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Joakim; McEwen, Scott A.; Ryan, James J.; Schönfeld, Jens; Silley, Peter; Snape, Jason R.; Van den Eede, Christel; Topp, Edward title: Human Health Risk Assessment (HHRA) for Environmental Development and Transfer of Antibiotic Resistance date: 2013-07-09 journal: Environ Health Perspect DOI: 10.1289/ehp.1206316 sha: doc_id: 1064 cord_uid: 59i3jert file: cache/cord-011688-8g0p3vtm.json key: cord-011688-8g0p3vtm authors: Wang, Ting-Ting; Zhou, Ming; Hu, Xue-Feng; Liu, Jiang-Qin title: Perinatal risk factors for pulmonary hemorrhage in extremely low-birth-weight infants date: 2019-11-04 journal: World J Pediatr DOI: 10.1007/s12519-019-00322-7 sha: doc_id: 11688 cord_uid: 8g0p3vtm file: cache/cord-004060-nxw5k9y1.json key: cord-004060-nxw5k9y1 authors: Zhang, Yewu; Wang, Xiaofeng; Li, Yanfei; Ma, Jiaqi title: Spatiotemporal Analysis of Influenza in China, 2005–2018 date: 2019-12-23 journal: Sci Rep DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-56104-8 sha: doc_id: 4060 cord_uid: nxw5k9y1 file: cache/cord-009417-458rrhcm.json key: cord-009417-458rrhcm authors: Luce, Judith A. title: Use of Blood Components in the Intensive Care Unit date: 2009-05-15 journal: Critical Care Medicine DOI: 10.1016/b978-032304841-5.50082-0 sha: doc_id: 9417 cord_uid: 458rrhcm file: cache/cord-009481-6pm3rpzj.json key: cord-009481-6pm3rpzj authors: Parnell, Gregory S.; Smith, Christopher M.; Moxley, Frederick I. title: Intelligent Adversary Risk Analysis: A Bioterrorism Risk Management Model date: 2009-12-11 journal: Risk Anal DOI: 10.1111/j.1539-6924.2009.01319.x sha: doc_id: 9481 cord_uid: 6pm3rpzj file: cache/cord-009694-e59kuwf1.json key: cord-009694-e59kuwf1 authors: nan title: Opinion of the Scientific Panel on Animal Health and Welfare (AHAW) on a request from the Commission related with the risks of poor welfare in intensive calf farming systems date: 2006-06-06 journal: EFSA J DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2006.366 sha: doc_id: 9694 cord_uid: e59kuwf1 file: cache/cord-004091-gex0zvoa.json key: cord-004091-gex0zvoa authors: Abdulkareem, Shaheen A.; Augustijn, Ellen-Wien; Filatova, Tatiana; Musial, Katarzyna; Mustafa, Yaseen T. title: Risk perception and behavioral change during epidemics: Comparing models of individual and collective learning date: 2020-01-06 journal: PLoS One DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0226483 sha: doc_id: 4091 cord_uid: gex0zvoa file: cache/cord-012503-8rv2xof7.json key: cord-012503-8rv2xof7 authors: Levintow, Sara N.; Pence, Brian W.; Powers, Kimberly A.; Sripaipan, Teerada; Ha, Tran Viet; Chu, Viet Anh; Quan, Vu Minh; Latkin, Carl A.; Go, Vivian F. title: Estimating the Effect of Depression on HIV Transmission Risk Behaviors Among People Who Inject Drugs in Vietnam: A Causal Approach date: 2020-08-24 journal: AIDS Behav DOI: 10.1007/s10461-020-03007-9 sha: doc_id: 12503 cord_uid: 8rv2xof7 file: cache/cord-018328-t3ydu75l.json key: cord-018328-t3ydu75l authors: Shi, Peijun title: Hazards, Disasters, and Risks date: 2019-06-05 journal: Disaster Risk Science DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-6689-5_1 sha: doc_id: 18328 cord_uid: t3ydu75l file: cache/cord-011407-4cjlolp6.json key: cord-011407-4cjlolp6 authors: Cotton‐Barratt, Owen; Daniel, Max; Sandberg, Anders title: Defence in Depth Against Human Extinction: Prevention, Response, Resilience, and Why They All Matter date: 2020-01-24 journal: Glob Policy DOI: 10.1111/1758-5899.12786 sha: doc_id: 11407 cord_uid: 4cjlolp6 file: cache/cord-011824-4ge9i90s.json key: cord-011824-4ge9i90s authors: Andrews, Jack L.; Foulkes, Lucy E.; Bone, Jessica K.; Blakemore, Sarah-Jayne title: Amplified Concern for Social Risk in Adolescence: Development and Validation of a New Measure date: 2020-06-23 journal: Brain Sci DOI: 10.3390/brainsci10060397 sha: doc_id: 11824 cord_uid: 4ge9i90s file: cache/cord-010884-g4gesvzt.json key: cord-010884-g4gesvzt authors: Heitzer, Andrew M.; Piercy, Jamie C.; Peters, Brittany N.; Mattes, Allyssa M.; Klarr, Judith M.; Batton, Beau; Ofen, Noa; Raz, Sarah title: Cumulative Antenatal Risk and Kindergarten Readiness in Preterm-Born Preschoolers date: 2019-08-16 journal: J Abnorm Child Psychol DOI: 10.1007/s10802-019-00577-8 sha: doc_id: 10884 cord_uid: g4gesvzt file: cache/cord-017479-s4e47bwx.json key: cord-017479-s4e47bwx authors: Pulcini, Elena title: Spectators and Victims: Between Denial and Projection date: 2012-03-16 journal: Care of the World DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-4482-0_6 sha: doc_id: 17479 cord_uid: s4e47bwx file: cache/cord-015255-1qhgeirb.json key: cord-015255-1qhgeirb authors: Busby, J S; Onggo, S title: Managing the social amplification of risk: a simulation of interacting actors date: 2012-07-11 journal: J Oper Res Soc DOI: 10.1057/jors.2012.80 sha: doc_id: 15255 cord_uid: 1qhgeirb file: cache/cord-016982-qt25tp6t.json key: cord-016982-qt25tp6t authors: Fong, I. W. title: Litigations for Unexpected Adverse Events date: 2010-11-30 journal: Medico-Legal Issues in Infectious Diseases DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-8053-3_8 sha: doc_id: 16982 cord_uid: qt25tp6t file: cache/cord-012932-alxtoaq9.json key: cord-012932-alxtoaq9 authors: Smerecnik, Chris M. R.; Mesters, Ilse; Verweij, Eline; de Vries, Nanne K.; de Vries, Hein title: A Systematic Review of the Impact of Genetic Counseling on Risk Perception Accuracy date: 2009-06-01 journal: J Genet Couns DOI: 10.1007/s10897-008-9210-z sha: doc_id: 12932 cord_uid: alxtoaq9 file: cache/cord-017883-6a4fkd5v.json key: cord-017883-6a4fkd5v authors: Dutta, Ankhi; Flores, Ricardo title: Infection Prevention in Pediatric Oncology and Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant Recipients date: 2018-07-16 journal: Healthcare-Associated Infections in Children DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-98122-2_16 sha: doc_id: 17883 cord_uid: 6a4fkd5v file: cache/cord-030116-ucmzbezx.json key: cord-030116-ucmzbezx authors: Hardell, Lennart; Carlberg, Michael title: Health risks from radiofrequency radiation, including 5G, should be assessed by experts with no conflicts of interest date: 2020-07-15 journal: Oncol Lett DOI: 10.3892/ol.2020.11876 sha: doc_id: 30116 cord_uid: ucmzbezx file: cache/cord-017527-ylng1us2.json key: cord-017527-ylng1us2 authors: Herman, Philippe; Pauwels, Katia title: Biosafety Recommendations on the Handling of Animal Cell Cultures date: 2014-11-05 journal: Animal Cell Culture DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-10320-4_22 sha: doc_id: 17527 cord_uid: ylng1us2 file: cache/cord-017620-p65lijyu.json key: cord-017620-p65lijyu authors: Rodriguez-Proteau, Rosita; Grant, Roberta L. title: Toxicity Evaluation and Human Health Risk Assessment of Surface and Ground Water Contaminated by Recycled Hazardous Waste Materials date: 2005-07-07 journal: Water Pollution DOI: 10.1007/b11434 sha: doc_id: 17620 cord_uid: p65lijyu file: cache/cord-018125-khhzlt9y.json key: cord-018125-khhzlt9y authors: Jain, Aditya; Leka, Stavroula; Zwetsloot, Gerard I. J. M. title: Work, Health, Safety and Well-Being: Current State of the Art date: 2018-04-12 journal: Managing Health, Safety and Well-Being DOI: 10.1007/978-94-024-1261-1_1 sha: doc_id: 18125 cord_uid: khhzlt9y file: cache/cord-022130-jckfzaf0.json key: cord-022130-jckfzaf0 authors: Walsh, Patrick F. title: Intelligence and Stakeholders date: 2018-09-19 journal: Intelligence, Biosecurity and Bioterrorism DOI: 10.1057/978-1-137-51700-5_7 sha: doc_id: 22130 cord_uid: jckfzaf0 file: cache/cord-017351-73hlwwdh.json key: cord-017351-73hlwwdh authors: Quarantelli, E. 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L.; Mingardi, L.; Nohadani, O.; Orfanoudaki, A.; Papalexopoulos, T.; Paskov, I.; Pauphilet, J.; Skali Lami, O.; Stellato, B.; Tazi Bouardi, H.; Villalobos Carballo, K.; Wiberg, H.; Zeng, C. title: From predictions to prescriptions: A data-drivenresponse to COVID-19 date: 2020-06-29 journal: nan DOI: 10.1101/2020.06.26.20141127 sha: doc_id: 272727 cord_uid: a5ngjuyz file: cache/cord-004894-75w35fkd.json key: cord-004894-75w35fkd authors: nan title: Abstract date: 2006-06-14 journal: Eur J Epidemiol DOI: 10.1007/s10654-006-9021-1 sha: doc_id: 4894 cord_uid: 75w35fkd file: cache/cord-028564-sltofaox.json key: cord-028564-sltofaox authors: Gutiérrez-Spillari, Lucia; Palma M., Geovani; Aceituno-Melgar, Jorge title: Obesity, Cardiovascular Disease, and Influenza: How Are They Connected? date: 2020-07-06 journal: Curr Trop Med Rep DOI: 10.1007/s40475-020-00207-0 sha: doc_id: 28564 cord_uid: sltofaox file: cache/cord-033655-16hj7sev.json key: cord-033655-16hj7sev authors: Miroudot, Sébastien title: Reshaping the policy debate on the implications of COVID-19 for global supply chains date: 2020-10-12 journal: J Int Bus Policy DOI: 10.1057/s42214-020-00074-6 sha: doc_id: 33655 cord_uid: 16hj7sev file: cache/cord-009729-69swjzic.json key: cord-009729-69swjzic authors: nan title: Scientific Opinion on the public health hazards to be covered by inspection of meat from sheep and goats date: 2013-06-27 journal: EFSA J DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2013.3265 sha: doc_id: 9729 cord_uid: 69swjzic file: cache/cord-264542-0hu5twhp.json key: cord-264542-0hu5twhp authors: Mueller, Siguna title: Facing the 2020 Pandemic: What does Cyberbiosecurity want us to know to safeguard the future? date: 2020-09-25 journal: Biosaf Health DOI: 10.1016/j.bsheal.2020.09.007 sha: doc_id: 264542 cord_uid: 0hu5twhp file: cache/cord-266526-8csl9md0.json key: cord-266526-8csl9md0 authors: Li, Shuai; Xu, Yifang; Cai, Jiannan; Hu, Da; He, Qiang title: Integrated environment-occupant-pathogen information modeling to assess and communicate room-level outbreak risks of infectious diseases date: 2020-10-24 journal: Build Environ DOI: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2020.107394 sha: doc_id: 266526 cord_uid: 8csl9md0 file: cache/cord-103784-f8ac21m2.json key: cord-103784-f8ac21m2 authors: Campbell, C.; Wang, T.; McNaughton, A. 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Robin; Wang, Liangyan; Wang, Yitong title: Product Quality Risk Perceptions and Decisions: Contaminated Pet Food and Lead‐Painted Toys date: 2010-07-09 journal: Risk Anal DOI: 10.1111/j.1539-6924.2010.01459.x sha: doc_id: 327748 cord_uid: 8ob6okeh file: cache/cord-318852-gouz6tth.json key: cord-318852-gouz6tth authors: Lee, J.S.E.; Goy, R.W.L.; Sng, B.L.; Lew, E. title: Considerations and strategies in the organisation of obstetric anaesthesia care during the 2019 COVID-19 outbreak in Singapore date: 2020-04-20 journal: Int J Obstet Anesth DOI: 10.1016/j.ijoa.2020.04.003 sha: doc_id: 318852 cord_uid: gouz6tth file: cache/cord-319910-s2e56ety.json key: cord-319910-s2e56ety authors: Jani, B. D.; Ho, F. K.; Lowe, D. J.; MacBride-Stewart, S.; Mair, F. S.; Pell, J. P. title: Comparison of COVID-19 outcomes among shielded and non-shielded populations: A general population cohort study of 1.3 million date: 2020-09-21 journal: nan DOI: 10.1101/2020.09.17.20196436 sha: doc_id: 319910 cord_uid: s2e56ety file: cache/cord-322815-r82iphem.json key: cord-322815-r82iphem authors: Zhang, Weiping; Zhuang, Xintian; Wang, Jian; Lu, Yang title: Connectedness and systemic risk spillovers analysis of Chinese sectors based on tail risk network date: 2020-07-04 journal: nan DOI: 10.1016/j.najef.2020.101248 sha: doc_id: 322815 cord_uid: r82iphem file: cache/cord-328442-mnlzj1ly.json key: cord-328442-mnlzj1ly authors: Barattucci, Massimiliano; Chirico, Alice; Kuvačić, Goran; De Giorgio, Andrea title: Rethinking the Role of Affect in Risk Judgment: What We Have Learned From COVID-19 During the First Week of Quarantine in Italy date: 2020-10-02 journal: Front Psychol DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.554561 sha: doc_id: 328442 cord_uid: mnlzj1ly file: cache/cord-329770-tz8dwgzm.json key: cord-329770-tz8dwgzm authors: Hamer, Mark; Kivimäki, Mika; Gale, Catharine R.; David Batty, G. title: Lifestyle Risk Factors, Inflammatory Mechanisms, and COVID-19 Hospitalization: A Community-Based Cohort Study of 387,109 Adults in UK date: 2020-05-23 journal: Brain Behav Immun DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2020.05.059 sha: doc_id: 329770 cord_uid: tz8dwgzm file: cache/cord-322612-vlxewj5k.json key: cord-322612-vlxewj5k authors: Hooker, Claire; Leask, Julie title: Risk Communication Should be Explicit About Values. A Perspective on Early Communication During COVID-19 date: 2020-11-09 journal: J Bioeth Inq DOI: 10.1007/s11673-020-10057-0 sha: doc_id: 322612 cord_uid: vlxewj5k file: cache/cord-305327-hayhbs5u.json key: cord-305327-hayhbs5u authors: Gonzalez, Jean-Paul; Souris, Marc; Valdivia-Granda, Willy title: Global Spread of Hemorrhagic Fever Viruses: Predicting Pandemics date: 2017-09-19 journal: Hemorrhagic Fever Viruses DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-6981-4_1 sha: doc_id: 305327 cord_uid: hayhbs5u file: cache/cord-329614-deh5bidx.json key: cord-329614-deh5bidx authors: Fielding, Helen R.; McKinley, Trevelyan J.; Delahay, Richard J.; Silk, Matthew J.; McDonald, Robbie A. title: Effects of trading networks on the risk of bovine tuberculosis incidents on cattle farms in Great Britain date: 2020-04-22 journal: R Soc Open Sci DOI: 10.1098/rsos.191806 sha: doc_id: 329614 cord_uid: deh5bidx file: cache/cord-315412-fm928vq1.json key: cord-315412-fm928vq1 authors: Haas, Charles title: Coronavirus and Risk Analysis date: 2020-04-08 journal: Risk Anal DOI: 10.1111/risa.13481 sha: doc_id: 315412 cord_uid: fm928vq1 file: cache/cord-328620-d2jrn1ip.json key: cord-328620-d2jrn1ip authors: van Gageldonk-Lafeber, Arianne B; van der Sande, Marianne AB; Heijnen, Marie-Louise A; Peeters, Marcel F; Bartelds, Aad IM; Wilbrink, Berry title: Risk factors for acute respiratory tract infections in general practitioner patients in The Netherlands: a case-control study date: 2007-04-27 journal: BMC Infect Dis DOI: 10.1186/1471-2334-7-35 sha: doc_id: 328620 cord_uid: d2jrn1ip file: cache/cord-313615-cts45n3j.json key: cord-313615-cts45n3j authors: Tam, John S; Barbeschi, Maurizio; Shapovalova, Natasha; Briand, Sylvie; Memish, Ziad A; Kieny, Marie-Paule title: Research agenda for mass gatherings: a call to action date: 2012-01-15 journal: Lancet Infect Dis DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(11)70353-x sha: doc_id: 313615 cord_uid: cts45n3j file: cache/cord-318363-1mv5j4w2.json key: cord-318363-1mv5j4w2 authors: Zvolensky, Michael J.; Garey, Lorra; Rogers, Andrew H.; Schmidt, Norman B.; Vujanovic, Anka A.; Storch, Eric A.; Buckner, Julia D.; Paulus, Daniel J.; Alfano, Candice; Smits, Jasper A.J.; O'Cleirigh, Conall title: Psychological, addictive, and health behavior implications of the COVID-19 pandemic date: 2020-08-27 journal: Behav Res Ther DOI: 10.1016/j.brat.2020.103715 sha: doc_id: 318363 cord_uid: 1mv5j4w2 file: cache/cord-338889-7hd3iibk.json key: cord-338889-7hd3iibk authors: Solbakk, Jan Helge; Bentzen, Heidi Beate; Holm, Søren; Heggestad, Anne Kari Tolo; Hofmann, Bjørn; Robertsen, Annette; Alnæs, Anne Hambro; Cox, Shereen; Pedersen, Reidar; Bernabe, Rose title: Back to WHAT? The role of research ethics in pandemic times date: 2020-11-03 journal: Med Health Care Philos DOI: 10.1007/s11019-020-09984-x sha: doc_id: 338889 cord_uid: 7hd3iibk file: cache/cord-328522-ef4xg3q0.json key: cord-328522-ef4xg3q0 authors: Kelen, Gabor D; Kraus, Chadd K; McCarthy, Melissa L; Bass, Eric; Hsu, Edbert B; Li, Guohua; Scheulen, James J; Shahan, Judy B; Brill, Justin D; Green, Gary B title: Inpatient disposition classification for the creation of hospital surge capacity: a multiphase study date: 2006-11-30 journal: Lancet DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(06)69808-5 sha: doc_id: 328522 cord_uid: ef4xg3q0 file: cache/cord-339188-apgdzgfz.json key: cord-339188-apgdzgfz authors: Lewis, Thomas J; Huang, Jason H; Trempe, Clement title: Reduction in Chronic Disease Risk and Burden in a 70-Individual Cohort Through Modification of Health Behaviors date: 2020-08-26 journal: Cureus DOI: 10.7759/cureus.10039 sha: doc_id: 339188 cord_uid: apgdzgfz file: cache/cord-332533-iqe6sdq2.json key: cord-332533-iqe6sdq2 authors: Grant, William B.; Lahore, Henry; McDonnell, Sharon L.; Baggerly, Carole A.; French, Christine B.; Aliano, Jennifer L.; Bhattoa, Harjit P. title: Evidence that Vitamin D Supplementation Could Reduce Risk of Influenza and COVID-19 Infections and Deaths date: 2020-04-02 journal: Nutrients DOI: 10.3390/nu12040988 sha: doc_id: 332533 cord_uid: iqe6sdq2 file: cache/cord-337315-qv8ycdhe.json key: cord-337315-qv8ycdhe authors: Miller, Maureen; Hagan, Emily title: Integrated biological–behavioural surveillance in pandemic-threat warning systems date: 2017-01-01 journal: Bull World Health Organ DOI: 10.2471/blt.16.175984 sha: doc_id: 337315 cord_uid: qv8ycdhe file: cache/cord-331885-8zmuhebu.json key: cord-331885-8zmuhebu authors: Xu, Xiuyan title: Risk factor analysis combined with deep learning in the risk assessment of overseas investment of enterprises date: 2020-10-02 journal: PLoS One DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0239635 sha: doc_id: 331885 cord_uid: 8zmuhebu file: cache/cord-340713-v5sdowb7.json key: cord-340713-v5sdowb7 authors: Bird, Jordan J.; Barnes, Chloe M.; Premebida, Cristiano; Ekárt, Anikó; Faria, Diego R. title: Country-level pandemic risk and preparedness classification based on COVID-19 data: A machine learning approach date: 2020-10-28 journal: PLoS One DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0241332 sha: doc_id: 340713 cord_uid: v5sdowb7 file: cache/cord-332051-yw5zlucc.json key: cord-332051-yw5zlucc authors: Aghababaei, Soodabeh; Bashirian, Saeed; Soltanian, Alireza; Refaei, Mansoureh; Omidi, Tahereh; Ghelichkhani, Samereh; Soltani, Farzaneh title: Perceived risk and protective behaviors regarding COVID-19 among Iranian pregnant women date: 2020-09-18 journal: Middle East Fertil Soc J DOI: 10.1186/s43043-020-00038-z sha: doc_id: 332051 cord_uid: yw5zlucc file: cache/cord-339036-nmmworwk.json key: cord-339036-nmmworwk authors: Fabregues, F.; Peñarrubia, J. title: ASSISTED REPRODUCTION AND THROMBOEMBOLIC RISK IN COVID-19 PANDEMIC date: 2020-06-25 journal: Reprod Biomed Online DOI: 10.1016/j.rbmo.2020.06.013 sha: doc_id: 339036 cord_uid: nmmworwk file: cache/cord-335960-biwnqa3f.json key: cord-335960-biwnqa3f authors: Luke, Anthony; d'Hemecourt, Pierre title: Prevention of Infectious Diseases in Athletes date: 2007-07-31 journal: Clinics in Sports Medicine DOI: 10.1016/j.csm.2007.04.006 sha: doc_id: 335960 cord_uid: biwnqa3f file: cache/cord-347449-mey7e8gd.json key: cord-347449-mey7e8gd authors: Albers, Heidi J.; Lee, Katherine D.; Rushlow, Jennifer R.; Zambrana-Torrselio, Carlos title: Disease Risk from Human–Environment Interactions: Environment and Development Economics for Joint Conservation-Health Policy date: 2020-07-09 journal: Environ Resour Econ (Dordr) DOI: 10.1007/s10640-020-00449-6 sha: doc_id: 347449 cord_uid: mey7e8gd file: cache/cord-337487-1lbopaso.json key: cord-337487-1lbopaso authors: Hansildaar, Romy; Vedder, Daisy; Baniaamam, Milad; Tausche, Anne-Kathrin; Gerritsen, Martijn; Nurmohamed, Michael T title: Cardiovascular risk in inflammatory arthritis: rheumatoid arthritis and gout date: 2020-09-01 journal: Lancet Rheumatol DOI: 10.1016/s2665-9913(20)30221-6 sha: doc_id: 337487 cord_uid: 1lbopaso file: cache/cord-332142-lk95akg5.json key: cord-332142-lk95akg5 authors: Skovdal, Morten; Pickles, Michael R.; Hallett, Timothy B.; Nyamukapa, Constance; Gregson, Simon title: Complexities to consider when communicating risk of COVID-19 date: 2020-07-23 journal: Public Health DOI: 10.1016/j.puhe.2020.07.015 sha: doc_id: 332142 cord_uid: lk95akg5 file: cache/cord-328747-bf687r6j.json key: cord-328747-bf687r6j authors: St‐Denis, Xavier title: Sociodemographic Determinants of Occupational Risks of Exposure to COVID‐19 in Canada date: 2020-07-13 journal: Can Rev Sociol DOI: 10.1111/cars.12288 sha: doc_id: 328747 cord_uid: bf687r6j file: cache/cord-348138-wca7jaje.json key: cord-348138-wca7jaje authors: Safarpour, Hamid; Farahi-Ashtiani, Iman; Pirani, Davoud; Nejati, Bayram; Safi-Keykaleh, Meysam title: Risk Communication in the COVID-19 Outbreak: Two Sides of the Same Coin date: 2020-09-09 journal: Disaster medicine and public health preparedness DOI: 10.1017/dmp.2020.327 sha: doc_id: 348138 cord_uid: wca7jaje file: cache/cord-350023-7wx5v9b8.json key: cord-350023-7wx5v9b8 authors: Tautenhahn, A.; Merle, R.; Müller, K. E. title: Factors associated with calf mortality and poor growth of dairy heifer calves in northeast Germany date: 2020-09-24 journal: Prev Vet Med DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2020.105154 sha: doc_id: 350023 cord_uid: 7wx5v9b8 file: cache/cord-332181-k90i33gp.json key: cord-332181-k90i33gp authors: Degeling, Chris; Kerridge, Ian title: Hendra in the news: Public policy meets public morality in times of zoonotic uncertainty date: 2012-12-29 journal: Soc Sci Med DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2012.12.024 sha: doc_id: 332181 cord_uid: k90i33gp file: cache/cord-336599-r8xgnz87.json key: cord-336599-r8xgnz87 authors: Yaacoub, Jean-Paul A.; Salman, Ola; Noura, Hassan N.; Kaaniche, Nesrine; Chehab, Ali; Malli, Mohamad title: Cyber-Physical Systems Security: Limitations, Issues and Future Trends date: 2020-07-08 journal: Microprocess Microsyst DOI: 10.1016/j.micpro.2020.103201 sha: doc_id: 336599 cord_uid: r8xgnz87 file: cache/cord-345717-ktajrf7d.json key: cord-345717-ktajrf7d authors: Monagin, Corina; Paccha, Blanca; Liang, Ning; Trufan, Sally; Zhou, Huiqiong; Wu, De; Schneider, Bradley S.; Chmura, Aleksei; Epstein, Jonathan; Daszak, Peter; Ke, Changwen; Rabinowitz, Peter M. title: Serologic and behavioral risk survey of workers with wildlife contact in China date: 2018-04-03 journal: PLoS One DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0194647 sha: doc_id: 345717 cord_uid: ktajrf7d file: cache/cord-339341-c2o42b5j.json key: cord-339341-c2o42b5j authors: Matibag, Gino C.; Igarashi, Manabu; La Porte, Ron E.; Tamashiro, Hiko title: Advocacy, promotion and e-learning: Supercourse for zoonosis date: 2005-09-01 journal: Environmental Health and Preventive Medicine DOI: 10.1007/bf02897702 sha: doc_id: 339341 cord_uid: c2o42b5j file: cache/cord-331068-rjc3b4br.json key: cord-331068-rjc3b4br authors: Ritterson, Ryan; Casagrande, Rocco title: Basic Scholarship in Biosafety Is Critically Needed To Reduce Risk of Laboratory Accidents date: 2017-03-29 journal: mSphere DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00010-17 sha: doc_id: 331068 cord_uid: rjc3b4br file: cache/cord-334353-nc2jhemz.json key: cord-334353-nc2jhemz authors: Murphy, Thérèse; Whitty, Noel title: IS HUMAN RIGHTS PREPARED? RISK, RIGHTS AND PUBLIC HEALTH EMERGENCIES date: 2009-05-08 journal: Med Law Rev DOI: 10.1093/medlaw/fwp007 sha: doc_id: 334353 cord_uid: nc2jhemz file: cache/cord-350959-bsbz3a1l.json key: cord-350959-bsbz3a1l authors: Dovey, Zachary; Mohamed, Nihal; Gharib, Yasmine; Ratnani, Parita; Hammouda, Nada; Nair, Sujit; Chakravarty, Dimple; Stanislaw, Sobotka; Lantz, Anna; Wiklund, Peter; Kyprianou, Natasha; Tewari, Ash title: Impact of COVID-19 on Prostate Cancer Management: Guidelines for Urologists date: 2020-06-16 journal: nan DOI: 10.1016/j.euros.2020.05.005 sha: doc_id: 350959 cord_uid: bsbz3a1l file: cache/cord-351373-a21453gz.json key: cord-351373-a21453gz authors: Mowbray, N. G.; Ansell, J.; Horwood, J.; Cornish, J.; Rizkallah, P.; Parker, A.; Wall, P.; Spinelli, A.; Torkington, J. title: Safe management of surgical smoke in the age of COVID‐19 date: 2020-05-03 journal: Br J Surg DOI: 10.1002/bjs.11679 sha: doc_id: 351373 cord_uid: a21453gz file: cache/cord-353904-dieaqxmi.json key: cord-353904-dieaqxmi authors: Davies, M.; Osborne, V.; Lane, S.; Roy, D.; Dhanda, S.; Evans, A.; Shakir, S. A. title: Remdesivir in treatment of COVID-19: A systematic benefit-risk assessment date: 2020-05-12 journal: nan DOI: 10.1101/2020.05.07.20093898 sha: doc_id: 353904 cord_uid: dieaqxmi file: cache/cord-355171-oi3ezlsl.json key: cord-355171-oi3ezlsl authors: MACINTYRE, C. R.; SEALE, H.; YANG, P.; ZHANG, Y.; SHI, W.; ALMATROUDI, A.; MOA, A.; WANG, X.; LI, X.; PANG, X.; WANG, Q. title: Quantifying the risk of respiratory infection in healthcare workers performing high-risk procedures date: 2013-12-05 journal: Epidemiol Infect DOI: 10.1017/s095026881300304x sha: doc_id: 355171 cord_uid: oi3ezlsl file: cache/cord-355118-w3l4h5y4.json key: cord-355118-w3l4h5y4 authors: Sharif, Ali; Jendle, Johan; Hellgren, Karl-Johan title: Screening for Diabetic Retinopathy with Extended Intervals, Safe and Without Compromising Adherence: A Retrospective Cohort Study date: 2020-11-09 journal: Diabetes Ther DOI: 10.1007/s13300-020-00957-0 sha: doc_id: 355118 cord_uid: w3l4h5y4 file: cache/cord-354936-do0bmpxt.json key: cord-354936-do0bmpxt authors: Chatterjee, Ranit; Bajwa, Sukhreet; Dwivedi, Disha; Kanji, Repaul; Ahammed, Moniruddin; Shaw, Rajib title: COVID-19 Risk Assessment Tool: Dual application of risk communication and risk governance date: 2020-06-02 journal: nan DOI: 10.1016/j.pdisas.2020.100109 sha: doc_id: 354936 cord_uid: do0bmpxt file: cache/cord-349415-q0g0uqj6.json key: cord-349415-q0g0uqj6 authors: Commodari, Elena; La Rosa, Valentina Lucia title: Adolescents in Quarantine During COVID-19 Pandemic in Italy: Perceived Health Risk, Beliefs, Psychological Experiences and Expectations for the Future date: 2020-09-23 journal: Front Psychol DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.559951 sha: doc_id: 349415 cord_uid: q0g0uqj6 file: cache/cord-348249-zhfrgaxf.json key: cord-348249-zhfrgaxf authors: Osborne, V.; Davies, M.; Dhanda, S.; Roy, D.; Lane, S.; Evans, A.; Shakir, S. A. title: Systematic benefit-risk assessment for the use of chloroquine or hydroxychloroquine as a treatment for COVID-19: Establishing a framework for rapid decision-making date: 2020-05-12 journal: nan DOI: 10.1101/2020.05.07.20093989 sha: doc_id: 348249 cord_uid: zhfrgaxf file: cache/cord-344252-6g3zzj0o.json key: cord-344252-6g3zzj0o authors: Farooq, Junaid; Bazaz, Muhammad Abid title: A Novel Adaptive Deep Learning Model of Covid-19 with focus on mortality reduction strategies date: 2020-07-21 journal: Chaos Solitons Fractals DOI: 10.1016/j.chaos.2020.110148 sha: doc_id: 344252 cord_uid: 6g3zzj0o file: cache/cord-355905-av03suua.json key: cord-355905-av03suua authors: Romero Starke, Karla; Petereit-Haack, Gabriela; Schubert, Melanie; Kämpf, Daniel; Schliebner, Alexandra; Hegewald, Janice; Seidler, Andreas title: The Age-Related Risk of Severe Outcomes Due to COVID-19 Infection: A Rapid Review, Meta-Analysis, and Meta-Regression date: 2020-08-17 journal: Int J Environ Res Public Health DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17165974 sha: doc_id: 355905 cord_uid: av03suua file: cache/cord-356348-e7hefkd3.json key: cord-356348-e7hefkd3 authors: Kim, Inho; Lee, Jia; Lee, Jihee; Shin, Eensuk; Chu, Chaeshin; Lee, Seon Kui title: KCDC Risk Assessments on the Initial Phase of the COVID-19 Outbreak in Korea date: 2020-04-17 journal: Osong Public Health Res Perspect DOI: 10.24171/j.phrp.2020.11.2.02 sha: doc_id: 356348 cord_uid: e7hefkd3 Reading metadata file and updating bibliogrpahics === updating bibliographic database Building study carrel named keyword-risk-cord === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 57416 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 57093 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" parallel: Warning: No more processes: Decreasing number of running jobs to 95. parallel: Warning: Raising ulimit -u or /etc/security/limits.conf may help. parallel: Warning: No more processes: Decreasing number of running jobs to 95. parallel: Warning: Raising ulimit -u or /etc/security/limits.conf may help. === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 56801 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 55505 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" parallel: Warning: No more processes: Decreasing number of running jobs to 95. parallel: Warning: Raising ulimit -u or /etc/security/limits.conf may help. === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 57670 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 55925 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 55591 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 56200 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 57110 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 57697 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" parallel: Warning: No more processes: Decreasing number of running jobs to 95. parallel: Warning: Raising ulimit -u or /etc/security/limits.conf may help. parallel: Warning: No more processes: Decreasing number of running jobs to 95. parallel: Warning: Raising ulimit -u or /etc/security/limits.conf may help. parallel: Warning: No more processes: Decreasing number of running jobs to 94. parallel: Warning: Raising ulimit -u or /etc/security/limits.conf may help. parallel: Warning: No more processes: Decreasing number of running jobs to 94. parallel: Warning: Raising ulimit -u or /etc/security/limits.conf may help. parallel: Warning: No more processes: Decreasing number of running jobs to 94. parallel: Warning: Raising ulimit -u or /etc/security/limits.conf may help. parallel: Warning: No more processes: Decreasing number of running jobs to 95. parallel: Warning: Raising ulimit -u or /etc/security/limits.conf may help. === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 56314 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 57257 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 57650 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 57747 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 57904 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 57380 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 57861 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/txt2urls.sh: fork: retry: No child processes /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/txt2urls.sh: fork: retry: Resource temporarily unavailable === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 57836 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 55788 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/txt2urls.sh: fork: retry: Resource temporarily unavailable === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 57795 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 58009 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/txt2urls.sh: fork: retry: No child processes /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/txt2urls.sh: fork: retry: No child processes /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/txt2adr.sh: fork: retry: No child processes /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/txt2urls.sh: fork: retry: Resource temporarily unavailable /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/txt2urls.sh: fork: retry: Resource temporarily unavailable /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/txt2urls.sh: fork: retry: No child processes /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/txt2adr.sh: fork: retry: No child processes /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/txt2urls.sh: fork: retry: Resource temporarily unavailable /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/txt2urls.sh: fork: retry: Resource temporarily unavailable /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/txt2adr.sh: fork: retry: Resource temporarily unavailable /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/txt2urls.sh: fork: retry: Resource temporarily unavailable /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/txt2urls.sh: fork: retry: No child processes === file2bib.sh === id: cord-024378-po1bu4v3 author: CHAKRABORTY, Sweta title: How Risk Perceptions, Not Evidence, Have Driven Harmful Policies on COVID-19 date: 2020-04-20 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-024378-po1bu4v3.txt cache: ./cache/cord-024378-po1bu4v3.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-024378-po1bu4v3.txt' /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/cordwrd2carrel.sh: fork: retry: No child processes === file2bib.sh === id: cord-252708-88s32x0v author: Hawkins, Devan title: Differential occupational risk for COVID‐19 and other infection exposure according to race and ethnicity date: 2020-06-15 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-252708-88s32x0v.txt cache: ./cache/cord-252708-88s32x0v.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-252708-88s32x0v.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-011688-8g0p3vtm author: Wang, Ting-Ting title: Perinatal risk factors for pulmonary hemorrhage in extremely low-birth-weight infants date: 2019-11-04 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-011688-8g0p3vtm.txt cache: ./cache/cord-011688-8g0p3vtm.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-011688-8g0p3vtm.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-254436-89zf41xr author: Singer, Professor Donald RJ title: Health policy implications of the links between cardiovascular risk and COVID-19 date: 2020-09-03 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-254436-89zf41xr.txt cache: ./cache/cord-254436-89zf41xr.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-254436-89zf41xr.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-028564-sltofaox author: Gutiérrez-Spillari, Lucia title: Obesity, Cardiovascular Disease, and Influenza: How Are They Connected? date: 2020-07-06 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-028564-sltofaox.txt cache: ./cache/cord-028564-sltofaox.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-028564-sltofaox.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-031696-gcduh13u author: Katsikopoulos, Panagiotis V. title: Individual and community resilience in natural disaster risks and pandemics (covid-19): risk and crisis communication date: 2020-09-10 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-031696-gcduh13u.txt cache: ./cache/cord-031696-gcduh13u.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-031696-gcduh13u.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-029226-eagbwk7j author: Williamson, Brian title: Beyond COVID‐19 lockdown: A Coasean approach with optionality date: 2020-06-29 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-029226-eagbwk7j.txt cache: ./cache/cord-029226-eagbwk7j.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-029226-eagbwk7j.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-149069-gpnaldjk author: Gomes, M. Gabriela M. title: A pragmatic approach to account for individual risks to optimise health policy date: 2020-09-02 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-149069-gpnaldjk.txt cache: ./cache/cord-149069-gpnaldjk.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-149069-gpnaldjk.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-272727-a5ngjuyz author: Bertsimas, D. title: From predictions to prescriptions: A data-drivenresponse to COVID-19 date: 2020-06-29 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-272727-a5ngjuyz.txt cache: ./cache/cord-272727-a5ngjuyz.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-272727-a5ngjuyz.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-018907-c84t1bo5 author: Bin-Hussain, Ibrahim title: Infections in the Immunocompromised Host date: 2012 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-018907-c84t1bo5.txt cache: ./cache/cord-018907-c84t1bo5.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-018907-c84t1bo5.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-012932-alxtoaq9 author: Smerecnik, Chris M. R. title: A Systematic Review of the Impact of Genetic Counseling on Risk Perception Accuracy date: 2009-06-01 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-012932-alxtoaq9.txt cache: ./cache/cord-012932-alxtoaq9.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-012932-alxtoaq9.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-011325-r42hzazp author: Stowe, Julia title: Do Vaccines Trigger Neurological Diseases? Epidemiological Evaluation of Vaccination and Neurological Diseases Using Examples of Multiple Sclerosis, Guillain–Barré Syndrome and Narcolepsy date: 2019-10-01 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-011325-r42hzazp.txt cache: ./cache/cord-011325-r42hzazp.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-011325-r42hzazp.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-265343-4wfsze80 author: Mhango, Malizgani title: COVID-19 Risk Factors Among Health Workers: A Rapid Review date: 2020-06-06 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-265343-4wfsze80.txt cache: ./cache/cord-265343-4wfsze80.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-265343-4wfsze80.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-011701-toevn37u author: Venkatesan, Sudhir title: Antiviral treatment for outpatient use during an influenza pandemic: a decision tree model of outcomes averted and cost-effectiveness date: 2018-06-28 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-011701-toevn37u.txt cache: ./cache/cord-011701-toevn37u.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-011701-toevn37u.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-257622-m6j0us2e author: Herman, Joanna title: Advising the traveller date: 2017-12-07 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-257622-m6j0us2e.txt cache: ./cache/cord-257622-m6j0us2e.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-257622-m6j0us2e.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-271698-n9qd14oe author: Dy, Louie Florendo title: A COVID-19 infection risk model for frontline health care workers date: 2020-08-08 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-271698-n9qd14oe.txt cache: ./cache/cord-271698-n9qd14oe.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 1 resourceName b'cord-271698-n9qd14oe.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-012503-8rv2xof7 author: Levintow, Sara N. title: Estimating the Effect of Depression on HIV Transmission Risk Behaviors Among People Who Inject Drugs in Vietnam: A Causal Approach date: 2020-08-24 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-012503-8rv2xof7.txt cache: ./cache/cord-012503-8rv2xof7.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-012503-8rv2xof7.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-266526-8csl9md0 author: Li, Shuai title: Integrated environment-occupant-pathogen information modeling to assess and communicate room-level outbreak risks of infectious diseases date: 2020-10-24 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-266526-8csl9md0.txt cache: ./cache/cord-266526-8csl9md0.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-266526-8csl9md0.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-002906-llstohys author: You, Shu-Han title: Health-seeking behavior and transmission dynamics in the control of influenza infection among different age groups date: 2018-03-06 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-002906-llstohys.txt cache: ./cache/cord-002906-llstohys.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-002906-llstohys.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-255249-jtx3ntil author: Gratz, Kim L. title: Thwarted belongingness and perceived burdensomeness explain the associations of COVID‐19 social and economic consequences to suicide risk date: 2020-07-14 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-255249-jtx3ntil.txt cache: ./cache/cord-255249-jtx3ntil.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-255249-jtx3ntil.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-164666-ktrw377u author: Gupta, Abhishek title: Report prepared by the Montreal AI Ethics Institute (MAIEI) on Publication Norms for Responsible AI date: 2020-09-15 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-164666-ktrw377u.txt cache: ./cache/cord-164666-ktrw377u.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-164666-ktrw377u.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-257467-b8o5ghvi author: Smith, Barbara A. title: Anesthesia as a Risk for Health Care Acquired Infections date: 2010-12-31 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-257467-b8o5ghvi.txt cache: ./cache/cord-257467-b8o5ghvi.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-257467-b8o5ghvi.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-017883-6a4fkd5v author: Dutta, Ankhi title: Infection Prevention in Pediatric Oncology and Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant Recipients date: 2018-07-16 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-017883-6a4fkd5v.txt cache: ./cache/cord-017883-6a4fkd5v.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-017883-6a4fkd5v.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-004060-nxw5k9y1 author: Zhang, Yewu title: Spatiotemporal Analysis of Influenza in China, 2005–2018 date: 2019-12-23 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-004060-nxw5k9y1.txt cache: ./cache/cord-004060-nxw5k9y1.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-004060-nxw5k9y1.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-024982-4f6m3kfc author: Che Huei, Lin title: Occupational health and safety hazards faced by healthcare professionals in Taiwan: A systematic review of risk factors and control strategies date: 2020-05-18 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-024982-4f6m3kfc.txt cache: ./cache/cord-024982-4f6m3kfc.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-024982-4f6m3kfc.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-264542-0hu5twhp author: Mueller, Siguna title: Facing the 2020 Pandemic: What does Cyberbiosecurity want us to know to safeguard the future? date: 2020-09-25 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-264542-0hu5twhp.txt cache: ./cache/cord-264542-0hu5twhp.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-264542-0hu5twhp.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-277800-dtpsiaj9 author: Stefan, Norbert title: Metabolically Healthy and Unhealthy Normal Weight and Obesity date: 2020-08-20 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-277800-dtpsiaj9.txt cache: ./cache/cord-277800-dtpsiaj9.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-277800-dtpsiaj9.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-103784-f8ac21m2 author: Campbell, C. title: Risk factors for the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis date: 2020-08-24 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-103784-f8ac21m2.txt cache: ./cache/cord-103784-f8ac21m2.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-103784-f8ac21m2.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-027950-4xwcb5j7 author: Bachman, Thomas E. title: Thresholds for oximetry alarms and target range in the NICU: an observational assessment based on likely oxygen tension and maturity date: 2020-06-27 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-027950-4xwcb5j7.txt cache: ./cache/cord-027950-4xwcb5j7.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-027950-4xwcb5j7.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-273175-bao8xxe2 author: Tran, Viet-Thi title: COVID-19–related perceptions, context and attitudes of adults with chronic conditions: Results from a cross-sectional survey nested in the ComPaRe e-cohort date: 2020-08-06 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-273175-bao8xxe2.txt cache: ./cache/cord-273175-bao8xxe2.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-273175-bao8xxe2.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-018001-ris02bff author: Garrido, Guillermo title: Medical Course and Complications After Lung Transplantation date: 2018-06-23 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-018001-ris02bff.txt cache: ./cache/cord-018001-ris02bff.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-018001-ris02bff.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-011824-4ge9i90s author: Andrews, Jack L. title: Amplified Concern for Social Risk in Adolescence: Development and Validation of a New Measure date: 2020-06-23 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-011824-4ge9i90s.txt cache: ./cache/cord-011824-4ge9i90s.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-011824-4ge9i90s.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-256432-53l24le2 author: Yang, Honglin title: A Strategy Study on Risk Communication of Pandemic Influenza: A Mental Model Study of College Students in Beijing date: 2020-09-04 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-256432-53l24le2.txt cache: ./cache/cord-256432-53l24le2.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-256432-53l24le2.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-252870-52fjx7s4 author: Xie, Kefan title: The Impact of Risk Perception on Social Distancing during the COVID-19 Pandemic in China date: 2020-08-27 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-252870-52fjx7s4.txt cache: ./cache/cord-252870-52fjx7s4.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-252870-52fjx7s4.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-009481-6pm3rpzj author: Parnell, Gregory S. title: Intelligent Adversary Risk Analysis: A Bioterrorism Risk Management Model date: 2009-12-11 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-009481-6pm3rpzj.txt cache: ./cache/cord-009481-6pm3rpzj.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-009481-6pm3rpzj.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-199156-7yxzj7tw author: Chan, Ho Fai title: Risk Attitudes and Human Mobility during the COVID-19 Pandemic date: 2020-06-10 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-199156-7yxzj7tw.txt cache: ./cache/cord-199156-7yxzj7tw.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-199156-7yxzj7tw.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-026384-ejk9wjr1 author: Crilly, Colin J. title: Predicting the outcomes of preterm neonates beyond the neonatal intensive care unit: What are we missing? date: 2020-05-19 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-026384-ejk9wjr1.txt cache: ./cache/cord-026384-ejk9wjr1.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-026384-ejk9wjr1.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-010884-g4gesvzt author: Heitzer, Andrew M. title: Cumulative Antenatal Risk and Kindergarten Readiness in Preterm-Born Preschoolers date: 2019-08-16 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-010884-g4gesvzt.txt cache: ./cache/cord-010884-g4gesvzt.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-010884-g4gesvzt.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-030116-ucmzbezx author: Hardell, Lennart title: Health risks from radiofrequency radiation, including 5G, should be assessed by experts with no conflicts of interest date: 2020-07-15 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-030116-ucmzbezx.txt cache: ./cache/cord-030116-ucmzbezx.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-030116-ucmzbezx.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-024824-lor8tfe6 author: Asgary, Ali title: Small and Medium Enterprises and Global Risks: Evidence from Manufacturing SMEs in Turkey date: 2020-02-12 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-024824-lor8tfe6.txt cache: ./cache/cord-024824-lor8tfe6.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-024824-lor8tfe6.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-282457-80htwxm0 author: Iserson, Kenneth V. title: Healthcare Ethics During a Pandemic date: 2020-04-13 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-282457-80htwxm0.txt cache: ./cache/cord-282457-80htwxm0.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-282457-80htwxm0.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-034832-uvjjmt1p author: Shi, Yong title: The Evolution Characteristics of Systemic Risk in China’s Stock Market Based on a Dynamic Complex Network date: 2020-06-02 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-034832-uvjjmt1p.txt cache: ./cache/cord-034832-uvjjmt1p.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-034832-uvjjmt1p.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-035287-l6trtvil author: Kanno, Takeshi title: Who Needs Gastroprotection in 2020? date: 2020-11-11 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-035287-l6trtvil.txt cache: ./cache/cord-035287-l6trtvil.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-035287-l6trtvil.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-287129-g2zdv5dc author: Sowerby, Leigh J. title: Reply to: Correspondence – International Registry of Otolaryngologist – Head and Neck Surgeons with COVID‐19 date: 2020-08-22 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-287129-g2zdv5dc.txt cache: ./cache/cord-287129-g2zdv5dc.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-287129-g2zdv5dc.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-004091-gex0zvoa author: Abdulkareem, Shaheen A. title: Risk perception and behavioral change during epidemics: Comparing models of individual and collective learning date: 2020-01-06 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-004091-gex0zvoa.txt cache: ./cache/cord-004091-gex0zvoa.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-004091-gex0zvoa.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-048467-1dus0u4m author: Civaner, Murat title: Can "presumed consent" justify the duty to treat infectious diseases? An analysis date: 2008-03-06 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-048467-1dus0u4m.txt cache: ./cache/cord-048467-1dus0u4m.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-048467-1dus0u4m.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-001064-59i3jert author: Ashbolt, Nicholas J. title: Human Health Risk Assessment (HHRA) for Environmental Development and Transfer of Antibiotic Resistance date: 2013-07-09 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-001064-59i3jert.txt cache: ./cache/cord-001064-59i3jert.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-001064-59i3jert.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-283917-jumgb0hs author: Li, Hang Long title: The Proportion of Adult Americans at Risk of Severe COVID-19 Illness date: 2020-10-26 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-283917-jumgb0hs.txt cache: ./cache/cord-283917-jumgb0hs.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-283917-jumgb0hs.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-293316-kip8mrjo author: de Sa, J. title: Risk communication and management in public health crises date: 2009-09-10 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-293316-kip8mrjo.txt cache: ./cache/cord-293316-kip8mrjo.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-293316-kip8mrjo.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-023747-mvq6353a author: Ascherio, Alberto title: Epidemiology of Multiple Sclerosis: Environmental Factors date: 2009-12-25 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-023747-mvq6353a.txt cache: ./cache/cord-023747-mvq6353a.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-023747-mvq6353a.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-253135-0tun7fjk author: Robin, Charlotte title: Zoonotic disease risk perceptions in the British veterinary profession date: 2017-01-01 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-253135-0tun7fjk.txt cache: ./cache/cord-253135-0tun7fjk.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-253135-0tun7fjk.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-023473-ofwdzu5t author: Tan, Wei‐Jiat title: Managing threats in the global era: The impact and response to SARS date: 2006-06-26 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-023473-ofwdzu5t.txt cache: ./cache/cord-023473-ofwdzu5t.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-023473-ofwdzu5t.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-001781-afg1nmib author: Saksena, Sumeet title: Evidence for the Convergence Model: The Emergence of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (H5N1) in Viet Nam date: 2015-09-23 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-001781-afg1nmib.txt cache: ./cache/cord-001781-afg1nmib.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-001781-afg1nmib.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-033655-16hj7sev author: Miroudot, Sébastien title: Reshaping the policy debate on the implications of COVID-19 for global supply chains date: 2020-10-12 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-033655-16hj7sev.txt cache: ./cache/cord-033655-16hj7sev.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-033655-16hj7sev.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-016173-ro7nhody author: Louis, Mariam title: Pulmonary Disorders in Pregnancy date: 2014-08-13 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-016173-ro7nhody.txt cache: ./cache/cord-016173-ro7nhody.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-016173-ro7nhody.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-269566-mgzal1th author: Carmody, Sean title: When can professional sport recommence safely during the COVID-19 pandemic? Risk assessment and factors to consider date: 2020-05-07 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-269566-mgzal1th.txt cache: ./cache/cord-269566-mgzal1th.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-269566-mgzal1th.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-217984-ry0z7orj author: Krabichler, Thomas title: Deep Replication of a Runoff Portfolio date: 2020-09-10 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-217984-ry0z7orj.txt cache: ./cache/cord-217984-ry0z7orj.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-217984-ry0z7orj.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-019009-3ngfv96u author: Gea-Banacloche, Juan title: Risks and Epidemiology of Infections After Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation date: 2016-02-15 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-019009-3ngfv96u.txt cache: ./cache/cord-019009-3ngfv96u.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-019009-3ngfv96u.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-015255-1qhgeirb author: Busby, J S title: Managing the social amplification of risk: a simulation of interacting actors date: 2012-07-11 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-015255-1qhgeirb.txt cache: ./cache/cord-015255-1qhgeirb.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 5 resourceName b'cord-015255-1qhgeirb.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-016982-qt25tp6t author: Fong, I. W. title: Litigations for Unexpected Adverse Events date: 2010-11-30 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-016982-qt25tp6t.txt cache: ./cache/cord-016982-qt25tp6t.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-016982-qt25tp6t.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-018328-t3ydu75l author: Shi, Peijun title: Hazards, Disasters, and Risks date: 2019-06-05 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-018328-t3ydu75l.txt cache: ./cache/cord-018328-t3ydu75l.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-018328-t3ydu75l.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-011407-4cjlolp6 author: Cotton‐Barratt, Owen title: Defence in Depth Against Human Extinction: Prevention, Response, Resilience, and Why They All Matter date: 2020-01-24 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-011407-4cjlolp6.txt cache: ./cache/cord-011407-4cjlolp6.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-011407-4cjlolp6.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-200147-ans8d3oa author: Arimond, Alexander title: Neural Networks and Value at Risk date: 2020-05-04 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-200147-ans8d3oa.txt cache: ./cache/cord-200147-ans8d3oa.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-200147-ans8d3oa.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-021959-1y67126b author: Madanoglu, Melih title: State-of-the-art cost of capital in hospitality strategic management date: 2009-11-16 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-021959-1y67126b.txt cache: ./cache/cord-021959-1y67126b.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-021959-1y67126b.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-278418-i8cbrs7y author: Leitner, Stephan title: On the dynamics emerging from pandemics and infodemics date: 2020-08-31 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-278418-i8cbrs7y.txt cache: ./cache/cord-278418-i8cbrs7y.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-278418-i8cbrs7y.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-022367-xpzx22qg author: Murphy, Peter E. title: Risk management date: 2009-11-16 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-022367-xpzx22qg.txt cache: ./cache/cord-022367-xpzx22qg.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-022367-xpzx22qg.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-016405-86kghmzf author: Lai, Allen Yu-Hung title: Impact of Disasters and Disaster Risk Management in Singapore: A Case Study of Singapore’s Experience in Fighting the SARS Epidemic date: 2014-06-13 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-016405-86kghmzf.txt cache: ./cache/cord-016405-86kghmzf.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-016405-86kghmzf.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-017527-ylng1us2 author: Herman, Philippe title: Biosafety Recommendations on the Handling of Animal Cell Cultures date: 2014-11-05 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-017527-ylng1us2.txt cache: ./cache/cord-017527-ylng1us2.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-017527-ylng1us2.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-017479-s4e47bwx author: Pulcini, Elena title: Spectators and Victims: Between Denial and Projection date: 2012-03-16 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-017479-s4e47bwx.txt cache: ./cache/cord-017479-s4e47bwx.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-017479-s4e47bwx.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-278759-pykihnup author: Koh, Yiwen title: Nurses' perceptions of risk from emerging respiratory infectious diseases: A Singapore study date: 2012-03-21 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-278759-pykihnup.txt cache: ./cache/cord-278759-pykihnup.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-278759-pykihnup.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-278870-pct184oa author: Finell, Eerika title: The Combined Effect of Perceived COVID-19 Infection Risk at Work and Identification with Work Community on Psychosocial Wellbeing among Finnish Social Sector and Health Care Workers date: 2020-10-19 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-278870-pct184oa.txt cache: ./cache/cord-278870-pct184oa.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-278870-pct184oa.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-284424-6gljl7n5 author: Brown, Eric E. title: Anticipating and Mitigating the Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on Alzheimer's Disease and Related Dementias date: 2020-04-18 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-284424-6gljl7n5.txt cache: ./cache/cord-284424-6gljl7n5.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-284424-6gljl7n5.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-033328-ny011lj3 author: VESE, Donato title: Managing the Pandemic: The Italian Strategy for Fighting COVID-19 and the Challenge of Sharing Administrative Powers date: 2020-09-03 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-033328-ny011lj3.txt cache: ./cache/cord-033328-ny011lj3.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-033328-ny011lj3.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-294184-jte9xx5e author: Macleod, Jack title: Surgery during COVID-19 crisis conditions: can we protect our ethical integrity against the odds? date: 2020-06-12 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-294184-jte9xx5e.txt cache: ./cache/cord-294184-jte9xx5e.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-294184-jte9xx5e.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-288494-6qybdxc4 author: Liao, Qiaohong title: A clinical prediction rule for diagnosing human infections with avian influenza A(H7N9) in a hospital emergency department setting date: 2014-08-05 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-288494-6qybdxc4.txt cache: ./cache/cord-288494-6qybdxc4.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-288494-6qybdxc4.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-018125-khhzlt9y author: Jain, Aditya title: Work, Health, Safety and Well-Being: Current State of the Art date: 2018-04-12 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-018125-khhzlt9y.txt cache: ./cache/cord-018125-khhzlt9y.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-018125-khhzlt9y.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-277210-xaj2623u author: Weinkove, Robert title: Managing haematology and oncology patients during the COVID‐19 pandemic: interim consensus guidance date: 2020-05-13 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-277210-xaj2623u.txt cache: ./cache/cord-277210-xaj2623u.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-277210-xaj2623u.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-297395-5r4fxcuq author: Rezende, Leandro F. M. title: Adults at high-risk of severe coronavirus disease-2019 (Covid-19) in Brazil date: 2020-05-15 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-297395-5r4fxcuq.txt cache: ./cache/cord-297395-5r4fxcuq.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-297395-5r4fxcuq.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-306008-kh4y44uy author: Khalatbari-Soltani, Saman title: Importance of collecting data on socioeconomic determinants from the early stage of the COVID-19 outbreak onwards date: 2020-05-07 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-306008-kh4y44uy.txt cache: ./cache/cord-306008-kh4y44uy.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-306008-kh4y44uy.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-291679-jfxqipt8 author: Yang, Seongwoo title: Middle East respiratory syndrome risk perception among students at a university in South Korea, 2015 date: 2017-06-01 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-291679-jfxqipt8.txt cache: ./cache/cord-291679-jfxqipt8.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-291679-jfxqipt8.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-276267-77903fld author: Al‐Ani, Aysha H. title: Review article: prevention, diagnosis and management of COVID‐19 in the IBD patient date: 2020-05-26 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-276267-77903fld.txt cache: ./cache/cord-276267-77903fld.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-276267-77903fld.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-293174-4ucqudn4 author: Sun, Ziheng title: Community venue exposure risk estimator for the COVID-19 pandemic date: 2020-09-29 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-293174-4ucqudn4.txt cache: ./cache/cord-293174-4ucqudn4.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-293174-4ucqudn4.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-280642-cvxni7cd author: The OpenSAFELY Collaborative, title: OpenSAFELY: factors associated with COVID-19-related hospital death in the linked electronic health records of 17 million adult NHS patients. date: 2020-05-07 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-280642-cvxni7cd.txt cache: ./cache/cord-280642-cvxni7cd.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-280642-cvxni7cd.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-017351-73hlwwdh author: Quarantelli, E. L. title: Studying Future Disasters and Crises: A Heuristic Approach date: 2017-09-12 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-017351-73hlwwdh.txt cache: ./cache/cord-017351-73hlwwdh.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-017351-73hlwwdh.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-290820-28ggcjx0 author: Lim, Michael Anthonius title: Sports activities during any pandemic lockdown date: 2020-07-04 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-290820-28ggcjx0.txt cache: ./cache/cord-290820-28ggcjx0.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-290820-28ggcjx0.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-281390-rk7ijexa author: Zhou, Li title: Fear and trust: How risk perceptions of avian influenza affect Chinese consumers’ demand for chicken date: 2016-09-30 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-281390-rk7ijexa.txt cache: ./cache/cord-281390-rk7ijexa.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-281390-rk7ijexa.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-290901-bfho5w04 author: Figuié, Muriel title: Global health risks and cosmopolitisation: from emergence to interference date: 2013-03-20 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-290901-bfho5w04.txt cache: ./cache/cord-290901-bfho5w04.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-290901-bfho5w04.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-258498-0mvxwo3w author: Shah, Saleha title: COVID-19 and paediatric dentistry- traversing the challenges. A narrative review date: 2020-08-21 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-258498-0mvxwo3w.txt cache: ./cache/cord-258498-0mvxwo3w.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-258498-0mvxwo3w.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-283287-073r80s7 author: Farhoudian, Ali title: COVID-19 and Substance Use Disorders: Recommendations to a Comprehensive Healthcare Response. An International Society of Addiction Medicine Practice and Policy Interest Group Position Paper date: 2020-04-12 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-283287-073r80s7.txt cache: ./cache/cord-283287-073r80s7.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-283287-073r80s7.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-279935-asg71qtr author: Beasley, Lana O. title: Best Practices for Engaging Pregnant and Postpartum Women at Risk of Substance Use in Longitudinal Research Studies: a Qualitative Examination of Participant Preferences date: 2020-10-28 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-279935-asg71qtr.txt cache: ./cache/cord-279935-asg71qtr.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-279935-asg71qtr.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-280060-gzby85u9 author: Rello, Jordi title: Management of infections in critically ill returning travellers in the intensive care unit—II: clinical syndromes and special considerations in immunocompromised patients() date: 2016-04-28 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-280060-gzby85u9.txt cache: ./cache/cord-280060-gzby85u9.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-280060-gzby85u9.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-318933-09ym98hx author: Betsch, Cornelia title: Monitoring behavioural insights related to COVID-19 date: 2020-04-02 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-318933-09ym98hx.txt cache: ./cache/cord-318933-09ym98hx.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-318933-09ym98hx.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-293041-7ndp05ru author: Xu, Pengbo title: The Effect of Response Inhibition Training on Risky Decision-Making Task Performance date: 2020-07-24 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-293041-7ndp05ru.txt cache: ./cache/cord-293041-7ndp05ru.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-293041-7ndp05ru.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-317167-hzcl1hw3 author: Rodgers, Rachel F. title: The impact of the COVID‐19 pandemic on eating disorder risk and symptoms date: 2020-06-01 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-317167-hzcl1hw3.txt cache: ./cache/cord-317167-hzcl1hw3.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-317167-hzcl1hw3.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-299797-s1zdmf2u author: Dettori, Marco title: Environmental Risks Perception Among Citizens Living Near Industrial Plants: A Cross-Sectional Study date: 2020-07-06 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-299797-s1zdmf2u.txt cache: ./cache/cord-299797-s1zdmf2u.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-299797-s1zdmf2u.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-034834-zap82dta author: Bai, Xiao title: A Review of Micro-Based Systemic Risk Research from Multiple Perspectives date: 2020-06-27 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-034834-zap82dta.txt cache: ./cache/cord-034834-zap82dta.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-034834-zap82dta.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-327574-24t10fs4 author: Fakih, Mohamad G. title: Overcoming COVID-19: Addressing the perception of risk and transitioning protective behaviors to habits date: 2020-06-09 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-327574-24t10fs4.txt cache: ./cache/cord-327574-24t10fs4.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-327574-24t10fs4.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-285628-36gyix12 author: Stull, Jason W. title: Hospital-Associated Infections in Small Animal Practice date: 2015-03-31 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-285628-36gyix12.txt cache: ./cache/cord-285628-36gyix12.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-285628-36gyix12.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-275786-etli5c3a author: MAGEE, Laura A. title: TOWARDS PERSONALIZED MANAGEMENT OF CHRONIC HYPERTENSION IN PREGNANCY date: 2020-07-18 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-275786-etli5c3a.txt cache: ./cache/cord-275786-etli5c3a.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-275786-etli5c3a.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-308184-w8ewm8ve author: Sarzi-Puttini, Piercarlo title: How to handle patients with autoimmune rheumatic and inflammatory bowel diseases in the COVID-19 era: An expert opinion date: 2020-05-05 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-308184-w8ewm8ve.txt cache: ./cache/cord-308184-w8ewm8ve.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-308184-w8ewm8ve.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-302336-zj3oixvk author: Clift, Ash K title: Living risk prediction algorithm (QCOVID) for risk of hospital admission and mortality from coronavirus 19 in adults: national derivation and validation cohort study date: 2020-10-21 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-302336-zj3oixvk.txt cache: ./cache/cord-302336-zj3oixvk.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-302336-zj3oixvk.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-273789-sbppgkza author: Donohoe, Holly title: Lyme disease: Current issues, implications, and recommendations for tourism management date: 2014-08-20 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-273789-sbppgkza.txt cache: ./cache/cord-273789-sbppgkza.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-273789-sbppgkza.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-308648-bus3axay author: He, Shan title: Analysis of Risk Perceptions and Related Factors Concerning COVID-19 Epidemic in Chongqing, China date: 2020-06-26 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-308648-bus3axay.txt cache: ./cache/cord-308648-bus3axay.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-308648-bus3axay.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-300046-orlga9qf author: Gomes da Silva, J. title: Health literacy of inland population in the mitigation phase 3.2. of COVID-19's pandemic in Portugal - a descriptive cohort study date: 2020-05-14 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-300046-orlga9qf.txt cache: ./cache/cord-300046-orlga9qf.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-300046-orlga9qf.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-309350-7qen8z3y author: Peruzzi, Mariangela title: Vaping Cardiovascular Health Risks: an Updated Umbrella Review date: 2020-06-16 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-309350-7qen8z3y.txt cache: ./cache/cord-309350-7qen8z3y.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-309350-7qen8z3y.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-310195-am3u7z76 author: Waller, J. title: Immunity Passports for SARS-CoV-2: an online experimental study of the impact of antibody test terminology on perceived risk and behaviour date: 2020-05-10 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-310195-am3u7z76.txt cache: ./cache/cord-310195-am3u7z76.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-310195-am3u7z76.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-318852-gouz6tth author: Lee, J.S.E. title: Considerations and strategies in the organisation of obstetric anaesthesia care during the 2019 COVID-19 outbreak in Singapore date: 2020-04-20 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-318852-gouz6tth.txt cache: ./cache/cord-318852-gouz6tth.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-318852-gouz6tth.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-312183-zkoj5d8c author: Frydman, Galit H. title: Coagulation Status and Venous Thromboembolism Risk in African Americans: A Potential Risk Factor in COVID-19 date: 2020-07-24 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-312183-zkoj5d8c.txt cache: ./cache/cord-312183-zkoj5d8c.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-312183-zkoj5d8c.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-315412-fm928vq1 author: Haas, Charles title: Coronavirus and Risk Analysis date: 2020-04-08 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-315412-fm928vq1.txt cache: ./cache/cord-315412-fm928vq1.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-315412-fm928vq1.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-317739-2wojtboi author: Abo, Stéphanie M.C. title: Modelling the daily risk of ebola in the presence and absence of a potential vaccine date: 2020-10-15 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-317739-2wojtboi.txt cache: ./cache/cord-317739-2wojtboi.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-317739-2wojtboi.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-303137-g2pe3ad8 author: Moss, Emanuel title: High Tech, High Risk: Tech Ethics Lessons for the COVID-19 Pandemic Response date: 2020-10-09 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-303137-g2pe3ad8.txt cache: ./cache/cord-303137-g2pe3ad8.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-303137-g2pe3ad8.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-292559-b21j9sf3 author: Karcher, Nicole R. title: The ABCD study: understanding the development of risk for mental and physical health outcomes date: 2020-06-15 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-292559-b21j9sf3.txt cache: ./cache/cord-292559-b21j9sf3.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-292559-b21j9sf3.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-289008-c4cu3vrp author: Wallis, Christopher J.D. title: Risks from Deferring Treatment for Genitourinary Cancers: A Collaborative Review to Aid Triage and Management During the COVID-19 Pandemic date: 2020-05-03 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-289008-c4cu3vrp.txt cache: ./cache/cord-289008-c4cu3vrp.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-289008-c4cu3vrp.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-292409-hz5qj1fw author: Viterbo, Lilian Monteiro Ferrari title: Workers’ Healthcare Assistance Model (WHAM): Development, Validation, and Assessment of Sustainable Return on Investment (S-ROI) date: 2020-04-30 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-292409-hz5qj1fw.txt cache: ./cache/cord-292409-hz5qj1fw.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-292409-hz5qj1fw.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-254647-axyx03eg author: Brocal, Francisco title: Advanced Manufacturing Processes and Technologies date: 2018-11-16 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-254647-axyx03eg.txt cache: ./cache/cord-254647-axyx03eg.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-254647-axyx03eg.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-290708-hv1um2ln author: Zhu, Shushang title: Hedging Crash Risk in Optimal Portfolio Selection date: 2020-07-28 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-290708-hv1um2ln.txt cache: ./cache/cord-290708-hv1um2ln.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-290708-hv1um2ln.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-329770-tz8dwgzm author: Hamer, Mark title: Lifestyle Risk Factors, Inflammatory Mechanisms, and COVID-19 Hospitalization: A Community-Based Cohort Study of 387,109 Adults in UK date: 2020-05-23 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-329770-tz8dwgzm.txt cache: ./cache/cord-329770-tz8dwgzm.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-329770-tz8dwgzm.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-306741-3ibprszo author: Fitchett, Jennifer M title: Exploring public awareness of the current and future malaria risk zones in South Africa under climate change: a pilot study date: 2020-11-11 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-306741-3ibprszo.txt cache: ./cache/cord-306741-3ibprszo.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-306741-3ibprszo.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-315367-e0frkhe6 author: Du, Houwei title: The effect of vascular risk factor burden on the severity of COVID-19 illness, a retrospective cohort study date: 2020-09-21 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-315367-e0frkhe6.txt cache: ./cache/cord-315367-e0frkhe6.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-315367-e0frkhe6.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-309563-3cuzmsll author: Duprex, W. Paul title: Gain-of-function experiments: time for a real debate date: 2014-12-08 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-309563-3cuzmsll.txt cache: ./cache/cord-309563-3cuzmsll.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-309563-3cuzmsll.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-324387-mnucvmr1 author: Dunn, Michael title: ‘Your country needs you’: the ethics of allocating staff to high-risk clinical roles in the management of patients with COVID-19 date: 2020-05-14 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-324387-mnucvmr1.txt cache: ./cache/cord-324387-mnucvmr1.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-324387-mnucvmr1.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-293822-axr9qu58 author: Rolland, John S. title: COVID‐19 Pandemic: Applying a Multi‐Systemic Lens date: 2020-07-17 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-293822-axr9qu58.txt cache: ./cache/cord-293822-axr9qu58.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-293822-axr9qu58.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-300170-s2qthxx4 author: Aven, Terje title: Globalization and global risk: How risk analysis needs to be enhanced to be effective in confronting current threats date: 2020-10-15 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-300170-s2qthxx4.txt cache: ./cache/cord-300170-s2qthxx4.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-300170-s2qthxx4.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-009417-458rrhcm author: Luce, Judith A. title: Use of Blood Components in the Intensive Care Unit date: 2009-05-15 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-009417-458rrhcm.txt cache: ./cache/cord-009417-458rrhcm.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-009417-458rrhcm.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-303402-gxz2l8e4 author: Pereira da Silva, Alda title: Impact on Longevity of Genetic Cardiovascular Risk and Lifestyle including Red Meat Consumption date: 2020-06-30 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-303402-gxz2l8e4.txt cache: ./cache/cord-303402-gxz2l8e4.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-303402-gxz2l8e4.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-314423-6kuefmol author: Experton, B. title: A Multi-Factor Risk Model for Severe Covid-19 for Vaccine Prioritization and Monitoring Based on a 15 Million Medicare Cohort date: 2020-11-03 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-314423-6kuefmol.txt cache: ./cache/cord-314423-6kuefmol.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-314423-6kuefmol.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-322612-vlxewj5k author: Hooker, Claire title: Risk Communication Should be Explicit About Values. A Perspective on Early Communication During COVID-19 date: 2020-11-09 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-322612-vlxewj5k.txt cache: ./cache/cord-322612-vlxewj5k.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-322612-vlxewj5k.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-302937-3yivxfi8 author: Robertson, Christopher T title: Indemnifying precaution: economic insights for regulation of a highly infectious disease date: 2020-05-30 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-302937-3yivxfi8.txt cache: ./cache/cord-302937-3yivxfi8.