Summary of your 'study carrel' ============================== This is a summary of your Distant Reader 'study carrel'. The Distant Reader harvested & cached your content into a collection/corpus. It then applied sets of natural language processing and text mining against the collection. The results of this process was reduced to a database file -- a 'study carrel'. The study carrel can then be queried, thus bringing light specific characteristics for your collection. These characteristics can help you summarize the collection as well as enumerate things you might want to investigate more closely. This report is a terse narrative report, and when processing is complete you will be linked to a more complete narrative report. Eric Lease Morgan Number of items in the collection; 'How big is my corpus?' ---------------------------------------------------------- 217 Average length of all items measured in words; "More or less, how big is each item?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 7755 Average readability score of all items (0 = difficult; 100 = easy) ------------------------------------------------------------------ 46 Top 50 statistically significant keywords; "What is my collection about?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 210 risk 47 COVID-19 24 patient 16 infection 15 disease 14 covid-19 14 SARS 12 Health 10 study 9 health 9 China 8 model 7 human 7 Risk 7 HIV 6 research 5 woman 5 vaccine 5 pandemic 5 disaster 5 animal 5 United 5 Ebola 4 virus 4 social 4 influenza 4 exposure 4 crisis 4 country 4 cancer 3 work 3 uncertainty 3 treatment 3 tourism 3 system 3 security 3 safety 3 professional 3 new 3 network 3 management 3 individual 3 factor 3 epidemic 3 decision 3 cost 3 communication 3 cell 3 agent 3 States Top 50 lemmatized nouns; "What is discussed?" --------------------------------------------- 18624 risk 5534 study 5407 % 5149 disease 5076 patient 4603 health 3473 infection 3365 factor 3025 case 2909 datum 2705 level 2622 model 2500 effect 2418 time 2415 system 2328 analysis 2256 result 2145 use 2094 group 2046 population 2035 year 2013 information 2006 treatment 1832 exposure 1742 pandemic 1729 people 1723 research 1700 management 1693 age 1677 animal 1665 number 1654 care 1618 control 1601 virus 1541 country 1488 measure 1479 rate 1456 outcome 1416 assessment 1411 response 1386 individual 1348 impact 1325 method 1324 decision 1307 perception 1286 vaccine 1285 term 1280 event 1278 value 1260 change Top 50 proper nouns; "What are the names of persons or places?" -------------------------------------------------------------- 2919 al 2408 et 1948 COVID-19 1858 . 1208 SARS 1087 Health 777 • 717 China 692 Risk 589 United 473 States 459 Table 452 CI 443 HIV 402 CoV-2 345 World 340 US 333 National 329 UK 327 Disease 322 Fig 302 EU 296 Study 250 Africa 248 European 245 New 240 Europe 236 International 234 Coronavirus 230 MS 228 Organization 224 Research 220 Singapore 219 A 218 C 215 ABSTRACT 213 Control 211 meta 209 South 209 B 206 Ebola 204 Global 203 Group 203 Association 196 Management 196 Background 189 ICU 188 H1N1 187 Lyme 184 U.S. Top 50 personal pronouns nouns; "To whom are things referred?" ------------------------------------------------------------- 5114 it 4309 we 2558 they 725 them 632 i 296 you 215 one 204 us 200 he 197 themselves 192 itself 83 she 42 me 24 him 20 her 19 ourselves 16 himself 12 oneself 9 yourself 5 em 3 s 3 ours 3 myself 3 's 2 theirs 2 neurips 2 herself 2 btb 1 zoo- 1 z"ikv 1 yuhj@chinacdc.cn 1 yours 1 waters/ 1 t 1 rd=0.08 1 r 1 person^they 1 mine 1 mg 1 itin 1 ia2-ib2 1 hers 1 gingivitis/ 1 etc.-data 1 dbp 1 bmi<25 1 644 Top 50 lemmatized verbs; "What do things do?" --------------------------------------------- 54256 be 10727 have 4471 use 3136 include 2824 increase 2454 base 2348 do 2115 associate 1805 provide 1750 show 1696 report 1573 make 1566 consider 1536 find 1532 relate 1513 reduce 1422 identify 1388 develop 1379 take 1329 follow 1252 give 1197 need 1118 require 1078 compare 1068 see 1065 cause 993 lead 947 assess 934 occur 926 suggest 886 affect 773 involve 767 know 750 become 743 emerge 733 result 724 present 706 indicate 705 estimate 680 improve 676 prevent 650 perform 650 accord 646 control 644 determine 644 define 630 evaluate 620 treat 616 receive 616 describe Top 50 lemmatized adjectives and adverbs; "How are things described?" --------------------------------------------------------------------- 6250 not 4188 high 3556 more 3321 also 3180 other 3061 such 2633 - 2236 low 1878 well 1793 most 1767 however 1763 social 1736 human 1715 only 1574 first 1524 public 1505 different 1470 new 1436 clinical 1345 important 1303 as 1285 severe 1193 many 1122 non 1122 large 1098 specific 1079 available 1043 potential 1038 significant 1016 possible 1005 likely 991 global 986 early 960 less 955 respiratory 950 current 941 long 924 therefore 905 medical 895 even 891 small 861 physical 854 economic 848 several 846 very 834 e.g. 817 general 808 infectious 808 individual 804 further Top 50 lemmatized superlative adjectives; "How are things described to the extreme?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 626 most 310 least 282 good 267 high 187 Most 111 low 105 great 87 large 53 late 45 bad 29 strong 16 early 16 close 16 big 13 short 10 near 9 simple 8 small 8 safe 8 poor 8 old 7 few 5 deadly 5 common 4 postt 4 long 4 hard 4 easy 4 broad 3 young 3 sick 3 risky 3 fast 3 -t 2 weak 2 warm 2 rich 2 -which 1 strict 1 stiff 1 steep 1 stark 1 likeli 1 foremost 1 fair 1 empty 1 dirty 1 deep 1 cord-345717-ktajrf7d 1 clear Top 50 lemmatized superlative adverbs; "How do things do to the extreme?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 1167 most 213 least 59 well 8 hard 4 highest 3 worst 3 lowest 2 greatest 2 fast 1 strongest 1 long Top 50 Internet domains; "What Webbed places are alluded to in this corpus?" ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 53 doi.org 7 www.cdc.gov 7 orcid.org 6 creativecommons.org 5 www.who.int 5 www 5 osf.io 5 dx.doi.org 5 creat 4 www.dovepress.com 3 www.epa.gov 3 ec.europa.eu 2 www.legislation.gov.uk 2 www.cdc 2 www.biomedcentral.com 2 oxford.berlin 2 opensafely.org 2 codelists.opensafely.org 1 www.wto.org 1 www.vidal.fr 1 www.venice.coe.int 1 www.un.org 1 www.trans 1 www.surgeongeneral.gov 1 www.researchregistry.com 1 www.regioni.it 1 www.primo-europe.eu 1 www.pewresearch.org 1 www.parlamento.it 1 www.pandemicflu.gov 1 www.ohri.ca 1 www.oecd.org 1 www.nhsggc.org.uk 1 www.nbcnews.com 1 www.multifactordimensionalityreduction.org 1 www.mix-for-meta-analysis.info 1 www.michigan.gov 1 www.mdpi.com 1 www.lionhrtpub.com 1 www.kidsrisk.harvard.edu 1 www.independent.co.uk 1 www.iata.org 1 www.huffpost.com 1 www.health.govt.nz 1 www.health.gov.au 1 www.gov.uk 1 www.gazzettaufficiale.it 1 www.foxnews.com 1 www.env.go.jp 1 www.dcc.fc.up.pt Top 50 URLs; "What is hyperlinked from this corpus?" ---------------------------------------------------- 9 http://doi.org/10.1101/2020.08.21.20179234 7 http://doi.org/10.1101/2020.10.28.20219816 7 http://doi.org/10.1101/2020.05.07.20093898 6 http://doi.org/10.1101/2020.05.07.20093989 5 http://www 5 http://doi.org/10.1101/2020.05.06.20092999 5 http://creat 4 http://osf.io/tjwz8/ 4 http://doi.org/10.1101/2020.05.06.20093401 4 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ 3 http://doi.org/10.1101/2020.07.17.20156539 3 http://doi.org/10.1101/2020.05.11.20098061 2 http://www.who.int/ 2 http://www.dovepress.com/testimonials.php 2 http://www.cdc.gov/ 2 http://www.cdc 2 http://oxford.berlin/CoRisk 2 http://opensafely.org/ 2 http://ec.europa.eu/food/food/chemicalsafety/residues/control_en.htm 2 http://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2020.102986 2 http://codelists.opensafely.org/ 1 http://www.wto.org/english/ 1 http://www.who.int/ith/en/ 1 http://www.who.int/ith/diseases/lyme/en 1 http://www.who.int 1 http://www.vidal.fr/classifications/vidal/ 1 http://www.venice.coe.int/ 1 http://www.un.org/en/globalissues/briefingpapers/endviol/ 1 http://www.trans 1 http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/tobacco 1 http://www.researchregistry.com 1 http://www.regioni.it/sanita/2006/02/ 1 http://www.primo-europe.eu/ 1 http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2014/01/08/ 1 http://www.parlamento.it/parlam/leggi/deleghe/99303dl.htm> 1 http://www.pandemicflu.gov 1 http://www.ohri.ca/programs/clinical_epidemiology/oxford.asp 1 http://www.oecd.org/governance/budgeting/1902308.pdf> 1 http://www.nhsggc.org.uk/about-us/professional-support-sites/safe-haven/services/ 1 http://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/family-stones-pakistani-woman-death-honor-killing-outsidecourt-n115336 1 http://www.multifactordimensionalityreduction.org/ 1 http://www.mix-for-meta-analysis.info 1 http://www.michigan.gov/documents/ 1 http://www.mdpi.com/2076-3425/10/6/397/s1 1 http://www.lionhrtpub.com/orms/surveys/das/ 1 http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2015/6/section/42/enacted 1 http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2007/19 1 http://www.kidsrisk.harvard.edu/ 1 http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/qatar-launches-campaign-for-modest-dresscode-for-tourists-9438452.html 1 http://www.iata.org/whatwedo/safety/health/ Top 50 email addresses; "Who are you gonna call?" ------------------------------------------------- 1 yuhj@chinacdc.cn 1 thomas.krabichler@ost.ch 1 sadlerd@ccf.org 1 houweidu@fjmu.edu.cn 1 andrew.mitchell@apha.gov.uk 1 andreas.hoepner@ucd.ie 1 akim@uchc.edu Top 50 positive assertions; "What sentences are in the shape of noun-verb-noun?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 27 risk is not 19 study did not 15 data are insufficient 14 % increased risk 13 data are available 12 data were available 11 information is available 10 treatment took place 10 use is not 9 model does not 9 results are consistent 8 data are not 8 data do not 8 patients do not 8 people using hazmat 8 results are not 8 risks are not 7 group is less 7 patients using hydroxychloroquine 7 population based case 7 risk was also 7 studies are also 6 patients is not 6 risk does not 6 risk is also 6 risk is high 6 risk is higher 6 risk was not 6 risks are often 6 studies did not 6 studies have also 6 system needs further 5 data are often 5 disease is not 5 disease is often 5 factors were not 5 model was significant 5 patients taking anticoagulation 5 patients taking remdesivir 5 people are more 5 people reducing contact 5 risk assess ment 5 risk is often 5 study does not 5 study has several 4 % did not 4 cases were more 4 data were only 4 diseases is important 4 factors are likely Top 50 negative assertions; "What sentences are in the shape of noun-verb-no|not-noun?" --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 3 system did not significantly 2 patient had no symptoms 2 patients had no vascular 2 patients is not well 2 results are not significant 2 risk have no direct 2 risk includes not only 2 risk is no longer 2 risks are not always 2 studies reported no significant 2 time was not perfect 1 % had no covid-19 1 % had no symptoms 1 % showed no difference 1 analyses are not possible 1 analyses do not merely 1 analyses found no evidence 1 analysis showed no difference 1 analysis was not possible 1 cases are not true 1 cases is not necessary 1 cases were not interested 1 covid-19 are not well 1 covid-19 was no formal 1 data are not available 1 data are not comprehensive 1 data are not easily 1 data is not available 1 data show no evidence 1 data suggest no difference 1 disease are not aware 1 disease are not likely 1 disease is not always 1 disease was not previously 1 diseases are no longer 1 diseases are not genetic 1 diseases are not statistically 1 effect is not active 1 effect is not only 1 effect was not detectable 1 exposure are not well 1 exposure is not unambiguous 1 exposure occurs not only 1 exposures are not likely 1 exposures are not risk 1 factors are not dependent 1 factors are not well 1 group are not meaningful 1 group showed no significant 1 groups are not homogenous A rudimentary bibliography -------------------------- id = cord-004091-gex0zvoa author = Abdulkareem, Shaheen A. title = Risk perception and behavioral change during epidemics: Comparing models of individual and collective learning date = 2020-01-06 keywords = Fig; agent; group; risk summary = For this study, we ran eight ABMs to test various combinations of individual and group learning, using different information sources-with or without interactions among agents-as factors in the BNs. We investigate the extent to which the epidemic spreads, depending on these different learning approaches regarding risk perception and coping decisions. The empirically-driven BNs model a two-stage decision process of people facing a disease risk: learning to update risk perceptions (threat appraisal, BN1 in Fig 1) and making decisions about how to adapt their behavior during the epidemic (coping appraisal, BN2 in Fig 1) . To evaluate the impact of individual and social intelligence on agents'' learning processes regarding risk perception and coping appraisal and the resulting patterns of disease spread, we used four output measures: disease diffusion, risk perception, spatial patterns, and model performance. Finally, in M7, where household agents learned risk perception in decentralized groups and learned to cope individually, 2,911 infected cases were recorded (Table 3) . doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0226483 id = cord-317739-2wojtboi author = Abo, Stéphanie M.C. title = Modelling the daily risk of ebola in the presence and absence of a potential vaccine date = 2020-10-15 keywords = Ebola; risk; vaccine summary = The risk equations account for the basic transmission probability of Ebola and the lowered risk due to various protection protocols: vaccination, hazmat suits, reduced contact with the infected living and dead bodies. The risk equations account for the basic transmission probability of Ebola (β), the lowered risk due to various protection protocols: hazmat suits (e h ), reduced contact with the infected living (e c I ), vaccination (e v ) and reduced contact with dead bodies (e c D ). According to our results, the parameters with the greatest effect on the Ebola epidemic are the transmission probability (β), the fraction of people using the vaccine (q 7 ), vaccine efficacy (e v ), reducing contact with dead bodies (e c D ) and wearing hazmat suits (e h ). doi = 10.1016/j.idm.2020.10.003 id = cord-332051-yw5zlucc author = Aghababaei, Soodabeh title = Perceived risk and protective behaviors regarding COVID-19 among Iranian pregnant women date = 2020-09-18 keywords = COVID-19; risk; woman summary = RESULTS: 93.8% of pregnant women had a high level of knowledge, 97.3% had a high performance in protective behaviors, and 72.9% had a moderate level of risk perception related to COVID-19. CONCLUSIONS: Pregnant women had a high level of knowledge, high performance in protective behaviors, and a moderate level of risk perception related to COVID-19. 97.3% of the participants had high performance in preventive behaviors, and 72.9% of pregnant women had a moderate level of risk perception related to the disease ( Table 2 ). Iranian pregnant women had a high level of knowledge, high performance in protective behaviors, and a moderate level of risk perception related to COVID-19. History of influenza in previous pregnancies, high economic level, and nulliparity were associated with higher levels of knowledge, protective behaviors, and risk perception, respectively. History of influenza in previous pregnancies, high economic level, and nulliparity were associated with higher levels of knowledge, protective behaviors, and risk perception, respectively. doi = 10.1186/s43043-020-00038-z id = cord-347449-mey7e8gd author = Albers, Heidi J. title = Disease Risk from Human–Environment Interactions: Environment and Development Economics for Joint Conservation-Health Policy date = 2020-07-09 keywords = disease; policy; risk summary = Here, we review how these economic frameworks capture-or do not capture-drivers and characteristics of the human-environment interaction, while reflecting the natural and socio-institutional settings of LMICs. We then propose how modeling frameworks can be expanded to incorporate the disease risk posed by that interaction to inform needed socio-enviro-epidemiological research and policy analysis, using an iterative process of data collection and modelling in an interdisciplinary setting. To address how humans influence zoonotic disease risk borne from environmental interactions, these hotspot maps can be combined with economic decision models at fine resolution that specify markets and institutions, landscape patterns, and resource use in LMICs, and thereby illustrate the decisions behind where and how people overlap with pathogen hosts, which influences their pathogen exposure. Empirical analysis that defines correlations but is not specific to people''s decisions does not provide information about how human-environment interactions affect conservation or disease spread, which implies that policy levers are difficult to identify below generalities, such as "slow deforestation," "limit fragmentation," and "close wildlife markets." doi = 10.1007/s10640-020-00449-6 id = cord-276267-77903fld author = Al‐Ani, Aysha H. title = Review article: prevention, diagnosis and management of COVID‐19 in the IBD patient date = 2020-05-26 keywords = COVID-19; IBD; SARS; patient; risk summary = 6 Consequently, there is a concern that IBD patients are at greater risk of developing COVID-19 and at increased risk of progressing to a more severe clinical course or even death compared to the general population. 18 Furthermore, there is a recent case report of a possible SARS-CoV-2 gastrointestinal infection causing acute haemorrhagic colitis and signalling COVID-19 disease. Clinical assessment of risk factors for infection in inflammatory bowel disease patients Protection of 318 inflammatory bowel disease patients from the outbreak and rapid spread of COVID-19 infection in Wuhan Risk of infection with methotrexate therapy in inflammatory diseases: a systematic review and meta-analysis Comparative risk of serious infections with biologic and/or immunosuppressive therapy in patients with inflammatory bowel diseases: a systematic review and meta-analysis Infection-related hospitalizations are associated with increased mortality in patients with inflammatory bowel diseases Respiratory tract infections in patients with inflammatory bowel disease: safety analyses from vedolizumab clinical trials doi = 10.1111/apt.15779 id = cord-011824-4ge9i90s author = Andrews, Jack L. title = Amplified Concern for Social Risk in Adolescence: Development and Validation of a New Measure date = 2020-06-23 keywords = HSRQ; risk; social summary = We developed a questionnaire measure in order to assess the degree to which adolescents and adults are concerned about engaging in health and social risk behaviours. An additional CFA to assess a one-factor structure did not achieve good model fit (RMSEA = 0.12 (0.11-0.13), SRMR = 0.10, CFI = 0.72, and TLI = 0.70), indicating that concern about risk taking is not a unitary construct and is instead domain specific (health, social). An additional CFA to assess a one-factor structure did not achieve good model fit (RMSEA = 0.18 (0.17-0.19), SRMR = 0.16, CFI = 0.60, and TLI = 0.50), indicating that concern about risk taking is not a unitary construct across domains, and is instead domain specific (health, social), as in the adult sample. In this study, we developed a questionnaire measure of concern for health and social risk behaviours for use in adolescents and adults. doi = 10.3390/brainsci10060397 id = cord-200147-ans8d3oa author = Arimond, Alexander title = Neural Networks and Value at Risk date = 2020-05-04 keywords = HMM; LSTM; network; neural; risk summary = Specifically, we estimate VaR thresholds using classic methods (i.e. Mean/Variance, Hidden Markov Model) 1 as well as machine learning methods (i.e. feed forward, convolutional, recurrent), which we advance via initialization of input parameter and regularization of incentive function. Using equity markets and long term bonds as test assets in the global, US, Euro area and UK setting over an up to 1,250 weeks sample horizon ending in August 2018, we investigate neural networks along three design steps relating (i) to the initialization of the neural network''s input parameter, (ii) its incentive function according to which it has been trained and which can lead to extreme outputs if it is not regularized as well as (iii) the amount of data we feed. Whereas our paper is focused on advancing machine learning techniques and is therefore following Billio and Pellizon (2000) anchored in a regime based asset allocation setting 1 to account for time varying economic states (CPZ, 2020), we still believe that the nonlinearity and flexible form especially of recurrent neural networks maybe of interesting to the VaR (forecasting) literature (Billio et al. doi = nan id = cord-023747-mvq6353a author = Ascherio, Alberto title = Epidemiology of Multiple Sclerosis: Environmental Factors date = 2009-12-25 keywords = EBV; multiple; risk summary = The epidemiologic evidence points to three environ­mental risk factors—infection with the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), low levels of vitamin D, and cigarette smoking—whose association with multiple sclerosis (MS) seems to satisfy in varying degrees most of the criteria that support causality, including temporality, strength, consis­tency, biologic gradient, and plausibility. As discussed in this chapter, epidemiologic evidence points to three environmental risk factors-infection with the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), low levels of vitamin D, and cigarette smoking-whose association with multiple sclerosis (MS) seems to satisfy in varying degrees most of the criteria that support causality, including temporality (i.e., the cause must precede the effect), strength, consistency, biologic gradient, and plausibility. 28 Studies within the United States have also supported a decreased risk of MS among migrants from northern (>41° to 42° N), Australia and New Zealand Europe Figure 4-1 Worldwide prevalence estimates of multiple sclerosis. doi = 10.1016/b978-1-4160-6068-0.00004-8 id = cord-024824-lor8tfe6 author = Asgary, Ali title = Small and Medium Enterprises and Global Risks: Evidence from Manufacturing SMEs in Turkey date = 2020-02-12 keywords = Turkey; global; impact; risk; sme summary = Among the economic risks, fiscal crises in key economies and high structural unemployment or underemployment were found to be the highest risks for the SMEs. Failure of regional or global governance, failure of national governance, and interstate conflict with regional consequences were found to be among the top geopolitical risks for the SMEs. The SMEs considered the risk of large-scale cyber-attacks and massive incident of data fraud/theft to be relatively higher than other global technological risks. According to the 2019 WEF global risk report, extreme weather events, failure of climate-change mitigation and adaptation, natural disasters, data fraud or theft, cyber-attacks, man-made environmental damages and disasters, large-scale involuntary migration, biodiversity loss and ecosystem collapse, water crises, and asset bubbles in a major economy were ranked the top 10 global risks in terms of likelihood. doi = 10.1007/s13753-020-00247-0 id = cord-001064-59i3jert author = Ashbolt, Nicholas J. title = Human Health Risk Assessment (HHRA) for Environmental Development and Transfer of Antibiotic Resistance date = 2013-07-09 keywords = ARB; HHRA; figure; resistance; risk summary = • Clinical and environmental surveillance programs for anti biotics, ARB, and their determinants, with a focus on regional data volume 121 | number 9 | September 2013 • Environmental Health Perspectives reporting the types and use of anti biotics in human medicine, crops, and commercial and companion animals, as well as globally where crops and food animals are produced • Epidemiological investigations of outbreaks and sporadic cases associated with ARB, including clinical studies on the occurrence, frequency, and severity of ARB infections • Identification of the selection pressures (time and dose of selecting/coselecting agents) required to select for resistance in differ ent environments, and subsequent HGT to humanrelevant bacteria, both based on reports describing the frequency of HGT and uptake of ARG into environmental bac teria, including environmental pathogens, in previously identified hot spots • Human, laboratory, and/or field animal/crop trials addressing the link between anti biotic use and resistance (particularly regional data) • Investigations of the characteristics of ARB and their determinants (ex situ and in situ) • Studies on the link between resistance, viru lence, and/or ecological fitness (e.g., surviv ability or adaptability) of ARB • Studies on the environmental fate of anti biotic residues in water and soil and their bioavailability associated with the selection of ARB in any given environmental com partment, animal, or human host result ing in pARB • Existing risk assessments of ARB and related pathogens. doi = 10.1289/ehp.1206316 id = cord-300170-s2qthxx4 author = Aven, Terje title = Globalization and global risk: How risk analysis needs to be enhanced to be effective in confronting current threats date = 2020-10-15 keywords = Coronavirus; disaster; management; risk; uncertainty summary = Considerable work has been conducted in recent years to develop frameworks to support the assessment, communication, management and governance of this type of risk, building on concepts like systemic risks, complexity theory, deep uncertainties, resilience engineering, adaptive management and black swans. These perspectives and approaches, which to a large extent can be viewed as scientific schools, include what we will refer to as ''safety science'' (highlighting sociotechnical aspects, complexity theory, and resilience analysis), ''risk governance and systemic risk frameworks'', ''post-normal science'', quality management and ''risk science'' (highlighting ''broad'' perspectives on risk with an emphasis on uncertainties, knowledge and potential surprises (black swans)). The main aim of the paper is to provide new reflections and knowledge on the proper assessment and handling of risk of the types addressed above, by critically reviewing current perspectives and approaches, and pointing to areas with the potential for enhancements, so that we can be better able to confront global, highly uncertain and large consequence threats like the Coronavirus in the future. doi = 10.1016/j.ress.2020.107270 id = cord-027950-4xwcb5j7 author = Bachman, Thomas E. title = Thresholds for oximetry alarms and target range in the NICU: an observational assessment based on likely oxygen tension and maturity date = 2020-06-27 keywords = PMA; risk; spo summary = METHODS: This is a retrospective observational study intended to describe the relative chance of normoxemia, and risks of hypoxemia and hyperoxemia at relevant SpO(2) levels in the neonatal ICU. The aim of this analysis was to see if specific SpO 2 levels for selection of high and low alarms and target ranges could be identified based on the difference in the risk of hypoxemia and hyperoxemia and further to determine to what degree these thresholds might change depending on infant maturity. This is a prospectively defined analysis with the aim of describing arterial oxygenation levels (PaO 2 ) associated with various possible SpO 2 alarm limits and target ranges. The study is based on the paradigm that high and low SpO 2 alarm limits should consider the risk of hypoxemia and hyperoxemia independent of the desired SpO 2 target range and further consider infant maturity [7] . doi = 10.1186/s12887-020-02225-3 id = cord-034834-zap82dta author = Bai, Xiao title = A Review of Micro-Based Systemic Risk Research from Multiple Perspectives date = 2020-06-27 keywords = bank; crisis; financial; market; model; research; risk; systemic summary = Meanwhile, cross-disciplinary research methods from other disciplines have been introduced, such as the introduction of complex network models when studying the structural stability of the system, linking the contagious effects of financial systemic risks to the transmission pathways of infectious diseases or bio-food chains [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] , establishing new measures to measure systemic risk [7] [8] [9] [10] . Therefore, although the academic community still has differences in the definition of systemic risks, by comparing the concepts of systemic risk and financial crisis, and summarizing the definition of systemic risk in the academic world, the concept of systemic risk can be defined from an economic perspective: triggered by macro or micro-events, the institutions in the system are subjected to negative impacts, and more organizations are involved in risk diffusion and the existence of internal correlations strengthens the feedback mechanism, causing the system as a whole to face the risk of collapse. doi = 10.3390/e22070711 id = cord-328442-mnlzj1ly author = Barattucci, Massimiliano title = Rethinking the Role of Affect in Risk Judgment: What We Have Learned From COVID-19 During the First Week of Quarantine in Italy date = 2020-10-02 keywords = Italy; risk summary = However, to date, no study has addressed how these key risk-related aspects (i.e., affect, anxiety, perceived knowledge on risk, and risk dimensions) can act jointly to orient online health information-seeking behavior, and people''s complaints toward GR imposed during the lockdown. Participants (1,031) were involved during the first week of the quarantine (March 11–18) and completed an online survey composed of (i) an adapted version of the Italian Risk Perception Questionnaire; (ii) the Italian Positive (PA) and Negative Affect (NA) Schedule (PANAS-10); (iii) the State Anxiety Scale (STAI-Y1); (iv) ad hoc personal knowledge measure about novel coronavirus; (v) ad hoc item measuring information search behavior regarding the novel coronavirus; (vi) ad hoc measure of the complains regarding GR; and (vii) sociodemographic questions. To investigate the joint impact of cognitive risk dimensions, affect, and anxiety on online searching behavior and compliance toward government restrictions (GR), in the peculiar context of the Italian pandemic emergency, we drew from the HBM to formulate and test a novel explicative model. doi = 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.554561 id = cord-279935-asg71qtr author = Beasley, Lana O. title = Best Practices for Engaging Pregnant and Postpartum Women at Risk of Substance Use in Longitudinal Research Studies: a Qualitative Examination of Participant Preferences date = 2020-10-28 keywords = comment; participant; research; risk; study summary = Themes were organized into key engagement factors related to the following: (1) recruitment strategies, (2) enrollment, and (3) retention of high-risk pregnant and parenting women in longitudinal research studies. Overall, the current qualitative data provide preliminary data that enhance the understanding of a continuum of factors that impact engagement of high-risk pregnant and postpartum women in longitudinal research with current results indicating the need to prioritize recruitment, enrollment, and retention strategies in order to effectively engage vulnerable populations in research. These difficulties with recruitment and retention contribute to additional complications for research, including biased samples of convenience recruited through referrals from social and health agencies, limited sample diversity, deviations from the research design, and ethical issues associated with risk and benefits of participation and involvement with the criminal justice or child welfare system. doi = 10.1007/s42844-020-00019-1 id = cord-272727-a5ngjuyz author = Bertsimas, D. title = From predictions to prescriptions: A data-drivenresponse to COVID-19 date = 2020-06-29 keywords = COVID-19; clinical; patient; risk summary = Specifically, we propose a comprehensive data-driven approach to understand the clinical characteristics of COVID-19, predict its mortality, forecast its evolution, and ultimately alleviate its impact. Each column reports 128 cohort-level statistics on demographics (e.g., average age, gen-129 der breakdown), comorbidities (e.g., prevalence of diabetes, 130 hypertension), symptoms (e.g., prevalence of fever, cough), 131 treatments (e.g., prevalence of antibiotics, intubation), lab 132 values (e.g., average lymphocyte count), and clinical outcomes 133 (e.g., average hospital length of stay, mortality rate). The models with lab values provide 309 algorithmic screening tools that can deliver COVID-19 risk 310 predictions using common clinical features. These findings 333 are also in agreement with clinical reports: an elevated CRP 334 generally indicates an early sign of infection and implies lung 335 lesions from COVID-19 (27), elevated levels of leukocytes 336 suggest cytokine release syndrome caused by SARS-CoV-2 337 virus (28), and lowered levels of serum calcium signal higher 338 rate of organ injury and septic shock (29) . doi = 10.1101/2020.06.26.20141127 id = cord-318933-09ym98hx author = Betsch, Cornelia title = Monitoring behavioural insights related to COVID-19 date = 2020-04-02 keywords = COVID-19; risk summary = Changes in risk perceptions or knowledge can be assessed over time; data on acceptance of new response measures can be made rapidly available; and misinformation or possible stigma can be identified as they emerge. Journalists need timely knowledge about developing audience behaviour and habits to rapidly tailor information sharing and to develop narrative tools that encourage behaviour changes according to evidence from risk communication research. In sum, rapid data collection and sharing could support effective interaction between authorities, health workers, journalists, and the public to encourage appropriate behavioural change, to manage the crisis, and to protect the most important asset in a crisis: public trust. 