key: cord-030725-876arxiu
authors: nan
title: September 2020 New in Review
date: 2020-08-20
journal: J Acad Nutr Diet
DOI: 10.1016/j.jand.2020.07.010
sha: 
doc_id: 30725
cord_uid: 876arxiu

nan

The authors hypothesized that video game use would be positively associated with body mass index (BMI) while controlling for television use, and that sugar-sweetened beverage and snack consumption, physical activity, and bedtime regularity would be influencers. A cohort study was designed to test this hypothesis using a sample of 16,376 children. The sample was derived from the Millennium Cohort Study, a nationally representative prospective birth cohort study of children in the United Kingdom between September 1, 2000 and January 31, 2002. Information was included if the participating children had data collected at the ages of 5, 7, 11, and 14 years during the study. The sample was 51% male, with 76.5% classified as White. The primary exposure variable was weekday video game use, which was measured on a six-point scale ranging from none to more than 7 hours per day and then collapsed into four categories: none, less than 1 hour, 1 to 3 hours, and 3 or more hours per day. Television use was measured on a similar scale. Physical activity was measured based on days per week participating in sports clubs or physical classes, with bed time quantified with a binary scale as to whether the child did or did not go to bed at the same time each night. Consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages was measured in terms of frequency and location, as was high-calorie snack food. The outcome variable was BMI standard deviation score. During home visits, researchers measured both height and weight for its calculation. Covariates included sex, race/ethnicity, and socioeconomic status. Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS Statistics version 24.0 (IBM, 2018). The authors report that for every 1 standard deviation increase in the number of video game hours at age 5 years, a higher BMI score was observed at age 14.

Clinical significance of nutritional risk screening for older adult patients with COVID-19. Liu G, Zhang S, Mao Z, et al. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2020; https://doi.org/10.1038/s41430-020-065 9-7.

Researchers assessed nutritional risks among older patients diagnosed with COVID-19 along with their associated clinical outcomes. A retrospective cohort analysis was designed using a sample of 141 participants. Patients admitted to the Department of Infectious Diseases at a research hospital between January 28 and March 28, 2020, diagnosed with COVID-19, older than 65 years, and hospitalized with a length of stay of over 24 hours were enrolled. The sample was 48% female, with a mean age of 71.688 years. Four nutritional risk screening tools were used for the study: The Nutritional Risk Screening 2002 (NRS 2002) , Malnutrition Universal Screening Tool (MUST), Mini Nutrition Assessment Shortcut (MNA-sf), and the Nutrition Risk Index (NRI). The NRS 2002 was designed to predict clinical effects of nutritional treatment in hospital settings with two levels: level 1 and level 2 contained factors of BMI status, weight loss history, nutritional intake, and disease severity. The MNA-sf was designed to detect undernourishment of the elderly in home care programs, nursing homes, and hospitals and to ascertain the risk of undernourishment progressing. The MUST was designed to identify the need for nutritional treatment as well as establishing nutritional risk on the basis of the association between impaired nutritional status and impaired function, also containing a BMI score, weight loss score, and acute disease score. The NRI was calculated with an equation using serum albumin and recent body weight loss: (1.519  serum albumin, g/L), plus 0.417, multiplied by present weight/usual weight  100. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS 25.0 (IBM Corp., 2017). The authors report that after accounting for confounding variables through multivariate analysis, patients in the higher-risk groups had significantly longer length of stay, higher hospital expenses, poor appetite, heavier disease severity, and more weight changes.

Association of work requirements with Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program participation by race/ ethnicity and disability status, 2013-2017. Brantley E, Pillai D, Ku L. JAMA Netw Open. 2020;3(6):e205824.

The investigators considered the impact of work requirements for Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) participants against rates of participation, while considering race, ethnicity, and disability status. A cross-sectional study with 866,000 participants was designed to consider this issue. The sample was drawn from the 2012 to 2017 American Community Survey in conjunction with the US Census Bureau. The investigators excluded those adults who would be exempt from work requirements for able-bodied adults without dependents, as well as those facing specific SNAP barriers: noncitizens, students, individuals living with the elderly; and individuals living in group quarters. The sample included individuals without household incomes below 200% of the federal poverty level. The sample was 42.5% male, with a mean age of 33.6 years, and was 55.6% non-Hispanic white, 19.4% non-Hispanic black, 17.7% Hispanic, and 3.9% Asian. The outcome sought was SNAP participation based on responses indicating whether anyone in the household received vouchers over the prior 12 months. The primary exposure was residency in geographic areas in which SNAP work requirements apply. In addition to race and ethnicity, covariates included sex, educational attainment, marital status, home ownership, household size, and age. Statistical analysis was performed using Stata MP version 13 (StataCorp, 2013). The investigators report that work requirements resulted in a 4.0 percentage point decrease in participation, most acutely felt amongst non-Hispanic black adults.