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-302937-3yivxfi8.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-309122-9dfyjpid author: Sato, Akiko title: Reviews on common objectives and evaluation indicators for risk communication activities from 2011 to 2017 date: 2020-08-25 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-309122-9dfyjpid.txt cache: ./cache/cord-309122-9dfyjpid.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-309122-9dfyjpid.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-325155-lqzgz6p3 author: Gallo, Juan E. title: Hypertension and the roles of the 9p21.3 risk locus: classic findings and new association data date: 2020-09-15 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-325155-lqzgz6p3.txt cache: ./cache/cord-325155-lqzgz6p3.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-325155-lqzgz6p3.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-314500-89ovdnxl author: Dunachie, Susanna title: The double burden of diabetes and global infection in low and middle-income countries date: 2018-12-04 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-314500-89ovdnxl.txt cache: ./cache/cord-314500-89ovdnxl.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-314500-89ovdnxl.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-296607-h2zwlyz7 author: Watson, Ryan A. title: Anti-coagulant and anti-platelet therapy in the COVID-19 patient: a best practices quality initiative across a large health system date: 2020-06-09 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-296607-h2zwlyz7.txt cache: ./cache/cord-296607-h2zwlyz7.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-296607-h2zwlyz7.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-294916-xc9ozxyn author: Oehmen, Josef title: Risk, uncertainty, ignorance and myopia: Their managerial implications for B2B firms date: 2020-07-31 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-294916-xc9ozxyn.txt cache: ./cache/cord-294916-xc9ozxyn.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-294916-xc9ozxyn.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-319910-s2e56ety author: Jani, B. D. title: Comparison of COVID-19 outcomes among shielded and non-shielded populations: A general population cohort study of 1.3 million date: 2020-09-21 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-319910-s2e56ety.txt cache: ./cache/cord-319910-s2e56ety.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-319910-s2e56ety.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-328620-d2jrn1ip author: van Gageldonk-Lafeber, Arianne B title: Risk factors for acute respiratory tract infections in general practitioner patients in The Netherlands: a case-control study date: 2007-04-27 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-328620-d2jrn1ip.txt cache: ./cache/cord-328620-d2jrn1ip.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-328620-d2jrn1ip.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-289003-vov6o1jx author: Burdet, C. title: Need for integrative thinking to fight against emerging infectious diseases. Proceedings of the 5th seminar on emerging infectious diseases, March 22, 2016 – current trends and proposals date: 2018-02-28 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-289003-vov6o1jx.txt cache: ./cache/cord-289003-vov6o1jx.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-289003-vov6o1jx.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-300965-ivczo1a7 author: Brown, M. M. title: Don’t be the “Fifth Guy”: Risk, Responsibility, and the Rhetoric of Handwashing Campaigns date: 2017-08-29 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-300965-ivczo1a7.txt cache: ./cache/cord-300965-ivczo1a7.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-300965-ivczo1a7.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-311694-2b2swi0l author: Grima, Simon title: A Country Pandemic Risk Exposure Measurement Model date: 2020-10-09 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-311694-2b2swi0l.txt cache: ./cache/cord-311694-2b2swi0l.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-311694-2b2swi0l.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-303054-s1clwunc author: Velly, Lionel title: Guidelines: Anaesthesia in the context of COVID-19 pandemic date: 2020-06-05 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-303054-s1clwunc.txt cache: ./cache/cord-303054-s1clwunc.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-303054-s1clwunc.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-291083-nd7cew7v author: Vargas-Medrano, Javier title: Psychological and Neurobiological Aspects of Suicide in Adolescents: Current Outlooks date: 2020-08-05 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-291083-nd7cew7v.txt cache: ./cache/cord-291083-nd7cew7v.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-291083-nd7cew7v.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-318004-r08k40ob author: Raina MacIntyre, C. title: Converging and emerging threats to health security date: 2017-11-27 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-318004-r08k40ob.txt cache: ./cache/cord-318004-r08k40ob.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-318004-r08k40ob.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-299343-gsrgf4dd author: Wilson, A. M. title: Quantifying SARS-CoV-2 infection risk within the Apple/Google exposure notification framework to inform quarantine recommendations date: 2020-07-19 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-299343-gsrgf4dd.txt cache: ./cache/cord-299343-gsrgf4dd.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-299343-gsrgf4dd.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-301479-dc1oyftd author: Koehlmoos, Tracey Pérez title: Global Health: Chronic Diseases and Other Emergent Issues in Global Health date: 2011-09-30 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-301479-dc1oyftd.txt cache: ./cache/cord-301479-dc1oyftd.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-301479-dc1oyftd.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-339036-nmmworwk author: Fabregues, F. title: ASSISTED REPRODUCTION AND THROMBOEMBOLIC RISK IN COVID-19 PANDEMIC date: 2020-06-25 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-339036-nmmworwk.txt cache: ./cache/cord-339036-nmmworwk.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-339036-nmmworwk.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-313615-cts45n3j author: Tam, John S title: Research agenda for mass gatherings: a call to action date: 2012-01-15 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-313615-cts45n3j.txt cache: ./cache/cord-313615-cts45n3j.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-313615-cts45n3j.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-329614-deh5bidx author: Fielding, Helen R. title: Effects of trading networks on the risk of bovine tuberculosis incidents on cattle farms in Great Britain date: 2020-04-22 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-329614-deh5bidx.txt cache: ./cache/cord-329614-deh5bidx.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-329614-deh5bidx.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-348138-wca7jaje author: Safarpour, Hamid title: Risk Communication in the COVID-19 Outbreak: Two Sides of the Same Coin date: 2020-09-09 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-348138-wca7jaje.txt cache: ./cache/cord-348138-wca7jaje.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-348138-wca7jaje.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-308169-a0ft6wdy author: Custovic, A. title: EAACI position statement on asthma exacerbations and severe asthma date: 2013-11-06 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-308169-a0ft6wdy.txt cache: ./cache/cord-308169-a0ft6wdy.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-308169-a0ft6wdy.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-337315-qv8ycdhe author: Miller, Maureen title: Integrated biological–behavioural surveillance in pandemic-threat warning systems date: 2017-01-01 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-337315-qv8ycdhe.txt cache: ./cache/cord-337315-qv8ycdhe.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-337315-qv8ycdhe.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-331885-8zmuhebu author: Xu, Xiuyan title: Risk factor analysis combined with deep learning in the risk assessment of overseas investment of enterprises date: 2020-10-02 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-331885-8zmuhebu.txt cache: ./cache/cord-331885-8zmuhebu.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-331885-8zmuhebu.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-328442-mnlzj1ly author: Barattucci, Massimiliano title: Rethinking the Role of Affect in Risk Judgment: What We Have Learned From COVID-19 During the First Week of Quarantine in Italy date: 2020-10-02 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-328442-mnlzj1ly.txt cache: ./cache/cord-328442-mnlzj1ly.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-328442-mnlzj1ly.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-332142-lk95akg5 author: Skovdal, Morten title: Complexities to consider when communicating risk of COVID-19 date: 2020-07-23 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-332142-lk95akg5.txt cache: ./cache/cord-332142-lk95akg5.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-332142-lk95akg5.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-313183-4zmtijyo author: Li, Jianping title: Tourism companies' risk exposures on text disclosure date: 2020-06-29 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-313183-4zmtijyo.txt cache: ./cache/cord-313183-4zmtijyo.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-313183-4zmtijyo.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-318683-1yxurnev author: Green, Manfred S title: Confronting the threat of bioterrorism: realities, challenges, and defensive strategies date: 2018-10-16 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-318683-1yxurnev.txt cache: ./cache/cord-318683-1yxurnev.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-318683-1yxurnev.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-328522-ef4xg3q0 author: Kelen, Gabor D title: Inpatient disposition classification for the creation of hospital surge capacity: a multiphase study date: 2006-11-30 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-328522-ef4xg3q0.txt cache: ./cache/cord-328522-ef4xg3q0.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-328522-ef4xg3q0.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-332051-yw5zlucc author: Aghababaei, Soodabeh title: Perceived risk and protective behaviors regarding COVID-19 among Iranian pregnant women date: 2020-09-18 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-332051-yw5zlucc.txt cache: ./cache/cord-332051-yw5zlucc.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-332051-yw5zlucc.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-340713-v5sdowb7 author: Bird, Jordan J. title: Country-level pandemic risk and preparedness classification based on COVID-19 data: A machine learning approach date: 2020-10-28 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-340713-v5sdowb7.txt cache: ./cache/cord-340713-v5sdowb7.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-340713-v5sdowb7.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-322815-r82iphem author: Zhang, Weiping title: Connectedness and systemic risk spillovers analysis of Chinese sectors based on tail risk network date: 2020-07-04 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-322815-r82iphem.txt cache: ./cache/cord-322815-r82iphem.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-322815-r82iphem.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-327748-8ob6okeh author: Feng, Tianjun title: Product Quality Risk Perceptions and Decisions: Contaminated Pet Food and Lead‐Painted Toys date: 2010-07-09 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-327748-8ob6okeh.txt cache: ./cache/cord-327748-8ob6okeh.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-327748-8ob6okeh.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-356348-e7hefkd3 author: Kim, Inho title: KCDC Risk Assessments on the Initial Phase of the COVID-19 Outbreak in Korea date: 2020-04-17 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-356348-e7hefkd3.txt cache: ./cache/cord-356348-e7hefkd3.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-356348-e7hefkd3.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-331068-rjc3b4br author: Ritterson, Ryan title: Basic Scholarship in Biosafety Is Critically Needed To Reduce Risk of Laboratory Accidents date: 2017-03-29 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-331068-rjc3b4br.txt cache: ./cache/cord-331068-rjc3b4br.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-331068-rjc3b4br.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-345717-ktajrf7d author: Monagin, Corina title: Serologic and behavioral risk survey of workers with wildlife contact in China date: 2018-04-03 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-345717-ktajrf7d.txt cache: ./cache/cord-345717-ktajrf7d.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-345717-ktajrf7d.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-335960-biwnqa3f author: Luke, Anthony title: Prevention of Infectious Diseases in Athletes date: 2007-07-31 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-335960-biwnqa3f.txt cache: ./cache/cord-335960-biwnqa3f.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-335960-biwnqa3f.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-355171-oi3ezlsl author: MACINTYRE, C. R. title: Quantifying the risk of respiratory infection in healthcare workers performing high-risk procedures date: 2013-12-05 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-355171-oi3ezlsl.txt cache: ./cache/cord-355171-oi3ezlsl.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-355171-oi3ezlsl.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-314275-twjaq5do author: Diwekar, U. title: A perspective on the role of uncertainty in sustainability science and engineering date: 2020-09-09 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-314275-twjaq5do.txt cache: ./cache/cord-314275-twjaq5do.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-314275-twjaq5do.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-305327-hayhbs5u author: Gonzalez, Jean-Paul title: Global Spread of Hemorrhagic Fever Viruses: Predicting Pandemics date: 2017-09-19 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-305327-hayhbs5u.txt cache: ./cache/cord-305327-hayhbs5u.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-305327-hayhbs5u.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-332533-iqe6sdq2 author: Grant, William B. title: Evidence that Vitamin D Supplementation Could Reduce Risk of Influenza and COVID-19 Infections and Deaths date: 2020-04-02 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-332533-iqe6sdq2.txt cache: ./cache/cord-332533-iqe6sdq2.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-332533-iqe6sdq2.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-350023-7wx5v9b8 author: Tautenhahn, A. title: Factors associated with calf mortality and poor growth of dairy heifer calves in northeast Germany date: 2020-09-24 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-350023-7wx5v9b8.txt cache: ./cache/cord-350023-7wx5v9b8.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-350023-7wx5v9b8.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-347449-mey7e8gd author: Albers, Heidi J. title: Disease Risk from Human–Environment Interactions: Environment and Development Economics for Joint Conservation-Health Policy date: 2020-07-09 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-347449-mey7e8gd.txt cache: ./cache/cord-347449-mey7e8gd.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-347449-mey7e8gd.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-353904-dieaqxmi author: Davies, M. title: Remdesivir in treatment of COVID-19: A systematic benefit-risk assessment date: 2020-05-12 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-353904-dieaqxmi.txt cache: ./cache/cord-353904-dieaqxmi.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-353904-dieaqxmi.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-348249-zhfrgaxf author: Osborne, V. title: Systematic benefit-risk assessment for the use of chloroquine or hydroxychloroquine as a treatment for COVID-19: Establishing a framework for rapid decision-making date: 2020-05-12 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-348249-zhfrgaxf.txt cache: ./cache/cord-348249-zhfrgaxf.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-348249-zhfrgaxf.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-282783-ps5jyjkl author: nan title: Full Issue PDF date: 2020-09-30 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-282783-ps5jyjkl.txt cache: ./cache/cord-282783-ps5jyjkl.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-282783-ps5jyjkl.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-355118-w3l4h5y4 author: Sharif, Ali title: Screening for Diabetic Retinopathy with Extended Intervals, Safe and Without Compromising Adherence: A Retrospective Cohort Study date: 2020-11-09 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-355118-w3l4h5y4.txt cache: ./cache/cord-355118-w3l4h5y4.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 5 resourceName b'cord-355118-w3l4h5y4.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-350959-bsbz3a1l author: Dovey, Zachary title: Impact of COVID-19 on Prostate Cancer Management: Guidelines for Urologists date: 2020-06-16 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-350959-bsbz3a1l.txt cache: ./cache/cord-350959-bsbz3a1l.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-350959-bsbz3a1l.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-269343-qwgmn06t author: Livingston, Gill title: Dementia prevention, intervention, and care: 2020 report of the Lancet Commission date: 2020-07-30 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-269343-qwgmn06t.txt cache: ./cache/cord-269343-qwgmn06t.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 5 resourceName b'cord-269343-qwgmn06t.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-318061-xe8lljz0 author: Overgaauw, Paul A.M. title: A One Health Perspective on the Human–Companion Animal Relationship with Emphasis on Zoonotic Aspects date: 2020-05-27 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-318061-xe8lljz0.txt cache: ./cache/cord-318061-xe8lljz0.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-318061-xe8lljz0.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-338889-7hd3iibk author: Solbakk, Jan Helge title: Back to WHAT? The role of research ethics in pandemic times date: 2020-11-03 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-338889-7hd3iibk.txt cache: ./cache/cord-338889-7hd3iibk.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-338889-7hd3iibk.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-337487-1lbopaso author: Hansildaar, Romy title: Cardiovascular risk in inflammatory arthritis: rheumatoid arthritis and gout date: 2020-09-01 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-337487-1lbopaso.txt cache: ./cache/cord-337487-1lbopaso.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-337487-1lbopaso.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-328747-bf687r6j author: St‐Denis, Xavier title: Sociodemographic Determinants of Occupational Risks of Exposure to COVID‐19 in Canada date: 2020-07-13 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-328747-bf687r6j.txt cache: ./cache/cord-328747-bf687r6j.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-328747-bf687r6j.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-339341-c2o42b5j author: Matibag, Gino C. title: Advocacy, promotion and e-learning: Supercourse for zoonosis date: 2005-09-01 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-339341-c2o42b5j.txt cache: ./cache/cord-339341-c2o42b5j.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-339341-c2o42b5j.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-351373-a21453gz author: Mowbray, N. G. title: Safe management of surgical smoke in the age of COVID‐19 date: 2020-05-03 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-351373-a21453gz.txt cache: ./cache/cord-351373-a21453gz.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-351373-a21453gz.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-332181-k90i33gp author: Degeling, Chris title: Hendra in the news: Public policy meets public morality in times of zoonotic uncertainty date: 2012-12-29 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-332181-k90i33gp.txt cache: ./cache/cord-332181-k90i33gp.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-332181-k90i33gp.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-344252-6g3zzj0o author: Farooq, Junaid title: A Novel Adaptive Deep Learning Model of Covid-19 with focus on mortality reduction strategies date: 2020-07-21 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-344252-6g3zzj0o.txt cache: ./cache/cord-344252-6g3zzj0o.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-344252-6g3zzj0o.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-339188-apgdzgfz author: Lewis, Thomas J title: Reduction in Chronic Disease Risk and Burden in a 70-Individual Cohort Through Modification of Health Behaviors date: 2020-08-26 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-339188-apgdzgfz.txt cache: ./cache/cord-339188-apgdzgfz.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-339188-apgdzgfz.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-334353-nc2jhemz author: Murphy, Thérèse title: IS HUMAN RIGHTS PREPARED? RISK, RIGHTS AND PUBLIC HEALTH EMERGENCIES date: 2009-05-08 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-334353-nc2jhemz.txt cache: ./cache/cord-334353-nc2jhemz.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-334353-nc2jhemz.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-355905-av03suua author: Romero Starke, Karla title: The Age-Related Risk of Severe Outcomes Due to COVID-19 Infection: A Rapid Review, Meta-Analysis, and Meta-Regression date: 2020-08-17 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-355905-av03suua.txt cache: ./cache/cord-355905-av03suua.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-355905-av03suua.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-349415-q0g0uqj6 author: Commodari, Elena title: Adolescents in Quarantine During COVID-19 Pandemic in Italy: Perceived Health Risk, Beliefs, Psychological Experiences and Expectations for the Future date: 2020-09-23 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-349415-q0g0uqj6.txt cache: ./cache/cord-349415-q0g0uqj6.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-349415-q0g0uqj6.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-354936-do0bmpxt author: Chatterjee, Ranit title: COVID-19 Risk Assessment Tool: Dual application of risk communication and risk governance date: 2020-06-02 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-354936-do0bmpxt.txt cache: ./cache/cord-354936-do0bmpxt.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-354936-do0bmpxt.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-318363-1mv5j4w2 author: Zvolensky, Michael J. title: Psychological, addictive, and health behavior implications of the COVID-19 pandemic date: 2020-08-27 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-318363-1mv5j4w2.txt cache: ./cache/cord-318363-1mv5j4w2.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-318363-1mv5j4w2.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-285898-rtqkvf63 author: Padberg, Stephanie title: Anti-infective Agents date: 2014-09-29 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-285898-rtqkvf63.txt cache: ./cache/cord-285898-rtqkvf63.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-285898-rtqkvf63.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-292094-vmsdhccp author: Mandell, Lionel A. title: Infectious Diseases Society of America/American Thoracic Society Consensus Guidelines on the Management of Community-Acquired Pneumonia in Adults date: 2007-03-01 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-292094-vmsdhccp.txt cache: ./cache/cord-292094-vmsdhccp.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 5 resourceName b'cord-292094-vmsdhccp.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-009694-e59kuwf1 author: nan title: Opinion of the Scientific Panel on Animal Health and Welfare (AHAW) on a request from the Commission related with the risks of poor welfare in intensive calf farming systems date: 2006-06-06 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-009694-e59kuwf1.txt cache: ./cache/cord-009694-e59kuwf1.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-009694-e59kuwf1.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-336599-r8xgnz87 author: Yaacoub, Jean-Paul A. title: Cyber-Physical Systems Security: Limitations, Issues and Future Trends date: 2020-07-08 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-336599-r8xgnz87.txt cache: ./cache/cord-336599-r8xgnz87.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 5 resourceName b'cord-336599-r8xgnz87.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-024088-020rgz5t author: Radandt, Siegfried title: Governance of Occupational Safety and Health and Environmental Risks date: 2008 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-024088-020rgz5t.txt cache: ./cache/cord-024088-020rgz5t.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 5 resourceName b'cord-024088-020rgz5t.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-009729-69swjzic author: nan title: Scientific Opinion on the public health hazards to be covered by inspection of meat from sheep and goats date: 2013-06-27 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-009729-69swjzic.txt cache: ./cache/cord-009729-69swjzic.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 6 resourceName b'cord-009729-69swjzic.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-004894-75w35fkd author: nan title: Abstract date: 2006-06-14 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-004894-75w35fkd.txt cache: ./cache/cord-004894-75w35fkd.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 9 resourceName b'cord-004894-75w35fkd.txt' Que is empty; done keyword-risk-cord === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-001781-afg1nmib author = Saksena, Sumeet title = Evidence for the Convergence Model: The Emergence of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (H5N1) in Viet Nam date = 2015-09-23 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 7626 sentences = 395 flesch = 49 summary = We developed and tested a model of the emergence of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 based on suspected convergence factors that are mainly associated with land-use change. The results presented here highlight three main findings: 1) when relevant risk factors are taken into account, urbanization is generally not a significant independent risk factor; but in peri-urban landscapes emergence factors converge, including higher levels of chicken densities, duck and geese flock size diversities, and fraction of land under rice or aquaculture; 2) high land-use diversity landscapes, a variable not previously considered in spatial studies of HPAI H5N1, are at significantly greater risk for HPAI H5N1 outbreaks; as are 3) landscapes where intensive and extensive forms of poultry production are co-located. Hence diseases associated with rice production are likely to peak in peri-urban areas given other risk factors such as land-use diversity, CTI, and distance to infrastructure. cache = ./cache/cord-001781-afg1nmib.txt txt = ./txt/cord-001781-afg1nmib.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-002906-llstohys author = You, Shu-Han title = Health-seeking behavior and transmission dynamics in the control of influenza infection among different age groups date = 2018-03-06 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5325 sentences = 288 flesch = 43 summary = OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to assess to what extent, under scenarios of with/without control and preventive/protective behaviors, the age-specific network-driven risk perception influences influenza infection. Individuals perceive the preventive behavior to improve risk perception information transmission among teenage and adult and elderly age groups, but not in the child age group. 1 Therefore, to facilitate public health decisions about intervention and management in controlling the spread of infectious diseases, it is crucial to assess to what extent, under scenarios of with/without control and preventive/protective behaviors, the age-specific network-driven risk perception influences influenza infection. 18, 19 Here we assess that if, how, and to what extent, under different scenarios of with/without control and preventive/protective behaviors, the age-specific network-driven risk perception influences influenza infection. We also estimated the age-specific admission infection fraction (IF) for each age group, including child (0-14 years), teenage and adult (15-64 years) , and elderly (65+ years), for different human behaviors or influenza risk perceptions. cache = ./cache/cord-002906-llstohys.txt txt = ./txt/cord-002906-llstohys.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-011688-8g0p3vtm author = Wang, Ting-Ting title = Perinatal risk factors for pulmonary hemorrhage in extremely low-birth-weight infants date = 2019-11-04 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3273 sentences = 172 flesch = 52 summary = Therefore, the purpose of this study was to analyze the perinatal risk factors and short-term outcomes of PH in ELBWIs. METHODS: This was a retrospective cohort study of live born infants who had birth weights that were less than 1000 g, lived for at least 12 hours, and did not have major congenital anomalies. CONCLUSIONS: Although PH did not extend hospital stay or increase the risk of bronchopulmonary dysplasia, it increased the mortality and intraventricular hemorrhage rate in ELBWIs. EOS was the independent risk factor for PH in ELBWIs. Pulmonary hemorrhage (PH) is a life-threatening respiratory complication of newborns [1] , especially in extremely lowbirth-weight infants (ELBWIs) who are vulnerable to conditions that require invasive ventilation and intensive care after birth. Furthermore, risk factors associated with the care of preterm infants, including surfactant replacement, the management of patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) and the fluid intake of PH, might be prominent in ELBWIs with PH [7] [8] [9] . cache = ./cache/cord-011688-8g0p3vtm.txt txt = ./txt/cord-011688-8g0p3vtm.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-001064-59i3jert author = Ashbolt, Nicholas J. title = Human Health Risk Assessment (HHRA) for Environmental Development and Transfer of Antibiotic Resistance date = 2013-07-09 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 9146 sentences = 392 flesch = 37 summary = • Clinical and environmental surveillance programs for anti biotics, ARB, and their determinants, with a focus on regional data volume 121 | number 9 | September 2013 • Environmental Health Perspectives reporting the types and use of anti biotics in human medicine, crops, and commercial and companion animals, as well as globally where crops and food animals are produced • Epidemiological investigations of outbreaks and sporadic cases associated with ARB, including clinical studies on the occurrence, frequency, and severity of ARB infections • Identification of the selection pressures (time and dose of selecting/coselecting agents) required to select for resistance in differ ent environments, and subsequent HGT to humanrelevant bacteria, both based on reports describing the frequency of HGT and uptake of ARG into environmental bac teria, including environmental pathogens, in previously identified hot spots • Human, laboratory, and/or field animal/crop trials addressing the link between anti biotic use and resistance (particularly regional data) • Investigations of the characteristics of ARB and their determinants (ex situ and in situ) • Studies on the link between resistance, viru lence, and/or ecological fitness (e.g., surviv ability or adaptability) of ARB • Studies on the environmental fate of anti biotic residues in water and soil and their bioavailability associated with the selection of ARB in any given environmental com partment, animal, or human host result ing in pARB • Existing risk assessments of ARB and related pathogens. cache = ./cache/cord-001064-59i3jert.txt txt = ./txt/cord-001064-59i3jert.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-004060-nxw5k9y1 author = Zhang, Yewu title = Spatiotemporal Analysis of Influenza in China, 2005–2018 date = 2019-12-23 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5547 sentences = 301 flesch = 47 summary = After adjusting for other covariates, a spatially unstructured random effect term (v i ), a spatially structured conditional autoregression term (υ i ), a first-order random walk-correlated time variable (γ 1j ), and an interaction term for time and place (δ ij ) in the multivariate adjusted spatiotemporal model, the flu vaccines (per million doses), flu surveillance protocols, rate of influenza A (H1N1)pdm09, latitude and longitude still remain statistically significant. Based on the incidence data of influenza gained from the Chinese Notifiable Infectious Disease Reporting System, we used the Bayesian spatiotemporal model in this study to assess the space-time patterns of the influenza epidemic at the prefecture level in mainland China from 2005 to 2018 and explored several factors that may be associated with the changing spatial and temporal patterns in the influenza incidence risk. cache = ./cache/cord-004060-nxw5k9y1.txt txt = ./txt/cord-004060-nxw5k9y1.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-009417-458rrhcm author = Luce, Judith A. title = Use of Blood Components in the Intensive Care Unit date = 2009-05-15 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 17101 sentences = 918 flesch = 43 summary = Benefi ts to the patient with more judicious use of platelet transfusion include decreased donor exposure, which lessens the risk of transfusion-transmitted disease; fewer febrile and allergic reactions that may complicate the hospital course; and the potential delay or prevention of alloimmunization to HLA and platelet antigens. If anti-IgA antibodies are determined to be the cause of this reaction, the patient must receive blood components donated by IgA-defi cient individuals or, if unavailable, specially prepared washed RBCs and platelet concentrates. These patients may have intensive red cell and platelet transfusion requirements and need specialized products such as CMV-negative and irradiated blood components. A blood bank problem uniquely encountered in BMT is the need to switch the patient's ABO group because of an ABO-mismatched transplant, thus necessitating an exchange transfusion of red cells and plasma-containing products (i.e., platelet concentrates) of differing ABO type to avoid hemolysis of donor and recipient cells. cache = ./cache/cord-009417-458rrhcm.txt txt = ./txt/cord-009417-458rrhcm.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-009694-e59kuwf1 author = nan title = Opinion of the Scientific Panel on Animal Health and Welfare (AHAW) on a request from the Commission related with the risks of poor welfare in intensive calf farming systems date = 2006-06-06 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 40663 sentences = 2064 flesch = 55 summary = Prevention of typical calf diseases in the first 6 months of life such as diarrhoea and enzootic bronchopneumonia requires a systematic approach by improving management and housing conditions, specifically the preparation of the cow, hygiene of the calving environment, including dry clean bedding and high air quality, immediate supply with maternal antibodies, no mixing with older animals and careful attention and a rapid response to any sign indicating disease. -Space requirements -Health monitoring systems and the effect of such on clinical health in calves -Infection transmission (respiratory and digestive diseases) due to direct contact between calves in relation to social benefits of mixing -Pain relief when disbudding, dehorning and castrating calves -Design of appropriate ventilation systems for calves in confined rearing conditions -Health and environmental effects of feeding minerals as antimicrobial agents -For quantitative food safety risk categorization of farming systems individually, and/or their related ranking, further scientific information is needed. cache = ./cache/cord-009694-e59kuwf1.txt txt = ./txt/cord-009694-e59kuwf1.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-009481-6pm3rpzj author = Parnell, Gregory S. title = Intelligent Adversary Risk Analysis: A Bioterrorism Risk Management Model date = 2009-12-11 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6493 sentences = 378 flesch = 50 summary = In the second section, we describe a canonical model for resource allocation decision making for an intelligent adversary problem using an illustrative bioterrorism example with notional data. (16) In our example, we will use four of the recommendations: model the decisions of intelligent adversaries, include risk management, simplify the model by not assigning probabilities to the branches of uncertain events, and do not normalize the risk. (29) In our defenderattacker-defender decision analysis model, we have the two defender decisions (buy vaccine, add a Bio Watch city), the agent acquisition for the attacker is uncertain, the agent selection and target of attack is another decision, the consequences (fatalities and economic) are uncertain, the defender decision after attack to mitigate the maximum possible casualties, and the costs of defender decisions are known. We use multiple objective decision analysis with an additive value (risk) model to assign risk to the defender consequences. cache = ./cache/cord-009481-6pm3rpzj.txt txt = ./txt/cord-009481-6pm3rpzj.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-004091-gex0zvoa author = Abdulkareem, Shaheen A. title = Risk perception and behavioral change during epidemics: Comparing models of individual and collective learning date = 2020-01-06 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 8379 sentences = 432 flesch = 50 summary = For this study, we ran eight ABMs to test various combinations of individual and group learning, using different information sources-with or without interactions among agents-as factors in the BNs. We investigate the extent to which the epidemic spreads, depending on these different learning approaches regarding risk perception and coping decisions. The empirically-driven BNs model a two-stage decision process of people facing a disease risk: learning to update risk perceptions (threat appraisal, BN1 in Fig 1) and making decisions about how to adapt their behavior during the epidemic (coping appraisal, BN2 in Fig 1) . To evaluate the impact of individual and social intelligence on agents' learning processes regarding risk perception and coping appraisal and the resulting patterns of disease spread, we used four output measures: disease diffusion, risk perception, spatial patterns, and model performance. Finally, in M7, where household agents learned risk perception in decentralized groups and learned to cope individually, 2,911 infected cases were recorded (Table 3) . cache = ./cache/cord-004091-gex0zvoa.txt txt = ./txt/cord-004091-gex0zvoa.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-012503-8rv2xof7 author = Levintow, Sara N. title = Estimating the Effect of Depression on HIV Transmission Risk Behaviors Among People Who Inject Drugs in Vietnam: A Causal Approach date = 2020-08-24 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5329 sentences = 242 flesch = 41 summary = title: Estimating the Effect of Depression on HIV Transmission Risk Behaviors Among People Who Inject Drugs in Vietnam: A Causal Approach Depression may be an important driver of continued HIV transmission among PWID if symptoms increase transmission risk behaviors (e.g., sharing injection drug use equipment, engaging in condomless sex) in the absence of viral suppression. In the main analysis, we used marginal structural models to estimate the average causal effect of severe depressive symptoms on the risks of any injection equipment sharing or any condomless sex (separately) in the period three to 6 months later, controlling for time-fixed and time-varying confounders. In our main analysis, we estimated that severe depressive symptoms (compared to no or mild symptoms) increased the risk of sharing injection equipment by 3.9 percentage points (RD = 3.9%, 95% CI −1.7%, 9.6%) and decreased the risk of condomless sex by 1.8 percentage points (RD = −1.8%, 95% CI −6.4%, 2.8%) in the period three to 6 months later (Table 2, Fig. 1 ). cache = ./cache/cord-012503-8rv2xof7.txt txt = ./txt/cord-012503-8rv2xof7.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-018328-t3ydu75l author = Shi, Peijun title = Hazards, Disasters, and Risks date = 2019-06-05 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 10734 sentences = 586 flesch = 50 summary = In contrast, the classification based on disaster-formative environment lays stress on the environmental basis of hazards, especially the distinctions among different spheres of the earth, and relatively ignores the causes. Natural disasters resulting from the abnormal or anomalous quantity, intensity, temporal and spatial distribution, and combination of meteorological and hydrological elements, causing adverse impacts on people's lives and properties, industrial and agricultural production, and ecological environment 010100 Seismic and geological disasters Natural disasters resulting from the sudden energy release or violent mass transport in the lithosphere of the earth or long-term accumulative geological changes, causing damages to human lives and properties and ecological environment 020100 Generally, the classification indicators include the number of casualties, the amount of property loss, disaster-affected area, and hazard intensity. (2) Indicator system of statistical system of damages and losses of large-scale natural disasters in China From the angle of geoscientists, very large-scale disasters are usually defined according to the hazard intensity, casualties, property losses, and affected scope. cache = ./cache/cord-018328-t3ydu75l.txt txt = ./txt/cord-018328-t3ydu75l.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-011407-4cjlolp6 author = Cotton‐Barratt, Owen title = Defence in Depth Against Human Extinction: Prevention, Response, Resilience, and Why They All Matter date = 2020-01-24 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 8822 sentences = 512 flesch = 55 summary = For example, research on climate change adaptation and mitigation should assess how we can best preserve our ability to prevent, respond to, and be resilient against extinction risks. 1 If a process is recognised to be causing great harm (and perhaps pose a risk of extinction), people may cooperate to reduce or mitigate its impact. This includes reducing the impact of the catastrophe after it is causing obvious and significant damage, but the response layer might also be bolstered by mitigation work which is done in advance. Finally, we characterise resilience as reducing the likelihood that a severe global catastrophe eventually causes human extinction. However, there are a few secondary risk-enabling properties that can weaken the response layer and therefore help damage cascade to a global catastrophe which we could have stopped. In this section we will use our guiding idea of three defence layers to present a way of calculating the extinction probability posed by a given risk. cache = ./cache/cord-011407-4cjlolp6.txt txt = ./txt/cord-011407-4cjlolp6.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-011824-4ge9i90s author = Andrews, Jack L. title = Amplified Concern for Social Risk in Adolescence: Development and Validation of a New Measure date = 2020-06-23 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6487 sentences = 353 flesch = 58 summary = We developed a questionnaire measure in order to assess the degree to which adolescents and adults are concerned about engaging in health and social risk behaviours. An additional CFA to assess a one-factor structure did not achieve good model fit (RMSEA = 0.12 (0.11-0.13), SRMR = 0.10, CFI = 0.72, and TLI = 0.70), indicating that concern about risk taking is not a unitary construct and is instead domain specific (health, social). An additional CFA to assess a one-factor structure did not achieve good model fit (RMSEA = 0.18 (0.17-0.19), SRMR = 0.16, CFI = 0.60, and TLI = 0.50), indicating that concern about risk taking is not a unitary construct across domains, and is instead domain specific (health, social), as in the adult sample. In this study, we developed a questionnaire measure of concern for health and social risk behaviours for use in adolescents and adults. cache = ./cache/cord-011824-4ge9i90s.txt txt = ./txt/cord-011824-4ge9i90s.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-010884-g4gesvzt author = Heitzer, Andrew M. title = Cumulative Antenatal Risk and Kindergarten Readiness in Preterm-Born Preschoolers date = 2019-08-16 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6819 sentences = 359 flesch = 43 summary = Yet few preschool outcome studies included within-group examination of the links between complications associated with preterm-birth and performance on neuropsychological tasks that tap domain-specific, literacy or numeracy, precursor skills. (2010) , focusing on the impact of peri-, and neonatal, but not antenatal, complications, reported no significant associations between several early risk factors (including the sum of perinatal complications) and language delay within a cohort of four-year-old preschoolers born very preterm. Within the high-risk group of preterm-born children, both the variability in the base-rates of various antenatal complications associated with prematurity and the sheer number of medical risk factors that require consideration often impede exploration of developmental outcome effects of early biological adversity. Exploration of the relative outcome contribution of four classes of antenatal risk revealed that complications associated with intra-amniotic infection, placental insufficiency and uteroplacental bleeding accounted for 4.8%, 2.3% and 3.4% of IQ variance, respectively, altogether 10.5% of variability in kindergarten cognitive readiness. cache = ./cache/cord-010884-g4gesvzt.txt txt = ./txt/cord-010884-g4gesvzt.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-017479-s4e47bwx author = Pulcini, Elena title = Spectators and Victims: Between Denial and Projection date = 2012-03-16 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 10779 sentences = 435 flesch = 50 summary = 52 But while denial appears, as we have seen, effective in explaining the lack of perception and the anaesthetizing of fear in the face of the nuclear threat, selfdeception can prove pertinent in order to understand the complex emotional response that individuals give to the other global risk already brought up above: that is, the twofold environmental risk of global warming and the depletion of the ozone layer, which by no means seems to generate that mobilization of the whole of humankind which it would instead -urgently -require. 66 However, what I would like to stress, to go back to Anders's diagnosis, is the fact that -in this case at least -this worrying reversal originates in the pathologies of feeling and the denial of fear, which prevent individuals from recognizing their paradoxical condition of spectators and victims at the same time. cache = ./cache/cord-017479-s4e47bwx.txt txt = ./txt/cord-017479-s4e47bwx.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-015255-1qhgeirb author = Busby, J S title = Managing the social amplification of risk: a simulation of interacting actors date = 2012-07-11 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 9934 sentences = 404 flesch = 45 summary = Such cases are therefore an important and promising setting for exploring the idea that amplification is only in the heads of social actors, and for exploring the notion that this might nonetheless produce observable, and potentially highly consequential, outcomes in a way that risk managers need to understand. In the remainder of this article we therefore explore the consequences of the idea that social risk amplification is nothing more than an attribution, or judgment that one social actor makes of another, and try to see what implications this might have for risk managers based on a systems dynamics model. Therefore in the second model, shown in Figure 2 , we now have a subsystem in which a risk manager (a government agency or an industrial undertaking in the case of zoonotic disease outbreaks) observes the public risk perception in relation to the expert risk assessment, and communicates a risk level that is designed to compensate for any discrepancy between the two. cache = ./cache/cord-015255-1qhgeirb.txt txt = ./txt/cord-015255-1qhgeirb.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-012932-alxtoaq9 author = Smerecnik, Chris M. R. title = A Systematic Review of the Impact of Genetic Counseling on Risk Perception Accuracy date = 2009-06-01 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5039 sentences = 262 flesch = 44 summary = Thus, the purpose of the present review is twofold: (1) to provide an updated overview of the impact of genetic counseling on risk perception accuracy in papers published between January 2000 and February 2007, and (2) to extend the results of Meiser and Halliday's (2002) meta-analysis and Butow et al.'s (2003) systematic review to other genetic conditions. Linking the outcome (i.e., risk perception accuracy) to the content of the counseling session (i.e., whether counselors performed the tasks as recommended by the NSGC Task Force), we observed that the studies in which the counselor gave information about family history and heredity as well as personal risk estimates positively influenced risk perception accuracy (Bjorvatn et al. The research in the present review may shed some light on why some studies observe positive effects of genetic counseling on risk perception accuracy and others do not. cache = ./cache/cord-012932-alxtoaq9.txt txt = ./txt/cord-012932-alxtoaq9.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-016982-qt25tp6t author = Fong, I. W. title = Litigations for Unexpected Adverse Events date = 2010-11-30 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 8372 sentences = 453 flesch = 48 summary = The statement of claim alleged the following: (1) isoniazid was directly responsible for the plaintiff's fulminant hepatitis which resulted in the need for a liver transplant, (2) informed consent was never obtained to prescribe the drug, as the plaintiff was never counseled on the adverse effects, nor given a choice of treatment, (3) use of the isoniazid was never indicated, as the patient had no symptoms or signs of active disease, (4) the physician should have realized that the positive Mantoux test was due to a previous BCG vaccination as a child (the defendant was informed of this fact) and therefore there was no need to treat the plaintiff for latent tuberculosis. cache = ./cache/cord-016982-qt25tp6t.txt txt = ./txt/cord-016982-qt25tp6t.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-017883-6a4fkd5v author = Dutta, Ankhi title = Infection Prevention in Pediatric Oncology and Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant Recipients date = 2018-07-16 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6243 sentences = 301 flesch = 35 summary = There are various factors which contribute to the increased susceptibility to infections in pediatric hematology/oncology (PHO) and HSCT patients, most prominent of them being disruption of cutaneous and mucosal barriers (oral, gastrointestinal, etc.), microbial gastrointestinal translocation, defects in cell-mediated immunity, and insufficient quantities and inadequate function of phagocytes. Based upon such data in adults, the IDSA Guidelines for the Use of Antimicrobial Agents in Neutropenic Patients with Cancer state that fluoroquinolone prophylaxis should be considered for high-risk patients with prolonged severe neutropenia [20] . Though some authors suggest that antibiotic prophylaxis should be considered in children undergoing induction chemotherapy for ALL, there is currently insufficient data to inform definitive guidelines for antibiotic prophylaxis to prevent bacterial infections in pediatric oncology patients [19] [20] [21] . cache = ./cache/cord-017883-6a4fkd5v.txt txt = ./txt/cord-017883-6a4fkd5v.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-030116-ucmzbezx author = Hardell, Lennart title = Health risks from radiofrequency radiation, including 5G, should be assessed by experts with no conflicts of interest date = 2020-07-15 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 8048 sentences = 413 flesch = 51 summary = Independent international EMF scientists in this research area have declared that: 'In 2009, the ICNIRP released a statement saying that it was reaffirming its 1998 guidelines, as in their opinion, the scientific literature published since that time has provided no evidence of any adverse effects below the basic restrictions and does not necessitate an immediate revision of its guidance on limiting exposure to high frequency electromagnetic fields. The call has been signed by 164 scientists and medical doctors, as well as 95 NGOs: 'The International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP) issued draft Guidelines on 11th July 2018 for limiting exposure to electric, magnetic and electromagnetic fields (100 kHz to 300 GHz).1 These guidelines are unscientific, obsolete and do not represent an objective evaluation of the available science on effects from this form of radiation. cache = ./cache/cord-030116-ucmzbezx.txt txt = ./txt/cord-030116-ucmzbezx.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-017527-ylng1us2 author = Herman, Philippe title = Biosafety Recommendations on the Handling of Animal Cell Cultures date = 2014-11-05 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 10237 sentences = 453 flesch = 38 summary = While biosafety recommendations (as outlined hereafter) are principally aimed at providing maximal protection of human health (including laboratory workers) and the environment, it is recognised that many of the precautionary measures will also directly benefit the quality of research activities involving animal cell cultures. The methodology of biological risk assessment of contained use activities involving pathogenic and/or genetically modified organisms (GMO) identifies and takes into account the probability of occurrence and the severity of a potential negative effect on public health (including the exposed workers) and/or the environment. The risk assessment applied to animal cell cultures relies on a thorough evaluation of both the intrinsic properties of the cell culture -including subsequent properties acquired as a result of genetic modification(s) -and the possibility that the cell culture may inadvertently be contaminated or deliberately infected with pathogenic micro-organisms. cache = ./cache/cord-017527-ylng1us2.txt txt = ./txt/cord-017527-ylng1us2.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-018125-khhzlt9y author = Jain, Aditya title = Work, Health, Safety and Well-Being: Current State of the Art date = 2018-04-12 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 12405 sentences = 565 flesch = 43 summary = It revised the definition at its 12th session in 1995 to read as follows: occupational safety and health should aim at: the promotion and maintenance of the highest degree of physical, mental and social well-being of workers in all occupations; the prevention amongst workers of departures from health caused by their working conditions; the protection of workers in their employment from risks resulting from factors adverse to health; the placing and maintenance of the worker in an occupational environment adapted to his physiological and psychological capabilities; and, to summarize, the adaptation of work to man and of each man to his job. Liberalization of world trade, rapid technological progress, significant developments in transport and communication, shifting patterns of employment, changes in work organization practices, the different employment patterns of men and women, and the size, structure and life cycles of enterprises and of new technologies can all generate new types and patterns of hazards, exposures and risks. cache = ./cache/cord-018125-khhzlt9y.txt txt = ./txt/cord-018125-khhzlt9y.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-024824-lor8tfe6 author = Asgary, Ali title = Small and Medium Enterprises and Global Risks: Evidence from Manufacturing SMEs in Turkey date = 2020-02-12 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6689 sentences = 345 flesch = 50 summary = Among the economic risks, fiscal crises in key economies and high structural unemployment or underemployment were found to be the highest risks for the SMEs. Failure of regional or global governance, failure of national governance, and interstate conflict with regional consequences were found to be among the top geopolitical risks for the SMEs. The SMEs considered the risk of large-scale cyber-attacks and massive incident of data fraud/theft to be relatively higher than other global technological risks. According to the 2019 WEF global risk report, extreme weather events, failure of climate-change mitigation and adaptation, natural disasters, data fraud or theft, cyber-attacks, man-made environmental damages and disasters, large-scale involuntary migration, biodiversity loss and ecosystem collapse, water crises, and asset bubbles in a major economy were ranked the top 10 global risks in terms of likelihood. cache = ./cache/cord-024824-lor8tfe6.txt txt = ./txt/cord-024824-lor8tfe6.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-017351-73hlwwdh author = Quarantelli, E. L. title = Studying Future Disasters and Crises: A Heuristic Approach date = 2017-09-12 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 13135 sentences = 732 flesch = 57 summary = The literature on crisis and disaster research suggests that we are at another important historical juncture with the emergence of a new distinctive class of disasters and crises not often seen before (Ansell, Boin, & Keller, 2010; Helsloot, Boin, Jacobs, & Comfort, 2012; Tierney, 2014) . In short, societies have continually evolved groups and procedures to try to prevent old and new risks and threats from escalating into disasters and crises. To answer this question, we considered what social science studies and reports had found about behavior in disasters and crises up to the present time. To suggest the importance of cross-societal and cross-cultural differences is simply to suggest that good social science research needs to take differences into account while at the same time searching for universal principles about disasters and crises. There are always new or emergent groups at times of major disasters and crises, but in transboundary events they appear at a much higher rate. cache = ./cache/cord-017351-73hlwwdh.txt txt = ./txt/cord-017351-73hlwwdh.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-018907-c84t1bo5 author = Bin-Hussain, Ibrahim title = Infections in the Immunocompromised Host date = 2012 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3646 sentences = 170 flesch = 29 summary = In providing empirical antibiotic therapy in patient with pulmonary infiltrate and defect in cell-mediated immunity one need to consider Pneumocystis jiroveci, nocardia, legionella, mycoplasma, in addition to aerobic Gram-positive cocci and Gram-negative bacilli therefore it is advised to use trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, macrolides including erythromycin or clarithromycin and agent active against Gram-positive and Gram-negative; for example, thirdgeneration cephalosporin with or without aminoglycoside with anti-Gram-positive either nafcillin or vancomycin based on the incidence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and penicillin resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae. The factors influencing antimicrobial selection include the types of bacterial isolates found in the institution, antibiotic susceptibility patterns, drug allergies, presence of organ dysfunction, chemotherapeutic regimen whether the patient was receiving prophylactic antibiotics, and condition of the patient at diagnosis, for example, presence of signs and symptoms at initial evaluation and presence of documented sites requiring additional therapy. cache = ./cache/cord-018907-c84t1bo5.txt txt = ./txt/cord-018907-c84t1bo5.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-016173-ro7nhody author = Louis, Mariam title = Pulmonary Disorders in Pregnancy date = 2014-08-13 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 7662 sentences = 417 flesch = 46 summary = Although most clinical practices use symptom-based, guideline-directed assessments to decide on medication use, recent data from a randomized controlled trial suggest lower rates of exacerbation, improved quality of life, and reduced neonatal hospitalization when management decisions were based on measurements of exhaled nitric oxide in pregnancy [ 10 ] . Changes in physiology and immunity associated with pregnancy may increase the risk of infection and severe outcomes in the pregnant women. In addition, infl uenza infection during pregnancy increases the risk of adverse fetal outcomes. Pregnant women are at increased risk for morbidity (including cardiorespiratory complications) and mortality from infl uenza compared with nonpregnant controls [ 43 -46 ] that is more pronounced in the second and third trimester of pregnancy [ 47 ] . In view of potential severe maternal disease from infl uenza and adverse fetal outcomes, benefi ts of treatment with antivirals likely outweigh the potential risks to the fetus. cache = ./cache/cord-016173-ro7nhody.txt txt = ./txt/cord-016173-ro7nhody.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-011701-toevn37u author = Venkatesan, Sudhir title = Antiviral treatment for outpatient use during an influenza pandemic: a decision tree model of outcomes averted and cost-effectiveness date = 2018-06-28 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4204 sentences = 207 flesch = 41 summary = METHODS: We developed a spreadsheet-based, decision tree model to assess outcomes averted and cost-effectiveness of antiviral treatment for outpatient use from the perspective of the healthcare payer in the UK. CONCLUSIONS: This analysis shows that across pandemic scenarios, antiviral treatment can be cost-saving for population groups at high risk of influenza-related complications. [15] [16] [17] Two meta-analyses of the extant clinical trial data, examining outcomes based on the intention-to-treat-influenza infected (ITTI) approach, found that early NAI treatment (≤48 h of symptom onset) was associated with a risk reduction of 59 18 and 63% 19 for hospital admission in otherwise healthy patients with influenza. We present a spreadsheet-based decision tree model that evaluates the impact of community-based NAI treatment in terms of the averted influenza-related hospitalizations and associated costeffectiveness in a range of pandemic scenarios. We found that community-based NAI treatment would avert a significant proportion of hospitalizations and deaths, particularly in high-risk patients, across the pandemic scenarios we explored in this analysis. cache = ./cache/cord-011701-toevn37u.txt txt = ./txt/cord-011701-toevn37u.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-021959-1y67126b author = Madanoglu, Melih title = State-of-the-art cost of capital in hospitality strategic management date = 2009-11-16 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 11715 sentences = 542 flesch = 55 summary = However, prior to investing in a project, an executive/manager should make three key estimates to ensure the viability of a business project: economic useful life of the asset, future cash flows that the project will generate, and the discount rate that properly accounts for the time value of the capital invested and compensates the investors for the risk they bear by investing in that project ( Olsen et al. These researchers challenged the model by contending that it is difficult to find the right proxy for the market portfolio and that CAPM does not appear to accurately reflect the firm size in the cost of equity calculation, and that not all systematic risk factors are reflected in returns of the market portfolio. cache = ./cache/cord-021959-1y67126b.txt txt = ./txt/cord-021959-1y67126b.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-011325-r42hzazp author = Stowe, Julia title = Do Vaccines Trigger Neurological Diseases? Epidemiological Evaluation of Vaccination and Neurological Diseases Using Examples of Multiple Sclerosis, Guillain–Barré Syndrome and Narcolepsy date = 2019-10-01 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4770 sentences = 191 flesch = 40 summary = Even if only based on a temporal sequence of events, it is important that such safety concerns are rapidly investigated with robust epidemiological studies to allow mitigation procedures to be put in place if an association is confirmed or, if unfounded, to have the necessary evidence to sustain public confidence in the vaccination programme without which coverage drops and disease control is lost. The self-controlled case-series method (SCCS) was designed for rapid unbiased assessment in vaccine safety studies using available disease surveillance data that may not be amenable to cohort analysis. As with all vaccine safety studies, but particularly in the case of narcolepsy and Pandemrix™ where the association was completely unexpected, the key to demonstrating causality was consistency of results from well-designed studies in different settings. Risk of narcolepsy after AS03 adjuvanted pandemic A/ H1N1 2009 influenza vaccine in adults: a case-coverage study in England cache = ./cache/cord-011325-r42hzazp.txt txt = ./txt/cord-011325-r42hzazp.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-023473-ofwdzu5t author = Tan, Wei‐Jiat title = Managing threats in the global era: The impact and response to SARS date = 2006-06-26 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 8234 sentences = 399 flesch = 49 summary = As a result of its impact, SARS quickly established itself as a new kind of global uncertainty and posed challenges for traditional methods of risk management. As a result of its impact, SARS quickly established itself as a new kind of global uncertainty and posed challenges for traditional methods of risk management. This article examines the impact that SARS has had through means of a case study and builds on this to provide recommendations for how uncertainty may be managed in an increasingly globalized world. At the same time, we have witnessed the emergence of a new type of environmental business threat that has manifested itself in incidents such as global terrorism, SARS, financial crises, and computer viruses, all of which have the ability to disrupt a firm's operations. With regard to SARS, the key strategic responses are likely to occur in the areas of supply-chain management, diversification, scenario planning, and ensuring business continuity. cache = ./cache/cord-023473-ofwdzu5t.txt txt = ./txt/cord-023473-ofwdzu5t.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-022367-xpzx22qg author = Murphy, Peter E. title = Risk management date = 2009-11-16 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 11895 sentences = 510 flesch = 51 summary = Resort management risk not only involves both demand and supply considerations, it can range in scale from minor yet important internal issues like a lack of staff in crucial situations and places to overwhelming natural disasters or human external interventions like terrorism or financial crises. Adventure tourism operations must be identified in terms of their real risk, and even when they are outsourced to separate organizations with their own liability insurance, their professionalism and record will still impact on a resort's reputation and business. (de Sausmarez, 2004: 4) It is only when tourism in general and the resort component in particular are shown to be significant local and regional socioeconomic activities that governments and planners will consider them seriously and integrate their needs into macro-crisis management planning. If resorts and tourism are to integrate crisis management with their sustainable development philosophy they will need to identify the anticipated areas of greatest risk. cache = ./cache/cord-022367-xpzx22qg.txt txt = ./txt/cord-022367-xpzx22qg.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-164666-ktrw377u author = Gupta, Abhishek title = Report prepared by the Montreal AI Ethics Institute (MAIEI) on Publication Norms for Responsible AI date = 2020-09-15 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6985 sentences = 266 flesch = 42 summary = Similar measures at all conferences and publications would encourage researchers to critically assess their research in terms of its effects, positive and negative, on the world • Require the publication of expected results: Requiring that researchers write and publish the expected results of their research project (including but not limited to its broader social and ethical impacts) could help foster reflection around potential benefits and harms even before researchers undertake their project. The most important of which is, "Why is this research project being pursued in the first place?" This lack of critical reflection and external pressure has given rise to predatory journals with lax quality standards regarding what gets accepted for publication-this is especially an issue for researchers who are new to an academic field and are uncertain about publishing norms. cache = ./cache/cord-164666-ktrw377u.txt txt = ./txt/cord-164666-ktrw377u.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-024378-po1bu4v3 author = CHAKRABORTY, Sweta title = How Risk Perceptions, Not Evidence, Have Driven Harmful Policies on COVID-19 date = 2020-04-20 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 1444 sentences = 88 flesch = 51 summary = 17, 18 Research shows that media coverage of a public health risk such as COVID-19 can introduce particular risk characteristics that influence public perceptions and therefore become a factor in itself in how the risk is viewed. This along with the social amplification of risk amplifies risk perceptions and can result in the inaccurate overemphasis of primary public health impacts. Specifically, a proactive risk communication plan ahead of an outbreak would have allowed for clear, consistent communication that would have quelled public fears and presumably have allowed evidence-based containment and mitigation policies to take hold. 26 The ripple effects of the policies put in place to mitigate against the primary public health impacts of COVID-19 may very well produce a worse overall outcomes picture. It is evident that existing risk communication research has not been consistently consulted in managing the COVID-19 outbreak, nor has a comprehensive risk-benefit analysis been conducted to prevent worse overall outcomes. cache = ./cache/cord-024378-po1bu4v3.txt txt = ./txt/cord-024378-po1bu4v3.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-018001-ris02bff author = Garrido, Guillermo title = Medical Course and Complications After Lung Transplantation date = 2018-06-23 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5544 sentences = 306 flesch = 31 summary = Patients can develop a multitude of noninfectious (e.g., primary graft dysfunction, pulmonary embolism, rejection, acute and chronic, renal insufficiency, malignancies) and infectious (i.e., bacterial, fungal, and viral) complications and require complex multidisciplinary care. The impact of these disruptions on lung transplant outcomes remains unclear, though it is possible that these changes lead to higher susceptibility to the development of pulmonary edema and infections, worse airway clearance, and ineffective cough [6] . Patients who undergo lung transplantation have multiple risk factors to develop acute kidney injury (AKI) post-transplant, including decreased renal perfusion before, during, and/or after surgery, drug toxicities, and systemic infections. Viral infections contribute to morbidity and mortality from acute infection and have been associated with an increased risk of rejection, chronic allograft dysfunction, lymphoproliferative and other neoplastic diseases, and other extra pulmonary organ damage [77] . cache = ./cache/cord-018001-ris02bff.txt txt = ./txt/cord-018001-ris02bff.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-031696-gcduh13u author = Katsikopoulos, Panagiotis V. title = Individual and community resilience in natural disaster risks and pandemics (covid-19): risk and crisis communication date = 2020-09-10 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 2366 sentences = 114 flesch = 40 summary = Civil Protection and disaster risk specific agencies legally responsible to enhance individual and community resilience, still utilize in their risk and crisis communication efforts, the "deficit model" even though its basic assumption and approach have been criticized. Despite the importance of preparation, the current covid-19 crisis indicates that high levels of adaptive resilience can be displayed even in the absence of any risk communication effort beforehand by utilizing a pre-existing collective understanding of the system situation. The risk and crisis communication mandate rests predominantly on Civil Protection Authorities and disaster risk specific agencies (e.g. responsible for earthquakes, floods, public health, etc.) at central, regional, and local level. In conjunction with individual disaster preparedness surveys that could help identify barriers and possible triggers for its enhancement, they can provide paths to research that could offer some interesting and useful insights for effective risk and crisis communication. cache = ./cache/cord-031696-gcduh13u.txt txt = ./txt/cord-031696-gcduh13u.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-024088-020rgz5t author = Radandt, Siegfried title = Governance of Occupational Safety and Health and Environmental Risks date = 2008 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 39337 sentences = 2132 flesch = 47 summary = Depending on the type of hazard, the three topics, namely, safety, health and the environment, may share the common trait that the proper handling of risks, i.e., how to reduce probabilities and/or consequences of unwanted events is not always possible within a risk management system. A number of new occupational health and safety hazards have already arisen or are foreseen, including problems with the ergonomics of video display units, and musculoskeletal disorders in shoulder-neck and arm-hand systems, information overload, psychological stress, and pressure to learn new skills. Both managers and workers often do not see the need to improve occupational safety and health or ergonomic issues and their possibilities and benefits by reducing or eliminating risks at work. The explanations below present the basic procedure for developing safety-relevant arrangements and solutions, i.e. the thinking and decision-making processes, as well as selecting criteria that are significant for the identification of unwelcome events, the risk of an event, the acceptance limits and the adoption of measures. cache = ./cache/cord-024088-020rgz5t.txt txt = ./txt/cord-024088-020rgz5t.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-024982-4f6m3kfc author = Che Huei, Lin title = Occupational health and safety hazards faced by healthcare professionals in Taiwan: A systematic review of risk factors and control strategies date = 2020-05-18 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5062 sentences = 279 flesch = 41 summary = title: Occupational health and safety hazards faced by healthcare professionals in Taiwan: A systematic review of risk factors and control strategies BACKGROUND: Healthcare professionals in Taiwan are exposed to a myriad of occupational health and safety hazards, including physical, biological, chemical, ergonomic, and psychosocial hazards. The impact of such hazards on healthcare professionals poses a serious public health issue in Taiwan; therefore, controlling, eliminating, or reducing exposure can contribute to a stronger healthcare workforce with great potential to improve patient care and the healthcare system in Taiwan. The International Labour Organization (ILO) 3 reported that millions of healthcare workers suffer from work-related diseases and accidents, and many succumb to occupational hazards. 9 This study reviewed previous works on OHS hazards, as well as their risk factors and control strategies, with a focus on healthcare professionals in Taiwan. We used the following key words in our literature search: occupational health and safety, risk factors, healthcare professionals, control strategies, and Taiwan cache = ./cache/cord-024982-4f6m3kfc.txt txt = ./txt/cord-024982-4f6m3kfc.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-029226-eagbwk7j author = Williamson, Brian title = Beyond COVID‐19 lockdown: A Coasean approach with optionality date = 2020-06-29 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 2592 sentences = 117 flesch = 52 summary = While younger people are at greatly reduced risk from COVID-19, they are on the other hand likely to suffer some of the more severe impacts in terms of forgone education, employment, and social and longer-term opportunities from measures to increase physical distancing. The combination of low health risk for younger people from COVID-19 with disproportionately high economic and social costs from the current policy response suggests that a more targeted policy response is desirable. In this article, building on a blog post where the idea was first suggested (Williamson & Wilson, 2020) , what is proposed is a Coasean social contract that recognises the reciprocal nature of the problem of mitigating the risk of harm to health, welfare, and the economy from the COVID-19 pandemic. The proposed approach could substantially reduce the economic and social cost of the COVID-19 policy response while limiting mortality and the risk of overloading the health-care system. cache = ./cache/cord-029226-eagbwk7j.txt txt = ./txt/cord-029226-eagbwk7j.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-256432-53l24le2 author = Yang, Honglin title = A Strategy Study on Risk Communication of Pandemic Influenza: A Mental Model Study of College Students in Beijing date = 2020-09-04 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6266 sentences = 332 flesch = 47 summary = The entire frame is an analysis of disaster events from a macro perspective, including "causes," "development," "response," "event impact" and "risk information dissemination." Then, through literature research and expert consultation, the researchers summarized the concept of the communication framework and initially formed its content suitable for the influenza epidemic. We believe that the information provided by these 28 respondents can meet the sample size required for the analysis of this study, because the purpose of mental model study is not to use statistical methods to analyze the distribution of some risk cognition in the population, but to find out which concepts or beliefs, are "out there" with some reasonable frequency, 3 so as to help government departments identify what should be focused on when developing guidance programs and health education materials for this population. cache = ./cache/cord-256432-53l24le2.txt txt = ./txt/cord-256432-53l24le2.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-035287-l6trtvil author = Kanno, Takeshi title = Who Needs Gastroprotection in 2020? date = 2020-11-11 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 7651 sentences = 325 flesch = 43 summary = pylori eradication, PPI therapy, COX-2 inhibition, and prostaglandin analogues in preventing peptic ulcer bleeding and focus on which high-risk groups these approaches could be recommended. This excess could be related to bias and confounding factors inherent with database studies, but a systematic review [26] of RCTs supported this finding, and patients on dual antiplatelet therapy had almost twice the rate of gastrointestinal bleeding compared to those taking ASA alone. pylori as the same systematic review [56] found an approximately four-fold increased risk of developing peptic ulcer bleeding in those taking NSAIDS and a 6-fold increase in patients where both factors were present. Clinical data support this hypothesis with a systematic review [85] of 18 RCTs involving over 10,000 participants demonstrating that PPIs reduced PUD bleeds by approximately 80% compared to controls although the effect was less marked in patients who were already taking NSAID therapy long term. cache = ./cache/cord-035287-l6trtvil.txt txt = ./txt/cord-035287-l6trtvil.