7 At the same time, not enough is known about the complex interplay of changing epidemiology, media attention, pandemic control measures, risk perception, and public health behaviour. COVID-19 Snapshot MOnitoring (COSMO): monitoring knowledge, risk perceptions, preventive behaviours, and public trust in the current coronavirus outbreak doi = 10.1016/s0140-6736(20)30729-7 id = cord-018907-c84t1bo5 author = Bin-Hussain, Ibrahim title = Infections in the Immunocompromised Host date = 2012 keywords = gram; infection; patient; risk summary = In providing empirical antibiotic therapy in patient with pulmonary infiltrate and defect in cell-mediated immunity one need to consider Pneumocystis jiroveci, nocardia, legionella, mycoplasma, in addition to aerobic Gram-positive cocci and Gram-negative bacilli therefore it is advised to use trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, macrolides including erythromycin or clarithromycin and agent active against Gram-positive and Gram-negative; for example, thirdgeneration cephalosporin with or without aminoglycoside with anti-Gram-positive either nafcillin or vancomycin based on the incidence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and penicillin resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae. The factors influencing antimicrobial selection include the types of bacterial isolates found in the institution, antibiotic susceptibility patterns, drug allergies, presence of organ dysfunction, chemotherapeutic regimen whether the patient was receiving prophylactic antibiotics, and condition of the patient at diagnosis, for example, presence of signs and symptoms at initial evaluation and presence of documented sites requiring additional therapy. doi = 10.1007/978-3-642-02202-9_68 id = cord-340713-v5sdowb7 author = Bird, Jordan J. title = Country-level pandemic risk and preparedness classification based on COVID-19 data: A machine learning approach date = 2020-10-28 keywords = COVID-19; country; model; risk summary = The three four-class classification problems are then explored and benchmarked through leave-one-country-out cross validation to find the strongest model, producing a Stack of Gradient Boosting and Decision Tree algorithms for risk of transmission, a Stack of Support Vector Machine and Extra Trees for risk of mortality, and a Gradient Boosting algorithm for the risk of inability to test. The classification problem of risk is therefore formulated based on prior knowledge of the pandemic in terms of class only, but the attributes to attempt to classify them are purely country-level information regardless of number of cases, deaths and other coronavirus specific data. Country-level pandemic risk and preparedness classification based on COVID-19 data Fig 10 shows a comparison of other models that were explored. Country-level pandemic risk and preparedness classification based on COVID-19 data Table 1 shows the predicted class values for the best models applied to each of the respective risk classification problems. doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0241332 id = cord-254647-axyx03eg author = Brocal, Francisco title = Advanced Manufacturing Processes and Technologies date = 2018-11-16 keywords = IRGC; Safety; iso; manufacturing; risk summary = Industry 4.0 is a "strategic PCAST (2011) focuses in its report on advanced manufacturing, a family of activities that (1) depend on the use and coordination of information, automation, computation, software, sensing, and networking, and/or (2) make use of cutting-edge materials and emerging capabilities enabled by the physical and biological sciences, for example, nanotechnology, chemistry, and biology. Advanced manufacturing processes are characterized by innovative variables of a technological and organizational nature that tend to change with workplaces, processes and conventional work practices, and can generate, as well as traditional occupational risks, other so-called new and emerging risks (NERs) (Brocal and Sebastián, 2015a) . With this chapter, a general framework of the emerging risks linked with advanced manufacturing processes and technologies has been shown. The general framework of the emerging risks linked with advanced manufacturing processes and technologies has been shown using the CWA 16649:2013 as main reference. doi = 10.1016/b978-0-12-813290-6.00002-0 id = cord-021492-z2bjkl9g author = Brossman, Charles title = Planning for known and unknown risks date = 2016-04-15 keywords = Khan; TRM; business; company; country; crisis; employee; risk; traveler summary = doi = 10.1016/b978-0-12-801925-2.00001-1 id = cord-284424-6gljl7n5 author = Brown, Eric E. title = Anticipating and Mitigating the Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on Alzheimer''s Disease and Related Dementias date = 2020-04-18 keywords = ADRD; COVID-19; individual; risk summary = The COVID-19 pandemic is causing global morbidity and mortality, straining health systems, and disrupting society, putting individuals with Alzheimer''s disease and related dementias (ADRD) at risk of significant harm. We discuss and propose mitigation strategies for: the risk of COVID-19 infection and its associated morbidity and mortality for individuals with ADRD; the impact of COVID-19 on the diagnosis and clinical management of ADRD; consequences of societal responses to COVID-19 in different ADRD care settings; the effect of COVID-19 on caregivers and physicians of individuals with ADRD; mental hygiene, trauma, and stigma in the time of COVID-19; and the potential impact of COVID-19 on ADRD research. Thus, in the context of a rapidly evolving situation, this Special Article discusses and proposes mitigation strategies for six major issues: (1) why individuals with ADRD are at high risk for COVID-19 and its associated morbidity and mortality; (2) how COVID-19 will impact the diagnosis and clinical doi = 10.1016/j.jagp.2020.04.010 id = cord-300965-ivczo1a7 author = Brown, M. M. title = Don’t be the “Fifth Guy”: Risk, Responsibility, and the Rhetoric of Handwashing Campaigns date = 2017-08-29 keywords = Ben; Handwashing; Health; hand; infection; risk summary = Some scholars—for example, Peterson and Lupton (1996)—term this model the "new public health." In this essay, I describe how the focus on personal responsibility for infection risk shapes the promotion of hand hygiene and other forms of illness etiquette. Personal responsibility may be a cornerstone of public health, but hand hygiene promotion is an especially persuasive vehicle for popularizing an individualistic conception of infection risk. Even in developed countries, where the assumption of personal responsibility is less likely to be impeded by structural issues, hand hygiene promotion may nevertheless skew perceptions of contextual or social determinants of infection risk. Created by the Florida Department of Health in response to H1N1, the BFifth Guy^campaign illustrates the use of a constitutive, stigmatizing rhetoric to endorse the assumption of personal responsibility for infection risk. doi = 10.1007/s10912-017-9470-4 id = cord-265595-55s19mr1 author = Brug, Johannes title = Risk Perceptions and Behaviour: Towards Pandemic Control of Emerging Infectious Diseases: International Research on Risk Perception in the Control of Emerging Infectious Diseases date = 2009-01-06 keywords = SARS; risk summary = doi = 10.1007/s12529-008-9000-x id = cord-289003-vov6o1jx author = Burdet, C. title = Need for integrative thinking to fight against emerging infectious diseases. Proceedings of the 5th seminar on emerging infectious diseases, March 22, 2016 – current trends and proposals date = 2018-02-28 keywords = Ebola; MERS; SARS; epidemic; human; risk summary = Abstract We present here the proceedings of the 5th seminar on emerging infectious diseases, held in Paris on March 22nd, 2016, with seven priority proposals that can be outlined as follows: encourage research on the prediction, screening and early detection of new risks of infection; develop research and surveillance concerning transmission of pathogens between animals and humans, with their reinforcement in particular in intertropical areas ("hot-spots") via public support; pursue aid development and support in these areas of prevention and training for local health personnel, and foster risk awareness in the population; ensure adapted patient care in order to promote adherence to treatment and to epidemic propagation reduction measures; develop greater awareness and better education among politicians and healthcare providers, in order to ensure more adapted response to new types of crises; modify the logic of governance, drawing from all available modes of communication and incorporating new information-sharing tools; develop economic research on the fight against emerging infectious diseases, taking into account specific driving factors in order to create a balance between preventive and curative approaches. doi = 10.1016/j.respe.2017.08.001 id = cord-015255-1qhgeirb author = Busby, J S title = Managing the social amplification of risk: a simulation of interacting actors date = 2012-07-11 keywords = actor; amplification; model; perception; risk; social summary = Such cases are therefore an important and promising setting for exploring the idea that amplification is only in the heads of social actors, and for exploring the notion that this might nonetheless produce observable, and potentially highly consequential, outcomes in a way that risk managers need to understand. In the remainder of this article we therefore explore the consequences of the idea that social risk amplification is nothing more than an attribution, or judgment that one social actor makes of another, and try to see what implications this might have for risk managers based on a systems dynamics model. Therefore in the second model, shown in Figure 2 , we now have a subsystem in which a risk manager (a government agency or an industrial undertaking in the case of zoonotic disease outbreaks) observes the public risk perception in relation to the expert risk assessment, and communicates a risk level that is designed to compensate for any discrepancy between the two. doi = 10.1057/jors.2012.80 id = cord-024378-po1bu4v3 author = CHAKRABORTY, Sweta title = How Risk Perceptions, Not Evidence, Have Driven Harmful Policies on COVID-19 date = 2020-04-20 keywords = COVID-19; risk summary = 17, 18 Research shows that media coverage of a public health risk such as COVID-19 can introduce particular risk characteristics that influence public perceptions and therefore become a factor in itself in how the risk is viewed. This along with the social amplification of risk amplifies risk perceptions and can result in the inaccurate overemphasis of primary public health impacts. Specifically, a proactive risk communication plan ahead of an outbreak would have allowed for clear, consistent communication that would have quelled public fears and presumably have allowed evidence-based containment and mitigation policies to take hold. 26 The ripple effects of the policies put in place to mitigate against the primary public health impacts of COVID-19 may very well produce a worse overall outcomes picture. It is evident that existing risk communication research has not been consistently consulted in managing the COVID-19 outbreak, nor has a comprehensive risk-benefit analysis been conducted to prevent worse overall outcomes. doi = 10.1017/err.2020.37 id = cord-103784-f8ac21m2 author = Campbell, C. title = Risk factors for the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis date = 2020-08-24 keywords = HCC; risk summary = title: Risk factors for the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis Methods: MEDLINE, Embase and Web of Science databases were searched from 1st January 2000 to 24th June 2020 for English studies investigating associations of metabolic factors and comorbidities with HCC risk in individuals with chronic HBV infection. Conclusions: In adults with chronic HBV infection, diabetes mellitus is a significant risk factor for HCC, but further investigation of how antidiabetic drug use and glycaemic control influence this association is needed. Therefore, we undertook a systematic review, aiming to summarise and critically appraise studies investigating associations of relevant comorbidities and metabolic factors with risk of HCC in CHB-infected individuals. DM was associated with an increased risk of progression to HCC by meta-analysis restricted to HRs minimally adjusted for age and sex ( Figure 2 ). Effect estimates for case-control studies investigating the association of diabetes mellitus with hepatocellular carcinoma risk. doi = 10.1101/2020.08.21.20179234 id = cord-269566-mgzal1th author = Carmody, Sean title = When can professional sport recommence safely during the COVID-19 pandemic? Risk assessment and factors to consider date = 2020-05-07 keywords = COVID-19; risk summary = Mass gatherings such as a large number of participants and particularly crowds attending sporting events likely increase risk of transmission of COVID-19. The WHO highlights five key factors in determining risk 10 : ► Will the event be held in a country that has documented active local transmission of COVID-19 (community spread)? If, for example, a match was postponed to August, was played behind closed doors, substantial but achievable mitigations including enhanced hygiene, social distancing where practical, the ability to test and contact trace were put in place and transmission was (for illustration) present but significantly less Editorial in the host country, then the risk from that event can be reduced to low. Discussion with government, local health authorities, event organisers and the participants could take place, regarding suitability to proceed and what other controls can further decrease risk ( figure 2) . doi = 10.1136/bjsports-2020-102539 id = cord-199156-7yxzj7tw author = Chan, Ho Fai title = Risk Attitudes and Human Mobility during the COVID-19 Pandemic date = 2020-06-10 keywords = COVID-19; mobility; pandemic; risk summary = In each regression, we controlled for whether the day is a weekend, an indicator distinguishing our sample time period by the day when the World Health Organization (WHO) declared the COVID-19 outbreak a pandemic (11 March 2020) , the total number of confirmed cases per 1,000 people, number of days since the first confirmed coronavirus related death in the country 7 , percentage of population over 65, population density (per squared km of land area), percentage of urban population, average household size, unemployment rate, per capita income (in logs), daily average temperature, and a set of indicators on government responses that covers recommending and requesting closure of school, workplace, public transport, stay at home, cancellation of public events, and restriction on gatherings and internal movement (39) . doi = nan id = cord-354936-do0bmpxt author = Chatterjee, Ranit title = COVID-19 Risk Assessment Tool: Dual application of risk communication and risk governance date = 2020-06-02 keywords = Assessment; COVID-19; Risk; Tool summary = To strengthen the community level response, a coordinated approach of disaster risk governance from Sendai Framework point of view is needed to manage this public health emergency. In comparison to the Arogya Setu App by Government of India, the COVID-19 Risk assessment tool, provides awareness information in the form of questions which are also used to assess the risk based on behaviour and social compliance. Further, the COVID-19 Risk Assessment Tool generates information on anxiety levels to understand the need for psychosocial care as part of overall response. The tool is a low-cost technology-based solution to provide assessment of individual risk as well as increase community awareness. The COVID-19 Risk Assessment Tool is broadly based on four major factors of health, exposure, behavior and social policy. As the paper states, the COVID-19 Risk assessment tool goes beyond the medical symptoms and considers factors of individual behaviour and social policy. doi = 10.1016/j.pdisas.2020.100109 id = cord-024982-4f6m3kfc author = Che Huei, Lin title = Occupational health and safety hazards faced by healthcare professionals in Taiwan: A systematic review of risk factors and control strategies date = 2020-05-18 keywords = Taiwan; hazard; healthcare; professional; risk summary = title: Occupational health and safety hazards faced by healthcare professionals in Taiwan: A systematic review of risk factors and control strategies BACKGROUND: Healthcare professionals in Taiwan are exposed to a myriad of occupational health and safety hazards, including physical, biological, chemical, ergonomic, and psychosocial hazards. The impact of such hazards on healthcare professionals poses a serious public health issue in Taiwan; therefore, controlling, eliminating, or reducing exposure can contribute to a stronger healthcare workforce with great potential to improve patient care and the healthcare system in Taiwan. The International Labour Organization (ILO) 3 reported that millions of healthcare workers suffer from work-related diseases and accidents, and many succumb to occupational hazards. 9 This study reviewed previous works on OHS hazards, as well as their risk factors and control strategies, with a focus on healthcare professionals in Taiwan. We used the following key words in our literature search: occupational health and safety, risk factors, healthcare professionals, control strategies, and Taiwan doi = 10.1177/2050312120918999 id = cord-204125-fvd6d44c author = Chowdhury, Muhammad E. H. title = An early warning tool for predicting mortality risk of COVID-19 patients using machine learning date = 2020-07-29 keywords = covid-19; patient; risk summary = doi = nan id = cord-048467-1dus0u4m author = Civaner, Murat title = Can "presumed consent" justify the duty to treat infectious diseases? An analysis date = 2008-03-06 keywords = HIV; SLR; profession; risk summary = The purpose of this study was to investigate the opinions and beliefs held by both physicians and dentists regarding the occupational risks of infectious diseases, and to analyze the argument that the notion of "presumed consent" on the part of professionals may be grounds for supporting the duty to treat. CONCLUSION: If we use the presumed consent argument to establish the duty of the HCW to provide care, we are confronted with problems ranging over the difficulty of choosing a profession autonomously, the constant level of uncertainty present in the medical profession, the near-impossibility of being able to evaluate retrospectively whether every individual was informed, and the seemingly inescapable problem that this practice would legitimize, and perhaps even foster, discrimination against patients with certain diseases. In order to carry out this analysis, the opinions and beliefs of physicians and dentists regarding the occupational risks of infectious diseases were investigated; and, by extension, the argument that the notion of "presumed consent" may be grounds for supporting the HCWs'' duty to treat was also analyzed. doi = 10.1186/1471-2334-8-29 id = cord-302336-zj3oixvk author = Clift, Ash K title = Living risk prediction algorithm (QCOVID) for risk of hospital admission and mortality from coronavirus 19 in adults: national derivation and validation cohort study date = 2020-10-21 keywords = covid-19; death; model; risk summary = 13 The use of primary care datasets with linkage to registries such as death records, hospital admissions data, and covid-19 testing results represents a novel approach to clinical risk prediction modelling for covid-19. Patients entered the cohort on 24 January 2020 (date of first confirmed case of covid-19 in the UK) and were followed up until they had the outcome of interest or the end of the first study period (30 April 2020), which was the date up to which linked data were available at the time of the derivation of the model, or the second time period (1 May 2020 until 30 June 2020) for the temporal cohort validation. 25 D statistics (a discrimination measure that quantifies the separation in survival between patients with different levels of predicted risks) and Harrell''s C statistics (a discrimination metric that quantifies the extent to which people with higher risk scores have earlier events) were evaluated at 97 days (the maximum followup period available at the time of the derivation of the model) and 60 days for the second temporal validation, with corresponding 95% confidence intervals. doi = 10.1136/bmj.m3731 id = cord-349415-q0g0uqj6 author = Commodari, Elena title = Adolescents in Quarantine During COVID-19 Pandemic in Italy: Perceived Health Risk, Beliefs, Psychological Experiences and Expectations for the Future date = 2020-09-23 keywords = COVID-19; italian; risk summary = In this scenario, this study aimed to provide a general overview of the perceived risk related to COVID-19 and the psychological experience of quarantine in a large sample of Italian adolescents. Nine hundred and seventy eight adolescents (males = 339; females = 639) living in 13 Italian regions and attending upper secondary school (age range: 13–20, M = 16.57, SD = 1.20), responded to an internet-based questionnaire about perceived health risk related to COVID-19, knowledge and information on measures to control the pandemic, beliefs and opinions on stage two of the quarantine, and psychological experiences related to quarantine. Moreover, it explored perceived health risk related to COVID-19, knowledge and information on measures to control the pandemic, beliefs and opinions on stage two of the quarantine, routines and habits of life that adolescents miss most (such as going out with friends, meeting boyfriend or girlfriend, going to visit their relatives, for a total of six items), and psychological experiences related to quarantine. doi = 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.559951 id = cord-011407-4cjlolp6 author = Cotton‐Barratt, Owen title = Defence in Depth Against Human Extinction: Prevention, Response, Resilience, and Why They All Matter date = 2020-01-24 keywords = Global; catastrophe; cause; extinction; layer; risk summary = For example, research on climate change adaptation and mitigation should assess how we can best preserve our ability to prevent, respond to, and be resilient against extinction risks. 1 If a process is recognised to be causing great harm (and perhaps pose a risk of extinction), people may cooperate to reduce or mitigate its impact. This includes reducing the impact of the catastrophe after it is causing obvious and significant damage, but the response layer might also be bolstered by mitigation work which is done in advance. Finally, we characterise resilience as reducing the likelihood that a severe global catastrophe eventually causes human extinction. However, there are a few secondary risk-enabling properties that can weaken the response layer and therefore help damage cascade to a global catastrophe which we could have stopped. In this section we will use our guiding idea of three defence layers to present a way of calculating the extinction probability posed by a given risk. doi = 10.1111/1758-5899.12786 id = cord-026384-ejk9wjr1 author = Crilly, Colin J. title = Predicting the outcomes of preterm neonates beyond the neonatal intensive care unit: What are we missing? date = 2020-05-19 keywords = NDI; model; outcome; risk summary = Our review provides a comprehensive analysis and critique of risk prediction models developed for preterm neonates, specifically predicting functional outcomes instead of mortality, to reveal areas of improvement for future studies aiming to develop risk prediction tools for this population. 17 published a systematic review of risk factor models for neurodevelopmental outcomes in children born very preterm or very low birth weight (VLBW). In this article, we conduct an in-depth, narrative review of the current risk models available for predicting the functional outcomes of preterm neonates, evaluating their relative strengths and weaknesses in variable and outcome selection, and considering how risk model development and validation can be improved in the future. Risk factor models for neurodevelopmental outcomes in children born very preterm or with very low birth weight: a systematic review of methodology and reporting Is the CRIB score (Clinical Risk Index for babies) a valid tool in predicting neurodevelopmental outcome in extremely low birth weight infants? doi = 10.1038/s41390-020-0968-5 id = cord-125330-jyppul4o author = Crokidakis, Nuno title = Modeling the evolution of drinking behavior: A Statistical Physics perspective date = 2020-08-24 keywords = model; risk summary = doi = nan id = cord-308169-a0ft6wdy author = Custovic, A. title = EAACI position statement on asthma exacerbations and severe asthma date = 2013-11-06 keywords = asthma; exacerbation; patient; risk; severe; treatment summary = A recently published consensus statement on severe asthma broadened the concept of ''difficult asthma'' to reflect the situation in less developed countries, where access to medications and appropriate care is a major issue, by defining three different patient groups including un(der)treated symptomatic patients, patients with low treatment adherence or unconventional therapies, and those remaining symptomatic despite high doses of anti-asthmatic therapies (13, 14) . Other similar initiatives included the EU-sponsored Unbiased Biomarkers for the Prediction of Respiratory Disease Outcomes (U-BIOPRED) consortium that has published a consensus-based systematic algorithm approach to differentiate between ''problematic'', ''difficult'' and ''severe refractory'' asthma in the evaluation of patients with chronic severe asthma symptoms for use in clinical research and specialized care (73) . These treatment options for patients with severe asthma who remain symptomatic despite adhering to standard medical care include novel anti-inflammatory drugs that have been shown in preliminary studies to be effective in treating airway inflammation in asthma and so warrant further investigation (32, (83) (84) (85) (86) , and other novel approaches such as bronchial thermoplasty (87) . doi = 10.1111/all.12275 id = cord-030984-2mqn4ihm author = Davies, Anna title = Riskscapes and the socio-spatial challenges of climate change date = 2020-08-20 keywords = COVID-19; Müller; Special; change; climate; risk; riskscape summary = doi = 10.1093/cjres/rsaa016 id = cord-353904-dieaqxmi author = Davies, M. title = Remdesivir in treatment of COVID-19: A systematic benefit-risk assessment date = 2020-05-12 keywords = COVID-19; remdesivir; risk summary = A systematic benefit-risk assessment was designed and conducted to strengthen the ongoing understanding of the benefit-risk balance for remdesivir in COVID-19 treatment by using a structured method which uses all available data. Conclusions: Preliminary clinical trial results suggest a favourable benefit-risk profile for remdesivir compared to placebo, however there is limited safety data available at the current time. The benefits included in the value tree include key endpoints included in clinical trial protocols for studies assessing the efficacy of remdesivir in severe COVID-19 disease. Primary endpoint data available from the Adaptive COVID 19 trial [26] have also suggested a shorter time to recovery in patients treated with remdesivir, with non-significant reduced mortality risk. Preliminary clinical trial results suggest a favourable benefit-risk profile for remdesivir compared to placebo, however there is limited safety data available at the current time. doi = 10.1101/2020.05.07.20093898 id = cord-332181-k90i33gp author = Degeling, Chris title = Hendra in the news: Public policy meets public morality in times of zoonotic uncertainty date = 2012-12-29 keywords = Hendra; fox; medium; risk; virus summary = Because flying foxes are a highly visible, widespread and relatively novel source of infectious risk for humans, the emergence of Hendra virus presents an opportunity to track and compare media representations of disease ''events'', health policy goals, political discourses and public opinions in ways that are difficult for noncommunicable diseases. Articles then were coded for: mention of horses, flying foxes/fruit bats or Hendra virus mention of debates about flying fox control report of distal ecological causes (loss of natural habitat) for the emergence of Hendra virus or the possibility of viral mutation mention of ignorance about Hendra virus amongst scientists, healthcare providers or members of the public reference to government inaction as a factor contributing to the Hendra problem reference to people''s health and welfare not being high enough on the political agenda. doi = 10.1016/j.socscimed.2012.12.024 id = cord-299797-s1zdmf2u author = Dettori, Marco title = Environmental Risks Perception Among Citizens Living Near Industrial Plants: A Cross-Sectional Study date = 2020-07-06 keywords = Health; environmental; respondent; risk summary = The present work is a cross-sectional study aimed at assessing the risk perception and evaluating the community outrage linked to environmental factors among a self-selected sample of citizens living in an area characterized by the presence of industrial structures of high emotional impact. The growing awareness of the health impacts caused by the alteration of environmental conditions by anthropic activities, such as industrial expansion near urban areas, atmospheric pollution, and climate change, plays a key role in the judgment and acceptability of the risks related to environmental Owing to its insularity, the region lends itself very well to observational investigations and represents an excellent test case in relation to the reported social dynamics. The full questionnaire is shown in Tables 2 and 3 (Results Section): Table 2 reports 6 questions related to the respondents'' general information; Table 3 shows 8 questions (numbers 7 to 14) related to health concerns and risk perceptions, together with their close-ended answers. doi = 10.3390/ijerph17134870 id = cord-314275-twjaq5do author = Diwekar, U. title = A perspective on the role of uncertainty in sustainability science and engineering date = 2020-09-09 keywords = Diwekar; decision; risk; sustainability; system; uncertainty summary = Some examples of uncertainties in sustainability include definition and quantification of various objectives, impact assessment methods and models, forecasting future, and unexpected events. Deep uncertainties are related to decreasing confidence in our ability to anticipate correctly future technological, economic, and social developments, future changes in the system we are trying to improve, or the multiplicity and time-varying preferences of stakeholders regarding the system''s outcomes, or handling low probability but high impact events (black swans (Taleb 2010) ) like a natural disaster, a pandemic, a financial crisis, a terrorist attack, or truly novel events for which there is no historical experience. In the highly complex ecological-economic systems that humans want to sustain, it is often impossible to make objective assessments of the probabilities of different outcomes, and therefore impossible to model expected values. Data and models are needed at multiple scales to account for the contribution of ecosystem goods and services in environmental sustainability assessments and engineering design. doi = 10.1016/j.resconrec.2020.105140 id = cord-273789-sbppgkza author = Donohoe, Holly title = Lyme disease: Current issues, implications, and recommendations for tourism management date = 2014-08-20 keywords = Lyme; States; United; disease; risk; tick summary = One study from the United States reported the results of a survey of workers regarding their knowledge of Lyme disease and their behaviour regarding tick-bite prevention and one article provided a comprehensive review of the occupational risks (Piacentino & Schwartz, 2002) . Early case studies in the United States failed to show a significant increase in risk associated with outdoor recreation (e.g. Bowen et al., 1984; Ciesielski et al., 1989; Falco & Fish, 1989) but Smith et al.''s (1988) research found that persons who had spent more than 30 h per week in outdoor activities in endemic areas were 2.5 times more likely to test positive for Lyme disease. doi = 10.1016/j.tourman.2014.07.006 id = cord-350959-bsbz3a1l author = Dovey, Zachary title = Impact of COVID-19 on Prostate Cancer Management: Guidelines for Urologists date = 2020-06-16 keywords = China; CoV-2; SARS; patient; risk summary = There is also epidemiological evidence that PCa patients have increased incidence and mortality from SARS-CoV-2 infection due to gender differences, age, and higher propensity for risk factors (eg, respiratory disease, obesity, hypertension, and smoking status). Patient summary Prostate cancer patients can be followed up remotely until the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 pandemic resolves, but higher-risk cases may have treatment expedited to limit any negative impact on prostate cancer outcomes. As shown in Table 2 , PCa patients with either diabetes or hypertension should seek advice from their physicians to optimize their treatment, especially if this includes ACE inhibitors or ARBs [32] , to reduce their risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection and morbidity. Tewari Prostate cancer (PCa) patients may have an increased risk of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection and mortality. doi = 10.1016/j.euros.2020.05.005 id = cord-315367-e0frkhe6 author = Du, Houwei title = The effect of vascular risk factor burden on the severity of COVID-19 illness, a retrospective cohort study date = 2020-09-21 keywords = covid-19; factor; risk; vascular summary = After adjustment for age, sex, and comorbidities as potential confounders, vascular risk factor burden remained associated with an increasing risk of severe COVID-19 illness. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with increasing vascular risk factor burden have an increasing risk of severe COVID-19 disease, and this population might benefit from specific COVID-19 prevention (e.g., self-isolation) and early hospital treatment measures. We therefore investigated the association between the number of vascular risk factors and severe COVID-19 disease in this observational retrospective study. Previous studies also showed individual vascular risk factors such as hypertension and diabetes were more frequent in severe COVID-19 patients [3, 14] . Association between vascular risk factor burden and severe COVID-19 illness adjusted for comorbidity, and sensitivity analyses using the E-value approach. Association between vascular risk factor burden and severe COVID-19 illness adjusted for laboratory and chest CT findings, and sensitivity analyses using the Evalue approach. doi = 10.1186/s12931-020-01510-0 id = cord-314500-89ovdnxl author = Dunachie, Susanna title = The double burden of diabetes and global infection in low and middle-income countries date = 2018-12-04 keywords = diabetes; increase; infection; risk summary = Diabetes increases susceptibility to infection and worsens outcomes for some of the world''s major infectious diseases such as tuberculosis, melioidosis and dengue, but the relationship between diabetes and many neglected tropical diseases is yet to be accurately characterised. A greater understanding of the impact of diabetes on risks and outcomes for infections causing significant diseases in LMIC is essential in order to develop vaccines and therapies for the growing number of people with diabetes at risk of infection, and to prioritise research agendas, public health interventions and policy. In a metaanalysis of five case-control studies of acute dengue, diabetes was associated with an increased risk of a severe clinical presentation of dengue compared with either asymptomatic infection or non-severe acute dengue, 43 although given the limited data, the authors emphasised this was only suggestive of a link. doi = 10.1093/trstmh/try124 id = cord-324387-mnucvmr1 author = Dunn, Michael title = ‘Your country needs you’: the ethics of allocating staff to high-risk clinical roles in the management of patients with COVID-19 date = 2020-05-14 keywords = COVID-19; professional; risk summary = title: ''Your country needs you'': the ethics of allocating staff to high-risk clinical roles in the management of patients with COVID-19 In line with a dominant view in the medical ethics literature, we claim, first, that no individual health professional has a specific, positive obligation to treat a patient when doing so places that professional at risk of harm, and so there is a clear ethical tension in any reallocation process in this context. In line with a dominant view in the medical ethics literature, we claim, first, that no individual health professional has a specific, positive obligation to treat a patient when doing so places that professional at risk of harm, and so there is a clear ethical tension in any reallocation process in this context. The COVID-19 pandemic is leading to increasing asymmetries of need across the whole health service, and reallocating clinical staff becomes an important responsive strategy, when staffing levels are finite, to address this issue. doi = 10.1136/medethics-2020-106284 id = cord-309563-3cuzmsll author = Duprex, W. Paul title = Gain-of-function experiments: time for a real debate date = 2014-12-08 keywords = DURC; GOF; research; risk summary = Recent studies, particularly those on influenza viruses, have led to renewed attention on DURC, as there is an ongoing debate over whether the benefits of gain-of-function (GOF) experiments that result in an increase in the transmission and/or pathogenicity of potential pandemic pathogens (PPPs) are outweighed by concerns over biosecurity and biosafety. Recent studies, particularly those on influenza viruses, have led to renewed attention on DURC, as there is an ongoing debate over whether the benefits of gain-of-function (GOF) experiments that result in an increase in the transmission and/or pathogenicity of potential pandemic pathogens (PPPs) are outweighed by concerns over biosecurity and biosafety. In this Viewpoint article, proponents and opponents of GOF experiments discuss the benefits and risks associated with these studies, as well as the implications of the current debate for the scientific community and the general public, and suggest how the current discussion should move forward. doi = 10.1038/nrmicro3405 id = cord-017883-6a4fkd5v author = Dutta, Ankhi title = Infection Prevention in Pediatric Oncology and Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant Recipients date = 2018-07-16 keywords = HSCT; IFD; PHO; patient; risk summary = There are various factors which contribute to the increased susceptibility to infections in pediatric hematology/oncology (PHO) and HSCT patients, most prominent of them being disruption of cutaneous and mucosal barriers (oral, gastrointestinal, etc.), microbial gastrointestinal translocation, defects in cell-mediated immunity, and insufficient quantities and inadequate function of phagocytes. Based upon such data in adults, the IDSA Guidelines for the Use of Antimicrobial Agents in Neutropenic Patients with Cancer state that fluoroquinolone prophylaxis should be considered for high-risk patients with prolonged severe neutropenia [20] . Though some authors suggest that antibiotic prophylaxis should be considered in children undergoing induction chemotherapy for ALL, there is currently insufficient data to inform definitive guidelines for antibiotic prophylaxis to prevent bacterial infections in pediatric oncology patients [19] [20] [21] . doi = 10.1007/978-3-319-98122-2_16 id = cord-271698-n9qd14oe author = Dy, Louie Florendo title = A COVID-19 infection risk model for frontline health care workers date = 2020-08-08 keywords = covid-19; risk summary = In this study, we formulate a theoretical model to calculate the risk of being infected in health care facilities considering the following factors: the average number of encounters with a suspected COVID-19 patient per hour; interaction time for each encounter; work shift duration or exposure time; crowd density, which may depend on the amount of space available in a given location; and availability and effectiveness of protective gears and facilities provided for the frontline health care workers. doi = 10.1007/s13721-020-00258-3 id = cord-252182-v0cveegl author = Déportes, Isabelle title = Hazard to man and the environment posed by the use of urban waste compost: a review date = 1995-11-30 keywords = MSW; compost; composting; risk; soil summary = doi = 10.1016/0048-9697(95)04808-1 id = cord-314423-6kuefmol author = Experton, B. title = A Multi-Factor Risk Model for Severe Covid-19 for Vaccine Prioritization and Monitoring Based on a 15 Million Medicare Cohort date = 2020-11-03 keywords = Medicare; covid-19; risk summary = Methods: We present an integrated multi-factor risk model for severe Covid-19 using de-identified Medicare claims from which we extracted demographic and clinical data for a cohort of 15 million Medicare beneficiaries with 770,000 Covid-19 cases, and socio-economic data at the county and zip code level from the CDC Social Vulnerability Index. The independent variables included in our severe Covid-19 risk models are: beneficiary age, sex, ethnicity, insurance coverage and residential zip code, prior health care utilization (prior hospitalization(s), skilled nursing home admissions, etc.) as a measure for disease severity and frailty, the individual''s multiple chronic conditions with in addition to the CMS chronic condition flags, Humetrix compiled diagnostic categories using specific ICD-10 code algorithms, medications grouped by pharmaceutical class, vaccinations before Covid-19 diagnosis, and other variables starting October 1, 2019 (see Supplemental Methods in the Appendix). doi = 10.1101/2020.10.28.20219816 id = cord-339036-nmmworwk author = Fabregues, F. title = ASSISTED REPRODUCTION AND THROMBOEMBOLIC RISK IN COVID-19 PANDEMIC date = 2020-06-25 keywords = ohss; risk summary = Mortality occurs mainly due to severe lung involvement causing an acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), although sometimes a multi-organ failure occurs with significant coagulation disorders (Zhou et al., 2020) Due to the large increase in reported cases and the impact of the COVID-19 coronavirus on public health, ESHRE on March 19, 2020 and ASRM on March 30, 2020 recommended the cessation of any activity related to assisted reproduction. On the other hand,Tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI) that play a relevant role regulating haemostatic equilibrium decreases progressively throughout the OS, this would explain the hypercoagulable status, occurring during assisted reproduction (Romagnuolo et al., 2014) Accordingly, a pro-thrombotic state has been demonstrated in cases with OHSS with the increase of markers like thrombin (thrombin-antithrombin complex and prothrombin fragment 1 + 2) and fibrin (D-dimer) (Balasch et al., 1996) . doi = 10.1016/j.rbmo.2020.06.013 id = cord-327574-24t10fs4 author = Fakih, Mohamad G. title = Overcoming COVID-19: Addressing the perception of risk and transitioning protective behaviors to habits date = 2020-06-09 keywords = risk summary = title: Overcoming COVID-19: Addressing the perception of risk and transitioning protective behaviors to habits The risk of contracting COVID-19 infection depends on the prevalence within a community, the efficiency of viral transmission, and the behavior of the susceptible host. The approach to curbing further transmission of COVID-19 within communities focuses on the institution of measures (1) to detect and isolate those infected, (2) to practice point source control, (3) to reduce environmental contamination, and (4) to optimize engineering controls. 5 On the other hand, instituting behaviors such as selfisolation for 10-14 days prior to a surgery, eliminates the risk of a patient being actively infected at the time of the procedure. 7, 9 However, according to the protection motivation theory, 7 risk perception is an imperative but insufficient precursor for the adoption of protective behaviors. Perceived threat, risk perception, and efficacy beliefs related to SARS and other (emerging) infectious diseases: results of an international survey doi = 10.1017/ice.2020.284 id = cord-283287-073r80s7 author = Farhoudian, Ali title = COVID-19 and Substance Use Disorders: Recommendations to a Comprehensive Healthcare Response. An International Society of Addiction Medicine Practice and Policy Interest Group Position Paper date = 2020-04-12 keywords = COVID-19; Health; Organization; PWUD; drug; risk; treatment summary = People Who Use Drugs (PWUD) are a marginalized and stigmatized group with weaker immunity responses, vulnerability to stress, poor health conditions, high-risk behaviors, and lower access to health care services. In this paper, an international group of experts on addiction medicine, infectious diseases, and disaster psychiatry explore the possible raised concerns in this issue and provide recommendations to manage the comorbidity of COVID-19 and Substance Use Disorder (SUD). Therefore, a group of international experts on addiction medicine, infectious diseases, and disaster management teamed up to explore the comorbidity of COVID-19 infection with substance use disorder and identify the necessary recommendations for health service providers and policymakers in this situation. Health authorities should develop and apply specific strategies for PWUD for early COVID-19 identification and patient isolation, interrupting transmission, providing appropriate care, attending medical issues, and minimizing negative social impact. doi = 10.32598/bcn.11.covid19.1 id = cord-344252-6g3zzj0o author = Farooq, Junaid title = A Novel Adaptive Deep Learning Model of Covid-19 with focus on mortality reduction strategies date = 2020-07-21 keywords = Risk; covid-19; death; model summary = We employ deep learning to propose an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) based and data stream guided real-time incremental learning algorithm for parameter estimation of a non-intrusive, intelligent, adaptive and online analytical model of Covid-19 disease. In this work, we employ deep learning to propose an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) based real-time online incremental learning technique to estimate parameters of a data stream guided analytical model of Covid-19 to study the transmission dynamics and prevention mechanism for SARS-Cov-2 novel coronavirus in order to aid in optimal policy formulation, efficient decision making, forecasting and simulation. To the best of our knowledge, this paper develops for the first time a deep learning model of epidemic diseases with data science approach in which parameters are intelligently adapted to the new ground realities with fast evolving infection dynamics. doi = 10.1016/j.chaos.2020.110148 id = cord-327748-8ob6okeh author = Feng, Tianjun title = Product Quality Risk Perceptions and Decisions: Contaminated Pet Food and Lead‐Painted Toys date = 2010-07-09 keywords = States; United; food; product; risk summary = Those selecting our study were told: "We are conducting a study on how people react to product quality related crises, with a focus on the recent recalls of contaminated pet food and lead-painted children''s toys." We further analyzed the relationship between participants'' gender and their subjective probability judgment for all three versions, and we did not find significant differences. Using the psychometric paradigm, we now examine the ratings on seven risk perception dimensions of eight hazardous products or risky situations, including contaminated dog food, lead-painted toys, contaminated spinach, avian flu, mad cow disease, SARS, cell phone radiation, and cigarette smoking. doi = 10.1111/j.1539-6924.2010.01459.x id = cord-329614-deh5bidx author = Fielding, Helen R. title = Effects of trading networks on the risk of bovine tuberculosis incidents on cattle farms in Great Britain date = 2020-04-22 keywords = Area; England; Risk summary = We constructed ingoing contact chains of cattle farms in Great Britain that were linked by trading, to elucidate potential pathways for the transmission of infection and to evaluate their effect on the risk of a farm experiencing a bovine tuberculosis (bTB) incident. We constructed ingoing contact chains of cattle farms in Great Britain that were linked by trading, to elucidate potential pathways for the transmission of infection and to evaluate their effect on the risk of a farm experiencing a bovine tuberculosis (bTB) incident. Overall, our study aimed to assess the importance of new parameters from contact chains based on trading networks, alongside established risk factors, on the risk of bTB incidents on cattle farms in Great Britain. 2020 Data from: Effects of trading networks on the risk of bovine tuberculosis incidents on cattle farms in Great Britain doi = 10.1098/rsos.191806 id = cord-290901-bfho5w04 author = Figuié, Muriel title = Global health risks and cosmopolitisation: from emergence to interference date = 2013-03-20 keywords = Beck; Health; Vietnam; risk; vietnamese summary = International health organisations and western nations are exerting growing pressure on other countries to cooperate in managing health risks such as emerging diseases, as demonstrated during the recent episodes of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and avian flu (Scoones 2010). I conducted a comprehensive review of all the grey literature documents on avian flu issued by the Vietnamese ministries of health, and agriculture and rural development, of official documents on Vietnam''s strategy for avian flu (known as the ''Red Book'' and the ''Green Book'') and regulations adopted by the Vietnamese government, as well as expert reports from international and foreign organisations (FAO, WHO, Agrifood Consulting International and Agence Franc¸aise de De''veloppement). The authorities adopted the framing of avian flu as a pandemic threat (that is as a risk of second modernity) and cooperated with the international community to manage a global manufactured uncertainty. doi = 10.1111/j.1467-9566.2012.01539.x id = cord-278870-pct184oa author = Finell, Eerika title = The Combined Effect of Perceived COVID-19 Infection Risk at Work and Identification with Work Community on Psychosocial Wellbeing among Finnish Social Sector and Health Care Workers date = 2020-10-19 keywords = COVID-19; risk; work summary = title: The Combined Effect of Perceived COVID-19 Infection Risk at Work and Identification with Work Community on Psychosocial Wellbeing among Finnish Social Sector and Health Care Workers We examined the combined effect of perceived risk associated with COVID-19 infection at work and work community identification on psychosocial well-being (i.e., frequency of stress symptoms) among health care and social sector workers in Finland (N = 1279). Thus, when occupational organizations consider protective strategies against stress that is related to COVID-19 infection risk at work among social sector and health care workers, promoting identification with their work community might be one key protective factor that can buffer this stress. This article analyses the combined effect of the perceived risk associated with COVID-19 infection at work with work community identification on psychosocial well-being (i.e., frequency of stress symptoms) among health care and social sector workers in Finland. doi = 10.3390/ijerph17207623 id = cord-306741-3ibprszo author = Fitchett, Jennifer M title = Exploring public awareness of the current and future malaria risk zones in South Africa under climate change: a pilot study date = 2020-11-11 keywords = Africa; South; malaria; risk summary = The National Guidelines for the Prevention of Malaria in South Africa comprise five key components which are summarized as the "ABC" of malaria prevention, namely Awareness and Assessment of malaria risk, avoidance of mosquito Bites, Compliance with Chemoprophylaxis when indicated, early Detection of malaria disease, and Effective treatment (NDOH 2018a; Baker 2018; Schmidt 2019a, b) . According to the latest malaria risk map produced by the South African National Department of Health in December 2018, areas of moderate risk (where chemoprophylaxis is indicated for all travellers from September to May) are concentrated along the border between South Africa and Mozambique and Zimbabwe (Fig. 1) . Topics included respondents'' demographics and travel histories, awareness and perception of malaria distribution and risk in Southern Africa, understanding of climate change, and attitudes towards malaria prophylaxis-both in terms of bite prevention and chemoprophylaxis. Overall, the composite map created from all 28 usable maps reveals a fairly high degree of awareness among respondents regarding the general location of malaria risk areas in South Africa (Fig. 2) . doi = 10.1007/s00484-020-02042-4 id = cord-016982-qt25tp6t author = Fong, I. W. title = Litigations for Unexpected Adverse Events date = 2010-11-30 keywords = INH; patient; risk; varicella summary = The statement of claim alleged the following: (1) isoniazid was directly responsible for the plaintiff''s fulminant hepatitis which resulted in the need for a liver transplant, (2) informed consent was never obtained to prescribe the drug, as the plaintiff was never counseled on the adverse effects, nor given a choice of treatment, (3) use of the isoniazid was never indicated, as the patient had no symptoms or signs of active disease, (4) the physician should have realized that the positive Mantoux test was due to a previous BCG vaccination as a child (the defendant was informed of this fact) and therefore there was no need to treat the plaintiff for latent tuberculosis. doi = 10.1007/978-1-4419-8053-3_8 id = cord-312183-zkoj5d8c author = Frydman, Galit H. title = Coagulation Status and Venous Thromboembolism Risk in African Americans: A Potential Risk Factor in COVID-19 date = 2020-07-24 keywords = Americans; COVID-19; african; risk summary = Recent studies have shown severe pulmonary and cardiac pathology, associated with increased thrombosis, is prevalent in African Americans with severe COVID-19. 65 Although clinical SCD is only present in an estimated 100 000 patients in the United States, the sickle cell trait is present in up to 8% of the African American population, with SCD flagged as an important risk factor for VTE. 87, 88 Among the population of African Americans who are infected with COVID-19, some of these patients may already reside in a prothrombotic state prior to COVID-19 because of higher baseline concentrations of FVIII, vWF, and D-dimer, as well as increased platelet activation. Coupled with the higher rate of preexisting conditions that predispose patients to higher rates of COVID-19 and disease, and the lower rate of therapeutic anticoagulation even when warranted, variation in coagulation status may be one of the factors that puts African Americans at higher risk. doi = 10.1177/1076029620943671 id = cord-325155-lqzgz6p3 author = Gallo, Juan E. title = Hypertension and the roles of the 9p21.3 risk locus: classic findings and new association data date = 2020-09-15 keywords = CVD; Supplementary; european; risk summary = Two adjacent haplotype blocks characterize the 9p21.3 cardiovascular risk locus: left, the block or island containing the first part of the p15 gene and its wellcharacterized promoter, in which we observed clearly elevated associations (red) with blood pressure (DBP, SBP) and/or hypertension in a Colombian and a European study sample, and right, the block hypertension and BP association ''Hypertension island'' * (haplotype block < 60 kb) Lead CVD risk SNPs (haplotype block < 60 kb) Furthermore, in the European blood pressure studies [15, 16] genome-wide significance of DBP associations was attained, outside of the classic 9p21.3 CVD risk locus and its flanking regions, in the next gene MTAP (see Figure 2 and Theory), with a lowest p-value of 1.3 × 10 −10 for the sentinel SNP rs4364717 (red asterisk and red horizontal bar at left in Figure 2 ; see also the LocusZoom plot in Supplementary Material S3.2) . doi = 10.1016/j.ijchy.2020.100050 id = cord-018001-ris02bff author = Garrido, Guillermo title = Medical Course and Complications After Lung Transplantation date = 2018-06-23 keywords = lung; recipient; risk; transplant; transplantation summary = Patients can develop a multitude of noninfectious (e.g., primary graft dysfunction, pulmonary embolism, rejection, acute and chronic, renal insufficiency, malignancies) and infectious (i.e., bacterial, fungal, and viral) complications and require complex multidisciplinary care. The impact of these disruptions on lung transplant outcomes remains unclear, though it is possible that these changes lead to higher susceptibility to the development of pulmonary edema and infections, worse airway clearance, and ineffective cough [6] . Patients who undergo lung transplantation have multiple risk factors to develop acute kidney injury (AKI) post-transplant, including decreased renal perfusion before, during, and/or after surgery, drug toxicities, and systemic infections. Viral infections contribute to morbidity and mortality from acute infection and have been associated with an increased risk of rejection, chronic allograft dysfunction, lymphoproliferative and other neoplastic diseases, and other extra pulmonary organ damage [77] . doi = 10.1007/978-3-319-94914-7_26 id = cord-019009-3ngfv96u author = Gea-Banacloche, Juan title = Risks and Epidemiology of Infections After Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation date = 2016-02-15 keywords = CMV; GVHD; HCT; cell; infection; risk summary = Several characteristics of the transplant infl uence the risk of infection: the conditioning preparative regimen, the source of stem cells, the degree of HLA identity between donor and recipient, and the prophylactic strategy adopted to prevent GVHD (use of T cell depletion or immunosuppressive medications). These factors may result in increased risk of infections associated with T cell immunodefi ciency, like CMV, Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia (PCP), and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-related posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorder (PTLD). Risk factors for recurrence of invasive fungal infection during secondary antifungal prophylaxis in allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients Impact of the intensity of the pretransplantation conditioning regimen in patients with prior invasive aspergillosis undergoing allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation: a retrospective survey of the infectious diseases working party of the european group for blood and marrow transplantation Infl iximab use in patients with severe graftversus-host disease and other emerging risk factors of noncandida invasive fungal infections in allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients: a cohort study doi = 10.1007/978-3-319-28797-3_6 id = cord-300046-orlga9qf author = Gomes da Silva, J. title = Health literacy of inland population in the mitigation phase 3.2. of COVID-19''s pandemic in Portugal - a descriptive cohort study date = 2020-05-14 keywords = COVID-19; Group; Risk; SARS summary = Globally, younger individuals, females, graduates and the Non-Risk Group presented higher relative frequencies of the correct answer along COVID-19''s Questionnaire. However, three exceptions were observed: the Undergraduate Group and the Risk-Group had a high relative frequency stating that COVID-19 has a cure and in mentioning "Social Isolation" as an important preventive measure to adopt when compared to the Graduate Group and the Non-Risk Group, respectively. Males have higher relative frequency in answering the correct number of SNS24 and in stating that children can get sick and transmit the infection by SARS-CoV-2 when compared to females ( Table 2 -Supplementary information). Nonparametric tests reveal a statistically significant association regarding variable "Age", "Gender" and "Risk Factor", with younger individuals, females and individuals from Risk-Group stating more often the correct answer. Nonparametric tests reveal a statistically significant association regarding variable "Gender" and "Risk Factor", with males and individuals from Non-Risk Group answering the correct number. doi = 10.1101/2020.05.11.20098061 id = cord-149069-gpnaldjk author = Gomes, M. Gabriela M. title = A pragmatic approach to account for individual risks to optimise health policy date = 2020-09-02 keywords = individual; risk summary = As the virus spreads in the human population, individuals at higher risk are predominantly infected as indicated at endemic equilibrium (Figure 1 A, B , C, density plots on the right, coloured red) and after 100 years of control (Figure 1 D, E, F). The control strategy applied to endemic equilibrium in the figure is the 90-90-90 treatment as prevention target advocated by the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS 4 whereby 90% of infected individuals should be detected, with 90% of these receiving antiretroviral therapy, and 90% of these should achieve viral suppression (becoming effectively non-infectious). Selection on individual variation in disease susceptibility thus offers an explanation for vaccine efficacy trends that is entirely based on population level heterogeneity, in contrast with waning vaccine-induced immunity, an individual-level effect 20 . doi = nan id = cord-305327-hayhbs5u author = Gonzalez, Jean-Paul title = Global Spread of Hemorrhagic Fever Viruses: Predicting Pandemics date = 2017-09-19 keywords = Africa; Ebola; disease; epidemic; host; pandemic; risk; virus summary = Other pathogens that are remarkable for their epidemic expansions include the arenavirus hemorrhagic fevers and hantavirus diseases carried by rodents over great geographic distances and the arthropod-borne viruses (West Nile, chikungunya and Zika) enabled by ecology and vector adaptations. Emergence from a sporadic case to an outbreak, to an epidemic, and ultimately to a pandemic depends upon effective transmission among nonimmune hosts, host availability (density), characteristics of the vector (natural or human made) that would enable it to circumvent distances, and the pathogen infectiousness. Although MARV expansion appears to be limited to a few countries in Africa, the recent emergence (estimated at a few decades ago) of a second human pathogenic marburgvirus known as Ravn virus, and the widely distributed Old World rousette fruit bats (Rousettus spp.) serving as reservoir for both viruses [45] , are two factors that favor pandemic risk. doi = 10.1007/978-1-4939-6981-4_1 id = cord-332533-iqe6sdq2 author = Grant, William B. title = Evidence that Vitamin D Supplementation Could Reduce Risk of Influenza and COVID-19 Infections and Deaths date = 2020-04-02 keywords = concentration; infection; risk; vitamin summary = Evidence supporting the role of vitamin D in reducing risk of COVID-19 includes that the outbreak occurred in winter, a time when 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) concentrations are lowest; that the number of cases in the Southern Hemisphere near the end of summer are low; that vitamin D deficiency has been found to contribute to acute respiratory distress syndrome; and that case-fatality rates increase with age and with chronic disease comorbidity, both of which are associated with lower 25(OH)D concentration. For COPD patients, 25(OH)D inversely correlated with risk, severity, and exacerbation [88] Found at higher rates in regions with elevated air pollution Air pollution associated with lower 25(OH)D concentrations [89] Note: 25-hydroxyvitamin D ((25(OH)D); acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS); community-acquired pneumonia (CAP); case-fatality rate (CFR); interleukin 6 (IL-6); chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD); C-reactive protein (CRP); vitamin D deficiency (VDD). doi = 10.3390/nu12040988 id = cord-255249-jtx3ntil author = Gratz, Kim L. title = Thwarted belongingness and perceived burdensomeness explain the associations of COVID‐19 social and economic consequences to suicide risk date = 2020-07-14 keywords = Reger; order; risk; suicide summary = Participants completed measures assessing thwarted belongingness, perceived burdensomeness, loneliness, and suicide risk, as well as whether they (a) were currently under a stay‐at‐home order and (b) had experienced a recent job loss due to the pandemic. Currently, in the United States, beyond the immediate physical health consequences of COVID-19 (and related fear and distress associated with these consequences), two consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic that stand out as particularly relevant to suicide risk are the social isolation related to stay-at-home orders and the widespread job loss related to the current economic crisis-both of which have been theoretically and/or empirically linked to suicide risk (e.g., Classen & Dunn, 2012; Oyesanya, Lopez-Morinigo, & Dutta, 2015; Reger et al., 2020) . Despite these limitations, the results of this study highlight the potential impact of COVID-19 social and economic consequences on suicide risk among adults in the United States, as well as the relevance of thwarted belongingness and perceived burdensomeness to these associations. doi = 10.1111/sltb.12654 id = cord-318683-1yxurnev author = Green, Manfred S title = Confronting the threat of bioterrorism: realities, challenges, and defensive strategies date = 2018-10-16 keywords = Ebola; agent; anthrax; disease; risk; vaccine summary = • Personal protective equipment should be improved to become more user friendly • Improved surge capacity (the ability to rapidly gear up the health system to cope with a sudden, large increase in patients with a serious, contagious disease) is required, particularly in peripheral areas • The capacity of general and reference laboratories should be increased, to keep developing faster, more reliable diagnostic tests • New and improved vaccines (pre-exposure and post-exposure) and treatment regimens should be developed • Clinical and environmental surveillance needs to increase • Syndromic surveillance systems can be maintained to register suspicious or confirmed cases reported by physicians, and the data can be used to improve risk communication programmes and to monitor the progress of an outbreak • An adequate stockpile of vaccines and medications should be maintained, both nationally and internationally • To improve preparedness for natural and bioterrorist outbreaks, international cooperation should include joint exercises involving multiple countries and constant improvement in the exchange of information on potential bioterrorism threats and management doi = 10.1016/s1473-3099(18)30298-6 id = cord-311694-2b2swi0l author = Grima, Simon title = A Country Pandemic Risk Exposure Measurement Model date = 2020-10-09 keywords = COVID-19; PREM; Risk; country; factor summary = PURPOSE: The purpose of this study is to develop a Pandemic Risk Exposure Measurement (PREM) model to determine the factors that affect a country''s prospective vulnerability to a pandemic risk exposure also considering the current COVID-19 pandemic. CONCLUSION: The developed PREM model shows that monitoring of Demographic Features, Country''s Activity Features, Economic Exposure and Societal Vulnerability can help a country to identify the possible impact of pandemic risk exposure and develop policies, strategies, regulations, etc., to help a country strengthen its capacity to meet the economic, social and in turn healthcare demands due to pandemic hazards such as COVID-19. 