id sid tid token lemma pos cord-257569-36qx1sy9 1 1 key key NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 1 2 : : : cord-257569-36qx1sy9 2 1 cord-257569 cord-257569 NNP cord-257569-36qx1sy9 2 2 - - HYPH cord-257569-36qx1sy9 2 3 36qx1sy9 36qx1sy9 CD cord-257569-36qx1sy9 2 4 authors author NNS cord-257569-36qx1sy9 2 5 : : : cord-257569-36qx1sy9 2 6 Hanada Hanada NNP cord-257569-36qx1sy9 2 7 , , , cord-257569-36qx1sy9 2 8 Kousuke Kousuke NNP cord-257569-36qx1sy9 2 9 ; ; : cord-257569-36qx1sy9 2 10 Suzuki Suzuki NNP cord-257569-36qx1sy9 2 11 , , , cord-257569-36qx1sy9 2 12 Yoshiyuki Yoshiyuki NNP cord-257569-36qx1sy9 2 13 ; ; : cord-257569-36qx1sy9 2 14 Gojobori Gojobori NNP cord-257569-36qx1sy9 2 15 , , , cord-257569-36qx1sy9 3 1 Takashi Takashi NNP cord-257569-36qx1sy9 3 2 title title NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 3 3 : : : cord-257569-36qx1sy9 3 4 A a DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 3 5 Large large JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 3 6 Variation variation NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 3 7 in in IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 3 8 the the DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 3 9 Rates Rates NNPS cord-257569-36qx1sy9 3 10 of of IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 3 11 Synonymous Synonymous NNP cord-257569-36qx1sy9 3 12 Substitution Substitution NNP cord-257569-36qx1sy9 3 13 for for IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 3 14 RNA RNA NNP cord-257569-36qx1sy9 3 15 Viruses Viruses NNPS cord-257569-36qx1sy9 3 16 and and CC cord-257569-36qx1sy9 3 17 Its -PRON- PRP$ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 3 18 Relationship Relationship NNP cord-257569-36qx1sy9 3 19 to to IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 3 20 a a DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 3 21 Diversity diversity NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 3 22 of of IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 3 23 Viral Viral NNP cord-257569-36qx1sy9 3 24 Infection Infection NNP cord-257569-36qx1sy9 3 25 and and CC cord-257569-36qx1sy9 3 26 Transmission Transmission NNP cord-257569-36qx1sy9 3 27 Modes Modes NNP cord-257569-36qx1sy9 3 28 date date NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 3 29 : : : cord-257569-36qx1sy9 3 30 2004 2004 CD cord-257569-36qx1sy9 3 31 - - HYPH cord-257569-36qx1sy9 3 32 06 06 CD cord-257569-36qx1sy9 3 33 - - SYM cord-257569-36qx1sy9 3 34 17 17 CD cord-257569-36qx1sy9 3 35 journal journal NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 3 36 : : : cord-257569-36qx1sy9 3 37 Mol Mol NNP cord-257569-36qx1sy9 3 38 Biol Biol NNP cord-257569-36qx1sy9 3 39 Evol Evol NNP cord-257569-36qx1sy9 3 40 DOI DOI NNP cord-257569-36qx1sy9 3 41 : : : cord-257569-36qx1sy9 3 42 10.1093 10.1093 CD cord-257569-36qx1sy9 3 43 / / SYM cord-257569-36qx1sy9 3 44 molbev molbev NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 3 45 / / SYM cord-257569-36qx1sy9 3 46 msh109 msh109 NNP cord-257569-36qx1sy9 3 47 sha sha NNP cord-257569-36qx1sy9 3 48 : : : cord-257569-36qx1sy9 3 49 18e48315d02a3e744ba53a7e739989ac56d4531f 18e48315d02a3e744ba53a7e739989ac56d4531f CD cord-257569-36qx1sy9 3 50 doc_id doc_id CD cord-257569-36qx1sy9 3 51 : : : cord-257569-36qx1sy9 3 52 257569 257569 CD cord-257569-36qx1sy9 3 53 cord_uid cord_uid NNS cord-257569-36qx1sy9 3 54 : : : cord-257569-36qx1sy9 4 1 36qx1sy9 36qx1sy9 CD cord-257569-36qx1sy9 4 2 RNA RNA NNP cord-257569-36qx1sy9 4 3 viruses virus NNS cord-257569-36qx1sy9 4 4 successfully successfully RB cord-257569-36qx1sy9 4 5 adapt adapt VBP cord-257569-36qx1sy9 4 6 to to IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 4 7 various various JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 4 8 environments environment NNS cord-257569-36qx1sy9 4 9 by by IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 4 10 repeatedly repeatedly RB cord-257569-36qx1sy9 4 11 producing produce VBG cord-257569-36qx1sy9 4 12 new new JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 4 13 mutants mutant NNS cord-257569-36qx1sy9 4 14 , , , cord-257569-36qx1sy9 4 15 often often RB cord-257569-36qx1sy9 4 16 through through IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 4 17 generating generate VBG cord-257569-36qx1sy9 4 18 a a DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 4 19 number number NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 4 20 of of IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 4 21 nucleotide nucleotide JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 4 22 substitutions substitution NNS cord-257569-36qx1sy9 4 23 . . . cord-257569-36qx1sy9 5 1 To to TO cord-257569-36qx1sy9 5 2 estimate estimate VB cord-257569-36qx1sy9 5 3 the the DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 5 4 degree degree NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 5 5 of of IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 5 6 variation variation NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 5 7 in in IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 5 8 mutation mutation NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 5 9 rates rate NNS cord-257569-36qx1sy9 5 10 of of IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 5 11 RNA RNA NNP cord-257569-36qx1sy9 5 12 viruses virus NNS cord-257569-36qx1sy9 5 13 and and CC cord-257569-36qx1sy9 5 14 to to TO cord-257569-36qx1sy9 5 15 understand understand VB cord-257569-36qx1sy9 5 16 the the DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 5 17 source source NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 5 18 of of IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 5 19 such such JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 5 20 variation variation NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 5 21 , , , cord-257569-36qx1sy9 5 22 we -PRON- PRP cord-257569-36qx1sy9 5 23 studied study VBD cord-257569-36qx1sy9 5 24 the the DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 5 25 synonymous synonymous JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 5 26 substitution substitution NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 5 27 rate rate NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 5 28 because because IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 5 29 synonymous synonymous JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 5 30 substitution substitution NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 5 31 is be VBZ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 5 32 exempt exempt JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 5 33 from from IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 5 34 functional functional JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 5 35 constraints constraint NNS cord-257569-36qx1sy9 5 36 at at IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 5 37 the the DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 5 38 protein protein NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 5 39 level level NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 5 40 , , , cord-257569-36qx1sy9 5 41 and and CC cord-257569-36qx1sy9 5 42 its -PRON- PRP$ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 5 43 rate rate NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 5 44 reflects reflect VBZ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 5 45 the the DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 5 46 mutation mutation NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 5 47 rate rate NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 5 48 to to IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 5 49 a a DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 5 50 great great JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 5 51 extent extent NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 5 52 . . . cord-257569-36qx1sy9 6 1 We -PRON- PRP cord-257569-36qx1sy9 6 2 estimated estimate VBD cord-257569-36qx1sy9 6 3 the the DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 6 4 synonymous synonymous JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 6 5 substitution substitution NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 6 6 rates rate NNS cord-257569-36qx1sy9 6 7 for for IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 6 8 a a DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 6 9 total total NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 6 10 of of IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 6 11 49 49 CD cord-257569-36qx1sy9 6 12 different different JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 6 13 species specie NNS cord-257569-36qx1sy9 6 14 of of IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 6 15 RNA RNA NNP cord-257569-36qx1sy9 6 16 viruses virus NNS cord-257569-36qx1sy9 6 17 , , , cord-257569-36qx1sy9 6 18 and and CC cord-257569-36qx1sy9 6 19 we -PRON- PRP cord-257569-36qx1sy9 6 20 found find VBD cord-257569-36qx1sy9 6 21 that that IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 6 22 the the DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 6 23 rates rate NNS cord-257569-36qx1sy9 6 24 had have VBD cord-257569-36qx1sy9 6 25 tremendous tremendous JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 6 26 variation variation NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 6 27 by by IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 6 28 5 5 CD cord-257569-36qx1sy9 6 29 orders order NNS cord-257569-36qx1sy9 6 30 of of IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 6 31 magnitude magnitude NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 6 32 ( ( -LRB- cord-257569-36qx1sy9 6 33 from from IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 6 34 1.3 1.3 CD cord-257569-36qx1sy9 6 35 × × CD cord-257569-36qx1sy9 6 36 10(−7 10(−7 CD cord-257569-36qx1sy9 6 37 ) ) -RRB- cord-257569-36qx1sy9 6 38 to to IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 6 39 6.2 6.2 CD cord-257569-36qx1sy9 6 40 × × NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 6 41 10(−2 10(−2 CD cord-257569-36qx1sy9 6 42 ) ) -RRB- cord-257569-36qx1sy9 6 43 /synonymous /synonymous CD cord-257569-36qx1sy9 6 44 site site NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 6 45 / / SYM cord-257569-36qx1sy9 6 46 year year NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 6 47 ) ) -RRB- cord-257569-36qx1sy9 6 48 . . . cord-257569-36qx1sy9 7 1 Comparing compare VBG cord-257569-36qx1sy9 7 2 the the DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 7 3 synonymous synonymous JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 7 4 substitution substitution NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 7 5 rates rate NNS cord-257569-36qx1sy9 7 6 with with IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 7 7 the the DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 7 8 replication replication NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 7 9 frequencies frequency NNS cord-257569-36qx1sy9 7 10 and and CC cord-257569-36qx1sy9 7 11 replication replication NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 7 12 error error NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 7 13 rates rate NNS cord-257569-36qx1sy9 7 14 for for IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 7 15 the the DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 7 16 RNA RNA NNP cord-257569-36qx1sy9 7 17 viruses virus NNS cord-257569-36qx1sy9 7 18 , , , cord-257569-36qx1sy9 7 19 we -PRON- PRP cord-257569-36qx1sy9 7 20 found find VBD cord-257569-36qx1sy9 7 21 that that IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 7 22 the the DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 7 23 main main JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 7 24 source source NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 7 25 of of IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 7 26 the the DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 7 27 rate rate NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 7 28 variation variation NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 7 29 was be VBD cord-257569-36qx1sy9 7 30 differences difference NNS cord-257569-36qx1sy9 7 31 in in IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 7 32 the the DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 7 33 replication replication NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 7 34 frequency frequency NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 7 35 because because IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 7 36 the the DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 7 37 rates rate NNS cord-257569-36qx1sy9 7 38 of of IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 7 39 replication replication NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 7 40 error error NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 7 41 were be VBD cord-257569-36qx1sy9 7 42 roughly roughly RB cord-257569-36qx1sy9 7 43 constant constant JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 7 44 over over IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 7 45 different different JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 7 46 RNA RNA NNP cord-257569-36qx1sy9 7 47 viruses virus NNS cord-257569-36qx1sy9 7 48 . . . cord-257569-36qx1sy9 8 1 Moreover moreover RB cord-257569-36qx1sy9 8 2 , , , cord-257569-36qx1sy9 8 3 we -PRON- PRP cord-257569-36qx1sy9 8 4 examined examine VBD cord-257569-36qx1sy9 8 5 a a DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 8 6 relationship relationship NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 8 7 between between IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 8 8 viral viral JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 8 9 life life NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 8 10 strategies strategy NNS cord-257569-36qx1sy9 8 11 and and CC cord-257569-36qx1sy9 8 12 synonymous synonymous JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 8 13 substitution substitution NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 8 14 rates rate NNS cord-257569-36qx1sy9 8 15 to to TO cord-257569-36qx1sy9 8 16 understand understand VB cord-257569-36qx1sy9 8 17 which which WDT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 8 18 viral viral JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 8 19 life life NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 8 20 strategies strategy NNS cord-257569-36qx1sy9 8 21 affect affect VBP cord-257569-36qx1sy9 8 22 replication replication NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 8 23 frequencies frequency NNS cord-257569-36qx1sy9 8 24 . . . cord-257569-36qx1sy9 9 1 The the DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 9 2 results result NNS cord-257569-36qx1sy9 9 3 show show VBP cord-257569-36qx1sy9 9 4 that that IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 9 5 the the DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 9 6 variation variation NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 9 7 of of IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 9 8 synonymous synonymous JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 9 9 substitution substitution NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 9 10 rates rate NNS cord-257569-36qx1sy9 9 11 has have VBZ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 9 12 been be VBN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 9 13 influenced influence VBN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 9 14 most most RBS cord-257569-36qx1sy9 9 15 by by IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 9 16 either either CC cord-257569-36qx1sy9 9 17 the the DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 9 18 difference difference NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 9 19 in in IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 9 20 the the DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 9 21 infection infection NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 9 22 modes mode NNS cord-257569-36qx1sy9 9 23 or or CC cord-257569-36qx1sy9 9 24 the the DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 9 25 differences difference NNS cord-257569-36qx1sy9 9 26 in in IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 9 27 the the DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 9 28 transmission transmission NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 9 29 modes mode NNS cord-257569-36qx1sy9 9 30 . . . cord-257569-36qx1sy9 10 1 In in IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 10 2 conclusion conclusion NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 10 3 , , , cord-257569-36qx1sy9 10 4 the the DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 10 5 variation variation NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 10 6 of of IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 10 7 mutation mutation NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 10 8 rates rate NNS cord-257569-36qx1sy9 10 9 for for IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 10 10 RNA RNA NNP cord-257569-36qx1sy9 10 11 viruses virus NNS cord-257569-36qx1sy9 10 12 is be VBZ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 10 13 caused cause VBN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 10 14 by by IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 10 15 different different JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 10 16 replication replication NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 10 17 frequencies frequency NNS cord-257569-36qx1sy9 10 18 , , , cord-257569-36qx1sy9 10 19 which which WDT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 10 20 are be VBP cord-257569-36qx1sy9 10 21 affected affect VBN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 10 22 strongly strongly RB cord-257569-36qx1sy9 10 23 by by IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 10 24 the the DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 10 25 infection infection NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 10 26 and and CC cord-257569-36qx1sy9 10 27 transmission transmission NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 10 28 modes mode NNS cord-257569-36qx1sy9 10 29 . . . cord-257569-36qx1sy9 11 1 A a DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 11 2 number number NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 11 3 of of IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 11 4 emerging emerge VBG cord-257569-36qx1sy9 11 5 viral viral JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 11 6 infection infection NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 11 7 have have VBP cord-257569-36qx1sy9 11 8 repeatedly repeatedly RB cord-257569-36qx1sy9 11 9 occurred occur VBN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 11 10 during during IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 11 11 the the DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 11 12 last last JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 11 13 15 15 CD cord-257569-36qx1sy9 11 14 years year NNS cord-257569-36qx1sy9 11 15 . . . cord-257569-36qx1sy9 12 1 They -PRON- PRP cord-257569-36qx1sy9 12 2 are be VBP cord-257569-36qx1sy9 12 3 caused cause VBN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 12 4 mostly mostly RB cord-257569-36qx1sy9 12 5 by by IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 12 6 many many JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 12 7 kinds kind NNS cord-257569-36qx1sy9 12 8 of of IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 12 9 RNA RNA NNP cord-257569-36qx1sy9 12 10 viruses virus NNS cord-257569-36qx1sy9 12 11 such such JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 12 12 as as IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 12 13 severe severe JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 12 14 acute acute JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 12 15 respiratory respiratory JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 12 16 syndrome syndrome NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 12 17 ( ( -LRB- cord-257569-36qx1sy9 12 18 SARS)-related SARS)-related NNP cord-257569-36qx1sy9 12 19 virus virus NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 12 20 , , , cord-257569-36qx1sy9 12 21 HIV-1 HIV-1 NNP cord-257569-36qx1sy9 12 22 , , , cord-257569-36qx1sy9 12 23 HCV HCV NNP cord-257569-36qx1sy9 12 24 , , , cord-257569-36qx1sy9 12 25 Ebola Ebola NNP cord-257569-36qx1sy9 12 26 virus virus NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 12 27 , , , cord-257569-36qx1sy9 12 28 Nipah Nipah NNP cord-257569-36qx1sy9 12 29 virus virus NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 12 30 , , , cord-257569-36qx1sy9 12 31 and and CC cord-257569-36qx1sy9 12 32 West West NNP cord-257569-36qx1sy9 12 33 Nile Nile NNP cord-257569-36qx1sy9 12 34 virus virus NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 13 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-257569-36qx1sy9 13 2 Parashar Parashar NNP cord-257569-36qx1sy9 13 3 et et NNP cord-257569-36qx1sy9 13 4 al al NNP cord-257569-36qx1sy9 13 5 . . . cord-257569-36qx1sy9 14 1 2000 2000 CD cord-257569-36qx1sy9 14 2 ; ; : cord-257569-36qx1sy9 14 3 Lee Lee NNP cord-257569-36qx1sy9 14 4 and and CC cord-257569-36qx1sy9 14 5 Henderson Henderson NNP cord-257569-36qx1sy9 14 6 2001 2001 CD cord-257569-36qx1sy9 14 7 ) ) -RRB- cord-257569-36qx1sy9 14 8 . . . cord-257569-36qx1sy9 15 1 However however RB cord-257569-36qx1sy9 15 2 , , , cord-257569-36qx1sy9 15 3 appropriate appropriate JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 15 4 treatments treatment NNS cord-257569-36qx1sy9 15 5 have have VBP cord-257569-36qx1sy9 15 6 usually usually RB cord-257569-36qx1sy9 15 7 been be VBN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 15 8 delayed delay VBN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 15 9 because because IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 15 10 most most JJS cord-257569-36qx1sy9 15 11 of of IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 15 12 the the DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 15 13 outbreaks outbreak NNS cord-257569-36qx1sy9 15 14 have have VBP cord-257569-36qx1sy9 15 15 been be VBN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 15 16 so so RB cord-257569-36qx1sy9 15 17 sudden sudden JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 15 18 that that IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 15 19 curative curative JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 15 20 medicines medicine NNS cord-257569-36qx1sy9 15 21 could could MD cord-257569-36qx1sy9 15 22 not not RB cord-257569-36qx1sy9 15 23 be be VB cord-257569-36qx1sy9 15 24 found find VBN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 15 25 against against IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 15 26 most most JJS cord-257569-36qx1sy9 15 27 RNA RNA NNP cord-257569-36qx1sy9 15 28 viruses virus NNS cord-257569-36qx1sy9 15 29 in in IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 15 30 a a DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 15 31 timely timely JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 15 32 fashion fashion NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 15 33 , , , cord-257569-36qx1sy9 15 34 as as IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 15 35 has have VBZ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 15 36 been be VBN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 15 37 recently recently RB cord-257569-36qx1sy9 15 38 documented document VBN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 15 39 by by IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 15 40 SARS SARS NNP cord-257569-36qx1sy9 15 41 . . . cord-257569-36qx1sy9 16 1 Therefore therefore RB cord-257569-36qx1sy9 16 2 , , , cord-257569-36qx1sy9 16 3 it -PRON- PRP cord-257569-36qx1sy9 16 4 is be VBZ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 16 5 of of IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 16 6 particular particular JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 16 7 importance importance NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 16 8 to to TO cord-257569-36qx1sy9 16 9 study study VB cord-257569-36qx1sy9 16 10 the the DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 16 11 evolutionary evolutionary JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 16 12 mechanism mechanism NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 16 13 for for IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 16 14 producing produce VBG cord-257569-36qx1sy9 16 15 new new JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 16 16 variants variant NNS cord-257569-36qx1sy9 16 17 of of IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 16 18 RNA RNA NNP cord-257569-36qx1sy9 16 19 viruses virus NNS cord-257569-36qx1sy9 16 20 . . . cord-257569-36qx1sy9 17 1 Mutation mutation NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 17 2 by by IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 17 3 nucleotide nucleotide JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 17 4 substitution substitution NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 17 5 is be VBZ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 17 6 considered consider VBN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 17 7 to to TO cord-257569-36qx1sy9 17 8 be be VB cord-257569-36qx1sy9 17 9 one one CD cord-257569-36qx1sy9 17 10 of of IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 17 11 the the DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 17 12 important important JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 17 13 evolutionary evolutionary JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 17 14 mechanisms mechanism NNS cord-257569-36qx1sy9 17 15 because because IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 17 16 it -PRON- PRP cord-257569-36qx1sy9 17 17 is be VBZ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 17 18 the the DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 17 19 major major JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 17 20 source source NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 17 21 of of IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 17 22 new new JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 17 23 mutant mutant JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 17 24 productions production NNS cord-257569-36qx1sy9 17 25 of of IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 17 26 RNA RNA NNP cord-257569-36qx1sy9 17 27 viruses virus NNS cord-257569-36qx1sy9 17 28 . . . cord-257569-36qx1sy9 18 1 To to TO cord-257569-36qx1sy9 18 2 study study VB cord-257569-36qx1sy9 18 3 the the DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 18 4 mutation mutation NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 18 5 rate rate NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 18 6 , , , cord-257569-36qx1sy9 18 7 we -PRON- PRP cord-257569-36qx1sy9 18 8 examined examine VBD cord-257569-36qx1sy9 18 9 the the DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 18 10 rate rate NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 18 11 of of IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 18 12 synonymous synonymous JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 18 13 substitution substitution NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 18 14 in in IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 18 15 this this DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 18 16 study study NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 18 17 because because IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 18 18 natural natural JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 18 19 selection selection NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 18 20 does do VBZ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 18 21 not not RB cord-257569-36qx1sy9 18 22 strongly strongly RB cord-257569-36qx1sy9 18 23 influence influence VB cord-257569-36qx1sy9 18 24 the the DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 18 25 fixation fixation NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 18 26 probability probability NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 18 27 of of IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 18 28 synonymous synonymous JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 18 29 substitution substitution NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 18 30 , , , cord-257569-36qx1sy9 18 31 at at IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 18 32 least least JJS cord-257569-36qx1sy9 18 33 at at IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 18 34 the the DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 18 35 protein protein NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 18 36 level level NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 18 37 , , , cord-257569-36qx1sy9 18 38 and and CC cord-257569-36qx1sy9 18 39 therefore therefore RB cord-257569-36qx1sy9 18 40 the the DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 18 41 rate rate NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 18 42 of of IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 18 43 synonymous synonymous JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 18 44 substitution substitution NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 18 45 reflects reflect VBZ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 18 46 the the DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 18 47 mutation mutation NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 18 48 rate rate NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 18 49 in in IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 18 50 a a DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 18 51 great great JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 18 52 extent extent NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 18 53 ( ( -LRB- cord-257569-36qx1sy9 18 54 Miyata Miyata NNP cord-257569-36qx1sy9 18 55 and and CC cord-257569-36qx1sy9 18 56 Yasunaga Yasunaga NNP cord-257569-36qx1sy9 18 57 1980 1980 CD cord-257569-36qx1sy9 18 58 ; ; : cord-257569-36qx1sy9 18 59 Bush Bush NNP cord-257569-36qx1sy9 18 60 et et NNP cord-257569-36qx1sy9 18 61 al al NNP cord-257569-36qx1sy9 18 62 . . . cord-257569-36qx1sy9 18 63 1999 1999 CD cord-257569-36qx1sy9 18 64 ) ) -RRB- cord-257569-36qx1sy9 18 65 . . . cord-257569-36qx1sy9 19 1 This this DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 19 2 study study NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 19 3 examined examine VBD cord-257569-36qx1sy9 19 4 the the DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 19 5 degree degree NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 19 6 of of IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 19 7 variation variation NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 19 8 of of IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 19 9 synonymous synonymous JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 19 10 substitution substitution NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 19 11 rates rate NNS cord-257569-36qx1sy9 19 12 among among IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 19 13 RNA RNA NNP cord-257569-36qx1sy9 19 14 viruses virus NNS cord-257569-36qx1sy9 19 15 and and CC cord-257569-36qx1sy9 19 16 to to TO cord-257569-36qx1sy9 19 17 identify identify VB cord-257569-36qx1sy9 19 18 the the DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 19 19 main main JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 19 20 source source NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 19 21 of of IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 19 22 the the DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 19 23 variation variation NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 19 24 . . . cord-257569-36qx1sy9 20 1 For for IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 20 2 this this DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 20 3 purpose purpose NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 20 4 , , , cord-257569-36qx1sy9 20 5 we -PRON- PRP cord-257569-36qx1sy9 20 6 estimated estimate VBD cord-257569-36qx1sy9 20 7 the the DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 20 8 synonymous synonymous JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 20 9 substitution substitution NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 20 10 rates rate NNS cord-257569-36qx1sy9 20 11 for for IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 20 12 a a DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 20 13 total total NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 20 14 of of IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 20 15 49 49 CD cord-257569-36qx1sy9 20 16 different different JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 20 17 species specie NNS cord-257569-36qx1sy9 20 18 of of IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 20 19 RNA RNA NNP cord-257569-36qx1sy9 20 20 viruses virus NNS cord-257569-36qx1sy9 20 21 that that WDT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 20 22 belong belong VBP cord-257569-36qx1sy9 20 23 to to IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 20 24 39 39 CD cord-257569-36qx1sy9 20 25 genera genus NNS cord-257569-36qx1sy9 20 26 of of IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 20 27 15 15 CD cord-257569-36qx1sy9 20 28 families family NNS cord-257569-36qx1sy9 20 29 . . . cord-257569-36qx1sy9 21 1 We -PRON- PRP cord-257569-36qx1sy9 21 2 focused focus VBD cord-257569-36qx1sy9 21 3 only only RB cord-257569-36qx1sy9 21 4 on on IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 21 5 RNA RNA NNP cord-257569-36qx1sy9 21 6 viruses virus NNS cord-257569-36qx1sy9 21 7 that that WDT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 21 8 infect infect VBP cord-257569-36qx1sy9 21 9 mammals mammal NNS cord-257569-36qx1sy9 21 10 and and CC cord-257569-36qx1sy9 21 11 then then RB cord-257569-36qx1sy9 21 12 selected select VBN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 21 13 at at RB cord-257569-36qx1sy9 21 14 least least RBS cord-257569-36qx1sy9 21 15 one one CD cord-257569-36qx1sy9 21 16 representative representative JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 21 17 RNA RNA NNP cord-257569-36qx1sy9 21 18 virus virus NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 21 19 species species NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 21 20 from from IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 21 21 each each DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 21 22 genus genus NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 21 23 . . . cord-257569-36qx1sy9 22 1 Accordingly accordingly RB cord-257569-36qx1sy9 22 2 , , , cord-257569-36qx1sy9 22 3 we -PRON- PRP cord-257569-36qx1sy9 22 4 collected collect VBD cord-257569-36qx1sy9 22 5 the the DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 22 6 nucleotide nucleotide JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 22 7 sequences sequence NNS cord-257569-36qx1sy9 22 8 for for IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 22 9 a a DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 22 10 total total NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 22 11 of of IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 22 12 49 49 CD cord-257569-36qx1sy9 22 13 different different JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 22 14 species specie NNS cord-257569-36qx1sy9 22 15 of of IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 22 16 RNA RNA NNP cord-257569-36qx1sy9 22 17 viruses virus NNS cord-257569-36qx1sy9 22 18 from from IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 22 19 the the DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 22 20 National National NNP cord-257569-36qx1sy9 22 21 Center Center NNP cord-257569-36qx1sy9 22 22 for for IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 22 23 Biotechnology Biotechnology NNP cord-257569-36qx1sy9 22 24 Information Information NNP cord-257569-36qx1sy9 22 25 Virus Virus NNP cord-257569-36qx1sy9 22 26 Taxonomy Taxonomy NNP cord-257569-36qx1sy9 22 27 and and CC cord-257569-36qx1sy9 22 28 the the DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 22 29 data datum NNS cord-257569-36qx1sy9 22 30 originating originate VBG cord-257569-36qx1sy9 22 31 from from IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 22 32 two two CD cord-257569-36qx1sy9 22 33 previous previous JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 22 34 papers paper NNS cord-257569-36qx1sy9 22 35 ( ( -LRB- cord-257569-36qx1sy9 22 36 Korber Korber NNP cord-257569-36qx1sy9 22 37 et et NNP cord-257569-36qx1sy9 22 38 al al NNP cord-257569-36qx1sy9 22 39 . . . cord-257569-36qx1sy9 22 40 2000 2000 CD cord-257569-36qx1sy9 22 41 ; ; : cord-257569-36qx1sy9 22 42 Tanaka Tanaka NNP cord-257569-36qx1sy9 22 43 et et NNP cord-257569-36qx1sy9 22 44 al al NNP cord-257569-36qx1sy9 22 45 . . . cord-257569-36qx1sy9 22 46 2002 2002 CD cord-257569-36qx1sy9 22 47 ) ) -RRB- cord-257569-36qx1sy9 22 48 . . . cord-257569-36qx1sy9 23 1 We -PRON- PRP cord-257569-36qx1sy9 23 2 also also RB cord-257569-36qx1sy9 23 3 obtained obtain VBD cord-257569-36qx1sy9 23 4 the the DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 23 5 years year NNS cord-257569-36qx1sy9 23 6 of of IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 23 7 isolation isolation NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 23 8 for for IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 23 9 all all DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 23 10 strains strain NNS cord-257569-36qx1sy9 23 11 from from IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 23 12 the the DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 23 13 database database NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 23 14 and and CC cord-257569-36qx1sy9 23 15 the the DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 23 16 available available JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 23 17 publications publication NNS cord-257569-36qx1sy9 23 18 , , , cord-257569-36qx1sy9 23 19 which which WDT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 23 20 were be VBD cord-257569-36qx1sy9 23 21 listed list VBN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 23 22 for for IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 23 23 all all DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 23 24 RNA RNA NNP cord-257569-36qx1sy9 23 25 virus virus NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 23 26 species species NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 23 27 in in IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 23 28 appendix appendix NNP cord-257569-36qx1sy9 23 29 A a NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 23 30 of of IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 23 31 supplemental supplemental JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 23 32 materials material NNS cord-257569-36qx1sy9 23 33 . . . cord-257569-36qx1sy9 24 1 We -PRON- PRP cord-257569-36qx1sy9 24 2 , , , cord-257569-36qx1sy9 24 3 then then RB cord-257569-36qx1sy9 24 4 , , , cord-257569-36qx1sy9 24 5 estimated estimate VBD cord-257569-36qx1sy9 24 6 the the DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 24 7 rate rate NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 24 8 of of IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 24 9 synonymous synonymous JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 24 10 substitution substitution NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 24 11 for for IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 24 12 the the DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 24 13 genes gene NNS cord-257569-36qx1sy9 24 14 encoding encode VBG cord-257569-36qx1sy9 24 15 the the DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 24 16 outerstructural outerstructural JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 24 17 protein protein NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 24 18 . . . cord-257569-36qx1sy9 25 1 For for IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 25 2 hepatitis hepatitis NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 25 3 D D NNP cord-257569-36qx1sy9 25 4 virus virus NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 25 5 only only RB cord-257569-36qx1sy9 25 6 , , , cord-257569-36qx1sy9 25 7 however however RB cord-257569-36qx1sy9 25 8 , , , cord-257569-36qx1sy9 25 9 we -PRON- PRP cord-257569-36qx1sy9 25 10 used use VBD cord-257569-36qx1sy9 25 11 the the DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 25 12 whole whole JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 25 13 genome genome NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 25 14 sequence sequence NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 25 15 because because IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 25 16 this this DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 25 17 virus virus NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 25 18 did do VBD cord-257569-36qx1sy9 25 19 not not RB cord-257569-36qx1sy9 25 20 have have VB cord-257569-36qx1sy9 25 21 the the DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 25 22 structural structural JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 25 23 protein protein NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 25 24 . . . cord-257569-36qx1sy9 26 1 The the DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 26 2 RNA RNA NNP cord-257569-36qx1sy9 26 3 virus virus NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 26 4 species specie NNS cord-257569-36qx1sy9 26 5 used use VBN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 26 6 in in IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 26 7 this this DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 26 8 paper paper NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 26 9 are be VBP cord-257569-36qx1sy9 26 10 summarized summarize VBN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 26 11 in in IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 26 12 tables table NNS cord-257569-36qx1sy9 26 13 1 1 CD cord-257569-36qx1sy9 26 14 - - SYM cord-257569-36qx1sy9 26 15 4 4 CD cord-257569-36qx1sy9 26 16 . . . cord-257569-36qx1sy9 27 1 Moreover moreover RB cord-257569-36qx1sy9 27 2 , , , cord-257569-36qx1sy9 27 3 these these DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 27 4 tables table NNS cord-257569-36qx1sy9 27 5 show show VBP cord-257569-36qx1sy9 27 6 natural natural JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 27 7 hosts host NNS cord-257569-36qx1sy9 27 8 , , , cord-257569-36qx1sy9 27 9 infection infection NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 27 10 modes mode NNS cord-257569-36qx1sy9 27 11 , , , cord-257569-36qx1sy9 27 12 and and CC cord-257569-36qx1sy9 27 13 transmission transmission NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 27 14 modes mode NNS cord-257569-36qx1sy9 27 15 , , , cord-257569-36qx1sy9 27 16 whose whose WP$ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 27 17 references reference NNS cord-257569-36qx1sy9 27 18 were be VBD cord-257569-36qx1sy9 27 19 listed list VBN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 27 20 in in IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 27 21 appendix appendix NNP cord-257569-36qx1sy9 27 22 A a NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 27 23 of of IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 27 24 supplemental supplemental JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 27 25 materials material NNS cord-257569-36qx1sy9 27 26 . . . cord-257569-36qx1sy9 28 1 Examining examine VBG cord-257569-36qx1sy9 28 2 the the DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 28 3 infection infection NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 28 4 modes mode NNS cord-257569-36qx1sy9 28 5 , , , cord-257569-36qx1sy9 28 6 we -PRON- PRP cord-257569-36qx1sy9 28 7 always always RB cord-257569-36qx1sy9 28 8 focused focus VBD cord-257569-36qx1sy9 28 9 upon upon IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 28 10 the the DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 28 11 infection infection NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 28 12 mode mode NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 28 13 occurring occur VBG cord-257569-36qx1sy9 28 14 between between IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 28 15 a a DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 28 16 given give VBN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 28 17 virus virus NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 28 18 species species NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 28 19 and and CC cord-257569-36qx1sy9 28 20 its -PRON- PRP$ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 28 21 natural natural JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 28 22 host host NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 28 23 . . . cord-257569-36qx1sy9 29 1 This this DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 29 2 is be VBZ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 29 3 because because IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 29 4 the the DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 29 5 infection infection NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 29 6 mode mode NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 29 7 from from IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 29 8 the the DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 29 9 virus virus NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 29 10 to to IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 29 11 the the DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 29 12 natural natural JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 29 13 host host NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 29 14 is be VBZ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 29 15 reasonably reasonably RB cord-257569-36qx1sy9 29 16 considered consider VBN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 29 17 to to TO cord-257569-36qx1sy9 29 18 represent represent VB cord-257569-36qx1sy9 29 19 an an DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 29 20 important important JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 29 21 feature feature NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 29 22 of of IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 29 23 the the DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 29 24 RNA RNA NNP cord-257569-36qx1sy9 29 25 viruses virus NNS cord-257569-36qx1sy9 29 26 . . . cord-257569-36qx1sy9 30 1 We -PRON- PRP cord-257569-36qx1sy9 30 2 took take VBD cord-257569-36qx1sy9 30 3 two two CD cord-257569-36qx1sy9 30 4 approaches approach NNS cord-257569-36qx1sy9 30 5 to to TO cord-257569-36qx1sy9 30 6 estimate estimate VB cord-257569-36qx1sy9 30 7 the the DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 30 8 rate rate NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 30 9 of of IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 30 10 synonymous synonymous JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 30 11 substitution substitution NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 30 12 . . . cord-257569-36qx1sy9 31 1 First first RB cord-257569-36qx1sy9 31 2 , , , cord-257569-36qx1sy9 31 3 we -PRON- PRP cord-257569-36qx1sy9 31 4 estimated estimate VBD cord-257569-36qx1sy9 31 5 the the DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 31 6 rates rate NNS cord-257569-36qx1sy9 31 7 of of IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 31 8 synonymous synonymous JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 31 9 substitution substitution NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 31 10 for for IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 31 11 46 46 CD cord-257569-36qx1sy9 31 12 different different JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 31 13 species specie NNS cord-257569-36qx1sy9 31 14 of of IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 31 15 RNA RNA NNP cord-257569-36qx1sy9 31 16 viruses virus NNS cord-257569-36qx1sy9 31 17 except except IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 31 18 Puumala Puumala NNP cord-257569-36qx1sy9 31 19 virus virus NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 31 20 , , , cord-257569-36qx1sy9 31 21 human human JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 31 22 T T NNP cord-257569-36qx1sy9 31 23 - - HYPH cord-257569-36qx1sy9 31 24 lymphotropic lymphotropic NNP cord-257569-36qx1sy9 31 25 virus virus NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 31 26 1 1 CD cord-257569-36qx1sy9 31 27 ( ( -LRB- cord-257569-36qx1sy9 31 28 HTLV-1 HTLV-1 NNP cord-257569-36qx1sy9 31 29 ) ) -RRB- cord-257569-36qx1sy9 31 30 and and CC cord-257569-36qx1sy9 31 31 GB GB NNP cord-257569-36qx1sy9 31 32 virus virus NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 31 33 C c NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 31 34 / / SYM cord-257569-36qx1sy9 31 35 hepatitis hepatitis NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 31 36 G g NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 31 37 virus virus NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 31 38 ( ( -LRB- cord-257569-36qx1sy9 31 39 HGV HGV NNP cord-257569-36qx1sy9 31 40 ) ) -RRB- cord-257569-36qx1sy9 31 41 , , , cord-257569-36qx1sy9 31 42 using use VBG cord-257569-36qx1sy9 31 43 the the DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 31 44 time time NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 31 45 - - HYPH cord-257569-36qx1sy9 31 46 serial serial JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 31 47 sample sample NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 31 48 data datum NNS cord-257569-36qx1sy9 31 49 . . . cord-257569-36qx1sy9 32 1 Multiple multiple JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 32 2 alignment alignment NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 32 3 was be VBD cord-257569-36qx1sy9 32 4 made make VBN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 32 5 to to TO cord-257569-36qx1sy9 32 6 match match VB cord-257569-36qx1sy9 32 7 the the DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 32 8 coding code VBG cord-257569-36qx1sy9 32 9 regions region NNS cord-257569-36qx1sy9 32 10 by by IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 32 11 the the DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 32 12 computer computer NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 32 13 program program NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 32 14 , , , cord-257569-36qx1sy9 32 15 CLUSTALW CLUSTALW NNP cord-257569-36qx1sy9 32 16 ( ( -LRB- cord-257569-36qx1sy9 32 17 Thompson Thompson NNP cord-257569-36qx1sy9 32 18 , , , cord-257569-36qx1sy9 32 19 Higgins Higgins NNP cord-257569-36qx1sy9 32 20 , , , cord-257569-36qx1sy9 32 21 and and CC cord-257569-36qx1sy9 32 22 Gibson Gibson NNP cord-257569-36qx1sy9 32 23 1994 1994 CD cord-257569-36qx1sy9 32 24 ) ) -RRB- cord-257569-36qx1sy9 32 25 . . . cord-257569-36qx1sy9 33 1 For for IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 33 2 each each DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 33 3 nucleotide nucleotide JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 33 4 sequence sequence NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 33 5 alignment alignment NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 33 6 , , , cord-257569-36qx1sy9 33 7 the the DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 33 8 phylogenetic phylogenetic JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 33 9 tree tree NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 33 10 was be VBD cord-257569-36qx1sy9 33 11 constructed construct VBN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 33 12 by by IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 33 13 the the DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 33 14 maximum maximum JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 33 15 likelihood likelihood NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 33 16 method method NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 33 17 under under IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 33 18 the the DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 33 19 premise premise NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 33 20 of of IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 33 21 the the DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 33 22 molecular molecular JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 33 23 clock clock NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 33 24 ( ( -LRB- cord-257569-36qx1sy9 33 25 Rambaut Rambaut NNP cord-257569-36qx1sy9 33 26 2000 2000 CD cord-257569-36qx1sy9 33 27 ) ) -RRB- cord-257569-36qx1sy9 33 28 . . . cord-257569-36qx1sy9 34 1 Taking take VBG cord-257569-36qx1sy9 34 2 into into IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 34 3 account account NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 34 4 the the DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 34 5 difference difference NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 34 6 in in IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 34 7 years year NNS cord-257569-36qx1sy9 34 8 of of IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 34 9 isolation isolation NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 34 10 among among IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 34 11 viral viral JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 34 12 sequences sequence NNS cord-257569-36qx1sy9 34 13 , , , cord-257569-36qx1sy9 34 14 we -PRON- PRP cord-257569-36qx1sy9 34 15 estimated estimate VBD cord-257569-36qx1sy9 34 16 the the DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 34 17 divergence divergence NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 34 18 time time NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 34 19 of of IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 34 20 all all DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 34 21 nodes node NNS cord-257569-36qx1sy9 34 22 in in IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 34 23 the the DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 34 24 tree tree NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 34 25 . . . cord-257569-36qx1sy9 35 1 We -PRON- PRP cord-257569-36qx1sy9 35 2 then then RB cord-257569-36qx1sy9 35 3 inferred infer VBD cord-257569-36qx1sy9 35 4 ancestral ancestral JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 35 5 nucleotide nucleotide JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 35 6 sequences sequence NNS cord-257569-36qx1sy9 35 7 at at IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 35 8 all all DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 35 9 nodes node NNS cord-257569-36qx1sy9 35 10 of of IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 35 11 the the DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 35 12 phylogenetic phylogenetic JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 35 13 tree tree NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 35 14 from from IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 35 15 sequence sequence NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 35 16 comparisons comparison NNS cord-257569-36qx1sy9 35 17 by by IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 35 18 the the DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 35 19 maximum maximum JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 35 20 likelihood likelihood NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 35 21 method method NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 35 22 ( ( -LRB- cord-257569-36qx1sy9 35 23 Yang Yang NNP cord-257569-36qx1sy9 35 24 , , , cord-257569-36qx1sy9 35 25 Kumar Kumar NNP cord-257569-36qx1sy9 35 26 , , , cord-257569-36qx1sy9 35 27 and and CC cord-257569-36qx1sy9 35 28 Nei Nei NNP cord-257569-36qx1sy9 35 29 1995 1995 CD cord-257569-36qx1sy9 35 30 ) ) -RRB- cord-257569-36qx1sy9 35 31 . . . cord-257569-36qx1sy9 36 1 These these DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 36 2 analyses analysis NNS cord-257569-36qx1sy9 36 3 were be VBD cord-257569-36qx1sy9 36 4 conducted conduct VBN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 36 5 using use VBG cord-257569-36qx1sy9 36 6 the the DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 36 7 PAML PAML NNP cord-257569-36qx1sy9 36 8 computer computer NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 36 9 program program NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 36 10 . . . cord-257569-36qx1sy9 37 1 The the DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 37 2 number number NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 37 3 of of IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 37 4 synonymous synonymous JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 37 5 substitutions substitution NNS cord-257569-36qx1sy9 37 6 was be VBD cord-257569-36qx1sy9 37 7 estimated estimate VBN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 37 8 for for IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 37 9 all all DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 