id	author	title	date	pages	extension	mime	words	sentences	flesch	summary	cache	txt
cord-286015-oonfpa0c	Verbeure, Birgit	Patent pools and diagnostic testing	2006-01-27		.txt	text/plain	4328	187	42	Recent studies have reported on the licensing practices of the owners of patents for genetic inventions [3] [4] [5] [6] , and concerns have been raised that patent thickets, resulting in royalty stacking (see Glossary), block access to patented technology through the accumulated license fees that a downstream inventor has to pay to upstream patent holders. In the late 1990s, several patent pools were formed in the electronics and telecommunications industries, starting with the moving picture experts group (MPEG)-2 pool in 1997 for inventions relating to the MPEG-2 standard (see Klein [15] and the Guidelines on the Application of Article 81 of the EC Treaty to Technology Transfer Agreements [16] . The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD; www.oecd.org) considers the concept of a patent pool to be an interesting one for biotechnology but has some doubts as to whether the technologies and markets for genetic inventions are amenable to patent pools [20] .	./cache/cord-286015-oonfpa0c.txt	./txt/cord-286015-oonfpa0c.txt