66 The recent study of measuring the economic risk of COVID-19 has computed measures for exposure (population, night-time light and transport density), vulnerability (data on economic outcomes, human development, tourism, and health quality) and resilience (Internet access, public and private debt, government expenditure, sociocultural disparity) of the local economy to the shock of the epidemic. doi = 10.2147/rmhp.s270553 id = cord-164666-ktrw377u author = Gupta, Abhishek title = Report prepared by the Montreal AI Ethics Institute (MAIEI) on Publication Norms for Responsible AI date = 2020-09-15 keywords = publication; research; risk summary = Similar measures at all conferences and publications would encourage researchers to critically assess their research in terms of its effects, positive and negative, on the world • Require the publication of expected results: Requiring that researchers write and publish the expected results of their research project (including but not limited to its broader social and ethical impacts) could help foster reflection around potential benefits and harms even before researchers undertake their project. The most important of which is, "Why is this research project being pursued in the first place?" This lack of critical reflection and external pressure has given rise to predatory journals with lax quality standards regarding what gets accepted for publication-this is especially an issue for researchers who are new to an academic field and are uncertain about publishing norms. doi = nan id = cord-028564-sltofaox author = Gutiérrez-Spillari, Lucia title = Obesity, Cardiovascular Disease, and Influenza: How Are They Connected? date = 2020-07-06 keywords = infection; influenza; risk summary = RECENT FINDINGS: This infection could have detrimental outcomes in obese patients with cardiovascular diseases, such as an increased risk, length of hospitalization, disease severity, morbidity, and mortality. Its low-grade chronic inflammatoryinduced state negatively impacts immune function and host defense [2] , as shown during the 2009 influenza A virus H1N1 pandemic, where obesity resulted to be an independent risk factor for severe disease, hospitalization, mechanical ventilation, and mortality upon infection [1] . It is well studied that obese patients can develop cardiovascular diseases; however, it is less known that the lowinflammatory chronic state might affect host defense and immune cell dysfunction and infections, such as influenza A, could have detrimental outcomes in such patients, such as an increased risk, length of hospitalization, disease severity, morbidity, and mortality. Cardiovascular complications associated with influenza infection include myocarditis, pericardial effusion, myopericarditis, right and left ventricle dysfunction, myocardial infarction, heart failure, stroke, and circulatory failure due to septic shock. doi = 10.1007/s40475-020-00207-0 id = cord-272296-1gn1zhvt author = HUYBRECHTS, Krista F. title = Hydroxychloroquine early in Pregnancy and Risk of Birth Defects date = 2020-09-19 keywords = HCQ; malformation; risk summary = doi = 10.1016/j.ajog.2020.09.007 id = cord-315412-fm928vq1 author = Haas, Charles title = Coronavirus and Risk Analysis date = 2020-04-08 keywords = risk summary = However, formal analysis and training in risk assessment, disease modeling, and risk communication can and should be used to help promote accurate assessments of risks, effects, and uncertainties. Undoubtedly, there are differences, but the data and conclusions that risk assessment has developed (including quantitative exposure assessment and dose response) are complementary to insights from epidemiology and medicine. While we all look forward to better days, we will get to them with less anguish if decisionmakers understand that public responses to policy recommendation and dictates depend on public trust in authorities. Second, trust in decisionmakers requires clear and frequent communications. These values could include trust-where warranted-in demonstrably sound science, government financial institutions, and public policy and risk management institutions to take well-considered actions to protect public health and the economy. Risk analysts and risk analysis researchers should not be shy about contributing our skills to important policy developments during this crisis. doi = 10.1111/risa.13481 id = cord-266180-32gw2ug3 author = Haider, Najmul title = Passengers' destinations from China: low risk of Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) transmission into Africa and South America date = 2020-02-26 keywords = China; risk summary = doi = 10.1017/s0950268820000424 id = cord-329770-tz8dwgzm author = Hamer, Mark title = Lifestyle Risk Factors, Inflammatory Mechanisms, and COVID-19 Hospitalization: A Community-Based Cohort Study of 387,109 Adults in UK date = 2020-05-23 keywords = COVID-19; risk summary = We conducted the first large-scale general population study on lifestyle risk factors (smoking, physical inactivity, obesity, and excessive alcohol intake) for COVID-19 using prospective cohort data with national registry linkage to hospitalisation. After adjustment for age, sex and mutually for each lifestyle factor, physical inactivity (Relative risk, 1.32, 95% confidence interval, 1.10, 1.58), smoking (1.42;1.12, 1.79) and obesity (2.05 ;1.68, 2.49) but not heavy alcohol consumption (1.12; 0.93, 1.35) were all related to COVID-19. Accordingly, we examined the association of lifestyle risk factors with new cases of COVID-19-hospitalisations in a general population-based cohort study. 9 Our results suggested both overweight and obesity were risk factors for severe COVID-19 infection, consistent with emerging data in small clinical studies. Our data suggests low grade inflammation was a risk factor for severe COVID-19, and partially explained links between lifestyle behaviors and infection. Lifestyle risk factors, obesity and infectious disease mortality in the general population: Linkage study of 97,844 adults from England and Scotland doi = 10.1016/j.bbi.2020.05.059 id = cord-337487-1lbopaso author = Hansildaar, Romy title = Cardiovascular risk in inflammatory arthritis: rheumatoid arthritis and gout date = 2020-09-01 keywords = arthritis; cardiovascular; disease; gout; patient; rheumatoid; risk summary = The underlying pathophysiology of increased cardiovascular risk relevant to inflammatory arthritis, as well as the observed effect of antiinflammatory and disease modifying treatments such as uratelowering therapies in gout, will be reviewed and discussed. Postulated shared mechanisms of rheumatoid arthritis and gout are systemic inflammation, reactive oxygen species (ROS)induced oxidative stress, and endothelial dysfunction, all of which lead to atherosclerosis (figure 2). 59 Another study found an increased prevalence of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction in patients with rheumatoid arthritis, which correlated primarily with disease activity and with antiinflammatory treat ments (ie, conventional synthetic DMARDs and biological DMARDs). Rheumatoid arthritis and gout-two inflammatory joint diseases with different underlying causes-are associated with about a 50-70% increased risk of cardiovascular disease compared with the general population. Diseasemodifying antirheumatic drugs are associated with a reduced risk for cardiovascular disease in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a case control study doi = 10.1016/s2665-9913(20)30221-6 id = cord-030116-ucmzbezx author = Hardell, Lennart title = Health risks from radiofrequency radiation, including 5G, should be assessed by experts with no conflicts of interest date = 2020-07-15 keywords = ICNIRP; Radiation; risk summary = Independent international EMF scientists in this research area have declared that: ''In 2009, the ICNIRP released a statement saying that it was reaffirming its 1998 guidelines, as in their opinion, the scientific literature published since that time has provided no evidence of any adverse effects below the basic restrictions and does not necessitate an immediate revision of its guidance on limiting exposure to high frequency electromagnetic fields. The call has been signed by 164 scientists and medical doctors, as well as 95 NGOs: ''The International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP) issued draft Guidelines on 11th July 2018 for limiting exposure to electric, magnetic and electromagnetic fields (100 kHz to 300 GHz).1 These guidelines are unscientific, obsolete and do not represent an objective evaluation of the available science on effects from this form of radiation. doi = 10.3892/ol.2020.11876 id = cord-252708-88s32x0v author = Hawkins, Devan title = Differential occupational risk for COVID‐19 and other infection exposure according to race and ethnicity date = 2020-06-15 keywords = risk summary = The percentage of workers employed in essential industries and occupations with a high risk of infection and close proximity to others by race and ethnicity was calculated. The percentage of workers employed in essential industries and occupations with a high risk of infection and close proximity to others by race and ethnicity was calculated. 9 To assess how this occupation segregation may contribute to racial and ethnic disparities for COVID-19, this study sought to determine whether there were racial and ethnic disparities in workers employed in essential industries and in occupations with a higher risk of exposure to infections and close proximity to others. We combined these occupational scores with the employment data from the BLS CPS and calculated the percentage of workers with a high risk of exposure to infections and proximity to others according to race and ethnicity. doi = 10.1002/ajim.23145 id = cord-308648-bus3axay author = He, Shan title = Analysis of Risk Perceptions and Related Factors Concerning COVID-19 Epidemic in Chongqing, China date = 2020-06-26 keywords = COVID-19; Chongqing; risk summary = OBJECTIVE: To assess perceptions of risk and related factors concerning COVID-19 epidemic among residents in Chongqing city, China. Females (OR = 4.234), people with income ≥ 2000 yuan (2000–4999 yuan: OR = 5.052, 5000–9999 yuan: OR = 4.301, ≥ 10,000 yuan: OR = 23.459), the married status (OR = 1.811), the divorced status, widows or widowers (OR = 3.038), people living with families including children (OR = 5.085) or chronic patients (OR = 2.423) had a higher perceived risk level, as well as people who used free media websites (OR = 1.756), community workers (OR = 4.064) or community information platforms (OR = 2.235) as main media information sources. CONCLUSION: Residents reported a high level of risk perception towards COVID-19 in Chongqing and it was impacted by the population demographic characteristics. In our study, residents in Chongqing had a high level of risk perception towards the infectivity and pathogenicity of COVID-19, and relatively lower risk of the lethality and self-rated infection possibility. doi = 10.1007/s10900-020-00870-4 id = cord-010884-g4gesvzt author = Heitzer, Andrew M. title = Cumulative Antenatal Risk and Kindergarten Readiness in Preterm-Born Preschoolers date = 2019-08-16 keywords = antenatal; complication; risk summary = Yet few preschool outcome studies included within-group examination of the links between complications associated with preterm-birth and performance on neuropsychological tasks that tap domain-specific, literacy or numeracy, precursor skills. (2010) , focusing on the impact of peri-, and neonatal, but not antenatal, complications, reported no significant associations between several early risk factors (including the sum of perinatal complications) and language delay within a cohort of four-year-old preschoolers born very preterm. Within the high-risk group of preterm-born children, both the variability in the base-rates of various antenatal complications associated with prematurity and the sheer number of medical risk factors that require consideration often impede exploration of developmental outcome effects of early biological adversity. Exploration of the relative outcome contribution of four classes of antenatal risk revealed that complications associated with intra-amniotic infection, placental insufficiency and uteroplacental bleeding accounted for 4.8%, 2.3% and 3.4% of IQ variance, respectively, altogether 10.5% of variability in kindergarten cognitive readiness. doi = 10.1007/s10802-019-00577-8 id = cord-257622-m6j0us2e author = Herman, Joanna title = Advising the traveller date = 2017-12-07 keywords = health; risk; traveller summary = The key elements of pre-travel advice are health risk assessment, health promotion and risk management; this involves advice on prevention of malaria, travellers'' diarrhoea, sexually transmitted infections and accidents, as well as appropriate vaccinations. It also varies according to the health status Key points C There has been an increase in travel to tropical destinations, with subsequent exposure of travellers to malaria, dengue and other tropical and vaccine-preventable infections C The most likely causes of mortality in travellers are accidental injury or a cardiovascular event, rather than an infectious disease C Malaria is one of the most common and serious causes of fever in travellers The key features of a pre-travel consultation are health risk assessment, and health promotion with risk management C Higher risk groups of travellers include those visiting friends and relatives, those with co-morbidities, pregnant women and very young or elderly travellers of the traveller: their medical conditions, current medications, allergies and immunization history. doi = 10.1016/j.mpmed.2017.10.004 id = cord-017527-ylng1us2 author = Herman, Philippe title = Biosafety Recommendations on the Handling of Animal Cell Cultures date = 2014-11-05 keywords = cell; culture; human; risk; virus summary = While biosafety recommendations (as outlined hereafter) are principally aimed at providing maximal protection of human health (including laboratory workers) and the environment, it is recognised that many of the precautionary measures will also directly benefit the quality of research activities involving animal cell cultures. The methodology of biological risk assessment of contained use activities involving pathogenic and/or genetically modified organisms (GMO) identifies and takes into account the probability of occurrence and the severity of a potential negative effect on public health (including the exposed workers) and/or the environment. The risk assessment applied to animal cell cultures relies on a thorough evaluation of both the intrinsic properties of the cell culture -including subsequent properties acquired as a result of genetic modification(s) -and the possibility that the cell culture may inadvertently be contaminated or deliberately infected with pathogenic micro-organisms. doi = 10.1007/978-3-319-10320-4_22 id = cord-322612-vlxewj5k author = Hooker, Claire title = Risk Communication Should be Explicit About Values. A Perspective on Early Communication During COVID-19 date = 2020-11-09 keywords = Australia; communication; pandemic; risk summary = The Australian Health Sector Emergency Response Plan for Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) was released on February 27 (Grattan 2020) but was accompanied by little transparent communication about what was being done or which elements of the plan were receiving attention. We recommend a commitment in pandemic planning documents to sharing sources, models, and evidence at the time of deliberation, and with it, the questions advisors are asking (such as, will the same number of deaths occur regardless of strategy over the long term?) Earlier public discussion of these questions might at least have somewhat disrupted simplistic framing and use of "herd immunity," by enabling early and public scientific challenge from epidemiologists, as occurred from mid-March (Armitage and Hawke 2020; Barr 2020; MacIntyre 2020). Values-based risk communication will enable a more effective pandemic response. doi = 10.1007/s11673-020-10057-0 id = cord-282457-80htwxm0 author = Iserson, Kenneth V. title = Healthcare Ethics During a Pandemic date = 2020-04-13 keywords = healthcare; professional; risk summary = In most disasters, and certainly during the current COVID-19 pandemic, frontline healthcare professionals face two key ethical issues: (1) whether to respond despite the risks involved; and (2) how to distribute scarce, lifesaving medical resources. To address one concern, on March 20, 2020, the American Academy of Emergency Medicine issued a position statement saying, in part, that they believe "a physician, nurse, PA, first responder or other healthcare professional has the right to be removed from the schedule of work requiring direct contact with patients potentially infected with COVID-19 for issues of personal health, such as being on immunosuppressive therapy or other similar concerns, without the risk of termination of employment." 15 Rarely discussed, but a key part of maintaining our workforce, is to support the psychosocial needs of the healthcare team. doi = 10.5811/westjem.2020.4.47549 id = cord-018125-khhzlt9y author = Jain, Aditya title = Work, Health, Safety and Well-Being: Current State of the Art date = 2018-04-12 keywords = HSW; OSH; health; risk; safety; work; worker summary = It revised the definition at its 12th session in 1995 to read as follows: occupational safety and health should aim at: the promotion and maintenance of the highest degree of physical, mental and social well-being of workers in all occupations; the prevention amongst workers of departures from health caused by their working conditions; the protection of workers in their employment from risks resulting from factors adverse to health; the placing and maintenance of the worker in an occupational environment adapted to his physiological and psychological capabilities; and, to summarize, the adaptation of work to man and of each man to his job. Liberalization of world trade, rapid technological progress, significant developments in transport and communication, shifting patterns of employment, changes in work organization practices, the different employment patterns of men and women, and the size, structure and life cycles of enterprises and of new technologies can all generate new types and patterns of hazards, exposures and risks. doi = 10.1007/978-94-024-1261-1_1 id = cord-319910-s2e56ety author = Jani, B. D. title = Comparison of COVID-19 outcomes among shielded and non-shielded populations: A general population cohort study of 1.3 million date = 2020-09-21 keywords = covid-19; risk summary = Poisson regression models and population attributable fractions were used to compare COVID-19 outcomes by overall risk category, and individual risk criteria: confirmed infection, hospitalisation, intensive care unit (ICU) admission, population mortality and case-fatality. The moderate risk had intermediate risk of confirmed infection (RR 4.11, 95% CI 3.82-4.42) and population mortality (RR 26.10, 95% CI 20.89-32.60), but had comparable case-fatality (RR 5.13, 95% CI 4.24-6.21) to the shielded, and accounted for a higher proportion of deaths (PAF 75.27% vs 13.38%). After adjustment 1 for sex and deprivation quintile, the risk of laboratory-confirmed infection remained higher in 2 the moderate-risk category and highest in the shielded group (Table 3). Among the moderate-risk category criteria, age ≥70 years and 21 weakened immune system had risks of population mortality (Table 3) and case-fatality (Table 22 5) that were at least as high as the overall shielded group. doi = 10.1101/2020.09.17.20196436 id = cord-035287-l6trtvil author = Kanno, Takeshi title = Who Needs Gastroprotection in 2020? date = 2020-11-11 keywords = NSAID; PPI; risk summary = pylori eradication, PPI therapy, COX-2 inhibition, and prostaglandin analogues in preventing peptic ulcer bleeding and focus on which high-risk groups these approaches could be recommended. This excess could be related to bias and confounding factors inherent with database studies, but a systematic review [26] of RCTs supported this finding, and patients on dual antiplatelet therapy had almost twice the rate of gastrointestinal bleeding compared to those taking ASA alone. pylori as the same systematic review [56] found an approximately four-fold increased risk of developing peptic ulcer bleeding in those taking NSAIDS and a 6-fold increase in patients where both factors were present. Clinical data support this hypothesis with a systematic review [85] of 18 RCTs involving over 10,000 participants demonstrating that PPIs reduced PUD bleeds by approximately 80% compared to controls although the effect was less marked in patients who were already taking NSAID therapy long term. doi = 10.1007/s11938-020-00316-9 id = cord-292559-b21j9sf3 author = Karcher, Nicole R. title = The ABCD study: understanding the development of risk for mental and physical health outcomes date = 2020-06-15 keywords = ABCD; Study; development; health; risk; youth summary = The initial goal of the ABCD Study was to examine risk and resiliency factors associated with the development of substance use, but the project has expanded far beyond this initial set of questions and will also greatly inform our understanding of the contributions of biospecimens (e.g., pubertal hormones), neural alterations, and environmental factors to the development of both healthy behavior and brain function as well as risk for poor mental and physical outcomes. First, the ABCD Study utilized a school-based national recruitment strategy with limited exclusion criteria, helping to overcome challenges to previous general population studies that generally did not include neuroimaging [10] as well as attempts to understand the risk factors associated with negative outcomes that relied on convenience samples [11] . These studies provide important evidence that the ABCD Study sample can be leveraged to conduct rigorous research practices, including examining the psychometric evidence for using existing (or newly created) measures in a middle childhood sample, supporting the use of these measures to better understand the development of risk. doi = 10.1038/s41386-020-0736-6 id = cord-031696-gcduh13u author = Katsikopoulos, Panagiotis V. title = Individual and community resilience in natural disaster risks and pandemics (covid-19): risk and crisis communication date = 2020-09-10 keywords = disaster; risk summary = Civil Protection and disaster risk specific agencies legally responsible to enhance individual and community resilience, still utilize in their risk and crisis communication efforts, the "deficit model" even though its basic assumption and approach have been criticized. Despite the importance of preparation, the current covid-19 crisis indicates that high levels of adaptive resilience can be displayed even in the absence of any risk communication effort beforehand by utilizing a pre-existing collective understanding of the system situation. The risk and crisis communication mandate rests predominantly on Civil Protection Authorities and disaster risk specific agencies (e.g. responsible for earthquakes, floods, public health, etc.) at central, regional, and local level. In conjunction with individual disaster preparedness surveys that could help identify barriers and possible triggers for its enhancement, they can provide paths to research that could offer some interesting and useful insights for effective risk and crisis communication. doi = 10.1007/s11299-020-00254-0 id = cord-328522-ef4xg3q0 author = Kelen, Gabor D title = Inpatient disposition classification for the creation of hospital surge capacity: a multiphase study date = 2006-11-30 keywords = event; hospital; medical; risk summary = The aim of this phase was to develop a disposition classifi cation system (reverse triage) based on risk tolerance of a consequential medical event as a result of discharge; assuming that critical interventions were withdrawn or withheld. We focus on the main components of the fi rst phase: (1) conceptualisation of the disposition classifi cation system; (2) development of operational defi nitions of consequential medical events and critical interventions; and (3) derivation of risk estimates related to early discharge from a multidisciplinary panel of experts. After the defi nitions had been decided on, the panellists voted to defi ne the upper limit of acceptable risk for the occurrence of a consequential medical event (ie, need for critical intervention), for each of the categories of the disposition classifi cation system. doi = 10.1016/s0140-6736(06)69808-5 id = cord-306008-kh4y44uy author = Khalatbari-Soltani, Saman title = Importance of collecting data on socioeconomic determinants from the early stage of the COVID-19 outbreak onwards date = 2020-05-07 keywords = SEP; covid-19; risk summary = Importance of collecting data on socioeconomic determinants from the early stage of the COVID-19 outbreak onwards Saman Khalatbari-Soltani, 1,2 Robert G Cumming, 1,2 Cyrille Delpierre, 3, 4 Michelle Kelly-Irving 3,4,5 ABSTRACT Disadvantaged socioeconomic position (SEP) is widely associated with disease and mortality, and there is no reason to think this will not be the case for the newly emerged coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) that has reached a pandemic level. As COVID-19 spreads worldwide, it is crucial to collect and report data on socioeconomic determinants as well as race/ethnicity to identify high-risk populations. As COVID-19 spreads worldwide, it is crucial to collect and report data on socioeconomic determinants as well as race/ethnicity to identify high-risk populations. We identified published studies through a rapid review of PubMed from inception to 03 April 2020, with the following search terms: (''COVID-19'', ''SARS-CoV-2'') and (''characteristic'', ''risk factors'', ''socio'', ''socioeconomic'', ''occupation'', ''education'', ''income'', ''wealth''). doi = 10.1136/jech-2020-214297 id = cord-356348-e7hefkd3 author = Kim, Inho title = KCDC Risk Assessments on the Initial Phase of the COVID-19 Outbreak in Korea date = 2020-04-17 keywords = January; risk summary = OBJECTIVES: This study aims to evaluate the risk assessments of coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) in the Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (KCDC), from the point of detection to the provision of basic information to the relevant public health authorities. METHODS: To estimate the overall risk of specific public health events, probability, and impact at the country-level were evaluated using available information. To estimate the overall risk of specific public health events, probability, and impact at the country-level were evaluated using the available information. The emergence of COVID-19, which started as clusters of pneumonia with unknown etiology in China at the end of 2019, was unique and thus, a good example for KCDC to conduct a series of risk assessments to evaluate the potential risk of importation, transmission, and the impact at the country-level. The risk of importation and transmission were evaluated separately as COVID-19 was a newly identified pathogen where information about the coronavirus was limited. doi = 10.24171/j.phrp.2020.11.2.02 id = cord-301479-dc1oyftd author = Koehlmoos, Tracey Pérez title = Global Health: Chronic Diseases and Other Emergent Issues in Global Health date = 2011-09-30 keywords = country; disease; health; mental; risk summary = This article discusses emergent issues in global health related to noncommunicable diseases and conditions, with focus on defining the unique epidemiologic features and relevant programmatic, health systems, and policy responses concerning noncommunicable chronic diseases, mental health, accidents and injuries, urbanization, climate change, and disaster preparedness. Trying to offer an in-depth discussion on such a wide range of issues in just one article is clearly not possible, and therefore focus and emphasis is given to defining the unique epidemiologic features and relevant programmatic, health systems, and policy responses concerning noncommunicable chronic diseases (NCDs), mental health, accidents and injuries, urbanization, climate change, and disaster preparedness. 1, 11 Low-income and middle-income countries have developed their health provision and policies according to a primary care or Alma Ata model, focused on meeting the needs of pregnant women and children younger than 5 years, and developing services for a variety of high-impact communicable diseases such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/AIDS, tuberculosis, and malaria. doi = 10.1016/j.idc.2011.05.008 id = cord-278759-pykihnup author = Koh, Yiwen title = Nurses'' perceptions of risk from emerging respiratory infectious diseases: A Singapore study date = 2012-03-21 keywords = H1N1; SARS; risk summary = Another significant finding of this study is that the government''s, organizations'' and nurses'' perceptions of new emerging respiratory infectious diseases were influenced by their previous experience with SARS. 16 It can be seen from this discussion that there is a substantial amount of research examining how HCWs perceive the risks of Emerging Acute Respiratory Infectious Diseases such as H1N1 and SARS; 17, 25 however, few studies have focused specifically on nurses. 