kingdom Saudi Arabia with focusing on both general awareness and detailed information. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study that has sought to evaluate COVID-19 awareness in Saudi healthcare professionals and the general public in Qassim region. doi = 10.1016/j.sjbs.2020.08.035 id = cord-326632-botshfa1 author = Abolfotouh, Mostafa A. title = Perception and attitude of healthcare workers in Saudi Arabia with regard to Covid-19 pandemic and potential associated predictors date = 2020-09-29 keywords = Arabia; Saudi; covid-19 summary = METHODS: In a cross-sectional study, HCWs at three tertiary hospitals in Saudi Arabia were surveyed via email with an anonymous link, by a concern scale about Covid-19 pandemic during 15–30 April, 2020. Predictors of high concern scores were; HCWs of Saudi nationality (p < 0.001), younger age (p = 0.003), undergraduate education (p = 0.044), living with others (p = 0.003) working in the western region (p = 0.003) and direct contact with patients (p = 0.018). In multiple regression analysis ( Table 4) , predictors of high concern scores were; HCWs of younger age (p = 0.003), Saudi nationality (p < 0.001), undergraduate education (p = 0.044), and those working in the western region (p = 0.003), living with others (p = 0.003) and in direct contact with patients (p = 0.018). doi = 10.1186/s12879-020-05443-3 id = cord-318787-z6q11loy author = Ahmad, Naim title = COVID-19 Modeling in Saudi Arabia Using the Modified Susceptible-Exposed-Infectious-Recovered (SEIR) Model date = 2020-09-14 keywords = Arabia; Saudi summary = This paper attempts to utilize the modified Susceptible-Exposed-Infectious-Recovered (SEIR) model incorporating the SD, testing, and infectiousness of exposed and infectious compartments to study the COVID-19 pandemic in Saudi Arabia. To study the dynamics of the COVID-19 epidemic, several modified SEIR models have been used to incorporate various measures, especially social distancing, testing, public responses, and mobility restrictions [2, [6] [7] [8] [9] . The objective of this paper is to model the COVID-19 pandemic in Saudi Arabia using SEIR, including SD, testing, and the infectiousness of exposed and infectious populations. Similarly, the cumulative active cases that include exposed and infectious populations fit closely and the Levene test (statistic=0.5088, p-value=0.4758) proves the same. The model results in the current scenario of restrictions and testings depict that there are multiple peaks for active cases (Figure 3) . doi = 10.7759/cureus.10452 id = cord-254234-8w1z3un6 author = Ahmed, Shahira A. title = Cryptosporidium and Cryptosporidiosis: The Perspective from the Gulf Countries date = 2020-09-18 keywords = Arabia; GCC; Gulf; Kuwait; Saudi; country; cryptosporidium summary = Water contamination, imported food, animal contact, and air transmission are also discussed in detail, to address their significant role as a source of infection and, thus, their impact on disease epidemiology in the Gulf countries'' populations. In this context, immigrant geographic origin, globalization of food supply to meet the demand of the increased labour force, food and water contamination, climate change, as well as poor hygiene after direct animal contact have all contributed to the annual flux in Cryptosporidium transmission and infection rates within the GCC countries [54, 57] . The literature search strategy was limited to title/abstract/keyword using the following MeSH terms/key words: (Cryptosporidium OR Cryptosporidiosis OR Parasite) AND (Infection OR Prevalence OR Incidence OR Occurrence OR Burden) AND (Human OR Animal OR Water OR Food) AND (Bahrain OR Kuwait OR Qatar OR Saudi Arabia OR Oman OR United Arab Emirates). doi = 10.3390/ijerph17186824 id = cord-351413-3nfukrfl author = Al-Ahmadi, Khalid title = Spatiotemporal Clustering of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) Incidence in Saudi Arabia, 2012–2019 date = 2019-07-15 keywords = Arabia; MERS; Saudi summary = title: Spatiotemporal Clustering of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) Incidence in Saudi Arabia, 2012–2019 We analyzed the spatiotemporal clustering of the MERS-CoV incidence in Saudi Arabia between 2012 and 2019 at the city level by using Kulldorff''s spatial scan statistics via SaTScan 9.6 [39] . The results of the spatiotemporal cluster analysis of MERS-CoV infection, using years and months as the time aggregates from 2012 to 2019, showed significant most likely and secondary clusters in Saudi Arabia (Table 3; Table 4 and Figure 5 ; Figure 6 ). Wadi The results of the spatiotemporal cluster analysis of MERS-CoV infection, using years and months as the time aggregates from 2012 to 2019, showed significant most likely and secondary clusters in Saudi Arabia (Table 3; Table 4 and Figure 5 ; Figure 6 ). Community case clusters of middle east respiratory syndrome Coronavirus in Hafr Al-Batin, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: A descriptive genomic study doi = 10.3390/ijerph16142520 id = cord-302384-gljfslhs author = Al-Hanawi, Mohammed K. title = Knowledge, Attitude and Practice Toward COVID-19 Among the Public in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: A Cross-Sectional Study date = 2020-05-27 keywords = Arabia; COVID-19; Saudi; knowledge summary = title: Knowledge, Attitude and Practice Toward COVID-19 Among the Public in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: A Cross-Sectional Study This study investigated the knowledge, attitudes, and practices of the Saudi public, toward COVID-19, during the pandemic. To assess the differences in mean scores, and identify factors associated with knowledge, attitudes, and practices toward COVID-19, the data were run through univariate and multivariable regression analyses, respectively. Thus, this study aims to investigate the knowledge, attitudes and practices (KAP) of KSA residents, toward COVID-19 during the pandemic spike. To the researchers'' knowledge, this is the first study to investigate COVID-19 KAP, and associated sociodemographic characteristics among the general population of the KSA. Respondents adopted good and safe practices, as a result of Saudi Arabia''s health authorities providing education and outreach materials, to increase public understating of the disease, and influence behavioral change. Attitude and Practice (KAP) Study about Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) among Population in Saudi Arabia doi = 10.3389/fpubh.2020.00217 id = cord-256589-45g5cvwt author = Al-Khani, A. M. title = The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic course in Saudi Arabia: A dynamic epidemiological model date = 2020-06-02 keywords = Arabia; Saudi summary = Objective: Saudi Arabia ranks second in the number of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) cases in the Eastern Mediterranean region. A susceptible-exposed-infectious-recovered (SEIR) prediction model was constructed to predict the trend in COVID-19 in Saudi Arabia in the next 6 months. We name our prediction model KSA-CoV-19, and with it, aim to find the following: 1) the anticipated epidemic curve of SARS-CoV-2 in Saudi Arabia, 2) the peak, the end, and the number of COVID-19 cases associated with the curve, and 3) the timing of upcoming Hajj 2020 (July 28 th -August 2 nd ) in relation to the anticipated epidemic curve. . https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.06.01.20119800 doi: medRxiv preprint Finally, we generated a model that simulated the natural course or "free fall" of the SARS-CoV-2 virus in Saudi Arabia. In this paper, we generated four different models that provided an estimation for the COVID-19 course in Saudi Arabia. doi = 10.1101/2020.06.01.20119800 id = cord-261524-nqukwoqz author = Al-Mohaithef, Mohammed title = Evaluation of Public Health Education and Workforce Needs in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia date = 2020-03-17 keywords = KSA; Saudi; health; public summary = The quantitative data obtained in second phase showed the faculty member''s perspective about public health courses with sub-specialty needed to be set up in educational institutions to create competent workforce in public health were epidemiology (70.7%), environmental health (58.5%), public health education and promotion (56.1%), food safety (53.7%) and infection control (53.7%) should ( Table 3) . The students showed interest in perceiving the public health in sub-specialty epidemiology (38.5%), public health education and promotion (36.5%) and infection control (35.5%) and this finding shows availability of competent workforce in future (Table 4 ). This assessment of the educational needs of local public health organizations is an important step toward development of appropriate programs at the academic level to improve core competencies for public health professionals. Therefore, approximately 92.7% of Health Science faculty members and 97.5% of students had the opinion that there is a need to establish educational programs in Saudi Universities related to Public Health. doi = 10.2991/jegh.k.191123.001 id = cord-348278-is20odaq author = Al-Tawfiq, Jaffar A. title = Drivers of MERS-CoV transmission: what do we know? date = 2016-02-29 keywords = Arabia; MERS; Saudi summary = Middle East Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) emerged in 2012 has since resulted in sporadic cases, intra-familial transmission and major outbreaks in healthcare settings. Middle eastern respiratory syndrome corona virus (MERS CoV): case reports from a tertiary care hospital in Saudi Arabia Epidemiological, demographic, and clinical characteristics of 47 cases of middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus disease from Saudi Arabia: a descriptive study Clinical aspects and outcomes of 70 patients with middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection: a single-center experience in Saudi Arabia Middle east respiratory syndrome-coronavirus (MERS-CoV): a case-control study of hospitalized patients Dromedary camels and the transmission of middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) Middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus quasispecies that include homologues of human isolates revealed through whole-genome analysis and virus cultured from dromedary camels in Saudi Arabia Health-care associate transmission of middle east respiratory syndrome corona virus, MERS-CoV, in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia doi = 10.1586/17476348.2016.1150784 id = cord-255339-oudj079q author = Al-Tayib, Omar A. title = An Overview of the Most Significant Zoonotic Viral Pathogens Transmitted from Animal to Human in Saudi Arabia date = 2019-02-22 keywords = Arabia; Hajj; Jeddah; MERS; Rift; Saudi; Valley; virus summary = The most important zoonotic viral diseases of which eight were diagnosed (in dead or diseased animals or through antibody detection) on the Arabian Peninsula over the last years include rabies, Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS-CoV), influenza virus (IFV), Alkhurma hemorrhagic fever, Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF), Rift Valley fever (RVF), West Nile fever (WNV), and dengue fever virus. The same WHO epidemiological data suggest that in these 22 countries including Saudi Arabia, in recent years, there has been report of steadily increasing number of sporadic human cases, incidence, and outbreaks of the virus [122] . Surprisingly, the current review showed that during an outbreak, each of these eight most zoonotic viruses (rabies, MERS-CoV, influenza, AHFV, CCHFV, RVFV, DHFV, and WNV) which occurred and/or cases confirmed in Saudi Arabia particularly from (Jeddah and/or Makkah) areas with at least one or all of these eight zoonotic viral pathogenic diseases [33, 44, 46, 78, [96] [97] [98] [99] 121, 130, 156, 171] . doi = 10.3390/pathogens8010025 id = cord-289921-2x6011gr author = Aldarhami, Abdu title = Public Perceptions and Commitment to Social Distancing “Staying-at-Home” During COVID-19 Pandemic: A National Survey in Saudi Arabia date = 2020-09-22 keywords = Arabia; COVID-19; saudi summary = OBJECTIVE: Social distancing measures, such as stay-at-home, are currently implemented to control the COVID-19 pandemic in many countries, including Saudi Arabia. Hence, the aim of the current study was to evaluate the awareness and practices of the Saudi population in relation to social distancing (stay-at-home). A cross-sectional, observational study was conducted to evaluate the overall awareness and adherence of the Saudi population to social distancing to control the spread of COVID-19. 7 Therefore, this study was conducted to analyse the knowledge and practices of the population in KSA in relation to staying at home as a preventive measure for containing the COVID-19 pandemic. The responses indicated a high level of awareness among the Saudi population, with the majority of the participants (94%) expressing the view that everyone should practice social distancing. doi = 10.2147/ijgm.s269716 id = cord-320928-flsaa1wx author = Aldohyan, Meshal title = The perceived effectiveness of MERS-CoV educational programs and knowledge transfer among primary healthcare workers: a cross-sectional survey date = 2019-03-21 keywords = Arabia; MERS; Saudi; knowledge summary = This study evaluated the perceived effectiveness of MERS-CoV educational programs and knowledge transfer among primary care HCWs at a hospital in Saudi Arabia that witnessed the largest outbreak of confirmed MERS-CoV cases in this country. CONCLUSIONS: A negative perception of the effectiveness of MERS-CoV knowledge transfer was associated with poorer knowledge and was more prevalent among male HCWs, physicians/pharmacists and less experienced HCWs. Hospitals should always refer to efficient knowledge sharing and educational strategies that render beneficial outcomes to patients, HCWs, and the public community. Therefore, there was an emerging need to evaluate the perceived effectiveness of MERS-CoV educational programs and knowledge transfer from the HCW''s perspective, in a setting that witnessed the largest outbreak of confirmed MERS-CoV cases in Saudi Arabia. This explains why HCWs with less work experience (< 5 years) had significantly more negative perceptions of knowledge transfer and the perceived effectiveness of MERS-CoV educational programs. doi = 10.1186/s12879-019-3898-2 id = cord-299519-hfgmmuy6 author = Alenazi, Thamer H. title = Severe Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) Pneumonia date = 2019-10-26 keywords = East; MERS; Middle; Saudi summary = A febrile acute respiratory illness with clinical, radiological, or histopathological evidence of pulmonary parenchymal disease (e.g. pneumonia or Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome) that cannot be explained fully by any other etiology AND The person resides or traveled in the Middle East, or in countries where MERS-CoV is known to be circulating in dromedary camels or where human infections have recently occurred AND Testing for MERS-CoV is inconclusive. Ribavirin and interferon therapy in patients infected with the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus: An observational study Epidemiological, demographic, and clinical characteristics of 47 cases of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus disease from Saudi Arabia: A descriptive study Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection during pregnancy: A report of 5 cases from Saudi Arabia An observational, laboratory-based study of outbreaks of middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus in Jeddah and Riyadh, kingdom of Saudi Arabia Ribavirin and interferon alfa-2a for severe Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection: A retrospective cohort study doi = 10.1016/b978-0-12-801238-3.11488-6 id = cord-351057-xrv3k1fo author = Alenazi, Thamer H. title = Prevalence and predictors of anxiety among healthcare workers in Saudi Arabia during the COVID-19 pandemic date = 2020-10-05 keywords = COVID-19; Saudi; anxiety summary = In a review of 14 studies of the psychological burden of COVID-19 pandemic on medical and non-medical hospital staff, significant stress and anxiety symptoms were reported by the surveyed staff [11] . Our study aimed to explore the prevalence of anxiety and the main predictors for high anxiety levels among HCWs in Saudi Arabia during the current COVID-19 pandemic. This study surveyed a large sample of HCWs working in Saudi Arabia during the COVID-19 pandemic and evaluated their level of anxiety during this time. Organizational factors that were related to increased anxiety levels were lack of regular communication and updates from the