37 10 branches branch NNS cord-257569-36qx1sy9 37 11 by by IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 37 12 the the DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 37 13 Nei Nei NNP cord-257569-36qx1sy9 37 14 - - HYPH cord-257569-36qx1sy9 37 15 Gojobori Gojobori NNP cord-257569-36qx1sy9 37 16 method method NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 37 17 ( ( -LRB- cord-257569-36qx1sy9 37 18 Nei Nei NNP cord-257569-36qx1sy9 37 19 and and CC cord-257569-36qx1sy9 37 20 Gojobori Gojobori NNP cord-257569-36qx1sy9 37 21 1986 1986 CD cord-257569-36qx1sy9 37 22 ) ) -RRB- cord-257569-36qx1sy9 37 23 . . . cord-257569-36qx1sy9 38 1 The the DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 38 2 rate rate NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 38 3 of of IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 38 4 synonymous synonymous JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 38 5 substitution substitution NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 38 6 for for IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 38 7 each each DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 38 8 branch branch NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 38 9 was be VBD cord-257569-36qx1sy9 38 10 , , , cord-257569-36qx1sy9 38 11 then then RB cord-257569-36qx1sy9 38 12 , , , cord-257569-36qx1sy9 38 13 estimated estimate VBN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 38 14 by by IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 38 15 dividing divide VBG cord-257569-36qx1sy9 38 16 the the DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 38 17 number number NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 38 18 of of IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 38 19 synonymous synonymous JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 38 20 substitutions substitution NNS cord-257569-36qx1sy9 38 21 for for IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 38 22 that that DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 38 23 branch branch NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 38 24 by by IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 38 25 the the DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 38 26 difference difference NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 38 27 in in IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 38 28 years year NNS cord-257569-36qx1sy9 38 29 of of IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 38 30 the the DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 38 31 divergence divergence NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 38 32 or or CC cord-257569-36qx1sy9 38 33 isolation isolation NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 38 34 between between IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 38 35 both both DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 38 36 ends end NNS cord-257569-36qx1sy9 38 37 of of IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 38 38 the the DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 38 39 branch branch NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 38 40 . . . cord-257569-36qx1sy9 39 1 The the DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 39 2 error error NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 39 3 range range NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 39 4 of of IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 39 5 the the DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 39 6 synonymous synonymous JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 39 7 substitution substitution NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 39 8 rates rate NNS cord-257569-36qx1sy9 39 9 was be VBD cord-257569-36qx1sy9 39 10 also also RB cord-257569-36qx1sy9 39 11 estimated estimate VBN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 39 12 , , , cord-257569-36qx1sy9 39 13 taking take VBG cord-257569-36qx1sy9 39 14 into into IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 39 15 account account NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 39 16 the the DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 39 17 standard standard JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 39 18 error error NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 39 19 of of IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 39 20 the the DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 39 21 estimated estimate VBN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 39 22 divergence divergence NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 39 23 time time NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 39 24 at at IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 39 25 each each DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 39 26 node node NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 39 27 . . . cord-257569-36qx1sy9 40 1 In in IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 40 2 the the DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 40 3 second second JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 40 4 approach approach NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 40 5 , , , cord-257569-36qx1sy9 40 6 we -PRON- PRP cord-257569-36qx1sy9 40 7 estimated estimate VBD cord-257569-36qx1sy9 40 8 the the DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 40 9 rates rate NNS cord-257569-36qx1sy9 40 10 of of IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 40 11 synonymous synonymous JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 40 12 substitution substitution NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 40 13 for for IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 40 14 the the DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 40 15 remaining remain VBG cord-257569-36qx1sy9 40 16 three three CD cord-257569-36qx1sy9 40 17 RNA RNA NNP cord-257569-36qx1sy9 40 18 viruses virus NNS cord-257569-36qx1sy9 40 19 , , , cord-257569-36qx1sy9 40 20 Puumala Puumala NNP cord-257569-36qx1sy9 40 21 , , , cord-257569-36qx1sy9 40 22 HTLV-1 HTLV-1 NNP cord-257569-36qx1sy9 40 23 , , , cord-257569-36qx1sy9 40 24 and and CC cord-257569-36qx1sy9 40 25 HGV HGV NNP cord-257569-36qx1sy9 40 26 , , , cord-257569-36qx1sy9 40 27 using use VBG cord-257569-36qx1sy9 40 28 the the DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 40 29 divergence divergence NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 40 30 times time NNS cord-257569-36qx1sy9 40 31 that that WDT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 40 32 have have VBP cord-257569-36qx1sy9 40 33 already already RB cord-257569-36qx1sy9 40 34 been be VBN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 40 35 reported report VBN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 40 36 . . . cord-257569-36qx1sy9 41 1 These these DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 41 2 viruses virus NNS cord-257569-36qx1sy9 41 3 were be VBD cord-257569-36qx1sy9 41 4 reported report VBN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 41 5 to to TO cord-257569-36qx1sy9 41 6 coevolve coevolve VB cord-257569-36qx1sy9 41 7 with with IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 41 8 the the DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 41 9 host host NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 41 10 species species NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 41 11 ( ( -LRB- cord-257569-36qx1sy9 41 12 Horai Horai NNP cord-257569-36qx1sy9 41 13 1995 1995 CD cord-257569-36qx1sy9 41 14 ; ; : cord-257569-36qx1sy9 41 15 Yanagihara Yanagihara NNP cord-257569-36qx1sy9 41 16 et et FW cord-257569-36qx1sy9 41 17 al al NNP cord-257569-36qx1sy9 41 18 . . NNP cord-257569-36qx1sy9 41 19 1995 1995 CD cord-257569-36qx1sy9 41 20 ; ; : cord-257569-36qx1sy9 41 21 Asikainen Asikainen NNP cord-257569-36qx1sy9 41 22 et et NNP cord-257569-36qx1sy9 41 23 al al NNP cord-257569-36qx1sy9 41 24 . . . cord-257569-36qx1sy9 42 1 2000 2000 CD cord-257569-36qx1sy9 42 2 ; ; : cord-257569-36qx1sy9 42 3 Robertson Robertson NNP cord-257569-36qx1sy9 42 4 2001 2001 CD cord-257569-36qx1sy9 42 5 ) ) -RRB- cord-257569-36qx1sy9 42 6 . . . cord-257569-36qx1sy9 43 1 Therefore therefore RB cord-257569-36qx1sy9 43 2 , , , cord-257569-36qx1sy9 43 3 the the DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 43 4 divergence divergence NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 43 5 time time NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 43 6 of of IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 43 7 a a DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 43 8 virus virus NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 43 9 was be VBD cord-257569-36qx1sy9 43 10 considered consider VBN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 43 11 to to TO cord-257569-36qx1sy9 43 12 correspond correspond VB cord-257569-36qx1sy9 43 13 to to IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 43 14 the the DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 43 15 divergence divergence NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 43 16 time time NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 43 17 of of IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 43 18 the the DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 43 19 host host NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 43 20 . . . cord-257569-36qx1sy9 44 1 We -PRON- PRP cord-257569-36qx1sy9 44 2 first first RB cord-257569-36qx1sy9 44 3 constructed construct VBD cord-257569-36qx1sy9 44 4 each each DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 44 5 multiple multiple JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 44 6 alignment alignment NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 44 7 of of IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 44 8 three three CD cord-257569-36qx1sy9 44 9 RNA RNA NNP cord-257569-36qx1sy9 44 10 viruses virus NNS cord-257569-36qx1sy9 44 11 to to TO cord-257569-36qx1sy9 44 12 match match VB cord-257569-36qx1sy9 44 13 the the DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 44 14 coding code VBG cord-257569-36qx1sy9 44 15 region region NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 44 16 by by IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 44 17 the the DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 44 18 computer computer NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 44 19 program program NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 44 20 , , , cord-257569-36qx1sy9 44 21 CLUSTALW CLUSTALW NNP cord-257569-36qx1sy9 44 22 . . . cord-257569-36qx1sy9 45 1 From from IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 45 2 the the DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 45 3 multiple multiple JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 45 4 alignment alignment NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 45 5 , , , cord-257569-36qx1sy9 45 6 the the DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 45 7 phylogenetic phylogenetic JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 45 8 tree tree NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 45 9 was be VBD cord-257569-36qx1sy9 45 10 constructed construct VBN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 45 11 by by IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 45 12 the the DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 45 13 maximum maximum JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 45 14 likelihood likelihood NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 45 15 method method NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 45 16 on on IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 45 17 the the DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 45 18 basis basis NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 45 19 of of IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 45 20 the the DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 45 21 HKY HKY NNP cord-257569-36qx1sy9 45 22 model model NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 45 23 . . . cord-257569-36qx1sy9 46 1 The the DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 46 2 ancestral ancestral JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 46 3 sequence sequence NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 46 4 of of IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 46 5 the the DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 46 6 divergence divergence NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 46 7 node node NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 46 8 was be VBD cord-257569-36qx1sy9 46 9 estimated estimate VBN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 46 10 by by IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 46 11 the the DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 46 12 maximum maximum JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 46 13 likelihood likelihood NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 46 14 approach approach NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 46 15 . . . cord-257569-36qx1sy9 47 1 The the DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 47 2 rate rate NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 47 3 of of IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 47 4 synonymous synonymous JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 47 5 substitution substitution NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 47 6 was be VBD cord-257569-36qx1sy9 47 7 estimated estimate VBN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 47 8 by by IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 47 9 dividing divide VBG cord-257569-36qx1sy9 47 10 the the DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 47 11 average average JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 47 12 number number NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 47 13 of of IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 47 14 synonymous synonymous JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 47 15 substitutions substitution NNS cord-257569-36qx1sy9 47 16 from from IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 47 17 the the DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 47 18 ancestral ancestral JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 47 19 sequence sequence NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 47 20 to to IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 47 21 all all DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 47 22 tips tip NNS cord-257569-36qx1sy9 47 23 of of IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 47 24 the the DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 47 25 phylogenetic phylogenetic JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 47 26 tree tree NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 47 27 by by IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 47 28 the the DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 47 29 time time NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 47 30 period period NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 47 31 from from IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 47 32 the the DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 47 33 known know VBN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 47 34 divergence divergence NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 47 35 time time NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 47 36 of of IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 47 37 the the DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 47 38 host host NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 47 39 to to IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 47 40 the the DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 47 41 present present NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 47 42 . . . cord-257569-36qx1sy9 48 1 We -PRON- PRP cord-257569-36qx1sy9 48 2 conducted conduct VBD cord-257569-36qx1sy9 48 3 a a DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 48 4 statistical statistical JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 48 5 test test NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 48 6 to to TO cord-257569-36qx1sy9 48 7 examine examine VB cord-257569-36qx1sy9 48 8 whether whether IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 48 9 the the DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 48 10 number number NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 48 11 of of IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 48 12 substitutions substitution NNS cord-257569-36qx1sy9 48 13 was be VBD cord-257569-36qx1sy9 48 14 saturated saturate VBN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 48 15 or or CC cord-257569-36qx1sy9 48 16 not not RB cord-257569-36qx1sy9 48 17 by by IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 48 18 Xia Xia NNP cord-257569-36qx1sy9 48 19 and and CC cord-257569-36qx1sy9 48 20 Xie Xie NNP cord-257569-36qx1sy9 48 21 's 's POS cord-257569-36qx1sy9 48 22 ( ( -LRB- cord-257569-36qx1sy9 48 23 2001 2001 CD cord-257569-36qx1sy9 48 24 ) ) -RRB- cord-257569-36qx1sy9 48 25 method method NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 48 26 . . . cord-257569-36qx1sy9 49 1 In in IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 49 2 this this DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 49 3 method method NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 49 4 , , , cord-257569-36qx1sy9 49 5 both both DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 49 6 transitions transition NNS cord-257569-36qx1sy9 49 7 and and CC cord-257569-36qx1sy9 49 8 transversions transversion NNS cord-257569-36qx1sy9 49 9 were be VBD cord-257569-36qx1sy9 49 10 plotted plot VBN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 49 11 against against IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 49 12 evolutionary evolutionary JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 49 13 distances distance NNS cord-257569-36qx1sy9 49 14 such such JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 49 15 as as IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 49 16 the the DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 49 17 number number NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 49 18 of of IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 49 19 nucleotide nucleotide JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 49 20 substitutions substitution NNS cord-257569-36qx1sy9 49 21 . . . cord-257569-36qx1sy9 50 1 In in IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 50 2 figure figure NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 50 3 1 1 CD cord-257569-36qx1sy9 50 4 , , , cord-257569-36qx1sy9 50 5 for for IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 50 6 example example NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 50 7 , , , cord-257569-36qx1sy9 50 8 we -PRON- PRP cord-257569-36qx1sy9 50 9 showed show VBD cord-257569-36qx1sy9 50 10 the the DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 50 11 comparison comparison NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 50 12 for for IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 50 13 transitions transition NNS cord-257569-36qx1sy9 50 14 and and CC cord-257569-36qx1sy9 50 15 transversions transversion NNS cord-257569-36qx1sy9 50 16 in in IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 50 17 human human JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 50 18 enterovirus enterovirus NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 50 19 A. a. NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 51 1 When when WRB cord-257569-36qx1sy9 51 2 transitions transition NNS cord-257569-36qx1sy9 51 3 occur occur VBP cord-257569-36qx1sy9 51 4 much much RB cord-257569-36qx1sy9 51 5 more more RBR cord-257569-36qx1sy9 51 6 frequently frequently RB cord-257569-36qx1sy9 51 7 than than IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 51 8 transversions transversion NNS cord-257569-36qx1sy9 51 9 , , , cord-257569-36qx1sy9 51 10 no no DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 51 11 saturation saturation NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 51 12 of of IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 51 13 substitution substitution NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 51 14 is be VBZ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 51 15 recognized recognize VBN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 51 16 . . . cord-257569-36qx1sy9 52 1 On on IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 52 2 the the DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 52 3 other other JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 52 4 hand hand NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 52 5 , , , cord-257569-36qx1sy9 52 6 when when WRB cord-257569-36qx1sy9 52 7 transversions transversion NNS cord-257569-36qx1sy9 52 8 gradually gradually RB cord-257569-36qx1sy9 52 9 outnumber outnumber VBP cord-257569-36qx1sy9 52 10 transitions transition NNS cord-257569-36qx1sy9 52 11 , , , cord-257569-36qx1sy9 52 12 substitution substitution NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 52 13 saturation saturation NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 52 14 is be VBZ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 52 15 suspected suspect VBN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 52 16 because because IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 52 17 multiple multiple JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 52 18 substitutions substitution NNS cord-257569-36qx1sy9 52 19 may may MD cord-257569-36qx1sy9 52 20 have have VB cord-257569-36qx1sy9 52 21 occurred occur VBN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 52 22 at at IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 52 23 each each DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 52 24 site site NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 52 25 . . . cord-257569-36qx1sy9 53 1 Therefore therefore RB cord-257569-36qx1sy9 53 2 , , , cord-257569-36qx1sy9 53 3 we -PRON- PRP cord-257569-36qx1sy9 53 4 conducted conduct VBD cord-257569-36qx1sy9 53 5 the the DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 53 6 comparison comparison NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 53 7 of of IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 53 8 two two CD cord-257569-36qx1sy9 53 9 regression regression NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 53 10 slopes slope NNS cord-257569-36qx1sy9 53 11 . . . cord-257569-36qx1sy9 54 1 If if IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 54 2 the the DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 54 3 slope slope NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 54 4 of of IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 54 5 transitions transition NNS cord-257569-36qx1sy9 54 6 is be VBZ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 54 7 significantly significantly RB cord-257569-36qx1sy9 54 8 steeper steep JJR cord-257569-36qx1sy9 54 9 than than IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 54 10 that that DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 54 11 for for IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 54 12 transversions transversion NNS cord-257569-36qx1sy9 54 13 against against IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 54 14 evolutionary evolutionary JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 54 15 distances distance NNS cord-257569-36qx1sy9 54 16 , , , cord-257569-36qx1sy9 54 17 the the DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 54 18 substitution substitution NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 54 19 was be VBD cord-257569-36qx1sy9 54 20 considered consider VBN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 54 21 not not RB cord-257569-36qx1sy9 54 22 to to TO cord-257569-36qx1sy9 54 23 be be VB cord-257569-36qx1sy9 54 24 saturated saturate VBN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 54 25 . . . cord-257569-36qx1sy9 55 1 The the DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 55 2 results result NNS cord-257569-36qx1sy9 55 3 showed show VBD cord-257569-36qx1sy9 55 4 that that IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 55 5 the the DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 55 6 virus virus NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 55 7 species specie NNS cord-257569-36qx1sy9 55 8 evolving evolve VBG cord-257569-36qx1sy9 55 9 at at IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 55 10 the the DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 55 11 highest high JJS cord-257569-36qx1sy9 55 12 rate rate NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 55 13 ( ( -LRB- cord-257569-36qx1sy9 55 14 6.2 6.2 CD cord-257569-36qx1sy9 55 15 3 3 CD cord-257569-36qx1sy9 55 16 10 10 CD cord-257569-36qx1sy9 55 17 22 22 CD cord-257569-36qx1sy9 55 18 /synonymous /synonymous CD cord-257569-36qx1sy9 55 19 site site NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 55 20 / / SYM cord-257569-36qx1sy9 55 21 year year NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 55 22 ) ) -RRB- cord-257569-36qx1sy9 55 23 was be VBD cord-257569-36qx1sy9 55 24 porcine porcine JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 55 25 reproductive reproductive JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 55 26 and and CC cord-257569-36qx1sy9 55 27 respiratory respiratory JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 55 28 syndrome syndrome NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 55 29 virus virus NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 55 30 , , , cord-257569-36qx1sy9 55 31 and and CC cord-257569-36qx1sy9 55 32 the the DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 55 33 virus virus NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 55 34 evolving evolve VBG cord-257569-36qx1sy9 55 35 at at IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 55 36 the the DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 55 37 lowest low JJS cord-257569-36qx1sy9 55 38 rate rate NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 55 39 ( ( -LRB- cord-257569-36qx1sy9 55 40 1.3 1.3 CD cord-257569-36qx1sy9 55 41 3 3 CD cord-257569-36qx1sy9 55 42 10 10 CD cord-257569-36qx1sy9 55 43 27 27 CD cord-257569-36qx1sy9 55 44 synonymous synonymous JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 55 45 site site NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 55 46 / / SYM cord-257569-36qx1sy9 55 47 year year NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 55 48 ) ) -RRB- cord-257569-36qx1sy9 55 49 was be VBD cord-257569-36qx1sy9 55 50 HGV HGV NNP cord-257569-36qx1sy9 55 51 . . . cord-257569-36qx1sy9 56 1 The the DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 56 2 rates rate NNS cord-257569-36qx1sy9 56 3 for for IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 56 4 the the DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 56 5 other other JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 56 6 RNA RNA NNP cord-257569-36qx1sy9 56 7 viruses virus NNS cord-257569-36qx1sy9 56 8 estimated estimate VBN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 56 9 here here RB cord-257569-36qx1sy9 56 10 are be VBP cord-257569-36qx1sy9 56 11 shown show VBN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 56 12 in in IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 56 13 tables table NNS cord-257569-36qx1sy9 56 14 1 1 CD cord-257569-36qx1sy9 56 15 - - SYM cord-257569-36qx1sy9 56 16 4 4 CD cord-257569-36qx1sy9 56 17 and and CC cord-257569-36qx1sy9 56 18 summarized summarize VBD cord-257569-36qx1sy9 56 19 in in IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 56 20 figure figure NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 56 21 2 2 CD cord-257569-36qx1sy9 56 22 . . . cord-257569-36qx1sy9 57 1 These these DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 57 2 results result NNS cord-257569-36qx1sy9 57 3 indicated indicate VBD cord-257569-36qx1sy9 57 4 that that IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 57 5 the the DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 57 6 rates rate NNS cord-257569-36qx1sy9 57 7 of of IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 57 8 synonymous synonymous JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 57 9 substitution substitution NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 57 10 varied vary VBN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 57 11 among among IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 57 12 RNA RNA NNP cord-257569-36qx1sy9 57 13 viruses virus NNS cord-257569-36qx1sy9 57 14 by by IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 57 15 5 5 CD cord-257569-36qx1sy9 57 16 orders order NNS cord-257569-36qx1sy9 57 17 of of IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 57 18 magnitude magnitude NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 57 19 . . . cord-257569-36qx1sy9 58 1 Moreover moreover RB cord-257569-36qx1sy9 58 2 , , , cord-257569-36qx1sy9 58 3 we -PRON- PRP cord-257569-36qx1sy9 58 4 conducted conduct VBD cord-257569-36qx1sy9 58 5 a a DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 58 6 statistical statistical JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 58 7 test test NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 58 8 to to TO cord-257569-36qx1sy9 58 9 examine examine VB cord-257569-36qx1sy9 58 10 whether whether IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 58 11 the the DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 58 12 number number NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 58 13 of of IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 58 14 substitutions substitution NNS cord-257569-36qx1sy9 58 15 was be VBD cord-257569-36qx1sy9 58 16 saturated saturate VBN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 58 17 or or CC cord-257569-36qx1sy9 58 18 not not RB cord-257569-36qx1sy9 58 19 . . . cord-257569-36qx1sy9 59 1 This this DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 59 2 statistical statistical JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 59 3 test test NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 59 4 indicated indicate VBD cord-257569-36qx1sy9 59 5 that that IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 59 6 , , , cord-257569-36qx1sy9 59 7 for for IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 59 8 most most JJS cord-257569-36qx1sy9 59 9 data data NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 59 10 sets set NNS cord-257569-36qx1sy9 59 11 , , , cord-257569-36qx1sy9 59 12 the the DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 59 13 substitutions substitution NNS cord-257569-36qx1sy9 59 14 were be VBD cord-257569-36qx1sy9 59 15 not not RB cord-257569-36qx1sy9 59 16 saturated saturated JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 59 17 except except IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 59 18 hepatitis hepatitis NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 59 19 D D NNP cord-257569-36qx1sy9 59 20 virus virus NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 59 21 ( ( -LRB- cord-257569-36qx1sy9 59 22 appendix appendix NNP cord-257569-36qx1sy9 59 23 B B NNP cord-257569-36qx1sy9 59 24 of of IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 59 25 supplemental supplemental JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 59 26 materials material NNS cord-257569-36qx1sy9 59 27 ) ) -RRB- cord-257569-36qx1sy9 59 28 . . . cord-257569-36qx1sy9 60 1 For for IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 60 2 the the DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 60 3 hepatitis hepatitis NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 60 4 D D NNP cord-257569-36qx1sy9 60 5 virus virus NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 60 6 , , , cord-257569-36qx1sy9 60 7 the the DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 60 8 substitution substitution NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 60 9 could could MD cord-257569-36qx1sy9 60 10 not not RB cord-257569-36qx1sy9 60 11 be be VB cord-257569-36qx1sy9 60 12 rejected reject VBN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 60 13 with with IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 60 14 statistical statistical JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 60 15 significance significance NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 60 16 of of IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 60 17 5 5 CD cord-257569-36qx1sy9 60 18 % % NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 60 19 . . . cord-257569-36qx1sy9 61 1 However however RB cord-257569-36qx1sy9 61 2 , , , cord-257569-36qx1sy9 61 3 since since IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 61 4 the the DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 61 5 P p NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 61 6 - - HYPH cord-257569-36qx1sy9 61 7 value value NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 61 8 of of IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 61 9 statistical statistical JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 61 10 significance significance NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 61 11 ( ( -LRB- cord-257569-36qx1sy9 61 12 P p NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 61 13 ¼ ¼ CD cord-257569-36qx1sy9 61 14 0.19 0.19 CD cord-257569-36qx1sy9 61 15 ) ) -RRB- cord-257569-36qx1sy9 61 16 was be VBD cord-257569-36qx1sy9 61 17 not not RB cord-257569-36qx1sy9 61 18 much much RB cord-257569-36qx1sy9 61 19 larger large JJR cord-257569-36qx1sy9 61 20 than than IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 61 21 0.05 0.05 CD cord-257569-36qx1sy9 61 22 , , , cord-257569-36qx1sy9 61 23 we -PRON- PRP cord-257569-36qx1sy9 61 24 also also RB cord-257569-36qx1sy9 61 25 listed list VBD cord-257569-36qx1sy9 61 26 the the DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 61 27 rate rate NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 61 28 of of IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 61 29 synonymous synonymous JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 61 30 substitution substitution NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 61 31 for for IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 61 32 Hepatitis Hepatitis NNP cord-257569-36qx1sy9 61 33 D D NNP cord-257569-36qx1sy9 61 34 virus virus NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 61 35 in in IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 61 36 Table Table NNP cord-257569-36qx1sy9 61 37 3 3 CD cord-257569-36qx1sy9 61 38 . . . cord-257569-36qx1sy9 62 1 This this DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 62 2 tremendous tremendous JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 62 3 degree degree NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 62 4 of of IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 62 5 variation variation NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 62 6 in in IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 62 7 the the DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 62 8 synonymous synonymous JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 62 9 substitution substitution NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 62 10 rates rate NNS cord-257569-36qx1sy9 62 11 is be VBZ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 62 12 much much RB cord-257569-36qx1sy9 62 13 more more JJR cord-257569-36qx1sy9 62 14 than than IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 62 15 the the DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 62 16 expected expect VBN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 62 17 one one CD cord-257569-36qx1sy9 62 18 from from IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 62 19 the the DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 62 20 previous previous JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 62 21 report report NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 62 22 . . . cord-257569-36qx1sy9 63 1 In in IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 63 2 fact fact NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 63 3 , , , cord-257569-36qx1sy9 63 4 Jenkins Jenkins NNP cord-257569-36qx1sy9 63 5 et et NNP cord-257569-36qx1sy9 63 6 al al NNP cord-257569-36qx1sy9 63 7 . . NNP cord-257569-36qx1sy9 63 8 's 's POS cord-257569-36qx1sy9 63 9 ( ( -LRB- cord-257569-36qx1sy9 63 10 2002 2002 CD cord-257569-36qx1sy9 63 11 ) ) -RRB- cord-257569-36qx1sy9 63 12 suggested suggest VBD cord-257569-36qx1sy9 63 13 that that IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 63 14 the the DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 63 15 variation variation NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 63 16 of of IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 63 17 synonymous synonymous JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 63 18 substitution substitution NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 63 19 is be VBZ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 63 20 narrow narrow JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 63 21 , , , cord-257569-36qx1sy9 63 22 only only RB cord-257569-36qx1sy9 63 23 10 10 CD cord-257569-36qx1sy9 63 24 23 23 CD cord-257569-36qx1sy9 63 25 to to TO cord-257569-36qx1sy9 63 26 10 10 CD cord-257569-36qx1sy9 63 27 24 24 CD cord-257569-36qx1sy9 63 28 . . . cord-257569-36qx1sy9 64 1 This this DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 64 2 narrow narrow JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 64 3 range range NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 64 4 of of IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 64 5 variation variation NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 64 6 was be VBD cord-257569-36qx1sy9 64 7 obtained obtain VBN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 64 8 because because IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 64 9 they -PRON- PRP cord-257569-36qx1sy9 64 10 used use VBD cord-257569-36qx1sy9 64 11 only only RB cord-257569-36qx1sy9 64 12 several several JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 64 13 RNA RNA NNP cord-257569-36qx1sy9 64 14 viruses virus NNS cord-257569-36qx1sy9 64 15 and and CC cord-257569-36qx1sy9 64 16 , , , cord-257569-36qx1sy9 64 17 in in IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 64 18 particular particular JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 64 19 , , , cord-257569-36qx1sy9 64 20 they -PRON- PRP cord-257569-36qx1sy9 64 21 did do VBD cord-257569-36qx1sy9 64 22 not not RB cord-257569-36qx1sy9 64 23 include include VB cord-257569-36qx1sy9 64 24 any any DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 64 25 of of IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 64 26 the the DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 64 27 slowly slowly RB cord-257569-36qx1sy9 64 28 and and CC cord-257569-36qx1sy9 64 29 rapidly rapidly RB cord-257569-36qx1sy9 64 30 evolving evolve VBG cord-257569-36qx1sy9 64 31 viruses virus NNS cord-257569-36qx1sy9 64 32 that that WDT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 64 33 were be VBD cord-257569-36qx1sy9 64 34 examined examine VBN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 64 35 in in IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 64 36 the the DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 64 37 present present JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 64 38 study study NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 64 39 . . . cord-257569-36qx1sy9 65 1 Moreover moreover RB cord-257569-36qx1sy9 65 2 , , , cord-257569-36qx1sy9 65 3 when when WRB cord-257569-36qx1sy9 65 4 the the DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 65 5 rate rate NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 65 6 variation variation NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 65 7 of of IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 65 8 RNA RNA NNP cord-257569-36qx1sy9 65 9 viruses virus NNS cord-257569-36qx1sy9 65 10 was be VBD cord-257569-36qx1sy9 65 11 compared compare VBN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 65 12 with with IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 65 13 that that DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 65 14 of of IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 65 15 nonviral nonviral JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 65 16 organisms organism NNS cord-257569-36qx1sy9 65 17 , , , cord-257569-36qx1sy9 65 18 we -PRON- PRP cord-257569-36qx1sy9 65 19 found find VBD cord-257569-36qx1sy9 65 20 that that IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 65 21 the the DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 65 22 former former JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 65 23 was be VBD cord-257569-36qx1sy9 65 24 about about RB cord-257569-36qx1sy9 65 25 1,000-fold 1,000-fold CD cord-257569-36qx1sy9 65 26 larger large JJR cord-257569-36qx1sy9 65 27 than than IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 65 28 that that DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 65 29 of of IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 65 30 the the DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 65 31 latter latter JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 65 32 . . . cord-257569-36qx1sy9 66 1 This this DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 66 2 is be VBZ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 66 3 because because IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 66 4 nonviral nonviral JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 66 5 organisms organism NNS cord-257569-36qx1sy9 66 6 have have VBP cord-257569-36qx1sy9 66 7 been be VBN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 66 8 reported report VBN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 66 9 to to TO cord-257569-36qx1sy9 66 10 have have VB cord-257569-36qx1sy9 66 11 evolved evolve VBN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 66 12 at at IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 66 13 varying vary VBG cord-257569-36qx1sy9 66 14 synonymous synonymous JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 66 15 substitution substitution NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 66 16 rates rate NNS cord-257569-36qx1sy9 66 17 only only RB cord-257569-36qx1sy9 66 18 by by IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 66 19 2 2 CD cord-257569-36qx1sy9 66 20 orders order NNS cord-257569-36qx1sy9 66 21 of of IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 66 22 magnitude magnitude NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 66 23 in in IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 66 24 the the DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 66 25 actual actual JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 66 26 range range NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 66 27 of of IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 66 28 ( ( -LRB- cord-257569-36qx1sy9 66 29 0.12 0.12 CD cord-257569-36qx1sy9 66 30 - - SYM cord-257569-36qx1sy9 66 31 12.4 12.4 CD cord-257569-36qx1sy9 66 32 ) ) -RRB- cord-257569-36qx1sy9 66 33 3 3 CD cord-257569-36qx1sy9 66 34 10 10 CD cord-257569-36qx1sy9 66 35 29 29 CD cord-257569-36qx1sy9 67 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-257569-36qx1sy9 67 2 Li Li NNP cord-257569-36qx1sy9 67 3 , , , cord-257569-36qx1sy9 67 4 Tanimura Tanimura NNP cord-257569-36qx1sy9 67 5 , , , cord-257569-36qx1sy9 67 6 and and CC cord-257569-36qx1sy9 67 7 Sharp sharp JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 67 8 1987 1987 CD cord-257569-36qx1sy9 67 9 ; ; : cord-257569-36qx1sy9 67 10 Wolfe Wolfe NNP cord-257569-36qx1sy9 67 11 , , , cord-257569-36qx1sy9 67 12 Li Li NNP cord-257569-36qx1sy9 67 13 , , , cord-257569-36qx1sy9 67 14 and and CC cord-257569-36qx1sy9 67 15 Sharp sharp JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 67 16 1987 1987 CD cord-257569-36qx1sy9 67 17 ; ; : cord-257569-36qx1sy9 67 18 Bulmer Bulmer NNP cord-257569-36qx1sy9 67 19 , , , cord-257569-36qx1sy9 67 20 Wolfe Wolfe NNP cord-257569-36qx1sy9 67 21 , , , cord-257569-36qx1sy9 67 22 and and CC cord-257569-36qx1sy9 67 23 Sharp sharp JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 67 24 1991 1991 CD cord-257569-36qx1sy9 67 25 ; ; : cord-257569-36qx1sy9 67 26 Gaut Gaut NNP cord-257569-36qx1sy9 67 27 et et NNP cord-257569-36qx1sy9 67 28 al al NNP cord-257569-36qx1sy9 67 29 . . . cord-257569-36qx1sy9 68 1 1996 1996 CD cord-257569-36qx1sy9 68 2 ; ; : cord-257569-36qx1sy9 68 3 Pawlowski Pawlowski NNP cord-257569-36qx1sy9 68 4 et et NNP cord-257569-36qx1sy9 68 5 al al NNP cord-257569-36qx1sy9 68 6 . . . cord-257569-36qx1sy9 68 7 1997 1997 CD cord-257569-36qx1sy9 68 8 ) ) -RRB- cord-257569-36qx1sy9 68 9 . . . cord-257569-36qx1sy9 69 1 We -PRON- PRP cord-257569-36qx1sy9 69 2 built build VBD cord-257569-36qx1sy9 69 3 three three CD cord-257569-36qx1sy9 69 4 possible possible JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 69 5 hypotheses hypothesis NNS cord-257569-36qx1sy9 69 6 in in IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 69 7 the the DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 69 8 following following NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 69 9 to to TO cord-257569-36qx1sy9 69 10 understand understand VB cord-257569-36qx1sy9 69 11 the the DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 69 12 reason reason NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 69 13 that that IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 69 14 such such JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 69 15 variation variation NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 69 16 existed exist VBD cord-257569-36qx1sy9 69 17 . . . cord-257569-36qx1sy9 70 1 The the DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 70 2 first first JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 70 3 hypothesis hypothesis NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 70 4 is be VBZ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 70 5 that that IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 70 6 the the DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 70 7 error error NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 70 8 rate rate NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 70 9 per per IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 70 10 replication replication NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 70 11 ( ( -LRB- cord-257569-36qx1sy9 70 12 replication replication NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 70 13 error error NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 70 14 rate rate NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 70 15 ) ) -RRB- cord-257569-36qx1sy9 70 16 among among IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 70 17 the the DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 70 18 RNA RNA NNP cord-257569-36qx1sy9 70 19 viruses virus NNS cord-257569-36qx1sy9 70 20 is be VBZ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 70 21 the the DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 70 22 main main JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 70 23 cause cause NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 70 24 of of IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 70 25 the the DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 70 26 variation variation NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 70 27 . . . cord-257569-36qx1sy9 71 1 The the DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 71 2 second second JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 71 3 hypothesis hypothesis NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 71 4 is be VBZ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 71 5 that that IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 71 6 the the DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 71 7 number number NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 71 8 of of IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 71 9 replications replication NNS cord-257569-36qx1sy9 71 10 per per IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 71 11 unit unit NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 71 12 time time NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 71 13 ( ( -LRB- cord-257569-36qx1sy9 71 14 replication replication NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 71 15 frequency frequency NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 71 16 ) ) -RRB- cord-257569-36qx1sy9 71 17 among among IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 71 18 RNA RNA NNP cord-257569-36qx1sy9 71 19 viruses virus NNS cord-257569-36qx1sy9 71 20 is be VBZ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 71 21 the the DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 71 22 main main JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 71 23 cause cause NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 71 24 of of IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 71 25 the the DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 71 26 variation variation NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 71 27 . . . cord-257569-36qx1sy9 72 1 The the DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 72 2 third third JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 72 3 hypothesis hypothesis NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 72 4 is be VBZ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 72 5 that that IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 72 6 both both DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 72 7 of of IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 72 8 these these DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 72 9 affect affect VBP cord-257569-36qx1sy9 72 10 the the DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 72 11 variation variation NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 72 12 . . . cord-257569-36qx1sy9 73 1 To to TO cord-257569-36qx1sy9 73 2 investigate investigate VB cord-257569-36qx1sy9 73 3 which which WDT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 73 4 of of IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 73 5 these these DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 73 6 three three CD cord-257569-36qx1sy9 73 7 hypotheses hypothesis NNS cord-257569-36qx1sy9 73 8 was be VBD cord-257569-36qx1sy9 73 9 correct correct JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 73 10 , , , cord-257569-36qx1sy9 73 11 we -PRON- PRP cord-257569-36qx1sy9 73 12 compared compare VBD cord-257569-36qx1sy9 73 13 the the DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 73 14 rate rate NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 73 15 of of IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 73 16 replication replication NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 73 17 error error NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 73 18 with with IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 73 19 the the DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 73 20 synonymous synonymous JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 73 21 substitution substitution NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 73 22 rate rate NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 73 23 using use VBG cord-257569-36qx1sy9 73 24 eight eight CD cord-257569-36qx1sy9 73 25 different different JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 73 26 RNA RNA NNP cord-257569-36qx1sy9 73 27 viruses virus NNS cord-257569-36qx1sy9 73 28 , , , cord-257569-36qx1sy9 73 29 as as IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 73 30 shown show VBN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 73 31 in in IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 73 32 table table NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 73 33 5 5 CD cord-257569-36qx1sy9 74 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-257569-36qx1sy9 74 2 Schrag Schrag NNP cord-257569-36qx1sy9 74 3 , , , cord-257569-36qx1sy9 74 4 Rota Rota NNP cord-257569-36qx1sy9 74 5 , , , cord-257569-36qx1sy9 74 6 and and CC cord-257569-36qx1sy9 74 7 Bellini Bellini NNP cord-257569-36qx1sy9 74 8 1991 1991 CD cord-257569-36qx1sy9 74 9 ; ; : cord-257569-36qx1sy9 74 10 Mansky Mansky NNP cord-257569-36qx1sy9 74 11 and and CC cord-257569-36qx1sy9 74 12 Temin Temin NNP cord-257569-36qx1sy9 74 13 1995 1995 CD cord-257569-36qx1sy9 74 14 ; ; : cord-257569-36qx1sy9 74 15 Drake Drake NNP cord-257569-36qx1sy9 74 16 and and CC cord-257569-36qx1sy9 74 17 Holland Holland NNP cord-257569-36qx1sy9 74 18 1999 1999 CD cord-257569-36qx1sy9 74 19 ; ; : cord-257569-36qx1sy9 74 20 Stech Stech NNP cord-257569-36qx1sy9 74 21 et et NNP cord-257569-36qx1sy9 74 22 al al NNP cord-257569-36qx1sy9 74 23 . . . cord-257569-36qx1sy9 75 1 1999 1999 CD cord-257569-36qx1sy9 75 2 ; ; : cord-257569-36qx1sy9 75 3 Mansky Mansky NNP cord-257569-36qx1sy9 75 4 2000 2000 CD cord-257569-36qx1sy9 75 5 ; ; : cord-257569-36qx1sy9 75 6 Escarmis Escarmis NNP cord-257569-36qx1sy9 75 7 et et NNP cord-257569-36qx1sy9 75 8 al al NNP cord-257569-36qx1sy9 75 9 . . . cord-257569-36qx1sy9 75 10 2002 2002 CD cord-257569-36qx1sy9 75 11 ) ) -RRB- cord-257569-36qx1sy9 75 12 . . . cord-257569-36qx1sy9 76 1 The the DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 76 2 replication replication NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 76 3 error error NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 76 4 rate rate NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 76 5 of of IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 76 6 porcine porcine JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 76 7 reproductive reproductive JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 76 8 and and CC cord-257569-36qx1sy9 76 9 respiratory respiratory JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 76 10 syndrome syndrome NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 76 11 virus virus NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 76 12 was be VBD cord-257569-36qx1sy9 76 13 estimated estimate VBN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 76 14 from from IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 76 15 the the DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 76 16 passage passage NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 76 17 number number NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 76 18 , , , cord-257569-36qx1sy9 76 19 the the DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 76 20 number number NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 76 21 of of IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 76 22 nucleotide nucleotide JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 76 23 substitutions substitution NNS cord-257569-36qx1sy9 76 24 during during IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 76 25 the the DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 76 26 passage passage NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 76 27 , , , cord-257569-36qx1sy9 76 28 and and CC cord-257569-36qx1sy9 76 29 the the DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 76 30 time time NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 76 31 required require VBN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 76 32 for for IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 76 33 viral viral JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 76 34 budding bud VBG cord-257569-36qx1sy9 76 35 ( ( -LRB- cord-257569-36qx1sy9 76 36 Dea Dea NNP cord-257569-36qx1sy9 76 37 1995 1995 CD cord-257569-36qx1sy9 76 38 ; ; : cord-257569-36qx1sy9 76 39 Allende Allende NNP cord-257569-36qx1sy9 76 40 2000 2000 CD cord-257569-36qx1sy9 76 41 ) ) -RRB- cord-257569-36qx1sy9 76 42 . . . cord-257569-36qx1sy9 77 1 The the DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 77 2 results result NNS cord-257569-36qx1sy9 77 3 showed show VBD cord-257569-36qx1sy9 77 4 that that IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 77 5 the the DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 77 6 rate rate NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 77 7 of of IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 77 8 replication replication NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 77 9 error error NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 77 10 ( ( -LRB- cord-257569-36qx1sy9 77 11 the the DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 77 12 order order NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 77 13 is be VBZ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 77 14 10 10 CD cord-257569-36qx1sy9 77 15 25 25 CD cord-257569-36qx1sy9 77 16 ) ) -RRB- cord-257569-36qx1sy9 77 17 was be VBD cord-257569-36qx1sy9 77 18 almost almost RB cord-257569-36qx1sy9 77 19 constant constant JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 77 20 among among IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 77 21 the the DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 77 22 