41, 42 With the resurgence of emerging acute respiratory infectious diseases such as SARS and pandemic influenza in the 21st century, research investigating nurses'' risk perceptions towards their exposure is more than ever pertinent. The data show that the nurses in this study have similar concerns to previous research on HCW''s perceptions of risk from SARS and other emerging acute respiratory infectious diseases in that these nurses were concerned about risks to their personal health (from patients, from colleagues and visitors to the organization). doi = 10.1111/j.1440-172x.2012.02018.x id = cord-217984-ry0z7orj author = Krabichler, Thomas title = Deep Replication of a Runoff Portfolio date = 2020-09-10 keywords = AFA; ALM; Deep; dynamic; risk summary = They consider a rather advanced and flexible ALM model by specifying an economic objective (e.g., the maximisation of the present value of future profits), a series of constraints (e.g., regulatory requirements and liquidity assurance) and penalty costs for constraint violations. Notice, however, that neither Markovian assumptions are needed, nor value functions or dynamic programming principles: Deep ALM will simply provide an artificial asset liability manager who precisely solves the business problem (and not more) in a convincing way, i.e. provides ALM strategies along pre-defined future scenarios and stress scenarios. An essential prerequisite for the viability of Deep ALM in a treasury department is to come up with a sufficiently rich idea of the macro-economic environment and bank-specific quantities such as market risk factors, future deposit evolutions, credit rate evolutions and migrations, stress scenarios and all the parameterisations thereof. While accounting for the regulatory liquidity constraints, a deep neural network adapts a non-trivial dynamic replication strategy for a runoff portfolio that outperforms static benchmark strategies conclusively. doi = nan id = cord-016405-86kghmzf author = Lai, Allen Yu-Hung title = Impact of Disasters and Disaster Risk Management in Singapore: A Case Study of Singapore’s Experience in Fighting the SARS Epidemic date = 2014-06-13 keywords = MOH; SARS; SCDF; Singapore; disaster; public; risk summary = We use a case study to highlight the disaster impacts and insights drawn from Singapore''s risk management experience with specific references to the SARS epidemic. The implications from the SARS focus on four areas: staying vigilant at the community level, remaining flexible in a national command structure, the demand for surge capacity, and collaborative governance at regional level. To understand the principles and practices of Singapore''s approach to disaster risk management, we carry out an historical analysis of official documents obtained from the relevant Singapore government agencies as well as international organizations, literature reviews, quantitative analysis of economic impacts, qualitative interviews with key informants (e.g. public health professionals and decision-makers), and email communications with frontline managers from the public sector (e.g. the Singapore Civil Defense Force, the Communicable Disease Centre) and non-governmental organizations. Responding to the uncertainty of disease transmission, the Singapore government instituted many draconian public policies, such as social distancing, quarantine and isolation, as risk mitigating measures. doi = 10.1007/978-4-431-55022-8_15 id = cord-029253-03c9p7rk author = Lee, Chien‐Chiang title = Geopolitical risk and tourism: Evidence from dynamic heterogeneous panel models date = 2020-07-07 keywords = demand; geopolitical; risk; tourism summary = doi = 10.1002/jtr.2389 id = cord-318852-gouz6tth author = Lee, J.S.E. title = Considerations and strategies in the organisation of obstetric anaesthesia care during the 2019 COVID-19 outbreak in Singapore date = 2020-04-20 keywords = infection; risk summary = It is in this context that local health authorities mandated that healthcare staff performing aerosol-generating procedures (AGP) such as tracheal intubation and extubation, bag-mask ventilation, orogastric tube insertion and bronchoscopy, don full personal protective equipment (PPE) regardless of risk status. Management in the labour ward ''High infection-risk'' parturients are placed in negative pressure ( -2.5 Pa) rooms and are asked to wear a surgical mask. When possible, we prefer to proceed with caesarean delivery in the ''high infection-risk'' patient only after she has been de-isolated or has tested ''negative'' for COVID-19 from the first nasopharyngeal swab. Highlights Identifying ''high-infection risk'' parturients is challenging in the COVID-19 outbreak A multidisciplinary approach is required to provide obstetric anaesthesia services Protocols for labour analgesia and caesarean delivery allow safe provision of care Infection control resource management allows for the allocation of finite resources Organisational changes are doi = 10.1016/j.ijoa.2020.04.003 id = cord-278418-i8cbrs7y author = Leitner, Stephan title = On the dynamics emerging from pandemics and infodemics date = 2020-08-31 keywords = COVID-19; risk summary = This position paper discusses emerging behavioral, social, and economic dynamics related to the COVID-19 pandemic and puts particular emphasis on two emerging issues: First, delayed effects (or second strikes) of pandemics caused by dread risk effects are discussed whereby two factors which might influence the existence of such effects are identified, namely the accessibility of (mis-)information and the effects of policy decisions on adaptive behavior. As events such as the COVID-19 pandemic unfolds complex behavioral patterns which are hard to predict, sophisticated models which account for behavioral, social, and economic dynamics are required to assess the effectivity and efficiency of decision-making. Besides direct effects on behavior there might be indirect and delayed effects of an infodemic, as the spread of mis-information might increase the perception of the COVID-19 pandemic as a dread risk (Zarocostas 2020). doi = 10.1007/s11299-020-00256-y id = cord-012503-8rv2xof7 author = Levintow, Sara N. title = Estimating the Effect of Depression on HIV Transmission Risk Behaviors Among People Who Inject Drugs in Vietnam: A Causal Approach date = 2020-08-24 keywords = HIV; PWID; risk; symptom summary = title: Estimating the Effect of Depression on HIV Transmission Risk Behaviors Among People Who Inject Drugs in Vietnam: A Causal Approach Depression may be an important driver of continued HIV transmission among PWID if symptoms increase transmission risk behaviors (e.g., sharing injection drug use equipment, engaging in condomless sex) in the absence of viral suppression. In the main analysis, we used marginal structural models to estimate the average causal effect of severe depressive symptoms on the risks of any injection equipment sharing or any condomless sex (separately) in the period three to 6 months later, controlling for time-fixed and time-varying confounders. In our main analysis, we estimated that severe depressive symptoms (compared to no or mild symptoms) increased the risk of sharing injection equipment by 3.9 percentage points (RD = 3.9%, 95% CI −1.7%, 9.6%) and decreased the risk of condomless sex by 1.8 percentage points (RD = −1.8%, 95% CI −6.4%, 2.8%) in the period three to 6 months later (Table 2, Fig. 1 ). doi = 10.1007/s10461-020-03007-9 id = cord-339188-apgdzgfz author = Lewis, Thomas J title = Reduction in Chronic Disease Risk and Burden in a 70-Individual Cohort Through Modification of Health Behaviors date = 2020-08-26 keywords = CDA; CDT; HRP; disease; health; participant; risk summary = Validated data on severe respiratory viral diseases and the correlation between mortality, immunocompromised status and existing chronic conditions in infected individuals indicate that a broad set of blood-based biomarkers may best serve to stratify risk and to set policy on containment strategies in populations [7] . What separates bad, good, and great programs is "a combination of good design built on behavior change theory, effective implementation using evidence-based practices, and credible measurement and evaluation." To further support the need for more thorough risk assessment, in a global study of 84 risks, the authors concluded "Increasingly detailed understanding of the trends in risk exposure and the relative risks for each risk-outcome pair provide insights into both the magnitude of health loss attributable to risks and how modification of risk exposure has contributed to health trends [9] . doi = 10.7759/cureus.10039 id = cord-283917-jumgb0hs author = Li, Hang Long title = The Proportion of Adult Americans at Risk of Severe COVID-19 Illness date = 2020-10-26 keywords = risk summary = The US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) announced on July 17, 2020, that conditions including obesity, diabetes mellitus (DM), chronic kidney disease (CKD), heart disease, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are well-established risk factors predisposing individuals to severe illness from COVID-19. In this analysis, participants in the United States National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2011-2016 2 aged ≥ 20 years were included. There were minor differences in the percentage of people with ≥ 1 established and ≥ 1 any risk factor according to sex, ethnicity, education, and income level, but the percentages remained around 60% and 75%, respectively. This is the first study to estimate the proportion of the Americans in the general population at risk from severe COVID-19 illness using data from a nationally representative survey. 4 Our study shows that obesity and hypertension are the leading risk factors for severe COVID-19 illness, especially in those aged < 50 years. doi = 10.1007/s11606-020-06325-9 id = cord-313183-4zmtijyo author = Li, Jianping title = Tourism companies'' risk exposures on text disclosure date = 2020-06-29 keywords = LDA; industry; risk; tourism summary = Penela and Serrasqueiro (2019) recognized the importance of risk identification for lodging companies and introduced textual risk disclosure data in Form 10-K, which have been proved to be a feasible and effective data source to evaluate company risk exposure into the tourism sector (Bao & Datta, 2014; Campbell et al., 2014; Wei, Li, Li, & Zhu (2019) ; Wei et al., 2019c) . To this end, we introduce the Sentence Latent Dirichlet Allocation (Sent-LDA) model, which is an unsupervised clustering method that can effectively identify hidden knowledge from a large amount of text to analyze the textual risk disclosure data in Forms 10-K by all listed tourism companies during 2006-2019. To identify the risk exposures disclosed in financial statements of tourism companies, this paper applies a topic model named Sentence Latent Dirichlet Allocation (Sent-LDA) proposed by Bao and Datta (2014) , which is an extension of the original Latent Dirichlet Allocation model (LDA). doi = 10.1016/j.annals.2020.102986 id = cord-266526-8csl9md0 author = Li, Shuai title = Integrated environment-occupant-pathogen information modeling to assess and communicate room-level outbreak risks of infectious diseases date = 2020-10-24 keywords = outbreak; risk summary = title: Integrated environment-occupant-pathogen information modeling to assess and communicate room-level outbreak risks of infectious diseases To inform occupants and guide facility managers to prevent and respond to infectious disease outbreaks, this study proposed a framework to assess room-level outbreak risks in buildings by modeling built environment characteristics, occupancy information, and pathogen transmission. The efficacy of the proposed method was demonstrated by a case study, in which building characteristics, occupancy schedules, pathogen parameters, as well as hygiene and cleaning practices are considered for outbreak risk assessment. This study contributes to the body of knowledge by computationally integrating building, occupant, and pathogen information modeling for infectious disease outbreak assessment, and communicating actionable information for built environment management. This study aims to develop a framework for room-level outbreak risk assessment based on 105 integrated building-occupancy-pathogen modeling to mitigate the spread of infectious disease in 106 doi = 10.1016/j.buildenv.2020.107394 id = cord-288494-6qybdxc4 author = Liao, Qiaohong title = A clinical prediction rule for diagnosing human infections with avian influenza A(H7N9) in a hospital emergency department setting date = 2014-08-05 keywords = A(H7N9; China; infection; risk summary = We analyzed two databases that contained clinical and basic laboratory data from two groups of patients presenting similarly with acute respiratory infections to hospitals in China, including 121 laboratory-confirmed A(H7N9) cases and 2,603 patients who suffered from acute respiratory infections other than A(H7N9) influenza. A two-step regression model was used to develop the prediction rule, so as to simulate the decision making process in the setting of a clinic or hospital emergency room where a patient first presents [12, 13] . We had chosen the model with the best performance in terms of both the high sensitivity and area under the ROC curve, which were also maintained in the validation samples, to identify patients having a high risk for the infection at their initial clinical presentation so as to optimize resources during an epidemic. doi = 10.1186/s12916-014-0127-0 id = cord-290820-28ggcjx0 author = Lim, Michael Anthonius title = Sports activities during any pandemic lockdown date = 2020-07-04 keywords = COVID-19; exercise; risk summary = With the resumption of normal life during COVID-19 taking effect immediately, guidelines for outdoor exercise, recreational activities, and returning to competitive sports must be enacted with caution. To help delay and mitigate COVID-19 spread, staying at home is still encouraged and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommends daily physical activity for both children (60 min/day) and adults (30 min/day). During the self-isolation period, the majority of people grew accustomed to a sedentary lifestyle with less physical activity, fewer daily step counts, and rarely exercise, while athletes and certain people train individually to keep themselves fit and healthy [11] . Assuming a reduction in strength, flexibility, endurance, proprioceptive, and neuromuscular control, there is a greater risk of injury faced by athletes when transitioning from an unprecedented lockdown to high-level sports-specific practice. Impact of cerebrovascular and cardiovascular diseases on mortality and severity of COVID-19 -systematic review, meta-analysis, and meta-regression doi = 10.1007/s11845-020-02300-9 id = cord-269343-qwgmn06t author = Livingston, Gill title = Dementia prevention, intervention, and care: 2020 report of the Lancet Commission date = 2020-07-30 keywords = Alzheimer; Association; TBI; cognitive; dementia; people; risk; study; year summary = Overall, a growing body of evidence supports the nine potentially modifiable risk factors for dementia modelled by the 2017 Lancet Commission on dementia prevention, intervention, and care: less education, hypertension, hearing impairment, smoking, obesity, depression, physical inactivity, diabetes, and low social contact. 90 An individual-level meta-analysis of 19 observational studies of relatively younger adults included 404 840 participants'' data (mean baseline age 45·5 years; mean follow-up duration 14·9 years), reporting an increased incidence of all-cause dementia (HR 1·4, 95% CI 1·2-1·7) and clinically diagnosed Alzheimer''s disease (1·4, 1·1-1·7) in those who were physically inactive in the 10-year period before diagnosis. Little evidence of the effects of social interventions on dementia exists but a systematic review of low quality RCTs of 576 adults aged 60 or more years with normal cognition found facilitated meeting and discussion groups were associated with improved global cognition and increased brain volume at follow-up. doi = 10.1016/s0140-6736(20)30367-6 id = cord-016173-ro7nhody author = Louis, Mariam title = Pulmonary Disorders in Pregnancy date = 2014-08-13 keywords = OSA; asthma; pregnancy; pregnant; risk; woman summary = Although most clinical practices use symptom-based, guideline-directed assessments to decide on medication use, recent data from a randomized controlled trial suggest lower rates of exacerbation, improved quality of life, and reduced neonatal hospitalization when management decisions were based on measurements of exhaled nitric oxide in pregnancy [ 10 ] . Changes in physiology and immunity associated with pregnancy may increase the risk of infection and severe outcomes in the pregnant women. In addition, infl uenza infection during pregnancy increases the risk of adverse fetal outcomes. Pregnant women are at increased risk for morbidity (including cardiorespiratory complications) and mortality from infl uenza compared with nonpregnant controls [ 43 -46 ] that is more pronounced in the second and third trimester of pregnancy [ 47 ] . In view of potential severe maternal disease from infl uenza and adverse fetal outcomes, benefi ts of treatment with antivirals likely outweigh the potential risks to the fetus. doi = 10.1007/978-1-4614-1244-1_11 id = cord-009417-458rrhcm author = Luce, Judith A. title = Use of Blood Components in the Intensive Care Unit date = 2009-05-15 keywords = FFP; ICU; blood; cell; donor; patient; platelet; risk; transfusion summary = Benefi ts to the patient with more judicious use of platelet transfusion include decreased donor exposure, which lessens the risk of transfusion-transmitted disease; fewer febrile and allergic reactions that may complicate the hospital course; and the potential delay or prevention of alloimmunization to HLA and platelet antigens. If anti-IgA antibodies are determined to be the cause of this reaction, the patient must receive blood components donated by IgA-defi cient individuals or, if unavailable, specially prepared washed RBCs and platelet concentrates. These patients may have intensive red cell and platelet transfusion requirements and need specialized products such as CMV-negative and irradiated blood components. A blood bank problem uniquely encountered in BMT is the need to switch the patient''s ABO group because of an ABO-mismatched transplant, thus necessitating an exchange transfusion of red cells and plasma-containing products (i.e., platelet concentrates) of differing ABO type to avoid hemolysis of donor and recipient cells. doi = 10.1016/b978-032304841-5.50082-0 id = cord-335960-biwnqa3f author = Luke, Anthony title = Prevention of Infectious Diseases in Athletes date = 2007-07-31 keywords = athlete; disease; influenza; risk; vaccine summary = The authors discuss the preventive strategies for infectious disease in sport, including (1) a review of immunization recommendations and prophylaxis guidelines, (2) improvements in personal hygiene and prevention of spread of infectious organisms by direct contact, (3) insect-borne disease precautions, and (4) prevention of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). Sports medicine physicians need to consider the following indications for immunizations (Tables 1 and 2) : (1) routine health maintenance; (2) catch-up immunizations for failed or missed immunizations; (3) immunizations of high risk groups (ie, splenectomy, chronic disease, immunocompromised); (4) travel to an endemic area; (5) close contact with an infected individual, or (6) recent potential exposure to an infectious agent. When athletes are known to be infected with hepatitis B, secondary prevention includes education on personal hygiene, appropriate management of open wounds, proper use of protective equipment, safe sex practices using a condom, and avoidance of intravenous blood transmission (eg, through needle sharing and illicit drug use). doi = 10.1016/j.csm.2007.04.006 id = cord-355171-oi3ezlsl author = MACINTYRE, C. R. title = Quantifying the risk of respiratory infection in healthcare workers performing high-risk procedures date = 2013-12-05 keywords = HRP; infection; risk summary = This study determined the risk of respiratory infection associated with high-risk procedures (HRPs) performed by healthcare workers (HCWs) in high-risk settings. In droplet transmission, pathogens or droplets which are larger than 5 μm, such as influenza virus and Bordetella pertussis are transmitted from an infected patient to HCWs through breathing, talking, coughing, sneezing, as well as through performing high-risk procedures (HRPs) [2, 7, 8] . Although various guidelines and policies for infection control measures are implemented in healthcare settings worldwide, the risk of transmission of infectious diseases while performing HRPs has not been well quantified. doi = 10.1017/s095026881300304x id = cord-275786-etli5c3a author = MAGEE, Laura A. title = TOWARDS PERSONALIZED MANAGEMENT OF CHRONIC HYPERTENSION IN PREGNANCY date = 2020-07-18 keywords = hypertension; pregnancy; risk; woman summary = By 98 systematic review (55 studies, 795,221 pregnancies), women with chronic hypertension have high 99 rates of superimposed preeclampsia (26%), Cesarean delivery (41%), preterm delivery (28%), low 100 birthweight (17%), perinatal death (4%), and neonatal unit (NICU) admission (21%) (8). Priorities for future research 561 include whether or not: additional characteristics of BP and other physiological variables can be used 562 to predict preeclampsia; low-dose aspirin reduces their risk of preeclampsia specifically and/or 563 calcium has an independent preventative effect; use of angiogenic markers with clinical factors and 564 routine laboratory testing improves care; hemodynamically-guided care improves outcomes in 565 comparison with antihypertensive therapy titrated to BP level and, if the latter, with which 566 antihypertensive agent is best to initiate treatment from among labetalol, nifedipine, and 567 methyldopa; and optimal timing of birth. doi = 10.1016/j.ajog.2020.07.026 id = cord-294184-jte9xx5e author = Macleod, Jack title = Surgery during COVID-19 crisis conditions: can we protect our ethical integrity against the odds? date = 2020-06-12 keywords = COVID-19; patient; risk summary = Careful consideration of ethical principles must guide production of local guidance ensuring consistent patient selection thus preserving equality as well as quality of clinical services. As a surgical department operating under COVID-19 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2) crisis conditions, a multitude of ethical, practical and medical dilemmas are encountered. Coupling the unclear risk profile of COVID-19 with a lack of alternatives to provide the gold standard surgery, what is the ethical justification for performing a substitute procedure on this cohort of patients? hoW CAn We eThICAlly proVIde The TrAdITIonAl gold sTAndArd, or AlTernATIVe, operATIon To pATIenTs durIng The CoVId-19 CrIsIs? One such framework has formed the basis of healthcare ethics: initially proposed by Beauchamp and Childress in 1979, the four principles of patient care are beneficence, non-maleficence, respect for autonomy and justice. For those patients requiring acute treatment, an alternative to the conventional gold standard can be performed if its known inferiority is outweighed by the reduced risk of COVID-19-related complications. doi = 10.1136/medethics-2020-106446 id = cord-021959-1y67126b author = Madanoglu, Melih title = State-of-the-art cost of capital in hospitality strategic management date = 2009-11-16 keywords = CAPM; cost; equity; firm; return; risk summary = However, prior to investing in a project, an executive/manager should make three key estimates to ensure the viability of a business project: economic useful life of the asset, future cash flows that the project will generate, and the discount rate that properly accounts for the time value of the capital invested and compensates the investors for the risk they bear by investing in that project ( Olsen et al. These researchers challenged the model by contending that it is difficult to find the right proxy for the market portfolio and that CAPM does not appear to accurately reflect the firm size in the cost of equity calculation, and that not all systematic risk factors are reflected in returns of the market portfolio. doi = 10.1016/b978-0-08-045079-7.00006-5 id = cord-292094-vmsdhccp author = Mandell, Lionel A. title = Infectious Diseases Society of America/American Thoracic Society Consensus Guidelines on the Management of Community-Acquired Pneumonia in Adults date = 2007-03-01 keywords = ICU; Legionella; PSI; antibiotic; cap; community; patient; pneumonia; risk; therapy summary = Severity-of-illness scores, such as the CURB-65 criteria (confusion, uremia, respiratory rate, low blood pressure, age 65 years or greater), or prognostic models, such as the Pneumonia Severity Index (PSI), can be used to identify patients with CAP who may be candidates for outpatient treatment. A respiratory fluoroquinolone should be used for penicillin-allergic patients.) Increasing resistance rates have suggested that empirical therapy with a macrolide alone can be used only for the treat-ment of carefully selected hospitalized patients with nonsevere disease and without risk factors for infection with drug-resistant pathogens. Advantages include the high specificity, the ability of some assays to distinguish between influenza A and B, the rapidity with which the results can be obtained, the possibly reduced use of antibacterial agents, and the utility of establishing this diagnosis for epidemiologic purposes, especially in hospitalized patients who may require infection control precautions. doi = 10.1086/511159 id = cord-339341-c2o42b5j author = Matibag, Gino C. title = Advocacy, promotion and e-learning: Supercourse for zoonosis date = 2005-09-01 keywords = HIV; Supercourse; disease; human; infectious; risk summary = This paper discusses the history of emerging infectious diseases, risk communication and perception, and the Supercourse lectures as means to strengthen the concepts and definition of risk management and global governance of zoonosis. The overall goal of the "Supercourse for Zoonosis" is to show the most recent development in the knowledge of SARS and other zoonotic diseases such as avian influenza and bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), inter alia, which have significant global impact not only on health but also on the economy. The specific objectives of "Supercourse for Zoonosis" are to develop a set of educational materials for the control of zoonotic diseases, to disseminate them effectively via the Internet, to facilitate their use in the prevention and control of the diseases, and to promote human health while minimizing their economic impact. doi = 10.1007/bf02897702 id = cord-265343-4wfsze80 author = Mhango, Malizgani title = COVID-19 Risk Factors Among Health Workers: A Rapid Review date = 2020-06-06 keywords = covid-19; risk summary = A rapid review was carried out on 20 April 2020 on Covid-19 risk factors among HWs in PubMed, Google Scholar, and EBSCOHost Web (Academic Search Complete, CINAHL Complete, MEDLINE with Full Text, CINAHL with Full Text, APA PsycInfo, Health Source—Consumer Edition, Health Source: Nursing/Academic Edition) and WHO Global Database. The review included studies conducted among HWs that reported COVID-19 risk factors irrespective of their sample size. The review included studies conducted among HWs that reported COVID-19 risk factors irrespective of their sample size. The reported Covid-19 risk factors among HWs were grouped into five: lack of personal protective equipment (PPE), exposure to infected patients, work overload, poor infection control, and preexisting medical conditions. Our review revealed exposure to infected patients and work overload as two important Covid-19 risk factors among HWs. This corroborates a recent Centers for Disease Control and Prevention report that estimated that of the 9282 cases of Covid-19 cases among HWs in the United States of America, 55% had exposure in the healthcare setting [19] . doi = 10.1016/j.shaw.2020.06.001 id = cord-337315-qv8ycdhe author = Miller, Maureen title = Integrated biological–behavioural surveillance in pandemic-threat warning systems date = 2017-01-01 keywords = Ebola; HIV; behavioural; disease; risk summary = 13 Similar surveillance could help identify behavioural risk factors and high-risk subgroups for zoonotic infections such as Ebola -potentially before diseases of pandemic potential are identified in clinical settings or major outbreaks occur in communities. When designed according to Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology criteria, integrated surveillance requires that both behavioural risk factors -i.e. exposure variables -and disease-indicator outcome variables be measured in behavioural surveys. 22 In the development of pandemic-threat warning systems, integrated biological-behavioural surveillance can be tightly focused on specific viral families in the high-risk population subgroups that live in identified hotspots and are environmentally or occupationally exposed to animals. The remainder of this article presents an overview of issues relevant to the design of rigorous behavioural surveys to assess the spillover of emerging zoonotic disease and the associated transmission risk factors, which is the first step in designing effective integrated surveillance. doi = 10.2471/blt.16.175984 id = cord-033655-16hj7sev author = Miroudot, Sébastien title = Reshaping the policy debate on the implications of COVID-19 for global supply chains date = 2020-10-12 keywords = COVID-19; China; chain; risk; supply summary = More recently, Gereffi (2020) addresses the issue of the resilience of medical supply GVCs. However, as policymakers now seem to associate resilience with a specific type of organization of GVCs where MNEs produce mostly through more localized or shorter supply chains, new questions arise on the type of governance that would allow such organization and on the way policymakers could influence the design of GVCs. The main risk with the current debate on the economic policy implications of COVID-19 is that it can lead to the use of supply chain concepts by policymakers and international organizations in a way that departs from business reality, thus leading to wrong policy choices. Building more resilient supply chains should not lead to the dismantlement of GVCs. It should also not replace the risks related to COVID-19 by new policy hazards and a higher level of uncertainty for companies. doi = 10.1057/s42214-020-00074-6 id = cord-345717-ktajrf7d author = Monagin, Corina title = Serologic and behavioral risk survey of workers with wildlife contact in China date = 2018-04-03 keywords = China; SARS; animal; risk summary = We report on a study conducted in Guangdong Province, China, to characterize behaviors and perceptions associated with transmission of pathogens with pandemic potential in highly exposed human populations at the animal-human interface. The present study focuses on the potential for zoonotic viral transfer through contact with wildlife in Guangdong prefectures in China, and seeks to augment our understanding and identification of risky populations, occupations, and behaviors, as well as the perceptions of risk at these interfaces. We performed a serological survey and concurrent behavioral questionnaire of individuals with wildlife contact in Guangdong Province, China, in order to better characterize occupations and community-level behavioral risks that contribute to zoonotic transmission of various wildlife pathogens with pandemic potential. We targeted high-risk individuals, defined as individuals with high levels of exposure to wildlife (wild animal blood or bodily fluids)-primarily hunters, persons working in wet markets and restaurants that butcher wild game, who could be followed over a period of time. doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0194647 id = cord-303137-g2pe3ad8 author = Moss, Emanuel title = High Tech, High Risk: Tech Ethics Lessons for the COVID-19 Pandemic Response date = 2020-10-09 keywords = COVID-19; application; learning; machine; risk summary = The tech companies that are driving the technological response to the COVID-19 pandemic have arranged their business models and organizational practices around building products that distribute upsides and downsides according to socio-historical patterns, as interpreted by machines, yet lack the capacity to ''''understand just how pervasively. Given the profound threat of COVID-19, it is crucial to consider how the application of machine learning to the social challenges of a global pandemic can produce and distribute risk across society. 