Association of modifiable lifestyle factors with cortical amyloid burden and cerebral glucose metabolism in older adults with mild cognitive impairment. Kimura N, Aso Y, Yabuuchi K, et al. JAMA Network. 2020;3(6):e205719.

The investigators assessed whether modifiable lifestyle factors are associated with cortical amyloid burden and cerebral glucose metabolism in communitydwelling older adults with mild cognitive impairment. A prospective cohort study using 855 participants was designed to address this issue. Inclusion criteria were aged 65 years or older; living in Usuki, Japan; generally healthy and without dementia; and able to function independently. The sample had a mean age of 75.7 years, with 44.1% being male, and a median education level of 12 years. Participants wore a wristband sensor (Silmee W20, TDK Corporation, Tokyo, Japan) day and night except while bathing, and had measured lifestyle parameters to include walking steps, conversation time, and sleep parameters. The studied lifestyle factors included walking steps, conversation time, total sleep time, wake after sleep onset, sleep efficiency, waking time count, and nap time. Static carbon-11elabeled Pittsburgh Compound B positron emission tomography (Pib-PET) and fluorine-18 fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG-PET) findings were acquired using the Biograph mCT in threedimensional scanning mode. Apolipoprotein E phenotype determination was performed using Human Apolipoprotein E4/ Pan-APOE enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kit. The association between neuroimaging variables and seven lifestyle factors was examined using multiple regression models. Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS 25.0 (IBM Corp, 2017). The investigators report that total sleep time was inversely associated with fluorodeoxyglucose uptake after adjusting for covariates.

Proteomic and metabolomics correlates of healthy dietary patterns: The Framingham Heart Study. Walker M, Song R, Xu X, et al. Nutrients. 2020;12(5):1476.

The researchers investigated the association of three dietary patterns with 1,373 plasma proteins and 216 circulating metabolites in middle-aged adults. A crosssectional study using data from the Framingham Offspring Study was developed using 2,208 participants. The Framingham Offspring Study is a longitudinal study investigating coronary heart disease in families. Participants were included in this study if in attendance of the examination cycle spanning 1991 to 1995 and having complete data needed. The sample was 48% male, with a mean age of 55 years. Proteomics profiling was conducted by way of blood samples analyzed using a SOMAscan platform (SomaLogic Inc), with which a total of 1,373 proteins were quantified using single-stranded DNA-based aptamers. Measurements of 216 metabolites were taken with positively charged polar, negatively charged polar and lipid metabolites quantified using liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry. Dietary assessments used the Harvard semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire. Dietary patterns studied included the Alternative Healthy Eating Index, Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension diet score, and Mediterranean-style, adherence to which was determined via the food frequency questionnaire. Covariates included age, total caloric intake, current smoking status, physical activity index, use of lipid-lowering medication, use of antihypertensive medication, and BMI. Statistical analysis was performed using SAS version 9.4 (SAS Institute, 2013). The researchers report that, among other findings, 103 proteins were associated with at least one dietary pattern: 48 with Alternative Healthy Eating Index, 83 with Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension, and eight with Mediterranean-style.

Association between lifestyle factors, vitamin and garlic supplementation, and gastric cancer outcomes: A secondary analysis of a randomized clinical trial. Guo Y, Li ZX, Zhang JY, et al. JAMA Netw Open. 2020;3(6):e206628.