eight eight CD cord-257569-36qx1sy9 77 23 different different JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 77 24 species specie NNS cord-257569-36qx1sy9 77 25 of of IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 77 26 RNA RNA NNP cord-257569-36qx1sy9 77 27 viruses virus NNS cord-257569-36qx1sy9 77 28 in in IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 77 29 spite spite NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 77 30 of of IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 77 31 the the DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 77 32 wide wide JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 77 33 variation variation NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 77 34 in in IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 77 35 the the DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 77 36 synonymous synonymous JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 77 37 substitution substitution NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 77 38 rates rate NNS cord-257569-36qx1sy9 77 39 among among IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 77 40 these these DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 77 41 species specie NNS cord-257569-36qx1sy9 77 42 . . . cord-257569-36qx1sy9 78 1 These these DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 78 2 results result NNS cord-257569-36qx1sy9 78 3 indicated indicate VBD cord-257569-36qx1sy9 78 4 that that IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 78 5 the the DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 78 6 replication replication NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 78 7 frequency frequency NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 78 8 should should MD cord-257569-36qx1sy9 78 9 be be VB cord-257569-36qx1sy9 78 10 the the DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 78 11 main main JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 78 12 source source NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 78 13 of of IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 78 14 the the DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 78 15 variation variation NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 78 16 in in IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 78 17 the the DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 78 18 synonymous synonymous JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 78 19 substitution substitution NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 78 20 rates rate NNS cord-257569-36qx1sy9 78 21 because because IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 78 22 the the DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 78 23 constancy constancy NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 78 24 of of IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 78 25 the the DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 78 26 rates rate NNS cord-257569-36qx1sy9 78 27 of of IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 78 28 replication replication NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 78 29 error error NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 78 30 showed show VBD cord-257569-36qx1sy9 78 31 that that IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 78 32 these these DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 78 33 did do VBD cord-257569-36qx1sy9 78 34 not not RB cord-257569-36qx1sy9 78 35 contribute contribute VB cord-257569-36qx1sy9 78 36 strongly strongly RB cord-257569-36qx1sy9 78 37 to to IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 78 38 the the DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 78 39 variation variation NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 78 40 of of IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 78 41 the the DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 78 42 synonymous synonymous JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 78 43 substitution substitution NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 78 44 rates rate NNS cord-257569-36qx1sy9 78 45 among among IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 78 46 RNA RNA NNP cord-257569-36qx1sy9 78 47 viruses virus NNS cord-257569-36qx1sy9 78 48 . . . cord-257569-36qx1sy9 79 1 Moreover moreover RB cord-257569-36qx1sy9 79 2 , , , cord-257569-36qx1sy9 79 3 we -PRON- PRP cord-257569-36qx1sy9 79 4 focused focus VBD cord-257569-36qx1sy9 79 5 on on IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 79 6 the the DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 79 7 viral viral JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 79 8 life life NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 79 9 strategies strategy NNS cord-257569-36qx1sy9 79 10 to to IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 79 11 the the DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 79 12 host host NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 79 13 . . . cord-257569-36qx1sy9 80 1 These these DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 80 2 characteristics characteristic NNS cord-257569-36qx1sy9 80 3 are be VBP cord-257569-36qx1sy9 80 4 considered consider VBN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 80 5 to to TO cord-257569-36qx1sy9 80 6 affect affect VB cord-257569-36qx1sy9 80 7 the the DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 80 8 replication replication NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 80 9 frequency frequency NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 80 10 , , , cord-257569-36qx1sy9 80 11 because because IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 80 12 the the DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 80 13 viral viral JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 80 14 life life NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 80 15 strategy strategy NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 80 16 is be VBZ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 80 17 strongly strongly RB cord-257569-36qx1sy9 80 18 related relate VBN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 80 19 to to IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 80 20 the the DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 80 21 infectivity infectivity NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 80 22 , , , cord-257569-36qx1sy9 80 23 and and CC cord-257569-36qx1sy9 80 24 the the DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 80 25 strength strength NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 80 26 of of IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 80 27 infectivity infectivity NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 80 28 is be VBZ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 80 29 related relate VBN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 80 30 to to IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 80 31 an an DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 80 32 increase increase NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 80 33 in in IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 80 34 the the DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 80 35 chance chance NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 80 36 for for IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 80 37 replication replication NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 80 38 . . . cord-257569-36qx1sy9 81 1 This this DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 81 2 indicates indicate VBZ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 81 3 that that IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 81 4 the the DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 81 5 viral viral JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 81 6 life life NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 81 7 strategy strategy NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 81 8 may may MD cord-257569-36qx1sy9 81 9 be be VB cord-257569-36qx1sy9 81 10 related relate VBN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 81 11 to to IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 81 12 the the DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 81 13 replication replication NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 81 14 frequency frequency NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 81 15 among among IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 81 16 RNA RNA NNP cord-257569-36qx1sy9 81 17 viruses virus NNS cord-257569-36qx1sy9 81 18 . . . cord-257569-36qx1sy9 82 1 If if IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 82 2 the the DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 82 3 relationship relationship NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 82 4 between between IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 82 5 the the DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 82 6 viral viral JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 82 7 life life NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 82 8 strategy strategy NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 82 9 and and CC cord-257569-36qx1sy9 82 10 the the DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 82 11 replication replication NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 82 12 frequency frequency NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 82 13 is be VBZ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 82 14 certain certain JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 82 15 , , , cord-257569-36qx1sy9 82 16 then then RB cord-257569-36qx1sy9 82 17 the the DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 82 18 viral viral JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 82 19 life life NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 82 20 strategy strategy NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 82 21 should should MD cord-257569-36qx1sy9 82 22 be be VB cord-257569-36qx1sy9 82 23 related relate VBN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 82 24 to to IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 82 25 the the DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 82 26 rates rate NNS cord-257569-36qx1sy9 82 27 of of IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 82 28 synonymous synonymous JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 82 29 substitution substitution NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 82 30 among among IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 82 31 RNA RNA NNP cord-257569-36qx1sy9 82 32 viruses virus NNS cord-257569-36qx1sy9 82 33 . . . cord-257569-36qx1sy9 83 1 This this DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 83 2 is be VBZ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 83 3 because because IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 83 4 the the DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 83 5 main main JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 83 6 source source NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 83 7 of of IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 83 8 the the DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 83 9 rate rate NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 83 10 variation variation NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 83 11 for for IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 83 12 RNA RNA NNP cord-257569-36qx1sy9 83 13 viruses virus NNS cord-257569-36qx1sy9 83 14 was be VBD cord-257569-36qx1sy9 83 15 considered consider VBN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 83 16 to to TO cord-257569-36qx1sy9 83 17 be be VB cord-257569-36qx1sy9 83 18 the the DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 83 19 replication replication NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 83 20 frequency frequency NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 83 21 , , , cord-257569-36qx1sy9 83 22 as as IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 83 23 mentioned mention VBN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 83 24 earlier early RBR cord-257569-36qx1sy9 83 25 . . . cord-257569-36qx1sy9 84 1 Therefore therefore RB cord-257569-36qx1sy9 84 2 , , , cord-257569-36qx1sy9 84 3 we -PRON- PRP cord-257569-36qx1sy9 84 4 compared compare VBD cord-257569-36qx1sy9 84 5 viral viral JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 84 6 life life NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 84 7 strategies strategy NNS cord-257569-36qx1sy9 84 8 of of IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 84 9 RNA RNA NNP cord-257569-36qx1sy9 84 10 virus virus NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 84 11 with with IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 84 12 the the DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 84 13 rates rate NNS cord-257569-36qx1sy9 84 14 of of IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 84 15 synonymous synonymous JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 84 16 substitution substitution NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 84 17 ( ( -LRB- cord-257569-36qx1sy9 84 18 fig fig NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 84 19 . . . cord-257569-36qx1sy9 84 20 3 3 CD cord-257569-36qx1sy9 84 21 ) ) -RRB- cord-257569-36qx1sy9 84 22 . . . cord-257569-36qx1sy9 85 1 The the DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 85 2 viral viral JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 85 3 life life NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 85 4 strategies strategy NNS cord-257569-36qx1sy9 85 5 examined examine VBN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 85 6 in in IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 85 7 the the DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 85 8 present present JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 85 9 study study NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 85 10 were be VBD cord-257569-36qx1sy9 85 11 classified classify VBN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 85 12 into into IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 85 13 two two CD cord-257569-36qx1sy9 85 14 major major JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 85 15 categories category NNS cord-257569-36qx1sy9 85 16 : : : cord-257569-36qx1sy9 85 17 infection infection NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 85 18 modes mode NNS cord-257569-36qx1sy9 85 19 and and CC cord-257569-36qx1sy9 85 20 viral viral JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 85 21 transmission transmission NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 85 22 . . . cord-257569-36qx1sy9 86 1 Infection infection NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 86 2 modes mode NNS cord-257569-36qx1sy9 86 3 are be VBP cord-257569-36qx1sy9 86 4 classified classify VBN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 86 5 into into IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 86 6 acute acute JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 86 7 , , , cord-257569-36qx1sy9 86 8 persistent persistent JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 86 9 , , , cord-257569-36qx1sy9 86 10 and and CC cord-257569-36qx1sy9 86 11 latent latent JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 86 12 infection infection NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 86 13 . . . cord-257569-36qx1sy9 87 1 In in IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 87 2 general general JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 87 3 , , , cord-257569-36qx1sy9 87 4 the the DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 87 5 infection infection NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 87 6 modes mode NNS cord-257569-36qx1sy9 87 7 are be VBP cord-257569-36qx1sy9 87 8 not not RB cord-257569-36qx1sy9 87 9 mutually mutually RB cord-257569-36qx1sy9 87 10 exclusive exclusive JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 87 11 . . . cord-257569-36qx1sy9 88 1 In in IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 88 2 fact fact NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 88 3 , , , cord-257569-36qx1sy9 88 4 some some DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 88 5 viruses virus NNS cord-257569-36qx1sy9 88 6 have have VBP cord-257569-36qx1sy9 88 7 both both DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 88 8 of of IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 88 9 acute acute JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 88 10 and and CC cord-257569-36qx1sy9 88 11 persistent persistent JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 88 12 infection infection NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 88 13 phases phase NNS cord-257569-36qx1sy9 88 14 . . . cord-257569-36qx1sy9 89 1 For for IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 89 2 example example NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 89 3 , , , cord-257569-36qx1sy9 89 4 measles measles NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 89 5 viruses virus NNS cord-257569-36qx1sy9 89 6 induce induce VBP cord-257569-36qx1sy9 89 7 acute acute JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 89 8 infection infection NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 89 9 in in IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 89 10 the the DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 89 11 beginning beginning NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 89 12 , , , cord-257569-36qx1sy9 89 13 and and CC cord-257569-36qx1sy9 89 14 maintain maintain VB cord-257569-36qx1sy9 89 15 a a DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 89 16 persistent persistent JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 89 17 phase phase NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 89 18 in in IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 89 19 the the DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 89 20 same same JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 89 21 host host NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 89 22 . . . cord-257569-36qx1sy9 90 1 When when WRB cord-257569-36qx1sy9 90 2 the the DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 90 3 replication replication NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 90 4 of of IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 90 5 a a DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 90 6 virus virus NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 90 7 is be VBZ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 90 8 strictly strictly RB cord-257569-36qx1sy9 90 9 limited limited JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 90 10 , , , cord-257569-36qx1sy9 90 11 by by IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 90 12 some some DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 90 13 reasons reason NNS cord-257569-36qx1sy9 90 14 , , , cord-257569-36qx1sy9 90 15 in in IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 90 16 the the DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 90 17 persistent persistent JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 90 18 phases phase NNS cord-257569-36qx1sy9 90 19 , , , cord-257569-36qx1sy9 90 20 this this DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 90 21 infection infection NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 90 22 mode mode NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 90 23 is be VBZ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 90 24 called call VBN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 90 25 latent latent JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 90 26 infection infection NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 90 27 . . . cord-257569-36qx1sy9 91 1 The the DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 91 2 viral viral JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 91 3 transmissions transmission NNS cord-257569-36qx1sy9 91 4 were be VBD cord-257569-36qx1sy9 91 5 composed compose VBN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 91 6 of of IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 91 7 six six CD cord-257569-36qx1sy9 91 8 modes mode NNS cord-257569-36qx1sy9 91 9 , , , cord-257569-36qx1sy9 91 10 i.e. i.e. FW cord-257569-36qx1sy9 91 11 , , , cord-257569-36qx1sy9 91 12 aerosol aerosol NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 91 13 transmission transmission NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 91 14 , , , cord-257569-36qx1sy9 91 15 contagious contagious JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 91 16 transmission transmission NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 91 17 , , , cord-257569-36qx1sy9 91 18 fecal fecal JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 91 19 - - HYPH cord-257569-36qx1sy9 91 20 oral oral JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 91 21 route route NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 91 22 transmission transmission NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 91 23 , , , cord-257569-36qx1sy9 91 24 transmission transmission NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 91 25 via via IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 91 26 blood blood NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 91 27 ( ( -LRB- cord-257569-36qx1sy9 91 28 sexual sexual JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 91 29 relationship relationship NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 91 30 and and CC cord-257569-36qx1sy9 91 31 artificial artificial JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 91 32 injection injection NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 91 33 ) ) -RRB- cord-257569-36qx1sy9 91 34 , , , cord-257569-36qx1sy9 91 35 transmission transmission NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 91 36 via via IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 91 37 a a DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 91 38 bite bite NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 91 39 , , , cord-257569-36qx1sy9 91 40 and and CC cord-257569-36qx1sy9 91 41 transmission transmission NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 91 42 via via IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 91 43 a a DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 91 44 vector vector NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 91 45 . . . cord-257569-36qx1sy9 92 1 First first RB cord-257569-36qx1sy9 92 2 , , , cord-257569-36qx1sy9 92 3 we -PRON- PRP cord-257569-36qx1sy9 92 4 compared compare VBD cord-257569-36qx1sy9 92 5 the the DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 92 6 infection infection NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 92 7 modes mode NNS cord-257569-36qx1sy9 92 8 with with IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 92 9 the the DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 92 10 rates rate NNS cord-257569-36qx1sy9 92 11 of of IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 92 12 synonymous synonymous JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 92 13 substitution substitution NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 92 14 . . . cord-257569-36qx1sy9 93 1 The the DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 93 2 results result NNS cord-257569-36qx1sy9 93 3 showed show VBD cord-257569-36qx1sy9 93 4 that that IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 93 5 the the DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 93 6 rates rate NNS cord-257569-36qx1sy9 93 7 of of IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 93 8 synonymous synonymous JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 93 9 substitution substitution NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 93 10 for for IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 93 11 viruses virus NNS cord-257569-36qx1sy9 93 12 inducing induce VBG cord-257569-36qx1sy9 93 13 both both CC cord-257569-36qx1sy9 93 14 acute acute JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 93 15 and and CC cord-257569-36qx1sy9 93 16 persistent persistent JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 93 17 infection infection NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 93 18 were be VBD cord-257569-36qx1sy9 93 19 higher high JJR cord-257569-36qx1sy9 93 20 than than IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 93 21 those those DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 93 22 for for IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 93 23 viruses virus NNS cord-257569-36qx1sy9 93 24 inducing induce VBG cord-257569-36qx1sy9 93 25 only only RB cord-257569-36qx1sy9 93 26 acute acute JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 93 27 infection infection NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 93 28 . . . cord-257569-36qx1sy9 94 1 We -PRON- PRP cord-257569-36qx1sy9 94 2 also also RB cord-257569-36qx1sy9 94 3 showed show VBD cord-257569-36qx1sy9 94 4 that that IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 94 5 the the DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 94 6 rates rate NNS cord-257569-36qx1sy9 94 7 of of IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 94 8 synonymous synonymous JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 94 9 substitution substitution NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 94 10 for for IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 94 11 viruses virus NNS cord-257569-36qx1sy9 94 12 of of IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 94 13 only only JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 94 14 acute acute JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 94 15 infection infection NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 94 16 were be VBD cord-257569-36qx1sy9 94 17 higher high JJR cord-257569-36qx1sy9 94 18 than than IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 94 19 those those DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 94 20 for for IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 94 21 the the DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 94 22 viruses virus NNS cord-257569-36qx1sy9 94 23 of of IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 94 24 only only JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 94 25 persistent persistent JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 94 26 infection infection NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 94 27 and and CC cord-257569-36qx1sy9 94 28 that that IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 94 29 the the DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 94 30 rates rate NNS cord-257569-36qx1sy9 94 31 of of IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 94 32 synonymous synonymous JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 94 33 substitution substitution NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 94 34 for for IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 94 35 viruses virus NNS cord-257569-36qx1sy9 94 36 of of IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 94 37 only only JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 94 38 persistent persistent JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 94 39 infection infection NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 94 40 were be VBD cord-257569-36qx1sy9 94 41 higher high JJR cord-257569-36qx1sy9 94 42 than than IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 94 43 those those DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 94 44 for for IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 94 45 the the DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 94 46 viruses virus NNS cord-257569-36qx1sy9 94 47 of of IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 94 48 latent latent JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 94 49 infection infection NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 94 50 . . . cord-257569-36qx1sy9 95 1 All all DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 95 2 of of IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 95 3 those those DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 95 4 differences difference NNS cord-257569-36qx1sy9 95 5 were be VBD cord-257569-36qx1sy9 95 6 statistically statistically RB cord-257569-36qx1sy9 95 7 significant significant JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 95 8 ( ( -LRB- cord-257569-36qx1sy9 95 9 P p NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 95 10 , , , cord-257569-36qx1sy9 95 11 0.05 0.05 