61 Over the past 2 years, we have been studying how those inside of Silicon Valley tech companies, which build the machine learning models that are most likely to directly affect people, go about understanding the impacts of machine learning and developing organizational practices to manage the effect they have on how risk is distributed across society. doi = 10.1016/j.patter.2020.100102 id = cord-351373-a21453gz author = Mowbray, N. G. title = Safe management of surgical smoke in the age of COVID‐19 date = 2020-05-03 keywords = risk; smoke; surgical summary = A controversial area concerns the safety of surgically created smoke and the perceived potential higher risk in laparoscopic surgery. A review was undertaken of the novel coronavirus with regards to its hazards within surgical smoke and the procedures that could mitigate the potential risks to healthcare staff. The Society of American Gastroenterology and Endoscopic Surgeons updated their advice on 30 March 2020 2 : ''Although previous research has shown that laparoscopy can lead to aerosolization of blood-borne viruses, there is no evidence to indicate that this effect is seen with COVID-19, nor that it would be isolated to MIS [minimally invasive surgery] procedures. This article reviews the best available evidence to understand the risk of transmission of COVID-19 in laparoscopic smoke, and what steps, based on physical properties of the virus, may be best placed to reduce this and justify continuing laparoscopic surgery under strict safety guidelines. doi = 10.1002/bjs.11679 id = cord-264542-0hu5twhp author = Mueller, Siguna title = Facing the 2020 Pandemic: What does Cyberbiosecurity want us to know to safeguard the future? date = 2020-09-25 keywords = cyber; cyberbiosecurity; risk; security summary = Herein, I summarize and elaborate on these new cyberbiosecurity challenges, (1) in terms of comprehending the evolving threat landscape and determining new risk potentials, (2) in developing adequate safeguarding measures, their validation and implementation, and (3) specific critical dangers and consequences, many of them unique to the life-sciences. Yet, the convergence of technologies at the nexus of life and medical sciences, cyber, cyberphysical, supply chain and infrastructure systems [3] , has led to new security problems that have remained elusive to the majority of the scientific, agricultural, and health communities. Due to the increased reliance of the bioscience fields on cyberphysical systems (CPS, Fig. 3 below), potentials for exploitation exist at each point where bioengineered or biomanufactured processes or services interface with the cyber and the physical domain, whereby attackers may exploit unsecured networks and remotely manipulate biologic data, exploit biologic agents, or affect physical processing involving biological materials, that result (whether intentionally or unintentionally) in unwanted or dangerous biological outcomes [4, 5, 6, 7] . doi = 10.1016/j.bsheal.2020.09.007 id = cord-022367-xpzx22qg author = Murphy, Peter E. title = Risk management date = 2009-11-16 keywords = business; crisis; guest; management; need; resort; risk; tourism summary = Resort management risk not only involves both demand and supply considerations, it can range in scale from minor yet important internal issues like a lack of staff in crucial situations and places to overwhelming natural disasters or human external interventions like terrorism or financial crises. Adventure tourism operations must be identified in terms of their real risk, and even when they are outsourced to separate organizations with their own liability insurance, their professionalism and record will still impact on a resort''s reputation and business. (de Sausmarez, 2004: 4) It is only when tourism in general and the resort component in particular are shown to be significant local and regional socioeconomic activities that governments and planners will consider them seriously and integrate their needs into macro-crisis management planning. If resorts and tourism are to integrate crisis management with their sustainable development philosophy they will need to identify the anticipated areas of greatest risk. doi = 10.1016/b978-0-7506-6661-9.50014-0 id = cord-334353-nc2jhemz author = Murphy, Thérèse title = IS HUMAN RIGHTS PREPARED? RISK, RIGHTS AND PUBLIC HEALTH EMERGENCIES date = 2009-05-08 keywords = health; human; public; right; risk; security summary = The new Regulations take what has been described as an ''"all risks" approach'', 34 encompassing any emergency with repercussions for international health security, including 26 Ibid., at para 47. So, how should a human rights lawyer respond to the panoply of new linkages between health and security and, more specifically, the increasing focus on public health emergency preparedness? In our view, its arguments need to be read very closely by those working on public health emergency preparedness, not least because of the effect that a ''risk or rights'' approach 63 could have on the interpretation, and use, of the IHR and the design, interpretation and use of national preparedness measures. In thinking about risk within rights in the context of public health emergency preparedness, these points suggest a range of strategies. One question that needs to be asked is: are human rights risk strategists at work in public health preparedness projects and, if so, in what ways? doi = 10.1093/medlaw/fwp007 id = cord-016704-99v4brjf author = Nicholson, Felicity title = Infectious Diseases: The Role of the Forensic Physician date = 2005 keywords = HBV; HIV; Health; Kingdom; United; disease; infection; risk summary = doi = 10.1385/1-59259-913-3:235 id = cord-102776-2upbx2lp author = Niu, Zhibin title = Visual analytics for networked-guarantee loans risk management date = 2017-04-06 keywords = default; guarantee; network; risk summary = doi = 10.1109/pacificvis.2018.00028 id = cord-030279-pv770doe author = Novossiolova, Tatyana title = Twenty-first Century Governance Challenges in the Life Sciences date = 2016-11-29 keywords = H5N1; Influenza; Research; biology; biotechnology; change; development; human; life; risk; science; virus summary = doi = 10.1007/978-3-319-51004-0_4 id = cord-294916-xc9ozxyn author = Oehmen, Josef title = Risk, uncertainty, ignorance and myopia: Their managerial implications for B2B firms date = 2020-07-31 keywords = Aven; COVID-19; PPE; management; risk; uncertainty summary = While risk management, and to some lesser extent, management approaches focused on uncertainty, rely on a ''predict and plan'' mindset (e.g. Van Poucke, Matthyssens, van Weele, & Van Bockhaven, 2019), resilience builds capabilities to ''monitor and react'' (Hall et al., 2015) : This includes building capabilities in four areas: 1) Preparation, financially and operationally, for unexpected disruption (Sheffi, 2017) ; 2) Resistance, the immediate crisis management that moves the organization out of its denial and complacency, and minimizes the negative impact without delay (Henry & Ramirez-Marquez, 2016) ; 3) Recovery, when the organization works to regain pre-crisis performance by repairing damage, improvising, and making do; and 4) Learning, implementing new solutions refining them than possibly surpassing precrisis performance (Taleb, 2013) . First, it is important to note that the most widely used approach, risk management, is typically not geared towards providing meaningful responses to high-impact, low-probability events, such as the current COVID-19 pandemic. doi = 10.1016/j.indmarman.2020.05.018 id = cord-025366-haf542y0 author = Offit, Paul A. title = Vaccine safety date = 2012-11-07 keywords = United; VAERS; adverse; immunization; risk; safety; study; vaccine summary = doi = 10.1016/b978-1-4557-0090-5.00076-8 id = cord-348249-zhfrgaxf author = Osborne, V. title = Systematic benefit-risk assessment for the use of chloroquine or hydroxychloroquine as a treatment for COVID-19: Establishing a framework for rapid decision-making date = 2020-05-12 keywords = COVID-19; benefit; risk summary = Methods: The overall benefit-risk of the use of chloroquine or hydroxychloroquine as a treatment for COVID-19 compared to standard of care, placebo or other treatments was assessed using the Benefit-Risk Action Team (BRAT) framework. To date, whilst there have been many publications which have described the main effectiveness and safety concerns with these treatments, there has not been a systematic benefit-risk assessment on the use of chloroquine or hydroxychloroquine for COVID-19 treatment using a structured descriptive framework. To examine the benefit-risk profile of chloroquine or hydroxychloroquine in COVID-19 patients compared to standard of care, placebo or other treatments. The overall benefit-risk of the use of chloroquine or hydroxychloroquine as a treatment for COVID-19 compared to standard of care, placebo or other treatments was assessed using the BRAT framework. Data were extracted for each benefit and risk, for hydroxychloroquine, chloroquine and the comparator (standard of care, placebo or other treatments), where available. doi = 10.1101/2020.05.07.20093989 id = cord-255204-3qruat3s author = Osborne, Vicki title = Lopinavir-Ritonavir in the Treatment of COVID-19: A Dynamic Systematic Benefit-Risk Assessment date = 2020-06-23 keywords = COVID-19; benefit; risk summary = doi = 10.1007/s40264-020-00966-9 id = cord-318061-xe8lljz0 author = Overgaauw, Paul A.M. title = A One Health Perspective on the Human–Companion Animal Relationship with Emphasis on Zoonotic Aspects date = 2020-05-27 keywords = Health; Toxocara; animal; cat; disease; dog; human; infection; pet; risk summary = For the human, there may be a higher risk of the transmission of zoonotic infections due to trends such as sleeping with pets, allowing pets to lick the face or wounds, bite accidents, keeping exotic animals, the importation of rescue dogs, and soil contact. A literature search was conducted through 2 March 2020, using the National Library of Medicine''s PubMed for the terms "One Health" and "companion animals"; "pet ownership"; "households" and "pets"; "dogs" or "cats" or "pets" and "mental" or "physical health" or "children"; "animal assisted therapy"; "dogs" or "cats" and "nutritional problems" or "overweight" or "obesity" or "homemade" or "raw meat diets"; "dogs" or "cats" and "behavior problems" or "aggression" or "fear" or "anxiety" or "abnormal repetitive behavior"; "dogs" or "cats" and "breeding" or "genetic problems"; "dogs" or "cats" and "zooanthroponoses"; "pets" and "anthropomorphism"; "dogs" or "cats" or "exotic animals" or "rescue dogs" or "soil" and zoonoses. Anthropomorphism, also resulting in behavioral problems and breeding on appearance rather than health, and trends such as keeping exotic animals and importing rescue dogs may result in an increased risk of contracting zoonotic infections. doi = 10.3390/ijerph17113789 id = cord-285898-rtqkvf63 author = Padberg, Stephanie title = Anti-infective Agents date = 2014-09-29 keywords = Antiretroviral; HIV; Pregnancy; Registry; exposure; risk; section; study; treatment; trimester; woman summary = In the case of clarithromycin, there was some 2.6 Anti-infective Agents 2 Pregnancy initial concern as animal experiments demonstrated teratogenic effects, and for instance, in some studies cardiovascular defects were induced in rats. In a prospective cohort study with 949 women who were exposed to a fluorquinolone during the first trimester, neither the rate of major birth defects, nor the risk of spontaneous abortion were increased compared to a control group (Padberg 2014) . Danish cohort studies based on a prescription register also could not find an increased risk of birth defects after first trimester exposure in several thousand pregnant women (Nørgaard 2008 , Sørensen 1999 ). Data from the Antiretroviral Pregnancy Registry (2013) with 27 birth defects in 905 cases, indicate a malformation rate of 3.0% after exposure during the first trimester, similarly as seen in the general population of the USA. Three birth defects were observed among 141 pregnant women with first trimester exposures reported to the Antiretroviral Pregnancy Registry (2013). doi = 10.1016/b978-0-12-408078-2.00007-x id = cord-009481-6pm3rpzj author = Parnell, Gregory S. title = Intelligent Adversary Risk Analysis: A Bioterrorism Risk Management Model date = 2009-12-11 keywords = agent; decision; model; risk summary = In the second section, we describe a canonical model for resource allocation decision making for an intelligent adversary problem using an illustrative bioterrorism example with notional data. (16) In our example, we will use four of the recommendations: model the decisions of intelligent adversaries, include risk management, simplify the model by not assigning probabilities to the branches of uncertain events, and do not normalize the risk. (29) In our defenderattacker-defender decision analysis model, we have the two defender decisions (buy vaccine, add a Bio Watch city), the agent acquisition for the attacker is uncertain, the agent selection and target of attack is another decision, the consequences (fatalities and economic) are uncertain, the defender decision after attack to mitigate the maximum possible casualties, and the costs of defender decisions are known. We use multiple objective decision analysis with an additive value (risk) model to assign risk to the defender consequences. doi = 10.1111/j.1539-6924.2009.01319.x id = cord-275496-ajlmvg1o author = Pasco, Remy F. title = Estimated Association of Construction Work With Risks of COVID-19 Infection and Hospitalization in Texas date = 2020-10-29 keywords = Austin; construction; risk summary = doi = 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.26373 id = cord-303402-gxz2l8e4 author = Pereira da Silva, Alda title = Impact on Longevity of Genetic Cardiovascular Risk and Lifestyle including Red Meat Consumption date = 2020-06-30 keywords = GRK4; NOS3; hypertension; longevity; risk summary = CONCLUSIONS: Cardiovascular risk-related genetic and multifactorial or predominantly lifestyle aspects and its interactions might influence the aging process and contribute to exceptional longevity in Portuguese centenarians. The aim of the present study is the analysis of genetic variables associated with longevity and their interaction with cardiovascular risk variables and lifestyle, contributing to the understanding of the phenomenon of aging and its prevention, to delay its process. The control group was subdivided into low (LCR) and high (HCR) cardiovascular risk, according to the results obtained, by inserting the personal data of each individual in a program, Q risk® 2-2016 [32] , consisting in a prediction algorithm based on age, gender, ethnicity, body mass index (BMI), past and present smoking habits, hypertension criteria, systolic blood pressure, total cholesterol/HDL-c ratio, presence of diabetes, atrial fibrillation, rheumatoid arthritis, chronic kidney disease (stage 4 or 5), atrial fibrillation, and a family history of angina or heart attack in a first-degree relative aged <60 years [33, 34] . doi = 10.1155/2020/1305413 id = cord-309350-7qen8z3y author = Peruzzi, Mariangela title = Vaping Cardiovascular Health Risks: an Updated Umbrella Review date = 2020-06-16 keywords = EVC; review; risk summary = SUMMARY: The present umbrella review suggests that EVC, and likely HNBC, despite clearly causing an increase in overall cardiovascular risk, may represent a temporary lesser evil than TCC in a risk-reduction or risk-modification strategy, aiming for eventual abstinence from all tobacco or nicotine products. Kennedy and colleagues reviewed several experimental and clinical studies on the cardiovascular safety of EVC, highlighting that they may cause oxidative stress, cardiomyocyte dysfunction and mutagenesis, vascular inflammation, endothelial dysfunction, vasospasm, complement deposition, platelet aggregation, adhesion, and activation, with hypertension, tachycardia, arterial stiffening, atherosclerosis and thrombotic risk, albeit less intensely than TCC [25] . Our umbrella review, poignantly synthesizing the evidence accrued so far from in vitro, in animal, in human volunteers, healthy subjects, and patients on the cardiovascular risk associated with EVC use, either acute or chronic, shows that data are expanding progressively, but several conclusions can already be made on the 31] . doi = 10.1007/s40138-020-00219-0 id = cord-017479-s4e47bwx author = Pulcini, Elena title = Spectators and Victims: Between Denial and Projection date = 2012-03-16 keywords = Anders; Ibid; fear; global; risk; self summary = 52 But while denial appears, as we have seen, effective in explaining the lack of perception and the anaesthetizing of fear in the face of the nuclear threat, selfdeception can prove pertinent in order to understand the complex emotional response that individuals give to the other global risk already brought up above: that is, the twofold environmental risk of global warming and the depletion of the ozone layer, which by no means seems to generate that mobilization of the whole of humankind which it would instead -urgently -require. 66 However, what I would like to stress, to go back to Anders''s diagnosis, is the fact that -in this case at least -this worrying reversal originates in the pathologies of feeling and the denial of fear, which prevent individuals from recognizing their paradoxical condition of spectators and victims at the same time. doi = 10.1007/978-94-007-4482-0_6 id = cord-017351-73hlwwdh author = Quarantelli, E. L. title = Studying Future Disasters and Crises: A Heuristic Approach date = 2017-09-12 keywords = Boin; Quarantelli; States; United; crisis; disaster; new; risk; social summary = The literature on crisis and disaster research suggests that we are at another important historical juncture with the emergence of a new distinctive class of disasters and crises not often seen before (Ansell, Boin, & Keller, 2010; Helsloot, Boin, Jacobs, & Comfort, 2012; Tierney, 2014) . In short, societies have continually evolved groups and procedures to try to prevent old and new risks and threats from escalating into disasters and crises. To answer this question, we considered what social science studies and reports had found about behavior in disasters and crises up to the present time. To suggest the importance of cross-societal and cross-cultural differences is simply to suggest that good social science research needs to take differences into account while at the same time searching for universal principles about disasters and crises. There are always new or emergent groups at times of major disasters and crises, but in transboundary events they appear at a much higher rate. doi = 10.1007/978-3-319-63254-4_4 id = cord-024088-020rgz5t author = Radandt, Siegfried title = Governance of Occupational Safety and Health and Environmental Risks date = 2008 keywords = analysis; consequence; decision; disease; health; human; information; new; occupational; principle; process; risk; safety; system; value; work summary = Depending on the type of hazard, the three topics, namely, safety, health and the environment, may share the common trait that the proper handling of risks, i.e., how to reduce probabilities and/or consequences of unwanted events is not always possible within a risk management system. A number of new occupational health and safety hazards have already arisen or are foreseen, including problems with the ergonomics of video display units, and musculoskeletal disorders in shoulder-neck and arm-hand systems, information overload, psychological stress, and pressure to learn new skills. Both managers and workers often do not see the need to improve occupational safety and health or ergonomic issues and their possibilities and benefits by reducing or eliminating risks at work. The explanations below present the basic procedure for developing safety-relevant arrangements and solutions, i.e. the thinking and decision-making processes, as well as selecting criteria that are significant for the identification of unwelcome events, the risk of an event, the acceptance limits and the adoption of measures. doi = 10.1007/978-1-4020-8289-4_4 id = cord-318004-r08k40ob author = Raina MacIntyre, C. title = Converging and emerging threats to health security date = 2017-11-27 keywords = Health; Organization; epidemic; new; risk summary = At a time when genetic engineering and synthetic biology contribute to increased risk of biological attacks, there is a need for new tools and risk analysis methods to rapidly identify unnatural epidemics. Multi-resistant organisms are emerging at much higher rates than seen previously, with urgent attention needed to mitigate a risk which is predicted in one report to be the greatest global burden of disease (Review on Antimicrobial Resistance 2016). This risk is heightened for megacities in developing countries in which serious gaps exist in public health surveillance for early detection of epidemic threats, together with inadequate critical infrastructure and other preparedness resources. 2014) , and using knowledge of prior bioterrorism attacks and natural disease outbreaks allow for a realistic proactive prediction of future threats before they are detected by the public health system. These examples illustrate the convergence of cybersecurity and health security and the need for more integrated approaches to prevention and mitigation of emerging risks in health care. doi = 10.1007/s10669-017-9667-0 id = cord-280060-gzby85u9 author = Rello, Jordi title = Management of infections in critically ill returning travellers in the intensive care unit—II: clinical syndromes and special considerations in immunocompromised patients() date = 2016-04-28 keywords = ESCMID; infection; patient; risk summary = 2 A International Journal of Infectious Diseases 48 (2016) 104-112 significant number of immunocompromised patients may also be migrants who may return to their countries of origin to visit friends and relatives, and may acquire travel-associated infections. 26 Cases of Chagas disease (Trypanosoma cruzi) either as a consequence of reactivation of a latent infection not identified at the time of transplant (because an unrecorded travel history or stay in an endemic area) or by transmission through the organ donor, can also be associated with a high mortality. There have also been case reports of severe disease from other travel-associated infections, such as salmonellosis, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, and visceral leishmaniasis in immunocompromised patients. Less common pathogens such as Staphylococcus aureus, avian influenza viruses such as H7N9 and H5N1, the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), and Gram-negative rods such as Burkholderia pseudomallei must also be considered, as well as a few other pathogens that do not usually cause pneumonia, such as malaria. doi = 10.1016/j.ijid.2016.04.020 id = cord-297395-5r4fxcuq author = Rezende, Leandro F. M. title = Adults at high-risk of severe coronavirus disease-2019 (Covid-19) in Brazil date = 2020-05-15 keywords = covid-19; risk summary = We estimated the proportion and number of adults (≥ 18 years) at risk of severe Covid-19 by sex, educational level, race/ethnicity, and state based on the presence of one or more of the following risk factors: age ≥ 65 years or medical diagnosis of cardiovascular disease, diabetes, hypertension, chronic respiratory disease, cancer, stroke, chronic kidney disease and moderate to severe asthma, smoking status, and obesity. Herein, we propose a calculation of the proportion and total number of the general adult population who may be at higher risk for severe Covid-19, based on routinely collected data from a nationwide, household-based survey in Brazil. Information on covariates including sex, race/ethnicity, educational level, and Brazilian state (26 states and the Federative District) were obtained to describe the proportion of adults at risk of severe Covid-19 by population strata. Compared with younger participants, older adults (≥ 65 years) were less educated, more likely women, white and presented higher prevalence of risk factors for severe Covid-19, except for smoking. doi = 10.11606/s1518-8787.2020054002596 id = cord-331068-rjc3b4br author = Ritterson, Ryan title = Basic Scholarship in Biosafety Is Critically Needed To Reduce Risk of Laboratory Accidents date = 2017-03-29 keywords = biosafety; research; risk summary = Due to significant missing but theoretically acquirable data, our biosafety assessment faced limitations, and we were forced to provide a relative, instead of absolute, measure of risk (Gryphon Scientific, LLC, Risk and Benefit Analysis of Gain of Function Research, 2016). These missing data, once acquired via relatively simple primary research efforts, would not only improve biosafety risk assessments but also could be immediately incorporated into biosafety practices to reduce the risk of accidents. As such, we believe significantly more funding is urgently and immediately needed to support three basic thrusts: (i) development of a national incident reporting system, (ii) primary research programs focused on HRAs, equipment failures, and decontamination efficiencies, and (iii) sharing of best practices. In our experience visiting laboratories undertaking gain-of-function research, we noted some institutions maintained a strong safety culture that likely played a significant role in reducing the risk of accident in these labs. doi = 10.1128/msphere.00010-17 id = cord-302937-3yivxfi8 author = Robertson, Christopher T title = Indemnifying precaution: economic insights for regulation of a highly infectious disease date = 2020-05-30 keywords = COVID-19; cost; individual; precaution; risk summary = For insights, we review health insurance moral hazard, agricultural infectious disease policy, and deterrence theory, but find that classic enforcement strategies of punishing noncompliant people are stymied. Under a strategy of social distancing, lockdown, or quarantine, individuals are directed or suggested to exercise precautions including staying home, closing businesses, wearing masks, and avoiding physical proximity to other persons. 17 For health insurance design, primary moral hazard may have a relatively small effect on risk-taking behavior, because individuals personally suffer many of the other risks associated with illness or injury (including pain, suffering, lost work, chance of death). In this case, although the risk does not approach zero, it is as if relative youth provides partial indemnity insurance against not only the healthcare costs, but also the pain, suffering, lost work, and chance of death that are associated with COVID-19 infection. doi = 10.1093/jlb/lsaa032 id = cord-253135-0tun7fjk author = Robin, Charlotte title = Zoonotic disease risk perceptions in the British veterinary profession date = 2017-01-01 keywords = PPE; risk; veterinary summary = In veterinary professionals who had previous experience of managing zoonotic cases, time or financial constraints and a concern for adverse animal reactions were not perceived as barriers to use of personal protective equipment (PPE). Explanatory variables investigated were gender, age, length of time in practice, position (veterinary surgeon or nurse; owner or employee); type(s) of veterinary work undertaken (small, large/equine or exotics/wildlife); previous experience of treating a zoonotic case; level of concern over risk (for themselves or clients). The aim of this research was to explore zoonotic disease risk perceptions within a cross-section of the veterinary profession in Britain, and to identify barriers and motivators towards infection control practices and the use of PPE to minimise the risk of disease transmission. Zoonotic disease risk perceptions and infection control practices of Australian veterinarians: call for change in work culture doi = 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2016.11.015 id = cord-317167-hzcl1hw3 author = Rodgers, Rachel F. title = The impact of the COVID‐19 pandemic on eating disorder risk and symptoms date = 2020-06-01 keywords = COVID-19; risk summary = The current COVID‐19 pandemic has created a global context likely to increase eating disorder (ED) risk and symptoms, decrease factors that protect against EDs, and exacerbate barriers to care. Media use, including social media, is associated with increased risk for disordered eating in particular through exposure to thin idealand diet culture-related content as well as food advertising (Boswell & Kober, 2016; Levine & Murnen, 2009; Rodgers & Melioli, 2016) . In addition to these specific fears created by the COVID-19 pandemic, the situation has substantially increased general levels of stress and emotional distress (Brooks et al., 2020) , which are key risks for disordered eating (Puccio, Fuller-Tyszkiewicz, Ong, & Krug, 2016) , including in the context of traumatic societal events (Harada et al., 2015; Rodgers et al., 2012) . doi = 10.1002/eat.23318 id = cord-017620-p65lijyu author = Rodriguez-Proteau, Rosita title = Toxicity Evaluation and Human Health Risk Assessment of Surface and Ground Water Contaminated by Recycled Hazardous Waste Materials date = 2005-07-07 keywords = AWQC; COPC; Health; USEPA; Water; dose; exposure; rid; risk summary = doi = 10.1007/b11434 id = cord-293822-axr9qu58 author = Rolland, John S. title = COVID‐19 Pandemic: Applying a Multi‐Systemic Lens date = 2020-07-17 keywords = COVID-19; family; member; pandemic; risk summary = Highlighting the pattern of psychosocial issues of COVID‐19 over time, discussion emphasizes the evolving interplay of larger systems public health pandemic challenges and mitigation strategies with individual and family processes. The paper addresses issues of coping with myriad Covid‐19 uncertainties in the initial crisis wave and evolving phases of the pandemic in the context of individual and family development, pre‐existing illness or disability, and racial and socioeconomic disparities. In addition to communication processes and organizational/structural patterns, particular emphasis includes: family and individual life course development in relation to the time phases of a disorder; multigenerational legacies related to illness and loss; and belief systems (including influences of culture, ethnicity, race, spirituality, and gender) (Figure 1 ). As the pandemic continues to evolve, these discussions will need to be revisited -relating to new COVID-19 data and to changing family circumstances, such as life cycle transitions or altered economic and health status. doi = 10.1111/famp.12584 id = cord-355905-av03suua author = Romero Starke, Karla title = The Age-Related Risk of Severe Outcomes Due to COVID-19 Infection: A Rapid Review, Meta-Analysis, and Meta-Regression date = 2020-08-17 keywords = covid-19; risk summary = Because not all important age-related risk factors were included in the analysis, and because they adjusted for biomarkers which were reflective of disease severity/COVID-19 infection, the study was rated as having a high risk of bias. Due to the lack of age-related risk factors included in the analysis and the adjustment for fever, which is reflective of COVID-19 infection/disease severity, this study was determined to have a high risk of bias. This study received a high risk of bias rating because only patients older than 60 years of age were considered, because of missing risk factors, and because biomarkers were used that might indicate a COVID-19 infection/disease severity. All the studies included in the meta-analysis for mortality were rated as having a high risk of bias because not all age-dependent risk factors were considered and because the variables used in the analysis may have already indicated COVID-19 disease severity. doi = 10.3390/ijerph17165974 id = cord-282982-dc5m81bx author = Rouillard, Smita title = COVID-19: Long-term Planning for Procedure-based Specialties During Extended Mitigation and Suppression Strategies date = 2020-05-18 keywords = COVID-19; procedure; risk summary = doi = 10.1053/j.gastro.2020.05.047 id = cord-348138-wca7jaje author = Safarpour, Hamid title = Risk Communication in the COVID-19 Outbreak: Two Sides of the Same Coin date = 2020-09-09 keywords = risk summary = Because of the constant changes in the effects of COVID-19 and the exaggerated public perception of its mortality risk because of the difficulty of estimating the mortality rate, 6 the response of global media to COVID-19 remains unbalanced. Therefore, 1 way to ensure proper communication is to use social media, radio, and TV channels and ensure the constant presence of the media using the World Health Organization (WHO) principles for effective communication: accessible, actionable, credible and trusted, relevant, timely, and understandable. 8 Risk communication and community engagement contribute to the prevention of infodemics (too much information about a problem, which makes it difficult to identify the solution) 2 and increase the chance of health advice following for self-protection by creating trust in response. 2 Risk communication and effective community engagement can minimize social disorder, as well as protect health, the economy, and tourism. doi = 10.1017/dmp.2020.327 id = cord-001781-afg1nmib author = Saksena, Sumeet title = Evidence for the Convergence Model: The Emergence of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (H5N1) in Viet Nam date = 2015-09-23 keywords = CTI; H5N1; HPAI; Nam; risk summary = We developed and tested a model of the emergence of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 based on suspected convergence factors that are mainly associated with land-use change. The results presented here highlight three main findings: 1) when relevant risk factors are taken into account, urbanization is generally not a significant independent risk factor; but in peri-urban landscapes emergence factors converge, including higher levels of chicken densities, duck and geese flock size diversities, and fraction of land under rice or aquaculture; 2) high land-use diversity landscapes, a variable not previously considered in spatial studies of HPAI H5N1, are at significantly greater risk for HPAI H5N1 outbreaks; as are 3) landscapes where intensive and extensive forms of poultry production are co-located. Hence diseases associated with rice production are likely to peak in peri-urban areas given other risk factors such as land-use diversity, CTI, and distance to infrastructure. doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0138138 id = cord-308184-w8ewm8ve author = Sarzi-Puttini, Piercarlo title = How to handle patients with autoimmune rheumatic and inflammatory bowel diseases in the COVID-19 era: An expert opinion date = 2020-05-05 keywords = COVID-19; infection; patient; risk summary = Disease activity, co-morbidities, immunosuppressive drugs including glucocorticoids (GCs), disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs), conventional synthetic (csDMARDs), biological (bDMARDs), targeted synthetic DMARDs (tsDMARDs), and the biological agents currently available for treating patients with IBD are all considered risk factors for infective complications. This has raised concerns about the potential risk of COVID-19 infection in IBD patients (particularly those who are taking immunosuppressants or biological drugs) because of the high morbidity and mortality rates observed in the old and frail with co-morbidities. As a result of the early warning and strict preventive measures, none of the patients developed any significant clinical manifestation of COVID-19 infection, not even those being treated with corticosteroids (12.6%), immunosuppressants (11%) and biological agents (6%), or those with co-morbidities. The first challenge for rheumatologists is to decide whether to interrupt or continue a treatment: although it is true that the treatment is designed to control disease activity, it is also undeniable that the same treatment may expose patients, such other infection, to an increased risk for COVID-19. doi = 10.1016/j.autrev.2020.102574 id = cord-309122-9dfyjpid author = Sato, Akiko title = Reviews on common objectives and evaluation indicators for risk communication activities from 2011 to 2017 date = 2020-08-25 keywords = Health; communication; risk; study summary = Risk communication should: (i) promote awareness and understanding of the specific issues under consideration during the risk analysis; (ii) promote consistency and transparency in formulating risk management options/recommendations; (iii) provide a sound basis for understanding the risk management decisions proposed; (iv) improve the overall effectiveness and efficiency of the risk analysis; (v) strengthen the working relationships among participants; (vi) foster public understanding of the process, so as to enhance trust and confidence in the safety of the food supply; (vii) promote the appropriate involvement of all interested parties ; and (viii) exchange information in relation to the concerns of interested parties about the risks associated with food. The authors of this study identified ''''knowledge increase,'''' ''''change in risk perception and concern alleviation,'''' and ''''decision making and behavior change'''' as areas of focus in all fields; these objectives are also discussed in the definitions and purposes of most organizations and agencies (Fig. 2, Table 1 ). doi = 10.7717/peerj.9730 id = cord-275979-cx2h5bsw author = Scutelnic, Adrian title = Vascular Events, Vascular Disease and Vascular Risk Factors—Strongly Intertwined with COVID-19 date = 2020-10-08 keywords = SARS; covid-19; patient; risk summary = doi = 10.1007/s11940-020-00648-y id = cord-258498-0mvxwo3w author = Shah, Saleha title = COVID-19 and paediatric dentistry- traversing the challenges. A narrative review date = 2020-08-21 keywords = COVID-19; DHCP; N95; NSAID; PPE; care; dental; patient; risk summary = This review article informs about measures which reduce facility risk, manage symptomatic patients and protect personal health care and management with reference to paediatric dentistry. 