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-254436-89zf41xr author = Singer, Professor Donald RJ title = Health policy implications of the links between cardiovascular risk and COVID-19 date = 2020-09-03 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 2001 sentences = 106 flesch = 49 summary = In the meantime, public health measures are the mainstay for containing spread of infection with SARS-CoV-2, complemented by access to high quality supportive treatment and efforts to develop targeted approaches to reduce infection and disease severity in people at high risk of serious morbidity and death from COVID-19. Other indirect reasons for concern about increased prevalence and severity of cardiovascular disease because of the COVID-19 pandemic include poorer recognition and control of cardiovascular risk factors and established serious disorders of the heart, brain and circulation due to reduced access to medical services. Health policy makers also need to take steps to extend influenza immunization to all groups now recognized to be at risk of more serious COVID-19, including the obese, others with increased cardiovascular risk and people from black and other at risk ethnic minorities. cache = ./cache/cord-254436-89zf41xr.txt txt = ./txt/cord-254436-89zf41xr.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-026384-ejk9wjr1 author = Crilly, Colin J. title = Predicting the outcomes of preterm neonates beyond the neonatal intensive care unit: What are we missing? date = 2020-05-19 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6059 sentences = 321 flesch = 44 summary = Our review provides a comprehensive analysis and critique of risk prediction models developed for preterm neonates, specifically predicting functional outcomes instead of mortality, to reveal areas of improvement for future studies aiming to develop risk prediction tools for this population. 17 published a systematic review of risk factor models for neurodevelopmental outcomes in children born very preterm or very low birth weight (VLBW). In this article, we conduct an in-depth, narrative review of the current risk models available for predicting the functional outcomes of preterm neonates, evaluating their relative strengths and weaknesses in variable and outcome selection, and considering how risk model development and validation can be improved in the future. Risk factor models for neurodevelopmental outcomes in children born very preterm or with very low birth weight: a systematic review of methodology and reporting Is the CRIB score (Clinical Risk Index for babies) a valid tool in predicting neurodevelopmental outcome in extremely low birth weight infants? cache = ./cache/cord-026384-ejk9wjr1.txt txt = ./txt/cord-026384-ejk9wjr1.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-019009-3ngfv96u author = Gea-Banacloche, Juan title = Risks and Epidemiology of Infections After Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation date = 2016-02-15 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 8485 sentences = 401 flesch = 32 summary = Several characteristics of the transplant infl uence the risk of infection: the conditioning preparative regimen, the source of stem cells, the degree of HLA identity between donor and recipient, and the prophylactic strategy adopted to prevent GVHD (use of T cell depletion or immunosuppressive medications). These factors may result in increased risk of infections associated with T cell immunodefi ciency, like CMV, Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia (PCP), and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-related posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorder (PTLD). Risk factors for recurrence of invasive fungal infection during secondary antifungal prophylaxis in allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients Impact of the intensity of the pretransplantation conditioning regimen in patients with prior invasive aspergillosis undergoing allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation: a retrospective survey of the infectious diseases working party of the european group for blood and marrow transplantation Infl iximab use in patients with severe graftversus-host disease and other emerging risk factors of noncandida invasive fungal infections in allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients: a cohort study cache = ./cache/cord-019009-3ngfv96u.txt txt = ./txt/cord-019009-3ngfv96u.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-200147-ans8d3oa author = Arimond, Alexander title = Neural Networks and Value at Risk date = 2020-05-04 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 8597 sentences = 440 flesch = 52 summary = Specifically, we estimate VaR thresholds using classic methods (i.e. Mean/Variance, Hidden Markov Model) 1 as well as machine learning methods (i.e. feed forward, convolutional, recurrent), which we advance via initialization of input parameter and regularization of incentive function. Using equity markets and long term bonds as test assets in the global, US, Euro area and UK setting over an up to 1,250 weeks sample horizon ending in August 2018, we investigate neural networks along three design steps relating (i) to the initialization of the neural network's input parameter, (ii) its incentive function according to which it has been trained and which can lead to extreme outputs if it is not regularized as well as (iii) the amount of data we feed. Whereas our paper is focused on advancing machine learning techniques and is therefore following Billio and Pellizon (2000) anchored in a regime based asset allocation setting 1 to account for time varying economic states (CPZ, 2020), we still believe that the nonlinearity and flexible form especially of recurrent neural networks maybe of interesting to the VaR (forecasting) literature (Billio et al. cache = ./cache/cord-200147-ans8d3oa.txt txt = ./txt/cord-200147-ans8d3oa.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-034832-uvjjmt1p author = Shi, Yong title = The Evolution Characteristics of Systemic Risk in China’s Stock Market Based on a Dynamic Complex Network date = 2020-06-02 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6817 sentences = 307 flesch = 53 summary = title: The Evolution Characteristics of Systemic Risk in China's Stock Market Based on a Dynamic Complex Network Therefore, based on the daily return of all a-shares in China, this paper constructs a dynamic complex network of individual stocks, and represents the systemic risk of the market using the average weighting degree, as well as the adjusted structural entropy, of the network. In order to eliminate the influence of disturbance factors, empirical mode decomposition (EMD) and grey relational analysis (GRA) are used to decompose and reconstruct the sequences to obtain the evolution trend and periodic fluctuation of systemic risk. On the basis of the data of all a-shares in China, this paper constructs a dynamic complex network of stock correlation, and the change of average weight as well as adjusted structural entropy of the network are used to measure the evolution of systemic risk in China's stock market. cache = ./cache/cord-034832-uvjjmt1p.txt txt = ./txt/cord-034832-uvjjmt1p.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-023747-mvq6353a author = Ascherio, Alberto title = Epidemiology of Multiple Sclerosis: Environmental Factors date = 2009-12-25 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 8842 sentences = 461 flesch = 49 summary = The epidemiologic evidence points to three environ­mental risk factors—infection with the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), low levels of vitamin D, and cigarette smoking—whose association with multiple sclerosis (MS) seems to satisfy in varying degrees most of the criteria that support causality, including temporality, strength, consis­tency, biologic gradient, and plausibility. As discussed in this chapter, epidemiologic evidence points to three environmental risk factors-infection with the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), low levels of vitamin D, and cigarette smoking-whose association with multiple sclerosis (MS) seems to satisfy in varying degrees most of the criteria that support causality, including temporality (i.e., the cause must precede the effect), strength, consistency, biologic gradient, and plausibility. 28 Studies within the United States have also supported a decreased risk of MS among migrants from northern (>41° to 42° N), Australia and New Zealand Europe Figure 4-1 Worldwide prevalence estimates of multiple sclerosis. cache = ./cache/cord-023747-mvq6353a.txt txt = ./txt/cord-023747-mvq6353a.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-252870-52fjx7s4 author = Xie, Kefan title = The Impact of Risk Perception on Social Distancing during the COVID-19 Pandemic in China date = 2020-08-27 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6275 sentences = 333 flesch = 42 summary = Hence, these findings suggest effective management guidelines for successful implementation of the social distancing policies during the COVID-19 pandemic by emphasizing the critical role of risk perception, perceived understanding, and safety climate. Individual's perceived understanding and safety climate are also examined to identify their effectiveness in the relationship between risk perception and social distancing. Perceived Understanding about the COVID-19 pandemic plays a mediating role between Risk Perception and Social Distancing behavior. The initial questionnaire contained 22 questions to measure these 4 latent variables, including Risk Perception-RP (7 items), Perceived Understanding-PU (4 items), Social Distancing-SD (5 items), and Safety Climate-SC (6 items). This study provided evidence that risk perception and perceived understanding can significantly affect people's social distancing behaviors during the COVID-19 pandemic. Based on the data collected from an online survey among 317 participants in China throughout May 2020, our analyses indicate that positive changes in social distancing behaviors are associated with increased risk perception, perceived understanding, and safety climate. cache = ./cache/cord-252870-52fjx7s4.txt txt = ./txt/cord-252870-52fjx7s4.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-016405-86kghmzf author = Lai, Allen Yu-Hung title = Impact of Disasters and Disaster Risk Management in Singapore: A Case Study of Singapore’s Experience in Fighting the SARS Epidemic date = 2014-06-13 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 9738 sentences = 503 flesch = 49 summary = We use a case study to highlight the disaster impacts and insights drawn from Singapore's risk management experience with specific references to the SARS epidemic. The implications from the SARS focus on four areas: staying vigilant at the community level, remaining flexible in a national command structure, the demand for surge capacity, and collaborative governance at regional level. To understand the principles and practices of Singapore's approach to disaster risk management, we carry out an historical analysis of official documents obtained from the relevant Singapore government agencies as well as international organizations, literature reviews, quantitative analysis of economic impacts, qualitative interviews with key informants (e.g. public health professionals and decision-makers), and email communications with frontline managers from the public sector (e.g. the Singapore Civil Defense Force, the Communicable Disease Centre) and non-governmental organizations. Responding to the uncertainty of disease transmission, the Singapore government instituted many draconian public policies, such as social distancing, quarantine and isolation, as risk mitigating measures. cache = ./cache/cord-016405-86kghmzf.txt txt = ./txt/cord-016405-86kghmzf.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-004894-75w35fkd author = nan title = Abstract date = 2006-06-14 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 92116 sentences = 6264 flesch = 51 summary = The unadjusted median (25-75% percentile) sperm concentration in the non-exposed group (n = 90) is 49 (23-86) mill/ml compared to 33 (12-63) mill/ml among men exposed to >19 cigarettes per day in fetal life (n = 26 Aim: To estimate the prevalence of overweight and obesity, and their effects in physical activity (PA) levels of Portuguese children and adolescents aged 10-18 years. Objectives: a) To estimate the sex-and age-adjusted annual rate of tuberculosis infection (ARTI) (per 100 person-years [%py]) among the HCWs, as indicated by tuberculin skin test conversion (TST) conversion, b) to identify occupational factors associated with significant variations in the ARTI, c) to investigate the efficacy of the regional preventive guidelines. Objectives: We assessed the total burden of adverse events (AE), and determined treatment-related risk factors for the development of various AEs. Methods: The study cohort included 1362 5-year survivors, treated in the Emma Childrens Hospital AMC in the Netherlands between 1966-1996. cache = ./cache/cord-004894-75w35fkd.txt txt = ./txt/cord-004894-75w35fkd.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-272727-a5ngjuyz author = Bertsimas, D. title = From predictions to prescriptions: A data-drivenresponse to COVID-19 date = 2020-06-29 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3596 sentences = 209 flesch = 53 summary = Specifically, we propose a comprehensive data-driven approach to understand the clinical characteristics of COVID-19, predict its mortality, forecast its evolution, and ultimately alleviate its impact. Each column reports 128 cohort-level statistics on demographics (e.g., average age, gen-129 der breakdown), comorbidities (e.g., prevalence of diabetes, 130 hypertension), symptoms (e.g., prevalence of fever, cough), 131 treatments (e.g., prevalence of antibiotics, intubation), lab 132 values (e.g., average lymphocyte count), and clinical outcomes 133 (e.g., average hospital length of stay, mortality rate). The models with lab values provide 309 algorithmic screening tools that can deliver COVID-19 risk 310 predictions using common clinical features. These findings 333 are also in agreement with clinical reports: an elevated CRP 334 generally indicates an early sign of infection and implies lung 335 lesions from COVID-19 (27), elevated levels of leukocytes 336 suggest cytokine release syndrome caused by SARS-CoV-2 337 virus (28), and lowered levels of serum calcium signal higher 338 rate of organ injury and septic shock (29) . cache = ./cache/cord-272727-a5ngjuyz.txt txt = ./txt/cord-272727-a5ngjuyz.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-009729-69swjzic author = nan title = Scientific Opinion on the public health hazards to be covered by inspection of meat from sheep and goats date = 2013-06-27 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 66970 sentences = 2764 flesch = 44 summary = Risk ranking of chemical hazards into categories of potential concern was based on the outcomes of the national residue control plans (NRCPs), as defined in Council Directive 96/23/EC for the period 2005-2010, and of other testing programmes, as well as on substance-specific parameters such as the toxicological profile and the likelihood of the occurrence of residues and contaminants in sheep and goats. It is recommended regarding chemical hazards, that FCI should be expanded for sheep and goats produced in extensive systems to provide more information on the specific environmental conditions where the animals are produced and that future monitoring programmes should be based on the risk of occurrence of chemical residues and contaminants, taking into account the completeness and quality of the FCI supplied, and the ranking of chemical substances into categories of potential concern, which ranking needs to be regularly updated. cache = ./cache/cord-009729-69swjzic.txt txt = ./txt/cord-009729-69swjzic.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-028564-sltofaox author = Gutiérrez-Spillari, Lucia title = Obesity, Cardiovascular Disease, and Influenza: How Are They Connected? date = 2020-07-06 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3322 sentences = 169 flesch = 31 summary = RECENT FINDINGS: This infection could have detrimental outcomes in obese patients with cardiovascular diseases, such as an increased risk, length of hospitalization, disease severity, morbidity, and mortality. Its low-grade chronic inflammatoryinduced state negatively impacts immune function and host defense [2] , as shown during the 2009 influenza A virus H1N1 pandemic, where obesity resulted to be an independent risk factor for severe disease, hospitalization, mechanical ventilation, and mortality upon infection [1] . It is well studied that obese patients can develop cardiovascular diseases; however, it is less known that the lowinflammatory chronic state might affect host defense and immune cell dysfunction and infections, such as influenza A, could have detrimental outcomes in such patients, such as an increased risk, length of hospitalization, disease severity, morbidity, and mortality. Cardiovascular complications associated with influenza infection include myocarditis, pericardial effusion, myopericarditis, right and left ventricle dysfunction, myocardial infarction, heart failure, stroke, and circulatory failure due to septic shock. cache = ./cache/cord-028564-sltofaox.txt txt = ./txt/cord-028564-sltofaox.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-033655-16hj7sev author = Miroudot, Sébastien title = Reshaping the policy debate on the implications of COVID-19 for global supply chains date = 2020-10-12 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 8006 sentences = 363 flesch = 50 summary = More recently, Gereffi (2020) addresses the issue of the resilience of medical supply GVCs. However, as policymakers now seem to associate resilience with a specific type of organization of GVCs where MNEs produce mostly through more localized or shorter supply chains, new questions arise on the type of governance that would allow such organization and on the way policymakers could influence the design of GVCs. The main risk with the current debate on the economic policy implications of COVID-19 is that it can lead to the use of supply chain concepts by policymakers and international organizations in a way that departs from business reality, thus leading to wrong policy choices. Building more resilient supply chains should not lead to the dismantlement of GVCs. It should also not replace the risks related to COVID-19 by new policy hazards and a higher level of uncertainty for companies. cache = ./cache/cord-033655-16hj7sev.txt txt = ./txt/cord-033655-16hj7sev.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-264542-0hu5twhp author = Mueller, Siguna title = Facing the 2020 Pandemic: What does Cyberbiosecurity want us to know to safeguard the future? date = 2020-09-25 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4205 sentences = 213 flesch = 39 summary = Herein, I summarize and elaborate on these new cyberbiosecurity challenges, (1) in terms of comprehending the evolving threat landscape and determining new risk potentials, (2) in developing adequate safeguarding measures, their validation and implementation, and (3) specific critical dangers and consequences, many of them unique to the life-sciences. Yet, the convergence of technologies at the nexus of life and medical sciences, cyber, cyberphysical, supply chain and infrastructure systems [3] , has led to new security problems that have remained elusive to the majority of the scientific, agricultural, and health communities. Due to the increased reliance of the bioscience fields on cyberphysical systems (CPS, Fig. 3 below), potentials for exploitation exist at each point where bioengineered or biomanufactured processes or services interface with the cyber and the physical domain, whereby attackers may exploit unsecured networks and remotely manipulate biologic data, exploit biologic agents, or affect physical processing involving biological materials, that result (whether intentionally or unintentionally) in unwanted or dangerous biological outcomes [4, 5, 6, 7] . cache = ./cache/cord-264542-0hu5twhp.txt txt = ./txt/cord-264542-0hu5twhp.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-266526-8csl9md0 author = Li, Shuai title = Integrated environment-occupant-pathogen information modeling to assess and communicate room-level outbreak risks of infectious diseases date = 2020-10-24 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3891 sentences = 216 flesch = 50 summary = title: Integrated environment-occupant-pathogen information modeling to assess and communicate room-level outbreak risks of infectious diseases To inform occupants and guide facility managers to prevent and respond to infectious disease outbreaks, this study proposed a framework to assess room-level outbreak risks in buildings by modeling built environment characteristics, occupancy information, and pathogen transmission. The efficacy of the proposed method was demonstrated by a case study, in which building characteristics, occupancy schedules, pathogen parameters, as well as hygiene and cleaning practices are considered for outbreak risk assessment. This study contributes to the body of knowledge by computationally integrating building, occupant, and pathogen information modeling for infectious disease outbreak assessment, and communicating actionable information for built environment management. This study aims to develop a framework for room-level outbreak risk assessment based on 105 integrated building-occupancy-pathogen modeling to mitigate the spread of infectious disease in 106 cache = ./cache/cord-266526-8csl9md0.txt txt = ./txt/cord-266526-8csl9md0.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-103784-f8ac21m2 author = Campbell, C. title = Risk factors for the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis date = 2020-08-24 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5148 sentences = 301 flesch = 46 summary = title: Risk factors for the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis Methods: MEDLINE, Embase and Web of Science databases were searched from 1st January 2000 to 24th June 2020 for English studies investigating associations of metabolic factors and comorbidities with HCC risk in individuals with chronic HBV infection. Conclusions: In adults with chronic HBV infection, diabetes mellitus is a significant risk factor for HCC, but further investigation of how antidiabetic drug use and glycaemic control influence this association is needed. Therefore, we undertook a systematic review, aiming to summarise and critically appraise studies investigating associations of relevant comorbidities and metabolic factors with risk of HCC in CHB-infected individuals. DM was associated with an increased risk of progression to HCC by meta-analysis restricted to HRs minimally adjusted for age and sex ( Figure 2 ). Effect estimates for case-control studies investigating the association of diabetes mellitus with hepatocellular carcinoma risk. cache = ./cache/cord-103784-f8ac21m2.txt txt = ./txt/cord-103784-f8ac21m2.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-253135-0tun7fjk author = Robin, Charlotte title = Zoonotic disease risk perceptions in the British veterinary profession date = 2017-01-01 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 7277 sentences = 310 flesch = 41 summary = In veterinary professionals who had previous experience of managing zoonotic cases, time or financial constraints and a concern for adverse animal reactions were not perceived as barriers to use of personal protective equipment (PPE). Explanatory variables investigated were gender, age, length of time in practice, position (veterinary surgeon or nurse; owner or employee); type(s) of veterinary work undertaken (small, large/equine or exotics/wildlife); previous experience of treating a zoonotic case; level of concern over risk (for themselves or clients). The aim of this research was to explore zoonotic disease risk perceptions within a cross-section of the veterinary profession in Britain, and to identify barriers and motivators towards infection control practices and the use of PPE to minimise the risk of disease transmission. Zoonotic disease risk perceptions and infection control practices of Australian veterinarians: call for change in work culture cache = ./cache/cord-253135-0tun7fjk.txt txt = ./txt/cord-253135-0tun7fjk.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-252708-88s32x0v author = Hawkins, Devan title = Differential occupational risk for COVID‐19 and other infection exposure according to race and ethnicity date = 2020-06-15 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 1555 sentences = 86 flesch = 46 summary = The percentage of workers employed in essential industries and occupations with a high risk of infection and close proximity to others by race and ethnicity was calculated. The percentage of workers employed in essential industries and occupations with a high risk of infection and close proximity to others by race and ethnicity was calculated. 9 To assess how this occupation segregation may contribute to racial and ethnic disparities for COVID-19, this study sought to determine whether there were racial and ethnic disparities in workers employed in essential industries and in occupations with a higher risk of exposure to infections and close proximity to others. We combined these occupational scores with the employment data from the BLS CPS and calculated the percentage of workers with a high risk of exposure to infections and proximity to others according to race and ethnicity. cache = ./cache/cord-252708-88s32x0v.txt txt = ./txt/cord-252708-88s32x0v.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-255249-jtx3ntil author = Gratz, Kim L. title = Thwarted belongingness and perceived burdensomeness explain the associations of COVID‐19 social and economic consequences to suicide risk date = 2020-07-14 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4612 sentences = 201 flesch = 43 summary = Participants completed measures assessing thwarted belongingness, perceived burdensomeness, loneliness, and suicide risk, as well as whether they (a) were currently under a stay‐at‐home order and (b) had experienced a recent job loss due to the pandemic. Currently, in the United States, beyond the immediate physical health consequences of COVID-19 (and related fear and distress associated with these consequences), two consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic that stand out as particularly relevant to suicide risk are the social isolation related to stay-at-home orders and the widespread job loss related to the current economic crisis-both of which have been theoretically and/or empirically linked to suicide risk (e.g., Classen & Dunn, 2012; Oyesanya, Lopez-Morinigo, & Dutta, 2015; Reger et al., 2020) . Despite these limitations, the results of this study highlight the potential impact of COVID-19 social and economic consequences on suicide risk among adults in the United States, as well as the relevance of thwarted belongingness and perceived burdensomeness to these associations. cache = ./cache/cord-255249-jtx3ntil.txt txt = ./txt/cord-255249-jtx3ntil.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-027950-4xwcb5j7 author = Bachman, Thomas E. title = Thresholds for oximetry alarms and target range in the NICU: an observational assessment based on likely oxygen tension and maturity date = 2020-06-27 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5075 sentences = 295 flesch = 61 summary = METHODS: This is a retrospective observational study intended to describe the relative chance of normoxemia, and risks of hypoxemia and hyperoxemia at relevant SpO(2) levels in the neonatal ICU. The aim of this analysis was to see if specific SpO 2 levels for selection of high and low alarms and target ranges could be identified based on the difference in the risk of hypoxemia and hyperoxemia and further to determine to what degree these thresholds might change depending on infant maturity. This is a prospectively defined analysis with the aim of describing arterial oxygenation levels (PaO 2 ) associated with various possible SpO 2 alarm limits and target ranges. The study is based on the paradigm that high and low SpO 2 alarm limits should consider the risk of hypoxemia and hyperoxemia independent of the desired SpO 2 target range and further consider infant maturity [7] . cache = ./cache/cord-027950-4xwcb5j7.txt txt = ./txt/cord-027950-4xwcb5j7.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-149069-gpnaldjk author = Gomes, M. Gabriela M. title = A pragmatic approach to account for individual risks to optimise health policy date = 2020-09-02 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 2400 sentences = 113 flesch = 33 summary = As the virus spreads in the human population, individuals at higher risk are predominantly infected as indicated at endemic equilibrium (Figure 1 A, B , C, density plots on the right, coloured red) and after 100 years of control (Figure 1 D, E, F). The control strategy applied to endemic equilibrium in the figure is the 90-90-90 treatment as prevention target advocated by the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS 4 whereby 90% of infected individuals should be detected, with 90% of these receiving antiretroviral therapy, and 90% of these should achieve viral suppression (becoming effectively non-infectious). Selection on individual variation in disease susceptibility thus offers an explanation for vaccine efficacy trends that is entirely based on population level heterogeneity, in contrast with waning vaccine-induced immunity, an individual-level effect 20 . cache = ./cache/cord-149069-gpnaldjk.txt txt = ./txt/cord-149069-gpnaldjk.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-217984-ry0z7orj author = Krabichler, Thomas title = Deep Replication of a Runoff Portfolio date = 2020-09-10 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 7726 sentences = 447 flesch = 51 summary = They consider a rather advanced and flexible ALM model by specifying an economic objective (e.g., the maximisation of the present value of future profits), a series of constraints (e.g., regulatory requirements and liquidity assurance) and penalty costs for constraint violations. Notice, however, that neither Markovian assumptions are needed, nor value functions or dynamic programming principles: Deep ALM will simply provide an artificial asset liability manager who precisely solves the business problem (and not more) in a convincing way, i.e. provides ALM strategies along pre-defined future scenarios and stress scenarios. An essential prerequisite for the viability of Deep ALM in a treasury department is to come up with a sufficiently rich idea of the macro-economic environment and bank-specific quantities such as market risk factors, future deposit evolutions, credit rate evolutions and migrations, stress scenarios and all the parameterisations thereof. While accounting for the regulatory liquidity constraints, a deep neural network adapts a non-trivial dynamic replication strategy for a runoff portfolio that outperforms static benchmark strategies conclusively. cache = ./cache/cord-217984-ry0z7orj.txt txt = ./txt/cord-217984-ry0z7orj.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-033328-ny011lj3 author = VESE, Donato title = Managing the Pandemic: The Italian Strategy for Fighting COVID-19 and the Challenge of Sharing Administrative Powers date = 2020-09-03 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 11842 sentences = 532 flesch = 40 summary = Specifically, the article argues that the administrative strategy for effectively implementing emergency risk regulation based on an adequate and correct risk assessment requires "power sharing" across the different levels of government with the participation of all of the institutional actors involved in the decision-making process: Government, Regions and local authorities. Specifically, the article argues that the administrative strategy for effectively implementing emergency risk regulation based on an adequate and correct risk assessment requires "power sharing" across the different levels of government with the participation of all of the institutional actors involved in the decision-making process: Government, Regions and local authorities. In particular, as I will claim in analysing the Italian policies (Sections IV.1.a and IV.1.b), the administrative strategy for effectively implementing emergency risk regulation in a pandemic requires power sharing across the different levels of government with the participation of all of the institutional actors involved in the decision-making process in order to adopt consistent measures based on the constant monitoring and updating of the nationwide epidemiological risk assessment. cache = ./cache/cord-033328-ny011lj3.txt txt = ./txt/cord-033328-ny011lj3.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-048467-1dus0u4m author = Civaner, Murat title = Can "presumed consent" justify the duty to treat infectious diseases? An analysis date = 2008-03-06 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 7746 sentences = 303 flesch = 51 summary = The purpose of this study was to investigate the opinions and beliefs held by both physicians and dentists regarding the occupational risks of infectious diseases, and to analyze the argument that the notion of "presumed consent" on the part of professionals may be grounds for supporting the duty to treat. CONCLUSION: If we use the presumed consent argument to establish the duty of the HCW to provide care, we are confronted with problems ranging over the difficulty of choosing a profession autonomously, the constant level of uncertainty present in the medical profession, the near-impossibility of being able to evaluate retrospectively whether every individual was informed, and the seemingly inescapable problem that this practice would legitimize, and perhaps even foster, discrimination against patients with certain diseases. In order to carry out this analysis, the opinions and beliefs of physicians and dentists regarding the occupational risks of infectious diseases were investigated; and, by extension, the argument that the notion of "presumed consent" may be grounds for supporting the HCWs' duty to treat was also analyzed. cache = ./cache/cord-048467-1dus0u4m.txt txt = ./txt/cord-048467-1dus0u4m.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-257467-b8o5ghvi author = Smith, Barbara A. title = Anesthesia as a Risk for Health Care Acquired Infections date = 2010-12-31 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4506 sentences = 276 flesch = 42 summary = This article further discusses the risks for HAIs apparent in intravascular cannulation, endotracheal intubation, and the development of surgical site infections, and examines occupational measures to prevent infections in the health care worker. Although endotracheal intubation during surgery is generally a controlled safe procedure, this artificial airway predisposes the body to exposure to respiratory pathogens whether from the health care provider, the environment, or equipment. 12 A recent practice advisory prepared by the American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) concurs with the implementation of aseptic technique when handling neuraxial needles and catheters, and states it should include "hand washing, wearing of sterile gloves, wearing of caps, wearing of masks covering both the mouth and nose, use of individual packets of skin preparation, and sterile draping of the patient." The same advisory does not make a specific recommendation regarding the type of skin antisepsis to use. cache = ./cache/cord-257467-b8o5ghvi.txt txt = ./txt/cord-257467-b8o5ghvi.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-265343-4wfsze80 author = Mhango, Malizgani title = COVID-19 Risk Factors Among Health Workers: A Rapid Review date = 2020-06-06 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 2357 sentences = 147 flesch = 53 summary = A rapid review was carried out on 20 April 2020 on Covid-19 risk factors among HWs in PubMed, Google Scholar, and EBSCOHost Web (Academic Search Complete, CINAHL Complete, MEDLINE with Full Text, CINAHL with Full Text, APA PsycInfo, Health Source—Consumer Edition, Health Source: Nursing/Academic Edition) and WHO Global Database. The review included studies conducted among HWs that reported COVID-19 risk factors irrespective of their sample size. The review included studies conducted among HWs that reported COVID-19 risk factors irrespective of their sample size. The reported Covid-19 risk factors among HWs were grouped into five: lack of personal protective equipment (PPE), exposure to infected patients, work overload, poor infection control, and preexisting medical conditions. Our review revealed exposure to infected patients and work overload as two important Covid-19 risk factors among HWs. This corroborates a recent Centers for Disease Control and Prevention report that estimated that of the 9282 cases of Covid-19 cases among HWs in the United States of America, 55% had exposure in the healthcare setting [19] . cache = ./cache/cord-265343-4wfsze80.txt txt = ./txt/cord-265343-4wfsze80.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-271698-n9qd14oe author = Dy, Louie Florendo title = A COVID-19 infection risk model for frontline health care workers date = 2020-08-08 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3841 sentences = 185 flesch = 56 summary = In this study, we formulate a theoretical model to calculate the risk of being infected in health care facilities considering the following factors: the average number of encounters with a suspected COVID-19 patient per hour; interaction time for each encounter; work shift duration or exposure time; crowd density, which may depend on the amount of space available in a given location; and availability and effectiveness of protective gears and facilities provided for the frontline health care workers. cache = ./cache/cord-271698-n9qd14oe.txt txt = ./txt/cord-271698-n9qd14oe.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-199156-7yxzj7tw author = Chan, Ho Fai title = Risk Attitudes and Human Mobility during the COVID-19 Pandemic date = 2020-06-10 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6228 sentences = 335 flesch = 50 summary = In each regression, we controlled for whether the day is a weekend, an indicator distinguishing our sample time period by the day when the World Health Organization (WHO) declared the COVID-19 outbreak a pandemic (11 March 2020) , the total number of confirmed cases per 1,000 people, number of days since the first confirmed coronavirus related death in the country 7 , percentage of population over 65, population density (per squared km of land area), percentage of urban population, average household size, unemployment rate, per capita income (in logs), daily average temperature, and a set of indicators on government responses that covers recommending and requesting closure of school, workplace, public transport, stay at home, cancellation of public events, and restriction on gatherings and internal movement (39) . cache = ./cache/cord-199156-7yxzj7tw.txt txt = ./txt/cord-199156-7yxzj7tw.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-269343-qwgmn06t author = Livingston, Gill title = Dementia prevention, intervention, and care: 2020 report of the Lancet Commission date = 2020-07-30 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 23165 sentences = 1132 flesch = 45 summary = Overall, a growing body of evidence supports the nine potentially modifiable risk factors for dementia modelled by the 2017 Lancet Commission on dementia prevention, intervention, and care: less education, hypertension, hearing impairment, smoking, obesity, depression, physical inactivity, diabetes, and low social contact. 90 An individual-level meta-analysis of 19 observational studies of relatively younger adults included 404 840 participants' data (mean baseline age 45·5 years; mean follow-up duration 14·9 years), reporting an increased incidence of all-cause dementia (HR 1·4, 95% CI 1·2-1·7) and clinically diagnosed Alzheimer's disease (1·4, 1·1-1·7) in those who were physically inactive in the 10-year period before diagnosis. Little evidence of the effects of social interventions on dementia exists but a systematic review of low quality RCTs of 576 adults aged 60 or more years with normal cognition found facilitated meeting and discussion groups were associated with improved global cognition and increased brain volume at follow-up. cache = ./cache/cord-269343-qwgmn06t.txt txt = ./txt/cord-269343-qwgmn06t.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-257622-m6j0us2e author = Herman, Joanna title = Advising the traveller date = 2017-12-07 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3896 sentences = 190 flesch = 44 summary = The key elements of pre-travel advice are health risk assessment, health promotion and risk management; this involves advice on prevention of malaria, travellers' diarrhoea, sexually transmitted infections and accidents, as well as appropriate vaccinations. It also varies according to the health status Key points C There has been an increase in travel to tropical destinations, with subsequent exposure of travellers to malaria, dengue and other tropical and vaccine-preventable infections C The most likely causes of mortality in travellers are accidental injury or a cardiovascular event, rather than an infectious disease C Malaria is one of the most common and serious causes of fever in travellers The key features of a pre-travel consultation are health risk assessment, and health promotion with risk management C Higher risk groups of travellers include those visiting friends and relatives, those with co-morbidities, pregnant women and very young or elderly travellers of the traveller: their medical conditions, current medications, allergies and immunization history. cache = ./cache/cord-257622-m6j0us2e.txt txt = ./txt/cord-257622-m6j0us2e.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-034834-zap82dta author = Bai, Xiao title = A Review of Micro-Based Systemic Risk Research from Multiple Perspectives date = 2020-06-27 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 14932 sentences = 691 flesch = 41 summary = Meanwhile, cross-disciplinary research methods from other disciplines have been introduced, such as the introduction of complex network models when studying the structural stability of the system, linking the contagious effects of financial systemic risks to the transmission pathways of infectious diseases or bio-food chains [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] , establishing new measures to measure systemic risk [7] [8] [9] [10] . Therefore, although the academic community still has differences in the definition of systemic risks, by comparing the concepts of systemic risk and financial crisis, and summarizing the definition of systemic risk in the academic world, the concept of systemic risk can be defined from an economic perspective: triggered by macro or micro-events, the institutions in the system are subjected to negative impacts, and more organizations are involved in risk diffusion and the existence of internal correlations strengthens the feedback mechanism, causing the system as a whole to face the risk of collapse. cache = ./cache/cord-034834-zap82dta.txt txt = ./txt/cord-034834-zap82dta.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-273175-bao8xxe2 author = Tran, Viet-Thi title = COVID-19–related perceptions, context and attitudes of adults with chronic conditions: Results from a cross-sectional survey nested in the ComPaRe e-cohort date = 2020-08-06 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3858 sentences = 205 flesch = 49 summary = It assessed participants' perception of their risk of severe illness with COVID-19; their context (i.e., work, household, contacts with external people); and their attitudes in situations involving frequent or occasional contacts with symptomatic or asymptomatic people. Results of the survey were described globally and for the subgroup of patients considered at high risk of a severe illness according to the French High Council for Public Health (Box 1). Among patients at high risk of a severe illness according to the French High Council for Public Health, 5% continued working, 15% had a household member working outside of the home and 7% reported regular contacts with people outside of their home. The only variable found associated with use of face masks with asymptomatic people (or refusal to see these people) was patients' perception of high risk of severe infection by COVID-19 (odds ratio 1.93, 95% confidence interval 1.53-2.43). cache = ./cache/cord-273175-bao8xxe2.txt txt = ./txt/cord-273175-bao8xxe2.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-258498-0mvxwo3w author = Shah, Saleha title = COVID-19 and paediatric dentistry- traversing the challenges. A narrative review date = 2020-08-21 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 13560 sentences = 748 flesch = 49 summary = This review article informs about measures which reduce facility risk, manage symptomatic patients and protect personal health care and management with reference to paediatric dentistry. 5, 6, 7 The risk of SARS-CoV-2 transmission via aerosols generated during dental procedures cannot be eliminated when practicing in the absence of Airborne Precautions (airborne infection isolation rooms or single-patient rooms, respiratory protection program, N95 respirators). 47 Primary prevention encompasses prenatal health care, avoidance of night time bottle feed with sugary drinks or milk, restricting sugar intake and frequency for children younger than 24 months, avoiding frequent/nocturnal breast or bottle feeding after 1 year, exposure to dietary fluoridate (water, milk, salt), use of an age appropriate amount of fluoride toothpaste containing at least 1000ppm fluoride for brushing at least twice a day, dental visit in the first year of life and regular applications of 5% fluoride. cache = ./cache/cord-258498-0mvxwo3w.txt txt = ./txt/cord-258498-0mvxwo3w.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-277800-dtpsiaj9 author = Stefan, Norbert title = Metabolically Healthy and Unhealthy Normal Weight and Obesity date = 2020-08-20 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3260 sentences = 150 flesch = 48 summary = Whether impaired metabolic health, characterized by hypertension, dyslipidemia, hyperglycemia, insulin resistance, and subclinical inflammation, may explain part of the elevated risk of cardiometabolic diseases that is found in many subjects with very low fat mass, as it does in many obese subjects, is unknown. For example in an analysis of 323,175 adults from the large Korean National Health Insurance System (NHIS) database, who were followedup for a median of 96 months, subjects with MHO even had a lower all-cause (-19%) and cardiovascular (-27%) mortality risk, when compared to non-obese and metabolically healthy subjects. Data from the North West Adelaide Health Study suggest that risk of diabetes, CVD, or stroke is not increased in people with MHO compared to people with MHNW, if the metabolically healthy obesity phenotype is maintained during a natural follow-up over 5.5 to 10.3 years [31] . Transition from metabolic healthy to unhealthy phenotypes and association with cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk across body mass index categories in 90,257 women of the Nurses' Health Study. cache = ./cache/cord-277800-dtpsiaj9.txt txt = ./txt/cord-277800-dtpsiaj9.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-282457-80htwxm0 author = Iserson, Kenneth V. title = Healthcare Ethics During a Pandemic date = 2020-04-13 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3568 sentences = 222 flesch = 48 summary = In most disasters, and certainly during the current COVID-19 pandemic, frontline healthcare professionals face two key ethical issues: (1) whether to respond despite the risks involved; and (2) how to distribute scarce, lifesaving medical resources. To address one concern, on March 20, 2020, the American Academy of Emergency Medicine issued a position statement saying, in part, that they believe "a physician, nurse, PA, first responder or other healthcare professional has the right to be removed from the schedule of work requiring direct contact with patients potentially infected with COVID-19 for issues of personal health, such as being on immunosuppressive therapy or other similar concerns, without the risk of termination of employment." 15 Rarely discussed, but a key part of maintaining our workforce, is to support the psychosocial needs of the healthcare team. cache = ./cache/cord-282457-80htwxm0.txt txt = ./txt/cord-282457-80htwxm0.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-254647-axyx03eg author = Brocal, Francisco title = Advanced Manufacturing Processes and Technologies date = 2018-11-16 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 10107 sentences = 583 flesch = 45 summary = Industry 4.0 is a "strategic PCAST (2011) focuses in its report on advanced manufacturing, a family of activities that (1) depend on the use and coordination of information, automation, computation, software, sensing, and networking, and/or (2) make use of cutting-edge materials and emerging capabilities enabled by the physical and biological sciences, for example, nanotechnology, chemistry, and biology. Advanced manufacturing processes are characterized by innovative variables of a technological and organizational nature that tend to change with workplaces, processes and conventional work practices, and can generate, as well as traditional occupational risks, other so-called new and emerging risks (NERs) (Brocal and Sebastián, 2015a) . With this chapter, a general framework of the emerging risks linked with advanced manufacturing processes and technologies has been shown. The general framework of the emerging risks linked with advanced manufacturing processes and technologies has been shown using the CWA 16649:2013 as main reference. cache = ./cache/cord-254647-axyx03eg.txt txt = ./txt/cord-254647-axyx03eg.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-277210-xaj2623u author = Weinkove, Robert title = Managing haematology and oncology patients during the COVID‐19 pandemic: interim consensus guidance date = 2020-05-13 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6044 sentences = 315 flesch = 38 summary = • Adopt measures within cancer centres to reduce risk of nosocomial SARS-CoV-2 acquisition; support population-wide social distancing; reduce demand on acute services; ensure adequate staffing; and provide culturally safe care. Patients with cancer could be at elevated risk of severe COVID-19, while delivery of cancer therapies could be disrupted by quarantines, social distancing measures, and interruption of routine health care delivery by the pandemic. 38 Community spread of COVID-19 has the potential to diminish the donor pool, to threaten the capacity of cancer services to provide routine transfusion support, and to increase the risks that transfusion-dependent patients will come into contact with other individuals with SARS-CoV-2. We present interim guidance for clinicians caring for patients with cancer who may be particularly vulnerable both to severe COVID-19 and the potential impact of the pandemic on the provision of cancer investigations and treatment. cache = ./cache/cord-277210-xaj2623u.txt txt = ./txt/cord-277210-xaj2623u.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-273789-sbppgkza author = Donohoe, Holly title = Lyme disease: Current issues, implications, and recommendations for tourism management date = 2014-08-20 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 10268 sentences = 409 flesch = 43 summary = One study from the United States reported the results of a survey of workers regarding their knowledge of Lyme disease and their behaviour regarding tick-bite prevention and one article provided a comprehensive review of the occupational risks (Piacentino & Schwartz, 2002) . Early case studies in the United States failed to show a significant increase in risk associated with outdoor recreation (e.g. Bowen et al., 1984; Ciesielski et al., 1989; Falco & Fish, 1989) but Smith et al.'s (1988) research found that persons who had spent more than 30 h per week in outdoor activities in endemic areas were 2.5 times more likely to test positive for Lyme disease. cache = ./cache/cord-273789-sbppgkza.txt txt = ./txt/cord-273789-sbppgkza.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-269566-mgzal1th author = Carmody, Sean title = When can professional sport recommence safely during the COVID-19 pandemic? Risk assessment and factors to consider date = 2020-05-07 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 1409 sentences = 92 flesch = 54 summary = Mass gatherings such as a large number of participants and particularly crowds attending sporting events likely increase risk of transmission of COVID-19. The WHO highlights five key factors in determining risk 10 : ► Will the event be held in a country that has documented active local transmission of COVID-19 (community spread)? If, for example, a match was postponed to August, was played behind closed doors, substantial but achievable mitigations including enhanced hygiene, social distancing where practical, the ability to test and contact trace were put in place and transmission was (for illustration) present but significantly less Editorial in the host country, then the risk from that event can be reduced to low. Discussion with government, local health authorities, event organisers and the participants could take place, regarding suitability to proceed and what other controls can further decrease risk ( figure 2) . cache = ./cache/cord-269566-mgzal1th.txt txt = ./txt/cord-269566-mgzal1th.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-276267-77903fld author = Al‐Ani, Aysha H. title = Review article: prevention, diagnosis and management of COVID‐19 in the IBD patient date = 2020-05-26 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5481 sentences = 355 flesch = 42 summary = 6 Consequently, there is a concern that IBD patients are at greater risk of developing COVID-19 and at increased risk of progressing to a more severe clinical course or even death compared to the general population. 18 Furthermore, there is a recent case report of a possible SARS-CoV-2 gastrointestinal infection causing acute haemorrhagic colitis and signalling COVID-19 disease. Clinical assessment of risk factors for infection in inflammatory bowel disease patients Protection of 318 inflammatory bowel disease patients from the outbreak and rapid spread of COVID-19 infection in Wuhan Risk of infection with methotrexate therapy in inflammatory diseases: a systematic review and meta-analysis Comparative risk of serious infections with biologic and/or immunosuppressive therapy in patients with inflammatory bowel diseases: a systematic review and meta-analysis Infection-related hospitalizations are associated with increased mortality in patients with inflammatory bowel diseases Respiratory tract infections in patients with inflammatory bowel disease: safety analyses from vedolizumab clinical trials cache = ./cache/cord-276267-77903fld.txt txt = ./txt/cord-276267-77903fld.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-278759-pykihnup author = Koh, Yiwen title = Nurses' perceptions of risk from emerging respiratory infectious diseases: A Singapore study date = 2012-03-21 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4899 sentences = 277 flesch = 53 summary = Another significant finding of this study is that the government's, organizations' and nurses' perceptions of new emerging respiratory infectious diseases were influenced by their previous experience with SARS. 16 It can be seen from this discussion that there is a substantial amount of research examining how HCWs perceive the risks of Emerging Acute Respiratory Infectious Diseases such as H1N1 and SARS; 17, 25 however, few studies have focused specifically on nurses. 41, 42 With the resurgence of emerging acute respiratory infectious diseases such as SARS and pandemic influenza in the 21st century, research investigating nurses' risk perceptions towards their exposure is more than ever pertinent. The data show that the nurses in this study have similar concerns to previous research on HCW's perceptions of risk from SARS and other emerging acute respiratory infectious diseases in that these nurses were concerned about risks to their personal health (from patients, from colleagues and visitors to the organization). cache = ./cache/cord-278759-pykihnup.txt txt = ./txt/cord-278759-pykihnup.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-278418-i8cbrs7y author = Leitner, Stephan title = On the dynamics emerging from pandemics and infodemics date = 2020-08-31 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 2465 sentences = 130 flesch = 44 summary = This position paper discusses emerging behavioral, social, and economic dynamics related to the COVID-19 pandemic and puts particular emphasis on two emerging issues: First, delayed effects (or second strikes) of pandemics caused by dread risk effects are discussed whereby two factors which might influence the existence of such effects are identified, namely the accessibility of (mis-)information and the effects of policy decisions on adaptive behavior. As events such as the COVID-19 pandemic unfolds complex behavioral patterns which are hard to predict, sophisticated models which account for behavioral, social, and economic dynamics are required to assess the effectivity and efficiency of decision-making. Besides direct effects on behavior there might be indirect and delayed effects of an infodemic, as the spread of mis-information might increase the perception of the COVID-19 pandemic as a dread risk (Zarocostas 2020). cache = ./cache/cord-278418-i8cbrs7y.txt txt = ./txt/cord-278418-i8cbrs7y.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-279935-asg71qtr author = Beasley, Lana O. title = Best Practices for Engaging Pregnant and Postpartum Women at Risk of Substance Use in Longitudinal Research Studies: a Qualitative Examination of Participant Preferences date = 2020-10-28 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 7881 sentences = 329 flesch = 38 summary = Themes were organized into key engagement factors related to the following: (1) recruitment strategies, (2) enrollment, and (3) retention of high-risk pregnant and parenting women in longitudinal research studies. Overall, the current qualitative data provide preliminary data that enhance the understanding of a continuum of factors that impact engagement of high-risk pregnant and postpartum women in longitudinal research with current results indicating the need to prioritize recruitment, enrollment, and retention strategies in order to effectively engage vulnerable populations in research. These difficulties with recruitment and retention contribute to additional complications for research, including biased samples of convenience recruited through referrals from social and health agencies, limited sample diversity, deviations from the research design, and ethical issues associated with risk and benefits of participation and involvement with the criminal justice or child welfare system. cache = ./cache/cord-279935-asg71qtr.txt txt = ./txt/cord-279935-asg71qtr.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-280642-cvxni7cd author = The OpenSAFELY Collaborative, title = OpenSAFELY: factors associated with COVID-19-related hospital death in the linked electronic health records of 17 million adult NHS patients. date = 2020-05-07 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 7286 sentences = 343 flesch = 50 summary = title: OpenSAFELY: factors associated with COVID-19-related hospital death in the linked electronic health records of 17 million adult NHS patients. People from Asian and black groups are at markedly increased risk of in-hospital death from COVID-19, and contrary to some prior speculation this is only partially attributable to pre-existing clinical risk factors or deprivation; further research into the drivers of this association is therefore urgently required. People from Asian and black groups are at markedly increased risk of in-hospital death from COVID-19, and contrary to some prior speculation this is only partially attributable to pre-existing clinical risk factors or deprivation; further research into the drivers of this association is therefore urgently required. 12, 13 We therefore set out to determine factors associated with risk of death from COVID-19 in England using a very large sample of the adult population, with deaths data linked to longitudinal primary care electronic health records. cache = ./cache/cord-280642-cvxni7cd.txt txt = ./txt/cord-280642-cvxni7cd.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-275786-etli5c3a author = MAGEE, Laura A. title = TOWARDS PERSONALIZED MANAGEMENT OF CHRONIC HYPERTENSION IN PREGNANCY date = 2020-07-18 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 7402 sentences = 379 flesch = 40 summary = By 98 systematic review (55 studies, 795,221 pregnancies), women with chronic hypertension have high 99 rates of superimposed preeclampsia (26%), Cesarean delivery (41%), preterm delivery (28%), low 100 birthweight (17%), perinatal death (4%), and neonatal unit (NICU) admission (21%) (8). Priorities for future research 561 include whether or not: additional characteristics of BP and other physiological variables can be used 562 to predict preeclampsia; low-dose aspirin reduces their risk of preeclampsia specifically and/or 563 calcium has an independent preventative effect; use of angiogenic markers with clinical factors and 564 routine laboratory testing improves care; hemodynamically-guided care improves outcomes in 565 comparison with antihypertensive therapy titrated to BP level and, if the latter, with which 566 antihypertensive agent is best to initiate treatment from among labetalol, nifedipine, and 567 methyldopa; and optimal timing of birth. cache = ./cache/cord-275786-etli5c3a.txt txt = ./txt/cord-275786-etli5c3a.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-281390-rk7ijexa author = Zhou, Li title = Fear and trust: How risk perceptions of avian influenza affect Chinese consumers’ demand for chicken date = 2016-09-30 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 9115 sentences = 461 flesch = 58 summary = We measure risk perception, fear and trust against actual reduction in consumption and stated change in WTP for safe chicken between 2012 and 2013. Factors such as the fear of H7N9's spreading, the impact of distrust (especially the distrust in government) enhanced the deviation of consumption and WTP; and the sheer mentioning of H7N9 is more important and negative than whether it was associated with a risk-perception reducing or risk-perception elevating message given to consumers. In contrast, we measure consumer risk perceptions of food safety resulting from different types of fear and different sources of trust which may differ amongst individuals and markets. Z is the vector of control variables such as: (1) knowledge about AI; (2) new information about AI; (3) city dummies for controlling the AI incidence and price differences; (4) other basic characteristics including gender, age, family size, the proportion of children and/or elderly in a household, education and income; and (5) lagged consumption and WTP to identify the initial demand. cache = ./cache/cord-281390-rk7ijexa.txt txt = ./txt/cord-281390-rk7ijexa.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-283917-jumgb0hs author = Li, Hang Long title = The Proportion of Adult Americans at Risk of Severe COVID-19 Illness date = 2020-10-26 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 1275 sentences = 77 flesch = 60 summary = The US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) announced on July 17, 2020, that conditions including obesity, diabetes mellitus (DM), chronic kidney disease (CKD), heart disease, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are well-established risk factors predisposing individuals to severe illness from COVID-19. In this analysis, participants in the United States National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2011-2016 2 aged ≥ 20 years were included. There were minor differences in the percentage of people with ≥ 1 established and ≥ 1 any risk factor according to sex, ethnicity, education, and income level, but the percentages remained around 60% and 75%, respectively. This is the first study to estimate the proportion of the Americans in the general population at risk from severe COVID-19 illness using data from a nationally representative survey. 4 Our study shows that obesity and hypertension are the leading risk factors for severe COVID-19 illness, especially in those aged < 50 years. cache = ./cache/cord-283917-jumgb0hs.txt txt = ./txt/cord-283917-jumgb0hs.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-287129-g2zdv5dc author = Sowerby, Leigh J. title = Reply to: Correspondence – International Registry of Otolaryngologist – Head and Neck Surgeons with COVID‐19 date = 2020-08-22 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 628 sentences = 45 flesch = 65 summary = title: Reply to: Correspondence – International Registry of Otolaryngologist – Head and Neck Surgeons with COVID‐19 As we write this letter in reply, nineteen percent of all cases of COVID-19 reported in Mexico are in healthcare workers and our colleagues in Otolaryngology have not been spared. The risk of death for healthcare workers in Mexico is four times higher than in the United States and this is related and attributable to restricted access to PPE. Dr. Turner does an excellent job in summarizing the currently established risk for HCWs. He did not include a prospective observational study from the UK looking at 9,800 employees found that those working in COVID-facing areas had a higher rate than those elsewhere (21.2% vs. Letter to the Editor re: International Registry of Otolaryngologist -Head and Neck Surgeons with COVID-19. Differential occupational risks to healthcare workers from SARS-CoV-2: A prospective observational study COVID-19 infections among Healthcare Workers and Transmission within Households cache = ./cache/cord-287129-g2zdv5dc.txt txt = ./txt/cord-287129-g2zdv5dc.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-283287-073r80s7 author = Farhoudian, Ali title = COVID-19 and Substance Use Disorders: Recommendations to a Comprehensive Healthcare Response. An International Society of Addiction Medicine Practice and Policy Interest Group Position Paper date = 2020-04-12 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 8134 sentences = 434 flesch = 44 summary = People Who Use Drugs (PWUD) are a marginalized and stigmatized group with weaker immunity responses, vulnerability to stress, poor health conditions, high-risk behaviors, and lower access to health care services. In this paper, an international group of experts on addiction medicine, infectious diseases, and disaster psychiatry explore the possible raised concerns in this issue and provide recommendations to manage the comorbidity of COVID-19 and Substance Use Disorder (SUD). Therefore, a group of international experts on addiction medicine, infectious diseases, and disaster management teamed up to explore the comorbidity of COVID-19 infection with substance use disorder and identify the necessary recommendations for health service providers and policymakers in this situation. Health authorities should develop and apply specific strategies for PWUD for early COVID-19 identification and patient isolation, interrupting transmission, providing appropriate care, attending medical issues, and minimizing negative social impact. cache = ./cache/cord-283287-073r80s7.txt txt = ./txt/cord-283287-073r80s7.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-284424-6gljl7n5 author = Brown, Eric E. title = Anticipating and Mitigating the Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on Alzheimer's Disease and Related Dementias date = 2020-04-18 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5004 sentences = 266 flesch = 45 summary = The COVID-19 pandemic is causing global morbidity and mortality, straining health systems, and disrupting society, putting individuals with Alzheimer's disease and related dementias (ADRD) at risk of significant harm. We discuss and propose mitigation strategies for: the risk of COVID-19 infection and its associated morbidity and mortality for individuals with ADRD; the impact of COVID-19 on the diagnosis and clinical management of ADRD; consequences of societal responses to COVID-19 in different ADRD care settings; the effect of COVID-19 on caregivers and physicians of individuals with ADRD; mental hygiene, trauma, and stigma in the time of COVID-19; and the potential impact of COVID-19 on ADRD research. Thus, in the context of a rapidly evolving situation, this Special Article discusses and proposes mitigation strategies for six major issues: (1) why individuals with ADRD are at high risk for COVID-19 and its associated morbidity and mortality; (2) how COVID-19 will impact the diagnosis and clinical cache = ./cache/cord-284424-6gljl7n5.txt txt = ./txt/cord-284424-6gljl7n5.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-293316-kip8mrjo author = de Sa, J. title = Risk communication and management in public health crises date = 2009-09-10 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 1741 sentences = 103 flesch = 45 summary = Since the turn of the century, the World Health Organization (WHO) has documented a historically unprecedented number of emerging infectious disease outbreaks, and lessons drawn from their management have confirmed the critical importance of effective communications, specifically through formal channels such as WHO and in the public domain. Instant and global transmission of information has become a powerful ally, along with peer pressure, for WHO in ensuring that member states comply with new obligations to swiftly declare outbreaks considered to be of public health importance. There is now significant global attention and accompanying investment which should, the authors suggest, be used as an opportunity to improve strategic and operational communication capacity to respond not only to pandemic influenza but also to other public health threats. 4 Ultimately, the debate is centred on the boundary between the governance of risk communication and risk management, the former now being mandated through international laws, with the latter remaining, to a large degree, a national sovereignty responsibility. cache = ./cache/cord-293316-kip8mrjo.txt txt = ./txt/cord-293316-kip8mrjo.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-291679-jfxqipt8 author = Yang, Seongwoo title = Middle East respiratory syndrome risk perception among students at a university in South Korea, 2015 date = 2017-06-01 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5627 sentences = 310 flesch = 48 summary = The aim of this study was to determine whether risk perception was associated with personal and social variables, including trust in the media, the health care field, and government. Additionally, we sought to identify the associations of risk perception and social variables with compliance with self-quarantine guidelines and overreaction during the MERS epidemic. In this study, knowledge, trust, personal characteristics, and other social determinants were considered the main factors affecting risk perception and overreaction. Therefore, this section assessed the following personal characteristics: degree of optimism about the health policies of South Korea, willingness to sacrifice for society, responsiveness to an emergency situation, and attitude toward self-quarantine and overreaction. To assess the associations of demographic factors, knowledge, trust in social organizations, intention to sacrifice, and responsiveness to emergency situations with risk perception, multiple linear regression analyses were used. cache = ./cache/cord-291679-jfxqipt8.txt txt = ./txt/cord-291679-jfxqipt8.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-278870-pct184oa author = Finell, Eerika title = The Combined Effect of Perceived COVID-19 Infection Risk at Work and Identification with Work Community on Psychosocial Wellbeing among Finnish Social Sector and Health Care Workers date = 2020-10-19 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5017 sentences = 372 flesch = 63 summary = title: The Combined Effect of Perceived COVID-19 Infection Risk at Work and Identification with Work Community on Psychosocial Wellbeing among Finnish Social Sector and Health Care Workers We examined the combined effect of perceived risk associated with COVID-19 infection at work and work community identification on psychosocial well-being (i.e., frequency of stress symptoms) among health care and social sector workers in Finland (N = 1279). Thus, when occupational organizations consider protective strategies against stress that is related to COVID-19 infection risk at work among social sector and health care workers, promoting identification with their work community might be one key protective factor that can buffer this stress. This article analyses the combined effect of the perceived risk associated with COVID-19 infection at work with work community identification on psychosocial well-being (i.e., frequency of stress symptoms) among health care and social sector workers in Finland. cache = ./cache/cord-278870-pct184oa.txt txt = ./txt/cord-278870-pct184oa.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-292559-b21j9sf3 author = Karcher, Nicole R. title = The ABCD study: understanding the development of risk for mental and physical health outcomes date = 2020-06-15 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 10081 sentences = 447 flesch = 36 summary = The initial goal of the ABCD Study was to examine risk and resiliency factors associated with the development of substance use, but the project has expanded far beyond this initial set of questions and will also greatly inform our understanding of the contributions of biospecimens (e.g., pubertal hormones), neural alterations, and environmental factors to the development of both healthy behavior and brain function as well as risk for poor mental and physical outcomes. First, the ABCD Study utilized a school-based national recruitment strategy with limited exclusion criteria, helping to overcome challenges to previous general population studies that generally did not include neuroimaging [10] as well as attempts to understand the risk factors associated with negative outcomes that relied on convenience samples [11] . These studies provide important evidence that the ABCD Study sample can be leveraged to conduct rigorous research practices, including examining the psychometric evidence for using existing (or newly created) measures in a middle childhood sample, supporting the use of these measures to better understand the development of risk. cache = ./cache/cord-292559-b21j9sf3.txt txt = ./txt/cord-292559-b21j9sf3.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-293174-4ucqudn4 author = Sun, Ziheng title = Community venue exposure risk estimator for the COVID-19 pandemic date = 2020-09-29 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6315 sentences = 368 flesch = 59 summary = To increase public awareness of exposure risks in daily activities, we propose a birthday-paradox-based probability model to implement in a web-based system, named COSRE (community social risk estimator) and make in-time community exposure risk estimation during the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. We define exposure risk to mean the probability of people meeting potential cases in public places such as grocery stores, gyms, libraries, restaurants, coffee shops, offices, etc. The correlation experiment with the new cases in the next two weeks shows that the risk estimation model offers promise in assisting people to be more precise about their personal safety and control of daily routine and social interaction. been done for the COVID-19 disease, as an ongoing pandemic few tools are available to evaluate the real-94 time social exposure risks. Model derived risks are 447 generated based on the real-time potential COVID-19 cases, the population in local communities, and the 448 number of people number in a given venue. cache = ./cache/cord-293174-4ucqudn4.txt txt = ./txt/cord-293174-4ucqudn4.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-289008-c4cu3vrp author = Wallis, Christopher J.D. title = Risks from Deferring Treatment for Genitourinary Cancers: A Collaborative Review to Aid Triage and Management During the COVID-19 Pandemic date = 2020-05-03 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 9353 sentences = 446 flesch = 44 summary = Patients with muscle-invasive bladder cancer are at risk of disease progression, with radical cystectomy delays beyond 12 wk from diagnosis or completion of neoadjuvant chemotherapy. To this end, PubMed was searched from inception until April 2, 2020 to identify studies examining the association between delays in treatment and clinical outcomes, including upstaging, recurrence, and mortality for patients with bladder cancer (BC; both muscle-invasive and non-muscle-invasive disease), prostate cancer (PCa), kidney cancer, upper tract urothelial cancer, germ cell tumors, and penile cancer. Where radiotherapy is planned to be administered, a recent Cochrane Database systematic review and meta-analysis of 10 studies including 8278 patients demonstrated that for those with intermediate-and high-risk PCa, hypofractionation is associated with equivalent oncologic outcomes (MFS, disease-specific survival, and OS), as well as functional outcomes [64] . cache = ./cache/cord-289008-c4cu3vrp.txt txt = ./txt/cord-289008-c4cu3vrp.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-290708-hv1um2ln author = Zhu, Shushang title = Hedging Crash Risk in Optimal Portfolio Selection date = 2020-07-28 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 8587 sentences = 573 flesch = 65 summary = investigate the Conditional Value-at-Risk (CVaR) model based portfolio optimization problem considering only derivatives. (2013) propose a general hedged portfolio optimization approach based on risk measure calculated by the approximate parametric VaR. In this section, we discuss parametric approximation of the value change of a hedged portfolio and investigate the problem of measuring risk of a hedged portfolio in normal market conditions and in a crash, respectively. We then propose a tractable convex conic programming approach to solve the hedged portfolio optimization problem with crash risk control. In this subsection, we discuss the measure and calculation of hedged portfolio risk in a normal market and in a crash, respectively. Using (4), (15), (17) and (18), we get the following proposition which means that the portfolio optimization problem with crash risk control can be solved by a tractable convex programming approach. cache = ./cache/cord-290708-hv1um2ln.txt txt = ./txt/cord-290708-hv1um2ln.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-288494-6qybdxc4 author = Liao, Qiaohong title = A clinical prediction rule for diagnosing human infections with avian influenza A(H7N9) in a hospital emergency department setting date = 2014-08-05 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4550 sentences = 206 flesch = 45 summary = We analyzed two databases that contained clinical and basic laboratory data from two groups of patients presenting similarly with acute respiratory infections to hospitals in China, including 121 laboratory-confirmed A(H7N9) cases and 2,603 patients who suffered from acute respiratory infections other than A(H7N9) influenza. A two-step regression model was used to develop the prediction rule, so as to simulate the decision making process in the setting of a clinic or hospital emergency room where a patient first presents [12, 13] . We had chosen the model with the best performance in terms of both the high sensitivity and area under the ROC curve, which were also maintained in the validation samples, to identify patients having a high risk for the infection at their initial clinical presentation so as to optimize resources during an epidemic. cache = ./cache/cord-288494-6qybdxc4.txt txt = ./txt/cord-288494-6qybdxc4.