organization, insufficient and unsatisfactory quality of information about COVID-19, lack of access to COVID-19 testing for the staff, and lack of a crisis management plan; These findings are consistent with other studies looking at the impact of COVID-19 on the mental health of HCWs [16, 17] . doi = 10.1016/j.jiph.2020.09.001 id = cord-264378-69mf7wi7 author = Alghamdi, Saleh title = Barriers to implementing antimicrobial stewardship programmes in three Saudi hospitals: Evidence from a qualitative study date = 2019-02-20 keywords = ASP; Arabia; saudi summary = OBJECTIVES: This study explored antimicrobial stewardship programme (ASP) team members'' perspectives regarding factors influencing the adoption and implementation of these programmes in Saudi hospitals. METHODS: This was a qualitative study based on face-to-face semistructured interviews with healthcare professionals involved in ASPs and activities across three Ministry of Health (MoH) hospitals in Saudi Arabia (n = 18). ASP team members highlight that lack of enforcement of policies and guidelines from the MoH and hospital administration is a significant barrier to ASP adoption and implementation. Second, healthcare organisation-related barriers such as lack of management support, disintegration, poor communication, lack of recruitment/shortage of ASP team members, lack of education and training, and lack of health information technology (IT). This is critical as the lack of top management support and commitment have been identified as significant barriers to ASP adoption and implementation in Saudi MoH hospitals (T3 Q4-5). doi = 10.1016/j.jgar.2019.01.031 id = cord-302863-9e5ajbgq author = Alhabdan, Yazeed Abdullah title = Prevalence of dental caries and associated factors among primary school children: a population-based cross-sectional study in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia date = 2018-11-30 keywords = Arabia; Saudi; child; dental summary = Our study was aimed at estimating the prevalence of dental caries and identifying key associated factors in four major risk domains, including socioeconomic factors, child oral health behavior and practices, child feeding practices, and dietary habits among primary school children in Saudi Arabia. This study aimed at estimating the prevalence of dental caries in primary teeth and identifying key associated factors in 6-8-year-old school children in Riyadh city of Saudi Arabia would contribute towards the knowledge of dental caries by enriching the baseline data and determining population-specific risk factors of such a highly prevalent and preventable condition. Our analysis is the first in Saudi Arabia to comprehensively evaluate and prioritize factors encompassing all four major risk domains for dental caries, including parental socioeconomic status, children oral health behavior and practices, child feeding practices, and dietary habits. doi = 10.1186/s12199-018-0750-z id = cord-318410-fznw4bbq author = Alhazmi, Amani title = Knowledge, attitudes and practices among people in Saudi Arabia regarding COVID-19: A cross-sectional study date = 2020-09-18 keywords = Arabia; COVID-19; Saudi summary = title: Knowledge, attitudes and practices among people in Saudi Arabia regarding COVID-19: A cross-sectional study This study assessed the knowledge, attitude, and practices of public residents towards corona virus disease-2019 preventive measures in Saudi Arabia. Conclusions: This study showed satisfactory knowledge, attitude, and practice towards corona virus disease-2019 in Saudi Arabia. This survey aimed to study the knowledge, attitude, and practices of the participants towards COVID-19 preventive and precautionary measures in relation to containment of the pandemic in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia by determining the participants'' socio-demographic characteristics, measuring participants'' knowledge about major facts concerning the virus, determining participants'' practices to prevent the spread of the infection, and measuring the response rate and participants'' level of adherence to MOH preventive and precaution measures. Knowledge, attitude and practice toward COVID-19 among the public in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: A cross-sectional study doi = 10.4081/jphr.2020.1867 id = cord-266441-sd117tzs author = Almutrafi, Amna title = The Epidemiology of Primary Central Nervous System Tumors at the National Neurologic Institute in Saudi Arabia: A Ten-Year Single-Institution Study date = 2020-02-15 keywords = CNS; Saudi summary = OBJECTIVES: This study is aimed at describing the epidemiological trends of primary CNS tumors in children and adults at the National Neurologic Institute in Saudi Arabia. The worldwide incidence age-standardized rates (ASR) of brain and nervous system cancer in high/very-high HDI (Human Development Index) regions versus low/medium HDI regions was 5.0 and 2.4 for men and 4.0 and 1.7 for women (Saudi Arabia is classified as very-high HDI according to the United Nations Development Program 4-tier system), respectively. Medulloblastomas were the most commonly reported histology type in the pediatric age group followed by low5 Journal of Cancer Epidemiology grade gliomas with a predominance of pilocytic astrocytoma. This study contains the largest institution-based ICD-O and WHO-classified epidemiological analysis of malignant and nonmalignant primary brain tumors in Saudi Arabia in adult and pediatric groups. With regard to a single tumor entity, meningioma was the most common primary brain tumor in adults while in the pediatric age group, medulloblastoma was the leading histology. doi = 10.1155/2020/1429615 id = cord-337060-jkzbyqtm author = Alqurshi, Abdulmalik title = Investigating the impact of COVID-19 lockdown on pharmaceutical education in Saudi Arabia – A call for a remote teaching contingency strategy date = 2020-08-03 keywords = Arabia; COVID-19; Saudi; student summary = METHODS: Two cross-sectional Likert-scale based questionnaires targeted at students and teachers separately, designed to explore stakeholders'' satisfaction in three areas of emergency distance teaching/learning: The use of virtual classrooms, completion of course learning outcomes (CLOs) and assessment via alternative methods during the COVID-19 lockdown period. Diverging stacked bar chart to show results from a 5-point Likert-scale student-targeted questionnaire to measure student level of agreement with several statements in 3 categories concerned with the educational process during COVID-19 lockdown, these included: Virtual classrooms, Completion of CLOs and Alternative assessment methods (n = 363). Diverging stacked bar chart to show results from a 5-point Likert-scale teacher-targeted questionnaire to measure teachers'' level of agreement with several statements in 3 main categories concerned with the educational process during COVID-19 lockdown, these included: Virtual classrooms, Course learning outcomes (CLOs) and Alternative assessment methods (n = 74). doi = 10.1016/j.jsps.2020.07.008 id = cord-268779-qbn3i2nq author = Alrasheed, Hend title = COVID-19 Spread in Saudi Arabia: Modeling, Simulation and Analysis date = 2020-10-23 keywords = Arabia; Saudi; covid-19; model summary = In this work, we propose a simulation model for the spread of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Saudi Arabia using a network-based epidemic model. The proposed model was used to evaluate the effectiveness of the control measures employed by the Saudi government, to predict the future dynamics of the disease in Saudi Arabia according to different scenarios, and to investigate multiple vaccination strategies. We aimed to match the model simulations with empirical data and then used the model to evaluate the effectiveness of the control measures employed by the Saudi government, to predict the future dynamics of the disease in Saudi Arabia according to different scenarios, and to predict the percentage of individuals that must be vaccinated to stop the outbreak (when a vaccine becomes available). Volz [35] modeled SIR dynamics on a static random network, which represents the population structure of susceptible and infected individuals and their contact patterns with an arbitrary degree distribution. doi = 10.3390/ijerph17217744 id = cord-288409-idq780jb author = Alsahafi, Abdullah J. title = Knowledge, Attitudes