5, 6, 7 The risk of SARS-CoV-2 transmission via aerosols generated during dental procedures cannot be eliminated when practicing in the absence of Airborne Precautions (airborne infection isolation rooms or single-patient rooms, respiratory protection program, N95 respirators). 47 Primary prevention encompasses prenatal health care, avoidance of night time bottle feed with sugary drinks or milk, restricting sugar intake and frequency for children younger than 24 months, avoiding frequent/nocturnal breast or bottle feeding after 1 year, exposure to dietary fluoridate (water, milk, salt), use of an age appropriate amount of fluoride toothpaste containing at least 1000ppm fluoride for brushing at least twice a day, dental visit in the first year of life and regular applications of 5% fluoride. doi = 10.1016/j.amsu.2020.08.007 id = cord-355118-w3l4h5y4 author = Sharif, Ali title = Screening for Diabetic Retinopathy with Extended Intervals, Safe and Without Compromising Adherence: A Retrospective Cohort Study date = 2020-11-09 keywords = risk; screening summary = In the study reported here, we investigated adherence to the screening program and progression of retinopathy in patients with type 2 diabetes participating in a DR screening program with extended intervals. Risk factors for DR and treatment for hyperglycemia, hypertension and hyperlipidemia were compared among subjects in the low-risk cohort: non-adherent subjects did not differ from their adherent counterparts without progression of DR, but the former had a shorter duration of diabetes and higher diastolic blood pressure than adherent Taking into account that most diabetes patients have T2DM and that the majority of these individuals do not have retinopathy and are at low risk of progression to STDR [13] , extending control intervals for this population is likely to substantially reduce the workload in screening programs. We investigated adherence in 1000 patients with T2DM participating in a DR screening program, applying extended intervals of 36 and 18 months for patients at low-or intermediate-risk of DR progression, respectively. doi = 10.1007/s13300-020-00957-0 id = cord-018328-t3ydu75l author = Shi, Peijun title = Hazards, Disasters, and Risks date = 2019-06-05 keywords = China; Report; Risk; disaster; hazard; large; natural summary = In contrast, the classification based on disaster-formative environment lays stress on the environmental basis of hazards, especially the distinctions among different spheres of the earth, and relatively ignores the causes. Natural disasters resulting from the abnormal or anomalous quantity, intensity, temporal and spatial distribution, and combination of meteorological and hydrological elements, causing adverse impacts on people''s lives and properties, industrial and agricultural production, and ecological environment 010100 Seismic and geological disasters Natural disasters resulting from the sudden energy release or violent mass transport in the lithosphere of the earth or long-term accumulative geological changes, causing damages to human lives and properties and ecological environment 020100 Generally, the classification indicators include the number of casualties, the amount of property loss, disaster-affected area, and hazard intensity. (2) Indicator system of statistical system of damages and losses of large-scale natural disasters in China From the angle of geoscientists, very large-scale disasters are usually defined according to the hazard intensity, casualties, property losses, and affected scope. doi = 10.1007/978-981-13-6689-5_1 id = cord-034832-uvjjmt1p author = Shi, Yong title = The Evolution Characteristics of Systemic Risk in China’s Stock Market Based on a Dynamic Complex Network date = 2020-06-02 keywords = China; risk; systemic summary = title: The Evolution Characteristics of Systemic Risk in China''s Stock Market Based on a Dynamic Complex Network Therefore, based on the daily return of all a-shares in China, this paper constructs a dynamic complex network of individual stocks, and represents the systemic risk of the market using the average weighting degree, as well as the adjusted structural entropy, of the network. In order to eliminate the influence of disturbance factors, empirical mode decomposition (EMD) and grey relational analysis (GRA) are used to decompose and reconstruct the sequences to obtain the evolution trend and periodic fluctuation of systemic risk. On the basis of the data of all a-shares in China, this paper constructs a dynamic complex network of stock correlation, and the change of average weight as well as adjusted structural entropy of the network are used to measure the evolution of systemic risk in China''s stock market. doi = 10.3390/e22060614 id = cord-254436-89zf41xr author = Singer, Professor Donald RJ title = Health policy implications of the links between cardiovascular risk and COVID-19 date = 2020-09-03 keywords = COVID-19; risk summary = In the meantime, public health measures are the mainstay for containing spread of infection with SARS-CoV-2, complemented by access to high quality supportive treatment and efforts to develop targeted approaches to reduce infection and disease severity in people at high risk of serious morbidity and death from COVID-19. Other indirect reasons for concern about increased prevalence and severity of cardiovascular disease because of the COVID-19 pandemic include poorer recognition and control of cardiovascular risk factors and established serious disorders of the heart, brain and circulation due to reduced access to medical services. Health policy makers also need to take steps to extend influenza immunization to all groups now recognized to be at risk of more serious COVID-19, including the obese, others with increased cardiovascular risk and people from black and other at risk ethnic minorities. doi = 10.1016/j.hlpt.2020.09.001 id = cord-332142-lk95akg5 author = Skovdal, Morten title = Complexities to consider when communicating risk of COVID-19 date = 2020-07-23 keywords = risk summary = We argue that 30 correct understanding of individuals'' risks of becoming infected and dying is a prerequisite 31 for people and communities to take responsibility and engage in prevention practices, both 32 for self and others; and also to reduce unnecessary anxieties and other unintended negative 33 outcomes. • Freely avail health services and equipment to assist risk-reducing practices Panel: Considerations and recommendations to communicate risk in the COVID-19 response • Avoid over-simplified ''one-size-fits-all'' risk messages • Distinguish between risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection and risk of severe COVID-19 disease • Target risk messages to people according to their levels of risk and capacity to adopt alternative prevention methods • Communicate the uncertainty of risk estimates and that new data may lead to changes • Avoid over-simplified ''one-size-fits-all'' risk messages • Distinguish between risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection and risk of severe COVID-19 disease • Target risk messages to people according to their levels of risk and capacity to adopt alternative prevention methods • Communicate the uncertainty of risk estimates and that new data may lead to changes doi = 10.1016/j.puhe.2020.07.015 id = cord-012932-alxtoaq9 author = Smerecnik, Chris M. R. title = A Systematic Review of the Impact of Genetic Counseling on Risk Perception Accuracy date = 2009-06-01 keywords = risk summary = Thus, the purpose of the present review is twofold: (1) to provide an updated overview of the impact of genetic counseling on risk perception accuracy in papers published between January 2000 and February 2007, and (2) to extend the results of Meiser and Halliday''s (2002) meta-analysis and Butow et al.''s (2003) systematic review to other genetic conditions. Linking the outcome (i.e., risk perception accuracy) to the content of the counseling session (i.e., whether counselors performed the tasks as recommended by the NSGC Task Force), we observed that the studies in which the counselor gave information about family history and heredity as well as personal risk estimates positively influenced risk perception accuracy (Bjorvatn et al. The research in the present review may shed some light on why some studies observe positive effects of genetic counseling on risk perception accuracy and others do not. doi = 10.1007/s10897-008-9210-z id = cord-257467-b8o5ghvi author = Smith, Barbara A. title = Anesthesia as a Risk for Health Care Acquired Infections date = 2010-12-31 keywords = anesthesia; infection; patient; risk summary = This article further discusses the risks for HAIs apparent in intravascular cannulation, endotracheal intubation, and the development of surgical site infections, and examines occupational measures to prevent infections in the health care worker. Although endotracheal intubation during surgery is generally a controlled safe procedure, this artificial airway predisposes the body to exposure to respiratory pathogens whether from the health care provider, the environment, or equipment. 12 A recent practice advisory prepared by the American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) concurs with the implementation of aseptic technique when handling neuraxial needles and catheters, and states it should include "hand washing, wearing of sterile gloves, wearing of caps, wearing of masks covering both the mouth and nose, use of individual packets of skin preparation, and sterile draping of the patient." The same advisory does not make a specific recommendation regarding the type of skin antisepsis to use. doi = 10.1016/j.cpen.2010.07.005 id = cord-338889-7hd3iibk author = Solbakk, Jan Helge title = Back to WHAT? The role of research ethics in pandemic times date = 2020-11-03 keywords = Declaration; Human; SARS; Selgelid; covid-19; research; risk; study summary = 10 Of the 10 standards laid down in this Code, and with which physician-researchers must comply when carrying out experiments on human subjects, standard 5, in particular, has become highly relevant these days due to pressure from influential medical stakeholders, agencies and bioethicists to permit the conduct of controlled human infection studies (CHIs), also labeled human challenge trials (HCTs), or challenge studies (CSs) to possibly shorten the development time of vaccines to protect against Covid-19 caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus. doi = 10.1007/s11019-020-09984-x id = cord-287129-g2zdv5dc author = Sowerby, Leigh J. title = Reply to: Correspondence – International Registry of Otolaryngologist – Head and Neck Surgeons with COVID‐19 date = 2020-08-22 keywords = risk summary = title: Reply to: Correspondence – International Registry of Otolaryngologist – Head and Neck Surgeons with COVID‐19 As we write this letter in reply, nineteen percent of all cases of COVID-19 reported in Mexico are in healthcare workers and our colleagues in Otolaryngology have not been spared. The risk of death for healthcare workers in Mexico is four times higher than in the United States and this is related and attributable to restricted access to PPE. Dr. Turner does an excellent job in summarizing the currently established risk for HCWs. He did not include a prospective observational study from the UK looking at 9,800 employees found that those working in COVID-facing areas had a higher rate than those elsewhere (21.2% vs. Letter to the Editor re: International Registry of Otolaryngologist -Head and Neck Surgeons with COVID-19. Differential occupational risks to healthcare workers from SARS-CoV-2: A prospective observational study COVID-19 infections among Healthcare Workers and Transmission within Households doi = 10.1002/alr.22689 id = cord-277800-dtpsiaj9 author = Stefan, Norbert title = Metabolically Healthy and Unhealthy Normal Weight and Obesity date = 2020-08-20 keywords = MHO; risk summary = Whether impaired metabolic health, characterized by hypertension, dyslipidemia, hyperglycemia, insulin resistance, and subclinical inflammation, may explain part of the elevated risk of cardiometabolic diseases that is found in many subjects with very low fat mass, as it does in many obese subjects, is unknown. For example in an analysis of 323,175 adults from the large Korean National Health Insurance System (NHIS) database, who were followedup for a median of 96 months, subjects with MHO even had a lower all-cause (-19%) and cardiovascular (-27%) mortality risk, when compared to non-obese and metabolically healthy subjects. Data from the North West Adelaide Health Study suggest that risk of diabetes, CVD, or stroke is not increased in people with MHO compared to people with MHNW, if the metabolically healthy obesity phenotype is maintained during a natural follow-up over 5.5 to 10.3 years [31] . Transition from metabolic healthy to unhealthy phenotypes and association with cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk across body mass index categories in 90,257 women of the Nurses'' Health Study. doi = 10.3803/enm.2020.301 id = cord-147853-h9t7sp4z author = Stephany, Fabian title = The CoRisk-Index: A data-mining approach to identify industry-specific risk assessments related to COVID-19 in real-time date = 2020-03-27 keywords = COVID-19; SEC; report; risk summary = doi = nan id = cord-011325-r42hzazp author = Stowe, Julia title = Do Vaccines Trigger Neurological Diseases? Epidemiological Evaluation of Vaccination and Neurological Diseases Using Examples of Multiple Sclerosis, Guillain–Barré Syndrome and Narcolepsy date = 2019-10-01 keywords = risk; study; vaccine summary = Even if only based on a temporal sequence of events, it is important that such safety concerns are rapidly investigated with robust epidemiological studies to allow mitigation procedures to be put in place if an association is confirmed or, if unfounded, to have the necessary evidence to sustain public confidence in the vaccination programme without which coverage drops and disease control is lost. The self-controlled case-series method (SCCS) was designed for rapid unbiased assessment in vaccine safety studies using available disease surveillance data that may not be amenable to cohort analysis. As with all vaccine safety studies, but particularly in the case of narcolepsy and Pandemrix™ where the association was completely unexpected, the key to demonstrating causality was consistency of results from well-designed studies in different settings. Risk of narcolepsy after AS03 adjuvanted pandemic A/ H1N1 2009 influenza vaccine in adults: a case-coverage study in England doi = 10.1007/s40263-019-00670-y id = cord-285628-36gyix12 author = Stull, Jason W. title = Hospital-Associated Infections in Small Animal Practice date = 2015-03-31 keywords = Staphylococcus; animal; infection; risk; veterinary summary = The routine use of simple infection prevention practices can likely dramatically reduce HAIs. Infection control is the term best suited to the goal in small animal veterinary medicine of preventing (or, more practically speaking, limiting) the introduction and/or spread of pathogens with a group of patients and caregivers. The US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has recently assessed domestic antibiotic resistance threats for people based on Box 1 Pathogens of concern in a small animal clinic Hospital-Associated Infections clinical and economic impact, incidence, transmissibility, availability of effective antimicrobials, and barriers to prevention. Staphylococcus S pseudintermedius and to a lesser extent S aureus are common causes of veterinary HAIs. 30 Both are frequently carried on the skin and mucosal surfaces of dogs and people (respectively), creating the potential for both endogenous infection (infection caused by bacteria the animal was harboring at the time of hospital admission) and acquisition of the pathogen during hospitalization directly or indirectly from other patients, the environment, or human caregivers. doi = 10.1016/j.cvsm.2014.11.009 id = cord-328747-bf687r6j author = St‐Denis, Xavier title = Sociodemographic Determinants of Occupational Risks of Exposure to COVID‐19 in Canada date = 2020-07-13 keywords = COVID-19; NOC; exposure; occupation; risk summary = This research note explores how occupational exposure risks vary by labor force characteristics using publicly available Canadian data in combination with a data set providing information on the level of physical proximity and frequency of exposure to infections or diseases faced by workers in different occupations. Second, older workers (65 years or more), a group vulnerable to COVID‐19, appear to work in occupations requiring performing activities characterized by a lower level of physical proximity than their younger colleagues, with minimal differences in the frequency of exposure to diseases or infections. The results presented below show an unequal distribution of occupational characteristics associated with a higher risk of exposure to COVID-19 (level of physical proximity with other individuals, and frequency of exposure to diseases or infections) across different groups of the workforce. The distributional statistics reported above provide evidence of important differences in occupational risks of exposure to infectious diseases such as COVID-19 by gender, age, Aboriginal identity, education, and broad occupational category. doi = 10.1111/cars.12288 id = cord-293174-4ucqudn4 author = Sun, Ziheng title = Community venue exposure risk estimator for the COVID-19 pandemic date = 2020-09-29 keywords = April; COSRE; COVID-19; New; risk summary = To increase public awareness of exposure risks in daily activities, we propose a birthday-paradox-based probability model to implement in a web-based system, named COSRE (community social risk estimator) and make in-time community exposure risk estimation during the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. We define exposure risk to mean the probability of people meeting potential cases in public places such as grocery stores, gyms, libraries, restaurants, coffee shops, offices, etc. The correlation experiment with the new cases in the next two weeks shows that the risk estimation model offers promise in assisting people to be more precise about their personal safety and control of daily routine and social interaction. been done for the COVID-19 disease, as an ongoing pandemic few tools are available to evaluate the real-94 time social exposure risks. Model derived risks are 447 generated based on the real-time potential COVID-19 cases, the population in local communities, and the 448 number of people number in a given venue. doi = 10.1016/j.healthplace.2020.102450 id = cord-313615-cts45n3j author = Tam, John S title = Research agenda for mass gatherings: a call to action date = 2012-01-15 keywords = disease; health; risk summary = 6, 12, 13 Therefore, a robust knowledge about illnesses, from basic scientifi c understanding to societal eff ects of infections and noncommunicable diseases, is essential for modern public health practices and policy development related to the planning for MGs. Several reports [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] and WHO planning and guidance documents 1,16-18 have drawn attention to the importance Series of research into public health issues associated with MGs and identifi ed those that need immediate attention. However, many countries, particularly those with insuffi cient resources, have not developed strategies for vaccinating their populations at risk and people travelling to MGs. The reason is partly related to the lack of information about the transmission of infectious diseases (eg, infl uenza) and the social, economic, and health eff ects to the host and home communities. doi = 10.1016/s1473-3099(11)70353-x id = cord-023473-ofwdzu5t author = Tan, Wei‐Jiat title = Managing threats in the global era: The impact and response to SARS date = 2006-06-26 keywords = Asia; China; Kong; SARS; firm; risk summary = As a result of its impact, SARS quickly established itself as a new kind of global uncertainty and posed challenges for traditional methods of risk management. As a result of its impact, SARS quickly established itself as a new kind of global uncertainty and posed challenges for traditional methods of risk management. This article examines the impact that SARS has had through means of a case study and builds on this to provide recommendations for how uncertainty may be managed in an increasingly globalized world. At the same time, we have witnessed the emergence of a new type of environmental business threat that has manifested itself in incidents such as global terrorism, SARS, financial crises, and computer viruses, all of which have the ability to disrupt a firm''s operations. With regard to SARS, the key strategic responses are likely to occur in the areas of supply-chain management, diversification, scenario planning, and ensuring business continuity. doi = 10.1002/tie.20107 id = cord-350023-7wx5v9b8 author = Tautenhahn, A. title = Factors associated with calf mortality and poor growth of dairy heifer calves in northeast Germany date = 2020-09-24 keywords = ADG; calf; risk summary = A cross-sectional study was conducted on fifty German dairy farms to identify risk factors for high mortality and poor growth in calves. In the model "Risk factors associated with median ADG from birth to weaning", average daily weight gain (ADG) of calves from birth until twelve weeks of life was the dependent variable at herd level. For the investigation of associations between potential risk factors with calf mortality and ADG from birth to weaning a multivariable model each was built. The results of the present field study indicate that high calf mortality (> 5%), FPT in the neonate (serum protein < 55 g/l) and low ADG from birth to weaning (< 700 g/day) are still a problem on dairy farms under livestock production conditions in northeast Germany. doi = 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2020.105154 id = cord-280642-cvxni7cd author = The OpenSAFELY Collaborative, title = OpenSAFELY: factors associated with COVID-19-related hospital death in the linked electronic health records of 17 million adult NHS patients. date = 2020-05-07 keywords = COVID-19; risk summary = title: OpenSAFELY: factors associated with COVID-19-related hospital death in the linked electronic health records of 17 million adult NHS patients. People from Asian and black groups are at markedly increased risk of in-hospital death from COVID-19, and contrary to some prior speculation this is only partially attributable to pre-existing clinical risk factors or deprivation; further research into the drivers of this association is therefore urgently required. People from Asian and black groups are at markedly increased risk of in-hospital death from COVID-19, and contrary to some prior speculation this is only partially attributable to pre-existing clinical risk factors or deprivation; further research into the drivers of this association is therefore urgently required. 12, 13 We therefore set out to determine factors associated with risk of death from COVID-19 in England using a very large sample of the adult population, with deaths data linked to longitudinal primary care electronic health records. doi = 10.1101/2020.05.06.20092999 id = cord-273175-bao8xxe2 author = Tran, Viet-Thi title = COVID-19–related perceptions, context and attitudes of adults with chronic conditions: Results from a cross-sectional survey nested in the ComPaRe e-cohort date = 2020-08-06 keywords = COVID-19; patient; risk summary = It assessed participants'' perception of their risk of severe illness with COVID-19; their context (i.e., work, household, contacts with external people); and their attitudes in situations involving frequent or occasional contacts with symptomatic or asymptomatic people. Results of the survey were described globally and for the subgroup of patients considered at high risk of a severe illness according to the French High Council for Public Health (Box 1). Among patients at high risk of a severe illness according to the French High Council for Public Health, 5% continued working, 15% had a household member working outside of the home and 7% reported regular contacts with people outside of their home. The only variable found associated with use of face masks with asymptomatic people (or refusal to see these people) was patients'' perception of high risk of severe infection by COVID-19 (odds ratio 1.93, 95% confidence interval 1.53-2.43). doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0237296 id = cord-033328-ny011lj3 author = VESE, Donato title = Managing the Pandemic: The Italian Strategy for Fighting COVID-19 and the Challenge of Sharing Administrative Powers date = 2020-09-03 keywords = Government; Regions; emergency; italian; power; risk summary = Specifically, the article argues that the administrative strategy for effectively implementing emergency risk regulation based on an adequate and correct risk assessment requires "power sharing" across the different levels of government with the participation of all of the institutional actors involved in the decision-making process: Government, Regions and local authorities. Specifically, the article argues that the administrative strategy for effectively implementing emergency risk regulation based on an adequate and correct risk assessment requires "power sharing" across the different levels of government with the participation of all of the institutional actors involved in the decision-making process: Government, Regions and local authorities. In particular, as I will claim in analysing the Italian policies (Sections IV.1.a and IV.1.b), the administrative strategy for effectively implementing emergency risk regulation in a pandemic requires power sharing across the different levels of government with the participation of all of the institutional actors involved in the decision-making process in order to adopt consistent measures based on the constant monitoring and updating of the nationwide epidemiological risk assessment. doi = 10.1017/err.2020.82 id = cord-291083-nd7cew7v author = Vargas-Medrano, Javier title = Psychological and Neurobiological Aspects of Suicide in Adolescents: Current Outlooks date = 2020-08-05 keywords = adolescent; behavior; risk; study; suicidal; suicide summary = Several reports from the literature have shown that newborns with low birth weight (<2500g) have significantly increased risk of major depression with suicidal ideation, anxiety disorders, phobias, and impaired functioning compared to those with normal birth weights (Nomura et al., 2007) . Dysregulation of serotonin, HPA axis genes, and immune system in the human brain, especially in the frontal cortex, can affect human behaviors such as impulsivity, decision-making and mood and they have been strongly associated with the risk of suicidal behavior as they all play an important role in the body''s response to stress (Roy et al., 2012) . is also known that cognitive-behavioral sleep interventions might improve mental health in adolescents (particularly anxiety and depression) by improving sleep problems, since sleep is also a major risk factor for suicide. Further, their detailed evaluations indicated that vortioxetine was not associated with an increased risk of suicidal ideation and behavior in adult patients with MDD (Mahableshwarkar et al., 2020) . doi = 10.1016/j.bbih.2020.100124 id = cord-303054-s1clwunc author = Velly, Lionel title = Guidelines: Anaesthesia in the context of COVID-19 pandemic date = 2020-06-05 keywords = COVID-19; N95; SARS; infection; patient; risk; surgery summary = Operating theatre 12 R1.3.1 -Experts suggest that healthcare professionals involved in airway management (intubation, extubation, supraglottic airway insertion and/or removal…), or those who could be brought to do so in some given situations, wear a fit tested respirator mask (Respirator N95 or FFP2 standard, or equivalent) in addition to a disposable face shield or at least, in the absence of the latter, safety goggles, regardless of the patient''s COVID-19 status (Table 1) The presence of major (i.e., very frequent or relatively characteristic) and/or minor (i.e. more inconsistent and/or less specific) symptoms allows to orient the preoperative COVID-19 status assessment, and then to estimate the benefit/risk balance of maintaining or postponing the surgery, taking into account the risk of contamination of health personnel and others patients within the care structure. doi = 10.1016/j.accpm.2020.05.012 id = cord-011701-toevn37u author = Venkatesan, Sudhir title = Antiviral treatment for outpatient use during an influenza pandemic: a decision tree model of outcomes averted and cost-effectiveness date = 2018-06-28 keywords = NAI; cost; risk summary = METHODS: We developed a spreadsheet-based, decision tree model to assess outcomes averted and cost-effectiveness of antiviral treatment for outpatient use from the perspective of the healthcare payer in the UK. CONCLUSIONS: This analysis shows that across pandemic scenarios, antiviral treatment can be cost-saving for population groups at high risk of influenza-related complications. [15] [16] [17] Two meta-analyses of the extant clinical trial data, examining outcomes based on the intention-to-treat-influenza infected (ITTI) approach, found that early NAI treatment (≤48 h of symptom onset) was associated with a risk reduction of 59 18 and 63% 19 for hospital admission in otherwise healthy patients with influenza. We present a spreadsheet-based decision tree model that evaluates the impact of community-based NAI treatment in terms of the averted influenza-related hospitalizations and associated costeffectiveness in a range of pandemic scenarios. We found that community-based NAI treatment would avert a significant proportion of hospitalizations and deaths, particularly in high-risk patients, across the pandemic scenarios we explored in this analysis. doi = 10.1093/pubmed/fdy108 id = cord-292409-hz5qj1fw author = Viterbo, Lilian Monteiro Ferrari title = Workers’ Healthcare Assistance Model (WHAM): Development, Validation, and Assessment of Sustainable Return on Investment (S-ROI) date = 2020-04-30 keywords = Health; ROI; WHAM; WHRI; risk; worker summary = In this context, it is necessary to discuss a model of assistance in occupational health that is capable of reviewing the central characteristics of the biomedical healthcare assistance model, including: (i) organization of practices focused on the identification of signs and symptoms and the treatment of diseases, with health promotion not being a priority; (ii) assistance is organized based on individual spontaneous demand, with an emphasis on specialization and the use of hard technologies; (iii) the work is developed in a fragmented, hierarchical manner and with inequality across different