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-294184-jte9xx5e author = Macleod, Jack title = Surgery during COVID-19 crisis conditions: can we protect our ethical integrity against the odds? date = 2020-06-12 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 2742 sentences = 175 flesch = 48 summary = Careful consideration of ethical principles must guide production of local guidance ensuring consistent patient selection thus preserving equality as well as quality of clinical services. As a surgical department operating under COVID-19 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2) crisis conditions, a multitude of ethical, practical and medical dilemmas are encountered. Coupling the unclear risk profile of COVID-19 with a lack of alternatives to provide the gold standard surgery, what is the ethical justification for performing a substitute procedure on this cohort of patients? hoW CAn We eThICAlly proVIde The TrAdITIonAl gold sTAndArd, or AlTernATIVe, operATIon To pATIenTs durIng The CoVId-19 CrIsIs? One such framework has formed the basis of healthcare ethics: initially proposed by Beauchamp and Childress in 1979, the four principles of patient care are beneficence, non-maleficence, respect for autonomy and justice. For those patients requiring acute treatment, an alternative to the conventional gold standard can be performed if its known inferiority is outweighed by the reduced risk of COVID-19-related complications. cache = ./cache/cord-294184-jte9xx5e.txt txt = ./txt/cord-294184-jte9xx5e.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-285898-rtqkvf63 author = Padberg, Stephanie title = Anti-infective Agents date = 2014-09-29 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 23992 sentences = 1446 flesch = 42 summary = In the case of clarithromycin, there was some 2.6 Anti-infective Agents 2 Pregnancy initial concern as animal experiments demonstrated teratogenic effects, and for instance, in some studies cardiovascular defects were induced in rats. In a prospective cohort study with 949 women who were exposed to a fluorquinolone during the first trimester, neither the rate of major birth defects, nor the risk of spontaneous abortion were increased compared to a control group (Padberg 2014) . Danish cohort studies based on a prescription register also could not find an increased risk of birth defects after first trimester exposure in several thousand pregnant women (Nørgaard 2008 , Sørensen 1999 ). Data from the Antiretroviral Pregnancy Registry (2013) with 27 birth defects in 905 cases, indicate a malformation rate of 3.0% after exposure during the first trimester, similarly as seen in the general population of the USA. Three birth defects were observed among 141 pregnant women with first trimester exposures reported to the Antiretroviral Pregnancy Registry (2013). cache = ./cache/cord-285898-rtqkvf63.txt txt = ./txt/cord-285898-rtqkvf63.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-290901-bfho5w04 author = Figuié, Muriel title = Global health risks and cosmopolitisation: from emergence to interference date = 2013-03-20 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6047 sentences = 343 flesch = 48 summary = International health organisations and western nations are exerting growing pressure on other countries to cooperate in managing health risks such as emerging diseases, as demonstrated during the recent episodes of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and avian flu (Scoones 2010). I conducted a comprehensive review of all the grey literature documents on avian flu issued by the Vietnamese ministries of health, and agriculture and rural development, of official documents on Vietnam's strategy for avian flu (known as the 'Red Book' and the 'Green Book') and regulations adopted by the Vietnamese government, as well as expert reports from international and foreign organisations (FAO, WHO, Agrifood Consulting International and Agence Franc¸aise de De'veloppement). The authorities adopted the framing of avian flu as a pandemic threat (that is as a risk of second modernity) and cooperated with the international community to manage a global manufactured uncertainty. cache = ./cache/cord-290901-bfho5w04.txt txt = ./txt/cord-290901-bfho5w04.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-285628-36gyix12 author = Stull, Jason W. title = Hospital-Associated Infections in Small Animal Practice date = 2015-03-31 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6763 sentences = 324 flesch = 29 summary = The routine use of simple infection prevention practices can likely dramatically reduce HAIs. Infection control is the term best suited to the goal in small animal veterinary medicine of preventing (or, more practically speaking, limiting) the introduction and/or spread of pathogens with a group of patients and caregivers. The US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has recently assessed domestic antibiotic resistance threats for people based on Box 1 Pathogens of concern in a small animal clinic Hospital-Associated Infections clinical and economic impact, incidence, transmissibility, availability of effective antimicrobials, and barriers to prevention. Staphylococcus S pseudintermedius and to a lesser extent S aureus are common causes of veterinary HAIs. 30 Both are frequently carried on the skin and mucosal surfaces of dogs and people (respectively), creating the potential for both endogenous infection (infection caused by bacteria the animal was harboring at the time of hospital admission) and acquisition of the pathogen during hospitalization directly or indirectly from other patients, the environment, or human caregivers. cache = ./cache/cord-285628-36gyix12.txt txt = ./txt/cord-285628-36gyix12.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-299343-gsrgf4dd author = Wilson, A. M. title = Quantifying SARS-CoV-2 infection risk within the Apple/Google exposure notification framework to inform quarantine recommendations date = 2020-07-19 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 10689 sentences = 493 flesch = 48 summary = The conditional probability of current or future infectiousness, conditioned on how long post-exposure an exposed individual has been free of symptoms, decreases during quarantine, with shape determined by the distribution of incubation periods, proportion of asymptomatic cases, and distribution of asymptomatic shedding durations. Findings: As an example of our calculations, fifteen minutes of close contact with a high-shedding individual, given a 15% asymptomatic infection rate and no testing, would require 5and 14-day quarantine for their risk of current or future infectiousness to fall below 0.84% and 0.14% risk, respectively. A similarly maximal interaction, i.e. with 30 minutes in each attenuation bin, but with an index case at the minimum Transmission Risk level, corresponding to exposure timing that is not risk-free but falls just outside the window currently used by manual contact tracers, yields an infection probability of 0.36%, requiring 7 days of quarantine. cache = ./cache/cord-299343-gsrgf4dd.txt txt = ./txt/cord-299343-gsrgf4dd.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-297395-5r4fxcuq author = Rezende, Leandro F. M. title = Adults at high-risk of severe coronavirus disease-2019 (Covid-19) in Brazil date = 2020-05-15 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 2320 sentences = 135 flesch = 57 summary = We estimated the proportion and number of adults (≥ 18 years) at risk of severe Covid-19 by sex, educational level, race/ethnicity, and state based on the presence of one or more of the following risk factors: age ≥ 65 years or medical diagnosis of cardiovascular disease, diabetes, hypertension, chronic respiratory disease, cancer, stroke, chronic kidney disease and moderate to severe asthma, smoking status, and obesity. Herein, we propose a calculation of the proportion and total number of the general adult population who may be at higher risk for severe Covid-19, based on routinely collected data from a nationwide, household-based survey in Brazil. Information on covariates including sex, race/ethnicity, educational level, and Brazilian state (26 states and the Federative District) were obtained to describe the proportion of adults at risk of severe Covid-19 by population strata. Compared with younger participants, older adults (≥ 65 years) were less educated, more likely women, white and presented higher prevalence of risk factors for severe Covid-19, except for smoking. cache = ./cache/cord-297395-5r4fxcuq.txt txt = ./txt/cord-297395-5r4fxcuq.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-280060-gzby85u9 author = Rello, Jordi title = Management of infections in critically ill returning travellers in the intensive care unit—II: clinical syndromes and special considerations in immunocompromised patients() date = 2016-04-28 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5493 sentences = 297 flesch = 38 summary = 2 A International Journal of Infectious Diseases 48 (2016) 104-112 significant number of immunocompromised patients may also be migrants who may return to their countries of origin to visit friends and relatives, and may acquire travel-associated infections. 26 Cases of Chagas disease (Trypanosoma cruzi) either as a consequence of reactivation of a latent infection not identified at the time of transplant (because an unrecorded travel history or stay in an endemic area) or by transmission through the organ donor, can also be associated with a high mortality. There have also been case reports of severe disease from other travel-associated infections, such as salmonellosis, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, and visceral leishmaniasis in immunocompromised patients. Less common pathogens such as Staphylococcus aureus, avian influenza viruses such as H7N9 and H5N1, the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), and Gram-negative rods such as Burkholderia pseudomallei must also be considered, as well as a few other pathogens that do not usually cause pneumonia, such as malaria. cache = ./cache/cord-280060-gzby85u9.txt txt = ./txt/cord-280060-gzby85u9.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-302336-zj3oixvk author = Clift, Ash K title = Living risk prediction algorithm (QCOVID) for risk of hospital admission and mortality from coronavirus 19 in adults: national derivation and validation cohort study date = 2020-10-21 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 7352 sentences = 320 flesch = 44 summary = 13 The use of primary care datasets with linkage to registries such as death records, hospital admissions data, and covid-19 testing results represents a novel approach to clinical risk prediction modelling for covid-19. Patients entered the cohort on 24 January 2020 (date of first confirmed case of covid-19 in the UK) and were followed up until they had the outcome of interest or the end of the first study period (30 April 2020), which was the date up to which linked data were available at the time of the derivation of the model, or the second time period (1 May 2020 until 30 June 2020) for the temporal cohort validation. 25 D statistics (a discrimination measure that quantifies the separation in survival between patients with different levels of predicted risks) and Harrell's C statistics (a discrimination metric that quantifies the extent to which people with higher risk scores have earlier events) were evaluated at 97 days (the maximum followup period available at the time of the derivation of the model) and 60 days for the second temporal validation, with corresponding 95% confidence intervals. cache = ./cache/cord-302336-zj3oixvk.txt txt = ./txt/cord-302336-zj3oixvk.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-282783-ps5jyjkl author = nan title = Full Issue PDF date = 2020-09-30 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 15926 sentences = 843 flesch = 41 summary = The Childhood Cancer Survivor Study showed a 10-fold higher risk of pericardial disease in all CCS versus siblings (30year cumulative incidence, 3 .0%) and a dose-response relation with chest RT (11) . The literature on ECG abnormalities in large cohorts of long-term CCS is sparse (46, 47) , Data on the use of ambulatory ECG monitoring to define the prevalence of brady-and tachyarrhythmias induced by cardiotoxic cancer treatments are needed, but must be carefully weighed against the potential patient burden and clinical significance. Interestingly, a prior study in testicular cancer survivors showed that those patients who were exposed to cisplatin-based chemotherapy nearly 3 to more than 20 years ago had a more severe reduction in FMD and higher levels of circulating endothelial cells than those not exposed (13) . cache = ./cache/cord-282783-ps5jyjkl.txt txt = ./txt/cord-282783-ps5jyjkl.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-292409-hz5qj1fw author = Viterbo, Lilian Monteiro Ferrari title = Workers’ Healthcare Assistance Model (WHAM): Development, Validation, and Assessment of Sustainable Return on Investment (S-ROI) date = 2020-04-30 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 7296 sentences = 350 flesch = 41 summary = In this context, it is necessary to discuss a model of assistance in occupational health that is capable of reviewing the central characteristics of the biomedical healthcare assistance model, including: (i) organization of practices focused on the identification of signs and symptoms and the treatment of diseases, with health promotion not being a priority; (ii) assistance is organized based on individual spontaneous demand, with an emphasis on specialization and the use of hard technologies; (iii) the work is developed in a fragmented, hierarchical manner and with inequality across different professional categories; (iv) difficulty in implementing the integrated care due to the lack of understanding of the individual as a multidimensional human being, as well as the lack of communication and integration between the services involved; (v) health planning is seldom used as a management tool; (vi) the training of health professionals is specialized, based on the hegemony of scientific knowledge; and (vii) themes such as interdisciplinary, people-centered care, attachment, and welcoming are not prioritized. cache = ./cache/cord-292409-hz5qj1fw.txt txt = ./txt/cord-292409-hz5qj1fw.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-306008-kh4y44uy author = Khalatbari-Soltani, Saman title = Importance of collecting data on socioeconomic determinants from the early stage of the COVID-19 outbreak onwards date = 2020-05-07 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3195 sentences = 156 flesch = 46 summary = Importance of collecting data on socioeconomic determinants from the early stage of the COVID-19 outbreak onwards Saman Khalatbari-Soltani, 1,2 Robert G Cumming, 1,2 Cyrille Delpierre, 3, 4 Michelle Kelly-Irving 3,4,5 ABSTRACT Disadvantaged socioeconomic position (SEP) is widely associated with disease and mortality, and there is no reason to think this will not be the case for the newly emerged coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) that has reached a pandemic level. As COVID-19 spreads worldwide, it is crucial to collect and report data on socioeconomic determinants as well as race/ethnicity to identify high-risk populations. As COVID-19 spreads worldwide, it is crucial to collect and report data on socioeconomic determinants as well as race/ethnicity to identify high-risk populations. We identified published studies through a rapid review of PubMed from inception to 03 April 2020, with the following search terms: ('COVID-19', 'SARS-CoV-2') and ('characteristic', 'risk factors', 'socio', 'socioeconomic', 'occupation', 'education', 'income', 'wealth'). cache = ./cache/cord-306008-kh4y44uy.txt txt = ./txt/cord-306008-kh4y44uy.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-292094-vmsdhccp author = Mandell, Lionel A. title = Infectious Diseases Society of America/American Thoracic Society Consensus Guidelines on the Management of Community-Acquired Pneumonia in Adults date = 2007-03-01 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 28389 sentences = 1424 flesch = 37 summary = Severity-of-illness scores, such as the CURB-65 criteria (confusion, uremia, respiratory rate, low blood pressure, age 65 years or greater), or prognostic models, such as the Pneumonia Severity Index (PSI), can be used to identify patients with CAP who may be candidates for outpatient treatment. A respiratory fluoroquinolone should be used for penicillin-allergic patients.) Increasing resistance rates have suggested that empirical therapy with a macrolide alone can be used only for the treat-ment of carefully selected hospitalized patients with nonsevere disease and without risk factors for infection with drug-resistant pathogens. Advantages include the high specificity, the ability of some assays to distinguish between influenza A and B, the rapidity with which the results can be obtained, the possibly reduced use of antibacterial agents, and the utility of establishing this diagnosis for epidemiologic purposes, especially in hospitalized patients who may require infection control precautions. cache = ./cache/cord-292094-vmsdhccp.txt txt = ./txt/cord-292094-vmsdhccp.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-294916-xc9ozxyn author = Oehmen, Josef title = Risk, uncertainty, ignorance and myopia: Their managerial implications for B2B firms date = 2020-07-31 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 8488 sentences = 476 flesch = 46 summary = While risk management, and to some lesser extent, management approaches focused on uncertainty, rely on a 'predict and plan' mindset (e.g. Van Poucke, Matthyssens, van Weele, & Van Bockhaven, 2019), resilience builds capabilities to 'monitor and react' (Hall et al., 2015) : This includes building capabilities in four areas: 1) Preparation, financially and operationally, for unexpected disruption (Sheffi, 2017) ; 2) Resistance, the immediate crisis management that moves the organization out of its denial and complacency, and minimizes the negative impact without delay (Henry & Ramirez-Marquez, 2016) ; 3) Recovery, when the organization works to regain pre-crisis performance by repairing damage, improvising, and making do; and 4) Learning, implementing new solutions refining them than possibly surpassing precrisis performance (Taleb, 2013) . First, it is important to note that the most widely used approach, risk management, is typically not geared towards providing meaningful responses to high-impact, low-probability events, such as the current COVID-19 pandemic. cache = ./cache/cord-294916-xc9ozxyn.txt txt = ./txt/cord-294916-xc9ozxyn.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-300170-s2qthxx4 author = Aven, Terje title = Globalization and global risk: How risk analysis needs to be enhanced to be effective in confronting current threats date = 2020-10-15 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 8230 sentences = 373 flesch = 48 summary = Considerable work has been conducted in recent years to develop frameworks to support the assessment, communication, management and governance of this type of risk, building on concepts like systemic risks, complexity theory, deep uncertainties, resilience engineering, adaptive management and black swans. These perspectives and approaches, which to a large extent can be viewed as scientific schools, include what we will refer to as 'safety science' (highlighting sociotechnical aspects, complexity theory, and resilience analysis), 'risk governance and systemic risk frameworks', 'post-normal science', quality management and 'risk science' (highlighting 'broad' perspectives on risk with an emphasis on uncertainties, knowledge and potential surprises (black swans)). The main aim of the paper is to provide new reflections and knowledge on the proper assessment and handling of risk of the types addressed above, by critically reviewing current perspectives and approaches, and pointing to areas with the potential for enhancements, so that we can be better able to confront global, highly uncertain and large consequence threats like the Coronavirus in the future. cache = ./cache/cord-300170-s2qthxx4.txt txt = ./txt/cord-300170-s2qthxx4.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-303054-s1clwunc author = Velly, Lionel title = Guidelines: Anaesthesia in the context of COVID-19 pandemic date = 2020-06-05 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 9239 sentences = 471 flesch = 42 summary = Operating theatre 12 R1.3.1 -Experts suggest that healthcare professionals involved in airway management (intubation, extubation, supraglottic airway insertion and/or removal…), or those who could be brought to do so in some given situations, wear a fit tested respirator mask (Respirator N95 or FFP2 standard, or equivalent) in addition to a disposable face shield or at least, in the absence of the latter, safety goggles, regardless of the patient's COVID-19 status (Table 1) The presence of major (i.e., very frequent or relatively characteristic) and/or minor (i.e. more inconsistent and/or less specific) symptoms allows to orient the preoperative COVID-19 status assessment, and then to estimate the benefit/risk balance of maintaining or postponing the surgery, taking into account the risk of contamination of health personnel and others patients within the care structure. cache = ./cache/cord-303054-s1clwunc.txt txt = ./txt/cord-303054-s1clwunc.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-293822-axr9qu58 author = Rolland, John S. title = COVID‐19 Pandemic: Applying a Multi‐Systemic Lens date = 2020-07-17 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6469 sentences = 360 flesch = 48 summary = Highlighting the pattern of psychosocial issues of COVID‐19 over time, discussion emphasizes the evolving interplay of larger systems public health pandemic challenges and mitigation strategies with individual and family processes. The paper addresses issues of coping with myriad Covid‐19 uncertainties in the initial crisis wave and evolving phases of the pandemic in the context of individual and family development, pre‐existing illness or disability, and racial and socioeconomic disparities. In addition to communication processes and organizational/structural patterns, particular emphasis includes: family and individual life course development in relation to the time phases of a disorder; multigenerational legacies related to illness and loss; and belief systems (including influences of culture, ethnicity, race, spirituality, and gender) (Figure 1 ). As the pandemic continues to evolve, these discussions will need to be revisited -relating to new COVID-19 data and to changing family circumstances, such as life cycle transitions or altered economic and health status. cache = ./cache/cord-293822-axr9qu58.txt txt = ./txt/cord-293822-axr9qu58.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-296607-h2zwlyz7 author = Watson, Ryan A. title = Anti-coagulant and anti-platelet therapy in the COVID-19 patient: a best practices quality initiative across a large health system date = 2020-06-09 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 7738 sentences = 370 flesch = 35 summary = What is clear is that patients appear to be at higher risk for thrombotic disease states including acute coronary syndrome (ACS), venous thromboembolism (VTE) such as deep vein thrombosis (DVT) or pulmonary embolism (PE), or stroke. In most scenarios, direct oral anticoagulants (dabigatran, rivaroxaban, apixaban, and edoxaban) are recommended over warfarin due to large randomized controlled trials showing noninferiority or superiority for stroke reduction and superiority for bleeding risk in patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation [29] [30] [31] [32] . The use of UFH or LMWH may be considered in patients with high potential stroke risk and new onset atrial fibrillation; however, heparin drips require constant monitoring and titration of dosing during hospitalization leading to increased nursing exposure to potential COVID-19 patients. A French cohort of ICU patients on pharmacologic prophylaxis found a high prevalence of thrombotic complications including PE, stroke, circuit clotting of continuous renal replacement therapy or extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) with minimal bleeding risk suggesting the need for higher doses of prophylactic anticoagulation in this patient population [70] . cache = ./cache/cord-296607-h2zwlyz7.txt txt = ./txt/cord-296607-h2zwlyz7.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-291083-nd7cew7v author = Vargas-Medrano, Javier title = Psychological and Neurobiological Aspects of Suicide in Adolescents: Current Outlooks date = 2020-08-05 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 7731 sentences = 397 flesch = 43 summary = Several reports from the literature have shown that newborns with low birth weight (<2500g) have significantly increased risk of major depression with suicidal ideation, anxiety disorders, phobias, and impaired functioning compared to those with normal birth weights (Nomura et al., 2007) . Dysregulation of serotonin, HPA axis genes, and immune system in the human brain, especially in the frontal cortex, can affect human behaviors such as impulsivity, decision-making and mood and they have been strongly associated with the risk of suicidal behavior as they all play an important role in the body's response to stress (Roy et al., 2012) . is also known that cognitive-behavioral sleep interventions might improve mental health in adolescents (particularly anxiety and depression) by improving sleep problems, since sleep is also a major risk factor for suicide. Further, their detailed evaluations indicated that vortioxetine was not associated with an increased risk of suicidal ideation and behavior in adult patients with MDD (Mahableshwarkar et al., 2020) . cache = ./cache/cord-291083-nd7cew7v.txt txt = ./txt/cord-291083-nd7cew7v.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-293041-7ndp05ru author = Xu, Pengbo title = The Effect of Response Inhibition Training on Risky Decision-Making Task Performance date = 2020-07-24 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5575 sentences = 269 flesch = 49 summary = If the method of improving risky decisionmaking ability through primary cognitive training (such as inhibitory control) is proven and widely accepted, it will greatly advance the research process in the field of decision-making and will certainly provide a direction for future development. On the basis of previous studies, we chose the Balloon Analog Risk Task that has strong operability with initial results that are relatively stable and we appropriately increased the time interval between cognitive training and posttest decision-making task assessment. The two groups were assessed with the Stroop task and the Balloon Analog Risk Task to evaluate the pretest and posttest performance on inhibitory control and risky decision-making tasks at weeks 1 and 4. Because the experiment adopted a mixed design with between-and within-subjects factors, mixed-model ANOVAs of 2 (control group and training group) × 2 (pretest and posttest) factors were used to evaluate the transfer effect of response inhibition training to Stroop performance and its impact on Balloon Analog Risk Task performance. cache = ./cache/cord-293041-7ndp05ru.txt txt = ./txt/cord-293041-7ndp05ru.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-310195-am3u7z76 author = Waller, J. title = Immunity Passports for SARS-CoV-2: an online experimental study of the impact of antibody test terminology on perceived risk and behaviour date = 2020-05-10 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4813 sentences = 281 flesch = 55 summary = Objective: To assess the impact of describing an antibody-positive test result using the terms Immunity and Passport or Certificate, alone or in combination, on perceived risk of becoming infected with SARS-CoV-2 and intention to continue protective behaviours. Conclusions: Using the term Immunity (vs Antibody) to describe antibody tests for SARS-CoV-2 increases the proportion of people believing that an antibody-positive result means they have no risk of catching coronavirus in the future, a perception that may be associated with less frequent hand washing. This study was designed to test two hypotheses: describing a test indicating the presence of antibodies using the term Immunity (vs Antibody), and describing test results as Passports or Certificates (vs Test), increases the likelihood that those with this test result erroneously perceive they have no risk of becoming infected in the future with coronavirus. . https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.05.06.20093401 doi: medRxiv preprint Primary outcome Proportion of participants perceiving an antibody-positive test result to mean no risk of catching coronavirus in the future, assessed in response to a question with four response options. cache = ./cache/cord-310195-am3u7z76.txt txt = ./txt/cord-310195-am3u7z76.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-303137-g2pe3ad8 author = Moss, Emanuel title = High Tech, High Risk: Tech Ethics Lessons for the COVID-19 Pandemic Response date = 2020-10-09 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5944 sentences = 278 flesch = 47 summary = The tech companies that are driving the technological response to the COVID-19 pandemic have arranged their business models and organizational practices around building products that distribute upsides and downsides according to socio-historical patterns, as interpreted by machines, yet lack the capacity to ''understand just how pervasively. Given the profound threat of COVID-19, it is crucial to consider how the application of machine learning to the social challenges of a global pandemic can produce and distribute risk across society. 61 Over the past 2 years, we have been studying how those inside of Silicon Valley tech companies, which build the machine learning models that are most likely to directly affect people, go about understanding the impacts of machine learning and developing organizational practices to manage the effect they have on how risk is distributed across society. cache = ./cache/cord-303137-g2pe3ad8.txt txt = ./txt/cord-303137-g2pe3ad8.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-300046-orlga9qf author = Gomes da Silva, J. title = Health literacy of inland population in the mitigation phase 3.2. of COVID-19's pandemic in Portugal - a descriptive cohort study date = 2020-05-14 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5399 sentences = 273 flesch = 48 summary = Globally, younger individuals, females, graduates and the Non-Risk Group presented higher relative frequencies of the correct answer along COVID-19's Questionnaire. However, three exceptions were observed: the Undergraduate Group and the Risk-Group had a high relative frequency stating that COVID-19 has a cure and in mentioning "Social Isolation" as an important preventive measure to adopt when compared to the Graduate Group and the Non-Risk Group, respectively. Males have higher relative frequency in answering the correct number of SNS24 and in stating that children can get sick and transmit the infection by SARS-CoV-2 when compared to females ( Table 2 -Supplementary information). Nonparametric tests reveal a statistically significant association regarding variable "Age", "Gender" and "Risk Factor", with younger individuals, females and individuals from Risk-Group stating more often the correct answer. Nonparametric tests reveal a statistically significant association regarding variable "Gender" and "Risk Factor", with males and individuals from Non-Risk Group answering the correct number. cache = ./cache/cord-300046-orlga9qf.txt txt = ./txt/cord-300046-orlga9qf.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-299797-s1zdmf2u author = Dettori, Marco title = Environmental Risks Perception Among Citizens Living Near Industrial Plants: A Cross-Sectional Study date = 2020-07-06 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4989 sentences = 254 flesch = 49 summary = The present work is a cross-sectional study aimed at assessing the risk perception and evaluating the community outrage linked to environmental factors among a self-selected sample of citizens living in an area characterized by the presence of industrial structures of high emotional impact. The growing awareness of the health impacts caused by the alteration of environmental conditions by anthropic activities, such as industrial expansion near urban areas, atmospheric pollution, and climate change, plays a key role in the judgment and acceptability of the risks related to environmental Owing to its insularity, the region lends itself very well to observational investigations and represents an excellent test case in relation to the reported social dynamics. The full questionnaire is shown in Tables 2 and 3 (Results Section): Table 2 reports 6 questions related to the respondents' general information; Table 3 shows 8 questions (numbers 7 to 14) related to health concerns and risk perceptions, together with their close-ended answers. cache = ./cache/cord-299797-s1zdmf2u.txt txt = ./txt/cord-299797-s1zdmf2u.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-289003-vov6o1jx author = Burdet, C. title = Need for integrative thinking to fight against emerging infectious diseases. Proceedings of the 5th seminar on emerging infectious diseases, March 22, 2016 – current trends and proposals date = 2018-02-28 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 8327 sentences = 327 flesch = 46 summary = Abstract We present here the proceedings of the 5th seminar on emerging infectious diseases, held in Paris on March 22nd, 2016, with seven priority proposals that can be outlined as follows: encourage research on the prediction, screening and early detection of new risks of infection; develop research and surveillance concerning transmission of pathogens between animals and humans, with their reinforcement in particular in intertropical areas ("hot-spots") via public support; pursue aid development and support in these areas of prevention and training for local health personnel, and foster risk awareness in the population; ensure adapted patient care in order to promote adherence to treatment and to epidemic propagation reduction measures; develop greater awareness and better education among politicians and healthcare providers, in order to ensure more adapted response to new types of crises; modify the logic of governance, drawing from all available modes of communication and incorporating new information-sharing tools; develop economic research on the fight against emerging infectious diseases, taking into account specific driving factors in order to create a balance between preventive and curative approaches. cache = ./cache/cord-289003-vov6o1jx.txt txt = ./txt/cord-289003-vov6o1jx.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-312183-zkoj5d8c author = Frydman, Galit H. title = Coagulation Status and Venous Thromboembolism Risk in African Americans: A Potential Risk Factor in COVID-19 date = 2020-07-24 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4474 sentences = 240 flesch = 37 summary = Recent studies have shown severe pulmonary and cardiac pathology, associated with increased thrombosis, is prevalent in African Americans with severe COVID-19. 65 Although clinical SCD is only present in an estimated 100 000 patients in the United States, the sickle cell trait is present in up to 8% of the African American population, with SCD flagged as an important risk factor for VTE. 87, 88 Among the population of African Americans who are infected with COVID-19, some of these patients may already reside in a prothrombotic state prior to COVID-19 because of higher baseline concentrations of FVIII, vWF, and D-dimer, as well as increased platelet activation. Coupled with the higher rate of preexisting conditions that predispose patients to higher rates of COVID-19 and disease, and the lower rate of therapeutic anticoagulation even when warranted, variation in coagulation status may be one of the factors that puts African Americans at higher risk. cache = ./cache/cord-312183-zkoj5d8c.txt txt = ./txt/cord-312183-zkoj5d8c.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-290820-28ggcjx0 author = Lim, Michael Anthonius title = Sports activities during any pandemic lockdown date = 2020-07-04 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 2311 sentences = 123 flesch = 40 summary = With the resumption of normal life during COVID-19 taking effect immediately, guidelines for outdoor exercise, recreational activities, and returning to competitive sports must be enacted with caution. To help delay and mitigate COVID-19 spread, staying at home is still encouraged and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommends daily physical activity for both children (60 min/day) and adults (30 min/day). During the self-isolation period, the majority of people grew accustomed to a sedentary lifestyle with less physical activity, fewer daily step counts, and rarely exercise, while athletes and certain people train individually to keep themselves fit and healthy [11] . Assuming a reduction in strength, flexibility, endurance, proprioceptive, and neuromuscular control, there is a greater risk of injury faced by athletes when transitioning from an unprecedented lockdown to high-level sports-specific practice. Impact of cerebrovascular and cardiovascular diseases on mortality and severity of COVID-19 -systematic review, meta-analysis, and meta-regression cache = ./cache/cord-290820-28ggcjx0.txt txt = ./txt/cord-290820-28ggcjx0.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-308648-bus3axay author = He, Shan title = Analysis of Risk Perceptions and Related Factors Concerning COVID-19 Epidemic in Chongqing, China date = 2020-06-26 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3116 sentences = 176 flesch = 49 summary = OBJECTIVE: To assess perceptions of risk and related factors concerning COVID-19 epidemic among residents in Chongqing city, China. Females (OR = 4.234), people with income ≥ 2000 yuan (2000–4999 yuan: OR = 5.052, 5000–9999 yuan: OR = 4.301, ≥ 10,000 yuan: OR = 23.459), the married status (OR = 1.811), the divorced status, widows or widowers (OR = 3.038), people living with families including children (OR = 5.085) or chronic patients (OR = 2.423) had a higher perceived risk level, as well as people who used free media websites (OR = 1.756), community workers (OR = 4.064) or community information platforms (OR = 2.235) as main media information sources. CONCLUSION: Residents reported a high level of risk perception towards COVID-19 in Chongqing and it was impacted by the population demographic characteristics. In our study, residents in Chongqing had a high level of risk perception towards the infectivity and pathogenicity of COVID-19, and relatively lower risk of the lethality and self-rated infection possibility. cache = ./cache/cord-308648-bus3axay.txt txt = ./txt/cord-308648-bus3axay.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-309563-3cuzmsll author = Duprex, W. Paul title = Gain-of-function experiments: time for a real debate date = 2014-12-08 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6574 sentences = 278 flesch = 44 summary = Recent studies, particularly those on influenza viruses, have led to renewed attention on DURC, as there is an ongoing debate over whether the benefits of gain-of-function (GOF) experiments that result in an increase in the transmission and/or pathogenicity of potential pandemic pathogens (PPPs) are outweighed by concerns over biosecurity and biosafety. Recent studies, particularly those on influenza viruses, have led to renewed attention on DURC, as there is an ongoing debate over whether the benefits of gain-of-function (GOF) experiments that result in an increase in the transmission and/or pathogenicity of potential pandemic pathogens (PPPs) are outweighed by concerns over biosecurity and biosafety. In this Viewpoint article, proponents and opponents of GOF experiments discuss the benefits and risks associated with these studies, as well as the implications of the current debate for the scientific community and the general public, and suggest how the current discussion should move forward. cache = ./cache/cord-309563-3cuzmsll.txt txt = ./txt/cord-309563-3cuzmsll.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-306741-3ibprszo author = Fitchett, Jennifer M title = Exploring public awareness of the current and future malaria risk zones in South Africa under climate change: a pilot study date = 2020-11-11 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6587 sentences = 279 flesch = 48 summary = The National Guidelines for the Prevention of Malaria in South Africa comprise five key components which are summarized as the "ABC" of malaria prevention, namely Awareness and Assessment of malaria risk, avoidance of mosquito Bites, Compliance with Chemoprophylaxis when indicated, early Detection of malaria disease, and Effective treatment (NDOH 2018a; Baker 2018; Schmidt 2019a, b) . According to the latest malaria risk map produced by the South African National Department of Health in December 2018, areas of moderate risk (where chemoprophylaxis is indicated for all travellers from September to May) are concentrated along the border between South Africa and Mozambique and Zimbabwe (Fig. 1) . Topics included respondents' demographics and travel histories, awareness and perception of malaria distribution and risk in Southern Africa, understanding of climate change, and attitudes towards malaria prophylaxis-both in terms of bite prevention and chemoprophylaxis. Overall, the composite map created from all 28 usable maps reveals a fairly high degree of awareness among respondents regarding the general location of malaria risk areas in South Africa (Fig. 2) . cache = ./cache/cord-306741-3ibprszo.txt txt = ./txt/cord-306741-3ibprszo.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-303402-gxz2l8e4 author = Pereira da Silva, Alda title = Impact on Longevity of Genetic Cardiovascular Risk and Lifestyle including Red Meat Consumption date = 2020-06-30 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6185 sentences = 325 flesch = 42 summary = CONCLUSIONS: Cardiovascular risk-related genetic and multifactorial or predominantly lifestyle aspects and its interactions might influence the aging process and contribute to exceptional longevity in Portuguese centenarians. The aim of the present study is the analysis of genetic variables associated with longevity and their interaction with cardiovascular risk variables and lifestyle, contributing to the understanding of the phenomenon of aging and its prevention, to delay its process. The control group was subdivided into low (LCR) and high (HCR) cardiovascular risk, according to the results obtained, by inserting the personal data of each individual in a program, Q risk® 2-2016 [32] , consisting in a prediction algorithm based on age, gender, ethnicity, body mass index (BMI), past and present smoking habits, hypertension criteria, systolic blood pressure, total cholesterol/HDL-c ratio, presence of diabetes, atrial fibrillation, rheumatoid arthritis, chronic kidney disease (stage 4 or 5), atrial fibrillation, and a family history of angina or heart attack in a first-degree relative aged <60 years [33, 34] . cache = ./cache/cord-303402-gxz2l8e4.txt txt = ./txt/cord-303402-gxz2l8e4.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-317167-hzcl1hw3 author = Rodgers, Rachel F. title = The impact of the COVID‐19 pandemic on eating disorder risk and symptoms date = 2020-06-01 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 2758 sentences = 115 flesch = 39 summary = The current COVID‐19 pandemic has created a global context likely to increase eating disorder (ED) risk and symptoms, decrease factors that protect against EDs, and exacerbate barriers to care. Media use, including social media, is associated with increased risk for disordered eating in particular through exposure to thin idealand diet culture-related content as well as food advertising (Boswell & Kober, 2016; Levine & Murnen, 2009; Rodgers & Melioli, 2016) . In addition to these specific fears created by the COVID-19 pandemic, the situation has substantially increased general levels of stress and emotional distress (Brooks et al., 2020) , which are key risks for disordered eating (Puccio, Fuller-Tyszkiewicz, Ong, & Krug, 2016) , including in the context of traumatic societal events (Harada et al., 2015; Rodgers et al., 2012) . cache = ./cache/cord-317167-hzcl1hw3.txt txt = ./txt/cord-317167-hzcl1hw3.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-309122-9dfyjpid author = Sato, Akiko title = Reviews on common objectives and evaluation indicators for risk communication activities from 2011 to 2017 date = 2020-08-25 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5548 sentences = 328 flesch = 43 summary = Risk communication should: (i) promote awareness and understanding of the specific issues under consideration during the risk analysis; (ii) promote consistency and transparency in formulating risk management options/recommendations; (iii) provide a sound basis for understanding the risk management decisions proposed; (iv) improve the overall effectiveness and efficiency of the risk analysis; (v) strengthen the working relationships among participants; (vi) foster public understanding of the process, so as to enhance trust and confidence in the safety of the food supply; (vii) promote the appropriate involvement of all interested parties ; and (viii) exchange information in relation to the concerns of interested parties about the risks associated with food. The authors of this study identified ''knowledge increase,'' ''change in risk perception and concern alleviation,'' and ''decision making and behavior change'' as areas of focus in all fields; these objectives are also discussed in the definitions and purposes of most organizations and agencies (Fig. 2, Table 1 ). cache = ./cache/cord-309122-9dfyjpid.txt txt = ./txt/cord-309122-9dfyjpid.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-317739-2wojtboi author = Abo, Stéphanie M.C. title = Modelling the daily risk of ebola in the presence and absence of a potential vaccine date = 2020-10-15 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5064 sentences = 284 flesch = 56 summary = The risk equations account for the basic transmission probability of Ebola and the lowered risk due to various protection protocols: vaccination, hazmat suits, reduced contact with the infected living and dead bodies. The risk equations account for the basic transmission probability of Ebola (β), the lowered risk due to various protection protocols: hazmat suits (e h ), reduced contact with the infected living (e c I ), vaccination (e v ) and reduced contact with dead bodies (e c D ). According to our results, the parameters with the greatest effect on the Ebola epidemic are the transmission probability (β), the fraction of people using the vaccine (q 7 ), vaccine efficacy (e v ), reducing contact with dead bodies (e c D ) and wearing hazmat suits (e h ). cache = ./cache/cord-317739-2wojtboi.txt txt = ./txt/cord-317739-2wojtboi.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-301479-dc1oyftd author = Koehlmoos, Tracey Pérez title = Global Health: Chronic Diseases and Other Emergent Issues in Global Health date = 2011-09-30 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 7336 sentences = 338 flesch = 47 summary = This article discusses emergent issues in global health related to noncommunicable diseases and conditions, with focus on defining the unique epidemiologic features and relevant programmatic, health systems, and policy responses concerning noncommunicable chronic diseases, mental health, accidents and injuries, urbanization, climate change, and disaster preparedness. Trying to offer an in-depth discussion on such a wide range of issues in just one article is clearly not possible, and therefore focus and emphasis is given to defining the unique epidemiologic features and relevant programmatic, health systems, and policy responses concerning noncommunicable chronic diseases (NCDs), mental health, accidents and injuries, urbanization, climate change, and disaster preparedness. 1, 11 Low-income and middle-income countries have developed their health provision and policies according to a primary care or Alma Ata model, focused on meeting the needs of pregnant women and children younger than 5 years, and developing services for a variety of high-impact communicable diseases such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/AIDS, tuberculosis, and malaria. cache = ./cache/cord-301479-dc1oyftd.txt txt = ./txt/cord-301479-dc1oyftd.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-302937-3yivxfi8 author = Robertson, Christopher T title = Indemnifying precaution: economic insights for regulation of a highly infectious disease date = 2020-05-30 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5935 sentences = 327 flesch = 48 summary = For insights, we review health insurance moral hazard, agricultural infectious disease policy, and deterrence theory, but find that classic enforcement strategies of punishing noncompliant people are stymied. Under a strategy of social distancing, lockdown, or quarantine, individuals are directed or suggested to exercise precautions including staying home, closing businesses, wearing masks, and avoiding physical proximity to other persons. 17 For health insurance design, primary moral hazard may have a relatively small effect on risk-taking behavior, because individuals personally suffer many of the other risks associated with illness or injury (including pain, suffering, lost work, chance of death). In this case, although the risk does not approach zero, it is as if relative youth provides partial indemnity insurance against not only the healthcare costs, but also the pain, suffering, lost work, and chance of death that are associated with COVID-19 infection. cache = ./cache/cord-302937-3yivxfi8.txt txt = ./txt/cord-302937-3yivxfi8.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-308169-a0ft6wdy author = Custovic, A. title = EAACI position statement on asthma exacerbations and severe asthma date = 2013-11-06 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 7710 sentences = 379 flesch = 41 summary = A recently published consensus statement on severe asthma broadened the concept of 'difficult asthma' to reflect the situation in less developed countries, where access to medications and appropriate care is a major issue, by defining three different patient groups including un(der)treated symptomatic patients, patients with low treatment adherence or unconventional therapies, and those remaining symptomatic despite high doses of anti-asthmatic therapies (13, 14) . Other similar initiatives included the EU-sponsored Unbiased Biomarkers for the Prediction of Respiratory Disease Outcomes (U-BIOPRED) consortium that has published a consensus-based systematic algorithm approach to differentiate between 'problematic', 'difficult' and 'severe refractory' asthma in the evaluation of patients with chronic severe asthma symptoms for use in clinical research and specialized care (73) . These treatment options for patients with severe asthma who remain symptomatic despite adhering to standard medical care include novel anti-inflammatory drugs that have been shown in preliminary studies to be effective in treating airway inflammation in asthma and so warrant further investigation (32, (83) (84) (85) (86) , and other novel approaches such as bronchial thermoplasty (87) . cache = ./cache/cord-308169-a0ft6wdy.txt txt = ./txt/cord-308169-a0ft6wdy.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-300965-ivczo1a7 author = Brown, M. M. title = Don’t be the “Fifth Guy”: Risk, Responsibility, and the Rhetoric of Handwashing Campaigns date = 2017-08-29 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 7428 sentences = 378 flesch = 47 summary = Some scholars—for example, Peterson and Lupton (1996)—term this model the "new public health." In this essay, I describe how the focus on personal responsibility for infection risk shapes the promotion of hand hygiene and other forms of illness etiquette. Personal responsibility may be a cornerstone of public health, but hand hygiene promotion is an especially persuasive vehicle for popularizing an individualistic conception of infection risk. Even in developed countries, where the assumption of personal responsibility is less likely to be impeded by structural issues, hand hygiene promotion may nevertheless skew perceptions of contextual or social determinants of infection risk. Created by the Florida Department of Health in response to H1N1, the BFifth Guy^campaign illustrates the use of a constitutive, stigmatizing rhetoric to endorse the assumption of personal responsibility for infection risk. cache = ./cache/cord-300965-ivczo1a7.txt txt = ./txt/cord-300965-ivczo1a7.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-308184-w8ewm8ve author = Sarzi-Puttini, Piercarlo title = How to handle patients with autoimmune rheumatic and inflammatory bowel diseases in the COVID-19 era: An expert opinion date = 2020-05-05 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3430 sentences = 143 flesch = 40 summary = Disease activity, co-morbidities, immunosuppressive drugs including glucocorticoids (GCs), disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs), conventional synthetic (csDMARDs), biological (bDMARDs), targeted synthetic DMARDs (tsDMARDs), and the biological agents currently available for treating patients with IBD are all considered risk factors for infective complications. This has raised concerns about the potential risk of COVID-19 infection in IBD patients (particularly those who are taking immunosuppressants or biological drugs) because of the high morbidity and mortality rates observed in the old and frail with co-morbidities. As a result of the early warning and strict preventive measures, none of the patients developed any significant clinical manifestation of COVID-19 infection, not even those being treated with corticosteroids (12.6%), immunosuppressants (11%) and biological agents (6%), or those with co-morbidities. The first challenge for rheumatologists is to decide whether to interrupt or continue a treatment: although it is true that the treatment is designed to control disease activity, it is also undeniable that the same treatment may expose patients, such other infection, to an increased risk for COVID-19. cache = ./cache/cord-308184-w8ewm8ve.txt txt = ./txt/cord-308184-w8ewm8ve.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-318061-xe8lljz0 author = Overgaauw, Paul A.M. title = A One Health Perspective on the Human–Companion Animal Relationship with Emphasis on Zoonotic Aspects date = 2020-05-27 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 14056 sentences = 775 flesch = 49 summary = For the human, there may be a higher risk of the transmission of zoonotic infections due to trends such as sleeping with pets, allowing pets to lick the face or wounds, bite accidents, keeping exotic animals, the importation of rescue dogs, and soil contact. A literature search was conducted through 2 March 2020, using the National Library of Medicine's PubMed for the terms "One Health" and "companion animals"; "pet ownership"; "households" and "pets"; "dogs" or "cats" or "pets" and "mental" or "physical health" or "children"; "animal assisted therapy"; "dogs" or "cats" and "nutritional problems" or "overweight" or "obesity" or "homemade" or "raw meat diets"; "dogs" or "cats" and "behavior problems" or "aggression" or "fear" or "anxiety" or "abnormal repetitive behavior"; "dogs" or "cats" and "breeding" or "genetic problems"; "dogs" or "cats" and "zooanthroponoses"; "pets" and "anthropomorphism"; "dogs" or "cats" or "exotic animals" or "rescue dogs" or "soil" and zoonoses. Anthropomorphism, also resulting in behavioral problems and breeding on appearance rather than health, and trends such as keeping exotic animals and importing rescue dogs may result in an increased risk of contracting zoonotic infections. cache = ./cache/cord-318061-xe8lljz0.txt txt = ./txt/cord-318061-xe8lljz0.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-318004-r08k40ob author = Raina MacIntyre, C. title = Converging and emerging threats to health security date = 2017-11-27 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6376 sentences = 294 flesch = 38 summary = At a time when genetic engineering and synthetic biology contribute to increased risk of biological attacks, there is a need for new tools and risk analysis methods to rapidly identify unnatural epidemics. Multi-resistant organisms are emerging at much higher rates than seen previously, with urgent attention needed to mitigate a risk which is predicted in one report to be the greatest global burden of disease (Review on Antimicrobial Resistance 2016). This risk is heightened for megacities in developing countries in which serious gaps exist in public health surveillance for early detection of epidemic threats, together with inadequate critical infrastructure and other preparedness resources. 2014) , and using knowledge of prior bioterrorism attacks and natural disease outbreaks allow for a realistic proactive prediction of future threats before they are detected by the public health system. These examples illustrate the convergence of cybersecurity and health security and the need for more integrated approaches to prevention and mitigation of emerging risks in health care. cache = ./cache/cord-318004-r08k40ob.txt txt = ./txt/cord-318004-r08k40ob.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-309350-7qen8z3y author = Peruzzi, Mariangela title = Vaping Cardiovascular Health Risks: an Updated Umbrella Review date = 2020-06-16 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 2724 sentences = 140 flesch = 36 summary = SUMMARY: The present umbrella review suggests that EVC, and likely HNBC, despite clearly causing an increase in overall cardiovascular risk, may represent a temporary lesser evil than TCC in a risk-reduction or risk-modification strategy, aiming for eventual abstinence from all tobacco or nicotine products. Kennedy and colleagues reviewed several experimental and clinical studies on the cardiovascular safety of EVC, highlighting that they may cause oxidative stress, cardiomyocyte dysfunction and mutagenesis, vascular inflammation, endothelial dysfunction, vasospasm, complement deposition, platelet aggregation, adhesion, and activation, with hypertension, tachycardia, arterial stiffening, atherosclerosis and thrombotic risk, albeit less intensely than TCC [25] . Our umbrella review, poignantly synthesizing the evidence accrued so far from in vitro, in animal, in human volunteers, healthy subjects, and patients on the cardiovascular risk associated with EVC use, either acute or chronic, shows that data are expanding progressively, but several conclusions can already be made on the 31] . cache = ./cache/cord-309350-7qen8z3y.txt txt = ./txt/cord-309350-7qen8z3y.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-313183-4zmtijyo author = Li, Jianping title = Tourism companies' risk exposures on text disclosure date = 2020-06-29 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 8215 sentences = 465 flesch = 52 summary = Penela and Serrasqueiro (2019) recognized the importance of risk identification for lodging companies and introduced textual risk disclosure data in Form 10-K, which have been proved to be a feasible and effective data source to evaluate company risk exposure into the tourism sector (Bao & Datta, 2014; Campbell et al., 2014; Wei, Li, Li, & Zhu (2019) ; Wei et al., 2019c) . To this end, we introduce the Sentence Latent Dirichlet Allocation (Sent-LDA) model, which is an unsupervised clustering method that can effectively identify hidden knowledge from a large amount of text to analyze the textual risk disclosure data in Forms 10-K by all listed tourism companies during 2006-2019. To identify the risk exposures disclosed in financial statements of tourism companies, this paper applies a topic model named Sentence Latent Dirichlet Allocation (Sent-LDA) proposed by Bao and Datta (2014) , which is an extension of the original Latent Dirichlet Allocation model (LDA). cache = ./cache/cord-313183-4zmtijyo.txt txt = ./txt/cord-313183-4zmtijyo.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-311694-2b2swi0l author = Grima, Simon title = A Country Pandemic Risk Exposure Measurement Model date = 2020-10-09 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5792 sentences = 289 flesch = 47 summary = PURPOSE: The purpose of this study is to develop a Pandemic Risk Exposure Measurement (PREM) model to determine the factors that affect a country's prospective vulnerability to a pandemic risk exposure also considering the current COVID-19 pandemic. CONCLUSION: The developed PREM model shows that monitoring of Demographic Features, Country's Activity Features, Economic Exposure and Societal Vulnerability can help a country to identify the possible impact of pandemic risk exposure and develop policies, strategies, regulations, etc., to help a country strengthen its capacity to meet the economic, social and in turn healthcare demands due to pandemic hazards such as COVID-19. 66 The recent study of measuring the economic risk of COVID-19 has computed measures for exposure (population, night-time light and transport density), vulnerability (data on economic outcomes, human development, tourism, and health quality) and resilience (Internet access, public and private debt, government expenditure, sociocultural disparity) of the local economy to the shock of the epidemic. cache = ./cache/cord-311694-2b2swi0l.txt txt = ./txt/cord-311694-2b2swi0l.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-314423-6kuefmol author = Experton, B. title = A Multi-Factor Risk Model for Severe Covid-19 for Vaccine Prioritization and Monitoring Based on a 15 Million Medicare Cohort date = 2020-11-03 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4848 sentences = 235 flesch = 42 summary = Methods: We present an integrated multi-factor risk model for severe Covid-19 using de-identified Medicare claims from which we extracted demographic and clinical data for a cohort of 15 million Medicare beneficiaries with 770,000 Covid-19 cases, and socio-economic data at the county and zip code level from the CDC Social Vulnerability Index. The independent variables included in our severe Covid-19 risk models are: beneficiary age, sex, ethnicity, insurance coverage and residential zip code, prior health care utilization (prior hospitalization(s), skilled nursing home admissions, etc.) as a measure for disease severity and frailty, the individual's multiple chronic conditions with in addition to the CMS chronic condition flags, Humetrix compiled diagnostic categories using specific ICD-10 code algorithms, medications grouped by pharmaceutical class, vaccinations before Covid-19 diagnosis, and other variables starting October 1, 2019 (see Supplemental Methods in the Appendix). cache = ./cache/cord-314423-6kuefmol.txt txt = ./txt/cord-314423-6kuefmol.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-324387-mnucvmr1 author = Dunn, Michael title = ‘Your country needs you’: the ethics of allocating staff to high-risk clinical roles in the management of patients with COVID-19 date = 2020-05-14 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4753 sentences = 207 flesch = 49 summary = title: 'Your country needs you': the ethics of allocating staff to high-risk clinical roles in the management of patients with COVID-19 In line with a dominant view in the medical ethics literature, we claim, first, that no individual health professional has a specific, positive obligation to treat a patient when doing so places that professional at risk of harm, and so there is a clear ethical tension in any reallocation process in this context. In line with a dominant view in the medical ethics literature, we claim, first, that no individual health professional has a specific, positive obligation to treat a patient when doing so places that professional at risk of harm, and so there is a clear ethical tension in any reallocation process in this context. The COVID-19 pandemic is leading to increasing asymmetries of need across the whole health service, and reallocating clinical staff becomes an important responsive strategy, when staffing levels are finite, to address this issue. cache = ./cache/cord-324387-mnucvmr1.txt txt = ./txt/cord-324387-mnucvmr1.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-318933-09ym98hx author = Betsch, Cornelia title = Monitoring behavioural insights related to COVID-19 date = 2020-04-02 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 1548 sentences = 68 flesch = 42 summary = Changes in risk perceptions or knowledge can be assessed over time; data on acceptance of new response measures can be made rapidly available; and misinformation or possible stigma can be identified as they emerge. Journalists need timely knowledge about developing audience behaviour and habits to rapidly tailor information sharing and to develop narrative tools that encourage behaviour changes according to evidence from risk communication research. In sum, rapid data collection and sharing could support effective interaction between authorities, health workers, journalists, and the public to encourage appropriate behavioural change, to manage the crisis, and to protect the most important asset in a crisis: public trust. 7 At the same time, not enough is known about the complex interplay of changing epidemiology, media attention, pandemic control measures, risk perception, and public health behaviour. COVID-19 Snapshot MOnitoring (COSMO): monitoring knowledge, risk perceptions, preventive behaviours, and public trust in the current coronavirus outbreak cache = ./cache/cord-318933-09ym98hx.txt txt = ./txt/cord-318933-09ym98hx.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-314500-89ovdnxl author = Dunachie, Susanna title = The double burden of diabetes and global infection in low and middle-income countries date = 2018-12-04 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5810 sentences = 301 flesch = 43 summary = Diabetes increases susceptibility to infection and worsens outcomes for some of the world's major infectious diseases such as tuberculosis, melioidosis and dengue, but the relationship between diabetes and many neglected tropical diseases is yet to be accurately characterised. A greater understanding of the impact of diabetes on risks and outcomes for infections causing significant diseases in LMIC is essential in order to develop vaccines and therapies for the growing number of people with diabetes at risk of infection, and to prioritise research agendas, public health interventions and policy. In a metaanalysis of five case-control studies of acute dengue, diabetes was associated with an increased risk of a severe clinical presentation of dengue compared with either asymptomatic infection or non-severe acute dengue, 43 although given the limited data, the authors emphasised this was only suggestive of a link. cache = ./cache/cord-314500-89ovdnxl.txt txt = ./txt/cord-314500-89ovdnxl.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-315367-e0frkhe6 author = Du, Houwei title = The effect of vascular risk factor burden on the severity of COVID-19 illness, a retrospective cohort study date = 2020-09-21 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3651 sentences = 199 flesch = 48 summary = After adjustment for age, sex, and comorbidities as potential confounders, vascular risk factor burden remained associated with an increasing risk of severe COVID-19 illness. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with increasing vascular risk factor burden have an increasing risk of severe COVID-19 disease, and this population might benefit from specific COVID-19 prevention (e.g., self-isolation) and early hospital treatment measures. We therefore investigated the association between the number of vascular risk factors and severe COVID-19 disease in this observational retrospective study. Previous studies also showed individual vascular risk factors such as hypertension and diabetes were more frequent in severe COVID-19 patients [3, 14] . Association between vascular risk factor burden and severe COVID-19 illness adjusted for comorbidity, and sensitivity analyses using the E-value approach. Association between vascular risk factor burden and severe COVID-19 illness adjusted for laboratory and chest CT findings, and sensitivity analyses using the Evalue approach. cache = ./cache/cord-315367-e0frkhe6.txt txt = ./txt/cord-315367-e0frkhe6.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-325155-lqzgz6p3 author = Gallo, Juan E. title = Hypertension and the roles of the 9p21.3 risk locus: classic findings and new association data date = 2020-09-15 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5285 sentences = 268 flesch = 49 summary = Two adjacent haplotype blocks characterize the 9p21.3 cardiovascular risk locus: left, the block or island containing the first part of the p15 gene and its wellcharacterized promoter, in which we observed clearly elevated associations (red) with blood pressure (DBP, SBP) and/or hypertension in a Colombian and a European study sample, and right, the block hypertension and BP association 'Hypertension island' * (haplotype block < 60 kb) Lead CVD risk SNPs (haplotype block < 60 kb) Furthermore, in the European blood pressure studies [15, 16] genome-wide significance of DBP associations was attained, outside of the classic 9p21.3 CVD risk locus and its flanking regions, in the next gene MTAP (see Figure 2 and Theory), with a lowest p-value of 1.3 × 10 −10 for the sentinel SNP rs4364717 (red asterisk and red horizontal bar at left in Figure 2 ; see also the LocusZoom plot in Supplementary Material S3.2) . cache = ./cache/cord-325155-lqzgz6p3.txt txt = ./txt/cord-325155-lqzgz6p3.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-318683-1yxurnev author = Green, Manfred S title = Confronting the threat of bioterrorism: realities, challenges, and defensive strategies date = 2018-10-16 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 8025 sentences = 464 flesch = 39 summary = • Personal protective equipment should be improved to become more user friendly • Improved surge capacity (the ability to rapidly gear up the health system to cope with a sudden, large increase in patients with a serious, contagious disease) is required, particularly in peripheral areas • The capacity of general and reference laboratories should be increased, to keep developing faster, more reliable diagnostic tests • New and improved vaccines (pre-exposure and post-exposure) and treatment regimens should be developed • Clinical and environmental surveillance needs to increase • Syndromic surveillance systems can be maintained to register suspicious or confirmed cases reported by physicians, and the data can be used to improve risk communication programmes and to monitor the progress of an outbreak • An adequate stockpile of vaccines and medications should be maintained, both nationally and internationally • To improve preparedness for natural and bioterrorist outbreaks, international cooperation should include joint exercises involving multiple countries and constant improvement in the exchange of information on potential bioterrorism threats and management cache = ./cache/cord-318683-1yxurnev.txt txt = ./txt/cord-318683-1yxurnev.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-314275-twjaq5do author = Diwekar, U. title = A perspective on the role of uncertainty in sustainability science and engineering date = 2020-09-09 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 11288 sentences = 581 flesch = 42 summary = Some examples of uncertainties in sustainability include definition and quantification of various objectives, impact assessment methods and models, forecasting future, and unexpected events. Deep uncertainties are related to decreasing confidence in our ability to anticipate correctly future technological, economic, and social developments, future changes in the system we are trying to improve, or the multiplicity and time-varying preferences of stakeholders regarding the system's outcomes, or handling low probability but high impact events (black swans (Taleb 2010) ) like a natural disaster, a pandemic, a financial crisis, a terrorist attack, or truly novel events for which there is no historical experience. In the highly complex ecological-economic systems that humans want to sustain, it is often impossible to make objective assessments of the probabilities of different outcomes, and therefore impossible to model expected values. Data and models are needed at multiple scales to account for the contribution of ecosystem goods and services in environmental sustainability assessments and engineering design. cache = ./cache/cord-314275-twjaq5do.txt txt = ./txt/cord-314275-twjaq5do.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-327748-8ob6okeh author = Feng, Tianjun title = Product Quality Risk Perceptions and Decisions: Contaminated Pet Food and Lead‐Painted Toys date = 2010-07-09 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 9437 sentences = 510 flesch = 59 summary = Those selecting our study were told: "We are conducting a study on how people react to product quality related crises, with a focus on the recent recalls of contaminated pet food and lead-painted children's toys." We further analyzed the relationship between participants' gender and their subjective probability judgment for all three versions, and we did not find significant differences. Using the psychometric paradigm, we now examine the ratings on seven risk perception dimensions of eight hazardous products or risky situations, including contaminated dog food, lead-painted toys, contaminated spinach, avian flu, mad cow disease, SARS, cell phone radiation, and cigarette smoking. cache = ./cache/cord-327748-8ob6okeh.txt txt = ./txt/cord-327748-8ob6okeh.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-327574-24t10fs4 author = Fakih, Mohamad G. title = Overcoming COVID-19: Addressing the perception of risk and transitioning protective behaviors to habits date = 2020-06-09 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 1119 sentences = 71 flesch = 46 summary = title: Overcoming COVID-19: Addressing the perception of risk and transitioning protective behaviors to habits The risk of contracting COVID-19 infection depends on the prevalence within a community, the efficiency of viral transmission, and the behavior of the susceptible host. The approach to curbing further transmission of COVID-19 within communities focuses on the institution of measures (1) to detect and isolate those infected, (2) to practice point source control, (3) to reduce environmental contamination, and (4) to optimize engineering controls. 5 On the other hand, instituting behaviors such as selfisolation for 10-14 days prior to a surgery, eliminates the risk of a patient being actively infected at the time of the procedure. 7, 9 However, according to the protection motivation theory, 7 risk perception is an imperative but insufficient precursor for the adoption of protective behaviors. Perceived threat, risk perception, and efficacy beliefs related to SARS and other (emerging) infectious diseases: results of an international survey cache = ./cache/cord-327574-24t10fs4.txt txt = ./txt/cord-327574-24t10fs4.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-318852-gouz6tth author = Lee, J.S.E. title = Considerations and strategies in the organisation of obstetric anaesthesia care during the 2019 COVID-19 outbreak in Singapore date = 2020-04-20 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 2066 sentences = 120 flesch = 41 summary = It is in this context that local health authorities mandated that healthcare staff performing aerosol-generating procedures (AGP) such as tracheal intubation and extubation, bag-mask ventilation, orogastric tube insertion and bronchoscopy, don full personal protective equipment (PPE) regardless of risk status. Management in the labour ward 'High infection-risk' parturients are placed in negative pressure ( -2.5 Pa) rooms and are asked to wear a surgical mask. When possible, we prefer to proceed with caesarean delivery in the 'high infection-risk' patient only after she has been de-isolated or has tested 'negative' for COVID-19 from the first nasopharyngeal swab. Highlights Identifying 'high-infection risk' parturients is challenging in the COVID-19 outbreak A multidisciplinary approach is required to provide obstetric anaesthesia services Protocols for labour analgesia and caesarean delivery allow safe provision of care Infection control resource management allows for the allocation of finite resources Organisational changes are cache = ./cache/cord-318852-gouz6tth.txt txt = ./txt/cord-318852-gouz6tth.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-319910-s2e56ety author = Jani, B. D. title = Comparison of COVID-19 outcomes among shielded and non-shielded populations: A general population cohort study of 1.3 million date = 2020-09-21 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4341 sentences = 272 flesch = 59 summary = Poisson regression models and population attributable fractions were used to compare COVID-19 outcomes by overall risk category, and individual risk criteria: confirmed infection, hospitalisation, intensive care unit (ICU) admission, population mortality and case-fatality. The moderate risk had intermediate risk of confirmed infection (RR 4.11, 95% CI 3.82-4.42) and population mortality (RR 26.10, 95% CI 20.89-32.60), but had comparable case-fatality (RR 5.13, 95% CI 4.24-6.21) to the shielded, and accounted for a higher proportion of deaths (PAF 75.27% vs 13.38%). After adjustment 1 for sex and deprivation quintile, the risk of laboratory-confirmed infection remained higher in 2 the moderate-risk category and highest in the shielded group (Table 3). Among the moderate-risk category criteria, age ≥70 years and 21 weakened immune system had risks of population mortality (Table 3) and case-fatality (Table 22 5) that were at least as high as the overall shielded group. cache = ./cache/cord-319910-s2e56ety.txt txt = ./txt/cord-319910-s2e56ety.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-322815-r82iphem author = Zhang, Weiping title = Connectedness and systemic risk spillovers analysis of Chinese sectors based on tail risk network date = 2020-07-04 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 8372 sentences = 439 flesch = 54 summary = Abstract This paper investigates the systemic risk spillovers and connectedness in the sectoral tail risk network of Chinese stock market, and explores the transmission mechanism of systemic risk spillovers by block models. First, we analyze the characteristics of spatial connectedness and systemic risk spillovers of tail risk network using sectoral data in Chinese stock market. In order to analyze the systemic risk spillovers and its interconnectedness across Chinese sectors, we select the weekly closing prices of 24 sectors in China's stock market (name abbreviations , of 24 industries are seen in Appendix Table A1 ). In the fourth event period (2015/1/30-2016/12/30) which covers the "2015-2016 China stock market turbulence", two financial sectors including Bank (BANK) and Diversified finance (DF), and Media (MED) have strong outgoing links and are involved in most risk spillovers. cache = ./cache/cord-322815-r82iphem.txt txt = ./txt/cord-322815-r82iphem.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-328442-mnlzj1ly author = Barattucci, Massimiliano title = Rethinking the Role of Affect in Risk Judgment: What We Have Learned From COVID-19 During the First Week of Quarantine in Italy date = 2020-10-02 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6548 sentences = 300 flesch = 44 summary = However, to date, no study has addressed how these key risk-related aspects (i.e., affect, anxiety, perceived knowledge on risk, and risk dimensions) can act jointly to orient online health information-seeking behavior, and people's complaints toward GR imposed during the lockdown. Participants (1,031) were involved during the first week of the quarantine (March 11–18) and completed an online survey composed of (i) an adapted version of the Italian Risk Perception Questionnaire; (ii) the Italian Positive (PA) and Negative Affect (NA) Schedule (PANAS-10); (iii) the State Anxiety Scale (STAI-Y1); (iv) ad hoc personal knowledge measure about novel coronavirus; (v) ad hoc item measuring information search behavior regarding the novel coronavirus; (vi) ad hoc measure of the complains regarding GR; and (vii) sociodemographic questions. To investigate the joint impact of cognitive risk dimensions, affect, and anxiety on online searching behavior and compliance toward government restrictions (GR), in the peculiar context of the Italian pandemic emergency, we drew from the HBM to formulate and test a novel explicative model. cache = ./cache/cord-328442-mnlzj1ly.txt txt = ./txt/cord-328442-mnlzj1ly.