and Behaviours of Healthcare Workers in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia to MERS Coronavirus and Other Emerging Infectious Diseases date = 2016-12-06 keywords = MERS; Saudi summary = title: Knowledge, Attitudes and Behaviours of Healthcare Workers in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia to MERS Coronavirus and Other Emerging Infectious Diseases Objectives: The aim of this survey was to assess the knowledge, attitudes, infection control practices and educational needs of HCWs in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia to MERS coronavirus and other emerging infectious diseases. The majority of respondents believed that patients with MERS-CoV and other emerging infectious diseases should be managed in specialised centres, but a significant proportion also agreed that general hospitals also had a role in managing such patients. A high proportion of respondents agreed that emergency department overcrowding, poor hand hygiene and mask use contributed to the risk of HCW being infected with MERS-CoV. This study also showed significant proportion with personal experience of MERS-CoV either as HCW at institutions caring for cases or being investigated for possible infection following contact with cases [10] . doi = 10.3390/ijerph13121214 id = cord-003629-xogzl1lv author = Alsuheel, Ali Mohammed title = Human metapneumovirus in Pediatric Patients with Acute Respiratory Tract Infections in the Aseer Region of Saudi Arabia date = 2019-04-12 keywords = Arabia; Human; Saudi summary = title: Human metapneumovirus in Pediatric Patients with Acute Respiratory Tract Infections in the Aseer Region of Saudi Arabia OBJECTIVES: The objective of this study is to determine the presence of hMPV antigens in the nasopharyngeal secretions of pediatric patients hospitalized with respiratory tract infections in the Aseer region of Saudi Arabia. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This prospective, serological hospital-based study included all pediatric patients who were admitted to Aseer Central Hospital, Abha, Saudi Arabia, from July 2016 to November 2017 with upper and/or lower respiratory tract infections. CONCLUSIONS: The results obtained indicated that hMPV is a potential etiologic factor for the commonly occurring acute respiratory infections in hospitalized children from the Aseer region of Saudi Arabia. This prospective, serological study included pediatric patients who were admitted to Aseer Central Hospital, Abha, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, from July 2016 to November 2017 with upper and/or lower respiratory tract infections. doi = 10.4103/sjmms.sjmms_72_18 id = cord-351685-n70tkf38 author = Altamimi, Asmaa title = Demographic Variations of MERS-CoV Infection among Suspected and Confirmed Cases: An Epidemiological Analysis of Laboratory-Based Data from Riyadh Regional Laboratory date = 2020-02-19 keywords = East; MERS; Saudi summary = title: Demographic Variations of MERS-CoV Infection among Suspected and Confirmed Cases: An Epidemiological Analysis of Laboratory-Based Data from Riyadh Regional Laboratory METHODS: It was a surveillance system-based study, for which data from a total of 23,646 suspected patients in Riyadh and Al Qassim regions were analyzed from January 2017 until December 2017 to estimate the prevalence of MERS-CoV among suspected cases and to determine potential demographic risk factors related to the confirmation of the diagnosis. During the study period, i.e., the year 2017, only 119 confirmed cases were reported, which means that the number of MERS-CoV infection cases has decreased in Riyadh and Al-Qassim regions in comparison to that of the last three years. Epidemiological, demographic, and clinical characteristics of 47 cases of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus disease from Saudi Arabia: a descriptive study doi = 10.1155/2020/9629747 id = cord-032513-uf4i46x9 author = Altuwaijri, Fahad S. title = Investigating Agile Adoption in Saudi Arabian Mobile Application Development date = 2020-08-18 keywords = Arabia; Saudi summary = Therefore, the purpose of this PhD is to investigate the factors that have a significant impact on agile adoption in mobile app development by small and medium-size software organisations in Saudi Arabia. The aim of this PhD research is to investigate the factors influencing agile adoption in mobile application development sector in Saudi Arabia. This research aims to investigate the key factors that can either support or hinder agile adoption in mobile app development by software organisations in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Therefore, this research will investigate the factors identified in previous studies to determine whether they can be considered as the main aspects affecting the adoption of agile in Saudi mobile app development. This cycle aims to conduct in-depth investigation to obtain a deep insight into the key factors that may influence agile adoption in Saudi mobile app development and the tools and techniques used. doi = 10.1007/978-3-030-58858-8_27 id = cord-281068-bigb9890 author = Alumran, Arwa title = Role of Precautionary Measures in Containing the Natural Course of Novel Coronavirus Disease date = 2020-07-16 keywords = COVID-19; Saudi summary = CONCLUSION: Precautionary measures adopted by the Saudi Arabian health authorities were evidently effective in controlling the spread and further burden of COVID-19. Since then, several precautionary measures have been implemented by the Saudi Arabian health authorities to prevent the anticipated spread of the disease based on international forecasts about the spread of COVID-19 in different countries globally. Once the first case of COVID-19 was confirmed in Saudi Arabia, the health authorities implemented strict precautionary measures to combat the outbreak. This study is an attempt by the author to assess the impact of precautionary measures to contain the COVID-19 outbreak, thus reducing the mortality rates in Saudi Arabia. To the author''s knowledge, this is the first study to assess the impact of precautionary measures in Saudi Arabia on combating a pandemic. 13 Country lockdown is one of the extreme measures adopted by the Saudi Arabian health DovePress authorities to control the spread of the disease. doi = 10.2147/jmdh.s261643 id = cord-343168-gphud9yx author = Alyami, H. S. title = Depression and anxiety during 2019 coronavirus disease pandemic in Saudi Arabia: a cross-sectional study date = 2020-05-15 keywords = Arabia; Saudi; covid-19 summary = title: Depression and anxiety during 2019 coronavirus disease pandemic in Saudi Arabia: a cross-sectional study A cross-sectional study using an online survey was conducted in Saudi Arabia between March 27 th and April 27 th , 2020, to explore depression and anxiety among the general population during the COVID-19 pandemic. Previously validated assessment scales, the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ)-9, and Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7-item (GAD-7) were used to assess depression and anxiety among the study participants. The prevalence rate of moderate-to-severe depression symptoms in this study seems to be considerably higher than that of those reported by the Chinese study that included 1210 respondents during the COVID-19 outbreak (16.5%) whereas comparable rates for anxiety were noted (28.8%) [3] . Further, the study of Wang et al (2020) revealed that the female gender was significantly associated with a greater psychological impact of the COVID-19 outbreak and had higher levels of stress, anxiety, and depression (p < 0.05) (3) . doi = 10.1101/2020.05.09.20096677 id = cord-356314-mhkhey2w author = Alyami, Mohammad H. title = Epidemiology of COVID-19 in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: An Ecological Study date = 2020-09-17 keywords = COVID-19; KSA; Saudi summary = The Saudi Ministry of Health provided detailed data on the incidence of COVID-19 in the Kingdom daily, with the following details: (a) the number of newly confirmed cases, (b) number of active cases, (c) number of critical cases, (d) percentage of cases stratified by age group [adults, children, and elderly] (available from 2 May until 25 May), and (e) percentage of cases stratified by gender (available from 2 May until 25 May). The key findings