professional categories; (iv) difficulty in implementing the integrated care due to the lack of understanding of the individual as a multidimensional human being, as well as the lack of communication and integration between the services involved; (v) health planning is seldom used as a management tool; (vi) the training of health professionals is specialized, based on the hegemony of scientific knowledge; and (vii) themes such as interdisciplinary, people-centered care, attachment, and welcoming are not prioritized. doi = 10.3390/ijerph17093143 id = cord-310195-am3u7z76 author = Waller, J. title = Immunity Passports for SARS-CoV-2: an online experimental study of the impact of antibody test terminology on perceived risk and behaviour date = 2020-05-10 keywords = SARS; risk; test summary = Objective: To assess the impact of describing an antibody-positive test result using the terms Immunity and Passport or Certificate, alone or in combination, on perceived risk of becoming infected with SARS-CoV-2 and intention to continue protective behaviours. Conclusions: Using the term Immunity (vs Antibody) to describe antibody tests for SARS-CoV-2 increases the proportion of people believing that an antibody-positive result means they have no risk of catching coronavirus in the future, a perception that may be associated with less frequent hand washing. This study was designed to test two hypotheses: describing a test indicating the presence of antibodies using the term Immunity (vs Antibody), and describing test results as Passports or Certificates (vs Test), increases the likelihood that those with this test result erroneously perceive they have no risk of becoming infected in the future with coronavirus. . https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.05.06.20093401 doi: medRxiv preprint Primary outcome Proportion of participants perceiving an antibody-positive test result to mean no risk of catching coronavirus in the future, assessed in response to a question with four response options. doi = 10.1101/2020.05.06.20093401 id = cord-289008-c4cu3vrp author = Wallis, Christopher J.D. title = Risks from Deferring Treatment for Genitourinary Cancers: A Collaborative Review to Aid Triage and Management During the COVID-19 Pandemic date = 2020-05-03 keywords = BCG; COVID-19; cancer; delay; patient; risk summary = Patients with muscle-invasive bladder cancer are at risk of disease progression, with radical cystectomy delays beyond 12 wk from diagnosis or completion of neoadjuvant chemotherapy. To this end, PubMed was searched from inception until April 2, 2020 to identify studies examining the association between delays in treatment and clinical outcomes, including upstaging, recurrence, and mortality for patients with bladder cancer (BC; both muscle-invasive and non-muscle-invasive disease), prostate cancer (PCa), kidney cancer, upper tract urothelial cancer, germ cell tumors, and penile cancer. Where radiotherapy is planned to be administered, a recent Cochrane Database systematic review and meta-analysis of 10 studies including 8278 patients demonstrated that for those with intermediate-and high-risk PCa, hypofractionation is associated with equivalent oncologic outcomes (MFS, disease-specific survival, and OS), as well as functional outcomes [64] . doi = 10.1016/j.eururo.2020.04.063 id = cord-022130-jckfzaf0 author = Walsh, Patrick F. title = Intelligence and Stakeholders date = 2018-09-19 keywords = Health; Security; bio; community; eye; intelligence; risk; surveillance; threat summary = doi = 10.1057/978-1-137-51700-5_7 id = cord-011688-8g0p3vtm author = Wang, Ting-Ting title = Perinatal risk factors for pulmonary hemorrhage in extremely low-birth-weight infants date = 2019-11-04 keywords = infant; risk summary = Therefore, the purpose of this study was to analyze the perinatal risk factors and short-term outcomes of PH in ELBWIs. METHODS: This was a retrospective cohort study of live born infants who had birth weights that were less than 1000 g, lived for at least 12 hours, and did not have major congenital anomalies. CONCLUSIONS: Although PH did not extend hospital stay or increase the risk of bronchopulmonary dysplasia, it increased the mortality and intraventricular hemorrhage rate in ELBWIs. EOS was the independent risk factor for PH in ELBWIs. Pulmonary hemorrhage (PH) is a life-threatening respiratory complication of newborns [1] , especially in extremely lowbirth-weight infants (ELBWIs) who are vulnerable to conditions that require invasive ventilation and intensive care after birth. Furthermore, risk factors associated with the care of preterm infants, including surfactant replacement, the management of patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) and the fluid intake of PH, might be prominent in ELBWIs with PH [7] [8] [9] . doi = 10.1007/s12519-019-00322-7 id = cord-296607-h2zwlyz7 author = Watson, Ryan A. title = Anti-coagulant and anti-platelet therapy in the COVID-19 patient: a best practices quality initiative across a large health system date = 2020-06-09 keywords = American; COVID-19; VTE; patient; risk summary = What is clear is that patients appear to be at higher risk for thrombotic disease states including acute coronary syndrome (ACS), venous thromboembolism (VTE) such as deep vein thrombosis (DVT) or pulmonary embolism (PE), or stroke. In most scenarios, direct oral anticoagulants (dabigatran, rivaroxaban, apixaban, and edoxaban) are recommended over warfarin due to large randomized controlled trials showing noninferiority or superiority for stroke reduction and superiority for bleeding risk in patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation [29] [30] [31] [32] . The use of UFH or LMWH may be considered in patients with high potential stroke risk and new onset atrial fibrillation; however, heparin drips require constant monitoring and titration of dosing during hospitalization leading to increased nursing exposure to potential COVID-19 patients. A French cohort of ICU patients on pharmacologic prophylaxis found a high prevalence of thrombotic complications including PE, stroke, circuit clotting of continuous renal replacement therapy or extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) with minimal bleeding risk suggesting the need for higher doses of prophylactic anticoagulation in this patient population [70] . doi = 10.1080/21548331.2020.1772639 id = cord-277210-xaj2623u author = Weinkove, Robert title = Managing haematology and oncology patients during the COVID‐19 pandemic: interim consensus guidance date = 2020-05-13 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; cancer; patient; risk summary = • Adopt measures within cancer centres to reduce risk of nosocomial SARS-CoV-2 acquisition; support population-wide social distancing; reduce demand on acute services; ensure adequate staffing; and provide culturally safe care. Patients with cancer could be at elevated risk of severe COVID-19, while delivery of cancer therapies could be disrupted by quarantines, social distancing measures, and interruption of routine health care delivery by the pandemic. 38 Community spread of COVID-19 has the potential to diminish the donor pool, to threaten the capacity of cancer services to provide routine transfusion support, and to increase the risks that transfusion-dependent patients will come into contact with other individuals with SARS-CoV-2. We present interim guidance for clinicians caring for patients with cancer who may be particularly vulnerable both to severe COVID-19 and the potential impact of the pandemic on the provision of cancer investigations and treatment. doi = 10.5694/mja2.50607 id = cord-029226-eagbwk7j author = Williamson, Brian title = Beyond COVID‐19 lockdown: A Coasean approach with optionality date = 2020-06-29 keywords = COVID-19; risk summary = While younger people are at greatly reduced risk from COVID-19, they are on the other hand likely to suffer some of the more severe impacts in terms of forgone education, employment, and social and longer-term opportunities from measures to increase physical distancing. The combination of low health risk for younger people from COVID-19 with disproportionately high economic and social costs from the current policy response suggests that a more targeted policy response is desirable. In this article, building on a blog post where the idea was first suggested (Williamson & Wilson, 2020) , what is proposed is a Coasean social contract that recognises the reciprocal nature of the problem of mitigating the risk of harm to health, welfare, and the economy from the COVID-19 pandemic. The proposed approach could substantially reduce the economic and social cost of the COVID-19 policy response while limiting mortality and the risk of overloading the health-care system. doi = 10.1111/ecaf.12414 id = cord-299343-gsrgf4dd author = Wilson, A. M. title = Quantifying SARS-CoV-2 infection risk within the Apple/Google exposure notification framework to inform quarantine recommendations date = 2020-07-19 keywords = GAEN; day; exposure; quarantine; risk summary = The conditional probability of current or future infectiousness, conditioned on how long post-exposure an exposed individual has been free of symptoms, decreases during quarantine, with shape determined by the distribution of incubation periods, proportion of asymptomatic cases, and distribution of asymptomatic shedding durations. Findings: As an example of our calculations, fifteen minutes of close contact with a high-shedding individual, given a 15% asymptomatic infection rate and no testing, would require 5and 14-day quarantine for their risk of current or future infectiousness to fall below 0.84% and 0.14% risk, respectively. A similarly maximal interaction, i.e. with 30 minutes in each attenuation bin, but with an index case at the minimum Transmission Risk level, corresponding to exposure timing that is not risk-free but falls just outside the window currently used by manual contact tracers, yields an infection probability of 0.36%, requiring 7 days of quarantine. doi = 10.1101/2020.07.17.20156539 id = cord-252870-52fjx7s4 author = Xie, Kefan title = The Impact of Risk Perception on Social Distancing during the COVID-19 Pandemic in China date = 2020-08-27 keywords = covid-19; distancing; risk; social summary = Hence, these findings suggest effective management guidelines for successful implementation of the social distancing policies during the COVID-19 pandemic by emphasizing the critical role of risk perception, perceived understanding, and safety climate. Individual''s perceived understanding and safety climate are also examined to identify their effectiveness in the relationship between risk perception and social distancing. Perceived Understanding about the COVID-19 pandemic plays a mediating role between Risk Perception and Social Distancing behavior. The initial questionnaire contained 22 questions to measure these 4 latent variables, including Risk Perception-RP (7 items), Perceived Understanding-PU (4 items), Social Distancing-SD (5 items), and Safety Climate-SC (6 items). This study provided evidence that risk perception and perceived understanding can significantly affect people''s social distancing behaviors during the COVID-19 pandemic. Based on the data collected from an online survey among 317 participants in China throughout May 2020, our analyses indicate that positive changes in social distancing behaviors are associated with increased risk perception, perceived understanding, and safety climate. doi = 10.3390/ijerph17176256 id = cord-293041-7ndp05ru author = Xu, Pengbo title = The Effect of Response Inhibition Training on Risky Decision-Making Task Performance date = 2020-07-24 keywords = Risk; Task; control; training summary = If the method of improving risky decisionmaking ability through primary cognitive training (such as inhibitory control) is proven and widely accepted, it will greatly advance the research process in the field of decision-making and will certainly provide a direction for future development. On the basis of previous studies, we chose the Balloon Analog Risk Task that has strong operability with initial results that are relatively stable and we appropriately increased the time interval between cognitive training and posttest decision-making task assessment. The two groups were assessed with the Stroop task and the Balloon Analog Risk Task to evaluate the pretest and posttest performance on inhibitory control and risky decision-making tasks at weeks 1 and 4. Because the experiment adopted a mixed design with between-and within-subjects factors, mixed-model ANOVAs of 2 (control group and training group) × 2 (pretest and posttest) factors were used to evaluate the transfer effect of response inhibition training to Stroop performance and its impact on Balloon Analog Risk Task performance. doi = 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01806 id = cord-331885-8zmuhebu author = Xu, Xiuyan title = Risk factor analysis combined with deep learning in the risk assessment of overseas investment of enterprises date = 2020-10-02 keywords = assessment; investment; risk summary = To evaluate the overseas investment risks of enterprises and expand the application and development of deep learning methods in risk assessment, 15 national clusters are utilized as samples to analyze and discuss the overseas investment risk indicators of enterprises. Second, the Deep Neural Network (DNN) is introduced; a risk evaluation model is constructed for enterprise overseas investment. The results show that the major source of overseas investment risks includes basic resources, political systems, economic and financial development, and environmental protection. To build a risk assessment model for overseas investment of enterprises and evaluate investment risks scientifically and effectively, the Deep Neural Network (DNN) based on deep learning is introduced, which is an innovation. The above analysis suggests that a country''s infrastructure, health care conditions, economic development level, environmental protection conditions, and political system are the key components that affect its risks of enterprise overseas investment [29, 30] . doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0239635 id = cord-336599-r8xgnz87 author = Yaacoub, Jean-Paul A. title = Cyber-Physical Systems Security: Limitations, Issues and Future Trends date = 2020-07-08 keywords = CPS; Cyber; ICS; IDS; PLC; attack; physical; present; risk; secure; security; system summary = However, none of the existing works presented a comprehensive view of CPS security in terms of threats, vulnerabilities, and attacks based on the targeted domain (cyber, physical, or hybrid). • Jamming: In this case, attackers usually aim at changing the device''s state and the expected operations to cause Sold with PLC-like features Digital computers designed for output arrangements and multiple inputs Electronic device controlled by a microprocessor Automates electro-mechanical processes Interfaces SCADA physical objects Physical media with process, relays, motion control and networking Uses supervisory system messages to control objects Does support control loops and algorithms Does not support control loops and algorithms Immune to electrical noise, resistant to vibration Low to null immunity against electrical noise and vibration Suitable for local geographical areas Suitable for wider geographical telemetry areas Mainly IEC Standards Wired/Wireless Communications damage by launching waves of de-authentication or wireless jamming signals, which would result into denial of device and system services [73] . doi = 10.1016/j.micpro.2020.103201 id = cord-256432-53l24le2 author = Yang, Honglin title = A Strategy Study on Risk Communication of Pandemic Influenza: A Mental Model Study of College Students in Beijing date = 2020-09-04 keywords = influenza; pandemic; respondent; risk summary = The entire frame is an analysis of disaster events from a macro perspective, including "causes," "development," "response," "event impact" and "risk information dissemination." Then, through literature research and expert consultation, the researchers summarized the concept of the communication framework and initially formed its content suitable for the influenza epidemic. We believe that the information provided by these 28 respondents can meet the sample size required for the analysis of this study, because the purpose of mental model study is not to use statistical methods to analyze the distribution of some risk cognition in the population, but to find out which concepts or beliefs, are "out there" with some reasonable frequency, 3 so as to help government departments identify what should be focused on when developing guidance programs and health education materials for this population. doi = 10.2147/rmhp.s251733 id = cord-291679-jfxqipt8 author = Yang, Seongwoo title = Middle East respiratory syndrome risk perception among students at a university in South Korea, 2015 date = 2017-06-01 keywords = MERS; risk summary = The aim of this study was to determine whether risk perception was associated with personal and social variables, including trust in the media, the health care field, and government. Additionally, we sought to identify the associations of risk perception and social variables with compliance with self-quarantine guidelines and overreaction during the MERS epidemic. In this study, knowledge, trust, personal characteristics, and other social determinants were considered the main factors affecting risk perception and overreaction. Therefore, this section assessed the following personal characteristics: degree of optimism about the health policies of South Korea, willingness to sacrifice for society, responsiveness to an emergency situation, and attitude toward self-quarantine and overreaction. To assess the associations of demographic factors, knowledge, trust in social organizations, intention to sacrifice, and responsiveness to emergency situations with risk perception, multiple linear regression analyses were used. doi = 10.1016/j.ajic.2017.02.013 id = cord-002906-llstohys author = You, Shu-Han title = Health-seeking behavior and transmission dynamics in the control of influenza infection among different age groups date = 2018-03-06 keywords = figure; risk summary = OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to assess to what extent, under scenarios of with/without control and preventive/protective behaviors, the age-specific network-driven risk perception influences influenza infection. Individuals perceive the preventive behavior to improve risk perception information transmission among teenage and adult and elderly age groups, but not in the child age group. 1 Therefore, to facilitate public health decisions about intervention and management in controlling the spread of infectious diseases, it is crucial to assess to what extent, under scenarios of with/without control and preventive/protective behaviors, the age-specific network-driven risk perception influences influenza infection. 18, 19 Here we assess that if, how, and to what extent, under different scenarios of with/without control and preventive/protective behaviors, the age-specific network-driven risk perception influences influenza infection. We also estimated the age-specific admission infection fraction (IF) for each age group, including child (0-14 years), teenage and adult (15-64 years) , and elderly (65+ years), for different human behaviors or influenza risk perceptions. doi = 10.2147/idr.s153797 id = cord-322815-r82iphem author = Zhang, Weiping title = Connectedness and systemic risk spillovers analysis of Chinese sectors based on tail risk network date = 2020-07-04 keywords = block; network; risk; sector summary = Abstract This paper investigates the systemic risk spillovers and connectedness in the sectoral tail risk network of Chinese stock market, and explores the transmission mechanism of systemic risk spillovers by block models. First, we analyze the characteristics of spatial connectedness and systemic risk spillovers of tail risk network using sectoral data in Chinese stock market. In order to analyze the systemic risk spillovers and its interconnectedness across Chinese sectors, we select the weekly closing prices of 24 sectors in China''s stock market (name abbreviations , of 24 industries are seen in Appendix Table A1 ). In the fourth event period (2015/1/30-2016/12/30) which covers the "2015-2016 China stock market turbulence", two financial sectors including Bank (BANK) and Diversified finance (DF), and Media (MED) have strong outgoing links and are involved in most risk spillovers. doi = 10.1016/j.najef.2020.101248 id = cord-004060-nxw5k9y1 author = Zhang, Yewu title = Spatiotemporal Analysis of Influenza in China, 2005–2018 date = 2019-12-23 keywords = China; influenza; risk; term summary = After adjusting for other covariates, a spatially unstructured random effect term (v i ), a spatially structured conditional autoregression term (υ i ), a first-order random walk-correlated time variable (γ 1j ), and an interaction term for time and place (δ ij ) in the multivariate adjusted spatiotemporal model, the flu vaccines (per million doses), flu surveillance protocols, rate of influenza A (H1N1)pdm09, latitude and longitude still remain statistically significant. Based on the incidence data of influenza gained from the Chinese Notifiable Infectious Disease Reporting System, we used the Bayesian spatiotemporal model in this study to assess the space-time patterns of the influenza epidemic at the prefecture level in mainland China from 2005 to 2018 and explored several factors that may be associated with the changing spatial and temporal patterns in the influenza incidence risk. doi = 10.1038/s41598-019-56104-8 id = cord-281390-rk7ijexa author = Zhou, Li title = Fear and trust: How risk perceptions of avian influenza affect Chinese consumers’ demand for chicken date = 2016-09-30 keywords = H7N9; WTP; chicken; risk summary = We measure risk perception, fear and trust against actual reduction in consumption and stated change in WTP for safe chicken between 2012 and 2013. Factors such as the fear of H7N9''s spreading, the impact of distrust (especially the distrust in government) enhanced the deviation of consumption and WTP; and the sheer mentioning of H7N9 is more important and negative than whether it was associated with a risk-perception reducing or risk-perception elevating message given to consumers. In contrast, we measure consumer risk perceptions of food safety resulting from different types of fear and different sources of trust which may differ amongst individuals and markets. Z is the vector of control variables such as: (1) knowledge about AI; (2) new information about AI; (3) city dummies for controlling the AI incidence and price differences; (4) other basic characteristics including gender, age, family size, the proportion of children and/or elderly in a household, education and income; and (5) lagged consumption and WTP to identify the initial demand. doi = 10.1016/j.chieco.2016.06.003 id = cord-290708-hv1um2ln author = Zhu, Shushang title = Hedging Crash Risk in Optimal Portfolio Selection date = 2020-07-28 keywords = crash; risk summary = investigate the Conditional Value-at-Risk (CVaR) model based portfolio optimization problem considering only derivatives. (2013) propose a general hedged portfolio optimization approach based on risk measure calculated by the approximate parametric VaR. In this section, we discuss parametric approximation of the value change of a hedged portfolio and investigate the problem of measuring risk of a hedged portfolio in normal market conditions and in a crash, respectively. We then propose a tractable convex conic programming approach to solve the hedged portfolio optimization problem with crash risk control. In this subsection, we discuss the measure and calculation of hedged portfolio risk in a normal market and in a crash, respectively. Using (4), (15), (17) and (18), we get the following proposition which means that the portfolio optimization problem with crash risk control can be solved by a tractable convex programming approach. doi = 10.1016/j.jbankfin.2020.105905 id = cord-224491-qq9hdtww author = Zumbach, Gilles title = Tile test for back-testing risk evaluation date = 2020-07-24 keywords = risk summary = doi = nan id = cord-318363-1mv5j4w2 author = Zvolensky, Michael J. title = Psychological, addictive, and health behavior implications of the COVID-19 pandemic date = 2020-08-27 keywords = COVID-19; HIV; PTSD; anxiety; health; risk; stress summary = Additional risk factors for the development or exacerbation of PTSD symptoms include a prior history of trauma or mental health disturbances, depressed or anxious mood, significant concurrent life stressors (e.g., financial problems, job loss, relationship stress), low social connectedness or support, sleep disturbance, substance use, and emotional numbing or detachment (Colvonen, Straus, Acheson, & Gehrman, 2019; Cusack et al., 2019; Germain, McKeon, & Campbell, 2017; Hancock & Bryant, 2018; Shalev et al., 2019; Steenkamp et al., 2017; Vujanovic & Back, 2019) . That is, a specific type of individual difference factor like anxiety sensitivity is linked to a particular type of problem (e.g., anxiety disorder, worsening of a chronic respiratory illness, severity of hazardous drinking) via a specified mediating process (e.g., smoking, sleep disruption) in the context of certain moderating variables (e.g., higher levels of COVID-19 stress burden). doi = 10.1016/j.brat.2020.103715 id = cord-293316-kip8mrjo author = de Sa, J. title = Risk communication and management in public health crises date = 2009-09-10 keywords = communication; risk summary = Since the turn of the century, the World Health Organization (WHO) has documented a historically unprecedented number of emerging infectious disease outbreaks, and lessons drawn from their management have confirmed the critical importance of effective communications, specifically through formal channels such as WHO and in the public domain. Instant and global transmission of information has become a powerful ally, along with peer pressure, for WHO in ensuring that member states comply with new obligations to swiftly declare outbreaks considered to be of public health importance. There is now significant global attention and accompanying investment which should, the authors suggest, be used as an opportunity to improve strategic and operational communication capacity to respond not only to pandemic influenza but also to other public health threats. 4 Ultimately, the debate is centred on the boundary between the governance of risk communication and risk management, the former now being mandated through international laws, with the latter remaining, to a large degree, a national sovereignty responsibility. doi = 10.1016/j.puhe.2009.07.017 id = cord-004894-75w35fkd author = nan title = Abstract date = 2006-06-14 keywords = ABSTRACT; BMI; Background; CHD; CVD; Germany; Health; Methods; Netherlands; age; cancer; conclusion; datum; discussion; dutch; european; factor; high; increase; objective; patient; result; risk; study; woman; year summary = The unadjusted median (25-75% percentile) sperm concentration in the non-exposed group (n = 90) is 49 (23-86) mill/ml compared to 33 (12-63) mill/ml among men exposed to >19 cigarettes per day in fetal life (n = 26 Aim: To estimate the prevalence of overweight and obesity, and their effects in physical activity (PA) levels of Portuguese children and adolescents aged 10-18 years. Objectives: a) To estimate the sex-and age-adjusted annual rate of tuberculosis infection (ARTI) (per 100 person-years [%py]) among the HCWs, as indicated by tuberculin skin test conversion (TST) conversion, b) to identify occupational factors associated with significant variations in the ARTI, c) to investigate the efficacy of the regional preventive guidelines. Objectives: We assessed the total burden of adverse events (AE), and determined treatment-related risk factors for the development of various AEs. Methods: The study cohort included 1362 5-year survivors, treated in the Emma Childrens Hospital AMC in the Netherlands between 1966-1996. doi = 10.1007/s10654-006-9021-1 id = cord-009694-e59kuwf1 author = nan title = Opinion of the Scientific Panel on Animal Health and Welfare (AHAW) on a request from the Commission related with the risks of poor welfare in intensive calf farming systems date = 2006-06-06 keywords = Calves; Commission; Committee; EFSA; Escherichia; Scientific; Veterinary; Welfare; animal; calf; effect; feed; milk; risk summary = Prevention of typical calf diseases in the first 6 months of life such as diarrhoea and enzootic bronchopneumonia requires a systematic approach by improving management and housing conditions, specifically the preparation of the cow, hygiene of the calving environment, including dry clean bedding and high air quality, immediate supply with maternal antibodies, no mixing with older animals and careful attention and a rapid response to any sign indicating disease. -Space requirements -Health monitoring systems and the effect of such on clinical health in calves -Infection transmission (respiratory and digestive diseases) due to direct contact between calves in relation to social benefits of mixing -Pain relief when disbudding, dehorning and castrating calves -Design of appropriate ventilation systems for calves in confined rearing conditions -Health and environmental effects of feeding minerals as antimicrobial agents -For quantitative food safety risk categorization of farming systems individually, and/or their related ranking, further scientific information is needed. doi = 10.2903/j.efsa.2006.366 id = cord-009729-69swjzic author = nan title = Scientific Opinion on the public health hazards to be covered by inspection of meat from sheep and goats date = 2013-06-27 keywords = CONTAM; Council; Directive; EFSA; FCI; Food; Panel; Scientific; VTEC; animal; goat; inspection; meat; risk; sheep summary = Risk ranking of chemical hazards into categories of potential concern was based on the outcomes of the national residue control plans (NRCPs), as defined in Council Directive 96/23/EC for the period 2005-2010, and of other testing programmes, as well as on substance-specific parameters such as the toxicological profile and the likelihood of the occurrence of residues and contaminants in sheep and goats. It is recommended regarding chemical hazards, that FCI should be expanded for sheep and goats produced in extensive systems to provide more information on the specific environmental conditions where the animals are produced and that future monitoring programmes should be based on the risk of occurrence of chemical residues and contaminants, taking into account the completeness and quality of the FCI supplied, and the ranking of chemical substances into categories of potential concern, which ranking needs to be regularly updated. doi = 10.2903/j.efsa.2013.3265 id = cord-282783-ps5jyjkl author = nan title = Full Issue PDF date = 2020-09-30 keywords = CCS; ICI; Table; cancer; cardiovascular; disease; heart; patient; risk; study summary = The Childhood Cancer Survivor Study showed a 10-fold higher risk of pericardial disease in all CCS versus siblings (30year cumulative incidence, 3 .0%) and a dose-response relation with chest RT (11) . The literature on ECG abnormalities in large cohorts of long-term CCS is sparse (46, 47) , Data on the use of ambulatory ECG monitoring to define the prevalence of brady-and tachyarrhythmias induced by cardiotoxic cancer treatments are needed, but must be carefully weighed against the potential patient burden and clinical significance. Interestingly, a prior study in testicular cancer survivors showed that those patients who were exposed to cisplatin-based chemotherapy nearly 3 to more than 20 years ago had a more severe reduction in FMD and higher levels of circulating endothelial cells than those not exposed (13) . doi = 10.1016/s2666-0873(20)30180-0 id = cord-328620-d2jrn1ip author = van Gageldonk-Lafeber, Arianne B title = Risk factors for acute respiratory tract infections in general practitioner patients in The Netherlands: a case-control study date = 2007-04-27 keywords = ARTI; risk summary = CONCLUSION: This study confirmed that heterogeneity in the general population as well as in pathogens causing ARTI makes it complicated to detect associations between potential risk factors and respiratory infections. These questionnaires extracted information about exposure to persons with respiratory complaints within or outside their household in the week before consulting the GP, family composition (number of children and adults, presence of children attending day-care, primary school or secondary education), working outside the home and kind of job, use of public transport, type of heating system, exposure to mechanical ventilation system, exposure to dampness or mould at home, keeping pets or cattle, smoking behaviour, and exposure to passive smoking (see Additional file 1). We demonstrated that in the general population (passive) smoking, dampness or mould at home and having family members attending day-care were not associated with a higher risk for ARTI, which is in contrast with studies carried out in children or patients with specific respiratory diseases. doi = 10.1186/1471-2334-7-35