CD cord-257569-36qx1sy9 95 12 ) ) -RRB- cord-257569-36qx1sy9 95 13 by by IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 95 14 the the DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 95 15 two two CD cord-257569-36qx1sy9 95 16 - - HYPH cord-257569-36qx1sy9 95 17 tailed tailed JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 95 18 Wilcoxon Wilcoxon NNP cord-257569-36qx1sy9 95 19 test test NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 95 20 ( ( -LRB- cord-257569-36qx1sy9 95 21 fig fig NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 95 22 . . . cord-257569-36qx1sy9 95 23 3 3 CD cord-257569-36qx1sy9 95 24 ) ) -RRB- cord-257569-36qx1sy9 95 25 . . . cord-257569-36qx1sy9 96 1 Indeed indeed RB cord-257569-36qx1sy9 96 2 , , , cord-257569-36qx1sy9 96 3 the the DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 96 4 replication replication NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 96 5 frequencies frequency NNS cord-257569-36qx1sy9 96 6 for for IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 96 7 the the DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 96 8 viruses virus NNS cord-257569-36qx1sy9 96 9 of of IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 96 10 only only JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 96 11 acute acute JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 96 12 Human Human NNP cord-257569-36qx1sy9 96 13 T T NNP cord-257569-36qx1sy9 96 14 - - HYPH cord-257569-36qx1sy9 96 15 lymphotropic lymphotropic NNP cord-257569-36qx1sy9 96 16 virus virus NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 96 17 1 1 CD cord-257569-36qx1sy9 96 18 10 10 CD cord-257569-36qx1sy9 96 19 26 26 CD cord-257569-36qx1sy9 96 20 3 3 CD cord-257569-36qx1sy9 96 21 ( ( -LRB- cord-257569-36qx1sy9 96 22 4.60 4.60 CD cord-257569-36qx1sy9 96 23 - - SYM cord-257569-36qx1sy9 96 24 5.90 5.90 CD cord-257569-36qx1sy9 96 25 ) ) -RRB- cord-257569-36qx1sy9 96 26 , , , cord-257569-36qx1sy9 96 27 5 5 CD cord-257569-36qx1sy9 96 28 . . . cord-257569-36qx1sy9 97 1 infection infection NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 97 2 are be VBP cord-257569-36qx1sy9 97 3 considered consider VBN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 97 4 to to TO cord-257569-36qx1sy9 97 5 be be VB cord-257569-36qx1sy9 97 6 higher high JJR cord-257569-36qx1sy9 97 7 than than IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 97 8 those those DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 97 9 for for IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 97 10 the the DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 97 11 viruses virus NNS cord-257569-36qx1sy9 97 12 of of IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 97 13 only only JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 97 14 persistent persistent JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 97 15 infection infection NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 97 16 , , , cord-257569-36qx1sy9 97 17 because because IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 97 18 viruses virus NNS cord-257569-36qx1sy9 97 19 causing cause VBG cord-257569-36qx1sy9 97 20 an an DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 97 21 acute acute JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 97 22 symptom symptom NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 97 23 are be VBP cord-257569-36qx1sy9 97 24 expected expect VBN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 97 25 to to TO cord-257569-36qx1sy9 97 26 infect infect VB cord-257569-36qx1sy9 97 27 the the DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 97 28 neighboring neighbor VBG cord-257569-36qx1sy9 97 29 host host NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 97 30 cells cell NNS cord-257569-36qx1sy9 97 31 more more RBR cord-257569-36qx1sy9 97 32 frequently frequently RB cord-257569-36qx1sy9 97 33 than than IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 97 34 viruses virus NNS cord-257569-36qx1sy9 97 35 persistently persistently RB cord-257569-36qx1sy9 97 36 holding hold VBG cord-257569-36qx1sy9 97 37 a a DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 97 38 symptom symptom NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 97 39 ( ( -LRB- cord-257569-36qx1sy9 97 40 Overbaugh Overbaugh NNP cord-257569-36qx1sy9 97 41 and and CC cord-257569-36qx1sy9 97 42 Bangham Bangham NNP cord-257569-36qx1sy9 97 43 2001 2001 CD cord-257569-36qx1sy9 97 44 ) ) -RRB- cord-257569-36qx1sy9 97 45 . . . cord-257569-36qx1sy9 98 1 The the DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 98 2 replication replication NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 98 3 frequencies frequency NNS cord-257569-36qx1sy9 98 4 of of IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 98 5 viruses virus NNS cord-257569-36qx1sy9 98 6 inducing induce VBG cord-257569-36qx1sy9 98 7 both both CC cord-257569-36qx1sy9 98 8 acute acute JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 98 9 and and CC cord-257569-36qx1sy9 98 10 persistent persistent JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 98 11 infection infection NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 98 12 might may MD cord-257569-36qx1sy9 98 13 be be VB cord-257569-36qx1sy9 98 14 higher high JJR cord-257569-36qx1sy9 98 15 than than IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 98 16 those those DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 98 17 of of IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 98 18 viruses virus NNS cord-257569-36qx1sy9 98 19 inducing induce VBG cord-257569-36qx1sy9 98 20 only only RB cord-257569-36qx1sy9 98 21 acute acute JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 98 22 infection infection NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 98 23 , , , cord-257569-36qx1sy9 98 24 to to IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 98 25 some some DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 98 26 extent extent NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 98 27 , , , cord-257569-36qx1sy9 98 28 because because IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 98 29 viruses virus NNS cord-257569-36qx1sy9 98 30 inducing induce VBG cord-257569-36qx1sy9 98 31 both both DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 98 32 infection infection NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 98 33 could could MD cord-257569-36qx1sy9 98 34 repeatedly repeatedly RB cord-257569-36qx1sy9 98 35 replicated replicate VBN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 98 36 themselves -PRON- PRP cord-257569-36qx1sy9 98 37 in in IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 98 38 the the DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 98 39 acute acute JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 98 40 phase phase NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 98 41 . . . cord-257569-36qx1sy9 99 1 On on IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 99 2 the the DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 99 3 other other JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 99 4 hand hand NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 99 5 , , , cord-257569-36qx1sy9 99 6 the the DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 99 7 replication replication NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 99 8 frequencies frequency NNS cord-257569-36qx1sy9 99 9 of of IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 99 10 latent latent JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 99 11 infection infection NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 99 12 are be VBP cord-257569-36qx1sy9 99 13 absolutely absolutely RB cord-257569-36qx1sy9 99 14 lower low JJR cord-257569-36qx1sy9 99 15 than than IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 99 16 those those DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 99 17 of of IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 99 18 only only JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 99 19 persistent persistent JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 99 20 infection infection NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 99 21 because because IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 99 22 the the DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 99 23 replication replication NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 99 24 of of IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 99 25 the the DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 99 26 virus virus NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 99 27 are be VBP cord-257569-36qx1sy9 99 28 strictly strictly RB cord-257569-36qx1sy9 99 29 limited limited JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 99 30 in in IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 99 31 latent latent JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 99 32 infection infection NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 99 33 . . . cord-257569-36qx1sy9 100 1 Thus thus RB cord-257569-36qx1sy9 100 2 , , , cord-257569-36qx1sy9 100 3 we -PRON- PRP cord-257569-36qx1sy9 100 4 reasonably reasonably RB cord-257569-36qx1sy9 100 5 assume assume VBP cord-257569-36qx1sy9 100 6 that that IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 100 7 the the DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 100 8 highest high JJS cord-257569-36qx1sy9 100 9 replication replication NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 100 10 frequency frequency NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 100 11 is be VBZ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 100 12 manifested manifest VBN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 100 13 by by IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 100 14 the the DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 100 15 viruses virus NNS cord-257569-36qx1sy9 100 16 inducing induce VBG cord-257569-36qx1sy9 100 17 both both CC cord-257569-36qx1sy9 100 18 acute acute JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 100 19 and and CC cord-257569-36qx1sy9 100 20 persistent persistent JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 100 21 infection infection NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 100 22 , , , cord-257569-36qx1sy9 100 23 the the DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 100 24 second second JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 100 25 highest high JJS cord-257569-36qx1sy9 100 26 by by IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 100 27 viruses virus NNS cord-257569-36qx1sy9 100 28 inducing induce VBG cord-257569-36qx1sy9 100 29 only only RB cord-257569-36qx1sy9 100 30 acute acute JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 100 31 infection infection NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 100 32 , , , cord-257569-36qx1sy9 100 33 the the DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 100 34 third third JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 100 35 by by IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 100 36 viruses virus NNS cord-257569-36qx1sy9 100 37 inducing induce VBG cord-257569-36qx1sy9 100 38 only only RB cord-257569-36qx1sy9 100 39 persistent persistent JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 100 40 infection infection NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 100 41 , , , cord-257569-36qx1sy9 100 42 and and CC cord-257569-36qx1sy9 100 43 the the DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 100 44 fourth fourth JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 100 45 by by IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 100 46 the the DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 100 47 viruses virus NNS cord-257569-36qx1sy9 100 48 inducing induce VBG cord-257569-36qx1sy9 100 49 latent latent JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 100 50 infection infection NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 100 51 . . . cord-257569-36qx1sy9 101 1 In in IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 101 2 fact fact NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 101 3 , , , cord-257569-36qx1sy9 101 4 the the DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 101 5 rate rate NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 101 6 of of IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 101 7 synonymous synonymous JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 101 8 substitution substitution NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 101 9 for for IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 101 10 the the DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 101 11 viruses virus NNS cord-257569-36qx1sy9 101 12 inducing induce VBG cord-257569-36qx1sy9 101 13 both both CC cord-257569-36qx1sy9 101 14 acute acute JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 101 15 and and CC cord-257569-36qx1sy9 101 16 persistent persistent JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 101 17 infection infection NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 101 18 is be VBZ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 101 19 the the DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 101 20 highest high JJS cord-257569-36qx1sy9 101 21 , , , cord-257569-36qx1sy9 101 22 that that IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 101 23 for for IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 101 24 the the DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 101 25 viruses virus NNS cord-257569-36qx1sy9 101 26 inducing induce VBG cord-257569-36qx1sy9 101 27 only only RB cord-257569-36qx1sy9 101 28 acute acute JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 101 29 infection infection NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 101 30 is be VBZ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 101 31 the the DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 101 32 second second JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 101 33 highest high JJS cord-257569-36qx1sy9 101 34 , , , cord-257569-36qx1sy9 101 35 that that IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 101 36 for for IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 101 37 the the DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 101 38 viruses virus NNS cord-257569-36qx1sy9 101 39 inducing induce VBG cord-257569-36qx1sy9 101 40 only only RB cord-257569-36qx1sy9 101 41 persistent persistent JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 101 42 infection infection NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 101 43 is be VBZ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 101 44 the the DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 101 45 third third JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 101 46 , , , cord-257569-36qx1sy9 101 47 and and CC cord-257569-36qx1sy9 101 48 that that IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 101 49 for for IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 101 50 the the DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 101 51 viruses virus NNS cord-257569-36qx1sy9 101 52 inducing induce VBG cord-257569-36qx1sy9 101 53 latent latent JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 101 54 infection infection NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 101 55 is be VBZ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 101 56 the the DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 101 57 fourth fourth JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 101 58 . . . cord-257569-36qx1sy9 102 1 This this DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 102 2 is be VBZ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 102 3 because because IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 102 4 differences difference NNS cord-257569-36qx1sy9 102 5 in in IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 102 6 the the DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 102 7 infection infection NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 102 8 modes mode NNS cord-257569-36qx1sy9 102 9 are be VBP cord-257569-36qx1sy9 102 10 considered consider VBN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 102 11 to to TO cord-257569-36qx1sy9 102 12 affect affect VB cord-257569-36qx1sy9 102 13 the the DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 102 14 replication replication NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 102 15 frequencies frequency NNS cord-257569-36qx1sy9 102 16 . . . cord-257569-36qx1sy9 103 1 Furthermore furthermore RB cord-257569-36qx1sy9 103 2 , , , cord-257569-36qx1sy9 103 3 we -PRON- PRP cord-257569-36qx1sy9 103 4 compared compare VBD cord-257569-36qx1sy9 103 5 the the DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 103 6 transmission transmission NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 103 7 mode mode NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 103 8 with with IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 103 9 the the DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 103 10 rate rate NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 103 11 of of IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 103 12 synonymous synonymous JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 103 13 substitution substitution NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 103 14 among among IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 103 15 RNA RNA NNP cord-257569-36qx1sy9 103 16 viruses virus NNS cord-257569-36qx1sy9 103 17 . . . cord-257569-36qx1sy9 104 1 As as IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 104 2 mentioned mention VBN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 104 3 earlier early RBR cord-257569-36qx1sy9 104 4 , , , cord-257569-36qx1sy9 104 5 the the DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 104 6 transmission transmission NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 104 7 modes mode NNS cord-257569-36qx1sy9 104 8 of of IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 104 9 RNA RNA NNP cord-257569-36qx1sy9 104 10 viruses virus NNS cord-257569-36qx1sy9 104 11 were be VBD cord-257569-36qx1sy9 104 12 classified classify VBN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 104 13 into into IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 104 14 six six CD cord-257569-36qx1sy9 104 15 kinds kind NNS cord-257569-36qx1sy9 104 16 , , , cord-257569-36qx1sy9 104 17 i.e. i.e. FW cord-257569-36qx1sy9 104 18 , , , cord-257569-36qx1sy9 104 19 aerosol aerosol NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 104 20 , , , cord-257569-36qx1sy9 104 21 contagious contagious JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 104 22 , , , cord-257569-36qx1sy9 104 23 fecal fecal JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 104 24 - - HYPH cord-257569-36qx1sy9 104 25 oral oral JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 104 26 , , , cord-257569-36qx1sy9 104 27 blood blood NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 104 28 , , , cord-257569-36qx1sy9 104 29 bite bite NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 104 30 , , , cord-257569-36qx1sy9 104 31 and and CC cord-257569-36qx1sy9 104 32 vector vector NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 104 33 . . . cord-257569-36qx1sy9 105 1 In in IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 105 2 figure figure NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 105 3 3 3 CD cord-257569-36qx1sy9 105 4 , , , cord-257569-36qx1sy9 105 5 the the DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 105 6 synonymous synonymous JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 105 7 substitution substitution NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 105 8 rates rate NNS cord-257569-36qx1sy9 105 9 of of IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 105 10 viruses virus NNS cord-257569-36qx1sy9 105 11 inducing induce VBG cord-257569-36qx1sy9 105 12 aerosol aerosol NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 105 13 , , , cord-257569-36qx1sy9 105 14 contagious contagious JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 105 15 , , , cord-257569-36qx1sy9 105 16 or or CC cord-257569-36qx1sy9 105 17 fecal fecal JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 105 18 - - HYPH cord-257569-36qx1sy9 105 19 oral oral JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 105 20 route route NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 105 21 transmission transmission NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 105 22 were be VBD cord-257569-36qx1sy9 105 23 higher high JJR cord-257569-36qx1sy9 105 24 than than IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 105 25 those those DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 105 26 of of IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 105 27 the the DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 105 28 viruses virus NNS cord-257569-36qx1sy9 105 29 inducing induce VBG cord-257569-36qx1sy9 105 30 transmission transmission NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 105 31 via via IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 105 32 blood blood NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 105 33 , , , cord-257569-36qx1sy9 105 34 bite bite NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 105 35 , , , cord-257569-36qx1sy9 105 36 or or CC cord-257569-36qx1sy9 105 37 vector vector NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 105 38 , , , cord-257569-36qx1sy9 105 39 and and CC cord-257569-36qx1sy9 105 40 the the DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 105 41 differences difference NNS cord-257569-36qx1sy9 105 42 were be VBD cord-257569-36qx1sy9 105 43 significant significant JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 105 44 ( ( -LRB- cord-257569-36qx1sy9 105 45 P p NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 105 46 , , , cord-257569-36qx1sy9 105 47 0.05 0.05 CD cord-257569-36qx1sy9 105 48 ) ) -RRB- cord-257569-36qx1sy9 105 49 by by IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 105 50 the the DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 105 51 two two CD cord-257569-36qx1sy9 105 52 - - HYPH cord-257569-36qx1sy9 105 53 tailed tailed JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 105 54 Wilcoxon Wilcoxon NNP cord-257569-36qx1sy9 105 55 test test NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 105 56 . . . cord-257569-36qx1sy9 106 1 These these DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 106 2 results result NNS cord-257569-36qx1sy9 106 3 implied imply VBD cord-257569-36qx1sy9 106 4 that that IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 106 5 differences difference NNS cord-257569-36qx1sy9 106 6 in in IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 106 7 viral viral JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 106 8 transmission transmission NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 106 9 modes mode NNS cord-257569-36qx1sy9 106 10 were be VBD cord-257569-36qx1sy9 106 11 also also RB cord-257569-36qx1sy9 106 12 correlated correlate VBN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 106 13 with with IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 106 14 the the DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 106 15 rate rate NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 106 16 of of IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 106 17 synonymous synonymous JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 106 18 substitution substitution NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 106 19 . . . cord-257569-36qx1sy9 107 1 The the DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 107 2 correlation correlation NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 107 3 can can MD cord-257569-36qx1sy9 107 4 be be VB cord-257569-36qx1sy9 107 5 understood understand VBN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 107 6 as as IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 107 7 follows follow VBZ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 107 8 . . . cord-257569-36qx1sy9 108 1 Viruses virus NNS cord-257569-36qx1sy9 108 2 that that WDT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 108 3 spread spread VBD cord-257569-36qx1sy9 108 4 rapidly rapidly RB cord-257569-36qx1sy9 108 5 among among IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 108 6 hosts host NNS cord-257569-36qx1sy9 108 7 through through IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 108 8 aerosol aerosol NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 108 9 , , , cord-257569-36qx1sy9 108 10 contagious contagious JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 108 11 , , , cord-257569-36qx1sy9 108 12 or or CC cord-257569-36qx1sy9 108 13 fecal fecal JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 108 14 - - HYPH cord-257569-36qx1sy9 108 15 oral oral JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 108 16 route route NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 108 17 transmission transmission NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 108 18 would would MD cord-257569-36qx1sy9 108 19 quickly quickly RB cord-257569-36qx1sy9 108 20 replicate replicate VB cord-257569-36qx1sy9 108 21 because because IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 108 22 the the DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 108 23 viruses virus NNS cord-257569-36qx1sy9 108 24 can can MD cord-257569-36qx1sy9 108 25 infect infect VB cord-257569-36qx1sy9 108 26 many many JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 108 27 individuals individual NNS cord-257569-36qx1sy9 108 28 surrounding surround VBG cord-257569-36qx1sy9 108 29 an an DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 108 30 infected infected JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 108 31 host host NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 108 32 . . . cord-257569-36qx1sy9 109 1 On on IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 109 2 the the DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 109 3 other other JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 109 4 hand hand NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 109 5 , , , cord-257569-36qx1sy9 109 6 viruses virus NNS cord-257569-36qx1sy9 109 7 that that WDT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 109 8 spread spread VBD cord-257569-36qx1sy9 109 9 slowly slowly RB cord-257569-36qx1sy9 109 10 among among IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 109 11 hosts host NNS cord-257569-36qx1sy9 109 12 by by IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 109 13 a a DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 109 14 transmission transmission NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 109 15 via via IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 109 16 blood blood NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 109 17 , , , cord-257569-36qx1sy9 109 18 a a DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 109 19 bite bite NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 109 20 or or CC cord-257569-36qx1sy9 109 21 a a DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 109 22 vector vector NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 109 23 would would MD cord-257569-36qx1sy9 109 24 replicate replicate VB cord-257569-36qx1sy9 109 25 slowly slowly RB cord-257569-36qx1sy9 109 26 compared compare VBN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 109 27 with with IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 109 28 viruses virus NNS cord-257569-36qx1sy9 109 29 inducing induce VBG cord-257569-36qx1sy9 109 30 a a DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 109 31 transmission transmission NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 109 32 via via IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 109 33 the the DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 109 34 aerosol aerosol NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 109 35 , , , cord-257569-36qx1sy9 109 36 contagious contagious JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 109 37 , , , cord-257569-36qx1sy9 109 38 or or CC cord-257569-36qx1sy9 109 39 fecal fecal JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 109 40 - - HYPH cord-257569-36qx1sy9 109 41 oral oral JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 109 42 routes route NNS cord-257569-36qx1sy9 109 43 . . . cord-257569-36qx1sy9 110 1 This this DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 110 2 indicated indicate VBD cord-257569-36qx1sy9 110 3 that that IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 110 4 the the DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 110 5 transmission transmission NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 110 6 mode mode NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 110 7 affected affect VBD cord-257569-36qx1sy9 110 8 the the DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 110 9 replication replication NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 110 10 frequency frequency NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 110 11 and and CC cord-257569-36qx1sy9 110 12 that that IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 110 13 differences difference NNS cord-257569-36qx1sy9 110 14 in in IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 110 15 the the DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 110 16 replication replication NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 110 17 frequencies frequency NNS cord-257569-36qx1sy9 110 18 contributed contribute VBD cord-257569-36qx1sy9 110 19 to to IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 110 20 the the DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 110 21 variation variation NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 110 22 of of IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 110 23 the the DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 110 24 rate rate NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 110 25 of of IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 110 26 synonymous synonymous JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 110 27 substitution substitution NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 110 28 for for IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 110 29 RNA RNA NNP cord-257569-36qx1sy9 110 30 viruses virus NNS cord-257569-36qx1sy9 110 31 . . . cord-257569-36qx1sy9 111 1 In in IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 111 2 fact fact NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 111 3 , , , cord-257569-36qx1sy9 111 4 there there EX cord-257569-36qx1sy9 111 5 was be VBD cord-257569-36qx1sy9 111 6 a a DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 111 7 good good JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 111 8 example example NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 111 9 in in IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 111 10 which which WDT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 111 11 a a DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 111 12 change change NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 111 13 of of IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 111 14 transmission transmission NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 111 15 mode mode NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 111 16 seriously seriously RB cord-257569-36qx1sy9 111 17 affected affect VBD cord-257569-36qx1sy9 111 18 the the DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 111 19 evolutionary evolutionary JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 111 20 rate rate NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 111 21 ( ( -LRB- cord-257569-36qx1sy9 111 22 Salemi Salemi NNP cord-257569-36qx1sy9 111 23 et et FW cord-257569-36qx1sy9 111 24 al al NNP cord-257569-36qx1sy9 111 25 . . . cord-257569-36qx1sy9 111 26 1999 1999 CD cord-257569-36qx1sy9 111 27 ) ) -RRB- cord-257569-36qx1sy9 111 28 . . . cord-257569-36qx1sy9 112 1 This this DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 112 2 report report NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 112 3 is be VBZ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 112 4 consistent consistent JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 112 5 with with IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 112 6 our -PRON- PRP$ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 112 7 results result NNS cord-257569-36qx1sy9 112 8 that that IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 112 9 differences difference NNS cord-257569-36qx1sy9 112 10 in in IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 112 11 the the DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 112 12 transmission transmission NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 112 13 mode mode NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 112 14 affect affect VBP cord-257569-36qx1sy9 112 15 differences difference NNS cord-257569-36qx1sy9 112 16 in in IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 112 17 the the DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 112 18 replication replication NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 112 19 frequency frequency NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 112 20 , , , cord-257569-36qx1sy9 112 21 and and CC cord-257569-36qx1sy9 112 22 differences difference NNS cord-257569-36qx1sy9 112 23 in in IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 112 24 the the DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 112 25 replication replication NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 112 26 frequencies frequency NNS cord-257569-36qx1sy9 112 27 produced produce VBD cord-257569-36qx1sy9 112 28 the the DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 112 29 rates rate NNS cord-257569-36qx1sy9 112 30 of of IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 112 31 synonymous synonymous JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 112 32 substitution substitution NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 112 33 . . . cord-257569-36qx1sy9 113 1 To to TO cord-257569-36qx1sy9 113 2 summarize summarize VB cord-257569-36qx1sy9 113 3 , , , cord-257569-36qx1sy9 113 4 the the DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 113 5 synonymous synonymous JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 113 6 substitution substitution NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 113 7 rates rate NNS cord-257569-36qx1sy9 113 8 among among IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 113 9 RNA RNA NNP cord-257569-36qx1sy9 113 10 viruses virus NNS cord-257569-36qx1sy9 113 11 varied vary VBN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 113 12 by by IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 113 13 5 5 CD cord-257569-36qx1sy9 113 14 orders order NNS cord-257569-36qx1sy9 113 15 of of IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 113 16 magnitude magnitude NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 113 17 . . . cord-257569-36qx1sy9 114 1 Moreover moreover RB cord-257569-36qx1sy9 114 2 , , , cord-257569-36qx1sy9 114 3 in in IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 114 4 the the DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 114 5 present present JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 114 6 study study NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 114 7 , , , cord-257569-36qx1sy9 114 8 we -PRON- PRP cord-257569-36qx1sy9 114 9 proved prove VBD cord-257569-36qx1sy9 114 10 that that IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 114 11 the the DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 114 12 variation variation NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 114 13 in in IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 114 14 the the DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 114 15 synonymous synonymous JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 114 16 substitution substitution NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 114 17 rates rate NNS cord-257569-36qx1sy9 114 18 among among IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 114 19 RNA RNA NNP cord-257569-36qx1sy9 114 20 viruses virus NNS cord-257569-36qx1sy9 114 21 was be VBD cord-257569-36qx1sy9 114 22 caused cause VBN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 114 23 by by IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 114 24 variation variation NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 114 25 of of IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 114 26 the the DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 114 27 replication replication NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 114 28 frequency frequency NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 114 29 , , , cord-257569-36qx1sy9 114 30 and and CC cord-257569-36qx1sy9 114 31 that that IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 114 32 differences difference NNS cord-257569-36qx1sy9 114 33 in in IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 114 34 the the DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 114 35 infection infection NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 114 36 and and CC cord-257569-36qx1sy9 114 37 transmission transmission NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 114 38 modes mode NNS cord-257569-36qx1sy9 114 39 affected affect VBD cord-257569-36qx1sy9 114 40 the the DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 114 41 variation variation NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 114 42 of of IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 114 43 replication replication NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 114 44 frequencies frequency NNS cord-257569-36qx1sy9 114 45 . . . cord-257569-36qx1sy9 115 1 We -PRON- PRP cord-257569-36qx1sy9 115 2 thank thank VBP cord-257569-36qx1sy9 115 3 Drs Drs NNP cord-257569-36qx1sy9 115 4 . . . cord-257569-36qx1sy9 116 1 Ken Ken NNP cord-257569-36qx1sy9 116 2 Nishikawa Nishikawa NNP cord-257569-36qx1sy9 116 3 , , , cord-257569-36qx1sy9 116 4 Kazuho Kazuho NNP cord-257569-36qx1sy9 116 5 Ikeo Ikeo NNP cord-257569-36qx1sy9 116 6 , , , cord-257569-36qx1sy9 116 7 Toshimichi Toshimichi NNP cord-257569-36qx1sy9 116 8 Ikemura Ikemura NNP cord-257569-36qx1sy9 116 9 , , , cord-257569-36qx1sy9 116 10 Yoshio Yoshio NNP cord-257569-36qx1sy9 116 11 Tateno Tateno NNP cord-257569-36qx1sy9 116 12 , , , cord-257569-36qx1sy9 116 13 Toshiyuki Toshiyuki NNP cord-257569-36qx1sy9 116 14 Takano Takano NNP cord-257569-36qx1sy9 116 15 , , , cord-257569-36qx1sy9 116 16 and and CC cord-257569-36qx1sy9 116 17 Masashi Masashi NNP cord-257569-36qx1sy9 116 18 Mizokami Mizokami NNP cord-257569-36qx1sy9 116 19 for for IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 116 20 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 116 21 useful useful JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 116 22 comments comment NNS cord-257569-36qx1sy9 116 23 on on IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 116 24 our -PRON- PRP$ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 116 25 work work NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 116 26 . . . cord-257569-36qx1sy9 117 1 This this DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 117 2 work work NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 117 3 was be VBD cord-257569-36qx1sy9 117 4 suggested suggest VBN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 117 5 in in IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 117 6 part part NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 117 7 by by IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 117 8 a a DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 117 9 grant grant NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 117 10 given give VBN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 117 11 to to IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 117 12 T.G. T.G. NNP cord-257569-36qx1sy9 117 13 from from IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 117 14 MEXT MEXT NNP cord-257569-36qx1sy9 117 15 ( ( -LRB- cord-257569-36qx1sy9 117 16 Ministry Ministry NNP cord-257569-36qx1sy9 117 17 of of IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 117 18 Education Education NNP cord-257569-36qx1sy9 117 19 , , , cord-257569-36qx1sy9 117 20 Sports Sports NNPS cord-257569-36qx1sy9 117 21 , , , cord-257569-36qx1sy9 117 22 Culture Culture NNP cord-257569-36qx1sy9 117 23 and and CC cord-257569-36qx1sy9 117 24 Technology Technology NNP cord-257569-36qx1sy9 117 25 ) ) -RRB- cord-257569-36qx1sy9 117 26 in in IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 117 27 Japan Japan NNP cord-257569-36qx1sy9 117 28 . . . cord-257569-36qx1sy9 118 1 3 3 LS cord-257569-36qx1sy9 118 2 . . . cord-257569-36qx1sy9 119 1 -Comparison -Comparison NNP cord-257569-36qx1sy9 119 2 between between IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 119 3 synonymous synonymous JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 119 4 substitution substitution NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 119 5 rate rate NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 119 6 and and CC cord-257569-36qx1sy9 119 7 the the DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 119 8 infection infection NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 119 9 and and CC cord-257569-36qx1sy9 119 10 transmission transmission NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 119 11 modes mode NNS cord-257569-36qx1sy9 119 12 . . . cord-257569-36qx1sy9 120 1 The the DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 120 2 synonymous synonymous JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 120 3 substitution substitution NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 120 4 rates rate NNS cord-257569-36qx1sy9 120 5 are be VBP cord-257569-36qx1sy9 120 6 ranked rank VBN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 120 7 in in IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 120 8 descending descend VBG cord-257569-36qx1sy9 120 9 order order NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 120 10 on on IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 120 11 the the DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 120 12 abscissa abscissa NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 120 13 . . . cord-257569-36qx1sy9 121 1 The the DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 121 2 viral viral JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 121 3 life life NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 121 4 strategies strategy NNS cord-257569-36qx1sy9 121 5 are be VBP cord-257569-36qx1sy9 121 6 classified classify VBN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 121 7 into into IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 121 8 two two CD cord-257569-36qx1sy9 121 9 major major JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 121 10 categories category NNS cord-257569-36qx1sy9 121 11 . . . cord-257569-36qx1sy9 122 1 The the DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 122 2 first first JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 122 3 category category NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 122 4 is be VBZ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 122 5 the the DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 122 6 infection infection NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 122 7 modes mode NNS cord-257569-36qx1sy9 122 8 such such JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 122 9 as as IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 122 10 acute acute JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 122 11 , , , cord-257569-36qx1sy9 122 12 persistent persistent JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 122 13 , , , cord-257569-36qx1sy9 122 14 and and CC cord-257569-36qx1sy9 122 15 latent latent JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 122 16 infection infection NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 122 17 . . . cord-257569-36qx1sy9 123 1 The the DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 123 2 combination combination NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 123 3 of of IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 123 4 acute acute JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 123 5 and and CC cord-257569-36qx1sy9 123 6 persistent persistent JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 123 7 infection infection NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 123 8 is be VBZ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 123 9 also also RB cord-257569-36qx1sy9 123 10 included include VBN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 123 11 in in IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 123 12 this this DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 123 13 category category NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 123 14 . . . cord-257569-36qx1sy9 124 1 The the DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 124 2 second second JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 124 3 category category NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 124 4 is be VBZ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 124 5 the the DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 124 6 transmission transmission NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 124 7 modes mode NNS cord-257569-36qx1sy9 124 8 such such JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 124 9 as as IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 124 10 aerosol aerosol NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 124 11 transmission transmission NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 124 12 , , , cord-257569-36qx1sy9 124 13 contagious contagious JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 124 14 transmission transmission NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 124 15 , , , cord-257569-36qx1sy9 124 16 fecal fecal JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 124 17 - - HYPH cord-257569-36qx1sy9 124 18 oral oral JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 124 19 route route NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 124 20 transmission transmission NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 124 21 , , , cord-257569-36qx1sy9 124 22 transmission transmission NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 124 23 via via IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 124 24 blood blood NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 124 25 ( ( -LRB- cord-257569-36qx1sy9 124 26 inducing induce VBG cord-257569-36qx1sy9 124 27 sexual sexual JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 124 28 relationship relationship NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 124 29 and and CC cord-257569-36qx1sy9 124 30 artificial artificial JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 124 31 injection injection NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 124 32 ) ) -RRB- cord-257569-36qx1sy9 124 33 , , , cord-257569-36qx1sy9 124 34 transmission transmission NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 124 35 via via IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 124 36 a a DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 124 37 bite bite NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 124 38 and and CC cord-257569-36qx1sy9 124 39 transmission transmission NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 124 40 via via IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 124 41 a a DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 124 42 vector vector NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 124 43 . . . cord-257569-36qx1sy9 125 1 The the DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 125 2 first first JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 125 3 category category NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 125 4 , , , cord-257569-36qx1sy9 125 5 i.e. i.e. FW cord-257569-36qx1sy9 125 6 , , , cord-257569-36qx1sy9 125 7 infection infection NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 125 8 modes mode NNS cord-257569-36qx1sy9 125 9 , , , cord-257569-36qx1sy9 125 10 is be VBZ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 125 11 represented represent VBN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 125 12 by by IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 125 13 a a DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 125 14 circle circle NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 125 15 in in IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 125 16 the the DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 125 17 different different JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 125 18 color color NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 125 19 above above IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 125 20 the the DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 125 21 vertical vertical JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 125 22 bars bar NNS cord-257569-36qx1sy9 125 23 , , , cord-257569-36qx1sy9 125 24 whereas whereas IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 125 25 the the DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 125 26 second second JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 125 27 category category NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 125 28 , , , cord-257569-36qx1sy9 125 29 i.e. i.e. FW cord-257569-36qx1sy9 125 30 , , , cord-257569-36qx1sy9 125 31 transmission transmission NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 125 32 modes mode NNS cord-257569-36qx1sy9 125 33 , , , cord-257569-36qx1sy9 125 34 is be VBZ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 125 35 represented represent VBN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 125 36 by by IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 125 37 a a DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 125 38 vertical vertical JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 125 39 bar bar NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 125 40 in in IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 125 41 a a DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 125 42 different different JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 125 43 color color NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 125 44 . . . cord-257569-36qx1sy9 126 1 The the DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 126 2 ordinate ordinate NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 126 3 represents represent VBZ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 126 4 the the DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 126 5 log log NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 126 6 synonymous synonymous JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 126 7 substitution substitution NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 126 8 rate rate NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 126 9 . . . cord-257569-36qx1sy9 127 1 A a DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 127 2 Large large JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 127 3 Variation variation NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 127 4 in in IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 127 5 Synonymous synonymous JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 127 6 Substitution substitution NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 127 7 Rates Rates NNPS cord-257569-36qx1sy9 127 8 of of IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 127 9 RNA RNA NNP cord-257569-36qx1sy9 127 10 Viruses Viruses NNPS cord-257569-36qx1sy9 127 11 1079 1079 CD cord-257569-36qx1sy9 127 12 Porcine porcine JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 127 13 reproductive reproductive JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 127 14 and and CC cord-257569-36qx1sy9 127 15 respiratory respiratory JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 127 16 syndrome syndrome NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 127 17 virus virus NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 127 18 : : : cord-257569-36qx1sy9 127 19 description description NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 127 20 of of IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 127 21 persistence persistence NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 127 22 in in IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 127 23 individual individual JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 127 24 pigs pig NNS cord-257569-36qx1sy9 127 25 upon upon IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 127 26 experimental experimental JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 127 27 infection infection NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 128 1 Molecular molecular JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 128 2 evolution evolution NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 128 3 of of IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 128 4 puumala puumala NNP cord-257569-36qx1sy9 128 5 hantavirus hantavirus NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 128 6 in in IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 128 7 Fennoscandia Fennoscandia NNP cord-257569-36qx1sy9 128 8 : : : cord-257569-36qx1sy9 128 9 phylogenetic phylogenetic JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 128 10 analysis analysis NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 128 11 of of IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 128 12 strains strain NNS cord-257569-36qx1sy9 128 13 from from IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 128 14 two two CD cord-257569-36qx1sy9 128 15 recolonization recolonization NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 128 16 routes route NNS cord-257569-36qx1sy9 128 17 , , , cord-257569-36qx1sy9 128 18 Karelia Karelia NNP cord-257569-36qx1sy9 128 19 and and CC cord-257569-36qx1sy9 128 20 Denmark Denmark NNP cord-257569-36qx1sy9 128 21 Synonymous Synonymous NNP cord-257569-36qx1sy9 128 22 nucleotide nucleotide JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 128 23 substitution substitution NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 128 24 rates rate NNS cord-257569-36qx1sy9 128 25 in in IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 128 26 mammalian mammalian JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 128 27 genes gene NNS cord-257569-36qx1sy9 128 28 : : : cord-257569-36qx1sy9 128 29 implications implication NNS cord-257569-36qx1sy9 128 30 for for IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 128 31 the the DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 128 32 molecular molecular JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 128 33 clock clock NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 128 34 and and CC cord-257569-36qx1sy9 128 35 the the DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 128 36 relationship relationship NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 128 37 of of IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 128 38 mammalian mammalian JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 128 39 orders order NNS cord-257569-36qx1sy9 128 40 Positive positive JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 128 41 selection selection NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 128 42 on on IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 128 43 the the DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 128 44 H3 H3 NNP cord-257569-36qx1sy9 128 45 hemagglutinin hemagglutinin NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 128 46 gene gene NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 128 47 of of IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 128 48 human human JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 128 49 influenza influenza NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 128 50 virus virus NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 129 1 A a DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 129 2 Ultrastructural Ultrastructural NNP cord-257569-36qx1sy9 129 3 characteristics characteristic NNS cord-257569-36qx1sy9 129 4 and and CC cord-257569-36qx1sy9 129 5 morphogenesis morphogenesis NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 129 6 of of IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 129 7 porcine porcine JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 129 8 reproductive reproductive JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 129 9 and and CC cord-257569-36qx1sy9 129 10 respiratory respiratory JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 129 11 syndrome syndrome NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 129 12 virus virus NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 129 13 propagated propagate VBN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 129 14 in in IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 129 15 the the DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 129 16 highly highly RB cord-257569-36qx1sy9 