were: (1) the epidemiological status in KSA reached a steady level after 2 months from the beginning of the pandemic, due to the implementation of successful healthcare and treatment protocols, (2) the international travel restrictions and household quarantine were effective ways to control the epidemic of COVID-19 the KSA, (3) the rates of critical cases and mortality in KSA are at a low level, due to the younger population in Saudi Arabia compared to European and Asian countries, and the effective control measures taken by the government, and (4) in the KSA, COVID-19 was more common among adults and males compared to other demographic groups. doi = 10.3389/fpubh.2020.00506 id = cord-271681-jmoyy8rb author = Assiri, Abdullah M. title = Epidemiology of a Novel Recombinant Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus in Humans in Saudi Arabia date = 2016-06-14 keywords = Arabia; East; MERS; Saudi summary = To assess the epidemiologic and clinical features of the disease, we investigated all cases reported by the Saudi Arabia Ministry of Health (MoH) during January-June 2015, and we attempted genetic sequencing on all available specimens. At the time of this investigation, reporting in Saudi Arabia was required for all patients with clinical or radiologic evidence of MERS-CoV infection and a positive real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR) test result [21] . Genome analysis of human MERS-CoV strains from Saudi Arabia in 2015 and the recent outbreak in South Korea/China [31] [32] [33] and camels as noted above [35, 36] revealed a probable signature recombination event between 2 different parental clade B viruses involving a region of the ORF1ab and spike genes. Most cases identified in Saudi Arabia in February had documented exposure to healthcare facilities, a well-demonstrated risk factor for MERS-CoV infection [10] [11] [12] . doi = 10.1093/infdis/jiw236 id = cord-312904-875s0md1 author = Badreldin, Hisham A. title = Pharmacists Roles and Responsibilities During Epidemics and Pandemics in Saudi Arabia: An Opinion Paper from the Saudi Society of Clinical Pharmacy date = 2020-07-07 keywords = Saudi; pharmacist summary = Based on the existing scientific knowledge during this outbreak, the SSCP established an expert writing task force to conceptualize and draft the proposed recommendations that highlights the roles and responsibilities of pharmacists during epidemics and pandemics. These recommendations aim to provide the pharmacy profession community with several insights regarding the pharmacist''s roles and responsibilities in the community, supply chain, and healthcare settings based on existing scientific knowledge during this outbreak. Recommendation 1: We urge the Saudi Center for Disease Prevention and Control (CDC) and the Ministry of Health (MoH) to continue to utilize pharmacists'' expertise in prevention and treatment during epidemic and pandemic situations. Pharmacists can play an integral role in providing patient-focused services such as developing comprehensive care plans, therapeutic drug monitoring, and provide evidence-based recommendations. Recommendation 3: Pharmacists should take a proactive role in the development, implementation, and adherence to institutional and national guidelines related to the emerging outbreak such as COVID-19. doi = 10.1016/j.jsps.2020.07.002 id = cord-329275-cd71wttk author = Benkouiten, Samir title = Respiratory Viruses and Bacteria among Pilgrims during the 2013 Hajj date = 2014-11-17 keywords = Arabia; Saudi; hajj summary = Nasal swab samples were independently tested as described (5) for influenza virus A/H3N2 (16), influenza B virus (16), influenza C virus (17) , and A(H1N1)pdm09 virus (18) ; human adenovirus (19) ; human bocavirus (20) , human cytomegalovirus (21) ; human coronaviruses (HCoVs); human enterovirus (22) ; human metapneumovirus (23); human parainfluenza viruses (HPIVs); human parechovirus (24); human respiratory syncytial virus (25) ; and human rhinovirus (HRV) (26) by using real-time reverse transcription PCRs. HCoVs and human HPIVs were detected by using an HCoV/HPIV R-Gene Kit (Argene/bioMérieux, Marcy l''Etoile, France) (27) . Of 19 participants whose post-Hajj specimens were positive for HRV, 17 (89.5%) had acquired the infection during their stay in Saudi Arabia (Figure 1 ). Of 50 participants whose post-Hajj specimens were positive for ≥1 respiratory virus, 43 (86.0%) reported ≥1 respiratory symptom during their stay in Saudi Arabia, of whom 37 (86.0%) still had respiratory symptoms at the time of sampling. Also, of 79 participants whose post-Hajj specimens were negative for respiratory viruses, 74 (93.7%) reported ≥1 respiratory symptom during their stay Saudi Arabia, of whom 53 (71.6%) still had respiratory symptoms at the time of sampling. doi = 10.3201/eid2011.140600 id = cord-309081-v098m4dc author = Bin Saeed, Abdulaziz A. title = Surveillance and Testing for Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus, Saudi Arabia, April 2015–February 2016 date = 2017-04-17 keywords = MERS; Saudi summary = title: Surveillance and Testing for Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus, Saudi Arabia, April 2015–February 2016 Saudi Arabia has reported >80% of the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) cases worldwide. During April 2015–February 2016, Saudi Arabia identified and tested 57,363 persons (18.4/10,000 residents) with suspected MERS-CoV infection; 384 (0.7%) tested positive. In Saudi Arabia, persons who should be tested for MERS-CoV include suspect case-patients who meet at least 1 of 4 case definition categories (online Technical Appendix Table, https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/EID/article/23/4/16-1793-Techapp1. In addition to suspected cases, testing is recommended for close contacts of persons with confirmed MERS-CoV infection, regardless of symptoms, and can also be requested at the discretion of an infectious disease consultant. Since March 7, 2015, official reporting of cases referred for MERS-CoV testing in Saudi Arabia has exclusively been documented through the Health Electronic Surveillance Network (HESN). Confirmed MERS case-patients represented <1% of all tested persons in Saudi Arabia. doi = 10.3201/eid2304.161793 id = cord-252883-1ub01j2x author = Bleibtreu, A. title = Focus on Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) date = 2019-11-11 keywords = Arabia; East; MERS; Middle; Saudi summary = Since the first case of human infection by the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) in Saudi Arabia in June 2012, more than 2260 cases of confirmed MERS-CoV infection and 803 related deaths have been reported since the 16th of October 2018. The first case of infection attributed to Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) was detected in Saudi Arabia in June 2012 [1] . Despite these viruses being identified in several reports as causing lower respiratory tract infections, it was generally accepted that coronaviruses were of low pathogenicity until the emergence of SARS-CoV (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus) in 2002, a virus with a fatality rate estimated at 10%. Very shortly afterwards, in September 2012, a second patient was admitted to hospital in the United Kingdom for severe respiratory infection related to a novel coronavirus following travel to the Middle East. Clinical features and viral diagnosis of two cases of infection with Middle East Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus: a report of nosocomial transmission doi = 10.1016/j.medmal.2019.10.004 id = cord-319358-1bqzf7zw author = Cheema, Ejaz title = Assessing the impact of structured education on the knowledge of hospital pharmacists about adverse drug reactions and reporting methods in Saudi Arabia: an open-label randomised controlled trial date = 2019-03-27 keywords = Arabia; Saudi summary = title: Assessing the impact of structured education on the knowledge of hospital pharmacists about adverse drug reactions and reporting methods in Saudi Arabia: an open-label randomised controlled trial OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to assess the impact of educational intervention on the knowledge of hospital pharmacists about ADRs. METHODS: This was a 3-month randomized controlled trial conducted in Saudi Arabia between January 2018 and