The researchers evaluated the effects of vitamin supplementation and garlic on gastric cancer (GC) incidence and mortality within subgroups based on lifestyle factors. A secondary analysis of a randomized controlled trial was performed to examine this issue using a sample of 3,365 participants. Participants for the larger trial were recruited from Shandong province in China between 1995 and 2017. Participants from that study were excluded from this analysis if they were lacking complete relevant data or had prior GC or other cancer diagnoses. The sample was 48.7% female and had a mean age of 47.1 years. The primary study outcomes were GC incidence and mortality. The sample was randomized for 49.8% to receive active vitamin supplementation, with 50.2% receiving placebo. The intervention included regular supplementation of garlic extract and distilled garlic oil and a supplementation of vitamin C, vitamin E, and selenium between 1995 and 2003. Sociodemographic characteristics and anthropometric measurements were taken at baseline and followed up throughout the study. Gastric cancer incidence was observed through scheduled gastroscopies, cancer registries, or autopsy reports, with scheduled endoscopies performed and lesions examined while progressing at regular checkups. Lifestyle factors documented included smoking status, alcohol intake, and diet by way of a food frequency questionnaire. Statistical analysis was performed using SAS 9.4 (SAS Institute, 2013). The researcher report that not drinking alcohol was associated with a stronger beneficial effect of garlic supplementation on GC prevention.

Adherence to vitamin D intake guidelines in the United States. Simon A, Ahrens K, et al. Pediatrics. 2020; 145(6) :e20193574.

The researchers examined trends in meeting vitamin D guidelines among infants in the United States beginning in 2009. Data from a cross-sectional study were used to establish a sample of 1,435 participants for the study. The sample was drawn from the 2009-2016 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) study. Inclusion criteria for study were being an infant aged 0 to 11 months with dietary recall information and breastfeeding status available. The sample was 51.1% male, 52.1% non-Hispanic White, 13.6% non-Hispanic Black, 24.5% Hispanic, and 9.8% non-Hispanic other. In-person interviews were conducted in NHANES mobile examination centers, and dietary recalls were taken for the participants, with parents and guardians serving as proxies for the infants. Researchers estimated the percentage of infants meeting the 2008 vitamin D guidelines on a given day, defined as either consuming at least 1 unit of infant formula or receiving a supplement of at least 400 IU vitamin D or both. Analyses were conducted across all infants 0 to 11 months of age as well as stratified by breastfeeding status as defined by an infant consuming breast milk on either of the 2 possible days of dietary recall. Demographic variables taken included age, sex, race/ethnicity, participation in the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program, family income level, education of parents, and health insurance status. All analyses were conducted in SAS version 9.4 (SAS Institute, 2013). The researchers estimate that 27.1% of US infants in 2009-2016 met vitamin D intake guidelines, with non-breastfeeding infants more likely to meet them than their peers.

Association of bariatric surgery with risk of fracture in patients with severe obesity. Khalid S, Omotosho P, Spagnoli A, et al. JAMA Netw Open. 2020;3(6):e207419.

The authors explored the absolute risk of fracture in patients with severe obesity who underwent various forms of bariatric surgery. A retrospective multicenter cohort study using a sample of 49,113 participants was designed to assess this issue. The sample was pulled from the Longitudinal Medicare Standard Analytic Files containing records billed to Medicare between January 2004 and December 2014. Patients who were billed at time during their available history for cancer transplant, end-stage kidney disease, prior gastric operations, gastric banding procedures, or fractures before the bariatric surgery were excluded. The sample was 74.9% female, with 72% at or under 64 years of age. The primary outcome measured was the odds of fracture based on exposure to bariatric surgery over a 3-year period. Comorbidities considered included hypertension, smoking status, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, hyperlipidemia, type 2 diabetes, osteoporosis, osteoarthritis, postmenopausal status, and obstructive sleep apnea. Of the 49,113 participants, 33.3% did not undergo weight loss surgery, 33.3% underwent Roux-en-Y gastric bypass, and 33.3% sleeve gastrectomy. Statistical analysis was performed using R statistical software version 3.42 (The R Foundation, 2017). The authors report that bariatric surgery was associated with a reduced risk of fracture in bariatric surgeryeeligible patients. 

The assessment of eating pleasure among older adults: Development and preliminary validation of the anticipatory and consummatory eating pleasure (ACEPS). Bailly N, Wymelbeke V, Maitre L, Sulmont-Rosse C. J Nutr Health & Aging. 2020; https:// doi.org/10.1007/s12603-020-1388-2.

Effect of sit-to-stand exercises combined with protein-rich oral supplementation in older persons: The older person's exercise and nutrition study. 

Protein requirements in critical illness: Do we really know why to give so much? Leyderman I, Yaroshetskiy A, Klek S. J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 2020; https://doi.org/10.1002/ jpen.1792.

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