129 17 permissive permissive JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 129 18 MARC-145 MARC-145 NNP cord-257569-36qx1sy9 129 19 cell cell NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 129 20 clone clone NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 129 21 Mutation mutation NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 129 22 rates rate NNS cord-257569-36qx1sy9 129 23 among among IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 129 24 RNA RNA NNP cord-257569-36qx1sy9 129 25 viruses virus NNS cord-257569-36qx1sy9 129 26 Resistance resistance NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 129 27 to to IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 129 28 extinction extinction NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 129 29 of of IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 129 30 low low JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 129 31 fitness fitness NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 129 32 virus virus NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 129 33 subjected subject VBN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 129 34 to to IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 129 35 plaque plaque NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 129 36 - - HYPH cord-257569-36qx1sy9 129 37 to to IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 129 38 - - HYPH cord-257569-36qx1sy9 129 39 plaque plaque NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 129 40 transfers transfer NNS cord-257569-36qx1sy9 129 41 : : : cord-257569-36qx1sy9 130 1 diversification diversification NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 130 2 by by IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 130 3 mutation mutation NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 130 4 clustering cluster VBG cord-257569-36qx1sy9 130 5 Substitution substitution NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 130 6 rate rate NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 130 7 comparisons comparison NNS cord-257569-36qx1sy9 130 8 between between IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 130 9 grasses grass NNS cord-257569-36qx1sy9 130 10 and and CC cord-257569-36qx1sy9 130 11 palms palm NNS cord-257569-36qx1sy9 130 12 : : : cord-257569-36qx1sy9 130 13 synonymous synonymous JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 130 14 rate rate NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 130 15 differences difference NNS cord-257569-36qx1sy9 130 16 at at IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 130 17 the the DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 130 18 nuclear nuclear JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 130 19 gene gene NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 130 20 Adh Adh NNP cord-257569-36qx1sy9 130 21 parallel parallel JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 130 22 rate rate NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 130 23 differences difference NNS cord-257569-36qx1sy9 130 24 at at IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 130 25 the the DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 130 26 plastid plastid NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 130 27 gene gene NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 130 28 rbcL rbcL NNP cord-257569-36qx1sy9 130 29 Evolution Evolution NNP cord-257569-36qx1sy9 130 30 and and CC cord-257569-36qx1sy9 130 31 the the DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 130 32 origins origin NNS cord-257569-36qx1sy9 130 33 of of IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 130 34 man man NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 130 35 : : : cord-257569-36qx1sy9 130 36 clues clue NNS cord-257569-36qx1sy9 130 37 from from IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 130 38 complete complete JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 130 39 sequences sequence NNS cord-257569-36qx1sy9 130 40 of of IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 130 41 hominoid hominoid NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 130 42 mitochondrial mitochondrial NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 130 43 DNA dna NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 130 44 . . . cord-257569-36qx1sy9 131 1 Southeast southeast JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 131 2 Asian asian JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 131 3 Rates rate NNS cord-257569-36qx1sy9 131 4 of of IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 131 5 molecular molecular JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 131 6 evolution evolution NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 131 7 in in IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 131 8 RNA RNA NNP cord-257569-36qx1sy9 131 9 viruses virus NNS cord-257569-36qx1sy9 131 10 : : : cord-257569-36qx1sy9 131 11 a a DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 131 12 quantitative quantitative JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 131 13 phylogenetic phylogenetic NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 131 14 analysis analysis NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 131 15 Timing time VBG cord-257569-36qx1sy9 131 16 the the DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 131 17 ancestor ancestor NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 131 18 of of IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 131 19 the the DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 131 20 HIV-1 HIV-1 NNP cord-257569-36qx1sy9 131 21 pandemic pandemic NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 131 22 strains strain NNS cord-257569-36qx1sy9 132 1 Emerging emerge VBG cord-257569-36qx1sy9 132 2 viral viral JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 132 3 infections infection NNS cord-257569-36qx1sy9 133 1 An an DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 133 2 evaluation evaluation NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 133 3 of of IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 133 4 the the DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 133 5 molecular molecular JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 133 6 clock clock NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 133 7 hypothesis hypothesis NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 133 8 using use VBG cord-257569-36qx1sy9 133 9 mammalian mammalian JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 133 10 DNA dna NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 133 11 sequences sequence NNS cord-257569-36qx1sy9 134 1 In in IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 134 2 vivo vivo NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 134 3 analysis analysis NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 134 4 of of IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 135 1 human human JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 135 2 T T NNP cord-257569-36qx1sy9 135 3 - - HYPH cord-257569-36qx1sy9 135 4 cell cell NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 135 5 leukemia leukemia NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 135 6 virus virus NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 135 7 type type NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 135 8 1 1 CD cord-257569-36qx1sy9 135 9 reverse reverse NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 135 10 transcription transcription NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 135 11 accuracy accuracy NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 135 12 Lower low JJR cord-257569-36qx1sy9 135 13 in in IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 135 14 vivo vivo NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 135 15 mutation mutation NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 135 16 rate rate NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 135 17 of of IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 135 18 human human JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 135 19 immunodeficiency immunodeficiency NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 135 20 virus virus NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 135 21 type type NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 135 22 1 1 CD cord-257569-36qx1sy9 135 23 than than IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 135 24 that that DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 135 25 predicted predict VBD cord-257569-36qx1sy9 135 26 from from IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 135 27 the the DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 135 28 fidelity fidelity NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 135 29 of of IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 135 30 purified purify VBN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 135 31 reverse reverse NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 135 32 transcriptase transcriptase NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 135 33 Molecular molecular JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 135 34 evolution evolution NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 135 35 of of IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 135 36 mRNA mRNA NNP cord-257569-36qx1sy9 135 37 : : : cord-257569-36qx1sy9 135 38 a a DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 135 39 method method NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 135 40 for for IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 135 41 estimating estimate VBG cord-257569-36qx1sy9 135 42 evolutionary evolutionary JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 135 43 rates rate NNS cord-257569-36qx1sy9 135 44 of of IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 135 45 synonymous synonymous JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 135 46 and and CC cord-257569-36qx1sy9 135 47 amino amino JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 135 48 acid acid NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 135 49 substitutions substitution NNS cord-257569-36qx1sy9 135 50 from from IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 135 51 homologous homologous JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 135 52 nucleotide nucleotide JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 135 53 sequences sequence NNS cord-257569-36qx1sy9 135 54 and and CC cord-257569-36qx1sy9 135 55 its -PRON- PRP$ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 135 56 application application NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 135 57 Simple simple JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 135 58 methods method NNS cord-257569-36qx1sy9 135 59 for for IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 135 60 estimating estimate VBG cord-257569-36qx1sy9 135 61 the the DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 135 62 numbers number NNS cord-257569-36qx1sy9 135 63 of of IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 135 64 synonymous synonymous JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 135 65 and and CC cord-257569-36qx1sy9 135 66 nonsynonymous nonsynonymous JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 135 67 nucleotide nucleotide JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 135 68 substitutions substitution NNS cord-257569-36qx1sy9 135 69 Selection Selection NNP cord-257569-36qx1sy9 135 70 forces force NNS cord-257569-36qx1sy9 135 71 and and CC cord-257569-36qx1sy9 135 72 constraints constraint NNS cord-257569-36qx1sy9 135 73 on on IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 135 74 retroviral retroviral JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 135 75 sequence sequence NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 135 76 variation variation NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 135 77 Case case NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 135 78 - - HYPH cord-257569-36qx1sy9 135 79 control control NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 135 80 study study NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 135 81 of of IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 135 82 risk risk NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 135 83 factors factor NNS cord-257569-36qx1sy9 135 84 for for IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 135 85 human human JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 135 86 infection infection NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 135 87 with with IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 135 88 a a DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 135 89 new new JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 135 90 zoonotic zoonotic JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 135 91 paramyxovirus paramyxovirus NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 135 92 , , , cord-257569-36qx1sy9 135 93 Nipah Nipah NNP cord-257569-36qx1sy9 135 94 virus virus NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 135 95 , , , cord-257569-36qx1sy9 135 96 during during IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 135 97 a a DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 135 98 1998 1998 CD cord-257569-36qx1sy9 135 99 - - SYM cord-257569-36qx1sy9 135 100 1999 1999 CD cord-257569-36qx1sy9 135 101 outbreak outbreak NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 135 102 of of IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 135 103 severe severe JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 135 104 encephalitis encephalitis RB cord-257569-36qx1sy9 135 105 in in IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 135 106 Malaysia Malaysia NNP cord-257569-36qx1sy9 135 107 Extreme Extreme NNP cord-257569-36qx1sy9 135 108 differences difference NNS cord-257569-36qx1sy9 135 109 in in IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 135 110 rates rate NNS cord-257569-36qx1sy9 135 111 of of IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 135 112 molecular molecular JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 135 113 evolution evolution NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 135 114 of of IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 135 115 foraminifera foraminifera NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 135 116 revealed reveal VBN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 135 117 by by IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 135 118 comparison comparison NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 135 119 of of IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 135 120 ribosomal ribosomal JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 135 121 DNA dna NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 135 122 sequences sequence NNS cord-257569-36qx1sy9 135 123 and and CC cord-257569-36qx1sy9 135 124 the the DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 135 125 fossil fossil NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 135 126 record record NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 135 127 Estimating estimate VBG cord-257569-36qx1sy9 135 128 the the DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 135 129 rate rate NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 135 130 of of IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 135 131 molecular molecular JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 135 132 evolution evolution NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 135 133 : : : cord-257569-36qx1sy9 135 134 incorporating incorporate VBG cord-257569-36qx1sy9 135 135 non non JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 135 136 - - JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 135 137 contemporaneous contemporaneous JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 135 138 sequences sequence NNS cord-257569-36qx1sy9 135 139 into into IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 135 140 maximum maximum JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 135 141 likelihood likelihood NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 135 142 phylogenies phylogeny NNS cord-257569-36qx1sy9 135 143 Viral viral JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 135 144 hepatitis hepatitis NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 135 145 and and CC cord-257569-36qx1sy9 135 146 primates primate NNS cord-257569-36qx1sy9 135 147 : : : cord-257569-36qx1sy9 135 148 historical historical JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 135 149 and and CC cord-257569-36qx1sy9 135 150 molecular molecular JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 135 151 analysis analysis NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 135 152 of of IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 135 153 human human JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 135 154 and and CC cord-257569-36qx1sy9 135 155 nonhuman nonhuman NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 135 156 primate primate NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 135 157 hepatitis hepatitis NNP cord-257569-36qx1sy9 135 158 A A NNP cord-257569-36qx1sy9 135 159 , , , cord-257569-36qx1sy9 135 160 B b NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 135 161 , , , cord-257569-36qx1sy9 135 162 and and CC cord-257569-36qx1sy9 135 163 the the DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 135 164 GB gb NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 135 165 - - HYPH cord-257569-36qx1sy9 135 166 related relate VBN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 135 167 viruses virus NNS cord-257569-36qx1sy9 135 168 Different different JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 135 169 population population NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 135 170 dynamics dynamic NNS cord-257569-36qx1sy9 135 171 of of IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 135 172 human human JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 135 173 T T NNP cord-257569-36qx1sy9 135 174 cell cell NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 135 175 lymphotropic lymphotropic NNP cord-257569-36qx1sy9 135 176 virus virus NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 135 177 type type NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 135 178 II II NNP cord-257569-36qx1sy9 135 179 in in IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 135 180 intravenous intravenous JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 135 181 drug drug NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 135 182 users user NNS cord-257569-36qx1sy9 135 183 compared compare VBN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 135 184 with with IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 135 185 endemically endemically RB cord-257569-36qx1sy9 135 186 infected infect VBN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 135 187 tribes tribe NNS cord-257569-36qx1sy9 135 188 Spontaneous spontaneous JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 135 189 mutation mutation NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 135 190 rate rate NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 135 191 of of IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 135 192 measles measle NNS cord-257569-36qx1sy9 135 193 virus virus NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 135 194 : : : cord-257569-36qx1sy9 135 195 direct direct JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 135 196 estimation estimation NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 135 197 based base VBN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 135 198 on on IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 135 199 mutations mutation NNS cord-257569-36qx1sy9 135 200 conferring confer VBG cord-257569-36qx1sy9 135 201 monoclonal monoclonal JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 135 202 antibody antibody NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 135 203 resistance resistance NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 135 204 Independence Independence NNP cord-257569-36qx1sy9 135 205 of of IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 135 206 evolutionary evolutionary JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 135 207 and and CC cord-257569-36qx1sy9 135 208 mutational mutational JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 135 209 rates rate NNS cord-257569-36qx1sy9 135 210 after after IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 135 211 transmission transmission NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 135 212 of of IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 135 213 avian avian JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 135 214 influenza influenza NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 135 215 viruses virus NNS cord-257569-36qx1sy9 135 216 to to IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 135 217 swine swine VB cord-257569-36qx1sy9 135 218 Inaugural Inaugural NNP cord-257569-36qx1sy9 135 219 Article Article NNP cord-257569-36qx1sy9 135 220 : : : cord-257569-36qx1sy9 136 1 A a DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 136 2 comparison comparison NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 136 3 of of IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 136 4 the the DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 136 5 molecular molecular JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 136 6 clock clock NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 136 7 of of IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 136 8 hepatitis hepatitis NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 136 9 C C NNP cord-257569-36qx1sy9 136 10 virus virus NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 136 11 in in IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 136 12 the the DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 136 13 United United NNP cord-257569-36qx1sy9 136 14 States States NNP cord-257569-36qx1sy9 136 15 and and CC cord-257569-36qx1sy9 136 16 Japan Japan NNP cord-257569-36qx1sy9 136 17 predicts predict VBZ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 136 18 that that IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 136 19 hepatocellular hepatocellular JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 136 20 carcinoma carcinoma NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 136 21 incidence incidence NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 136 22 in in IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 136 23 the the DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 136 24 United United NNP cord-257569-36qx1sy9 136 25 States States NNP cord-257569-36qx1sy9 136 26 will will MD cord-257569-36qx1sy9 136 27 increase increase VB cord-257569-36qx1sy9 136 28 over over IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 136 29 the the DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 136 30 next next JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 136 31 two two CD cord-257569-36qx1sy9 136 32 decades decade NNS cord-257569-36qx1sy9 136 33 CLUSTAL CLUSTAL NNP cord-257569-36qx1sy9 136 34 W W NNP cord-257569-36qx1sy9 136 35 : : : cord-257569-36qx1sy9 136 36 improving improve VBG cord-257569-36qx1sy9 136 37 the the DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 136 38 sensitivity sensitivity NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 136 39 of of IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 136 40 progressive progressive JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 136 41 multiple multiple JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 136 42 sequence sequence NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 136 43 alignment alignment NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 136 44 through through IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 136 45 sequence sequence NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 136 46 weighting weighting NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 136 47 , , , cord-257569-36qx1sy9 136 48 position position NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 136 49 - - HYPH cord-257569-36qx1sy9 136 50 specific specific JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 136 51 gap gap NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 136 52 penalties penalty NNS cord-257569-36qx1sy9 136 53 and and CC cord-257569-36qx1sy9 136 54 weight weight NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 136 55 matrix matrix NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 136 56 choice choice NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 136 57 Rates rate NNS cord-257569-36qx1sy9 136 58 of of IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 136 59 nucleotide nucleotide JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 136 60 substitution substitution NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 136 61 vary vary VBP cord-257569-36qx1sy9 136 62 greatly greatly RB cord-257569-36qx1sy9 136 63 among among IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 136 64 plant plant NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 136 65 mitochondrial mitochondrial NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 136 66 , , , cord-257569-36qx1sy9 136 67 chloroplast chloroplast NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 136 68 , , , cord-257569-36qx1sy9 136 69 and and CC cord-257569-36qx1sy9 136 70 nuclear nuclear JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 136 71 DNAs dna NNS cord-257569-36qx1sy9 136 72 DAMBE dambe NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 136 73 : : : cord-257569-36qx1sy9 136 74 software software NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 136 75 package package NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 136 76 for for IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 136 77 data data NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 136 78 analysis analysis NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 136 79 in in IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 136 80 molecular molecular JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 136 81 biology biology NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 136 82 and and CC cord-257569-36qx1sy9 136 83 evolution evolution NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 136 84 Molecular molecular JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 136 85 phylogeny phylogeny NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 136 86 and and CC cord-257569-36qx1sy9 136 87 dissemination dissemination NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 136 88 of of IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 136 89 human human JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 136 90 T T NNP cord-257569-36qx1sy9 136 91 - - HYPH cord-257569-36qx1sy9 136 92 cell cell NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 136 93 lymphotropic lymphotropic NNP cord-257569-36qx1sy9 136 94 virus virus NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 136 95 type type NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 136 96 I -PRON- PRP cord-257569-36qx1sy9 136 97 viewed view VBD cord-257569-36qx1sy9 136 98 within within IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 136 99 the the DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 136 100 context context NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 136 101 of of IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 136 102 primate primate JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 136 103 evolution evolution NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 136 104 and and CC cord-257569-36qx1sy9 136 105 human human JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 136 106 migration migration NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 136 107 A a DT cord-257569-36qx1sy9 136 108 new new JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 136 109 method method NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 136 110 of of IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 136 111 inference inference NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 136 112 of of IN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 136 113 ancestral ancestral JJ cord-257569-36qx1sy9 136 114 nucleotide nucleotide NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 136 115 and and CC cord-257569-36qx1sy9 136 116 amino amino NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 136 117 acid acid NN cord-257569-36qx1sy9 136 118 sequences sequence NNS