March 2018. Given the poor knowledge of healthcare professionals about ADRs and its impact on ADR reporting, this study aims to assess the impact of structured education on the knowledge of hospital pharmacists about ADRs and their reporting methods in Saudi Arabia. At the 12-week follow-up, there was a significant improvement in the percentage of participants who were familiar with the types of ADRs that should be reported in adults (section 2 of the questionnaire in supplementary material) in the intervention group (from 0 at baseline to 28%; 95% CI 6.6-51.0; p = 0.008). doi = 10.1007/s40267-019-00621-z id = cord-316566-5iqtj3db author = Elachola, Habida title = Oil prices, climate change—health challenges in Saudi Arabia date = 2016-01-27 keywords = Arabia; Saudi summary = 12, 13 In high-income countries, some health indices showed counter-cyclical eff ects with economic contractions (eg, increases in suicides, depression, and anxiety disorders and worsening reproductive health outcomes). If Saudi Arabia maintains increased relief spending on child health, improvements in access to nutrition and health, and strong infectious diseases control then these approaches can also help reduce mortality. Since Saudi Arabia''s sociodemographic and geopolitical foundation is diff erent from that of the case studies available thus far, it is diffi cult to predict potential health eff ects of the present economic recession and newly proposed health-sector reforms. 3 The expatriate workforce of Saudi Arabia, which accounts for 56% of the total population and about 86% of the private sector workforce, are not covered by the government health-care system. 14 Despite free health care, Saudi Arabia''s shortcomings are in the control of non-communicable diseases and mitigation of risk factors for disease. The eff ect of economic recession on population health doi = 10.1016/s0140-6736(16)00203-8 id = cord-314357-u1m7yr8f author = Elrggal, Mahmoud E. title = Evaluation of preparedness of healthcare student volunteers against Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) in Makkah, Saudi Arabia: a cross-sectional study date = 2018-04-14 keywords = MERS; Saudi summary = title: Evaluation of preparedness of healthcare student volunteers against Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) in Makkah, Saudi Arabia: a cross-sectional study AIM: To assess the knowledge and attitude of senior medical, dental, nursing and pharmacy students toward Middle East respiratory syndrome-corona virus (MERS-CoV) in Saudi Arabia. An ANOVA test was used to determine the association of study discipline and academic year with the student knowledge score on MERS. Since its first detection in Saudi Arabia in 2012, Middle East respiratory syndrome-corona virus (MERS-CoV) has become a major health problem (Bermingham et al. This study therefore aims to assess the knowledge and attitude of senior medical, dental, nursing and pharmacy students toward MERS in Makkah, Saudi Arabia. Section 2 comprised nine items and was designed to evaluate students'' in-depth knowledge about MERS including causes, sources of transmission, mortality, clinical manifestations, prevention strategies and risk groups for MERS. doi = 10.1007/s10389-018-0917-5 id = cord-340104-6n0sn5lk author = Fagbo, Shamsudeen F. title = Acute viral respiratory infections among children in MERS‐endemic Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, 2012–2013 date = 2016-07-29 keywords = Arabia; Saudi; respiratory summary = This large study population determined the burden of respiratory viruses associated with ARI in children over a 2-year period a multiplex molecular testing platform. With over 60% of 2235 children testing positive for respiratory viruses, more infections were detected than previous studies [Akhter et al., 2009; Al Hajjar et al., 2011; Alanazi et al., 2013; Bukhari and Elhazmi, 2013] . This high rate was significantly different from that obtained in the present 2-year study (23% detection for RSV in children positive for respiratory viruses), as well as others [Alanazi et al., 2013; Amer et al., 2015] . Viruses associated with respiratory tract infections in children attending to the emergency room, king abdulaziz medical city, riyadh, Saudi Arabia Viral agents causing acute lower respiratory tract infections in hospitalized children at a tertiary care center in Saudi Arabia doi = 10.1002/jmv.24632 id = cord-267090-jc1k3fki author = Gardner, Emma G. title = A case-crossover analysis of the impact of weather on primary cases of Middle East respiratory syndrome date = 2019-02-04 keywords = Arabia; MERS; Saudi summary = METHODS: A case-crossover design was used to identify associations between primary MERS cases and preceding weather conditions within the 2-week incubation period in Saudi Arabia using univariable conditional logistic regression. Data from meteorological stations closest to the largest city in each province were used to calculate the daily mean, minimum, and maximum temperature ((ο)C), relative humidity (%), wind speed (m/s), and visibility (m). Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS--CoV) is an emerging zoonotic agent that was first isolated in 2012 from a patient hospitalized in Saudi Arabia [1] , and has since infected over 2200 people with a 36% case fatality ratio [2] . By comparing weather conditions immediately before MERS cases to weather conditions at other times, this study aimed to identify environmental factors that are associated with primary human MERS in Saudi Arabia. The risk of primary human cases of MERS was associated with a decrease in temperature and humidity, and an increase in ground visibility. doi = 10.1186/s12879-019-3729-5 id = cord-265363-xw56intn author = Gautret, P. title = Incidence of Hajj-associated febrile cough episodes among French pilgrims: a prospective cohort study on the influence of statin use and risk factors date = 2014-12-12 keywords = Hajj; Saudi; cough summary = A prospective epidemiological study was conducted to evaluate the incidence of febrile cough episodes among adult Muslims travelling from Marseille to Saudi Arabia during the Hajj pilgrimage and to assess if use of statin had an influence on this incidence. This result suggests that while treatment with a statin has been demonstrated to reduce the mortality from severe sepsis associated with respiratory tract infections, it probably does not play a role in the outcome of regular febrile cough episodes as observed in the cohort studied here. The pre-travel questionnaire included demographic factors (age, gender, location of residence), indicators of immigration status (country of birth and duration of stay in France), socio-economic indicators (level of education, employment, type of housing, rooms per person and household, complementary health insurance modalities), health status indicators (diabetes, hypertension, chronic respiratory diseases, statin use, vaccination coverage against influenza) and number of previous travels to Saudi Arabia. doi = 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2009.02816.x id = cord-356048-nku844kt author = Hoang, Van-Thuan title = Infectious Diseases and Mass Gatherings date = 2018-08-28 keywords = Arabia; Hajj; Saudi; pilgrim summary = RECENT FINDINGS: In the context of Hajj, one of the largest religious MGs at Mecca, Saudi Arabia, respiratory tract infections are the leading cause of infectious diseases in pilgrims with a prevalence of 50–93%. In this review, we summarize recent findings in the field of infectious diseases associated with international MGs. The Hajj (Table 1) The Hajj, an annual Muslim pilgrimage to Mecca, Saudi Arabia, is one of the largest religious MGs in the world with about two million pilgrims from 185 countries [4] . The predominance of bacterial pathogens in Hajj-related gastrointestinal infections poses a major risk to public health through the potential emergence and transmission of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria [53] . (Table 1) Although numerous gastrointestinal and respiratory outbreaks have been documented at large-scale open-air festivals, particularly music festivals, with thousands of participants, these events are probably neglected, in terms of public health attention, as well as surveillance and prevention of infectious disease strategies, compared to other categories of MGs [78] . doi = 10.1007/s11908-018-0650-9 id = cord-017009-j069q0l3 author = Khalafalla, Abdelmalik I. title = Emerging Infectious Diseases in Camelids date = 2016-10-13 keywords = Arabia; Saudi; camel summary = The most notable emerging viral infections in OWC include camelpox, Rift Valley fever (RVF), peste des petits ruminants (PPR), and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infection. Outbreaks have been reported in Asia (Bahrain, Iran, Iraq, Oman, Saudi Arabia, the UAE, Yemen, Syria, Afghanistan, southern parts of Russia and India, and Pakistan) and in Africa (Algeria, Egypt, Ethiopia, Kenya, Mauritania, Morocco, Niger, Somalia, and Sudan). The first conclusive evidence of zoonotic CMLV infection in humans, associated with outbreaks in dromedary camels, has been recently reported in India where three human cases of camelpox have been reported (Bera et al. In September of 2010, an RVF outbreak occurred in northern Mauritania involving mass abortions in small ruminants and camels (Camelus dromedarius) and at least 63 human clinical cases, including 13 deaths. Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection in dromedary camels in Saudi Arabia doi = 10.1007/978-3-319-47426-7_20 id = cord-261421-k1s5iy3u author = Khalafalla, Abdelmalik I. title = MERS-CoV in Upper Respiratory Tract and Lungs of Dromedary Camels, Saudi Arabia, 2013–2014 date = 2015-07-17 keywords = Arabia; MERS; Saudi summary = To assess the temporal dynamics of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infection in dromedary camels, specimens were collected at 1–2 month intervals from 2 independent groups of animals during April 2013–May 2014 in Al-Ahsa Province, Saudi Arabia, and tested for MERS-CoV RNA by reverse transcription PCR. Furthermore, MERS-CoV infection in dromedary camels was definitively proven by the detection of virus and virus sequences in respiratory specimens, feces, and milk collected from camels in Qatar (9, 13) , Oman (14) , Saudi Arabia (5, 15, 16) , and Egypt (17) . To address these limitations and to clarify the dynamics of MERS-CoV infection in these animals, we conducted a year-round study in which we collected a large number of specimens from the upper respiratory tracts of live dromedary camels and from the lungs of dromedary camel carcasses. Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection in dromedary camels in Saudi Arabia doi = 10.3201/eid2107.150070 id = cord-323898-054gv684 author = Khan, Anas A. title = Survival and Estimation of Direct Medical Costs of Hospitalized COVID-19 Patients in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (Short Title: COVID-19 Survival and Cost in Saudi Arabia) date = 2020-10-13 keywords = ICU; Saudi; covid-19 summary = Objectives: Assess the survival of hospitalized coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients across age groups, sex, use of mechanical ventilators (MVs), nationality, and intensive care unit (ICU) admission in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. This high reported rate of hospitalization among COVID-19 cases may exacerbate the cost burden of viral respiratory infections in a country that was deeply affected by the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) in 2012, and resulted in a huge financial burden with an estimated direct medical cost per patient of SAR 48,551.36 (United States dollars (USD) 12,947.03) [13] . In light of the high rate of hospitalization among COVID-19 patients in Saudi Arabia, there is a need to identify different sociodemographic (e.g., age, sex) and medical (e.g., mechanical ventilator (MMV) use, ICU admission) status that might increase mortality risk. doi = 10.3390/ijerph17207458 id = cord-291821-ovfqfurf author = Memish, Ziad A title = Emergence of medicine for mass gatherings: lessons from the Hajj date = 2011-12-19 keywords = Arabia; Hajj; Mecca; Saudi; health; pilgrim summary = Among all MGs, the public health issues, associated with the Hajj (an annual pilgrimage to Mecca, Saudi Arabia) is clearly the best reported—probably because of its international or even intercontinental implications in terms of the spread of infectious disease. Imperial organisations linked cholera morbus, a non-epidemic diarrhoea, to Hajj, allowing a public health industry to develop that used health concerns to control immigration, pilgrim passports, proof of suffi cient funds to allow return travel, maritime regulation, and vessel quarantine procedures. Effi cient reorganization of the pilgrimage in every direction is needed and should be facilitated by the governments of the large number of the countries involved." 34 By the early 20th century, non-Muslim European powers were heavily engaged in the management of the Hajj and would remain so until modern Saudi Arabia came into existence and acquired fi nancial independence through petrochemical wealth. doi = 10.1016/s1473-3099(11)70337-1 id = cord-331129-vwavivmo author = Mohsen Alsufyani, Abdulaziz title = Linking the Saudi Arabian 2030 Vision with Nursing Transformation in Saudi Arabia: Roadmap for Nursing Policies and Strategies date = 2020-10-14 keywords = Arabia; Saudi; nursing summary = This study presented a comprehensive plan for developing a policy based on current challenges, recognition of policy goals, assessment of potential options and alternatives, identification of stakeholders, proposition of recommended solutions, and implementation of the framework to transform nursing standards and link these changes with the Saudi Vision 2030. Globally, nurses have made important contributions to a range of health priorities including universal health coverage, mental and community health, emergency preparedness and response, patient safety, and the provision of comprehensive patient-centered care 1 However, Saudi Arabia has entered a new era of progress and prosperity after developing Vision 2030-a program that contributes a series of developments in the fields of health delivery systems, nursing, trade, education, communications, science, and technology. However, in juxtaposition with developed countries, Saudi Arabia faces extreme staffing shortages, socio-cultural challenges, paucity of international and national benchmark evidence, absence of clear and defined scope of nursing practice, and, most importantly, policies and regulations along with the ensuing repercussions on the quality of care being offered 6, 7 . doi = 10.1016/j.ijans.2020.100256 id = cord-263016-28znb322 author = Omrani, A.S. title = Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV): what lessons can we learn? date = 2015-08-22 keywords = East; MERS; Middle; Saudi summary = Infection prevention/control and management guidelines for patients with Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infection Infection prevention and control guidelines for patients with Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infection Revised interim case definition for reporting to WHO e Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) Revised interim case definition for reporting to WHO e Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) Investigation of cases of human infection with Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV); interim guidance updated 3 Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) in dromedary camels Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection in dromedary camels in Saudi Arabia Investigation of an imported case of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infection in doi = 10.1016/j.jhin.2015.08.002 id = cord-331228-wbd0s4fo author = Shehata, Mahmoud M. title = Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus: a comprehensive review date = 2016-01-20 keywords = Arabia; East; MERS; Middle; Saudi; respiratory summary = authors: Shehata, Mahmoud M.; Gomaa, Mokhtar R.; Ali, Mohamed A.; Kayali, Ghazi Role of the spike glycoprotein of human Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) in virus entry and syncytia formation Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV)-Saudi Arabia Epidemiological, demographic, and clinical characteristics of 47 cases of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus disease from Saudi Arabia: a descriptive study First cases of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infections in France, investigations and implications for the prevention of human-to-human transmission Clinical features and viral diagnosis of two cases of infection with Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus: a report of nosocomial transmission Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection in dromedary camels in Saudi Arabia doi = 10.1007/s11684-016-0430-6 id = cord-353354-34tqy9tb author = Sheshah, Eman title = Prevalence of Diabetes, Management and Outcomes among Covid-19 Adult Patients Admitted in a Specialized Tertiary Hospital in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia date = 2020-11-13 keywords = Arabia; Saudi; covid-19 summary = title: Prevalence of Diabetes, Management and Outcomes among Covid-19 Adult Patients Admitted in a Specialized Tertiary Hospital in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia This retrospective study aimed to characterize comorbidities and associated with mortality among hospitalized adults with Covid-19 managed as per the Saudi Ministry of Health protocol in a specialized tertiary hospital in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. The present retrospective study aims to determine the common comorbidities and risk factors that are associated with mortality among hospitalized patients admitted for Covid-19 and managed as per the Saudi MoH protocol for patients suspected of/confirmed with COVID-19 in a single specialized tertiary hospital in the capital Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Nonetheless, the high prevalence of T2DM and hypertension among hospitalized Covid-19 patients have already been observed not only in majority of industrialized countries with high cases of SARS-CoV2 infection, but have also been associated with higher risk for severe outcomes, including death [11] [12] [13] . doi = 10.1016/j.diabres.2020.108538 id = cord-301103-idu4j78a author = Sohrab, Sayed S. title = Genetic diversity of MERS-CoV spike protein gene in Saudi Arabia date = 2019-12-09 keywords = MERS; Saudi; Spike summary = The nucleotide and amino acid sequences of MERS-CoV Spike protein gene were used to analyze the recombination, genetic diversity and phylogenetic relationship with selected sequences from Saudi Arabia. Recently, in another study, total 530 nucleotides deletion was observed in Spike gene from serum samples collected from Taif, Saudi Arabia and a novel genetic variant of MERS-CoV was designated as a quasispecies [29] . Multiple substitutions of amino acids were observed in RBD, part of Spike gene from a bat sample collected from Uganda and the recombination in the S1 subunit of the Spike gene was observed and it was expected that this variation likely to play an important role in the emergence of MERS-CoV causing disease in human [30] . The detection of MERS-CoV in human and camel determining the genetic diversity among Spike gene will further help researchers as well as health authority to design and develop an effective disease management and control strategies in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. doi = 10.1016/j.jiph.2019.11.007 id = cord-201774-x5s32wdc author = Srivastava, Vishist title = Football and externalities: Using mathematical modelling to predict the changing fortunes of Newcastle United date = 2020-09-22 keywords = Newcastle; Saudi; team summary = It was with this Public Investment Fund that Saudi Arabia decided to buy out the football clubNewcastle United FCa mid-table club of the premier league. In this paper, we aim to forecast the investment levels and the subsequent improve in the league position of Newcastle United FC using the model of another premier league clubManchester City as the base. The Newcastle United Football Club is based around Tyne, Tyne and Wear in Newcastle with the British professional football team plays the highest flight of the Premier League for English football. Throughout the competition Newcastle was awarded four titles, six F.A. Cups and a community shield, including the 1969 inter-city fairs cup and the 2006 UEFA Intertoto Cup, a premier league club ''s 9th-highest award number won. Based on this deduction, we decided to use the statistics from City''s 2009/10 season to predict the performance of Newcastle United post their takeover on the basis of their similar past ranking and performance. doi = nan id = cord-265964-cnp5bwet author = Tumala, Regie B. title = Assessment of nursing students perceptions of their training hospital''s infection prevention climate: A multi-university study in Saudi Arabia date = 2019-10-31 keywords = Saudi; infection; prevention summary = title: Assessment of nursing students perceptions of their training hospital''s infection prevention climate: A multi-university study in Saudi Arabia However, despite nursing students'' understanding of HAIs and their clinical exposure toward disease prevention and patient safety (Mitchell et al., 2014) , a considerable body of evidence indicates that nursing students are constantly challenged to implement standard precautions because of their views in the infection prevention climate of their training hospitals (Cruz, 2018) . Although some studies showed that infection prevention was cautiously practiced by health care professionals in Saudi Arabia (Colet et al., 2018) , training hospitals'' infection prevention climate among nursing students is not well described. This study was part of a large quantitative, cross-sectional study investigating the Saudi nursing students'' standard precautions compliance, patient safety competence, and perceptions of their training hospitals'' infection prevention climate. This study assessed the nursing students'' perception of training hospital infection prevention climate in Saudi Arabia. doi = 10.1016/j.nedt.2019.07.003 id = cord-311654-ixn65hxb author = Zumla, Alimuddin title = COVID-19 and the scaled-down 2020 Hajj Pilgrimage - Decisive, logical and prudent decision making by Saudi authorities overcomes pre-Hajj public health concerns date = 2020-08-08 keywords = Hajj; Saudi summary = Apart from generic prevention and control issues of public health and lockdown measures to limit epidemic spread, specific issues of Mass Gathering (MG) sporting and religious events came under specific spotlight (Alzahrani et al, 2020; Baloch et al, 2020; McCloskey et al, 2020; . WHO with global MG partners, developed comprehensive key recommendations for COVID-19, and since end of February, 2020, there was a stepwise increase in cancellation, temporary suspension or postponement of international and national religious, sporting, musical, and other MGs, as countries worldwide took public health and other measures (WHO, 2020b; McCloskey et al, 2020; Petersen, McCloskey et al, 2020) . The successful completion of the 2020 Hajj is a major tribute to the leadership and commitment of the Saudi authorities, and it reflects their extensive experience of organising the annual Hajj pilgrimage, and continued commitment to improvement public health issues related to mass gatherings events. doi = 10.1016/j.ijid.2020.08.014 id = cord-283514-7rjo9k4d author = Šagát, Peter title = Impact of COVID-19Quarantine on Low Back Pain Intensity, Prevalence, and Associated Risk Factors among Adult Citizens Residing in Riyadh (Saudi Arabia): A Cross-Sectional Study date = 2020-10-06 keywords = LBP; Saudi summary = title: Impact of COVID-19Quarantine on Low Back Pain Intensity, Prevalence, and Associated Risk Factors among Adult Citizens Residing in Riyadh (Saudi Arabia): A Cross-Sectional Study This study aimed to estimate the effect of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) quarantine on low back pain (LBP) intensity, prevalence, and associated risk factors among adults in Riyadh (Saudi Arabia). Furthermore, during the quarantine, a significantly higher LBP intensity was reported by those individuals who (a) were aged between 35 and 49 years old, (b) had a body mass index equal to or exceeding 30, (c) underwent higher levels of stress, (d) did not comply with the ergonomic recommendations, (e) were sitting for long periods, (f) did not practice enough physical activity (PA), and (g) underwent teleworking or distance learning. In this context, the present study''s purpose was to estimate the effect of the mentioned quarantine on LBP intensity, prevalence, and risk factors among adult citizens residing in Riyadh (Saudi Arabia). doi = 10.3390/ijerph17197302