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-329770-tz8dwgzm author = Hamer, Mark title = Lifestyle Risk Factors, Inflammatory Mechanisms, and COVID-19 Hospitalization: A Community-Based Cohort Study of 387,109 Adults in UK date = 2020-05-23 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 2408 sentences = 133 flesch = 49 summary = We conducted the first large-scale general population study on lifestyle risk factors (smoking, physical inactivity, obesity, and excessive alcohol intake) for COVID-19 using prospective cohort data with national registry linkage to hospitalisation. After adjustment for age, sex and mutually for each lifestyle factor, physical inactivity (Relative risk, 1.32, 95% confidence interval, 1.10, 1.58), smoking (1.42;1.12, 1.79) and obesity (2.05 ;1.68, 2.49) but not heavy alcohol consumption (1.12; 0.93, 1.35) were all related to COVID-19. Accordingly, we examined the association of lifestyle risk factors with new cases of COVID-19-hospitalisations in a general population-based cohort study. 9 Our results suggested both overweight and obesity were risk factors for severe COVID-19 infection, consistent with emerging data in small clinical studies. Our data suggests low grade inflammation was a risk factor for severe COVID-19, and partially explained links between lifestyle behaviors and infection. Lifestyle risk factors, obesity and infectious disease mortality in the general population: Linkage study of 97,844 adults from England and Scotland cache = ./cache/cord-329770-tz8dwgzm.txt txt = ./txt/cord-329770-tz8dwgzm.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-322612-vlxewj5k author = Hooker, Claire title = Risk Communication Should be Explicit About Values. A Perspective on Early Communication During COVID-19 date = 2020-11-09 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4115 sentences = 235 flesch = 49 summary = The Australian Health Sector Emergency Response Plan for Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) was released on February 27 (Grattan 2020) but was accompanied by little transparent communication about what was being done or which elements of the plan were receiving attention. We recommend a commitment in pandemic planning documents to sharing sources, models, and evidence at the time of deliberation, and with it, the questions advisors are asking (such as, will the same number of deaths occur regardless of strategy over the long term?) Earlier public discussion of these questions might at least have somewhat disrupted simplistic framing and use of "herd immunity," by enabling early and public scientific challenge from epidemiologists, as occurred from mid-March (Armitage and Hawke 2020; Barr 2020; MacIntyre 2020). Values-based risk communication will enable a more effective pandemic response. cache = ./cache/cord-322612-vlxewj5k.txt txt = ./txt/cord-322612-vlxewj5k.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-305327-hayhbs5u author = Gonzalez, Jean-Paul title = Global Spread of Hemorrhagic Fever Viruses: Predicting Pandemics date = 2017-09-19 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 10210 sentences = 424 flesch = 37 summary = Other pathogens that are remarkable for their epidemic expansions include the arenavirus hemorrhagic fevers and hantavirus diseases carried by rodents over great geographic distances and the arthropod-borne viruses (West Nile, chikungunya and Zika) enabled by ecology and vector adaptations. Emergence from a sporadic case to an outbreak, to an epidemic, and ultimately to a pandemic depends upon effective transmission among nonimmune hosts, host availability (density), characteristics of the vector (natural or human made) that would enable it to circumvent distances, and the pathogen infectiousness. Although MARV expansion appears to be limited to a few countries in Africa, the recent emergence (estimated at a few decades ago) of a second human pathogenic marburgvirus known as Ravn virus, and the widely distributed Old World rousette fruit bats (Rousettus spp.) serving as reservoir for both viruses [45] , are two factors that favor pandemic risk. cache = ./cache/cord-305327-hayhbs5u.txt txt = ./txt/cord-305327-hayhbs5u.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-329614-deh5bidx author = Fielding, Helen R. title = Effects of trading networks on the risk of bovine tuberculosis incidents on cattle farms in Great Britain date = 2020-04-22 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5911 sentences = 214 flesch = 49 summary = We constructed ingoing contact chains of cattle farms in Great Britain that were linked by trading, to elucidate potential pathways for the transmission of infection and to evaluate their effect on the risk of a farm experiencing a bovine tuberculosis (bTB) incident. We constructed ingoing contact chains of cattle farms in Great Britain that were linked by trading, to elucidate potential pathways for the transmission of infection and to evaluate their effect on the risk of a farm experiencing a bovine tuberculosis (bTB) incident. Overall, our study aimed to assess the importance of new parameters from contact chains based on trading networks, alongside established risk factors, on the risk of bTB incidents on cattle farms in Great Britain. 2020 Data from: Effects of trading networks on the risk of bovine tuberculosis incidents on cattle farms in Great Britain cache = ./cache/cord-329614-deh5bidx.txt txt = ./txt/cord-329614-deh5bidx.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-315412-fm928vq1 author = Haas, Charles title = Coronavirus and Risk Analysis date = 2020-04-08 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 864 sentences = 52 flesch = 51 summary = However, formal analysis and training in risk assessment, disease modeling, and risk communication can and should be used to help promote accurate assessments of risks, effects, and uncertainties. Undoubtedly, there are differences, but the data and conclusions that risk assessment has developed (including quantitative exposure assessment and dose response) are complementary to insights from epidemiology and medicine. While we all look forward to better days, we will get to them with less anguish if decisionmakers understand that public responses to policy recommendation and dictates depend on public trust in authorities. Second, trust in decisionmakers requires clear and frequent communications. These values could include trust-where warranted-in demonstrably sound science, government financial institutions, and public policy and risk management institutions to take well-considered actions to protect public health and the economy. Risk analysts and risk analysis researchers should not be shy about contributing our skills to important policy developments during this crisis. cache = ./cache/cord-315412-fm928vq1.txt txt = ./txt/cord-315412-fm928vq1.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-328620-d2jrn1ip author = van Gageldonk-Lafeber, Arianne B title = Risk factors for acute respiratory tract infections in general practitioner patients in The Netherlands: a case-control study date = 2007-04-27 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4247 sentences = 214 flesch = 50 summary = CONCLUSION: This study confirmed that heterogeneity in the general population as well as in pathogens causing ARTI makes it complicated to detect associations between potential risk factors and respiratory infections. These questionnaires extracted information about exposure to persons with respiratory complaints within or outside their household in the week before consulting the GP, family composition (number of children and adults, presence of children attending day-care, primary school or secondary education), working outside the home and kind of job, use of public transport, type of heating system, exposure to mechanical ventilation system, exposure to dampness or mould at home, keeping pets or cattle, smoking behaviour, and exposure to passive smoking (see Additional file 1). We demonstrated that in the general population (passive) smoking, dampness or mould at home and having family members attending day-care were not associated with a higher risk for ARTI, which is in contrast with studies carried out in children or patients with specific respiratory diseases. cache = ./cache/cord-328620-d2jrn1ip.txt txt = ./txt/cord-328620-d2jrn1ip.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-313615-cts45n3j author = Tam, John S title = Research agenda for mass gatherings: a call to action date = 2012-01-15 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5487 sentences = 267 flesch = 42 summary = 6, 12, 13 Therefore, a robust knowledge about illnesses, from basic scientifi c understanding to societal eff ects of infections and noncommunicable diseases, is essential for modern public health practices and policy development related to the planning for MGs. Several reports [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] and WHO planning and guidance documents 1,16-18 have drawn attention to the importance Series of research into public health issues associated with MGs and identifi ed those that need immediate attention. However, many countries, particularly those with insuffi cient resources, have not developed strategies for vaccinating their populations at risk and people travelling to MGs. The reason is partly related to the lack of information about the transmission of infectious diseases (eg, infl uenza) and the social, economic, and health eff ects to the host and home communities. cache = ./cache/cord-313615-cts45n3j.txt txt = ./txt/cord-313615-cts45n3j.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-318363-1mv5j4w2 author = Zvolensky, Michael J. title = Psychological, addictive, and health behavior implications of the COVID-19 pandemic date = 2020-08-27 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 15836 sentences = 701 flesch = 39 summary = Additional risk factors for the development or exacerbation of PTSD symptoms include a prior history of trauma or mental health disturbances, depressed or anxious mood, significant concurrent life stressors (e.g., financial problems, job loss, relationship stress), low social connectedness or support, sleep disturbance, substance use, and emotional numbing or detachment (Colvonen, Straus, Acheson, & Gehrman, 2019; Cusack et al., 2019; Germain, McKeon, & Campbell, 2017; Hancock & Bryant, 2018; Shalev et al., 2019; Steenkamp et al., 2017; Vujanovic & Back, 2019) . That is, a specific type of individual difference factor like anxiety sensitivity is linked to a particular type of problem (e.g., anxiety disorder, worsening of a chronic respiratory illness, severity of hazardous drinking) via a specified mediating process (e.g., smoking, sleep disruption) in the context of certain moderating variables (e.g., higher levels of COVID-19 stress burden). cache = ./cache/cord-318363-1mv5j4w2.txt txt = ./txt/cord-318363-1mv5j4w2.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-338889-7hd3iibk author = Solbakk, Jan Helge title = Back to WHAT? The role of research ethics in pandemic times date = 2020-11-03 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 11689 sentences = 709 flesch = 53 summary = 10 Of the 10 standards laid down in this Code, and with which physician-researchers must comply when carrying out experiments on human subjects, standard 5, in particular, has become highly relevant these days due to pressure from influential medical stakeholders, agencies and bioethicists to permit the conduct of controlled human infection studies (CHIs), also labeled human challenge trials (HCTs), or challenge studies (CSs) to possibly shorten the development time of vaccines to protect against Covid-19 caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus. cache = ./cache/cord-338889-7hd3iibk.txt txt = ./txt/cord-338889-7hd3iibk.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-328522-ef4xg3q0 author = Kelen, Gabor D title = Inpatient disposition classification for the creation of hospital surge capacity: a multiphase study date = 2006-11-30 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5263 sentences = 275 flesch = 47 summary = The aim of this phase was to develop a disposition classifi cation system (reverse triage) based on risk tolerance of a consequential medical event as a result of discharge; assuming that critical interventions were withdrawn or withheld. We focus on the main components of the fi rst phase: (1) conceptualisation of the disposition classifi cation system; (2) development of operational defi nitions of consequential medical events and critical interventions; and (3) derivation of risk estimates related to early discharge from a multidisciplinary panel of experts. After the defi nitions had been decided on, the panellists voted to defi ne the upper limit of acceptable risk for the occurrence of a consequential medical event (ie, need for critical intervention), for each of the categories of the disposition classifi cation system. cache = ./cache/cord-328522-ef4xg3q0.txt txt = ./txt/cord-328522-ef4xg3q0.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-339188-apgdzgfz author = Lewis, Thomas J title = Reduction in Chronic Disease Risk and Burden in a 70-Individual Cohort Through Modification of Health Behaviors date = 2020-08-26 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 11375 sentences = 518 flesch = 46 summary = Validated data on severe respiratory viral diseases and the correlation between mortality, immunocompromised status and existing chronic conditions in infected individuals indicate that a broad set of blood-based biomarkers may best serve to stratify risk and to set policy on containment strategies in populations [7] . What separates bad, good, and great programs is "a combination of good design built on behavior change theory, effective implementation using evidence-based practices, and credible measurement and evaluation." To further support the need for more thorough risk assessment, in a global study of 84 risks, the authors concluded "Increasingly detailed understanding of the trends in risk exposure and the relative risks for each risk-outcome pair provide insights into both the magnitude of health loss attributable to risks and how modification of risk exposure has contributed to health trends [9] . cache = ./cache/cord-339188-apgdzgfz.txt txt = ./txt/cord-339188-apgdzgfz.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-332533-iqe6sdq2 author = Grant, William B. title = Evidence that Vitamin D Supplementation Could Reduce Risk of Influenza and COVID-19 Infections and Deaths date = 2020-04-02 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 8014 sentences = 452 flesch = 44 summary = Evidence supporting the role of vitamin D in reducing risk of COVID-19 includes that the outbreak occurred in winter, a time when 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) concentrations are lowest; that the number of cases in the Southern Hemisphere near the end of summer are low; that vitamin D deficiency has been found to contribute to acute respiratory distress syndrome; and that case-fatality rates increase with age and with chronic disease comorbidity, both of which are associated with lower 25(OH)D concentration. For COPD patients, 25(OH)D inversely correlated with risk, severity, and exacerbation [88] Found at higher rates in regions with elevated air pollution Air pollution associated with lower 25(OH)D concentrations [89] Note: 25-hydroxyvitamin D ((25(OH)D); acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS); community-acquired pneumonia (CAP); case-fatality rate (CFR); interleukin 6 (IL-6); chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD); C-reactive protein (CRP); vitamin D deficiency (VDD). cache = ./cache/cord-332533-iqe6sdq2.txt txt = ./txt/cord-332533-iqe6sdq2.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-337315-qv8ycdhe author = Miller, Maureen title = Integrated biological–behavioural surveillance in pandemic-threat warning systems date = 2017-01-01 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4629 sentences = 267 flesch = 40 summary = 13 Similar surveillance could help identify behavioural risk factors and high-risk subgroups for zoonotic infections such as Ebola -potentially before diseases of pandemic potential are identified in clinical settings or major outbreaks occur in communities. When designed according to Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology criteria, integrated surveillance requires that both behavioural risk factors -i.e. exposure variables -and disease-indicator outcome variables be measured in behavioural surveys. 22 In the development of pandemic-threat warning systems, integrated biological-behavioural surveillance can be tightly focused on specific viral families in the high-risk population subgroups that live in identified hotspots and are environmentally or occupationally exposed to animals. The remainder of this article presents an overview of issues relevant to the design of rigorous behavioural surveys to assess the spillover of emerging zoonotic disease and the associated transmission risk factors, which is the first step in designing effective integrated surveillance. cache = ./cache/cord-337315-qv8ycdhe.txt txt = ./txt/cord-337315-qv8ycdhe.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-331885-8zmuhebu author = Xu, Xiuyan title = Risk factor analysis combined with deep learning in the risk assessment of overseas investment of enterprises date = 2020-10-02 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3796 sentences = 208 flesch = 43 summary = To evaluate the overseas investment risks of enterprises and expand the application and development of deep learning methods in risk assessment, 15 national clusters are utilized as samples to analyze and discuss the overseas investment risk indicators of enterprises. Second, the Deep Neural Network (DNN) is introduced; a risk evaluation model is constructed for enterprise overseas investment. The results show that the major source of overseas investment risks includes basic resources, political systems, economic and financial development, and environmental protection. To build a risk assessment model for overseas investment of enterprises and evaluate investment risks scientifically and effectively, the Deep Neural Network (DNN) based on deep learning is introduced, which is an innovation. The above analysis suggests that a country's infrastructure, health care conditions, economic development level, environmental protection conditions, and political system are the key components that affect its risks of enterprise overseas investment [29, 30] . cache = ./cache/cord-331885-8zmuhebu.txt txt = ./txt/cord-331885-8zmuhebu.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-340713-v5sdowb7 author = Bird, Jordan J. title = Country-level pandemic risk and preparedness classification based on COVID-19 data: A machine learning approach date = 2020-10-28 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5669 sentences = 260 flesch = 53 summary = The three four-class classification problems are then explored and benchmarked through leave-one-country-out cross validation to find the strongest model, producing a Stack of Gradient Boosting and Decision Tree algorithms for risk of transmission, a Stack of Support Vector Machine and Extra Trees for risk of mortality, and a Gradient Boosting algorithm for the risk of inability to test. The classification problem of risk is therefore formulated based on prior knowledge of the pandemic in terms of class only, but the attributes to attempt to classify them are purely country-level information regardless of number of cases, deaths and other coronavirus specific data. Country-level pandemic risk and preparedness classification based on COVID-19 data Fig 10 shows a comparison of other models that were explored. Country-level pandemic risk and preparedness classification based on COVID-19 data Table 1 shows the predicted class values for the best models applied to each of the respective risk classification problems. cache = ./cache/cord-340713-v5sdowb7.txt txt = ./txt/cord-340713-v5sdowb7.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-332051-yw5zlucc author = Aghababaei, Soodabeh title = Perceived risk and protective behaviors regarding COVID-19 among Iranian pregnant women date = 2020-09-18 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3810 sentences = 207 flesch = 48 summary = RESULTS: 93.8% of pregnant women had a high level of knowledge, 97.3% had a high performance in protective behaviors, and 72.9% had a moderate level of risk perception related to COVID-19. CONCLUSIONS: Pregnant women had a high level of knowledge, high performance in protective behaviors, and a moderate level of risk perception related to COVID-19. 97.3% of the participants had high performance in preventive behaviors, and 72.9% of pregnant women had a moderate level of risk perception related to the disease ( Table 2 ). Iranian pregnant women had a high level of knowledge, high performance in protective behaviors, and a moderate level of risk perception related to COVID-19. History of influenza in previous pregnancies, high economic level, and nulliparity were associated with higher levels of knowledge, protective behaviors, and risk perception, respectively. History of influenza in previous pregnancies, high economic level, and nulliparity were associated with higher levels of knowledge, protective behaviors, and risk perception, respectively. cache = ./cache/cord-332051-yw5zlucc.txt txt = ./txt/cord-332051-yw5zlucc.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-339036-nmmworwk author = Fabregues, F. title = ASSISTED REPRODUCTION AND THROMBOEMBOLIC RISK IN COVID-19 PANDEMIC date = 2020-06-25 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 2387 sentences = 115 flesch = 41 summary = Mortality occurs mainly due to severe lung involvement causing an acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), although sometimes a multi-organ failure occurs with significant coagulation disorders (Zhou et al., 2020) Due to the large increase in reported cases and the impact of the COVID-19 coronavirus on public health, ESHRE on March 19, 2020 and ASRM on March 30, 2020 recommended the cessation of any activity related to assisted reproduction. On the other hand,Tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI) that play a relevant role regulating haemostatic equilibrium decreases progressively throughout the OS, this would explain the hypercoagulable status, occurring during assisted reproduction (Romagnuolo et al., 2014) Accordingly, a pro-thrombotic state has been demonstrated in cases with OHSS with the increase of markers like thrombin (thrombin-antithrombin complex and prothrombin fragment 1 + 2) and fibrin (D-dimer) (Balasch et al., 1996) . cache = ./cache/cord-339036-nmmworwk.txt txt = ./txt/cord-339036-nmmworwk.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-335960-biwnqa3f author = Luke, Anthony title = Prevention of Infectious Diseases in Athletes date = 2007-07-31 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6813 sentences = 373 flesch = 45 summary = The authors discuss the preventive strategies for infectious disease in sport, including (1) a review of immunization recommendations and prophylaxis guidelines, (2) improvements in personal hygiene and prevention of spread of infectious organisms by direct contact, (3) insect-borne disease precautions, and (4) prevention of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). Sports medicine physicians need to consider the following indications for immunizations (Tables 1 and 2) : (1) routine health maintenance; (2) catch-up immunizations for failed or missed immunizations; (3) immunizations of high risk groups (ie, splenectomy, chronic disease, immunocompromised); (4) travel to an endemic area; (5) close contact with an infected individual, or (6) recent potential exposure to an infectious agent. When athletes are known to be infected with hepatitis B, secondary prevention includes education on personal hygiene, appropriate management of open wounds, proper use of protective equipment, safe sex practices using a condom, and avoidance of intravenous blood transmission (eg, through needle sharing and illicit drug use). cache = ./cache/cord-335960-biwnqa3f.txt txt = ./txt/cord-335960-biwnqa3f.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-347449-mey7e8gd author = Albers, Heidi J. title = Disease Risk from Human–Environment Interactions: Environment and Development Economics for Joint Conservation-Health Policy date = 2020-07-09 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 7021 sentences = 301 flesch = 36 summary = Here, we review how these economic frameworks capture-or do not capture-drivers and characteristics of the human-environment interaction, while reflecting the natural and socio-institutional settings of LMICs. We then propose how modeling frameworks can be expanded to incorporate the disease risk posed by that interaction to inform needed socio-enviro-epidemiological research and policy analysis, using an iterative process of data collection and modelling in an interdisciplinary setting. To address how humans influence zoonotic disease risk borne from environmental interactions, these hotspot maps can be combined with economic decision models at fine resolution that specify markets and institutions, landscape patterns, and resource use in LMICs, and thereby illustrate the decisions behind where and how people overlap with pathogen hosts, which influences their pathogen exposure. Empirical analysis that defines correlations but is not specific to people's decisions does not provide information about how human-environment interactions affect conservation or disease spread, which implies that policy levers are difficult to identify below generalities, such as "slow deforestation," "limit fragmentation," and "close wildlife markets." cache = ./cache/cord-347449-mey7e8gd.txt txt = ./txt/cord-347449-mey7e8gd.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-337487-1lbopaso author = Hansildaar, Romy title = Cardiovascular risk in inflammatory arthritis: rheumatoid arthritis and gout date = 2020-09-01 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 9481 sentences = 480 flesch = 34 summary = The underlying pathophysiology of increased cardiovascular risk relevant to inflammatory arthritis, as well as the observed effect of antiinflammatory and disease modifying treatments such as uratelowering therapies in gout, will be reviewed and discussed. Postulated shared mechanisms of rheumatoid arthritis and gout are systemic inflammation, reactive oxygen species (ROS)induced oxidative stress, and endothelial dysfunction, all of which lead to atherosclerosis (figure 2). 59 Another study found an increased prevalence of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction in patients with rheumatoid arthritis, which correlated primarily with disease activity and with antiinflammatory treat ments (ie, conventional synthetic DMARDs and biological DMARDs). Rheumatoid arthritis and gout-two inflammatory joint diseases with different underlying causes-are associated with about a 50-70% increased risk of cardiovascular disease compared with the general population. Diseasemodifying antirheumatic drugs are associated with a reduced risk for cardiovascular disease in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a case control study cache = ./cache/cord-337487-1lbopaso.txt txt = ./txt/cord-337487-1lbopaso.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-332142-lk95akg5 author = Skovdal, Morten title = Complexities to consider when communicating risk of COVID-19 date = 2020-07-23 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 1243 sentences = 93 flesch = 56 summary = We argue that 30 correct understanding of individuals' risks of becoming infected and dying is a prerequisite 31 for people and communities to take responsibility and engage in prevention practices, both 32 for self and others; and also to reduce unnecessary anxieties and other unintended negative 33 outcomes. • Freely avail health services and equipment to assist risk-reducing practices Panel: Considerations and recommendations to communicate risk in the COVID-19 response • Avoid over-simplified 'one-size-fits-all' risk messages • Distinguish between risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection and risk of severe COVID-19 disease • Target risk messages to people according to their levels of risk and capacity to adopt alternative prevention methods • Communicate the uncertainty of risk estimates and that new data may lead to changes • Avoid over-simplified 'one-size-fits-all' risk messages • Distinguish between risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection and risk of severe COVID-19 disease • Target risk messages to people according to their levels of risk and capacity to adopt alternative prevention methods • Communicate the uncertainty of risk estimates and that new data may lead to changes cache = ./cache/cord-332142-lk95akg5.txt txt = ./txt/cord-332142-lk95akg5.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-328747-bf687r6j author = St‐Denis, Xavier title = Sociodemographic Determinants of Occupational Risks of Exposure to COVID‐19 in Canada date = 2020-07-13 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 8958 sentences = 389 flesch = 42 summary = This research note explores how occupational exposure risks vary by labor force characteristics using publicly available Canadian data in combination with a data set providing information on the level of physical proximity and frequency of exposure to infections or diseases faced by workers in different occupations. Second, older workers (65 years or more), a group vulnerable to COVID‐19, appear to work in occupations requiring performing activities characterized by a lower level of physical proximity than their younger colleagues, with minimal differences in the frequency of exposure to diseases or infections. The results presented below show an unequal distribution of occupational characteristics associated with a higher risk of exposure to COVID-19 (level of physical proximity with other individuals, and frequency of exposure to diseases or infections) across different groups of the workforce. The distributional statistics reported above provide evidence of important differences in occupational risks of exposure to infectious diseases such as COVID-19 by gender, age, Aboriginal identity, education, and broad occupational category. cache = ./cache/cord-328747-bf687r6j.txt txt = ./txt/cord-328747-bf687r6j.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-348138-wca7jaje author = Safarpour, Hamid title = Risk Communication in the COVID-19 Outbreak: Two Sides of the Same Coin date = 2020-09-09 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 1004 sentences = 59 flesch = 40 summary = Because of the constant changes in the effects of COVID-19 and the exaggerated public perception of its mortality risk because of the difficulty of estimating the mortality rate, 6 the response of global media to COVID-19 remains unbalanced. Therefore, 1 way to ensure proper communication is to use social media, radio, and TV channels and ensure the constant presence of the media using the World Health Organization (WHO) principles for effective communication: accessible, actionable, credible and trusted, relevant, timely, and understandable. 8 Risk communication and community engagement contribute to the prevention of infodemics (too much information about a problem, which makes it difficult to identify the solution) 2 and increase the chance of health advice following for self-protection by creating trust in response. 2 Risk communication and effective community engagement can minimize social disorder, as well as protect health, the economy, and tourism. cache = ./cache/cord-348138-wca7jaje.txt txt = ./txt/cord-348138-wca7jaje.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-350023-7wx5v9b8 author = Tautenhahn, A. title = Factors associated with calf mortality and poor growth of dairy heifer calves in northeast Germany date = 2020-09-24 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6076 sentences = 362 flesch = 59 summary = A cross-sectional study was conducted on fifty German dairy farms to identify risk factors for high mortality and poor growth in calves. In the model "Risk factors associated with median ADG from birth to weaning", average daily weight gain (ADG) of calves from birth until twelve weeks of life was the dependent variable at herd level. For the investigation of associations between potential risk factors with calf mortality and ADG from birth to weaning a multivariable model each was built. The results of the present field study indicate that high calf mortality (> 5%), FPT in the neonate (serum protein < 55 g/l) and low ADG from birth to weaning (< 700 g/day) are still a problem on dairy farms under livestock production conditions in northeast Germany. cache = ./cache/cord-350023-7wx5v9b8.txt txt = ./txt/cord-350023-7wx5v9b8.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-336599-r8xgnz87 author = Yaacoub, Jean-Paul A. title = Cyber-Physical Systems Security: Limitations, Issues and Future Trends date = 2020-07-08 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 22485 sentences = 1405 flesch = 45 summary = However, none of the existing works presented a comprehensive view of CPS security in terms of threats, vulnerabilities, and attacks based on the targeted domain (cyber, physical, or hybrid). • Jamming: In this case, attackers usually aim at changing the device's state and the expected operations to cause Sold with PLC-like features Digital computers designed for output arrangements and multiple inputs Electronic device controlled by a microprocessor Automates electro-mechanical processes Interfaces SCADA physical objects Physical media with process, relays, motion control and networking Uses supervisory system messages to control objects Does support control loops and algorithms Does not support control loops and algorithms Immune to electrical noise, resistant to vibration Low to null immunity against electrical noise and vibration Suitable for local geographical areas Suitable for wider geographical telemetry areas Mainly IEC Standards Wired/Wireless Communications damage by launching waves of de-authentication or wireless jamming signals, which would result into denial of device and system services [73] . cache = ./cache/cord-336599-r8xgnz87.txt txt = ./txt/cord-336599-r8xgnz87.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-332181-k90i33gp author = Degeling, Chris title = Hendra in the news: Public policy meets public morality in times of zoonotic uncertainty date = 2012-12-29 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 7062 sentences = 279 flesch = 47 summary = Because flying foxes are a highly visible, widespread and relatively novel source of infectious risk for humans, the emergence of Hendra virus presents an opportunity to track and compare media representations of disease 'events', health policy goals, political discourses and public opinions in ways that are difficult for noncommunicable diseases. Articles then were coded for: mention of horses, flying foxes/fruit bats or Hendra virus mention of debates about flying fox control report of distal ecological causes (loss of natural habitat) for the emergence of Hendra virus or the possibility of viral mutation mention of ignorance about Hendra virus amongst scientists, healthcare providers or members of the public reference to government inaction as a factor contributing to the Hendra problem reference to people's health and welfare not being high enough on the political agenda. cache = ./cache/cord-332181-k90i33gp.txt txt = ./txt/cord-332181-k90i33gp.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-345717-ktajrf7d author = Monagin, Corina title = Serologic and behavioral risk survey of workers with wildlife contact in China date = 2018-04-03 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4585 sentences = 241 flesch = 45 summary = We report on a study conducted in Guangdong Province, China, to characterize behaviors and perceptions associated with transmission of pathogens with pandemic potential in highly exposed human populations at the animal-human interface. The present study focuses on the potential for zoonotic viral transfer through contact with wildlife in Guangdong prefectures in China, and seeks to augment our understanding and identification of risky populations, occupations, and behaviors, as well as the perceptions of risk at these interfaces. We performed a serological survey and concurrent behavioral questionnaire of individuals with wildlife contact in Guangdong Province, China, in order to better characterize occupations and community-level behavioral risks that contribute to zoonotic transmission of various wildlife pathogens with pandemic potential. We targeted high-risk individuals, defined as individuals with high levels of exposure to wildlife (wild animal blood or bodily fluids)-primarily hunters, persons working in wet markets and restaurants that butcher wild game, who could be followed over a period of time. cache = ./cache/cord-345717-ktajrf7d.txt txt = ./txt/cord-345717-ktajrf7d.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-339341-c2o42b5j author = Matibag, Gino C. title = Advocacy, promotion and e-learning: Supercourse for zoonosis date = 2005-09-01 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5855 sentences = 317 flesch = 44 summary = This paper discusses the history of emerging infectious diseases, risk communication and perception, and the Supercourse lectures as means to strengthen the concepts and definition of risk management and global governance of zoonosis. The overall goal of the "Supercourse for Zoonosis" is to show the most recent development in the knowledge of SARS and other zoonotic diseases such as avian influenza and bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), inter alia, which have significant global impact not only on health but also on the economy. The specific objectives of "Supercourse for Zoonosis" are to develop a set of educational materials for the control of zoonotic diseases, to disseminate them effectively via the Internet, to facilitate their use in the prevention and control of the diseases, and to promote human health while minimizing their economic impact. cache = ./cache/cord-339341-c2o42b5j.txt txt = ./txt/cord-339341-c2o42b5j.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-331068-rjc3b4br author = Ritterson, Ryan title = Basic Scholarship in Biosafety Is Critically Needed To Reduce Risk of Laboratory Accidents date = 2017-03-29 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 2966 sentences = 122 flesch = 40 summary = Due to significant missing but theoretically acquirable data, our biosafety assessment faced limitations, and we were forced to provide a relative, instead of absolute, measure of risk (Gryphon Scientific, LLC, Risk and Benefit Analysis of Gain of Function Research, 2016). These missing data, once acquired via relatively simple primary research efforts, would not only improve biosafety risk assessments but also could be immediately incorporated into biosafety practices to reduce the risk of accidents. As such, we believe significantly more funding is urgently and immediately needed to support three basic thrusts: (i) development of a national incident reporting system, (ii) primary research programs focused on HRAs, equipment failures, and decontamination efficiencies, and (iii) sharing of best practices. In our experience visiting laboratories undertaking gain-of-function research, we noted some institutions maintained a strong safety culture that likely played a significant role in reducing the risk of accident in these labs. cache = ./cache/cord-331068-rjc3b4br.txt txt = ./txt/cord-331068-rjc3b4br.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-334353-nc2jhemz author = Murphy, Thérèse title = IS HUMAN RIGHTS PREPARED? RISK, RIGHTS AND PUBLIC HEALTH EMERGENCIES date = 2009-05-08 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 8531 sentences = 455 flesch = 55 summary = The new Regulations take what has been described as an '"all risks" approach', 34 encompassing any emergency with repercussions for international health security, including 26 Ibid., at para 47. So, how should a human rights lawyer respond to the panoply of new linkages between health and security and, more specifically, the increasing focus on public health emergency preparedness? In our view, its arguments need to be read very closely by those working on public health emergency preparedness, not least because of the effect that a 'risk or rights' approach 63 could have on the interpretation, and use, of the IHR and the design, interpretation and use of national preparedness measures. In thinking about risk within rights in the context of public health emergency preparedness, these points suggest a range of strategies. One question that needs to be asked is: are human rights risk strategists at work in public health preparedness projects and, if so, in what ways? cache = ./cache/cord-334353-nc2jhemz.txt txt = ./txt/cord-334353-nc2jhemz.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-350959-bsbz3a1l author = Dovey, Zachary title = Impact of COVID-19 on Prostate Cancer Management: Guidelines for Urologists date = 2020-06-16 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5079 sentences = 241 flesch = 47 summary = There is also epidemiological evidence that PCa patients have increased incidence and mortality from SARS-CoV-2 infection due to gender differences, age, and higher propensity for risk factors (eg, respiratory disease, obesity, hypertension, and smoking status). Patient summary Prostate cancer patients can be followed up remotely until the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 pandemic resolves, but higher-risk cases may have treatment expedited to limit any negative impact on prostate cancer outcomes. As shown in Table 2 , PCa patients with either diabetes or hypertension should seek advice from their physicians to optimize their treatment, especially if this includes ACE inhibitors or ARBs [32] , to reduce their risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection and morbidity. Tewari Prostate cancer (PCa) patients may have an increased risk of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection and mortality. cache = ./cache/cord-350959-bsbz3a1l.txt txt = ./txt/cord-350959-bsbz3a1l.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-351373-a21453gz author = Mowbray, N. G. title = Safe management of surgical smoke in the age of COVID‐19 date = 2020-05-03 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3938 sentences = 201 flesch = 43 summary = A controversial area concerns the safety of surgically created smoke and the perceived potential higher risk in laparoscopic surgery. A review was undertaken of the novel coronavirus with regards to its hazards within surgical smoke and the procedures that could mitigate the potential risks to healthcare staff. The Society of American Gastroenterology and Endoscopic Surgeons updated their advice on 30 March 2020 2 : 'Although previous research has shown that laparoscopy can lead to aerosolization of blood-borne viruses, there is no evidence to indicate that this effect is seen with COVID-19, nor that it would be isolated to MIS [minimally invasive surgery] procedures. This article reviews the best available evidence to understand the risk of transmission of COVID-19 in laparoscopic smoke, and what steps, based on physical properties of the virus, may be best placed to reduce this and justify continuing laparoscopic surgery under strict safety guidelines. cache = ./cache/cord-351373-a21453gz.txt txt = ./txt/cord-351373-a21453gz.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-353904-dieaqxmi author = Davies, M. title = Remdesivir in treatment of COVID-19: A systematic benefit-risk assessment date = 2020-05-12 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4057 sentences = 229 flesch = 49 summary = A systematic benefit-risk assessment was designed and conducted to strengthen the ongoing understanding of the benefit-risk balance for remdesivir in COVID-19 treatment by using a structured method which uses all available data. Conclusions: Preliminary clinical trial results suggest a favourable benefit-risk profile for remdesivir compared to placebo, however there is limited safety data available at the current time. The benefits included in the value tree include key endpoints included in clinical trial protocols for studies assessing the efficacy of remdesivir in severe COVID-19 disease. Primary endpoint data available from the Adaptive COVID 19 trial [26] have also suggested a shorter time to recovery in patients treated with remdesivir, with non-significant reduced mortality risk. Preliminary clinical trial results suggest a favourable benefit-risk profile for remdesivir compared to placebo, however there is limited safety data available at the current time. cache = ./cache/cord-353904-dieaqxmi.txt txt = ./txt/cord-353904-dieaqxmi.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-355171-oi3ezlsl author = MACINTYRE, C. R. title = Quantifying the risk of respiratory infection in healthcare workers performing high-risk procedures date = 2013-12-05 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3072 sentences = 151 flesch = 48 summary = This study determined the risk of respiratory infection associated with high-risk procedures (HRPs) performed by healthcare workers (HCWs) in high-risk settings. In droplet transmission, pathogens or droplets which are larger than 5 μm, such as influenza virus and Bordetella pertussis are transmitted from an infected patient to HCWs through breathing, talking, coughing, sneezing, as well as through performing high-risk procedures (HRPs) [2, 7, 8] . Although various guidelines and policies for infection control measures are implemented in healthcare settings worldwide, the risk of transmission of infectious diseases while performing HRPs has not been well quantified. cache = ./cache/cord-355171-oi3ezlsl.txt txt = ./txt/cord-355171-oi3ezlsl.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-355118-w3l4h5y4 author = Sharif, Ali title = Screening for Diabetic Retinopathy with Extended Intervals, Safe and Without Compromising Adherence: A Retrospective Cohort Study date = 2020-11-09 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5101 sentences = 250 flesch = 50 summary = In the study reported here, we investigated adherence to the screening program and progression of retinopathy in patients with type 2 diabetes participating in a DR screening program with extended intervals. Risk factors for DR and treatment for hyperglycemia, hypertension and hyperlipidemia were compared among subjects in the low-risk cohort: non-adherent subjects did not differ from their adherent counterparts without progression of DR, but the former had a shorter duration of diabetes and higher diastolic blood pressure than adherent Taking into account that most diabetes patients have T2DM and that the majority of these individuals do not have retinopathy and are at low risk of progression to STDR [13] , extending control intervals for this population is likely to substantially reduce the workload in screening programs. We investigated adherence in 1000 patients with T2DM participating in a DR screening program, applying extended intervals of 36 and 18 months for patients at low-or intermediate-risk of DR progression, respectively. cache = ./cache/cord-355118-w3l4h5y4.txt txt = ./txt/cord-355118-w3l4h5y4.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-354936-do0bmpxt author = Chatterjee, Ranit title = COVID-19 Risk Assessment Tool: Dual application of risk communication and risk governance date = 2020-06-02 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6218 sentences = 370 flesch = 57 summary = To strengthen the community level response, a coordinated approach of disaster risk governance from Sendai Framework point of view is needed to manage this public health emergency. In comparison to the Arogya Setu App by Government of India, the COVID-19 Risk assessment tool, provides awareness information in the form of questions which are also used to assess the risk based on behaviour and social compliance. Further, the COVID-19 Risk Assessment Tool generates information on anxiety levels to understand the need for psychosocial care as part of overall response. The tool is a low-cost technology-based solution to provide assessment of individual risk as well as increase community awareness. The COVID-19 Risk Assessment Tool is broadly based on four major factors of health, exposure, behavior and social policy. As the paper states, the COVID-19 Risk assessment tool goes beyond the medical symptoms and considers factors of individual behaviour and social policy. cache = ./cache/cord-354936-do0bmpxt.txt txt = ./txt/cord-354936-do0bmpxt.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-349415-q0g0uqj6 author = Commodari, Elena title = Adolescents in Quarantine During COVID-19 Pandemic in Italy: Perceived Health Risk, Beliefs, Psychological Experiences and Expectations for the Future date = 2020-09-23 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6995 sentences = 309 flesch = 49 summary = In this scenario, this study aimed to provide a general overview of the perceived risk related to COVID-19 and the psychological experience of quarantine in a large sample of Italian adolescents. Nine hundred and seventy eight adolescents (males = 339; females = 639) living in 13 Italian regions and attending upper secondary school (age range: 13–20, M = 16.57, SD = 1.20), responded to an internet-based questionnaire about perceived health risk related to COVID-19, knowledge and information on measures to control the pandemic, beliefs and opinions on stage two of the quarantine, and psychological experiences related to quarantine. Moreover, it explored perceived health risk related to COVID-19, knowledge and information on measures to control the pandemic, beliefs and opinions on stage two of the quarantine, routines and habits of life that adolescents miss most (such as going out with friends, meeting boyfriend or girlfriend, going to visit their relatives, for a total of six items), and psychological experiences related to quarantine. cache = ./cache/cord-349415-q0g0uqj6.txt txt = ./txt/cord-349415-q0g0uqj6.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-344252-6g3zzj0o author = Farooq, Junaid title = A Novel Adaptive Deep Learning Model of Covid-19 with focus on mortality reduction strategies date = 2020-07-21 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6951 sentences = 361 flesch = 56 summary = We employ deep learning to propose an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) based and data stream guided real-time incremental learning algorithm for parameter estimation of a non-intrusive, intelligent, adaptive and online analytical model of Covid-19 disease. In this work, we employ deep learning to propose an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) based real-time online incremental learning technique to estimate parameters of a data stream guided analytical model of Covid-19 to study the transmission dynamics and prevention mechanism for SARS-Cov-2 novel coronavirus in order to aid in optimal policy formulation, efficient decision making, forecasting and simulation. To the best of our knowledge, this paper develops for the first time a deep learning model of epidemic diseases with data science approach in which parameters are intelligently adapted to the new ground realities with fast evolving infection dynamics. cache = ./cache/cord-344252-6g3zzj0o.txt txt = ./txt/cord-344252-6g3zzj0o.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-348249-zhfrgaxf author = Osborne, V. title = Systematic benefit-risk assessment for the use of chloroquine or hydroxychloroquine as a treatment for COVID-19: Establishing a framework for rapid decision-making date = 2020-05-12 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3919 sentences = 226 flesch = 49 summary = Methods: The overall benefit-risk of the use of chloroquine or hydroxychloroquine as a treatment for COVID-19 compared to standard of care, placebo or other treatments was assessed using the Benefit-Risk Action Team (BRAT) framework. To date, whilst there have been many publications which have described the main effectiveness and safety concerns with these treatments, there has not been a systematic benefit-risk assessment on the use of chloroquine or hydroxychloroquine for COVID-19 treatment using a structured descriptive framework. To examine the benefit-risk profile of chloroquine or hydroxychloroquine in COVID-19 patients compared to standard of care, placebo or other treatments. The overall benefit-risk of the use of chloroquine or hydroxychloroquine as a treatment for COVID-19 compared to standard of care, placebo or other treatments was assessed using the BRAT framework. Data were extracted for each benefit and risk, for hydroxychloroquine, chloroquine and the comparator (standard of care, placebo or other treatments), where available. cache = ./cache/cord-348249-zhfrgaxf.txt txt = ./txt/cord-348249-zhfrgaxf.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-355905-av03suua author = Romero Starke, Karla title = The Age-Related Risk of Severe Outcomes Due to COVID-19 Infection: A Rapid Review, Meta-Analysis, and Meta-Regression date = 2020-08-17 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6825 sentences = 395 flesch = 59 summary = Because not all important age-related risk factors were included in the analysis, and because they adjusted for biomarkers which were reflective of disease severity/COVID-19 infection, the study was rated as having a high risk of bias. Due to the lack of age-related risk factors included in the analysis and the adjustment for fever, which is reflective of COVID-19 infection/disease severity, this study was determined to have a high risk of bias. This study received a high risk of bias rating because only patients older than 60 years of age were considered, because of missing risk factors, and because biomarkers were used that might indicate a COVID-19 infection/disease severity. All the studies included in the meta-analysis for mortality were rated as having a high risk of bias because not all age-dependent risk factors were considered and because the variables used in the analysis may have already indicated COVID-19 disease severity. cache = ./cache/cord-355905-av03suua.txt txt = ./txt/cord-355905-av03suua.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-356348-e7hefkd3 author = Kim, Inho title = KCDC Risk Assessments on the Initial Phase of the COVID-19 Outbreak in Korea date = 2020-04-17 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 2045 sentences = 112 flesch = 55 summary = OBJECTIVES: This study aims to evaluate the risk assessments of coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) in the Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (KCDC), from the point of detection to the provision of basic information to the relevant public health authorities. METHODS: To estimate the overall risk of specific public health events, probability, and impact at the country-level were evaluated using available information. To estimate the overall risk of specific public health events, probability, and impact at the country-level were evaluated using the available information. The emergence of COVID-19, which started as clusters of pneumonia with unknown etiology in China at the end of 2019, was unique and thus, a good example for KCDC to conduct a series of risk assessments to evaluate the potential risk of importation, transmission, and the impact at the country-level. The risk of importation and transmission were evaluated separately as COVID-19 was a newly identified pathogen where information about the coronavirus was limited. cache = ./cache/cord-356348-e7hefkd3.txt txt = ./txt/cord-356348-e7hefkd3.txt ===== Reducing email addresses cord-200147-ans8d3oa cord-217984-ry0z7orj cord-288494-6qybdxc4 cord-282783-ps5jyjkl cord-315367-e0frkhe6 cord-329614-deh5bidx Creating transaction Updating adr table ===== Reducing keywords cord-001781-afg1nmib cord-002906-llstohys cord-001064-59i3jert cord-004060-nxw5k9y1 cord-011688-8g0p3vtm cord-009417-458rrhcm cord-009694-e59kuwf1 cord-009481-6pm3rpzj cord-004091-gex0zvoa cord-012503-8rv2xof7 cord-018328-t3ydu75l cord-011407-4cjlolp6 cord-011824-4ge9i90s cord-010884-g4gesvzt cord-017479-s4e47bwx cord-015255-1qhgeirb cord-016982-qt25tp6t cord-012932-alxtoaq9 cord-030116-ucmzbezx cord-017883-6a4fkd5v cord-017620-p65lijyu cord-022130-jckfzaf0 cord-017527-ylng1us2 cord-024824-lor8tfe6 cord-018125-khhzlt9y cord-017351-73hlwwdh cord-018907-c84t1bo5 cord-016173-ro7nhody cord-021492-z2bjkl9g cord-011701-toevn37u cord-021959-1y67126b cord-023473-ofwdzu5t cord-011325-r42hzazp cord-022367-xpzx22qg cord-025366-haf542y0 cord-164666-ktrw377u cord-024378-po1bu4v3 cord-018001-ris02bff cord-024088-020rgz5t cord-031696-gcduh13u cord-024982-4f6m3kfc cord-029226-eagbwk7j cord-256432-53l24le2 cord-035287-l6trtvil cord-026384-ejk9wjr1 cord-254436-89zf41xr cord-016704-99v4brjf cord-019009-3ngfv96u cord-200147-ans8d3oa cord-030279-pv770doe cord-034832-uvjjmt1p cord-023747-mvq6353a cord-252870-52fjx7s4 cord-016405-86kghmzf cord-272727-a5ngjuyz cord-004894-75w35fkd cord-009729-69swjzic cord-028564-sltofaox cord-033655-16hj7sev cord-264542-0hu5twhp cord-266526-8csl9md0 cord-253135-0tun7fjk cord-033328-ny011lj3 cord-149069-gpnaldjk cord-103784-f8ac21m2 cord-252708-88s32x0v cord-252182-v0cveegl cord-030984-2mqn4ihm cord-255249-jtx3ntil cord-027950-4xwcb5j7 cord-048467-1dus0u4m cord-102776-2upbx2lp cord-217984-ry0z7orj cord-265343-4wfsze80 cord-257467-b8o5ghvi cord-271698-n9qd14oe cord-199156-7yxzj7tw cord-269343-qwgmn06t cord-147853-h9t7sp4z cord-029253-03c9p7rk cord-034834-zap82dta cord-257622-m6j0us2e cord-204125-fvd6d44c cord-265595-55s19mr1 cord-224491-qq9hdtww cord-266180-32gw2ug3 cord-273175-bao8xxe2 cord-125330-jyppul4o cord-258498-0mvxwo3w cord-272296-1gn1zhvt cord-275979-cx2h5bsw cord-255204-3qruat3s cord-275496-ajlmvg1o cord-277800-dtpsiaj9 cord-282982-dc5m81bx cord-282457-80htwxm0 cord-254647-axyx03eg cord-273789-sbppgkza cord-277210-xaj2623u cord-276267-77903fld cord-269566-mgzal1th cord-278759-pykihnup cord-278418-i8cbrs7y cord-279935-asg71qtr cord-275786-etli5c3a cord-280642-cvxni7cd cord-281390-rk7ijexa cord-283917-jumgb0hs cord-287129-g2zdv5dc cord-283287-073r80s7 cord-284424-6gljl7n5 cord-293316-kip8mrjo cord-291679-jfxqipt8 cord-292559-b21j9sf3 cord-278870-pct184oa cord-289008-c4cu3vrp cord-290708-hv1um2ln cord-293174-4ucqudn4 cord-290901-bfho5w04 cord-288494-6qybdxc4 cord-294184-jte9xx5e cord-285898-rtqkvf63 cord-285628-36gyix12 cord-280060-gzby85u9 cord-299343-gsrgf4dd cord-297395-5r4fxcuq cord-302336-zj3oixvk cord-292409-hz5qj1fw cord-282783-ps5jyjkl cord-306008-kh4y44uy cord-292094-vmsdhccp cord-294916-xc9ozxyn cord-300170-s2qthxx4 cord-296607-h2zwlyz7 cord-291083-nd7cew7v cord-293822-axr9qu58 cord-293041-7ndp05ru cord-303137-g2pe3ad8 cord-299797-s1zdmf2u cord-310195-am3u7z76 cord-303054-s1clwunc cord-300046-orlga9qf cord-289003-vov6o1jx cord-312183-zkoj5d8c cord-290820-28ggcjx0 cord-309563-3cuzmsll cord-308648-bus3axay cord-306741-3ibprszo cord-309122-9dfyjpid cord-303402-gxz2l8e4 cord-317739-2wojtboi cord-301479-dc1oyftd cord-317167-hzcl1hw3 cord-300965-ivczo1a7 cord-308169-a0ft6wdy cord-302937-3yivxfi8 cord-308184-w8ewm8ve cord-318061-xe8lljz0 cord-318004-r08k40ob cord-313183-4zmtijyo cord-309350-7qen8z3y cord-311694-2b2swi0l cord-314423-6kuefmol cord-324387-mnucvmr1 cord-318933-09ym98hx cord-315367-e0frkhe6 cord-314500-89ovdnxl cord-318683-1yxurnev cord-327748-8ob6okeh cord-325155-lqzgz6p3 cord-327574-24t10fs4 cord-314275-twjaq5do cord-318852-gouz6tth cord-319910-s2e56ety cord-322815-r82iphem cord-328442-mnlzj1ly cord-329770-tz8dwgzm cord-305327-hayhbs5u cord-322612-vlxewj5k cord-329614-deh5bidx cord-315412-fm928vq1 cord-328620-d2jrn1ip cord-313615-cts45n3j cord-318363-1mv5j4w2 cord-338889-7hd3iibk cord-328522-ef4xg3q0 cord-332533-iqe6sdq2 cord-337315-qv8ycdhe cord-339188-apgdzgfz cord-331885-8zmuhebu cord-340713-v5sdowb7 cord-332051-yw5zlucc cord-339036-nmmworwk cord-335960-biwnqa3f cord-347449-mey7e8gd cord-337487-1lbopaso cord-332142-lk95akg5 cord-348138-wca7jaje cord-328747-bf687r6j cord-350023-7wx5v9b8 cord-345717-ktajrf7d cord-336599-r8xgnz87 cord-332181-k90i33gp cord-331068-rjc3b4br cord-334353-nc2jhemz cord-350959-bsbz3a1l cord-351373-a21453gz cord-353904-dieaqxmi cord-355171-oi3ezlsl cord-349415-q0g0uqj6 cord-355118-w3l4h5y4 cord-348249-zhfrgaxf cord-354936-do0bmpxt cord-344252-6g3zzj0o cord-355905-av03suua cord-356348-e7hefkd3 cord-339341-c2o42b5j Creating transaction Updating wrd table ===== Reducing urls cord-002906-llstohys cord-001064-59i3jert cord-011688-8g0p3vtm cord-004060-nxw5k9y1 cord-009481-6pm3rpzj cord-004091-gex0zvoa cord-011824-4ge9i90s cord-017620-p65lijyu cord-021492-z2bjkl9g cord-024824-lor8tfe6 cord-025366-haf542y0 cord-024982-4f6m3kfc cord-256432-53l24le2 cord-004894-75w35fkd cord-009729-69swjzic cord-103784-f8ac21m2 cord-252708-88s32x0v cord-253135-0tun7fjk cord-033328-ny011lj3 cord-048467-1dus0u4m cord-102776-2upbx2lp cord-265343-4wfsze80 cord-257467-b8o5ghvi cord-147853-h9t7sp4z cord-199156-7yxzj7tw cord-257622-m6j0us2e cord-266180-32gw2ug3 cord-273175-bao8xxe2 cord-258498-0mvxwo3w cord-275979-cx2h5bsw cord-255204-3qruat3s cord-277210-xaj2623u cord-273789-sbppgkza cord-280642-cvxni7cd cord-278418-i8cbrs7y cord-281390-rk7ijexa cord-291679-jfxqipt8 cord-292559-b21j9sf3 cord-299343-gsrgf4dd cord-302336-zj3oixvk cord-306008-kh4y44uy cord-292094-vmsdhccp cord-303054-s1clwunc cord-300170-s2qthxx4 cord-310195-am3u7z76 cord-300046-orlga9qf cord-312183-zkoj5d8c cord-317167-hzcl1hw3 cord-303402-gxz2l8e4 cord-309122-9dfyjpid cord-318004-r08k40ob cord-313183-4zmtijyo cord-311694-2b2swi0l cord-314423-6kuefmol cord-315367-e0frkhe6 cord-325155-lqzgz6p3 cord-327748-8ob6okeh cord-319910-s2e56ety cord-329614-deh5bidx cord-338889-7hd3iibk cord-340713-v5sdowb7 cord-332533-iqe6sdq2 cord-347449-mey7e8gd cord-355118-w3l4h5y4 cord-354936-do0bmpxt cord-348249-zhfrgaxf cord-328620-d2jrn1ip cord-353904-dieaqxmi Creating transaction Updating url table ===== Reducing named entities cord-001781-afg1nmib cord-002906-llstohys cord-001064-59i3jert cord-011688-8g0p3vtm cord-004060-nxw5k9y1 cord-009417-458rrhcm cord-009481-6pm3rpzj cord-004091-gex0zvoa cord-012503-8rv2xof7 cord-018328-t3ydu75l cord-009694-e59kuwf1 cord-011407-4cjlolp6 cord-011824-4ge9i90s cord-010884-g4gesvzt cord-017479-s4e47bwx cord-015255-1qhgeirb cord-012932-alxtoaq9 cord-016982-qt25tp6t cord-017883-6a4fkd5v cord-030116-ucmzbezx cord-017620-p65lijyu cord-022130-jckfzaf0 cord-018125-khhzlt9y cord-024824-lor8tfe6 cord-017527-ylng1us2 cord-018907-c84t1bo5 cord-016173-ro7nhody cord-021492-z2bjkl9g cord-017351-73hlwwdh cord-011701-toevn37u cord-021959-1y67126b cord-023473-ofwdzu5t cord-011325-r42hzazp cord-025366-haf542y0 cord-164666-ktrw377u cord-022367-xpzx22qg cord-024378-po1bu4v3 cord-018001-ris02bff cord-024088-020rgz5t cord-031696-gcduh13u cord-024982-4f6m3kfc cord-029226-eagbwk7j cord-256432-53l24le2 cord-035287-l6trtvil cord-026384-ejk9wjr1 cord-254436-89zf41xr cord-016704-99v4brjf cord-019009-3ngfv96u cord-034832-uvjjmt1p cord-030279-pv770doe cord-023747-mvq6353a cord-200147-ans8d3oa cord-252870-52fjx7s4 cord-016405-86kghmzf cord-272727-a5ngjuyz cord-028564-sltofaox cord-033655-16hj7sev cord-264542-0hu5twhp cord-266526-8csl9md0 cord-103784-f8ac21m2 cord-252708-88s32x0v cord-253135-0tun7fjk cord-252182-v0cveegl cord-009729-69swjzic cord-255249-jtx3ntil cord-004894-75w35fkd cord-149069-gpnaldjk cord-027950-4xwcb5j7 cord-033328-ny011lj3 cord-217984-ry0z7orj cord-030984-2mqn4ihm cord-048467-1dus0u4m cord-102776-2upbx2lp cord-265343-4wfsze80 cord-257467-b8o5ghvi cord-271698-n9qd14oe cord-147853-h9t7sp4z cord-199156-7yxzj7tw cord-269343-qwgmn06t cord-224491-qq9hdtww cord-204125-fvd6d44c cord-257622-m6j0us2e cord-034834-zap82dta cord-029253-03c9p7rk cord-265595-55s19mr1 cord-273175-bao8xxe2 cord-266180-32gw2ug3 cord-125330-jyppul4o cord-258498-0mvxwo3w cord-275979-cx2h5bsw cord-255204-3qruat3s cord-275496-ajlmvg1o cord-282982-dc5m81bx cord-272296-1gn1zhvt cord-277800-dtpsiaj9 cord-282457-80htwxm0 cord-277210-xaj2623u cord-254647-axyx03eg cord-273789-sbppgkza cord-276267-77903fld cord-269566-mgzal1th cord-278759-pykihnup cord-278418-i8cbrs7y cord-279935-asg71qtr cord-280642-cvxni7cd cord-283917-jumgb0hs cord-275786-etli5c3a cord-287129-g2zdv5dc cord-281390-rk7ijexa cord-284424-6gljl7n5 cord-283287-073r80s7 cord-293316-kip8mrjo cord-291679-jfxqipt8 cord-278870-pct184oa cord-290708-hv1um2ln cord-294184-jte9xx5e cord-289008-c4cu3vrp cord-285898-rtqkvf63 cord-288494-6qybdxc4 cord-299343-gsrgf4dd cord-293174-4ucqudn4 cord-290901-bfho5w04 cord-280060-gzby85u9 cord-285628-36gyix12 cord-297395-5r4fxcuq cord-282783-ps5jyjkl cord-302336-zj3oixvk cord-292409-hz5qj1fw cord-306008-kh4y44uy cord-292094-vmsdhccp cord-292559-b21j9sf3 cord-294916-xc9ozxyn cord-300170-s2qthxx4 cord-303054-s1clwunc cord-293822-axr9qu58 cord-296607-h2zwlyz7 cord-293041-7ndp05ru cord-291083-nd7cew7v cord-310195-am3u7z76 cord-303137-g2pe3ad8 cord-300046-orlga9qf cord-299797-s1zdmf2u cord-289003-vov6o1jx cord-312183-zkoj5d8c cord-290820-28ggcjx0 cord-306741-3ibprszo cord-308648-bus3axay cord-309563-3cuzmsll cord-303402-gxz2l8e4 cord-317167-hzcl1hw3 cord-309122-9dfyjpid cord-301479-dc1oyftd cord-317739-2wojtboi cord-302937-3yivxfi8 cord-308184-w8ewm8ve cord-308169-a0ft6wdy cord-318061-xe8lljz0 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./etc/reader.txt cord-009729-69swjzic cord-024088-020rgz5t cord-269343-qwgmn06t cord-009729-69swjzic cord-004894-75w35fkd cord-292094-vmsdhccp number of items: 217 sum of words: 1,519,985 average size in words: 7,755 average readability score: 46 nouns: risk; health; patients; disease; study; data; risks; factors; infection; studies; use; time; information; analysis; people; results; treatment; research; model; management; population; level; care; age; exposure; pandemic; cases; years; case; number; control; system; effects; diseases; virus; measures; assessment; group; evidence; transmission; effect; mortality; work; safety; influenza; individuals; review; impact; countries; systems verbs: used; included; increase; based; associated; provided; showed; reported; made; considered; found; related; reduces; identified; developed; take; followed; given; need; require; compared; see; causing; led; assess; occurred; suggested; affects; involved; known; becoming; emerging; result; presents; indicated; estimated; improve; prevent; performed; according; controlled; determined; defined; evaluated; treated; received; describe; remaining; recommended; regarded adjectives: high; social; human; public; different; new; clinical; low; important; higher; severe; many; first; non; specific; available; potential; significant; possible; global; respiratory; current; medical; physical; large; likely; economic; several; general; infectious; individual; covid-19; acute; small; effective; environmental; chronic; cardiovascular; major; lower; financial; positive; early; systemic; common; recent; multiple; negative; key; international adverbs: also; however; well; therefore; even; often; especially; significantly; particularly; less; still; first; rather; respectively; generally; highly; currently; potentially; usually; now; finally; already; relatively; moreover; specifically; just; furthermore; much; mainly; recently; far; approximately; previously; yet; directly; always; hence; together; least; prior; frequently; better; widely; indeed; clearly; almost; later; rapidly; commonly; similarly pronouns: it; we; their; they; our; its; them; i; you; one; us; his; he; themselves; your; itself; her; she; my; me; him; ourselves; himself; oneself; yourself; em; s; ours; myself; 's; theirs; neurips; herself; btb; zoo-; z"ikv; yuhj@chinacdc.cn; yours; waters/; t; rd=0.08; r; person^they; mine; mg; itin; ib→i; ia2-ib2; high‐dose; hers proper nouns: COVID-19; SARS; Health; •; China; Risk; United; States; Table; CI; HIV; CoV-2; World; US; National; UK; Disease; Fig; EU; Study; Africa; European; New; Europe; International; Coronavirus; MS; Organization; Research; Singapore; A; C; ABSTRACT; Control; meta; South; B; Ebola; Global; Group; Association; Management; Background; ICU; H1N1; Lyme; U.S.; mg; CDC; Government keywords: risk; covid-19; patient; health; infection; disease; sars; study; china; model; human; research; hiv; woman; vaccine; united; pandemic; influenza; ebola; disaster; animal; virus; social; security; safety; new; exposure; crisis; country; cancer; work; veterinary; uncertainty; treatment; tourism; system; states; professional; pregnancy; ppe; network; management; individual; global; factor; epidemic; decision; cost; communication; cell one topic; one dimension: risk file(s): https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4580613/ titles(s): Evidence for the Convergence Model: The Emergence of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (H5N1) in Viet Nam three topics; one dimension: risk; risk; risk file(s): https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S0140673620303676, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7153403/, https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B978012408078200007X titles(s): Dementia prevention, intervention, and care: 2020 report of the Lancet Commission | Intelligence and Stakeholders | Anti-infective Agents five topics; three dimensions: risk patients study; risk health covid; risk risks also; risk calves may; risk health social file(s): https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17278083/, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32287743/, https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0141933120303689?v=s5, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7163758/, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7349691/ titles(s): Infectious Diseases Society of America/American Thoracic Society Consensus Guidelines on the Management of Community-Acquired Pneumonia in Adults | Lyme disease: Current issues, implications, and recommendations for tourism management | Cyber-Physical Systems Security: Limitations, Issues and Future Trends | Scientific Opinion on the public health hazards to be covered by inspection of meat from sheep and goats | Amplified Concern for Social Risk in Adolescence: Development and Validation of a New Measure Type: cord title: keyword-risk-cord date: 2021-05-25 time: 16:19 username: emorgan patron: Eric Morgan email: emorgan@nd.edu input: keywords:risk ==== make-pages.sh htm files ==== make-pages.sh complex files ==== make-pages.sh named enities ==== making bibliographics id: cord-004091-gex0zvoa author: Abdulkareem, Shaheen A. title: Risk perception and behavioral change during epidemics: Comparing models of individual and collective learning date: 2020-01-06 words: 8379.0 sentences: 432.0 pages: flesch: 50.0 cache: ./cache/cord-004091-gex0zvoa.txt txt: ./txt/cord-004091-gex0zvoa.txt summary: For this study, we ran eight ABMs to test various combinations of individual and group learning, using different information sources-with or without interactions among agents-as factors in the BNs. We investigate the extent to which the epidemic spreads, depending on these different learning approaches regarding risk perception and coping decisions. The empirically-driven BNs model a two-stage decision process of people facing a disease risk: learning to update risk perceptions (threat appraisal, BN1 in Fig 1) and making decisions about how to adapt their behavior during the epidemic (coping appraisal, BN2 in Fig 1) . To evaluate the impact of individual and social intelligence on agents'' learning processes regarding risk perception and coping appraisal and the resulting patterns of disease spread, we used four output measures: disease diffusion, risk perception, spatial patterns, and model performance. Finally, in M7, where household agents learned risk perception in decentralized groups and learned to cope individually, 2,911 infected cases were recorded (Table 3) . abstract: Modern societies are exposed to a myriad of risks ranging from disease to natural hazards and technological disruptions. Exploring how the awareness of risk spreads and how it triggers a diffusion of coping strategies is prominent in the research agenda of various domains. It requires a deep understanding of how individuals perceive risks and communicate about the effectiveness of protective measures, highlighting learning and social interaction as the core mechanisms driving such processes. Methodological approaches that range from purely physics-based diffusion models to data-driven environmental methods rely on agent-based modeling to accommodate context-dependent learning and social interactions in a diffusion process. Mixing agent-based modeling with data-driven machine learning has become popularity. However, little attention has been paid to the role of intelligent learning in risk appraisal and protective decisions, whether used in an individual or a collective process. The differences between collective learning and individual learning have not been sufficiently explored in diffusion modeling in general and in agent-based models of socio-environmental systems in particular. To address this research gap, we explored the implications of intelligent learning on the gradient from individual to collective learning, using an agent-based model enhanced by machine learning. Our simulation experiments showed that individual intelligent judgement about risks and the selection of coping strategies by groups with majority votes were outperformed by leader-based groups and even individuals deciding alone. Social interactions appeared essential for both individual learning and group learning. The choice of how to represent social learning in an agent-based model could be driven by existing cultural and social norms prevalent in a modeled society. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6944362/ doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0226483 id: cord-317739-2wojtboi author: Abo, Stéphanie M.C. title: Modelling the daily risk of ebola in the presence and absence of a potential vaccine date: 2020-10-15 words: 5064.0 sentences: 284.0 pages: flesch: 56.0 cache: ./cache/cord-317739-2wojtboi.txt txt: ./txt/cord-317739-2wojtboi.txt summary: The risk equations account for the basic transmission probability of Ebola and the lowered risk due to various protection protocols: vaccination, hazmat suits, reduced contact with the infected living and dead bodies. The risk equations account for the basic transmission probability of Ebola (β), the lowered risk due to various protection protocols: hazmat suits (e h ), reduced contact with the infected living (e c I ), vaccination (e v ) and reduced contact with dead bodies (e c D ). According to our results, the parameters with the greatest effect on the Ebola epidemic are the transmission probability (β), the fraction of people using the vaccine (q 7 ), vaccine efficacy (e v ), reducing contact with dead bodies (e c D ) and wearing hazmat suits (e h ). abstract: Ebola virus — one of the deadliest viral diseases, with a mortality rate around 90% — damages the immune system and organs, with symptoms including episodic fever, chills, malaise and myalgia. The Recombinant Vesicular Stomatitis Virus-based candidate vaccine (rVSV-ZEBOV) has demonstrated clinical efficacy against Ebola in ring-vaccination clinical trials. In order to evaluate the potential effect of this candidate vaccine, we developed risk equations for the daily risk of Ebola infection both currently and after vaccination. The risk equations account for the basic transmission probability of Ebola and the lowered risk due to various protection protocols: vaccination, hazmat suits, reduced contact with the infected living and dead bodies. Parameter space was sampled using Latin Hypercube Sampling, a statistical method for generating a near-random sample of parameter values. We found that at a high transmission rate of Ebola (i.e., if the transmission rate is greater than 90%), a large fraction of the population must be vaccinated ( 80%) to achieve a 50% decrease in the daily risk of infection. If a vaccine is introduced, it must have at least 50% efficacy, and almost everyone in the affected areas must receive it to effectively control outbreaks of Ebola. These results indicate that a low-efficacy Ebola vaccine runs the risk of having vaccinated people be overconfident in a weak vaccine and hence the possibility that the vaccine could make the situation worse, unless the population can be sufficiently educated about the necessity for high vaccine uptake. url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2468042720300579?v=s5 doi: 10.1016/j.idm.2020.10.003 id: cord-332051-yw5zlucc author: Aghababaei, Soodabeh title: Perceived risk and protective behaviors regarding COVID-19 among Iranian pregnant women date: 2020-09-18 words: 3810.0 sentences: 207.0 pages: flesch: 48.0 cache: ./cache/cord-332051-yw5zlucc.txt txt: ./txt/cord-332051-yw5zlucc.txt summary: RESULTS: 93.8% of pregnant women had a high level of knowledge, 97.3% had a high performance in protective behaviors, and 72.9% had a moderate level of risk perception related to COVID-19. CONCLUSIONS: Pregnant women had a high level of knowledge, high performance in protective behaviors, and a moderate level of risk perception related to COVID-19. 97.3% of the participants had high performance in preventive behaviors, and 72.9% of pregnant women had a moderate level of risk perception related to the disease ( Table 2 ). Iranian pregnant women had a high level of knowledge, high performance in protective behaviors, and a moderate level of risk perception related to COVID-19. History of influenza in previous pregnancies, high economic level, and nulliparity were associated with higher levels of knowledge, protective behaviors, and risk perception, respectively. History of influenza in previous pregnancies, high economic level, and nulliparity were associated with higher levels of knowledge, protective behaviors, and risk perception, respectively. abstract: BACKGROUND: Despite the vulnerability of pregnant women, few studies have been conducted on their perceived risk and protective behaviors during the COVID-19 pandemic. The present cross-sectional study aims to investigate the perceived risk and protective behaviors regarding COVID-19 among pregnant women, in Hamadan, Iran. Using a two-stage cluster sampling method, 225 pregnant women referring to the health centers completed the questionnaires. Data were analyzed using the Kruskal-Wallis and Spearman correlation tests as well as a stepwise linear regression model at 95% confidence level. RESULTS: 93.8% of pregnant women had a high level of knowledge, 97.3% had a high performance in protective behaviors, and 72.9% had a moderate level of risk perception related to COVID-19. The highest mean score of knowledge was observed in women who had a history of influenza in their previous pregnancies (90.97 ± 5.94). The mean score of protective behaviors was significantly higher in women with a high economic level (97.78 ± 5.11), and the highest level of risk perception was observed in nulliparous women (59.97 ± 9.80). Risk perception was an independent predictor of protective behaviors related to COVID-19 (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Pregnant women had a high level of knowledge, high performance in protective behaviors, and a moderate level of risk perception related to COVID-19. History of influenza in previous pregnancies, high economic level, and nulliparity were associated with higher levels of knowledge, protective behaviors, and risk perception, respectively. Risk perception of pregnant women regarding COVID-19 can predict their protective behaviors. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32963467/ doi: 10.1186/s43043-020-00038-z id: cord-347449-mey7e8gd author: Albers, Heidi J. title: Disease Risk from Human–Environment Interactions: Environment and Development Economics for Joint Conservation-Health Policy date: 2020-07-09 words: 7021.0 sentences: 301.0 pages: flesch: 36.0 cache: ./cache/cord-347449-mey7e8gd.txt txt: ./txt/cord-347449-mey7e8gd.txt summary: Here, we review how these economic frameworks capture-or do not capture-drivers and characteristics of the human-environment interaction, while reflecting the natural and socio-institutional settings of LMICs. We then propose how modeling frameworks can be expanded to incorporate the disease risk posed by that interaction to inform needed socio-enviro-epidemiological research and policy analysis, using an iterative process of data collection and modelling in an interdisciplinary setting. To address how humans influence zoonotic disease risk borne from environmental interactions, these hotspot maps can be combined with economic decision models at fine resolution that specify markets and institutions, landscape patterns, and resource use in LMICs, and thereby illustrate the decisions behind where and how people overlap with pathogen hosts, which influences their pathogen exposure. Empirical analysis that defines correlations but is not specific to people''s decisions does not provide information about how human-environment interactions affect conservation or disease spread, which implies that policy levers are difficult to identify below generalities, such as "slow deforestation," "limit fragmentation," and "close wildlife markets." abstract: Emergence of COVID-19 joins a collection of evidence that local and global health are influenced by human interactions with the natural environment. Frameworks that simultaneously model decisions to interact with natural systems and environmental mechanisms of zoonotic disease spread allow for identification of policy levers to mitigate disease risk and promote conservation. Here, we highlight opportunities to broaden existing conservation economics frameworks that represent human behavior to include disease transmission in order to inform conservation-disease risk policy. Using examples from wildlife markets and forest extraction, we call for environment, resource, and development economists to develop and analyze empirically-grounded models of people’s decisions about interacting with the environment, with particular attention to LMIC settings and ecological-epidemiological risk factors. Integrating the decisions that drive human–environment interactions with ecological and epidemiological research in an interdisciplinary approach to understanding pathogen transmission will inform policy needed to improve both conservation and disease spread outcomes. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32836831/ doi: 10.1007/s10640-020-00449-6 id: cord-276267-77903fld author: Al‐Ani, Aysha H. title: Review article: prevention, diagnosis and management of COVID‐19 in the IBD patient date: 2020-05-26 words: 5481.0 sentences: 355.0 pages: flesch: 42.0 cache: ./cache/cord-276267-77903fld.txt txt: ./txt/cord-276267-77903fld.txt summary: 6 Consequently, there is a concern that IBD patients are at greater risk of developing COVID-19 and at increased risk of progressing to a more severe clinical course or even death compared to the general population. 18 Furthermore, there is a recent case report of a possible SARS-CoV-2 gastrointestinal infection causing acute haemorrhagic colitis and signalling COVID-19 disease. Clinical assessment of risk factors for infection in inflammatory bowel disease patients Protection of 318 inflammatory bowel disease patients from the outbreak and rapid spread of COVID-19 infection in Wuhan Risk of infection with methotrexate therapy in inflammatory diseases: a systematic review and meta-analysis Comparative risk of serious infections with biologic and/or immunosuppressive therapy in patients with inflammatory bowel diseases: a systematic review and meta-analysis Infection-related hospitalizations are associated with increased mortality in patients with inflammatory bowel diseases Respiratory tract infections in patients with inflammatory bowel disease: safety analyses from vedolizumab clinical trials abstract: BACKGROUND: The current COVID‐19 pandemic, caused by SARS‐CoV‐2, has emerged as a public health emergency. All nations are seriously challenged as the virus spreads rapidly across the globe with no regard for borders. The primary management of IBD involves treating uncontrolled inflammation with most patients requiring immune‐based therapies. However, these therapies may weaken the immune system and potentially place IBD patients at increased risk of infections and infectious complications including those from COVID‐19. AIM: To summarise the scale of the COVID‐19 pandemic, review unique concerns regarding IBD management and infection risk during the pandemic and assess COVID‐19 management options and drug interactions in the IBD population. METHODS: A literature review on IBD, SARS‐CoV‐2 and COVID‐19 was undertaken and relevant literature was summarised and critically examined. RESULTS: IBD patients do not appear to be more susceptible to SARS‐CoV‐2 infection and there is no evidence of an association between IBD therapies and increased risk of COVID‐19. IBD medication adherence should be encouraged to prevent disease flare but where possible high‐dose systemic corticosteroids should be avoided. Patients should exercise social distancing, optimise co‐morbidities and be up to date with influenza and pneumococcal vaccines. If a patient develops COVID‐19, immune suppressing medications should be withheld until infection resolution and if trial medications for COVID‐19 are being considered, potential drug interactions should be checked. CONCLUSION: IBD patient management presents a challenge in the current COVID‐19 pandemic. The primary focus should remain on keeping bowel inflammation controlled and encouraging medication adherence. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32348598/ doi: 10.1111/apt.15779 id: cord-011824-4ge9i90s author: Andrews, Jack L. title: Amplified Concern for Social Risk in Adolescence: Development and Validation of a New Measure date: 2020-06-23 words: 6487.0 sentences: 353.0 pages: flesch: 58.0 cache: ./cache/cord-011824-4ge9i90s.txt txt: ./txt/cord-011824-4ge9i90s.txt summary: We developed a questionnaire measure in order to assess the degree to which adolescents and adults are concerned about engaging in health and social risk behaviours. An additional CFA to assess a one-factor structure did not achieve good model fit (RMSEA = 0.12 (0.11-0.13), SRMR = 0.10, CFI = 0.72, and TLI = 0.70), indicating that concern about risk taking is not a unitary construct and is instead domain specific (health, social). An additional CFA to assess a one-factor structure did not achieve good model fit (RMSEA = 0.18 (0.17-0.19), SRMR = 0.16, CFI = 0.60, and TLI = 0.50), indicating that concern about risk taking is not a unitary construct across domains, and is instead domain specific (health, social), as in the adult sample. In this study, we developed a questionnaire measure of concern for health and social risk behaviours for use in adolescents and adults. abstract: In adolescence, there is a heightened propensity to take health risks such as smoking, drinking or driving too fast. Another facet of risk taking, social risk, has largely been neglected. A social risk can be defined as any decision or action that could lead to an individual being excluded by their peers, such as appearing different to one’s friends. In the current study, we developed and validated a measure of concern for health and social risk for use in individuals of 11 years and over (N = 1399). Concerns for both health and social risk declined with age, challenging the commonly held stereotype that adolescents are less worried about engaging in risk behaviours, compared with adults. The rate of decline was steeper for social versus health risk behaviours, suggesting that adolescence is a period of heightened concern for social risk. We validated our measure against measures of rejection sensitivity, depression and risk-taking behaviour. Greater concern for social risk was associated with increased sensitivity to rejection and greater depressed mood, and this association was stronger for adolescents compared with adults. We conclude that social risks should be incorporated into future models of risk-taking behaviour, especially when they are pitted against health risks. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7349691/ doi: 10.3390/brainsci10060397 id: cord-200147-ans8d3oa author: Arimond, Alexander title: Neural Networks and Value at Risk date: 2020-05-04 words: 8597.0 sentences: 440.0 pages: flesch: 52.0 cache: ./cache/cord-200147-ans8d3oa.txt txt: ./txt/cord-200147-ans8d3oa.txt summary: Specifically, we estimate VaR thresholds using classic methods (i.e. Mean/Variance, Hidden Markov Model) 1 as well as machine learning methods (i.e. feed forward, convolutional, recurrent), which we advance via initialization of input parameter and regularization of incentive function. Using equity markets and long term bonds as test assets in the global, US, Euro area and UK setting over an up to 1,250 weeks sample horizon ending in August 2018, we investigate neural networks along three design steps relating (i) to the initialization of the neural network''s input parameter, (ii) its incentive function according to which it has been trained and which can lead to extreme outputs if it is not regularized as well as (iii) the amount of data we feed. Whereas our paper is focused on advancing machine learning techniques and is therefore following Billio and Pellizon (2000) anchored in a regime based asset allocation setting 1 to account for time varying economic states (CPZ, 2020), we still believe that the nonlinearity and flexible form especially of recurrent neural networks maybe of interesting to the VaR (forecasting) literature (Billio et al. abstract: Utilizing a generative regime switching framework, we perform Monte-Carlo simulations of asset returns for Value at Risk threshold estimation. Using equity markets and long term bonds as test assets in the global, US, Euro area and UK setting over an up to 1,250 weeks sample horizon ending in August 2018, we investigate neural networks along three design steps relating (i) to the initialization of the neural network, (ii) its incentive function according to which it has been trained and (iii) the amount of data we feed. First, we compare neural networks with random seeding with networks that are initialized via estimations from the best-established model (i.e. the Hidden Markov). We find latter to outperform in terms of the frequency of VaR breaches (i.e. the realized return falling short of the estimated VaR threshold). Second, we balance the incentive structure of the loss function of our networks by adding a second objective to the training instructions so that the neural networks optimize for accuracy while also aiming to stay in empirically realistic regime distributions (i.e. bull vs. bear market frequencies). In particular this design feature enables the balanced incentive recurrent neural network (RNN) to outperform the single incentive RNN as well as any other neural network or established approach by statistically and economically significant levels. Third, we half our training data set of 2,000 days. We find our networks when fed with substantially less data (i.e. 1,000 days) to perform significantly worse which highlights a crucial weakness of neural networks in their dependence on very large data sets ... url: https://arxiv.org/pdf/2005.01686v2.pdf doi: nan id: cord-023747-mvq6353a author: Ascherio, Alberto title: Epidemiology of Multiple Sclerosis: Environmental Factors date: 2009-12-25 words: 8842.0 sentences: 461.0 pages: flesch: 49.0 cache: ./cache/cord-023747-mvq6353a.txt txt: ./txt/cord-023747-mvq6353a.txt summary: The epidemiologic evidence points to three environ­mental risk factors—infection with the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), low levels of vitamin D, and cigarette smoking—whose association with multiple sclerosis (MS) seems to satisfy in varying degrees most of the criteria that support causality, including temporality, strength, consis­tency, biologic gradient, and plausibility. As discussed in this chapter, epidemiologic evidence points to three environmental risk factors-infection with the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), low levels of vitamin D, and cigarette smoking-whose association with multiple sclerosis (MS) seems to satisfy in varying degrees most of the criteria that support causality, including temporality (i.e., the cause must precede the effect), strength, consistency, biologic gradient, and plausibility. 28 Studies within the United States have also supported a decreased risk of MS among migrants from northern (>41° to 42° N), Australia and New Zealand Europe Figure 4-1 Worldwide prevalence estimates of multiple sclerosis. abstract: This chapter discusses the environmental factors associated to epidemiology of multiple sclerosis. The epidemiologic evidence points to three environ­mental risk factors—infection with the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), low levels of vitamin D, and cigarette smoking—whose association with multiple sclerosis (MS) seems to satisfy in varying degrees most of the criteria that support causality, including temporality, strength, consis­tency, biologic gradient, and plausibility. None of these associations, however, has been tested experimentally in humans and only one––vitamin D deficiency is presently amenable to experimental interventions. The evidence, albeit more sparse and inconsistent, linking other environmental factors to MS risk are summarized. Epidemiologic clues to the hypothetical role of infection in MS are com­plex and often seem to point in opposite directions. The ecological studies, database/linkage analyses, and longitudinal studies of sunlight exposure and vitamin D are reviewed. Biologic mechanisms for smoking and increased risk of MS could be neuro­toxic, immunomodulatory, vascular, or they could involve increased frequency and duration of respiratory infections. Some other possible risk factors include––diet and hepatitis B vaccine. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7173578/ doi: 10.1016/b978-1-4160-6068-0.00004-8 id: cord-024824-lor8tfe6 author: Asgary, Ali title: Small and Medium Enterprises and Global Risks: Evidence from Manufacturing SMEs in Turkey date: 2020-02-12 words: 6689.0 sentences: 345.0 pages: flesch: 50.0 cache: ./cache/cord-024824-lor8tfe6.txt txt: ./txt/cord-024824-lor8tfe6.txt summary: Among the economic risks, fiscal crises in key economies and high structural unemployment or underemployment were found to be the highest risks for the SMEs. Failure of regional or global governance, failure of national governance, and interstate conflict with regional consequences were found to be among the top geopolitical risks for the SMEs. The SMEs considered the risk of large-scale cyber-attacks and massive incident of data fraud/theft to be relatively higher than other global technological risks. According to the 2019 WEF global risk report, extreme weather events, failure of climate-change mitigation and adaptation, natural disasters, data fraud or theft, cyber-attacks, man-made environmental damages and disasters, large-scale involuntary migration, biodiversity loss and ecosystem collapse, water crises, and asset bubbles in a major economy were ranked the top 10 global risks in terms of likelihood. abstract: This study investigated how small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in a country perceive major global risks. The aim was to explore how country attributes and circumstances affect SME assessments of the likelihood, impacts, and rankings of global risks, and to find out if SME risk assessment and rankings differ from the global rankings. Data were gathered using an online survey of manufacturing SMEs in Turkey. The results show that global economic risks and geopolitical risks are of major concern for SMEs, and environmental risks are at the bottom of their ranking. Among the economic risks, fiscal crises in key economies and high structural unemployment or underemployment were found to be the highest risks for the SMEs. Failure of regional or global governance, failure of national governance, and interstate conflict with regional consequences were found to be among the top geopolitical risks for the SMEs. The SMEs considered the risk of large-scale cyber-attacks and massive incident of data fraud/theft to be relatively higher than other global technological risks. Profound social instability and failure of urban planning were among the top societal risks for the SMEs. Although the global environmental and disaster risks were ranked lowest on the list, man-made environmental damage and disasters and major natural hazard-induced disasters were ranked the highest among this group of risks. Overall, the results show that SMEs at a country level, for example Turkey, perceive global risks differently than the major global players. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7223563/ doi: 10.1007/s13753-020-00247-0 id: cord-001064-59i3jert author: Ashbolt, Nicholas J. title: Human Health Risk Assessment (HHRA) for Environmental Development and Transfer of Antibiotic Resistance date: 2013-07-09 words: 9146.0 sentences: 392.0 pages: flesch: 37.0 cache: ./cache/cord-001064-59i3jert.txt txt: ./txt/cord-001064-59i3jert.txt summary: • Clinical and environmental surveillance programs for anti biotics, ARB, and their determinants, with a focus on regional data volume 121 | number 9 | September 2013 • Environmental Health Perspectives reporting the types and use of anti biotics in human medicine, crops, and commercial and companion animals, as well as globally where crops and food animals are produced • Epidemiological investigations of outbreaks and sporadic cases associated with ARB, including clinical studies on the occurrence, frequency, and severity of ARB infections • Identification of the selection pressures (time and dose of selecting/coselecting agents) required to select for resistance in differ ent environments, and subsequent HGT to humanrelevant bacteria, both based on reports describing the frequency of HGT and uptake of ARG into environmental bac teria, including environmental pathogens, in previously identified hot spots • Human, laboratory, and/or field animal/crop trials addressing the link between anti biotic use and resistance (particularly regional data) • Investigations of the characteristics of ARB and their determinants (ex situ and in situ) • Studies on the link between resistance, viru lence, and/or ecological fitness (e.g., surviv ability or adaptability) of ARB • Studies on the environmental fate of anti biotic residues in water and soil and their bioavailability associated with the selection of ARB in any given environmental com partment, animal, or human host result ing in pARB • Existing risk assessments of ARB and related pathogens. abstract: Background: Only recently has the environment been clearly implicated in the risk of antibiotic resistance to clinical outcome, but to date there have been few documented approaches to formally assess these risks. Objective: We examined possible approaches and sought to identify research needs to enable human health risk assessments (HHRA) that focus on the role of the environment in the failure of antibiotic treatment caused by antibiotic-resistant pathogens. Methods: The authors participated in a workshop held 4–8 March 2012 in Québec, Canada, to define the scope and objectives of an environmental assessment of antibiotic-resistance risks to human health. We focused on key elements of environmental-resistance-development “hot spots,” exposure assessment (unrelated to food), and dose response to characterize risks that may improve antibiotic-resistance management options. Discussion: Various novel aspects to traditional risk assessments were identified to enable an assessment of environmental antibiotic resistance. These include a) accounting for an added selective pressure on the environmental resistome that, over time, allows for development of antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB); b) identifying and describing rates of horizontal gene transfer (HGT) in the relevant environmental “hot spot” compartments; and c) modifying traditional dose–response approaches to address doses of ARB for various health outcomes and pathways. Conclusions: We propose that environmental aspects of antibiotic-resistance development be included in the processes of any HHRA addressing ARB. Because of limited available data, a multicriteria decision analysis approach would be a useful way to undertake an HHRA of environmental antibiotic resistance that informs risk managers. Citation: Ashbolt NJ, Amézquita A, Backhaus T, Borriello P, Brandt KK, Collignon P, Coors A, Finley R, Gaze WH, Heberer T, Lawrence JR, Larsson DG, McEwen SA, Ryan JJ, Schönfeld J, Silley P, Snape JR, Van den Eede C, Topp E. 2013. Human health risk assessment (HHRA) for environmental development and transfer of antibiotic resistance. Environ Health Perspect 121:993–1001; http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1206316 url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3764079/ doi: 10.1289/ehp.1206316 id: cord-300170-s2qthxx4 author: Aven, Terje title: Globalization and global risk: How risk analysis needs to be enhanced to be effective in confronting current threats date: 2020-10-15 words: 8230.0 sentences: 373.0 pages: flesch: 48.0 cache: ./cache/cord-300170-s2qthxx4.txt txt: ./txt/cord-300170-s2qthxx4.txt summary: Considerable work has been conducted in recent years to develop frameworks to support the assessment, communication, management and governance of this type of risk, building on concepts like systemic risks, complexity theory, deep uncertainties, resilience engineering, adaptive management and black swans. These perspectives and approaches, which to a large extent can be viewed as scientific schools, include what we will refer to as ''safety science'' (highlighting sociotechnical aspects, complexity theory, and resilience analysis), ''risk governance and systemic risk frameworks'', ''post-normal science'', quality management and ''risk science'' (highlighting ''broad'' perspectives on risk with an emphasis on uncertainties, knowledge and potential surprises (black swans)). The main aim of the paper is to provide new reflections and knowledge on the proper assessment and handling of risk of the types addressed above, by critically reviewing current perspectives and approaches, and pointing to areas with the potential for enhancements, so that we can be better able to confront global, highly uncertain and large consequence threats like the Coronavirus in the future. abstract: In the last 20-30 years, technological innovation has enabled the advancement of industry at a global scale, giving rise to a truly global society, resting on an interdependent web of transnational technical, economic and social systems. These systems are exposed to scenarios of cascading outbreaks, whose impacts can ripple to very large scales through their strong interdependencies, as recently shown by the pandemic spreading of the Coronavirus. Considerable work has been conducted in recent years to develop frameworks to support the assessment, communication, management and governance of this type of risk, building on concepts like systemic risks, complexity theory, deep uncertainties, resilience engineering, adaptive management and black swans. Yet contemporary risk analysis struggles to provide authoritative societal guidance for adequately handling these types of risks, as clearly illustrated by the Coronavirus case. In this paper, we reflect on this situation. We aim to identify critical challenges in current frameworks of risk assessment and management and point to ways to strengthen these, to be better able to confront threats like the Coronavirus in the future. A set of principles and theses are established, which have the potential to support a common foundation for the many different scientific perspectives and ‘schools’ currently dealing with risk handling issues. url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ress.2020.107270 doi: 10.1016/j.ress.2020.107270 id: cord-027950-4xwcb5j7 author: Bachman, Thomas E. title: Thresholds for oximetry alarms and target range in the NICU: an observational assessment based on likely oxygen tension and maturity date: 2020-06-27 words: 5075.0 sentences: 295.0 pages: flesch: 61.0 cache: ./cache/cord-027950-4xwcb5j7.txt txt: ./txt/cord-027950-4xwcb5j7.txt summary: METHODS: This is a retrospective observational study intended to describe the relative chance of normoxemia, and risks of hypoxemia and hyperoxemia at relevant SpO(2) levels in the neonatal ICU. The aim of this analysis was to see if specific SpO 2 levels for selection of high and low alarms and target ranges could be identified based on the difference in the risk of hypoxemia and hyperoxemia and further to determine to what degree these thresholds might change depending on infant maturity. This is a prospectively defined analysis with the aim of describing arterial oxygenation levels (PaO 2 ) associated with various possible SpO 2 alarm limits and target ranges. The study is based on the paradigm that high and low SpO 2 alarm limits should consider the risk of hypoxemia and hyperoxemia independent of the desired SpO 2 target range and further consider infant maturity [7] . abstract: BACKGROUND: Continuous monitoring of SpO(2) in the neonatal ICU is the standard of care. Changes in SpO(2) exposure have been shown to markedly impact outcome, but limiting extreme episodes is an arduous task. Much more complicated than setting alarm policy, it is fraught with balancing alarm fatigue and compliance. Information on optimum strategies is limited. METHODS: This is a retrospective observational study intended to describe the relative chance of normoxemia, and risks of hypoxemia and hyperoxemia at relevant SpO(2) levels in the neonatal ICU. The data, paired SpO(2)-PaO(2) and post-menstrual age, are from a single tertiary care unit. They reflect all infants receiving supplemental oxygen and mechanical ventilation during a 3-year period. The primary measures were the chance of normoxemia (PaO(2) 50–80 mmHg), risks of severe hypoxemia (PaO(2) ≤ 40 mmHg), and of severe hyperoxemia (PaO(2) ≥ 100 mmHg) at relevant SpO(2) levels. RESULTS: Neonates were categorized by postmenstrual age: < 33 (n = 155), 33–36 (n = 192) and > 36 (n = 1031) weeks. From these infants, 26,162 SpO(2)-PaO(2) pairs were evaluated. The post-menstrual weeks (median and IQR) of the three groups were: 26 (24–28) n = 2603; 34 (33–35) n = 2501; and 38 (37–39) n = 21,058. The chance of normoxemia (65, 95%-CI 64–67%) was similar across the SpO(2) range of 88–95%, and independent of PMA. The increasing risk of severe hypoxemia became marked at a SpO(2) of 85% (25, 95%-CI 21–29%), and was independent of PMA. The risk of severe hyperoxemia was dependent on PMA. For infants < 33 weeks it was marked at 98% SpO(2) (25, 95%-CI 18–33%), for infants 33–36 weeks at 97% SpO(2) (24, 95%-CI 14–25%) and for those > 36 weeks at 96% SpO(2) (20, 95%-CI 17–22%). CONCLUSIONS: The risk of hyperoxemia and hypoxemia increases exponentially as SpO(2) moves towards extremes. Postmenstrual age influences the threshold at which the risk of hyperoxemia became pronounced, but not the thresholds of hypoxemia or normoxemia. The thresholds at which a marked change in the risk of hyperoxemia and hypoxemia occur can be used to guide the setting of alarm thresholds. Optimal management of neonatal oxygen saturation must take into account concerns of alarm fatigue, staffing levels, and FiO(2) titration practices. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7320542/ doi: 10.1186/s12887-020-02225-3 id: cord-034834-zap82dta author: Bai, Xiao title: A Review of Micro-Based Systemic Risk Research from Multiple Perspectives date: 2020-06-27 words: 14932.0 sentences: 691.0 pages: flesch: 41.0 cache: ./cache/cord-034834-zap82dta.txt txt: ./txt/cord-034834-zap82dta.txt summary: Meanwhile, cross-disciplinary research methods from other disciplines have been introduced, such as the introduction of complex network models when studying the structural stability of the system, linking the contagious effects of financial systemic risks to the transmission pathways of infectious diseases or bio-food chains [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] , establishing new measures to measure systemic risk [7] [8] [9] [10] . Therefore, although the academic community still has differences in the definition of systemic risks, by comparing the concepts of systemic risk and financial crisis, and summarizing the definition of systemic risk in the academic world, the concept of systemic risk can be defined from an economic perspective: triggered by macro or micro-events, the institutions in the system are subjected to negative impacts, and more organizations are involved in risk diffusion and the existence of internal correlations strengthens the feedback mechanism, causing the system as a whole to face the risk of collapse. abstract: The Covid-19 pandemic has brought about a heavy impact on the world economy, which arouses growing concerns about potential systemic risk, taking place in countries and regions. At this critical moment, it makes sense to interpret the systemic risk from the perspective of the financial crisis framework. By combing the latest research on systemic risks, we may arrive at some precautions relating to the current events. This literature review verifies the origin of systemic risk research. By comparing the retrieved and screened systemic literature with the relevant research on the financial crisis, more focus on the micro-foundations of systemic risk has been discovered. Besides, the measurement methods of systemic risks and the introduction of interdisciplinary methods have made the research in this field particularly active. This paper synthesizes the previous research conclusions to find the appropriate definition of systemic risk and combs the research literature of systemic risk from two lines: Firstly, conducting the division according to the sub-branch fields within the financial discipline and the relevant interdisciplinary research methods, which is helpful for scholars within and outside the discipline to have a more systematic understanding of the research in this field. Secondly predicting the research direction that can be expanded in this field. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7517248/ doi: 10.3390/e22070711 id: cord-328442-mnlzj1ly author: Barattucci, Massimiliano title: Rethinking the Role of Affect in Risk Judgment: What We Have Learned From COVID-19 During the First Week of Quarantine in Italy date: 2020-10-02 words: 6548.0 sentences: 300.0 pages: flesch: 44.0 cache: ./cache/cord-328442-mnlzj1ly.txt txt: ./txt/cord-328442-mnlzj1ly.txt summary: However, to date, no study has addressed how these key risk-related aspects (i.e., affect, anxiety, perceived knowledge on risk, and risk dimensions) can act jointly to orient online health information-seeking behavior, and people''s complaints toward GR imposed during the lockdown. Participants (1,031) were involved during the first week of the quarantine (March 11–18) and completed an online survey composed of (i) an adapted version of the Italian Risk Perception Questionnaire; (ii) the Italian Positive (PA) and Negative Affect (NA) Schedule (PANAS-10); (iii) the State Anxiety Scale (STAI-Y1); (iv) ad hoc personal knowledge measure about novel coronavirus; (v) ad hoc item measuring information search behavior regarding the novel coronavirus; (vi) ad hoc measure of the complains regarding GR; and (vii) sociodemographic questions. To investigate the joint impact of cognitive risk dimensions, affect, and anxiety on online searching behavior and compliance toward government restrictions (GR), in the peculiar context of the Italian pandemic emergency, we drew from the HBM to formulate and test a novel explicative model. abstract: Due to COVID-19 spreading in Italy, on March 11 the Prime Minister of Italy declared a lockdown and imposed severe restrictive measures impacting citizens’ freedom at several levels. People were required to stay at home and go out only to satisfy basic needs. Several risk models have postulated a link among online searching behavior, affect, anxiety, and complaints by individuals toward government restrictions (GR), which emerged as also related to an increased perception of knowledge toward risk. However, to date, no study has addressed how these key risk-related aspects (i.e., affect, anxiety, perceived knowledge on risk, and risk dimensions) can act jointly to orient online health information-seeking behavior, and people’s complaints toward GR imposed during the lockdown. This study investigated the mechanisms underlying online health information-seeking behavior and people’s complaints toward the government’s restrictions during a COVID-19 emergency in the Italian population. Drawing from the health belief model (HBM), which postulates a link between sociodemographic variables, risk, and affect dimensions in emergency, we assumed risk factors as predictors of affect and anxiety, which, in turn, were posited as mediators between risk dimensions, online health information-seeking behavior, and complaints toward GR. Participants (1,031) were involved during the first week of the quarantine (March 11–18) and completed an online survey composed of (i) an adapted version of the Italian Risk Perception Questionnaire; (ii) the Italian Positive (PA) and Negative Affect (NA) Schedule (PANAS-10); (iii) the State Anxiety Scale (STAI-Y1); (iv) ad hoc personal knowledge measure about novel coronavirus; (v) ad hoc item measuring information search behavior regarding the novel coronavirus; (vi) ad hoc measure of the complains regarding GR; and (vii) sociodemographic questions. General linear models and structural equation modeling (SEM) were carried out to test the model. Sociodemographic and cognitive factors predicted the participants’ affect and anxiety, which, in turn, motivated and fully mediated both information search behavior and complaint toward GR. This research can offer useful suggestions for policy-makers during the COVID-19 emergency, and it advanced the knowledge on the risk–emotion link in emergency situations. url: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.554561 doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.554561 id: cord-279935-asg71qtr author: Beasley, Lana O. title: Best Practices for Engaging Pregnant and Postpartum Women at Risk of Substance Use in Longitudinal Research Studies: a Qualitative Examination of Participant Preferences date: 2020-10-28 words: 7881.0 sentences: 329.0 pages: flesch: 38.0 cache: ./cache/cord-279935-asg71qtr.txt txt: ./txt/cord-279935-asg71qtr.txt summary: Themes were organized into key engagement factors related to the following: (1) recruitment strategies, (2) enrollment, and (3) retention of high-risk pregnant and parenting women in longitudinal research studies. Overall, the current qualitative data provide preliminary data that enhance the understanding of a continuum of factors that impact engagement of high-risk pregnant and postpartum women in longitudinal research with current results indicating the need to prioritize recruitment, enrollment, and retention strategies in order to effectively engage vulnerable populations in research. These difficulties with recruitment and retention contribute to additional complications for research, including biased samples of convenience recruited through referrals from social and health agencies, limited sample diversity, deviations from the research design, and ethical issues associated with risk and benefits of participation and involvement with the criminal justice or child welfare system. abstract: There are significant barriers in engaging pregnant and postpartum women that are considered high-risk (e.g., those experiencing substance use and/or substance use disorders (SUD)) into longitudinal research studies. To improve recruitment and retention of this population in studies spanning from the prenatal period to middle childhood, it is imperative to determine ways to improve key research engagement factors. The current manuscript uses a qualitative approach to determine important factors related to recruiting, enrolling, and retaining high-risk pregnant and postpartum women. The current sample included 41 high-risk women who participated in focus groups or individual interviews. All interviews were analyzed to identify broad themes related to engaging high-risk pregnant and parenting women in a 10-year longitudinal research project. Themes were organized into key engagement factors related to the following: (1) recruitment strategies, (2) enrollment, and (3) retention of high-risk pregnant and parenting women in longitudinal research studies. Results indicated recruitment strategies related to ideal recruitment locations, material, and who should share research study information with high-risk participants. Related to enrollment, key areas disclosed focused on enrollment decision-making, factors that create interest in joining a research project, and barriers to joining a longitudinal research study. With regard to retention, themes focused on supports needed to stay in research, barriers to staying in research, and best ways to stay in contact with high-risk participants. Overall, the current qualitative data provide preliminary data that enhance the understanding of a continuum of factors that impact engagement of high-risk pregnant and postpartum women in longitudinal research with current results indicating the need to prioritize recruitment, enrollment, and retention strategies in order to effectively engage vulnerable populations in research. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33134976/ doi: 10.1007/s42844-020-00019-1 id: cord-272727-a5ngjuyz author: Bertsimas, D. title: From predictions to prescriptions: A data-drivenresponse to COVID-19 date: 2020-06-29 words: 3596.0 sentences: 209.0 pages: flesch: 53.0 cache: ./cache/cord-272727-a5ngjuyz.txt txt: ./txt/cord-272727-a5ngjuyz.txt summary: Specifically, we propose a comprehensive data-driven approach to understand the clinical characteristics of COVID-19, predict its mortality, forecast its evolution, and ultimately alleviate its impact. Each column reports 128 cohort-level statistics on demographics (e.g., average age, gen-129 der breakdown), comorbidities (e.g., prevalence of diabetes, 130 hypertension), symptoms (e.g., prevalence of fever, cough), 131 treatments (e.g., prevalence of antibiotics, intubation), lab 132 values (e.g., average lymphocyte count), and clinical outcomes 133 (e.g., average hospital length of stay, mortality rate). The models with lab values provide 309 algorithmic screening tools that can deliver COVID-19 risk 310 predictions using common clinical features. These findings 333 are also in agreement with clinical reports: an elevated CRP 334 generally indicates an early sign of infection and implies lung 335 lesions from COVID-19 (27), elevated levels of leukocytes 336 suggest cytokine release syndrome caused by SARS-CoV-2 337 virus (28), and lowered levels of serum calcium signal higher 338 rate of organ injury and septic shock (29) . abstract: The COVID-19 pandemic has created unprecedented challenges worldwide. Strained healthcare providers make difficult decisions on patient triage, treatment and care management on a daily basis. Policy makers have imposed social distancing measures to slow the disease, at a steep economic price. We design analytical tools to support these decisions and combat the pandemic. Specifically, we propose a comprehensive data-driven approach to understand the clinical characteristics of COVID-19, predict its mortality, forecast its evolution, and ultimately alleviate its impact. By leveraging cohort-level clinical data, patient-level hospital data, and census-level epidemiological data, we develop an integrated four-step approach, combining descriptive, predictive and prescriptive analytics. First, we aggregate hundreds of clinical studies into the most comprehensive database on COVID-19 to paint a new macroscopic picture of the disease. Second, we build personalized calculators to predict the risk of infection and mortality as a function of demographics, symptoms, comorbidities, and lab values. Third, we develop a novel epidemiological model to project the pandemic's spread and inform social distancing policies. Fourth, we propose an optimization model to reallocate ventilators and alleviate shortages. Our results have been used at the clinical level by several hospitals to triage patients, guide care management, plan ICU capacity, and re-distribute ventilators. At the policy level, they are currently supporting safe back-to-work policies at a major institution and equitable vaccine distribution planning at a major pharmaceutical company, and have been integrated into the US Center for Disease Control's pandemic forecast. url: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.06.26.20141127 doi: 10.1101/2020.06.26.20141127 id: cord-318933-09ym98hx author: Betsch, Cornelia title: Monitoring behavioural insights related to COVID-19 date: 2020-04-02 words: 1548.0 sentences: 68.0 pages: flesch: 42.0 cache: ./cache/cord-318933-09ym98hx.txt txt: ./txt/cord-318933-09ym98hx.txt summary: Changes in risk perceptions or knowledge can be assessed over time; data on acceptance of new response measures can be made rapidly available; and misinformation or possible stigma can be identified as they emerge. Journalists need timely knowledge about developing audience behaviour and habits to rapidly tailor information sharing and to develop narrative tools that encourage behaviour changes according to evidence from risk communication research. In sum, rapid data collection and sharing could support effective interaction between authorities, health workers, journalists, and the public to encourage appropriate behavioural change, to manage the crisis, and to protect the most important asset in a crisis: public trust. 7 At the same time, not enough is known about the complex interplay of changing epidemiology, media attention, pandemic control measures, risk perception, and public health behaviour. COVID-19 Snapshot MOnitoring (COSMO): monitoring knowledge, risk perceptions, preventive behaviours, and public trust in the current coronavirus outbreak abstract: nan url: https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(20)30729-7 doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(20)30729-7 id: cord-018907-c84t1bo5 author: Bin-Hussain, Ibrahim title: Infections in the Immunocompromised Host date: 2012 words: 3646.0 sentences: 170.0 pages: flesch: 29.0 cache: ./cache/cord-018907-c84t1bo5.txt txt: ./txt/cord-018907-c84t1bo5.txt summary: In providing empirical antibiotic therapy in patient with pulmonary infiltrate and defect in cell-mediated immunity one need to consider Pneumocystis jiroveci, nocardia, legionella, mycoplasma, in addition to aerobic Gram-positive cocci and Gram-negative bacilli therefore it is advised to use trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, macrolides including erythromycin or clarithromycin and agent active against Gram-positive and Gram-negative; for example, thirdgeneration cephalosporin with or without aminoglycoside with anti-Gram-positive either nafcillin or vancomycin based on the incidence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and penicillin resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae. The factors influencing antimicrobial selection include the types of bacterial isolates found in the institution, antibiotic susceptibility patterns, drug allergies, presence of organ dysfunction, chemotherapeutic regimen whether the patient was receiving prophylactic antibiotics, and condition of the patient at diagnosis, for example, presence of signs and symptoms at initial evaluation and presence of documented sites requiring additional therapy. abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7123909/ doi: 10.1007/978-3-642-02202-9_68 id: cord-340713-v5sdowb7 author: Bird, Jordan J. title: Country-level pandemic risk and preparedness classification based on COVID-19 data: A machine learning approach date: 2020-10-28 words: 5669.0 sentences: 260.0 pages: flesch: 53.0 cache: ./cache/cord-340713-v5sdowb7.txt txt: ./txt/cord-340713-v5sdowb7.txt summary: The three four-class classification problems are then explored and benchmarked through leave-one-country-out cross validation to find the strongest model, producing a Stack of Gradient Boosting and Decision Tree algorithms for risk of transmission, a Stack of Support Vector Machine and Extra Trees for risk of mortality, and a Gradient Boosting algorithm for the risk of inability to test. The classification problem of risk is therefore formulated based on prior knowledge of the pandemic in terms of class only, but the attributes to attempt to classify them are purely country-level information regardless of number of cases, deaths and other coronavirus specific data. Country-level pandemic risk and preparedness classification based on COVID-19 data Fig 10 shows a comparison of other models that were explored. Country-level pandemic risk and preparedness classification based on COVID-19 data Table 1 shows the predicted class values for the best models applied to each of the respective risk classification problems. abstract: In this work we present a three-stage Machine Learning strategy to country-level risk classification based on countries that are reporting COVID-19 information. A K% binning discretisation (K = 25) is used to create four risk groups of countries based on the risk of transmission (coronavirus cases per million population), risk of mortality (coronavirus deaths per million population), and risk of inability to test (coronavirus tests per million population). The four risk groups produced by K% binning are labelled as ‘low’, ‘medium-low’, ‘medium-high’, and ‘high’. Coronavirus-related data are then removed and the attributes for prediction of the three types of risk are given as the geopolitical and demographic data describing each country. Thus, the calculation of class label is based on coronavirus data but the input attributes are country-level information regardless of coronavirus data. The three four-class classification problems are then explored and benchmarked through leave-one-country-out cross validation to find the strongest model, producing a Stack of Gradient Boosting and Decision Tree algorithms for risk of transmission, a Stack of Support Vector Machine and Extra Trees for risk of mortality, and a Gradient Boosting algorithm for the risk of inability to test. It is noted that high risk for inability to test is often coupled with low risks for transmission and mortality, therefore the risk of inability to test should be interpreted first, before consideration is given to the predicted transmission and mortality risks. Finally, the approach is applied to more recent risk levels to data from September 2020 and weaker results are noted due to the growth of international collaboration detracting useful knowledge from country-level attributes which suggests that similar machine learning approaches are more useful prior to situations later unfolding. url: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0241332 doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0241332 id: cord-254647-axyx03eg author: Brocal, Francisco title: Advanced Manufacturing Processes and Technologies date: 2018-11-16 words: 10107.0 sentences: 583.0 pages: flesch: 45.0 cache: ./cache/cord-254647-axyx03eg.txt txt: ./txt/cord-254647-axyx03eg.txt summary: Industry 4.0 is a "strategic PCAST (2011) focuses in its report on advanced manufacturing, a family of activities that (1) depend on the use and coordination of information, automation, computation, software, sensing, and networking, and/or (2) make use of cutting-edge materials and emerging capabilities enabled by the physical and biological sciences, for example, nanotechnology, chemistry, and biology. Advanced manufacturing processes are characterized by innovative variables of a technological and organizational nature that tend to change with workplaces, processes and conventional work practices, and can generate, as well as traditional occupational risks, other so-called new and emerging risks (NERs) (Brocal and Sebastián, 2015a) . With this chapter, a general framework of the emerging risks linked with advanced manufacturing processes and technologies has been shown. The general framework of the emerging risks linked with advanced manufacturing processes and technologies has been shown using the CWA 16649:2013 as main reference. abstract: A general framework of the emerging risks linked with advanced manufacturing processes and technologies is showed. For this, the systemic and occupational nature of said risks is considered. To achieve this general objective, the chapter is organized in two parts. In the first part, a theoretical basis is developed. This theoretical basis is configured by an explanation of the emerging risk concept, as well as by the development of an overview of advanced manufacturing processes and technologies. In the second part, contents and tools of practical application are exposed. To do this, the main emerging risks are shown first. Among the fields of application of these risks, some of the most important cross-cutting manufacturing technologies have been selected. One of the main risk governance frameworks is shown. Subsequently, this framework is deployed with two of its main applications on emerging risks: the management and characterization of the risk. url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128132906000020 doi: 10.1016/b978-0-12-813290-6.00002-0 id: cord-021492-z2bjkl9g author: Brossman, Charles title: Planning for known and unknown risks date: 2016-04-15 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: This chapter covers standard definitions of duty of care, example case law where employer duty of care was applicable, a variety of sample risks and concerns that employers and travelers should be aware of, in context with a travel risk management program. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7150012/ doi: 10.1016/b978-0-12-801925-2.00001-1 id: cord-284424-6gljl7n5 author: Brown, Eric E. title: Anticipating and Mitigating the Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on Alzheimer''s Disease and Related Dementias date: 2020-04-18 words: 5004.0 sentences: 266.0 pages: flesch: 45.0 cache: ./cache/cord-284424-6gljl7n5.txt txt: ./txt/cord-284424-6gljl7n5.txt summary: The COVID-19 pandemic is causing global morbidity and mortality, straining health systems, and disrupting society, putting individuals with Alzheimer''s disease and related dementias (ADRD) at risk of significant harm. We discuss and propose mitigation strategies for: the risk of COVID-19 infection and its associated morbidity and mortality for individuals with ADRD; the impact of COVID-19 on the diagnosis and clinical management of ADRD; consequences of societal responses to COVID-19 in different ADRD care settings; the effect of COVID-19 on caregivers and physicians of individuals with ADRD; mental hygiene, trauma, and stigma in the time of COVID-19; and the potential impact of COVID-19 on ADRD research. Thus, in the context of a rapidly evolving situation, this Special Article discusses and proposes mitigation strategies for six major issues: (1) why individuals with ADRD are at high risk for COVID-19 and its associated morbidity and mortality; (2) how COVID-19 will impact the diagnosis and clinical abstract: The COVID-19 pandemic is causing global morbidity and mortality, straining health systems, and disrupting society, putting individuals with Alzheimer's disease and related dementias (ADRD) at risk of significant harm. In this Special Article, we examine the current and expected impact of the pandemic on individuals with ADRD. We discuss and propose mitigation strategies for: the risk of COVID-19 infection and its associated morbidity and mortality for individuals with ADRD; the impact of COVID-19 on the diagnosis and clinical management of ADRD; consequences of societal responses to COVID-19 in different ADRD care settings; the effect of COVID-19 on caregivers and physicians of individuals with ADRD; mental hygiene, trauma, and stigma in the time of COVID-19; and the potential impact of COVID-19 on ADRD research. Amid considerable uncertainty, we may be able to prevent or reduce the harm of the COVID-19 pandemic and its consequences for individuals with ADRD and their caregivers. url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1064748120302943?v=s5 doi: 10.1016/j.jagp.2020.04.010 id: cord-300965-ivczo1a7 author: Brown, M. M. title: Don’t be the “Fifth Guy”: Risk, Responsibility, and the Rhetoric of Handwashing Campaigns date: 2017-08-29 words: 7428.0 sentences: 378.0 pages: flesch: 47.0 cache: ./cache/cord-300965-ivczo1a7.txt txt: ./txt/cord-300965-ivczo1a7.txt summary: Some scholars—for example, Peterson and Lupton (1996)—term this model the "new public health." In this essay, I describe how the focus on personal responsibility for infection risk shapes the promotion of hand hygiene and other forms of illness etiquette. Personal responsibility may be a cornerstone of public health, but hand hygiene promotion is an especially persuasive vehicle for popularizing an individualistic conception of infection risk. Even in developed countries, where the assumption of personal responsibility is less likely to be impeded by structural issues, hand hygiene promotion may nevertheless skew perceptions of contextual or social determinants of infection risk. Created by the Florida Department of Health in response to H1N1, the BFifth Guy^campaign illustrates the use of a constitutive, stigmatizing rhetoric to endorse the assumption of personal responsibility for infection risk. abstract: In recent years, outbreaks such as H1N1 have prompted heightened efforts to manage the risk of infection. These efforts often involve the endorsement of personal responsibility for infection risk, thus reinforcing an individualistic model of public health. Some scholars—for example, Peterson and Lupton (1996)—term this model the “new public health.” In this essay, I describe how the focus on personal responsibility for infection risk shapes the promotion of hand hygiene and other forms of illness etiquette. My analysis underscores the use of constitutive and stigmatizing rhetoric to depict individual bodies, rather than environments, as prime sources of infection. Common among workplaces, this rhetoric provides the impetus for encouraging individual behavior change as a hedge against infection risk. I argue, though, that the mandating of personal responsibility for infection risk galvanizes a culture of stigma and blame that may work against the aims of public health. url: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10912-017-9470-4 doi: 10.1007/s10912-017-9470-4 id: cord-265595-55s19mr1 author: Brug, Johannes title: Risk Perceptions and Behaviour: Towards Pandemic Control of Emerging Infectious Diseases: International Research on Risk Perception in the Control of Emerging Infectious Diseases date: 2009-01-06 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: nan url: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12529-008-9000-x doi: 10.1007/s12529-008-9000-x id: cord-289003-vov6o1jx author: Burdet, C. title: Need for integrative thinking to fight against emerging infectious diseases. Proceedings of the 5th seminar on emerging infectious diseases, March 22, 2016 – current trends and proposals date: 2018-02-28 words: 8327.0 sentences: 327.0 pages: flesch: 46.0 cache: ./cache/cord-289003-vov6o1jx.txt txt: ./txt/cord-289003-vov6o1jx.txt summary: Abstract We present here the proceedings of the 5th seminar on emerging infectious diseases, held in Paris on March 22nd, 2016, with seven priority proposals that can be outlined as follows: encourage research on the prediction, screening and early detection of new risks of infection; develop research and surveillance concerning transmission of pathogens between animals and humans, with their reinforcement in particular in intertropical areas ("hot-spots") via public support; pursue aid development and support in these areas of prevention and training for local health personnel, and foster risk awareness in the population; ensure adapted patient care in order to promote adherence to treatment and to epidemic propagation reduction measures; develop greater awareness and better education among politicians and healthcare providers, in order to ensure more adapted response to new types of crises; modify the logic of governance, drawing from all available modes of communication and incorporating new information-sharing tools; develop economic research on the fight against emerging infectious diseases, taking into account specific driving factors in order to create a balance between preventive and curative approaches. abstract: Abstract We present here the proceedings of the 5th seminar on emerging infectious diseases, held in Paris on March 22nd, 2016, with seven priority proposals that can be outlined as follows: encourage research on the prediction, screening and early detection of new risks of infection; develop research and surveillance concerning transmission of pathogens between animals and humans, with their reinforcement in particular in intertropical areas (“hot-spots”) via public support; pursue aid development and support in these areas of prevention and training for local health personnel, and foster risk awareness in the population; ensure adapted patient care in order to promote adherence to treatment and to epidemic propagation reduction measures; develop greater awareness and better education among politicians and healthcare providers, in order to ensure more adapted response to new types of crises; modify the logic of governance, drawing from all available modes of communication and incorporating new information-sharing tools; develop economic research on the fight against emerging infectious diseases, taking into account specific driving factors in order to create a balance between preventive and curative approaches. url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respe.2017.08.001 doi: 10.1016/j.respe.2017.08.001 id: cord-015255-1qhgeirb author: Busby, J S title: Managing the social amplification of risk: a simulation of interacting actors date: 2012-07-11 words: 9934.0 sentences: 404.0 pages: flesch: 45.0 cache: ./cache/cord-015255-1qhgeirb.txt txt: ./txt/cord-015255-1qhgeirb.txt summary: Such cases are therefore an important and promising setting for exploring the idea that amplification is only in the heads of social actors, and for exploring the notion that this might nonetheless produce observable, and potentially highly consequential, outcomes in a way that risk managers need to understand. In the remainder of this article we therefore explore the consequences of the idea that social risk amplification is nothing more than an attribution, or judgment that one social actor makes of another, and try to see what implications this might have for risk managers based on a systems dynamics model. Therefore in the second model, shown in Figure 2 , we now have a subsystem in which a risk manager (a government agency or an industrial undertaking in the case of zoonotic disease outbreaks) observes the public risk perception in relation to the expert risk assessment, and communicates a risk level that is designed to compensate for any discrepancy between the two. abstract: A central problem in managing risk is dealing with social processes that either exaggerate or understate it. A longstanding approach to understanding such processes has been the social amplification of risk framework. But this implies that some true level of risk becomes distorted in social actors’ perceptions. Many risk events are characterised by such uncertainties, disagreements and changes in scientific knowledge that it becomes unreasonable to speak of a true level of risk. The most we can often say in such cases is that different groups believe each other to be either amplifying or attenuating a risk. This inherent subjectivity raises the question as to whether risk managers can expect any particular kinds of outcome to emerge. This question is the basis for a case study of zoonotic disease outbreaks using systems dynamics as a modelling medium. The model shows that processes suggested in the social amplification of risk framework produce polarised risk responses among different actors, but that the subjectivity magnifies this polarisation considerably. As this subjectivity takes more complex forms it leaves problematic residues at the end of a disease outbreak, such as an indefinite drop in economic activity and an indefinite increase in anxiety. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7099211/ doi: 10.1057/jors.2012.80 id: cord-024378-po1bu4v3 author: CHAKRABORTY, Sweta title: How Risk Perceptions, Not Evidence, Have Driven Harmful Policies on COVID-19 date: 2020-04-20 words: 1444.0 sentences: 88.0 pages: flesch: 51.0 cache: ./cache/cord-024378-po1bu4v3.txt txt: ./txt/cord-024378-po1bu4v3.txt summary: 17, 18 Research shows that media coverage of a public health risk such as COVID-19 can introduce particular risk characteristics that influence public perceptions and therefore become a factor in itself in how the risk is viewed. This along with the social amplification of risk amplifies risk perceptions and can result in the inaccurate overemphasis of primary public health impacts. Specifically, a proactive risk communication plan ahead of an outbreak would have allowed for clear, consistent communication that would have quelled public fears and presumably have allowed evidence-based containment and mitigation policies to take hold. 26 The ripple effects of the policies put in place to mitigate against the primary public health impacts of COVID-19 may very well produce a worse overall outcomes picture. It is evident that existing risk communication research has not been consistently consulted in managing the COVID-19 outbreak, nor has a comprehensive risk-benefit analysis been conducted to prevent worse overall outcomes. abstract: COVID-19 hits all of the cognitive triggers for how the lay public misjudges risk. Robust findings from the field of risk perception have identified unique characteristics of a risk that allow for greater attribution of frequency and probability than is likely to be aligned with the base-rate statistics of the risk. COVID-19 embodies these features. It is unfamiliar, invisible, dreaded, potentially endemic, involuntary, disproportionately impacts vulnerable populations such as the elderly and has the potential for widespread catastrophe. When risks with such characteristics emerge, it is imperative for there to be trust between those in governance and communication and the lay public in order to quell public fears. This is not the environment in which COVID-19 has emerged, potentially resulting in even greater perceptions of risk. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7200839/ doi: 10.1017/err.2020.37 id: cord-103784-f8ac21m2 author: Campbell, C. title: Risk factors for the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis date: 2020-08-24 words: 5148.0 sentences: 301.0 pages: flesch: 46.0 cache: ./cache/cord-103784-f8ac21m2.txt txt: ./txt/cord-103784-f8ac21m2.txt summary: title: Risk factors for the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis Methods: MEDLINE, Embase and Web of Science databases were searched from 1st January 2000 to 24th June 2020 for English studies investigating associations of metabolic factors and comorbidities with HCC risk in individuals with chronic HBV infection. Conclusions: In adults with chronic HBV infection, diabetes mellitus is a significant risk factor for HCC, but further investigation of how antidiabetic drug use and glycaemic control influence this association is needed. Therefore, we undertook a systematic review, aiming to summarise and critically appraise studies investigating associations of relevant comorbidities and metabolic factors with risk of HCC in CHB-infected individuals. DM was associated with an increased risk of progression to HCC by meta-analysis restricted to HRs minimally adjusted for age and sex ( Figure 2 ). Effect estimates for case-control studies investigating the association of diabetes mellitus with hepatocellular carcinoma risk. abstract: Background: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the leading contributors to cancer mortality worldwide and is the largest cause of death in individuals with chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. It is not certain how the presence of other metabolic factors and comorbidities influences HCC risk in HBV. Therefore we performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to seek evidence for significant associations. Methods: MEDLINE, Embase and Web of Science databases were searched from 1st January 2000 to 24th June 2020 for English studies investigating associations of metabolic factors and comorbidities with HCC risk in individuals with chronic HBV infection. We extracted data for meta-analysis and report pooled effect estimates from a fixed-effects model. Pooled estimates from a random-effects model were also generated if significant heterogeneity was present. Results: We identified 40 observational studies reporting on associations of diabetes mellitus, hypertension, dyslipiaemia and obesity with HCC risk. Meta-analysis was possible for only diabetes mellitus due to the limited number of studies. Diabetes mellitus was associated with >25% increase in hazards of HCC (fixed effects Hazards Ratio [HR] 1.26, 95% CI 1.20-1.32, random effects HR 1.36, 95% CI 1.23-1.49). This association was attenuated towards the null in sensitivity analysis restricted to studies adjusted for metformin use. Conclusions: In adults with chronic HBV infection, diabetes mellitus is a significant risk factor for HCC, but further investigation of how antidiabetic drug use and glycaemic control influence this association is needed. Enhanced screening of individuals with HBV and diabetes may be warranted. url: http://medrxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.08.21.20179234v1?rss=1 doi: 10.1101/2020.08.21.20179234 id: cord-269566-mgzal1th author: Carmody, Sean title: When can professional sport recommence safely during the COVID-19 pandemic? Risk assessment and factors to consider date: 2020-05-07 words: 1409.0 sentences: 92.0 pages: flesch: 54.0 cache: ./cache/cord-269566-mgzal1th.txt txt: ./txt/cord-269566-mgzal1th.txt summary: Mass gatherings such as a large number of participants and particularly crowds attending sporting events likely increase risk of transmission of COVID-19. The WHO highlights five key factors in determining risk 10 : ► Will the event be held in a country that has documented active local transmission of COVID-19 (community spread)? If, for example, a match was postponed to August, was played behind closed doors, substantial but achievable mitigations including enhanced hygiene, social distancing where practical, the ability to test and contact trace were put in place and transmission was (for illustration) present but significantly less Editorial in the host country, then the risk from that event can be reduced to low. Discussion with government, local health authorities, event organisers and the participants could take place, regarding suitability to proceed and what other controls can further decrease risk ( figure 2) . abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32381501/ doi: 10.1136/bjsports-2020-102539 id: cord-199156-7yxzj7tw author: Chan, Ho Fai title: Risk Attitudes and Human Mobility during the COVID-19 Pandemic date: 2020-06-10 words: 6228.0 sentences: 335.0 pages: flesch: 50.0 cache: ./cache/cord-199156-7yxzj7tw.txt txt: ./txt/cord-199156-7yxzj7tw.txt summary: In each regression, we controlled for whether the day is a weekend, an indicator distinguishing our sample time period by the day when the World Health Organization (WHO) declared the COVID-19 outbreak a pandemic (11 March 2020) , the total number of confirmed cases per 1,000 people, number of days since the first confirmed coronavirus related death in the country 7 , percentage of population over 65, population density (per squared km of land area), percentage of urban population, average household size, unemployment rate, per capita income (in logs), daily average temperature, and a set of indicators on government responses that covers recommending and requesting closure of school, workplace, public transport, stay at home, cancellation of public events, and restriction on gatherings and internal movement (39) . abstract: Behavioral responses to pandemics are less shaped by actual mortality or hospitalization risks than they are by risk attitudes. We explore human mobility patterns as a measure of behavioral responses during the COVID-19 pandemic. Our results indicate that risk-taking attitude is a critical factor in predicting reduction in human mobility and increase social confinement around the globe. We find that the sharp decline in movement after the WHO (World Health Organization) declared COVID-19 to be a pandemic can be attributed to risk attitudes. Our results suggest that regions with risk-averse attitudes are more likely to adjust their behavioral activity in response to the declaration of a pandemic even before most official government lockdowns. Further understanding of the basis of responses to epidemics, e.g., precautionary behavior, will help improve the containment of the spread of the virus. url: https://arxiv.org/pdf/2006.06078v1.pdf doi: nan id: cord-354936-do0bmpxt author: Chatterjee, Ranit title: COVID-19 Risk Assessment Tool: Dual application of risk communication and risk governance date: 2020-06-02 words: 6218.0 sentences: 370.0 pages: flesch: 57.0 cache: ./cache/cord-354936-do0bmpxt.txt txt: ./txt/cord-354936-do0bmpxt.txt summary: To strengthen the community level response, a coordinated approach of disaster risk governance from Sendai Framework point of view is needed to manage this public health emergency. In comparison to the Arogya Setu App by Government of India, the COVID-19 Risk assessment tool, provides awareness information in the form of questions which are also used to assess the risk based on behaviour and social compliance. Further, the COVID-19 Risk Assessment Tool generates information on anxiety levels to understand the need for psychosocial care as part of overall response. The tool is a low-cost technology-based solution to provide assessment of individual risk as well as increase community awareness. The COVID-19 Risk Assessment Tool is broadly based on four major factors of health, exposure, behavior and social policy. As the paper states, the COVID-19 Risk assessment tool goes beyond the medical symptoms and considers factors of individual behaviour and social policy. abstract: Abstract Risk awareness is the best way to prevent and slow-down the transmission of the COVID-19 pandemic. Risk awareness is achieved through communication of risk assessment. Effective risk communication is an important measure to control the infodemic. Most risk assessment tools focus on either tracking the affected patients or diagnosing a probable health condition through symptoms. RIKA India introduces an innovative Risk Assessment Tool which goes beyond the symptom detection and patient tracking. It includes four factors in assessment of risk: Health, Behaviour, Exposure and Social Policy. Each of these four factors have sub-factors which help to assess the overall risk in a more comprehensive way and also present it to the user in a simplified way. The paper discusses the importance of the Risk Assessment Tool for awareness generation and decision making. Further, the datasets generated through the tool have been analysed to understand the key intervention areas for COVID-19 response and management. url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S2590061720300466 doi: 10.1016/j.pdisas.2020.100109 id: cord-024982-4f6m3kfc author: Che Huei, Lin title: Occupational health and safety hazards faced by healthcare professionals in Taiwan: A systematic review of risk factors and control strategies date: 2020-05-18 words: 5062.0 sentences: 279.0 pages: flesch: 41.0 cache: ./cache/cord-024982-4f6m3kfc.txt txt: ./txt/cord-024982-4f6m3kfc.txt summary: title: Occupational health and safety hazards faced by healthcare professionals in Taiwan: A systematic review of risk factors and control strategies BACKGROUND: Healthcare professionals in Taiwan are exposed to a myriad of occupational health and safety hazards, including physical, biological, chemical, ergonomic, and psychosocial hazards. The impact of such hazards on healthcare professionals poses a serious public health issue in Taiwan; therefore, controlling, eliminating, or reducing exposure can contribute to a stronger healthcare workforce with great potential to improve patient care and the healthcare system in Taiwan. The International Labour Organization (ILO) 3 reported that millions of healthcare workers suffer from work-related diseases and accidents, and many succumb to occupational hazards. 9 This study reviewed previous works on OHS hazards, as well as their risk factors and control strategies, with a focus on healthcare professionals in Taiwan. We used the following key words in our literature search: occupational health and safety, risk factors, healthcare professionals, control strategies, and Taiwan abstract: BACKGROUND: Healthcare professionals in Taiwan are exposed to a myriad of occupational health and safety hazards, including physical, biological, chemical, ergonomic, and psychosocial hazards. Healthcare professionals working in hospitals and healthcare facilities are more likely to be subjected to these hazards than their counterparts working in other areas. OBJECTIVES: This review aims to assess current research literature regarding this situation with a view to informing policy makers and practitioners about the risks of exposure and offer evidence-based recommendations on how to eliminate or reduce such risks. METHODS: Using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses review strategy, we conducted a systematic review of studies related to occupational health and safety conducted between January 2000 and January 2019 using MEDLINE (Ovid), PubMed, PMC, TOXLINE, CINAHL, PLOS One, and Access Pharmacy databases. RESULTS: The review detected 490 studies addressing the issue of occupational health and safety hazards; of these, 30 articles were included in this systematic review. These articles reported a variety of exposures faced by healthcare professionals. This review also revealed a number of strategies that can be adopted to control, eliminate, or reduce hazards to healthcare professionals in Taiwan. CONCLUSION: Hospitals and healthcare facilities have many unique occupational health and safety hazards that can potentially affect the health and performance of healthcare professionals. The impact of such hazards on healthcare professionals poses a serious public health issue in Taiwan; therefore, controlling, eliminating, or reducing exposure can contribute to a stronger healthcare workforce with great potential to improve patient care and the healthcare system in Taiwan. Eliminating or reducing hazards can best be achieved through engineering measures, administrative policy, and the use of personal protective equipment. IMPLICATIONS: This review has research, policy, and practice implications and provides future students and researchers with information on systematic review methodologies based on the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses strategy. It also identifies occupational health and safety risks and provides insights and strategies to address them. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7235655/ doi: 10.1177/2050312120918999 id: cord-204125-fvd6d44c author: Chowdhury, Muhammad E. H. title: An early warning tool for predicting mortality risk of COVID-19 patients using machine learning date: 2020-07-29 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: COVID-19 pandemic has created an extreme pressure on the global healthcare services. Fast, reliable and early clinical assessment of the severity of the disease can help in allocating and prioritizing resources to reduce mortality. In order to study the important blood biomarkers for predicting disease mortality, a retrospective study was conducted on 375 COVID-19 positive patients admitted to Tongji Hospital (China) from January 10 to February 18, 2020. Demographic and clinical characteristics, and patient outcomes were investigated using machine learning tools to identify key biomarkers to predict the mortality of individual patient. A nomogram was developed for predicting the mortality risk among COVID-19 patients. Lactate dehydrogenase, neutrophils (%), lymphocyte (%), high sensitive C-reactive protein, and age - acquired at hospital admission were identified as key predictors of death by multi-tree XGBoost model. The area under curve (AUC) of the nomogram for the derivation and validation cohort were 0.961 and 0.991, respectively. An integrated score (LNLCA) was calculated with the corresponding death probability. COVID-19 patients were divided into three subgroups: low-, moderate- and high-risk groups using LNLCA cut-off values of 10.4 and 12.65 with the death probability less than 5%, 5% to 50%, and above 50%, respectively. The prognostic model, nomogram and LNLCA score can help in early detection of high mortality risk of COVID-19 patients, which will help doctors to improve the management of patient stratification. url: https://arxiv.org/pdf/2007.15559v1.pdf doi: nan id: cord-048467-1dus0u4m author: Civaner, Murat title: Can "presumed consent" justify the duty to treat infectious diseases? An analysis date: 2008-03-06 words: 7746.0 sentences: 303.0 pages: flesch: 51.0 cache: ./cache/cord-048467-1dus0u4m.txt txt: ./txt/cord-048467-1dus0u4m.txt summary: The purpose of this study was to investigate the opinions and beliefs held by both physicians and dentists regarding the occupational risks of infectious diseases, and to analyze the argument that the notion of "presumed consent" on the part of professionals may be grounds for supporting the duty to treat. CONCLUSION: If we use the presumed consent argument to establish the duty of the HCW to provide care, we are confronted with problems ranging over the difficulty of choosing a profession autonomously, the constant level of uncertainty present in the medical profession, the near-impossibility of being able to evaluate retrospectively whether every individual was informed, and the seemingly inescapable problem that this practice would legitimize, and perhaps even foster, discrimination against patients with certain diseases. In order to carry out this analysis, the opinions and beliefs of physicians and dentists regarding the occupational risks of infectious diseases were investigated; and, by extension, the argument that the notion of "presumed consent" may be grounds for supporting the HCWs'' duty to treat was also analyzed. abstract: BACKGROUND: AIDS, SARS, and the recent epidemics of the avian-flu have all served to remind us the debate over the limits of the moral duty to care. It is important to first consider the question of whether or not the "duty to treat" might be subject to contextual constraints. The purpose of this study was to investigate the opinions and beliefs held by both physicians and dentists regarding the occupational risks of infectious diseases, and to analyze the argument that the notion of "presumed consent" on the part of professionals may be grounds for supporting the duty to treat. METHODS: For this cross-sectional survey, the study population was selected from among physicians and dentists in Ankara. All of the 373 participants were given a self-administered questionnaire. RESULTS: In total, 79.6% of the participants said that they either had some degree of knowledge about the risks when they chose their profession or that they learned of the risks later during their education and training. Of the participants, 5.2% said that they would not have chosen this profession if they had been informed of the risks. It was found that 57% of the participants believed that there is a standard level of risk, and 52% of the participants stated that certain diseases would exceed the level of acceptable risk unless specific protective measures were implemented. CONCLUSION: If we use the presumed consent argument to establish the duty of the HCW to provide care, we are confronted with problems ranging over the difficulty of choosing a profession autonomously, the constant level of uncertainty present in the medical profession, the near-impossibility of being able to evaluate retrospectively whether every individual was informed, and the seemingly inescapable problem that this practice would legitimize, and perhaps even foster, discrimination against patients with certain diseases. Our findings suggest that another problem can be added to the list: one-fifth of the participants in this study either lacked adequate knowledge of the occupational risks when they chose the medical profession or were not sufficiently informed of these risks during their faculty education and training. Furthermore, in terms of the moral duty to provide care, it seems that most HCWs are more concerned about the availability of protective measures than about whether they had been informed of a particular risk beforehand. For all these reasons, the presumed consent argument is not persuasive enough, and cannot be used to justify the duty to provide care. It is therefore more useful to emphasize justifications other than presumed consent when defining the duty of HCWs to provide care, such as the social contract between society and the medical profession and the fact that HCWs have a greater ability to provide medical aid. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2311313/ doi: 10.1186/1471-2334-8-29 id: cord-302336-zj3oixvk author: Clift, Ash K title: Living risk prediction algorithm (QCOVID) for risk of hospital admission and mortality from coronavirus 19 in adults: national derivation and validation cohort study date: 2020-10-21 words: 7352.0 sentences: 320.0 pages: flesch: 44.0 cache: ./cache/cord-302336-zj3oixvk.txt txt: ./txt/cord-302336-zj3oixvk.txt summary: 13 The use of primary care datasets with linkage to registries such as death records, hospital admissions data, and covid-19 testing results represents a novel approach to clinical risk prediction modelling for covid-19. Patients entered the cohort on 24 January 2020 (date of first confirmed case of covid-19 in the UK) and were followed up until they had the outcome of interest or the end of the first study period (30 April 2020), which was the date up to which linked data were available at the time of the derivation of the model, or the second time period (1 May 2020 until 30 June 2020) for the temporal cohort validation. 25 D statistics (a discrimination measure that quantifies the separation in survival between patients with different levels of predicted risks) and Harrell''s C statistics (a discrimination metric that quantifies the extent to which people with higher risk scores have earlier events) were evaluated at 97 days (the maximum followup period available at the time of the derivation of the model) and 60 days for the second temporal validation, with corresponding 95% confidence intervals. abstract: OBJECTIVE: To derive and validate a risk prediction algorithm to estimate hospital admission and mortality outcomes from coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) in adults. DESIGN: Population based cohort study. SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS: QResearch database, comprising 1205 general practices in England with linkage to covid-19 test results, Hospital Episode Statistics, and death registry data. 6.08 million adults aged 19-100 years were included in the derivation dataset and 2.17 million in the validation dataset. The derivation and first validation cohort period was 24 January 2020 to 30 April 2020. The second temporal validation cohort covered the period 1 May 2020 to 30 June 2020. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The primary outcome was time to death from covid-19, defined as death due to confirmed or suspected covid-19 as per the death certification or death occurring in a person with confirmed severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection in the period 24 January to 30 April 2020. The secondary outcome was time to hospital admission with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection. Models were fitted in the derivation cohort to derive risk equations using a range of predictor variables. Performance, including measures of discrimination and calibration, was evaluated in each validation time period. RESULTS: 4384 deaths from covid-19 occurred in the derivation cohort during follow-up and 1722 in the first validation cohort period and 621 in the second validation cohort period. The final risk algorithms included age, ethnicity, deprivation, body mass index, and a range of comorbidities. The algorithm had good calibration in the first validation cohort. For deaths from covid-19 in men, it explained 73.1% (95% confidence interval 71.9% to 74.3%) of the variation in time to death (R(2)); the D statistic was 3.37 (95% confidence interval 3.27 to 3.47), and Harrell’s C was 0.928 (0.919 to 0.938). Similar results were obtained for women, for both outcomes, and in both time periods. In the top 5% of patients with the highest predicted risks of death, the sensitivity for identifying deaths within 97 days was 75.7%. People in the top 20% of predicted risk of death accounted for 94% of all deaths from covid-19. CONCLUSION: The QCOVID population based risk algorithm performed well, showing very high levels of discrimination for deaths and hospital admissions due to covid-19. The absolute risks presented, however, will change over time in line with the prevailing SARS-C0V-2 infection rate and the extent of social distancing measures in place, so they should be interpreted with caution. The model can be recalibrated for different time periods, however, and has the potential to be dynamically updated as the pandemic evolves. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33082154/ doi: 10.1136/bmj.m3731 id: cord-349415-q0g0uqj6 author: Commodari, Elena title: Adolescents in Quarantine During COVID-19 Pandemic in Italy: Perceived Health Risk, Beliefs, Psychological Experiences and Expectations for the Future date: 2020-09-23 words: 6995.0 sentences: 309.0 pages: flesch: 49.0 cache: ./cache/cord-349415-q0g0uqj6.txt txt: ./txt/cord-349415-q0g0uqj6.txt summary: In this scenario, this study aimed to provide a general overview of the perceived risk related to COVID-19 and the psychological experience of quarantine in a large sample of Italian adolescents. Nine hundred and seventy eight adolescents (males = 339; females = 639) living in 13 Italian regions and attending upper secondary school (age range: 13–20, M = 16.57, SD = 1.20), responded to an internet-based questionnaire about perceived health risk related to COVID-19, knowledge and information on measures to control the pandemic, beliefs and opinions on stage two of the quarantine, and psychological experiences related to quarantine. Moreover, it explored perceived health risk related to COVID-19, knowledge and information on measures to control the pandemic, beliefs and opinions on stage two of the quarantine, routines and habits of life that adolescents miss most (such as going out with friends, meeting boyfriend or girlfriend, going to visit their relatives, for a total of six items), and psychological experiences related to quarantine. abstract: Since March 2020, many countries throughout the world have been in lockdown in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. In Italy, the quarantine began on March 9, 2020, and containment measures were partially reduced only on May 4, 2020. The quarantine experience has a significant psychological impact at all ages but can have it above all on adolescents who cannot go to school, play sports, and meet friends. In this scenario, this study aimed to provide a general overview of the perceived risk related to COVID-19 and the psychological experience of quarantine in a large sample of Italian adolescents. Nine hundred and seventy eight adolescents (males = 339; females = 639) living in 13 Italian regions and attending upper secondary school (age range: 13–20, M = 16.57, SD = 1.20), responded to an internet-based questionnaire about perceived health risk related to COVID-19, knowledge and information on measures to control the pandemic, beliefs and opinions on stage two of the quarantine, and psychological experiences related to quarantine. 31.1% of the participants lived in “red zones,” which are places where the government has imposed stricter measures of containment due to exponential and uncontrolled growth in contagion cases compared to other areas in Italy. According to our results, Italian adolescents had a low perception of risk of COVID-19. Perceived comparative susceptibility and perceived seriousness were also very low. However, they were aware of the restriction measures necessary to contain the spread of the virus, and they agreed with the limitations imposed by the government. Females and adolescents living in a “red zone” showed more significant psychological negative feelings about the quarantine experience. However, no significant differences were found about the regions where the teenagers of our sample live and the other variables related to the COVID-19 experience. This is very interesting data, leading us to hypothesize that the participants’ negative feelings may be more related to the adolescent period than to the pandemic itself. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33071884/ doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.559951 id: cord-011407-4cjlolp6 author: Cotton‐Barratt, Owen title: Defence in Depth Against Human Extinction: Prevention, Response, Resilience, and Why They All Matter date: 2020-01-24 words: 8822.0 sentences: 512.0 pages: flesch: 55.0 cache: ./cache/cord-011407-4cjlolp6.txt txt: ./txt/cord-011407-4cjlolp6.txt summary: For example, research on climate change adaptation and mitigation should assess how we can best preserve our ability to prevent, respond to, and be resilient against extinction risks. 1 If a process is recognised to be causing great harm (and perhaps pose a risk of extinction), people may cooperate to reduce or mitigate its impact. This includes reducing the impact of the catastrophe after it is causing obvious and significant damage, but the response layer might also be bolstered by mitigation work which is done in advance. Finally, we characterise resilience as reducing the likelihood that a severe global catastrophe eventually causes human extinction. However, there are a few secondary risk-enabling properties that can weaken the response layer and therefore help damage cascade to a global catastrophe which we could have stopped. In this section we will use our guiding idea of three defence layers to present a way of calculating the extinction probability posed by a given risk. abstract: We look at classifying extinction risks in three different ways, which affect how we can intervene to reduce risk. First, how does it start causing damage? Second, how does it reach the scale of a global catastrophe? Third, how does it reach everyone? In all of these three phases there is a defence layer that blocks most risks: First, we can prevent catastrophes from occurring. Second, we can respond to catastrophes before they reach a global scale. Third, humanity is resilient against extinction even in the face of global catastrophes. The largest probability of extinction is posed when all of these defences are weak, that is, by risks we are unlikely to prevent, unlikely to successfully respond to, and unlikely to be resilient against. We find that it’s usually best to invest significantly into strengthening all three defence layers. We also suggest ways to do so tailored to the classes of risk we identify. Lastly, we discuss the importance of underlying risk factors – events or structural conditions that may weaken the defence layers even without posing a risk of immediate extinction themselves. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7228299/ doi: 10.1111/1758-5899.12786 id: cord-026384-ejk9wjr1 author: Crilly, Colin J. title: Predicting the outcomes of preterm neonates beyond the neonatal intensive care unit: What are we missing? date: 2020-05-19 words: 6059.0 sentences: 321.0 pages: flesch: 44.0 cache: ./cache/cord-026384-ejk9wjr1.txt txt: ./txt/cord-026384-ejk9wjr1.txt summary: Our review provides a comprehensive analysis and critique of risk prediction models developed for preterm neonates, specifically predicting functional outcomes instead of mortality, to reveal areas of improvement for future studies aiming to develop risk prediction tools for this population. 17 published a systematic review of risk factor models for neurodevelopmental outcomes in children born very preterm or very low birth weight (VLBW). In this article, we conduct an in-depth, narrative review of the current risk models available for predicting the functional outcomes of preterm neonates, evaluating their relative strengths and weaknesses in variable and outcome selection, and considering how risk model development and validation can be improved in the future. Risk factor models for neurodevelopmental outcomes in children born very preterm or with very low birth weight: a systematic review of methodology and reporting Is the CRIB score (Clinical Risk Index for babies) a valid tool in predicting neurodevelopmental outcome in extremely low birth weight infants? abstract: ABSTRACT: Preterm infants are a population at high risk for mortality and adverse health outcomes. With recent improvements in survival to childhood, increasing attention is being paid to risk of long-term morbidity, specifically during childhood and young-adulthood. Although numerous tools for predicting the functional outcomes of preterm neonates have been developed in the past three decades, no studies have provided a comprehensive overview of these tools, along with their strengths and weaknesses. The purpose of this article is to provide an in-depth, narrative review of the current risk models available for predicting the functional outcomes of preterm neonates. A total of 32 studies describing 43 separate models were considered. We found that most studies used similar physiologic variables and standard regression techniques to develop models that primarily predict the risk of poor neurodevelopmental outcomes. With a recently expanded knowledge regarding the many factors that affect neurodevelopment and other important outcomes, as well as a better understanding of the limitations of traditional analytic methods, we argue that there is great room for improvement in creating risk prediction tools for preterm neonates. We also consider the ethical implications of utilizing these tools for clinical decision-making. IMPACT: Based on a literature review of risk prediction models for preterm neonates predicting functional outcomes, future models should aim for more consistent outcomes definitions, standardized assessment schedules and measurement tools, and consideration of risk beyond physiologic antecedents. Our review provides a comprehensive analysis and critique of risk prediction models developed for preterm neonates, specifically predicting functional outcomes instead of mortality, to reveal areas of improvement for future studies aiming to develop risk prediction tools for this population. To our knowledge, this is the first literature review and narrative analysis of risk prediction models for preterm neonates regarding their functional outcomes. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7276948/ doi: 10.1038/s41390-020-0968-5 id: cord-125330-jyppul4o author: Crokidakis, Nuno title: Modeling the evolution of drinking behavior: A Statistical Physics perspective date: 2020-08-24 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: In this work we study a simple compartmental model for drinking behavior evolution. The population is divided in 3 compartments regarding their alcohol consumption, namely Susceptible individuals S (nonconsumers), Moderated drinkers M and Risk drinkers R. The transitions among those states are rules by probabilities. Despite the simplicity of the model, we observed the occurrence of two distinct nonequilibrium phase transitions to absorbing states. One of these states is composed only by Susceptible individuals S, with no drinkers ($M=R=0$). On the other hand, the other absorbing state is composed only by Risk drinkers R ($S=M=0$). Between these two steady states, we have the coexistence of the three subpopulations S, M and R. Comparison with abusive alcohol consumption data for Brazil shows a good agreement between the model's results and the database. url: https://arxiv.org/pdf/2008.10692v1.pdf doi: nan id: cord-308169-a0ft6wdy author: Custovic, A. title: EAACI position statement on asthma exacerbations and severe asthma date: 2013-11-06 words: 7710.0 sentences: 379.0 pages: flesch: 41.0 cache: ./cache/cord-308169-a0ft6wdy.txt txt: ./txt/cord-308169-a0ft6wdy.txt summary: A recently published consensus statement on severe asthma broadened the concept of ''difficult asthma'' to reflect the situation in less developed countries, where access to medications and appropriate care is a major issue, by defining three different patient groups including un(der)treated symptomatic patients, patients with low treatment adherence or unconventional therapies, and those remaining symptomatic despite high doses of anti-asthmatic therapies (13, 14) . Other similar initiatives included the EU-sponsored Unbiased Biomarkers for the Prediction of Respiratory Disease Outcomes (U-BIOPRED) consortium that has published a consensus-based systematic algorithm approach to differentiate between ''problematic'', ''difficult'' and ''severe refractory'' asthma in the evaluation of patients with chronic severe asthma symptoms for use in clinical research and specialized care (73) . These treatment options for patients with severe asthma who remain symptomatic despite adhering to standard medical care include novel anti-inflammatory drugs that have been shown in preliminary studies to be effective in treating airway inflammation in asthma and so warrant further investigation (32, (83) (84) (85) (86) , and other novel approaches such as bronchial thermoplasty (87) . abstract: Asthma exacerbations and severe asthma are linked with high morbidity, significant mortality and high treatment costs. Recurrent asthma exacerbations cause a decline in lung function and, in childhood, are linked to development of persistent asthma. This position paper, from the European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, highlights the shortcomings of current treatment guidelines for patients suffering from frequent asthma exacerbations and those with difficult‐to‐treat asthma and severe treatment‐resistant asthma. It reviews current evidence that supports a call for increased awareness of (i) the seriousness of asthma exacerbations and (ii) the need for novel treatment strategies in specific forms of severe treatment‐resistant asthma. There is strong evidence linking asthma exacerbations with viral airway infection and underlying deficiencies in innate immunity and evidence of a synergism between viral infection and allergic mechanisms in increasing risk of exacerbations. Nonadherence to prescribed medication has been identified as a common clinical problem amongst adults and children with difficult‐to‐control asthma. Appropriate diagnosis, assessment of adherence and other potentially modifiable factors (such as passive or active smoking, ongoing allergen exposure, psychosocial factors) have to be a priority in clinical assessment of all patients with difficult‐to‐control asthma. Further studies with improved designs and new diagnostic tools are needed to properly characterize (i) the pathophysiology and risk of asthma exacerbations, and (ii) the clinical and pathophysiological heterogeneity of severe asthma. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24410781/ doi: 10.1111/all.12275 id: cord-030984-2mqn4ihm author: Davies, Anna title: Riskscapes and the socio-spatial challenges of climate change date: 2020-08-20 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Anthropogenic climate change is increasing the frequency and severity of the physical threats to human and planetary wellbeing. However, climate change risks, and their interaction with other “riskscapes”, remain understudied. Riskscapes encompass different viewpoints on the threat of loss across space, time, individuals and collectives. This Special Issue of the Cambridge Journal of Regions, Economy, and Society enhances our understanding of the multifaceted and interlocking dimensions of climate change and riskscapes. It brings together rigorous and critical international scholarship across diverse realms on inquiry under two, interlinked, themes: (i) governance and institutional responses and (ii) vulnerabilities and inequalities. The contributors offer a forceful reminder that when considering climate change, social justice principles cannot be appended after the fact. Climate change adaptation and mitigation pose complex and interdependent social and ethical dilemmas that will need to be explicitly confronted in any activation of “Green New Deal” strategies currently being developed internationally. Such critical insights about the layered, unequal and institutional dimensions of risks are of paramount import when considering other riskscapes pertaining to conflict and war, displaced people and pandemics like the 2019–2020 global COVID-19 pandemic. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7454449/ doi: 10.1093/cjres/rsaa016 id: cord-353904-dieaqxmi author: Davies, M. title: Remdesivir in treatment of COVID-19: A systematic benefit-risk assessment date: 2020-05-12 words: 4057.0 sentences: 229.0 pages: flesch: 49.0 cache: ./cache/cord-353904-dieaqxmi.txt txt: ./txt/cord-353904-dieaqxmi.txt summary: A systematic benefit-risk assessment was designed and conducted to strengthen the ongoing understanding of the benefit-risk balance for remdesivir in COVID-19 treatment by using a structured method which uses all available data. Conclusions: Preliminary clinical trial results suggest a favourable benefit-risk profile for remdesivir compared to placebo, however there is limited safety data available at the current time. The benefits included in the value tree include key endpoints included in clinical trial protocols for studies assessing the efficacy of remdesivir in severe COVID-19 disease. Primary endpoint data available from the Adaptive COVID 19 trial [26] have also suggested a shorter time to recovery in patients treated with remdesivir, with non-significant reduced mortality risk. Preliminary clinical trial results suggest a favourable benefit-risk profile for remdesivir compared to placebo, however there is limited safety data available at the current time. abstract: Background: There is a need to identify effective, safe treatments for COVID-19 (coronavirus disease) rapidly, given the current, ongoing pandemic. A systematic benefit-risk assessment was designed and conducted to strengthen the ongoing understanding of the benefit-risk balance for remdesivir in COVID-19 treatment by using a structured method which uses all available data. Methods: The Benefit-Risk Action Team (BRAT) framework was used to assess the overall benefit-risk of the use of remdesivir as a treatment for COVID-19 compared to standard of care, placebo or other treatments. We searched PubMed,Google Scholar and government agency websites to identify literature reporting clinical outcomes in patients taking remdesivir for COVID-19. A value tree was constructed and key benefits and risks were ranked by two clinicians in order of considered importance. Results: Several key benefits and risks for use of remdesivir in COVID-19 compared to placebo have been identified. In one trial, the benefit of time to clinical improvement was not statistically significant (21 vs 23 days, HR=1.23, 95% CI: 0.87, 1.75), although the study was underpowered. In another trial, a shorter time to recovery in patients treated with remdesivir was observed (11 vs 15 days), with non-significant reduced mortality risk (8% vs 12%). Risk data were only available from one trial. This trial reported fewer serious adverse events in patients taking remdesivir (18%) comparted to the placebo group (26%), however more patients in the remdesivir group discontinued treatment as a result of an adverse event compared to those patients receiving placebo (12% vs 5%). Conclusions: Preliminary clinical trial results suggest a favourable benefit-risk profile for remdesivir compared to placebo, however there is limited safety data available at the current time. The current framework summarises the key anticipated benefits and risks for which further data are needed. Ongoing clinical trial data can be incorporated into the framework when available to provide an updated benefit-risk assessment. url: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.05.07.20093898 doi: 10.1101/2020.05.07.20093898 id: cord-332181-k90i33gp author: Degeling, Chris title: Hendra in the news: Public policy meets public morality in times of zoonotic uncertainty date: 2012-12-29 words: 7062.0 sentences: 279.0 pages: flesch: 47.0 cache: ./cache/cord-332181-k90i33gp.txt txt: ./txt/cord-332181-k90i33gp.txt summary: Because flying foxes are a highly visible, widespread and relatively novel source of infectious risk for humans, the emergence of Hendra virus presents an opportunity to track and compare media representations of disease ''events'', health policy goals, political discourses and public opinions in ways that are difficult for noncommunicable diseases. Articles then were coded for: mention of horses, flying foxes/fruit bats or Hendra virus mention of debates about flying fox control report of distal ecological causes (loss of natural habitat) for the emergence of Hendra virus or the possibility of viral mutation mention of ignorance about Hendra virus amongst scientists, healthcare providers or members of the public reference to government inaction as a factor contributing to the Hendra problem reference to people''s health and welfare not being high enough on the political agenda. abstract: Public discourses have influence on policymaking for emerging health issues. Media representations of unfolding events, scientific uncertainty, and real and perceived risks shape public acceptance of health policy and therefore policy outcomes. To characterize and track views in popular circulation on the causes, consequences and appropriate policy responses to the emergence of Hendra virus as a zoonotic risk, this study examines coverage of this issue in Australian mass media for the period 2007–2011. Results demonstrate the predominant explanation for the emergence of Hendra became the encroachment of flying fox populations on human settlement. Depictions of scientific uncertainty as to whom and what was at risk from Hendra virus promoted the view that flying foxes were a direct risk to human health. Descriptions of the best strategy to address Hendra have become polarized between recognized health authorities advocating individualized behaviour changes to limit risk exposure; versus populist calls for flying fox control and eradication. Less than a quarter of news reports describe the ecological determinants of emerging infectious disease or upstream policy solutions. Because flying foxes rather than horses were increasingly represented as the proximal source of human infection, existing policies of flying fox protection became equated with government inaction; the plight of those affected by flying foxes representative of a moral failure. These findings illustrate the potential for health communications for emerging infectious disease risks to become entangled in other political agendas, with implications for the public's likelihood of supporting public policy and risk management strategies that require behavioural change or seek to address the ecological drivers of incidence. url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S0277953612008477 doi: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2012.12.024 id: cord-299797-s1zdmf2u author: Dettori, Marco title: Environmental Risks Perception Among Citizens Living Near Industrial Plants: A Cross-Sectional Study date: 2020-07-06 words: 4989.0 sentences: 254.0 pages: flesch: 49.0 cache: ./cache/cord-299797-s1zdmf2u.txt txt: ./txt/cord-299797-s1zdmf2u.txt summary: The present work is a cross-sectional study aimed at assessing the risk perception and evaluating the community outrage linked to environmental factors among a self-selected sample of citizens living in an area characterized by the presence of industrial structures of high emotional impact. The growing awareness of the health impacts caused by the alteration of environmental conditions by anthropic activities, such as industrial expansion near urban areas, atmospheric pollution, and climate change, plays a key role in the judgment and acceptability of the risks related to environmental Owing to its insularity, the region lends itself very well to observational investigations and represents an excellent test case in relation to the reported social dynamics. The full questionnaire is shown in Tables 2 and 3 (Results Section): Table 2 reports 6 questions related to the respondents'' general information; Table 3 shows 8 questions (numbers 7 to 14) related to health concerns and risk perceptions, together with their close-ended answers. abstract: The present work is a cross-sectional study aimed at assessing the risk perception and evaluating the community outrage linked to environmental factors among a self-selected sample of citizens living in an area characterized by the presence of industrial structures of high emotional impact. An anonymous questionnaire was administered to the population by publishing a Google form URL code in local and regional newspapers and via social media. The resulting data were entered on Excel and analyzed. Qualitative variables were summarized with absolute and relative (percentage) frequencies. The results showed that the event that causes the greatest worry was air pollution, with 92.6% of the respondents stating that they perceived the problem as “very” or “quite” worrying. Furthermore, all the health problems investigated in relation to environmental quality aroused concern among the interviewees, with 93.1% believing there was a cause-effect relationship between environmental quality and health. Overall, as other studies had previously underlined, the survey shows that the perceived risks are not always in line with the real ones, Thus, it is imperative to articulate interventions aimed at offering the population objective tools to enable them to interpret the risks themselves. In this regard, a fundamental role is played by adequate communication between the competent bodies and political decision-makers and the population. url: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17134870 doi: 10.3390/ijerph17134870 id: cord-314275-twjaq5do author: Diwekar, U. title: A perspective on the role of uncertainty in sustainability science and engineering date: 2020-09-09 words: 11288.0 sentences: 581.0 pages: flesch: 42.0 cache: ./cache/cord-314275-twjaq5do.txt txt: ./txt/cord-314275-twjaq5do.txt summary: Some examples of uncertainties in sustainability include definition and quantification of various objectives, impact assessment methods and models, forecasting future, and unexpected events. Deep uncertainties are related to decreasing confidence in our ability to anticipate correctly future technological, economic, and social developments, future changes in the system we are trying to improve, or the multiplicity and time-varying preferences of stakeholders regarding the system''s outcomes, or handling low probability but high impact events (black swans (Taleb 2010) ) like a natural disaster, a pandemic, a financial crisis, a terrorist attack, or truly novel events for which there is no historical experience. In the highly complex ecological-economic systems that humans want to sustain, it is often impossible to make objective assessments of the probabilities of different outcomes, and therefore impossible to model expected values. Data and models are needed at multiple scales to account for the contribution of ecosystem goods and services in environmental sustainability assessments and engineering design. abstract: The Trans-Atlantic Research and Development Interchange on Sustainability Workshop (TARDIS) is a meeting on scientific topics related to sustainability. The 2019 workshop theme was "On the Role of Uncertainty in Managing the Earth for Global Sustainability." This paper presents the perspectives on this topic derived from talks and discussions at the 2019 TARDIS workshop. There are four kinds of uncertainties encountered in sustainability ranging from clear enough futures to true surprises. The current state-of-the-art in assessing and mitigating these uncertainties is discussed. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32921915/ doi: 10.1016/j.resconrec.2020.105140 id: cord-273789-sbppgkza author: Donohoe, Holly title: Lyme disease: Current issues, implications, and recommendations for tourism management date: 2014-08-20 words: 10268.0 sentences: 409.0 pages: flesch: 43.0 cache: ./cache/cord-273789-sbppgkza.txt txt: ./txt/cord-273789-sbppgkza.txt summary: One study from the United States reported the results of a survey of workers regarding their knowledge of Lyme disease and their behaviour regarding tick-bite prevention and one article provided a comprehensive review of the occupational risks (Piacentino & Schwartz, 2002) . Early case studies in the United States failed to show a significant increase in risk associated with outdoor recreation (e.g. Bowen et al., 1984; Ciesielski et al., 1989; Falco & Fish, 1989) but Smith et al.''s (1988) research found that persons who had spent more than 30 h per week in outdoor activities in endemic areas were 2.5 times more likely to test positive for Lyme disease. abstract: Lyme disease is a bacterial infection spread through the bite of an infected tick. In the last few decades, the number and spatial reach of new cases has increased globally and in the United States, Lyme disease is now the most commonly reported vector-borne disease. Despite this evolving public health crisis, there has been little-to-no discussion of the implications for tourism supply and demand. This paper reviews the scientific literature to identify Lyme disease risk factors and the implications for tourism management are discussed. The major contribution of this paper is a set of recommendations for tourism managers who may be tasked with mitigating the risks for visitors and employees as well as the potential impacts of Lyme disease on destination sustainability. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32287743/ doi: 10.1016/j.tourman.2014.07.006 id: cord-350959-bsbz3a1l author: Dovey, Zachary title: Impact of COVID-19 on Prostate Cancer Management: Guidelines for Urologists date: 2020-06-16 words: 5079.0 sentences: 241.0 pages: flesch: 47.0 cache: ./cache/cord-350959-bsbz3a1l.txt txt: ./txt/cord-350959-bsbz3a1l.txt summary: There is also epidemiological evidence that PCa patients have increased incidence and mortality from SARS-CoV-2 infection due to gender differences, age, and higher propensity for risk factors (eg, respiratory disease, obesity, hypertension, and smoking status). Patient summary Prostate cancer patients can be followed up remotely until the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 pandemic resolves, but higher-risk cases may have treatment expedited to limit any negative impact on prostate cancer outcomes. As shown in Table 2 , PCa patients with either diabetes or hypertension should seek advice from their physicians to optimize their treatment, especially if this includes ACE inhibitors or ARBs [32] , to reduce their risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection and morbidity. Tewari Prostate cancer (PCa) patients may have an increased risk of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection and mortality. abstract: Abstract Context The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic has resulted in a global health emergency, the like of which has never been seen before. Prostate cancer (PCa) services across the globe have been on hold due to changing medical and surgical priorities. There is also epidemiological evidence that PCa patients have increased incidence and mortality from SARS-CoV-2 infection due to gender differences, age, and higher propensity for risk factors (eg, respiratory disease, obesity, hypertension, and smoking status). Objective To contribute to the emerging body of knowledge on the risks of SARS-CoV-2 infection to PCa patients and, in the face of PCa treatment delays, provide evidence-based recommendations for ongoing management of specific PCa patient groups. Evidence acquisition A literature search was performed using all sources (MEDLINE, EMBASE, ScienceDirect, Cochrane Libraries, and Web of Science) as well as the media to harness emerging data on the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic and its influence on PCa. Eligibility criteria were originality of data and relevance to PCa management. The authors note that during these unprecedented times, retrospective data are constantly being updated from multiple sources globally. Evidence synthesis A total of 72 articles and data sources were found initially. Owing to repetition, lack of originality, or nonrelevance, six articles were rejected, leaving 23 retrospective studies, seven basic science research articles, 15 societal and journal guidelines, and 21 epidemiological data sources, from countries at different stages of SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. These were analyzed qualitatively to produce evidence-based guidelines for the management of PCa patients at different stages of the patient journey, with strategies to reduce the risk of viral spread. Conclusions PCa patients may have an increased risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection as well as morbidity and mortality if infected. Once appropriately triaged, and to reduce viral spread, PCa patients can have surveillance by telemedicine, and institute lifestyle changes and social quarantining measures. If risk stratification suggests that treatment should be planned, androgen deprivation therapy can be started, or potentially surgery or radiation therapy is possible on a case-by-case basis. Patient summary Prostate cancer patients can be followed up remotely until the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 pandemic resolves, but higher-risk cases may have treatment expedited to limit any negative impact on prostate cancer outcomes. url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666168320351120?v=s5 doi: 10.1016/j.euros.2020.05.005 id: cord-315367-e0frkhe6 author: Du, Houwei title: The effect of vascular risk factor burden on the severity of COVID-19 illness, a retrospective cohort study date: 2020-09-21 words: 3651.0 sentences: 199.0 pages: flesch: 48.0 cache: ./cache/cord-315367-e0frkhe6.txt txt: ./txt/cord-315367-e0frkhe6.txt summary: After adjustment for age, sex, and comorbidities as potential confounders, vascular risk factor burden remained associated with an increasing risk of severe COVID-19 illness. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with increasing vascular risk factor burden have an increasing risk of severe COVID-19 disease, and this population might benefit from specific COVID-19 prevention (e.g., self-isolation) and early hospital treatment measures. We therefore investigated the association between the number of vascular risk factors and severe COVID-19 disease in this observational retrospective study. Previous studies also showed individual vascular risk factors such as hypertension and diabetes were more frequent in severe COVID-19 patients [3, 14] . Association between vascular risk factor burden and severe COVID-19 illness adjusted for comorbidity, and sensitivity analyses using the E-value approach. Association between vascular risk factor burden and severe COVID-19 illness adjusted for laboratory and chest CT findings, and sensitivity analyses using the Evalue approach. abstract: BACKGROUND: Patients with cardiovascular comorbidities are at high risk of poor outcome from COVID-19. However, how the burden (number) of vascular risk factors influences the risk of severe COVID-19 disease remains unresolved. Our aim was to investigate the association of severe COVID-19 illness with vascular risk factor burden. METHODS: We included 164 (61.8 ± 13.6 years) patients with COVID-19 in this retrospective study. We compared the difference in clinical characteristics, laboratory findings and chest computed tomography (CT) findings between patients with severe and non-severe COVID-19 illness. We evaluated the association between the number of vascular risk factors and the development of severe COVID-19 disease, using a Cox regression model. RESULTS: Sixteen (9.8%) patients had no vascular risk factors; 38 (23.2%) had 1; 58 (35.4%) had 2; 34 (20.7%) had 3; and 18 (10.9%) had ≥4 risk factors. Twenty-nine patients (17.7%) experienced severe COVID-19 disease with a median (14 [7–27] days) duration between onset to developing severe COVID-19 disease, an event rate of 4.47 per 1000-patient days (95%CI 3.10–6.43). Kaplan-Meier curves showed a gradual increase in the risk of severe COVID-19 illness (log-rank P < 0.001) stratified by the number of vascular risk factors. After adjustment for age, sex, and comorbidities as potential confounders, vascular risk factor burden remained associated with an increasing risk of severe COVID-19 illness. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with increasing vascular risk factor burden have an increasing risk of severe COVID-19 disease, and this population might benefit from specific COVID-19 prevention (e.g., self-isolation) and early hospital treatment measures. url: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12931-020-01510-0 doi: 10.1186/s12931-020-01510-0 id: cord-314500-89ovdnxl author: Dunachie, Susanna title: The double burden of diabetes and global infection in low and middle-income countries date: 2018-12-04 words: 5810.0 sentences: 301.0 pages: flesch: 43.0 cache: ./cache/cord-314500-89ovdnxl.txt txt: ./txt/cord-314500-89ovdnxl.txt summary: Diabetes increases susceptibility to infection and worsens outcomes for some of the world''s major infectious diseases such as tuberculosis, melioidosis and dengue, but the relationship between diabetes and many neglected tropical diseases is yet to be accurately characterised. A greater understanding of the impact of diabetes on risks and outcomes for infections causing significant diseases in LMIC is essential in order to develop vaccines and therapies for the growing number of people with diabetes at risk of infection, and to prioritise research agendas, public health interventions and policy. In a metaanalysis of five case-control studies of acute dengue, diabetes was associated with an increased risk of a severe clinical presentation of dengue compared with either asymptomatic infection or non-severe acute dengue, 43 although given the limited data, the authors emphasised this was only suggestive of a link. abstract: Four out of five people in the world with diabetes now live in low- and middle-income countries (LMIC), and the incidence of diabetes is accelerating in poorer communities. Diabetes increases susceptibility to infection and worsens outcomes for some of the world’s major infectious diseases such as tuberculosis, melioidosis and dengue, but the relationship between diabetes and many neglected tropical diseases is yet to be accurately characterised. There is some evidence that chronic viral infections such as hepatitis B and HIV may predispose to the development of type 2 diabetes by chronic inflammatory and immunometabolic mechanisms. Helminth infections such as schistosomiasis may be protective against the development of diabetes, and this finding opens up new territory for discovery of novel therapeutics for the prevention and treatment of diabetes. A greater understanding of the impact of diabetes on risks and outcomes for infections causing significant diseases in LMIC is essential in order to develop vaccines and therapies for the growing number of people with diabetes at risk of infection, and to prioritise research agendas, public health interventions and policy. This review seeks to give an overview of the current international diabetes burden, the evidence for interactions between diabetes and infection, immune mechanisms for the interaction, and potential interventions to tackle the dual burden of diabetes and infection. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30517697/ doi: 10.1093/trstmh/try124 id: cord-324387-mnucvmr1 author: Dunn, Michael title: ‘Your country needs you’: the ethics of allocating staff to high-risk clinical roles in the management of patients with COVID-19 date: 2020-05-14 words: 4753.0 sentences: 207.0 pages: flesch: 49.0 cache: ./cache/cord-324387-mnucvmr1.txt txt: ./txt/cord-324387-mnucvmr1.txt summary: title: ''Your country needs you'': the ethics of allocating staff to high-risk clinical roles in the management of patients with COVID-19 In line with a dominant view in the medical ethics literature, we claim, first, that no individual health professional has a specific, positive obligation to treat a patient when doing so places that professional at risk of harm, and so there is a clear ethical tension in any reallocation process in this context. In line with a dominant view in the medical ethics literature, we claim, first, that no individual health professional has a specific, positive obligation to treat a patient when doing so places that professional at risk of harm, and so there is a clear ethical tension in any reallocation process in this context. The COVID-19 pandemic is leading to increasing asymmetries of need across the whole health service, and reallocating clinical staff becomes an important responsive strategy, when staffing levels are finite, to address this issue. abstract: As the COVID-19 pandemic impacts on health service delivery, health providers are modifying care pathways and staffing models in ways that require health professionals to be reallocated to work in critical care settings. Many of the roles that staff are being allocated to in the intensive care unit and emergency department pose additional risks to themselves, and new policies for staff reallocation are causing distress and uncertainty to the professionals concerned. In this paper, we analyse a range of ethical issues associated with changes to staff allocation processes in the face of COVID-19. In line with a dominant view in the medical ethics literature, we claim, first, that no individual health professional has a specific, positive obligation to treat a patient when doing so places that professional at risk of harm, and so there is a clear ethical tension in any reallocation process in this context. Next, we argue that the changing asymmetries of health needs in hospitals means that careful consideration needs to be given to a stepwise process for deallocating staff from their usual duties. We conclude by considering how a justifiable process of reallocating professionals to high-risk clinical roles should be configured once those who are ‘fit for reallocation’ have been identified. We claim that this process needs to attend to three questions that we consider in detail: (1) how the choice to make reallocation decisions is made, (2) what justifiable models for reallocation might look like and (3) what is owed to those who are reallocated. url: https://doi.org/10.1136/medethics-2020-106284 doi: 10.1136/medethics-2020-106284 id: cord-309563-3cuzmsll author: Duprex, W. Paul title: Gain-of-function experiments: time for a real debate date: 2014-12-08 words: 6574.0 sentences: 278.0 pages: flesch: 44.0 cache: ./cache/cord-309563-3cuzmsll.txt txt: ./txt/cord-309563-3cuzmsll.txt summary: Recent studies, particularly those on influenza viruses, have led to renewed attention on DURC, as there is an ongoing debate over whether the benefits of gain-of-function (GOF) experiments that result in an increase in the transmission and/or pathogenicity of potential pandemic pathogens (PPPs) are outweighed by concerns over biosecurity and biosafety. Recent studies, particularly those on influenza viruses, have led to renewed attention on DURC, as there is an ongoing debate over whether the benefits of gain-of-function (GOF) experiments that result in an increase in the transmission and/or pathogenicity of potential pandemic pathogens (PPPs) are outweighed by concerns over biosecurity and biosafety. In this Viewpoint article, proponents and opponents of GOF experiments discuss the benefits and risks associated with these studies, as well as the implications of the current debate for the scientific community and the general public, and suggest how the current discussion should move forward. abstract: According to the WHO, dual use research of concern (DURC) is “life sciences research that is intended for benefit, but which might easily be misapplied to do harm”. Recent studies, particularly those on influenza viruses, have led to renewed attention on DURC, as there is an ongoing debate over whether the benefits of gain-of-function (GOF) experiments that result in an increase in the transmission and/or pathogenicity of potential pandemic pathogens (PPPs) are outweighed by concerns over biosecurity and biosafety. In this Viewpoint article, proponents and opponents of GOF experiments discuss the benefits and risks associated with these studies, as well as the implications of the current debate for the scientific community and the general public, and suggest how the current discussion should move forward. url: https://doi.org/10.1038/nrmicro3405 doi: 10.1038/nrmicro3405 id: cord-017883-6a4fkd5v author: Dutta, Ankhi title: Infection Prevention in Pediatric Oncology and Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant Recipients date: 2018-07-16 words: 6243.0 sentences: 301.0 pages: flesch: 35.0 cache: ./cache/cord-017883-6a4fkd5v.txt txt: ./txt/cord-017883-6a4fkd5v.txt summary: There are various factors which contribute to the increased susceptibility to infections in pediatric hematology/oncology (PHO) and HSCT patients, most prominent of them being disruption of cutaneous and mucosal barriers (oral, gastrointestinal, etc.), microbial gastrointestinal translocation, defects in cell-mediated immunity, and insufficient quantities and inadequate function of phagocytes. Based upon such data in adults, the IDSA Guidelines for the Use of Antimicrobial Agents in Neutropenic Patients with Cancer state that fluoroquinolone prophylaxis should be considered for high-risk patients with prolonged severe neutropenia [20] . Though some authors suggest that antibiotic prophylaxis should be considered in children undergoing induction chemotherapy for ALL, there is currently insufficient data to inform definitive guidelines for antibiotic prophylaxis to prevent bacterial infections in pediatric oncology patients [19] [20] [21] . abstract: Pediatric patients with malignancies and transplant recipients are at high risk of infection-related morbidity and mortality. Children at the highest risk for infections are those with acute myeloid leukemia (AML), relapsed acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), and hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients (HSCT). These patients are at high risk for life-threatening bacterial, viral, and fungal infections which are associated with prolonged hospital stay, poor quality of life, and increased healthcare cost and death. Recognition of risk factors which predisposes them to infections, early identification of signs and symptoms of infections, prompt diagnosis, and empiric/definitive treatment are the mainstay in reducing infection-related morbidity and mortality. Infection control and prevention programs also play a crucial role in preventing hospital-acquired infections in these immunosuppressed hosts. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7122566/ doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-98122-2_16 id: cord-271698-n9qd14oe author: Dy, Louie Florendo title: A COVID-19 infection risk model for frontline health care workers date: 2020-08-08 words: 3841.0 sentences: 185.0 pages: flesch: 56.0 cache: ./cache/cord-271698-n9qd14oe.txt txt: ./txt/cord-271698-n9qd14oe.txt summary: In this study, we formulate a theoretical model to calculate the risk of being infected in health care facilities considering the following factors: the average number of encounters with a suspected COVID-19 patient per hour; interaction time for each encounter; work shift duration or exposure time; crowd density, which may depend on the amount of space available in a given location; and availability and effectiveness of protective gears and facilities provided for the frontline health care workers. abstract: The number of confirmed COVID-19 cases admitted in hospitals is continuously increasing in the Philippines. Frontline health care workers are faced with imminent risks of getting infected. In this study, we formulate a theoretical model to calculate the risk of being infected in health care facilities considering the following factors: the average number of encounters with a suspected COVID-19 patient per hour; interaction time for each encounter; work shift duration or exposure time; crowd density, which may depend on the amount of space available in a given location; and availability and effectiveness of protective gears and facilities provided for the frontline health care workers. Based on the simulation results, a set of risk assessment criteria is proposed to classify risks as ‘low’, ‘moderate’, or ‘high’. We recommend the following: (1) decrease the rate of patient encounter per frontline health care worker, e.g., maximum of three encounters per hour in a 12-h work shift duration; (2) decrease the interaction time between the frontline health care worker and the patients, e.g., less than 40 min for the whole day; (3) increase the clean and safe space for social distancing, e.g., maximum of 10% crowd density, and if possible, implement compartmentalization of patients; and/or (4) provide effective protective gears and facilities, e.g., 95% effective, that the frontline health care workers can use during their shift. Moreover, the formulated model can be used for other similar scenarios, such as identifying infection risk in public transportation, school classroom settings, offices, and mass gatherings. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32834923/ doi: 10.1007/s13721-020-00258-3 id: cord-252182-v0cveegl author: Déportes, Isabelle title: Hazard to man and the environment posed by the use of urban waste compost: a review date: 1995-11-30 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Abstract This review presents the current state of knowledge on the relationship between the environment and the use of municipal waste compost in terms of health risk assessment. The hazards stem from chemical and microbiological agents whose nature and magnitude depend heavily on the degree of sorting and on the composting methods. Three main routes of exposure can be determined and are quantified in the literature: (i) The ingestion of soil/compost mixtures by children, mostly in cases of pica, can be a threat because of the amount of lead, chromium, cadmium, PCDD F and fecal streptococci that can be absorbed. (ii) Though concern about contamination through the food chain is weak when compost is used in agriculture, some authors anticipate accumulation of pollutants after several years of disposal, which might lead to future hazards. (iii) Exposure is also associated with atmospheric dispersion of compost organic dust that convey microorganisms and toxicants. Data on hazard posed by organic dust from municipal composts to the farmer or the private user is scarce. To date, microorganisms are only measured at composting plants, thus raising the issue of extrapolation to environmental situations. Lung damage and allergies may occur because of organic dust, Gram negative bacteria, actinomycetes and fungi. Further research is needed on the risk related to inhalation of chemical compounds. url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/0048969795048081 doi: 10.1016/0048-9697(95)04808-1 id: cord-314423-6kuefmol author: Experton, B. title: A Multi-Factor Risk Model for Severe Covid-19 for Vaccine Prioritization and Monitoring Based on a 15 Million Medicare Cohort date: 2020-11-03 words: 4848.0 sentences: 235.0 pages: flesch: 42.0 cache: ./cache/cord-314423-6kuefmol.txt txt: ./txt/cord-314423-6kuefmol.txt summary: Methods: We present an integrated multi-factor risk model for severe Covid-19 using de-identified Medicare claims from which we extracted demographic and clinical data for a cohort of 15 million Medicare beneficiaries with 770,000 Covid-19 cases, and socio-economic data at the county and zip code level from the CDC Social Vulnerability Index. The independent variables included in our severe Covid-19 risk models are: beneficiary age, sex, ethnicity, insurance coverage and residential zip code, prior health care utilization (prior hospitalization(s), skilled nursing home admissions, etc.) as a measure for disease severity and frailty, the individual''s multiple chronic conditions with in addition to the CMS chronic condition flags, Humetrix compiled diagnostic categories using specific ICD-10 code algorithms, medications grouped by pharmaceutical class, vaccinations before Covid-19 diagnosis, and other variables starting October 1, 2019 (see Supplemental Methods in the Appendix). abstract: Background: Public Health interventions to slow the spread of the Covid-19 pandemic focus on protecting individuals at risk for severe disease. Risk categorization is essential to effective pandemic response. However, existing risk models for severe Covid-19 lack needed integration of both socio-demographic and clinical risk factors, and geographic characteristics. Methods: We present an integrated multi-factor risk model for severe Covid-19 using de-identified Medicare claims from which we extracted demographic and clinical data for a cohort of 15 million Medicare beneficiaries with 770,000 Covid-19 cases, and socio-economic data at the county and zip code level from the CDC Social Vulnerability Index. The model and associated digital maps were developed as part of Project Salus of the Department of Defense Joint Artificial Intelligence Center, for use by the National Guard and other military personnel in their support mission to hospitals and local jurisdictions impacted by the pandemic. Results: The model affirms ethnicity (Black: OR 1.64; 95% CI 1.61-1.68, American Indian: OR 2.21; 95% CI 2.01-2.42), age over 85 (OR 1.75, 95% CI 1.69-1.81), the socio-economic factor of residing in a zip code in the lowest quartile of income (OR 1.23; 95% CI 1.21-1.26), ESRD (OR 2.35; 95% CI 2.25-2.45) and chronic lung disease (OR 1.95; 95% CI 1.90-2.00) as leading risk factors for Covid-19 hospitalizations, but reveals low risk for COPD (OR 1.15; 95% CI 1.13 -1.17) and minimal or no risk for diabetes (OR 1.03; CI 1.01-1.05), CHF (OR 1.10, 95% CI 1.08-1.12) or hypertension (OR 0.96; 95% CI 0.94-0.98), and demonstrates an association between prior herpes zoster immunization (OR 0.74; 95% CI 0.71-0.77), and to a lesser degree prior influenza and pneumococcal vaccines with less severe Covid-19. Conclusions: This multi-factor risk model and derived digital maps can be applied for use by national and local health authorities to augment existing tools for pandemic response, including monitoring of post Covid-19 sequelae, prioritization of Covid-19 vaccine, and vaccine monitoring for both safety and efficacy. url: http://medrxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.10.28.20219816v1?rss=1 doi: 10.1101/2020.10.28.20219816 id: cord-339036-nmmworwk author: Fabregues, F. title: ASSISTED REPRODUCTION AND THROMBOEMBOLIC RISK IN COVID-19 PANDEMIC date: 2020-06-25 words: 2387.0 sentences: 115.0 pages: flesch: 41.0 cache: ./cache/cord-339036-nmmworwk.txt txt: ./txt/cord-339036-nmmworwk.txt summary: Mortality occurs mainly due to severe lung involvement causing an acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), although sometimes a multi-organ failure occurs with significant coagulation disorders (Zhou et al., 2020) Due to the large increase in reported cases and the impact of the COVID-19 coronavirus on public health, ESHRE on March 19, 2020 and ASRM on March 30, 2020 recommended the cessation of any activity related to assisted reproduction. On the other hand,Tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI) that play a relevant role regulating haemostatic equilibrium decreases progressively throughout the OS, this would explain the hypercoagulable status, occurring during assisted reproduction (Romagnuolo et al., 2014) Accordingly, a pro-thrombotic state has been demonstrated in cases with OHSS with the increase of markers like thrombin (thrombin-antithrombin complex and prothrombin fragment 1 + 2) and fibrin (D-dimer) (Balasch et al., 1996) . abstract: Covid-19 pandemic has increased significantly to mortality in many countries with the number of infected cases increasing exponentially worldwide. One of the main determining factors of the poor prognosis in these patients is the development of coagulopathy. Moreover, it is well known that ART procedures confer a risk of thromboembolic complications. In this commentary we analize specific coexisting aspects between the thrombotic risk described during virus infection and that one reported in the context of assisted reproduction treatments. Based on known pathophysiological aspects of both virus infection and those identified during ovarian stimulation (OS), we found common elements that deserve to be taken into account. In the present context, any risk of hyperstimulation should be avoided. GnRh agonist triggering should be mandatory in high responders patients and/or with COVID infection. In both cases, the cycle should be segmented. We propose prophylactic with low molecular weigth heparin (LMWH) not only in those cases in which the oocyte recovery has been performed, but also in those in which the cancellation has been decided. In addition, the endometrial preparation to the frozen-thawed embryo transfers (FETs) should be using the transdermal route in order to minimize the higher thrombotic risk of the oral route. url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1472648320303382?v=s5 doi: 10.1016/j.rbmo.2020.06.013 id: cord-327574-24t10fs4 author: Fakih, Mohamad G. title: Overcoming COVID-19: Addressing the perception of risk and transitioning protective behaviors to habits date: 2020-06-09 words: 1119.0 sentences: 71.0 pages: flesch: 46.0 cache: ./cache/cord-327574-24t10fs4.txt txt: ./txt/cord-327574-24t10fs4.txt summary: title: Overcoming COVID-19: Addressing the perception of risk and transitioning protective behaviors to habits The risk of contracting COVID-19 infection depends on the prevalence within a community, the efficiency of viral transmission, and the behavior of the susceptible host. The approach to curbing further transmission of COVID-19 within communities focuses on the institution of measures (1) to detect and isolate those infected, (2) to practice point source control, (3) to reduce environmental contamination, and (4) to optimize engineering controls. 5 On the other hand, instituting behaviors such as selfisolation for 10-14 days prior to a surgery, eliminates the risk of a patient being actively infected at the time of the procedure. 7, 9 However, according to the protection motivation theory, 7 risk perception is an imperative but insufficient precursor for the adoption of protective behaviors. Perceived threat, risk perception, and efficacy beliefs related to SARS and other (emerging) infectious diseases: results of an international survey abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32513323/ doi: 10.1017/ice.2020.284 id: cord-283287-073r80s7 author: Farhoudian, Ali title: COVID-19 and Substance Use Disorders: Recommendations to a Comprehensive Healthcare Response. An International Society of Addiction Medicine Practice and Policy Interest Group Position Paper date: 2020-04-12 words: 8134.0 sentences: 434.0 pages: flesch: 44.0 cache: ./cache/cord-283287-073r80s7.txt txt: ./txt/cord-283287-073r80s7.txt summary: People Who Use Drugs (PWUD) are a marginalized and stigmatized group with weaker immunity responses, vulnerability to stress, poor health conditions, high-risk behaviors, and lower access to health care services. In this paper, an international group of experts on addiction medicine, infectious diseases, and disaster psychiatry explore the possible raised concerns in this issue and provide recommendations to manage the comorbidity of COVID-19 and Substance Use Disorder (SUD). Therefore, a group of international experts on addiction medicine, infectious diseases, and disaster management teamed up to explore the comorbidity of COVID-19 infection with substance use disorder and identify the necessary recommendations for health service providers and policymakers in this situation. Health authorities should develop and apply specific strategies for PWUD for early COVID-19 identification and patient isolation, interrupting transmission, providing appropriate care, attending medical issues, and minimizing negative social impact. abstract: Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) is escalating all over the world and has higher morbidities and mortalities in certain vulnerable populations. People Who Use Drugs (PWUD) are a marginalized and stigmatized group with weaker immunity responses, vulnerability to stress, poor health conditions, high-risk behaviors, and lower access to health care services. These conditions put them at a higher risk of COVID-19 infection and its complications. In this paper, an international group of experts on addiction medicine, infectious diseases, and disaster psychiatry explore the possible raised concerns in this issue and provide recommendations to manage the comorbidity of COVID-19 and Substance Use Disorder (SUD). url: https://doi.org/10.32598/bcn.11.covid19.1 doi: 10.32598/bcn.11.covid19.1 id: cord-344252-6g3zzj0o author: Farooq, Junaid title: A Novel Adaptive Deep Learning Model of Covid-19 with focus on mortality reduction strategies date: 2020-07-21 words: 6951.0 sentences: 361.0 pages: flesch: 56.0 cache: ./cache/cord-344252-6g3zzj0o.txt txt: ./txt/cord-344252-6g3zzj0o.txt summary: We employ deep learning to propose an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) based and data stream guided real-time incremental learning algorithm for parameter estimation of a non-intrusive, intelligent, adaptive and online analytical model of Covid-19 disease. In this work, we employ deep learning to propose an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) based real-time online incremental learning technique to estimate parameters of a data stream guided analytical model of Covid-19 to study the transmission dynamics and prevention mechanism for SARS-Cov-2 novel coronavirus in order to aid in optimal policy formulation, efficient decision making, forecasting and simulation. To the best of our knowledge, this paper develops for the first time a deep learning model of epidemic diseases with data science approach in which parameters are intelligently adapted to the new ground realities with fast evolving infection dynamics. abstract: We employ deep learning to propose an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) based and data stream guided real-time incremental learning algorithm for parameter estimation of a non-intrusive, intelligent, adaptive and online analytical model of Covid-19 disease. Modeling and simulation of such problems poses an additional challenge of continuously evolving training data in which the model parameters change over time depending upon external factors. Our main contribution is that in a scenario of continuously evolving training data, unlike typical deep learning techniques, this non-intrusive model eliminates the need to retrain or rebuild the model from scratch every time a new training data set is received. After validating the model, we use it to study the impact of different strategies for epidemic control. Finally, we propose and simulate a strategy of controlled natural immunization through risk based population compartmentalization (PC) wherein the population is divided in Low Risk (LR) and High Risk (HR) compartments based on risk factors (like comorbidities and age) and subjected to different disease transmission dynamics by isolating the HR compartment while allowing the LR compartment to develop natural immunity. Upon release from the preventive isolation, the HR compartment finds itself surrounded by enough number of immunized individuals to prevent spread of infection and thus most of the deaths occurring in this group are avoided. url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chaos.2020.110148 doi: 10.1016/j.chaos.2020.110148 id: cord-327748-8ob6okeh author: Feng, Tianjun title: Product Quality Risk Perceptions and Decisions: Contaminated Pet Food and Lead‐Painted Toys date: 2010-07-09 words: 9437.0 sentences: 510.0 pages: flesch: 59.0 cache: ./cache/cord-327748-8ob6okeh.txt txt: ./txt/cord-327748-8ob6okeh.txt summary: Those selecting our study were told: "We are conducting a study on how people react to product quality related crises, with a focus on the recent recalls of contaminated pet food and lead-painted children''s toys." We further analyzed the relationship between participants'' gender and their subjective probability judgment for all three versions, and we did not find significant differences. Using the psychometric paradigm, we now examine the ratings on seven risk perception dimensions of eight hazardous products or risky situations, including contaminated dog food, lead-painted toys, contaminated spinach, avian flu, mad cow disease, SARS, cell phone radiation, and cigarette smoking. abstract: In the context of the recent recalls of contaminated pet food and lead‐painted toys in the United States, we examine patterns of risk perceptions and decisions when facing consumer product‐caused quality risks. Two approaches were used to explore risk perceptions of the product recalls. In the first approach, we elicited judged probabilities and found that people appear to have greatly overestimated the actual risks for both product scenarios. In the second approach, we applied the psychometric paradigm to examine risk perception dimensions concerning these two specific products through factor analysis. There was a similar risk perception pattern for both products: they are seen as unknown risks and are relatively not dread risks. This pattern was also similar to what prior research found for lead paint. Further, we studied people's potential actions to deal with the recalls of these two products. Several factors were found to be significant predictors of respondents’ cautious actions for both product scenarios. Policy considerations regarding product quality risks are discussed. For example, risk communicators could reframe information messages to prompt people to consider total risks packed together from different causes, even when the risk message has been initiated due to a specific recall event. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20626691/ doi: 10.1111/j.1539-6924.2010.01459.x id: cord-329614-deh5bidx author: Fielding, Helen R. title: Effects of trading networks on the risk of bovine tuberculosis incidents on cattle farms in Great Britain date: 2020-04-22 words: 5911.0 sentences: 214.0 pages: flesch: 49.0 cache: ./cache/cord-329614-deh5bidx.txt txt: ./txt/cord-329614-deh5bidx.txt summary: We constructed ingoing contact chains of cattle farms in Great Britain that were linked by trading, to elucidate potential pathways for the transmission of infection and to evaluate their effect on the risk of a farm experiencing a bovine tuberculosis (bTB) incident. We constructed ingoing contact chains of cattle farms in Great Britain that were linked by trading, to elucidate potential pathways for the transmission of infection and to evaluate their effect on the risk of a farm experiencing a bovine tuberculosis (bTB) incident. Overall, our study aimed to assess the importance of new parameters from contact chains based on trading networks, alongside established risk factors, on the risk of bTB incidents on cattle farms in Great Britain. 2020 Data from: Effects of trading networks on the risk of bovine tuberculosis incidents on cattle farms in Great Britain abstract: Trading animals between farms and via markets can provide a conduit for spread of infections. By studying trading networks, we might better understand the dynamics of livestock diseases. We constructed ingoing contact chains of cattle farms in Great Britain that were linked by trading, to elucidate potential pathways for the transmission of infection and to evaluate their effect on the risk of a farm experiencing a bovine tuberculosis (bTB) incident. Our findings are consistent with variation in bTB risk associated with region, herd size, disease risk area and history of previous bTB incidents on the root farm and nearby farms. However, we also identified effects of both direct and indirect trading patterns, such that connections to more farms in the England High-Risk Area up to three movements away from the root farm increased the odds of a bTB incident, while connections with more farms in the England Low-Risk Area up to eight movements away decreased the odds. Relative to other risk factors for bTB, trading behaviours are arguably more amenable to change, and consideration of risks associated with indirect trading, as well direct trading, might therefore offer an additional approach to bTB control in Great Britain. url: https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.191806 doi: 10.1098/rsos.191806 id: cord-290901-bfho5w04 author: Figuié, Muriel title: Global health risks and cosmopolitisation: from emergence to interference date: 2013-03-20 words: 6047.0 sentences: 343.0 pages: flesch: 48.0 cache: ./cache/cord-290901-bfho5w04.txt txt: ./txt/cord-290901-bfho5w04.txt summary: International health organisations and western nations are exerting growing pressure on other countries to cooperate in managing health risks such as emerging diseases, as demonstrated during the recent episodes of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and avian flu (Scoones 2010). I conducted a comprehensive review of all the grey literature documents on avian flu issued by the Vietnamese ministries of health, and agriculture and rural development, of official documents on Vietnam''s strategy for avian flu (known as the ''Red Book'' and the ''Green Book'') and regulations adopted by the Vietnamese government, as well as expert reports from international and foreign organisations (FAO, WHO, Agrifood Consulting International and Agence Franc¸aise de De''veloppement). The authorities adopted the framing of avian flu as a pandemic threat (that is as a risk of second modernity) and cooperated with the international community to manage a global manufactured uncertainty. abstract: According to Beck’s ‘World at Risk’ theory, global risks push nations towards a cosmopolitisation of their health policy and open opportunities for a democratic turn. This article provides an empirical analysis of Beck’s theory, based on the experience of Vietnamese authorities from 2003 to 2007 in managing the emerging avian flu virus. It shows how Vietnam’s framing of avian flu has shifted, under the pressure from international organisations and the US administration, from an epizootic and zoonotic risk (or a classic risk) to a pandemic threat (or a late modern risk). Vietnam’s response was part of its overall strategy to join the World Trade Organization and it was limited by Vietnam’s defence of its sovereignty. This strategy has been successful for Vietnam but has limited the possibility of cosmopolitan and democratic transformations. The case study highlights the constructed dimension of risks of late modernity and their possible instrumentalisation: it minimises the role of a community of fear relative to a community of trade. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23517415/ doi: 10.1111/j.1467-9566.2012.01539.x id: cord-278870-pct184oa author: Finell, Eerika title: The Combined Effect of Perceived COVID-19 Infection Risk at Work and Identification with Work Community on Psychosocial Wellbeing among Finnish Social Sector and Health Care Workers date: 2020-10-19 words: 5017.0 sentences: 372.0 pages: flesch: 63.0 cache: ./cache/cord-278870-pct184oa.txt txt: ./txt/cord-278870-pct184oa.txt summary: title: The Combined Effect of Perceived COVID-19 Infection Risk at Work and Identification with Work Community on Psychosocial Wellbeing among Finnish Social Sector and Health Care Workers We examined the combined effect of perceived risk associated with COVID-19 infection at work and work community identification on psychosocial well-being (i.e., frequency of stress symptoms) among health care and social sector workers in Finland (N = 1279). Thus, when occupational organizations consider protective strategies against stress that is related to COVID-19 infection risk at work among social sector and health care workers, promoting identification with their work community might be one key protective factor that can buffer this stress. This article analyses the combined effect of the perceived risk associated with COVID-19 infection at work with work community identification on psychosocial well-being (i.e., frequency of stress symptoms) among health care and social sector workers in Finland. abstract: It has been well documented that both risk perception and group identification are related to psychosocial well-being. However, their combined effect has rarely been analyzed. We examined the combined effect of perceived risk associated with COVID-19 infection at work and work community identification on psychosocial well-being (i.e., frequency of stress symptoms) among health care and social sector workers in Finland (N = 1279). Data were collected via an online questionnaire in June 2020 and analyses of covariance were conducted. Perceived COVID-19 infection risk at work was classified into high, medium and low risk. In total, 41% of participants reported a high risk. After all background variables were included, participants who reported high perceived infection risk and low work community identification reported stress symptoms more often than those who reported high perceived risk and high identification (p = 0.010). Similarly, the former differed significantly from all other comparison groups (medium and low risk, p < 0.001), being the most stressed. We found that perceived infection risk and work community identification were not related to each other. Our conclusion is that high work community identification can buffer employee stress when faced with a high perceived health risk. In the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, work organizations with a high infection risk should advance the possibility of employees’ identification with their work community. url: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17207623 doi: 10.3390/ijerph17207623 id: cord-306741-3ibprszo author: Fitchett, Jennifer M title: Exploring public awareness of the current and future malaria risk zones in South Africa under climate change: a pilot study date: 2020-11-11 words: 6587.0 sentences: 279.0 pages: flesch: 48.0 cache: ./cache/cord-306741-3ibprszo.txt txt: ./txt/cord-306741-3ibprszo.txt summary: The National Guidelines for the Prevention of Malaria in South Africa comprise five key components which are summarized as the "ABC" of malaria prevention, namely Awareness and Assessment of malaria risk, avoidance of mosquito Bites, Compliance with Chemoprophylaxis when indicated, early Detection of malaria disease, and Effective treatment (NDOH 2018a; Baker 2018; Schmidt 2019a, b) . According to the latest malaria risk map produced by the South African National Department of Health in December 2018, areas of moderate risk (where chemoprophylaxis is indicated for all travellers from September to May) are concentrated along the border between South Africa and Mozambique and Zimbabwe (Fig. 1) . Topics included respondents'' demographics and travel histories, awareness and perception of malaria distribution and risk in Southern Africa, understanding of climate change, and attitudes towards malaria prophylaxis-both in terms of bite prevention and chemoprophylaxis. Overall, the composite map created from all 28 usable maps reveals a fairly high degree of awareness among respondents regarding the general location of malaria risk areas in South Africa (Fig. 2) . abstract: Although only a small proportion of the landmass of South Africa is classified as high risk for malaria, the country experiences on-going challenges relating to malaria outbreaks. Climate change poses a growing threat to this already dire situation. While considerable effort has been placed in public health campaigns in the highest-risk regions, and national malaria maps are updated to account for changing climate, malaria cases have increased. This pilot study considers the sub-population of South Africans who reside outside of the malaria area, yet have the means to travel into this high-risk region for vacation. Through the lens of the governmental “ABC of malaria prevention”, we explore this sub-population’s awareness of the current boundaries to the malaria area, perceptions of the future boundary under climate change, and their risk-taking behaviours relating to malaria transmission. Findings reveal that although respondents self-report a high level of awareness regarding malaria, and their boundary maps reveal the broad pattern of risk distribution, their specifics on details are lacking. This includes over-estimating both the current and future boundaries, beyond the realms of climate-topographic possibility. Despite over-estimating the region of malaria risk, the respondents reveal an alarming lack of caution when travelling to malaria areas. Despite being indicated for high-risk malaria areas, the majority of respondents did not use chemoprophylaxis, and many relied on far less-effective measures. This may in part be due to respondents relying on information from friends and family, rather than medical or governmental advice. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33175213/ doi: 10.1007/s00484-020-02042-4 id: cord-016982-qt25tp6t author: Fong, I. W. title: Litigations for Unexpected Adverse Events date: 2010-11-30 words: 8372.0 sentences: 453.0 pages: flesch: 48.0 cache: ./cache/cord-016982-qt25tp6t.txt txt: ./txt/cord-016982-qt25tp6t.txt summary: The statement of claim alleged the following: (1) isoniazid was directly responsible for the plaintiff''s fulminant hepatitis which resulted in the need for a liver transplant, (2) informed consent was never obtained to prescribe the drug, as the plaintiff was never counseled on the adverse effects, nor given a choice of treatment, (3) use of the isoniazid was never indicated, as the patient had no symptoms or signs of active disease, (4) the physician should have realized that the positive Mantoux test was due to a previous BCG vaccination as a child (the defendant was informed of this fact) and therefore there was no need to treat the plaintiff for latent tuberculosis. abstract: A 53-year-old Iranian female who immigrated to Canada about 3.5 years before was referred to an internist for a positive Mantoux skin test (11 mm in diameter). The subject was previously well with no symptoms indicative or suggestive of active tuberculosis. A routine tuberculosis skin test was performed because the patient had applied to be a volunteer at a local hospital. She had no significant past illness or known allergies, and she was never diagnosed with nor had known contact with anyone with active tuberculosis. The subject never ingested alcohol and was not known to have hepatitis or be a carrier of any hepatitis virus. Baseline investigations performed by the internist included routine complete blood count, routine biochemical tests (liver enzymes, creatinine, and glucose), serum ferritin, and thyroid-stimulating hormone – all of which were normal. A chest radiograph was reported to be normal. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7121427/ doi: 10.1007/978-1-4419-8053-3_8 id: cord-312183-zkoj5d8c author: Frydman, Galit H. title: Coagulation Status and Venous Thromboembolism Risk in African Americans: A Potential Risk Factor in COVID-19 date: 2020-07-24 words: 4474.0 sentences: 240.0 pages: flesch: 37.0 cache: ./cache/cord-312183-zkoj5d8c.txt txt: ./txt/cord-312183-zkoj5d8c.txt summary: Recent studies have shown severe pulmonary and cardiac pathology, associated with increased thrombosis, is prevalent in African Americans with severe COVID-19. 65 Although clinical SCD is only present in an estimated 100 000 patients in the United States, the sickle cell trait is present in up to 8% of the African American population, with SCD flagged as an important risk factor for VTE. 87, 88 Among the population of African Americans who are infected with COVID-19, some of these patients may already reside in a prothrombotic state prior to COVID-19 because of higher baseline concentrations of FVIII, vWF, and D-dimer, as well as increased platelet activation. Coupled with the higher rate of preexisting conditions that predispose patients to higher rates of COVID-19 and disease, and the lower rate of therapeutic anticoagulation even when warranted, variation in coagulation status may be one of the factors that puts African Americans at higher risk. abstract: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection (COVID-19) is known to induce severe inflammation and activation of the coagulation system, resulting in a prothrombotic state. Although inflammatory conditions and organ-specific diseases have been shown to be strong determinants of morbidity and mortality in patients with COVID-19, it is unclear whether preexisting differences in coagulation impact the severity of COVID-19. African Americans have higher rates of COVID-19 infection and disease-related morbidity and mortality. Moreover, African Americans are known to be at a higher risk for thrombotic events due to both biological and socioeconomic factors. In this review, we explore whether differences in baseline coagulation status and medical management of coagulation play an important role in COVID-19 disease severity and contribute to racial disparity trends within COVID-19. url: https://doi.org/10.1177/1076029620943671 doi: 10.1177/1076029620943671 id: cord-325155-lqzgz6p3 author: Gallo, Juan E. title: Hypertension and the roles of the 9p21.3 risk locus: classic findings and new association data date: 2020-09-15 words: 5285.0 sentences: 268.0 pages: flesch: 49.0 cache: ./cache/cord-325155-lqzgz6p3.txt txt: ./txt/cord-325155-lqzgz6p3.txt summary: Two adjacent haplotype blocks characterize the 9p21.3 cardiovascular risk locus: left, the block or island containing the first part of the p15 gene and its wellcharacterized promoter, in which we observed clearly elevated associations (red) with blood pressure (DBP, SBP) and/or hypertension in a Colombian and a European study sample, and right, the block hypertension and BP association ''Hypertension island'' * (haplotype block < 60 kb) Lead CVD risk SNPs (haplotype block < 60 kb) Furthermore, in the European blood pressure studies [15, 16] genome-wide significance of DBP associations was attained, outside of the classic 9p21.3 CVD risk locus and its flanking regions, in the next gene MTAP (see Figure 2 and Theory), with a lowest p-value of 1.3 × 10 −10 for the sentinel SNP rs4364717 (red asterisk and red horizontal bar at left in Figure 2 ; see also the LocusZoom plot in Supplementary Material S3.2) . abstract: Background The band 9p21.3 contains an established genomic risk zone for cardiovascular disease (CVD). Since the initial 2007 Wellcome Trust Case Control Consortium study (WTCCC), the increased CVD risk associated with 9p21.3 has been confirmed by multiple studies in different continents. However, many years later there was still no confirmed report of a corresponding association of 9p21.3 with hypertension, a major CV risk factor, nor with blood pressure (BP). Theory In this contribution, we review the bipartite haplotype structure of the 9p21.3 risk locus: one block is devoid of protein-coding genes but contains the lead CVD risk SNPs, while the other block contains the first exon and regulatory DNA of the gene for the cell cycle inhibitor p15. We consider how findings from molecular biology offer possibilities of an involvement of p15 in hypertension etiology, with expression of the p15 gene modulated by genetic variation from within the 9p21.3 risk locus. Results We present original results from a Colombian study revealing moderate but persistent association signals for BP and hypertension within the classic 9p21.3 CVD risk locus. These SNPs are mostly confined to a ‘hypertension island’ that spans less than 60 kb and coincides with the p15 haplotype block. We find confirmation in data originating from much larger, recent European BP studies, albeit with opposite effect directions. Conclusion Although more work will be needed to elucidate possible mechanisms, previous findings and new data prompt reconsidering the question of how variation in 9p21.3 might influence hypertension components of cardiovascular risk. url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S2590086220300276 doi: 10.1016/j.ijchy.2020.100050 id: cord-018001-ris02bff author: Garrido, Guillermo title: Medical Course and Complications After Lung Transplantation date: 2018-06-23 words: 5544.0 sentences: 306.0 pages: flesch: 31.0 cache: ./cache/cord-018001-ris02bff.txt txt: ./txt/cord-018001-ris02bff.txt summary: Patients can develop a multitude of noninfectious (e.g., primary graft dysfunction, pulmonary embolism, rejection, acute and chronic, renal insufficiency, malignancies) and infectious (i.e., bacterial, fungal, and viral) complications and require complex multidisciplinary care. The impact of these disruptions on lung transplant outcomes remains unclear, though it is possible that these changes lead to higher susceptibility to the development of pulmonary edema and infections, worse airway clearance, and ineffective cough [6] . Patients who undergo lung transplantation have multiple risk factors to develop acute kidney injury (AKI) post-transplant, including decreased renal perfusion before, during, and/or after surgery, drug toxicities, and systemic infections. Viral infections contribute to morbidity and mortality from acute infection and have been associated with an increased risk of rejection, chronic allograft dysfunction, lymphoproliferative and other neoplastic diseases, and other extra pulmonary organ damage [77] . abstract: Lung transplant prolongs life and improves quality of life in patients with end-stage lung disease. However, survival of lung transplant recipients is shorter compared to patients with other solid organ transplants, due to many unique features of the lung allograft. Patients can develop a multitude of noninfectious (e.g., primary graft dysfunction, pulmonary embolism, rejection, acute and chronic, renal insufficiency, malignancies) and infectious (i.e., bacterial, fungal, and viral) complications and require complex multidisciplinary care. This chapter discusses medical course and complications that patients might experience after lung transplantation. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7122723/ doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-94914-7_26 id: cord-019009-3ngfv96u author: Gea-Banacloche, Juan title: Risks and Epidemiology of Infections After Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation date: 2016-02-15 words: 8485.0 sentences: 401.0 pages: flesch: 32.0 cache: ./cache/cord-019009-3ngfv96u.txt txt: ./txt/cord-019009-3ngfv96u.txt summary: Several characteristics of the transplant infl uence the risk of infection: the conditioning preparative regimen, the source of stem cells, the degree of HLA identity between donor and recipient, and the prophylactic strategy adopted to prevent GVHD (use of T cell depletion or immunosuppressive medications). These factors may result in increased risk of infections associated with T cell immunodefi ciency, like CMV, Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia (PCP), and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-related posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorder (PTLD). Risk factors for recurrence of invasive fungal infection during secondary antifungal prophylaxis in allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients Impact of the intensity of the pretransplantation conditioning regimen in patients with prior invasive aspergillosis undergoing allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation: a retrospective survey of the infectious diseases working party of the european group for blood and marrow transplantation Infl iximab use in patients with severe graftversus-host disease and other emerging risk factors of noncandida invasive fungal infections in allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients: a cohort study abstract: Infections following HCT are frequently related to risk factors caused by the procedure itself. Neutropenia and mucositis predispose to bacterial infections. Prolonged neutropenia increases the likelihood of invasive fungal infection. GVHD and its treatment create the most important easily identifiable risk period for a variety of infectious complications, particularly mold infections. Profound, prolonged T cell immunodeficiency, present after T cell-depleted or cord blood transplants, is the main risk factor for viral problems like disseminated adenovirus disease or EBV-related posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorder. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7124050/ doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-28797-3_6 id: cord-300046-orlga9qf author: Gomes da Silva, J. title: Health literacy of inland population in the mitigation phase 3.2. of COVID-19''s pandemic in Portugal - a descriptive cohort study date: 2020-05-14 words: 5399.0 sentences: 273.0 pages: flesch: 48.0 cache: ./cache/cord-300046-orlga9qf.txt txt: ./txt/cord-300046-orlga9qf.txt summary: Globally, younger individuals, females, graduates and the Non-Risk Group presented higher relative frequencies of the correct answer along COVID-19''s Questionnaire. However, three exceptions were observed: the Undergraduate Group and the Risk-Group had a high relative frequency stating that COVID-19 has a cure and in mentioning "Social Isolation" as an important preventive measure to adopt when compared to the Graduate Group and the Non-Risk Group, respectively. Males have higher relative frequency in answering the correct number of SNS24 and in stating that children can get sick and transmit the infection by SARS-CoV-2 when compared to females ( Table 2 -Supplementary information). Nonparametric tests reveal a statistically significant association regarding variable "Age", "Gender" and "Risk Factor", with younger individuals, females and individuals from Risk-Group stating more often the correct answer. Nonparametric tests reveal a statistically significant association regarding variable "Gender" and "Risk Factor", with males and individuals from Non-Risk Group answering the correct number. abstract: Background: COVID-19 is a respiratory disease transmitted through respiratory droplets with a high transmission rate. There's still no effective and approved antiretroviral treatment or vaccine, thus, preventive measures are the main key to contain this pandemic. Portugal is now in phase 3.2 of the mitigation of COVID-19, being imperative to understand the health literacy of our country and how to prevent the lack of information, through community empowerment. Material and methods: A cross-sectional study with a cohort from a primary care facility was conducted. We collected demographic and epidemiological data and carried out a questionnaire by phone call. Descriptive statistics and nonparametric tests were used to assess associations between the independent variables and the level of health literacy. The level of significance was set at p<0.05. Results: Our cohort includes 222 subjects (median age: 62 years old), mostly females (131), undergraduate (193) and with at least one risk factor for COVID-19 (144). Globally, younger individuals, females, graduates and the Non-Risk Group appear to have higher levels of health literacy, with some exceptions to this pattern. Conclusions: We observe a well-informed population. However, being a pandemic situation, we intend to identify and correct outliers/misconceptions. This work allows a perspective of the current state/pattern of health literacy as well as its possible predictors. Furthermore, this study makes aware of how relevant the specific communication approaches are. Further studies to understand the predictors of health literacy are necessary. Key-Words: COVID-19, pandemic, SARS-CoV2, Portugal, Health literacy. url: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.05.11.20098061 doi: 10.1101/2020.05.11.20098061 id: cord-149069-gpnaldjk author: Gomes, M. Gabriela M. title: A pragmatic approach to account for individual risks to optimise health policy date: 2020-09-02 words: 2400.0 sentences: 113.0 pages: flesch: 33.0 cache: ./cache/cord-149069-gpnaldjk.txt txt: ./txt/cord-149069-gpnaldjk.txt summary: As the virus spreads in the human population, individuals at higher risk are predominantly infected as indicated at endemic equilibrium (Figure 1 A, B , C, density plots on the right, coloured red) and after 100 years of control (Figure 1 D, E, F). The control strategy applied to endemic equilibrium in the figure is the 90-90-90 treatment as prevention target advocated by the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS 4 whereby 90% of infected individuals should be detected, with 90% of these receiving antiretroviral therapy, and 90% of these should achieve viral suppression (becoming effectively non-infectious). Selection on individual variation in disease susceptibility thus offers an explanation for vaccine efficacy trends that is entirely based on population level heterogeneity, in contrast with waning vaccine-induced immunity, an individual-level effect 20 . abstract: Developing feasible strategies and setting realistic targets for disease prevention and control depends on representative models, whether conceptual, experimental, logistical or mathematical. Mathematical modelling was established in infectious diseases over a century ago, with the seminal works of Ross and others. Propelled by the discovery of etiological agents for infectious diseases, and Koch's postulates, models have focused on the complexities of pathogen transmission and evolution to understand and predict disease trends in greater depth. This has led to their adoption by policy makers; however, as model-informed policies are being implemented, the inaccuracies of some predictions are increasingly apparent, most notably their tendency to overestimate the impact of control interventions. Here, we discuss how these discrepancies could be explained by methodological limitations in capturing the effects of heterogeneity in real-world systems. We suggest that improvements could derive from theory developed in demography to study variation in life-expectancy and ageing. Using simulations, we illustrate the problem and its impact, and formulate a pragmatic way forward. url: https://arxiv.org/pdf/2009.01354v1.pdf doi: nan id: cord-305327-hayhbs5u author: Gonzalez, Jean-Paul title: Global Spread of Hemorrhagic Fever Viruses: Predicting Pandemics date: 2017-09-19 words: 10210.0 sentences: 424.0 pages: flesch: 37.0 cache: ./cache/cord-305327-hayhbs5u.txt txt: ./txt/cord-305327-hayhbs5u.txt summary: Other pathogens that are remarkable for their epidemic expansions include the arenavirus hemorrhagic fevers and hantavirus diseases carried by rodents over great geographic distances and the arthropod-borne viruses (West Nile, chikungunya and Zika) enabled by ecology and vector adaptations. Emergence from a sporadic case to an outbreak, to an epidemic, and ultimately to a pandemic depends upon effective transmission among nonimmune hosts, host availability (density), characteristics of the vector (natural or human made) that would enable it to circumvent distances, and the pathogen infectiousness. Although MARV expansion appears to be limited to a few countries in Africa, the recent emergence (estimated at a few decades ago) of a second human pathogenic marburgvirus known as Ravn virus, and the widely distributed Old World rousette fruit bats (Rousettus spp.) serving as reservoir for both viruses [45] , are two factors that favor pandemic risk. abstract: As successive epidemics have swept the world, the scientific community has quickly learned from them about the emergence and transmission of communicable diseases. Epidemics usually occur when health systems are unprepared. During an unexpected epidemic, health authorities engage in damage control, fear drives action, and the desire to understand the threat is greatest. As humanity recovers, policy-makers seek scientific expertise to improve their “preparedness” to face future events. Global spread of disease is exemplified by the spread of yellow fever from Africa to the Americas, by the spread of dengue fever through transcontinental migration of mosquitos, by the relentless influenza virus pandemics, and, most recently, by the unexpected emergence of Ebola virus, spread by motorbike and long haul carriers. Other pathogens that are remarkable for their epidemic expansions include the arenavirus hemorrhagic fevers and hantavirus diseases carried by rodents over great geographic distances and the arthropod-borne viruses (West Nile, chikungunya and Zika) enabled by ecology and vector adaptations. Did we learn from the past epidemics? Are we prepared for the worst? The ultimate goal is to develop a resilient global health infrastructure. Besides acquiring treatments, vaccines, and other preventive medicine, bio-surveillance is critical to preventing disease emergence and to counteracting its spread. So far, only the western hemisphere has a large and established monitoring system; however, diseases continue to emerge sporadically, in particular in Southeast Asia and South America, illuminating the imperfections of our surveillance. Epidemics destabilize fragile governments, ravage the most vulnerable populations, and threaten the global community. Pandemic risk calculations employ new technologies like computerized maintenance of geographical and historical datasets, Geographic Information Systems (GIS), Next Generation sequencing, and Metagenomics to trace the molecular changes in pathogens during their emergence, and mathematical models to assess risk. Predictions help to pinpoint the hot spots of emergence, the populations at risk, and the pathogens under genetic evolution. Preparedness anticipates the risks, the needs of the population, the capacities of infrastructure, the sources of emergency funding, and finally, the international partnerships needed to manage a disaster before it occurs. At present, the world is in an intermediate phase of trying to reduce health disparities despite exponential population growth, political conflicts, migration, global trade, urbanization, and major environmental changes due to global warming. For the sake of humanity, we must focus on developing the necessary capacities for health surveillance, epidemic preparedness, and pandemic response. url: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-6981-4_1 doi: 10.1007/978-1-4939-6981-4_1 id: cord-332533-iqe6sdq2 author: Grant, William B. title: Evidence that Vitamin D Supplementation Could Reduce Risk of Influenza and COVID-19 Infections and Deaths date: 2020-04-02 words: 8014.0 sentences: 452.0 pages: flesch: 44.0 cache: ./cache/cord-332533-iqe6sdq2.txt txt: ./txt/cord-332533-iqe6sdq2.txt summary: Evidence supporting the role of vitamin D in reducing risk of COVID-19 includes that the outbreak occurred in winter, a time when 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) concentrations are lowest; that the number of cases in the Southern Hemisphere near the end of summer are low; that vitamin D deficiency has been found to contribute to acute respiratory distress syndrome; and that case-fatality rates increase with age and with chronic disease comorbidity, both of which are associated with lower 25(OH)D concentration. For COPD patients, 25(OH)D inversely correlated with risk, severity, and exacerbation [88] Found at higher rates in regions with elevated air pollution Air pollution associated with lower 25(OH)D concentrations [89] Note: 25-hydroxyvitamin D ((25(OH)D); acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS); community-acquired pneumonia (CAP); case-fatality rate (CFR); interleukin 6 (IL-6); chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD); C-reactive protein (CRP); vitamin D deficiency (VDD). abstract: The world is in the grip of the COVID-19 pandemic. Public health measures that can reduce the risk of infection and death in addition to quarantines are desperately needed. This article reviews the roles of vitamin D in reducing the risk of respiratory tract infections, knowledge about the epidemiology of influenza and COVID-19, and how vitamin D supplementation might be a useful measure to reduce risk. Through several mechanisms, vitamin D can reduce risk of infections. Those mechanisms include inducing cathelicidins and defensins that can lower viral replication rates and reducing concentrations of pro-inflammatory cytokines that produce the inflammation that injures the lining of the lungs, leading to pneumonia, as well as increasing concentrations of anti-inflammatory cytokines. Several observational studies and clinical trials reported that vitamin D supplementation reduced the risk of influenza, whereas others did not. Evidence supporting the role of vitamin D in reducing risk of COVID-19 includes that the outbreak occurred in winter, a time when 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) concentrations are lowest; that the number of cases in the Southern Hemisphere near the end of summer are low; that vitamin D deficiency has been found to contribute to acute respiratory distress syndrome; and that case-fatality rates increase with age and with chronic disease comorbidity, both of which are associated with lower 25(OH)D concentration. To reduce the risk of infection, it is recommended that people at risk of influenza and/or COVID-19 consider taking 10,000 IU/d of vitamin D(3) for a few weeks to rapidly raise 25(OH)D concentrations, followed by 5000 IU/d. The goal should be to raise 25(OH)D concentrations above 40–60 ng/mL (100–150 nmol/L). For treatment of people who become infected with COVID-19, higher vitamin D(3) doses might be useful. Randomized controlled trials and large population studies should be conducted to evaluate these recommendations. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32252338/ doi: 10.3390/nu12040988 id: cord-255249-jtx3ntil author: Gratz, Kim L. title: Thwarted belongingness and perceived burdensomeness explain the associations of COVID‐19 social and economic consequences to suicide risk date: 2020-07-14 words: 4612.0 sentences: 201.0 pages: flesch: 43.0 cache: ./cache/cord-255249-jtx3ntil.txt txt: ./txt/cord-255249-jtx3ntil.txt summary: Participants completed measures assessing thwarted belongingness, perceived burdensomeness, loneliness, and suicide risk, as well as whether they (a) were currently under a stay‐at‐home order and (b) had experienced a recent job loss due to the pandemic. Currently, in the United States, beyond the immediate physical health consequences of COVID-19 (and related fear and distress associated with these consequences), two consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic that stand out as particularly relevant to suicide risk are the social isolation related to stay-at-home orders and the widespread job loss related to the current economic crisis-both of which have been theoretically and/or empirically linked to suicide risk (e.g., Classen & Dunn, 2012; Oyesanya, Lopez-Morinigo, & Dutta, 2015; Reger et al., 2020) . Despite these limitations, the results of this study highlight the potential impact of COVID-19 social and economic consequences on suicide risk among adults in the United States, as well as the relevance of thwarted belongingness and perceived burdensomeness to these associations. abstract: OBJECTIVE: The social and economic consequences of COVID‐19 and related public health interventions aimed at slowing the spread of the virus have been proposed to increase suicide risk. However, no research has examined these relations. This study examined the relations of two COVID‐19 consequences (i.e., stay‐at‐home orders and job loss) to suicide risk through thwarted belongingness, perceived burdensomeness, and loneliness. METHOD: Online data from a nationwide community sample of 500 adults (mean age = 40) from 45 states were collected between March 27 and April 5, 2020. Participants completed measures assessing thwarted belongingness, perceived burdensomeness, loneliness, and suicide risk, as well as whether they (a) were currently under a stay‐at‐home order and (b) had experienced a recent job loss due to the pandemic. RESULTS: Results revealed a significant indirect relation of stay‐at‐home order status to suicide risk through thwarted belongingness. Further, whereas recent job loss was significantly correlated with suicide risk, neither the direct relation of job loss to suicide risk (when accounting for their shared relations to perceived burdensomeness) nor the indirect relation through perceived burdensomeness was significant. CONCLUSIONS: Results highlight the potential benefits of interventions targeting thwarted belongingness and perceived burdensomeness to offset suicide risk during this pandemic. url: https://doi.org/10.1111/sltb.12654 doi: 10.1111/sltb.12654 id: cord-318683-1yxurnev author: Green, Manfred S title: Confronting the threat of bioterrorism: realities, challenges, and defensive strategies date: 2018-10-16 words: 8025.0 sentences: 464.0 pages: flesch: 39.0 cache: ./cache/cord-318683-1yxurnev.txt txt: ./txt/cord-318683-1yxurnev.txt summary: • Personal protective equipment should be improved to become more user friendly • Improved surge capacity (the ability to rapidly gear up the health system to cope with a sudden, large increase in patients with a serious, contagious disease) is required, particularly in peripheral areas • The capacity of general and reference laboratories should be increased, to keep developing faster, more reliable diagnostic tests • New and improved vaccines (pre-exposure and post-exposure) and treatment regimens should be developed • Clinical and environmental surveillance needs to increase • Syndromic surveillance systems can be maintained to register suspicious or confirmed cases reported by physicians, and the data can be used to improve risk communication programmes and to monitor the progress of an outbreak • An adequate stockpile of vaccines and medications should be maintained, both nationally and internationally • To improve preparedness for natural and bioterrorist outbreaks, international cooperation should include joint exercises involving multiple countries and constant improvement in the exchange of information on potential bioterrorism threats and management abstract: Global terrorism is a rapidly growing threat to world security, and increases the risk of bioterrorism. In this Review, we discuss the potential threat of bioterrorism, agents that could be exploited, and recent developments in technologies and policy for detecting and controlling epidemics that have been initiated intentionally. The local and international response to infectious disease epidemics, such as the severe acute respiratory syndrome and west African Ebola virus epidemic, revealed serious shortcomings which bioterrorists might exploit when intentionally initiating an epidemic. Development of new vaccines and antimicrobial therapies remains a priority, including the need to expedite clinical trials using new methodologies. Better means to protect health-care workers operating in dangerous environments are also needed, particularly in areas with poor infrastructure. New and improved approaches should be developed for surveillance, early detection, response, effective isolation of patients, control of the movement of potentially infected people, and risk communication. Access to dangerous pathogens should be appropriately regulated, without reducing progress in the development of countermeasures. We conclude that preparedness for intentional outbreaks has the important added value of strengthening preparedness for natural epidemics, and vice versa. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30340981/ doi: 10.1016/s1473-3099(18)30298-6 id: cord-311694-2b2swi0l author: Grima, Simon title: A Country Pandemic Risk Exposure Measurement Model date: 2020-10-09 words: 5792.0 sentences: 289.0 pages: flesch: 47.0 cache: ./cache/cord-311694-2b2swi0l.txt txt: ./txt/cord-311694-2b2swi0l.txt summary: PURPOSE: The purpose of this study is to develop a Pandemic Risk Exposure Measurement (PREM) model to determine the factors that affect a country''s prospective vulnerability to a pandemic risk exposure also considering the current COVID-19 pandemic. CONCLUSION: The developed PREM model shows that monitoring of Demographic Features, Country''s Activity Features, Economic Exposure and Societal Vulnerability can help a country to identify the possible impact of pandemic risk exposure and develop policies, strategies, regulations, etc., to help a country strengthen its capacity to meet the economic, social and in turn healthcare demands due to pandemic hazards such as COVID-19. 66 The recent study of measuring the economic risk of COVID-19 has computed measures for exposure (population, night-time light and transport density), vulnerability (data on economic outcomes, human development, tourism, and health quality) and resilience (Internet access, public and private debt, government expenditure, sociocultural disparity) of the local economy to the shock of the epidemic. abstract: PURPOSE: The purpose of this study is to develop a Pandemic Risk Exposure Measurement (PREM) model to determine the factors that affect a country’s prospective vulnerability to a pandemic risk exposure also considering the current COVID-19 pandemic. METHODS: To develop the model, drew up an inventory of possible factor variables that might expose a country’s vulnerability to a pandemic such as COVID-19. This model was based on the analysis of existing literature and consultations with some experts and associations. To support the inventory of selected possible factor variables, we have conducted a survey with participants sampled from people working in a risk management environment carrying out a risk management function. The data were subjected to statistical analysis, specifically exploratory factor analysis and Cronbach Alpha to determine and group these factor variables and determine their reliability, respectively. This enabled the development of the PREM model. To eliminate possible bias, hierarchical regression analysis was carried out to examine the effect of the “Level of Experienced Hazard of the Participant (LEH)” considering also the “Level of Expertise and Knowledge about Risk and Risk Management (LEK)”. RESULTS: Exploratory factor analysis loaded best on four factors from 19 variables: Demographic Features, Country’s Activity Features, Economic Exposure and Societal Vulnerability (i.e. the PREM Model). This model explains 65.5% of the variance in the level of experienced hazard (LEH). Additionally, we determined that LEK explains only about 2% of the variance in LEH. CONCLUSION: The developed PREM model shows that monitoring of Demographic Features, Country’s Activity Features, Economic Exposure and Societal Vulnerability can help a country to identify the possible impact of pandemic risk exposure and develop policies, strategies, regulations, etc., to help a country strengthen its capacity to meet the economic, social and in turn healthcare demands due to pandemic hazards such as COVID-19. url: https://doi.org/10.2147/rmhp.s270553 doi: 10.2147/rmhp.s270553 id: cord-164666-ktrw377u author: Gupta, Abhishek title: Report prepared by the Montreal AI Ethics Institute (MAIEI) on Publication Norms for Responsible AI date: 2020-09-15 words: 6985.0 sentences: 266.0 pages: flesch: 42.0 cache: ./cache/cord-164666-ktrw377u.txt txt: ./txt/cord-164666-ktrw377u.txt summary: Similar measures at all conferences and publications would encourage researchers to critically assess their research in terms of its effects, positive and negative, on the world • Require the publication of expected results: Requiring that researchers write and publish the expected results of their research project (including but not limited to its broader social and ethical impacts) could help foster reflection around potential benefits and harms even before researchers undertake their project. The most important of which is, "Why is this research project being pursued in the first place?" This lack of critical reflection and external pressure has given rise to predatory journals with lax quality standards regarding what gets accepted for publication-this is especially an issue for researchers who are new to an academic field and are uncertain about publishing norms. abstract: The history of science and technology shows that seemingly innocuous developments in scientific theories and research have enabled real-world applications with significant negative consequences for humanity. In order to ensure that the science and technology of AI is developed in a humane manner, we must develop research publication norms that are informed by our growing understanding of AI's potential threats and use cases. Unfortunately, it's difficult to create a set of publication norms for responsible AI because the field of AI is currently fragmented in terms of how this technology is researched, developed, funded, etc. To examine this challenge and find solutions, the Montreal AI Ethics Institute (MAIEI) co-hosted two public consultations with the Partnership on AI in May 2020. These meetups examined potential publication norms for responsible AI, with the goal of creating a clear set of recommendations and ways forward for publishers. In its submission, MAIEI provides six initial recommendations, these include: 1) create tools to navigate publication decisions, 2) offer a page number extension, 3) develop a network of peers, 4) require broad impact statements, 5) require the publication of expected results, and 6) revamp the peer-review process. After considering potential concerns regarding these recommendations, including constraining innovation and creating a"black market"for AI research, MAIEI outlines three ways forward for publishers, these include: 1) state clearly and consistently the need for established norms, 2) coordinate and build trust as a community, and 3) change the approach. url: https://arxiv.org/pdf/2009.07262v2.pdf doi: nan id: cord-028564-sltofaox author: Gutiérrez-Spillari, Lucia title: Obesity, Cardiovascular Disease, and Influenza: How Are They Connected? date: 2020-07-06 words: 3322.0 sentences: 169.0 pages: flesch: 31.0 cache: ./cache/cord-028564-sltofaox.txt txt: ./txt/cord-028564-sltofaox.txt summary: RECENT FINDINGS: This infection could have detrimental outcomes in obese patients with cardiovascular diseases, such as an increased risk, length of hospitalization, disease severity, morbidity, and mortality. Its low-grade chronic inflammatoryinduced state negatively impacts immune function and host defense [2] , as shown during the 2009 influenza A virus H1N1 pandemic, where obesity resulted to be an independent risk factor for severe disease, hospitalization, mechanical ventilation, and mortality upon infection [1] . It is well studied that obese patients can develop cardiovascular diseases; however, it is less known that the lowinflammatory chronic state might affect host defense and immune cell dysfunction and infections, such as influenza A, could have detrimental outcomes in such patients, such as an increased risk, length of hospitalization, disease severity, morbidity, and mortality. Cardiovascular complications associated with influenza infection include myocarditis, pericardial effusion, myopericarditis, right and left ventricle dysfunction, myocardial infarction, heart failure, stroke, and circulatory failure due to septic shock. abstract: PURPOSE OF REVIEW: To better understand the impact of obesity and cardiovascular diseases on influenza A infection. RECENT FINDINGS: This infection could have detrimental outcomes in obese patients with cardiovascular diseases, such as an increased risk, length of hospitalization, disease severity, morbidity, and mortality. Nevertheless, there also might be some cardioprotective benefits associated with influenza vaccination, such as a reduced mortality, hospitalization, and acute coronary syndromes, in patients with coronary heart disease and/or heart failure. SUMMARY: Obesity negatively impacts immune function and host defense. Recent studies report obesity to be an independent risk factor for increased morbidity and mortality following infection. Obese patients might need special considerations in the treatment; however, there is not enough evidence to fully comprehend the mechanisms behind the reduced immunocompetence when influenza A infection occurs. Future studies should focus on special consideration treatments when the patients have not been vaccinated and have cardiovascular diseases. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7335730/ doi: 10.1007/s40475-020-00207-0 id: cord-272296-1gn1zhvt author: HUYBRECHTS, Krista F. title: Hydroxychloroquine early in Pregnancy and Risk of Birth Defects date: 2020-09-19 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Background Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) is generally considered safe in pregnancy for the treatment of rheumatic conditions, but studies have been too small to evaluate teratogenicity. Quantifying the risk of congenital malformations associated with early pregnancy exposure to HCQ is important both in the context of its ongoing use for rheumatological disorders as well as its potential future use for COVID-19 prophylaxis, for which a number of clinical trials are ongoing despite initial trials for COVID-19 treatment having been negative. Objective The study objective was to evaluate the risk of major congenital malformations associated with exposure to HCQ during the first trimester, the period of organogenesis. Study Design We performed a population-based cohort study nested in the Medicaid Analytic eXtract (MAX, 2000-2014) and IBM MarketScan Research Database (MarketScan, 2003-2015). The source cohort included 2,045 HCQ exposed and 3,198,589 unexposed pregnancies continuously enrolled in their respective insurance program from 3 months before the last menstrual period through at least one month after delivery; infants were enrolled for at least 3 months after birth. We compared the risk of congenital malformations in women with HCQ use during the first trimester versus no use, restricting the cohort to women with rheumatic disorders and using propensity score matching to control for indication, demographics, medical comorbidities, and concomitant medications (N= 1,867 HCQ exposed; 19,080 unexposed pregnancies). The outcomes considered included major congenital malformations diagnosed during the first 90 days after delivery, and specific malformation types for which there were at least 5 exposed events: oral clefts, cardiac, respiratory, gastrointestinal, genital, urinary, musculoskeletal, and limb defects. Results Overall, 54.8 per 1,000 infants exposed to HCQ were born with a major congenital malformation versus 35.3 per 1,000 unexposed infants, corresponding to an unadjusted relative risk of 1.51 (95% CI, 1.27–1.81). Patient characteristics were balanced in the restricted, propensity score matched cohort. The adjusted relative risk was 1.26 (1.04–1.54); it was 1.33 (1.08-1.65) for a daily dose ≥400mg and 0.95 (0.60-1.50) for <400mg. Among the different malformation groups considered, more substantial increases in the risk for oral clefts, respiratory anomalies and urinary defects were observed, although estimates were imprecise. No pattern of malformations was identified. Conclusions Our findings suggest a small increase in the risk of malformations associated with first trimester HCQ use. For most patients with autoimmune rheumatic disorders, the benefits of treatment during pregnancy will likely outweigh this risk. If HCQ were shown to be effective for COVID-19 prophylaxis in ongoing trials, the risk of malformations would need to be balanced against such benefits. url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S0002937820310644 doi: 10.1016/j.ajog.2020.09.007 id: cord-315412-fm928vq1 author: Haas, Charles title: Coronavirus and Risk Analysis date: 2020-04-08 words: 864.0 sentences: 52.0 pages: flesch: 51.0 cache: ./cache/cord-315412-fm928vq1.txt txt: ./txt/cord-315412-fm928vq1.txt summary: However, formal analysis and training in risk assessment, disease modeling, and risk communication can and should be used to help promote accurate assessments of risks, effects, and uncertainties. Undoubtedly, there are differences, but the data and conclusions that risk assessment has developed (including quantitative exposure assessment and dose response) are complementary to insights from epidemiology and medicine. While we all look forward to better days, we will get to them with less anguish if decisionmakers understand that public responses to policy recommendation and dictates depend on public trust in authorities. Second, trust in decisionmakers requires clear and frequent communications. These values could include trust-where warranted-in demonstrably sound science, government financial institutions, and public policy and risk management institutions to take well-considered actions to protect public health and the economy. Risk analysts and risk analysis researchers should not be shy about contributing our skills to important policy developments during this crisis. abstract: nan url: https://doi.org/10.1111/risa.13481 doi: 10.1111/risa.13481 id: cord-266180-32gw2ug3 author: Haider, Najmul title: Passengers' destinations from China: low risk of Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) transmission into Africa and South America date: 2020-02-26 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV [SARS-COV-2]) was detected in humans during the last week of December 2019 at Wuhan city in China, and caused 24 554 cases in 27 countries and territories as of 5 February 2020. The objective of this study was to estimate the risk of transmission of 2019-nCoV through human passenger air flight from four major cities of China (Wuhan, Beijing, Shanghai and Guangzhou) to the passengers' destination countries. We extracted the weekly simulated passengers' end destination data for the period of 1–31 January 2020 from FLIRT, an online air travel dataset that uses information from 800 airlines to show the direct flight and passengers' end destination. We estimated a risk index of 2019-nCoV transmission based on the number of travellers to destination countries, weighted by the number of confirmed cases of the departed city reported by the World Health Organization (WHO). We ranked each country based on the risk index in four quantiles (4(th) quantile being the highest risk and 1(st) quantile being the lowest risk). During the period, 388 287 passengers were destined for 1297 airports in 168 countries or territories across the world. The risk index of 2019-nCoV among the countries had a very high correlation with the WHO-reported confirmed cases (0.97). According to our risk score classification, of the countries that reported at least one Coronavirus-infected pneumonia (COVID-19) case as of 5 February 2020, 24 countries were in the 4(th) quantile of the risk index, two in the 3(rd) quantile, one in the 2(nd) quantile and none in the 1(st) quantile. Outside China, countries with a higher risk of 2019-nCoV transmission are Thailand, Cambodia, Malaysia, Canada and the USA, all of which reported at least one case. In pan-Europe, UK, France, Russia, Germany and Italy; in North America, USA and Canada; in Oceania, Australia had high risk, all of them reported at least one case. In Africa and South America, the risk of transmission is very low with Ethiopia, South Africa, Egypt, Mauritius and Brazil showing a similar risk of transmission compared to the risk of any of the countries where at least one case is detected. The risk of transmission on 31 January 2020 was very high in neighbouring Asian countries, followed by Europe (UK, France, Russia and Germany), Oceania (Australia) and North America (USA and Canada). Increased public health response including early case recognition, isolation of identified case, contract tracing and targeted airport screening, public awareness and vigilance of health workers will help mitigate the force of further spread to naïve countries. url: https://doi.org/10.1017/s0950268820000424 doi: 10.1017/s0950268820000424 id: cord-329770-tz8dwgzm author: Hamer, Mark title: Lifestyle Risk Factors, Inflammatory Mechanisms, and COVID-19 Hospitalization: A Community-Based Cohort Study of 387,109 Adults in UK date: 2020-05-23 words: 2408.0 sentences: 133.0 pages: flesch: 49.0 cache: ./cache/cord-329770-tz8dwgzm.txt txt: ./txt/cord-329770-tz8dwgzm.txt summary: We conducted the first large-scale general population study on lifestyle risk factors (smoking, physical inactivity, obesity, and excessive alcohol intake) for COVID-19 using prospective cohort data with national registry linkage to hospitalisation. After adjustment for age, sex and mutually for each lifestyle factor, physical inactivity (Relative risk, 1.32, 95% confidence interval, 1.10, 1.58), smoking (1.42;1.12, 1.79) and obesity (2.05 ;1.68, 2.49) but not heavy alcohol consumption (1.12; 0.93, 1.35) were all related to COVID-19. Accordingly, we examined the association of lifestyle risk factors with new cases of COVID-19-hospitalisations in a general population-based cohort study. 9 Our results suggested both overweight and obesity were risk factors for severe COVID-19 infection, consistent with emerging data in small clinical studies. Our data suggests low grade inflammation was a risk factor for severe COVID-19, and partially explained links between lifestyle behaviors and infection. Lifestyle risk factors, obesity and infectious disease mortality in the general population: Linkage study of 97,844 adults from England and Scotland abstract: We conducted the first large-scale general population study on lifestyle risk factors (smoking, physical inactivity, obesity, and excessive alcohol intake) for COVID-19 using prospective cohort data with national registry linkage to hospitalisation. Participants were 387,109 men and women (56.4 ±8.8 yr; 55.1% women) residing in England from UK Biobank study. Physical activity, smoking, and alcohol intake, were assessed by questionnaire at baseline (2006-2010). Body mass index, from measured height and weight, was used as an indicator of overall obesity. Outcome was cases of COVID-19 serious enough to warrant a hospital admission from 16-March-2020 to 26-April-2020. There were 760 COVID-19 cases. After adjustment for age, sex and mutually for each lifestyle factor, physical inactivity (Relative risk, 1.32, 95% confidence interval, 1.10, 1.58), smoking (1.42;1.12, 1.79) and obesity (2.05 ;1.68, 2.49) but not heavy alcohol consumption (1.12; 0.93, 1.35) were all related to COVID-19. We also found a dose-dependent increase in risk of COVID-19 with less favourable lifestyle scores, such that participants in the most adverse category had 4-fold higher risk (4.41; 2.52 –7.71) compared to people with the most optimal lifestyle. C-reactive protein levels were associated with elevated risk of COVID-19 in a dose-dependent manner, and partly (10 – 16%) explained associations between adverse lifestyle and COVID-19. Based on UK risk factor prevalence estimates, unhealthy behaviours in combination accounted for up to 51% of the population attributable fraction of severe COVID-19. Our findings suggest that an unhealthy lifestyle synonymous with an elevated risk of non-communicable disease is also a risk factor for COVID-19 hospital admission, which might be partly explained by low grade inflammation. Adopting simple lifestyle changes could lower the risk of severe infection. url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2020.05.059 doi: 10.1016/j.bbi.2020.05.059 id: cord-337487-1lbopaso author: Hansildaar, Romy title: Cardiovascular risk in inflammatory arthritis: rheumatoid arthritis and gout date: 2020-09-01 words: 9481.0 sentences: 480.0 pages: flesch: 34.0 cache: ./cache/cord-337487-1lbopaso.txt txt: ./txt/cord-337487-1lbopaso.txt summary: The underlying pathophysiology of increased cardiovascular risk relevant to inflammatory arthritis, as well as the observed effect of antiinflammatory and disease modifying treatments such as uratelowering therapies in gout, will be reviewed and discussed. Postulated shared mechanisms of rheumatoid arthritis and gout are systemic inflammation, reactive oxygen species (ROS)induced oxidative stress, and endothelial dysfunction, all of which lead to atherosclerosis (figure 2). 59 Another study found an increased prevalence of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction in patients with rheumatoid arthritis, which correlated primarily with disease activity and with antiinflammatory treat ments (ie, conventional synthetic DMARDs and biological DMARDs). Rheumatoid arthritis and gout-two inflammatory joint diseases with different underlying causes-are associated with about a 50-70% increased risk of cardiovascular disease compared with the general population. Diseasemodifying antirheumatic drugs are associated with a reduced risk for cardiovascular disease in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a case control study abstract: The increased risk of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in rheumatoid arthritis and gout has been increasingly acknowledged in past decades, with accumulating evidence that gout, just as with rheumatoid arthritis, is an independent cardiovascular risk factor. Although both diseases have a completely different pathogenesis, the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms in systemic inflammation overlap to some extent. Following the recognition that systemic inflammation has an important causative role in cardiovascular disease, anti-inflammatory therapy in both conditions and urate-lowering therapies in gout are expected to lower the cardiovascular burden of patients. Unfortunately, much of the existing data showing that urate-lowering therapy has consistent beneficial effects on cardiovascular outcomes in patients with gout are of low quality and contradictory. We will discuss the latest evidence in this respect. Cardiovascular disease risk management for patients with rheumatoid arthritis and gout is essential. Clinical guidelines and implementation of cardiovascular risk management in daily clinical practice, as well as unmet needs and areas for further investigation, will be discussed. url: https://doi.org/10.1016/s2665-9913(20)30221-6 doi: 10.1016/s2665-9913(20)30221-6 id: cord-030116-ucmzbezx author: Hardell, Lennart title: Health risks from radiofrequency radiation, including 5G, should be assessed by experts with no conflicts of interest date: 2020-07-15 words: 8048.0 sentences: 413.0 pages: flesch: 51.0 cache: ./cache/cord-030116-ucmzbezx.txt txt: ./txt/cord-030116-ucmzbezx.txt summary: Independent international EMF scientists in this research area have declared that: ''In 2009, the ICNIRP released a statement saying that it was reaffirming its 1998 guidelines, as in their opinion, the scientific literature published since that time has provided no evidence of any adverse effects below the basic restrictions and does not necessitate an immediate revision of its guidance on limiting exposure to high frequency electromagnetic fields. The call has been signed by 164 scientists and medical doctors, as well as 95 NGOs: ''The International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP) issued draft Guidelines on 11th July 2018 for limiting exposure to electric, magnetic and electromagnetic fields (100 kHz to 300 GHz).1 These guidelines are unscientific, obsolete and do not represent an objective evaluation of the available science on effects from this form of radiation. abstract: The fifth generation, 5G, of radiofrequency (RF) radiation is about to be implemented globally without investigating the risks to human health and the environment. This has created debate among concerned individuals in numerous countries. In an appeal to the European Union (EU) in September 2017, currently endorsed by >390 scientists and medical doctors, a moratorium on 5G deployment was requested until proper scientific evaluation of potential negative consequences has been conducted. This request has not been acknowledged by the EU. The evaluation of RF radiation health risks from 5G technology is ignored in a report by a government expert group in Switzerland and a recent publication from The International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection. Conflicts of interest and ties to the industry seem to have contributed to the biased reports. The lack of proper unbiased risk evaluation of the 5G technology places populations at risk. Furthermore, there seems to be a cartel of individuals monopolizing evaluation committees, thus reinforcing the no-risk paradigm. We believe that this activity should qualify as scientific misconduct. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7405337/ doi: 10.3892/ol.2020.11876 id: cord-252708-88s32x0v author: Hawkins, Devan title: Differential occupational risk for COVID‐19 and other infection exposure according to race and ethnicity date: 2020-06-15 words: 1555.0 sentences: 86.0 pages: flesch: 46.0 cache: ./cache/cord-252708-88s32x0v.txt txt: ./txt/cord-252708-88s32x0v.txt summary: The percentage of workers employed in essential industries and occupations with a high risk of infection and close proximity to others by race and ethnicity was calculated. The percentage of workers employed in essential industries and occupations with a high risk of infection and close proximity to others by race and ethnicity was calculated. 9 To assess how this occupation segregation may contribute to racial and ethnic disparities for COVID-19, this study sought to determine whether there were racial and ethnic disparities in workers employed in essential industries and in occupations with a higher risk of exposure to infections and close proximity to others. We combined these occupational scores with the employment data from the BLS CPS and calculated the percentage of workers with a high risk of exposure to infections and proximity to others according to race and ethnicity. abstract: BACKGROUND: There are racial and ethnic disparities in the risk of contracting COVID‐19. This study sought to assess how occupational segregation according to race and ethnicity may contribute to the risk of COVID‐19. METHODS: Data about employment in 2019 by industry and occupation and race and ethnicity were obtained from the Bureau of Labor Statistics Current Population Survey. This data was combined with information about industries according to whether they were likely or possibly essential during the COVID‐19 pandemic and the frequency of exposure to infections and close proximity to others by occupation. The percentage of workers employed in essential industries and occupations with a high risk of infection and close proximity to others by race and ethnicity was calculated. RESULTS: People of color were more likely to be employed in essential industries and in occupations with more exposure to infections and close proximity to others. Black workers in particular faced an elevated risk for all of these factors. CONCLUSION: Occupational segregation into high‐risk industries and occupations likely contributes to differential risk with respect to COVID‐19. Providing adequate projection to workers may help to reduce these disparities. url: https://doi.org/10.1002/ajim.23145 doi: 10.1002/ajim.23145 id: cord-308648-bus3axay author: He, Shan title: Analysis of Risk Perceptions and Related Factors Concerning COVID-19 Epidemic in Chongqing, China date: 2020-06-26 words: 3116.0 sentences: 176.0 pages: flesch: 49.0 cache: ./cache/cord-308648-bus3axay.txt txt: ./txt/cord-308648-bus3axay.txt summary: OBJECTIVE: To assess perceptions of risk and related factors concerning COVID-19 epidemic among residents in Chongqing city, China. Females (OR = 4.234), people with income ≥ 2000 yuan (2000–4999 yuan: OR = 5.052, 5000–9999 yuan: OR = 4.301, ≥ 10,000 yuan: OR = 23.459), the married status (OR = 1.811), the divorced status, widows or widowers (OR = 3.038), people living with families including children (OR = 5.085) or chronic patients (OR = 2.423) had a higher perceived risk level, as well as people who used free media websites (OR = 1.756), community workers (OR = 4.064) or community information platforms (OR = 2.235) as main media information sources. CONCLUSION: Residents reported a high level of risk perception towards COVID-19 in Chongqing and it was impacted by the population demographic characteristics. In our study, residents in Chongqing had a high level of risk perception towards the infectivity and pathogenicity of COVID-19, and relatively lower risk of the lethality and self-rated infection possibility. abstract: OBJECTIVE: To assess perceptions of risk and related factors concerning COVID-19 epidemic among residents in Chongqing city, China. METHODS: With convenience sampling, a web questionnaire survey was conducted among 476 residents living in Chongqing on February 13rd to 14th in 2020, when citizens just started to get back to work. RESULTS: Residents’ estimated perceived risks were (4.63 ± 0.57), (4.19 ± 0.76), (3.23 ± 0.91) and (2.29 ± 0.96) for the infectivity, pathogenicity, lethality and self-rated infection possibility of COVID-19, respectively. Females (OR = 4.234), people with income ≥ 2000 yuan (2000–4999 yuan: OR = 5.052, 5000–9999 yuan: OR = 4.301, ≥ 10,000 yuan: OR = 23.459), the married status (OR = 1.811), the divorced status, widows or widowers (OR = 3.038), people living with families including children (OR = 5.085) or chronic patients (OR = 2.423) had a higher perceived risk level, as well as people who used free media websites (OR = 1.756), community workers (OR = 4.064) or community information platforms (OR = 2.235) as main media information sources. The perceived risk increased by 4.9% for every one-year increase of age. People who used WeChat contacts (OR = 0.196) as the main media information source, reported a lower perceived risk. CONCLUSION: Residents reported a high level of risk perception towards COVID-19 in Chongqing and it was impacted by the population demographic characteristics. Media information sources, including community information platforms and community workers may cause the increase of public risk perceptions. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32592160/ doi: 10.1007/s10900-020-00870-4 id: cord-010884-g4gesvzt author: Heitzer, Andrew M. title: Cumulative Antenatal Risk and Kindergarten Readiness in Preterm-Born Preschoolers date: 2019-08-16 words: 6819.0 sentences: 359.0 pages: flesch: 43.0 cache: ./cache/cord-010884-g4gesvzt.txt txt: ./txt/cord-010884-g4gesvzt.txt summary: Yet few preschool outcome studies included within-group examination of the links between complications associated with preterm-birth and performance on neuropsychological tasks that tap domain-specific, literacy or numeracy, precursor skills. (2010) , focusing on the impact of peri-, and neonatal, but not antenatal, complications, reported no significant associations between several early risk factors (including the sum of perinatal complications) and language delay within a cohort of four-year-old preschoolers born very preterm. Within the high-risk group of preterm-born children, both the variability in the base-rates of various antenatal complications associated with prematurity and the sheer number of medical risk factors that require consideration often impede exploration of developmental outcome effects of early biological adversity. Exploration of the relative outcome contribution of four classes of antenatal risk revealed that complications associated with intra-amniotic infection, placental insufficiency and uteroplacental bleeding accounted for 4.8%, 2.3% and 3.4% of IQ variance, respectively, altogether 10.5% of variability in kindergarten cognitive readiness. abstract: A suboptimal intrauterine environment is thought to increase the probability of deviation from the typical neurodevelopmental trajectory, potentially contributing to the etiology of learning disorders. Yet the cumulative influence of individual antenatal risk factors on emergent learning skills has not been sufficiently examined. We sought to determine whether antenatal complications, in aggregate, are a source of variability in preschoolers’ kindergarten readiness, and whether specific classes of antenatal risk play a prominent role. We recruited 160 preschoolers (85 girls; ages 3–4 years), born ≤33(6)/(7) weeks’ gestation, and reviewed their hospitalization records. Kindergarten readiness skills were assessed with standardized intellectual, oral-language, prewriting, and prenumeracy tasks. Cumulative antenatal risk was operationalized as the sum of complications identified out of nine common risks. These were also grouped into four classes in follow-up analyses: complications associated with intra-amniotic infection, placental insufficiency, endocrine dysfunction, and uteroplacental bleeding. Linear mixed model analyses, adjusting for sociodemographic and medical background characteristics (socioeconomic status, sex, gestational age, and sum of perinatal complications) revealed an inverse relationship between the sum of antenatal complications and performance in three domains: intelligence, language, and prenumeracy (p = 0.003, 0.002, 0.005, respectively). Each of the four classes of antenatal risk accounted for little variance, yet together they explained 10.5%, 9.8%, and 8.4% of the variance in the cognitive, literacy, and numeracy readiness domains, respectively. We conclude that an increase in the co-occurrence of antenatal complications is moderately linked to poorer kindergarten readiness skills even after statistical adjustment for perinatal risk. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL: The online version of this article (10.1007/s10802-019-00577-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7222951/ doi: 10.1007/s10802-019-00577-8 id: cord-257622-m6j0us2e author: Herman, Joanna title: Advising the traveller date: 2017-12-07 words: 3896.0 sentences: 190.0 pages: flesch: 44.0 cache: ./cache/cord-257622-m6j0us2e.txt txt: ./txt/cord-257622-m6j0us2e.txt summary: The key elements of pre-travel advice are health risk assessment, health promotion and risk management; this involves advice on prevention of malaria, travellers'' diarrhoea, sexually transmitted infections and accidents, as well as appropriate vaccinations. It also varies according to the health status Key points C There has been an increase in travel to tropical destinations, with subsequent exposure of travellers to malaria, dengue and other tropical and vaccine-preventable infections C The most likely causes of mortality in travellers are accidental injury or a cardiovascular event, rather than an infectious disease C Malaria is one of the most common and serious causes of fever in travellers The key features of a pre-travel consultation are health risk assessment, and health promotion with risk management C Higher risk groups of travellers include those visiting friends and relatives, those with co-morbidities, pregnant women and very young or elderly travellers of the traveller: their medical conditions, current medications, allergies and immunization history. abstract: Global travel continues to increase, particularly to tropical destinations that have different health risks from those encountered closer to home. Currently, over a billion people travel annually, with over 65 million visits made from the UK. Seeking pre-travel advice should be an essential part of any trip for a traveller. The key elements of pre-travel advice are health risk assessment, health promotion and risk management; this involves advice on prevention of malaria, travellers' diarrhoea, sexually transmitted infections and accidents, as well as appropriate vaccinations. Higher risk groups of travellers, such as those visiting friends and relatives, those with co-morbidities, pregnant women and very young or elderly individuals, particularly need to be targeted. url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mpmed.2017.10.004 doi: 10.1016/j.mpmed.2017.10.004 id: cord-017527-ylng1us2 author: Herman, Philippe title: Biosafety Recommendations on the Handling of Animal Cell Cultures date: 2014-11-05 words: 10237.0 sentences: 453.0 pages: flesch: 38.0 cache: ./cache/cord-017527-ylng1us2.txt txt: ./txt/cord-017527-ylng1us2.txt summary: While biosafety recommendations (as outlined hereafter) are principally aimed at providing maximal protection of human health (including laboratory workers) and the environment, it is recognised that many of the precautionary measures will also directly benefit the quality of research activities involving animal cell cultures. The methodology of biological risk assessment of contained use activities involving pathogenic and/or genetically modified organisms (GMO) identifies and takes into account the probability of occurrence and the severity of a potential negative effect on public health (including the exposed workers) and/or the environment. The risk assessment applied to animal cell cultures relies on a thorough evaluation of both the intrinsic properties of the cell culture -including subsequent properties acquired as a result of genetic modification(s) -and the possibility that the cell culture may inadvertently be contaminated or deliberately infected with pathogenic micro-organisms. abstract: The first steps in tissue culture are dating back to the beginning of the nineteenth century when biosafety measures did not yet exist. Later on, animal cell culture became essential for scientific research, diagnosis and biotechnological activities. Along with this development, biosafety concerns have emerged pointing to the risks for human health and in a lesser extent for the environment associated to the handling of animal cell cultures. The management of these risks requires a thorough risk assessment of both the cell cultures and the type of manipulation prior the start of any activity. It involves a case-by-case evaluation of both the intrinsic properties of the cell culture genetically modified or not and the probability that it may inadvertently or intentionally become infected with pathogenic micro-organisms. The latter hazard is predominant when adventitious contaminants are pathogenic or have a better capacity to persist in unfavourable conditions. Consequently, most of the containment measures primarily aim at protecting cells from adventitious contamination. Cell cultures known to harbour an infectious etiologic agent should be manipulated in compliance with containment measures recommended for the etiologic agent itself. The manipulation of cell cultures from human or primate origin necessitates the use of a type II biosafety cabinet. The scope of this chapter is to highlight aspects relevant for the risk assessment and to summarize the main biosafety recommendations and the recent technological advances allowing a mitigation of the risk for the handling of animal cell cultures. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7122109/ doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-10320-4_22 id: cord-322612-vlxewj5k author: Hooker, Claire title: Risk Communication Should be Explicit About Values. A Perspective on Early Communication During COVID-19 date: 2020-11-09 words: 4115.0 sentences: 235.0 pages: flesch: 49.0 cache: ./cache/cord-322612-vlxewj5k.txt txt: ./txt/cord-322612-vlxewj5k.txt summary: The Australian Health Sector Emergency Response Plan for Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) was released on February 27 (Grattan 2020) but was accompanied by little transparent communication about what was being done or which elements of the plan were receiving attention. We recommend a commitment in pandemic planning documents to sharing sources, models, and evidence at the time of deliberation, and with it, the questions advisors are asking (such as, will the same number of deaths occur regardless of strategy over the long term?) Earlier public discussion of these questions might at least have somewhat disrupted simplistic framing and use of "herd immunity," by enabling early and public scientific challenge from epidemiologists, as occurred from mid-March (Armitage and Hawke 2020; Barr 2020; MacIntyre 2020). Values-based risk communication will enable a more effective pandemic response. abstract: This article explores the consequences of failure to communicate early, as recommended in risk communication scholarship, during the first stage of the COVID-19 pandemic in Australia and the United Kingdom. We begin by observing that the principles of risk communication are regarded as basic best practices rather than as moral rules. We argue firstly, that they nonetheless encapsulate value commitments, and secondly, that these values should more explicitly underpin communication practices in a pandemic. Our focus is to explore the values associated with the principle of communicating early and often and how use of this principle can signal respect for people’s self-determination whilst also conveying other values relevant to the circumstances. We suggest that doing this requires communication that explicitly acknowledges and addresses with empathy those who will be most directly impacted by any disease-control measures. We suggest further that communication in a pandemic should be more explicit about how values are expressed in response strategies and that doing so may improve the appraisal of new information as it becomes available. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33169264/ doi: 10.1007/s11673-020-10057-0 id: cord-282457-80htwxm0 author: Iserson, Kenneth V. title: Healthcare Ethics During a Pandemic date: 2020-04-13 words: 3568.0 sentences: 222.0 pages: flesch: 48.0 cache: ./cache/cord-282457-80htwxm0.txt txt: ./txt/cord-282457-80htwxm0.txt summary: In most disasters, and certainly during the current COVID-19 pandemic, frontline healthcare professionals face two key ethical issues: (1) whether to respond despite the risks involved; and (2) how to distribute scarce, lifesaving medical resources. To address one concern, on March 20, 2020, the American Academy of Emergency Medicine issued a position statement saying, in part, that they believe "a physician, nurse, PA, first responder or other healthcare professional has the right to be removed from the schedule of work requiring direct contact with patients potentially infected with COVID-19 for issues of personal health, such as being on immunosuppressive therapy or other similar concerns, without the risk of termination of employment." 15 Rarely discussed, but a key part of maintaining our workforce, is to support the psychosocial needs of the healthcare team. abstract: As clinicians and support personnel struggle with their responsibilities to treat during the current COVID-19 pandemic, several ethical issues have emerged. Will healthcare workers and support staff fulfill their duty to treat in the face of high risks? Will institutional and government leaders at all levels do the right things to help alleviate healthcare workers risks and fears? Will physicians be willing to make hard, resource-allocation decisions if they cannot first husband or improvise alternatives? With our healthcare facilities and governments unprepared for this inevitable disaster, front-line doctors, advanced providers, nurses, EMS, and support personnel struggle with acute shortages of equipment—both to treat patients and protect themselves. With their personal and possibly their family’s lives and health at risk, they must weigh the option of continuing to work or retreat to safety. This decision, made daily, is based on professional and personal values, how they perceive existing risks—including available protective measures, and their perception of the level and transparency of information they receive. Often, while clinicians get this information, support personnel do not, leading to absenteeism and deteriorating healthcare services. Leadership can use good risk communication (complete, widely transmitted, and transparent) to align healthcare workers’ risk perceptions with reality. They also can address the common problems healthcare workers must overcome to continue working (ie, risk mitigation techniques). Physicians, if they cannot sufficiently husband or improvise lifesaving resources, will have to face difficult triage decisions. Ideally, they will use a predetermined plan, probably based on the principles of Utilitarianism (maximizing the greatest good) and derived from professional and community input. Unfortunately, none of these plans is optimal. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32302284/ doi: 10.5811/westjem.2020.4.47549 id: cord-018125-khhzlt9y author: Jain, Aditya title: Work, Health, Safety and Well-Being: Current State of the Art date: 2018-04-12 words: 12405.0 sentences: 565.0 pages: flesch: 43.0 cache: ./cache/cord-018125-khhzlt9y.txt txt: ./txt/cord-018125-khhzlt9y.txt summary: It revised the definition at its 12th session in 1995 to read as follows: occupational safety and health should aim at: the promotion and maintenance of the highest degree of physical, mental and social well-being of workers in all occupations; the prevention amongst workers of departures from health caused by their working conditions; the protection of workers in their employment from risks resulting from factors adverse to health; the placing and maintenance of the worker in an occupational environment adapted to his physiological and psychological capabilities; and, to summarize, the adaptation of work to man and of each man to his job. Liberalization of world trade, rapid technological progress, significant developments in transport and communication, shifting patterns of employment, changes in work organization practices, the different employment patterns of men and women, and the size, structure and life cycles of enterprises and of new technologies can all generate new types and patterns of hazards, exposures and risks. abstract: This introductory chapter will present a review of the current state of the art in relation to employee health, safety and well-being (HSW). The work environment and the nature of work itself are both important influences on HSW. A substantial part of the general morbidity of the population is related to work. It is estimated that workers suffer 270 million occupational accidents and 160 million occupational diseases each year. The chapter will first define HSW. It will then review the current state of the art by outlining key HSW issues in the contemporary world of work, identifying key needs. It will then discuss the evolution of key theoretical perspectives in this area by linking theory to practice and highlighting the need for aligning perspectives and integrating approaches to managing HSW in the workplace. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7122923/ doi: 10.1007/978-94-024-1261-1_1 id: cord-319910-s2e56ety author: Jani, B. D. title: Comparison of COVID-19 outcomes among shielded and non-shielded populations: A general population cohort study of 1.3 million date: 2020-09-21 words: 4341.0 sentences: 272.0 pages: flesch: 59.0 cache: ./cache/cord-319910-s2e56ety.txt txt: ./txt/cord-319910-s2e56ety.txt summary: Poisson regression models and population attributable fractions were used to compare COVID-19 outcomes by overall risk category, and individual risk criteria: confirmed infection, hospitalisation, intensive care unit (ICU) admission, population mortality and case-fatality. The moderate risk had intermediate risk of confirmed infection (RR 4.11, 95% CI 3.82-4.42) and population mortality (RR 26.10, 95% CI 20.89-32.60), but had comparable case-fatality (RR 5.13, 95% CI 4.24-6.21) to the shielded, and accounted for a higher proportion of deaths (PAF 75.27% vs 13.38%). After adjustment 1 for sex and deprivation quintile, the risk of laboratory-confirmed infection remained higher in 2 the moderate-risk category and highest in the shielded group (Table 3). Among the moderate-risk category criteria, age ≥70 years and 21 weakened immune system had risks of population mortality (Table 3) and case-fatality (Table 22 5) that were at least as high as the overall shielded group. abstract: Background Shielding (extended self-isolation) of people judged, a priori, to be at high-risk from COVID-19 has been used by some countries to protect the individuals and reduce demand on health services. It is unclear how well this strategy works in either regard. Methods A general population study was conducted using linked primary care, prescribing, laboratory, hospital and death records up to end of May 2020. Poisson regression models and population attributable fractions were used to compare COVID-19 outcomes by overall risk category, and individual risk criteria: confirmed infection, hospitalisation, intensive care unit (ICU) admission, population mortality and case-fatality. Results Of the 1.3 million population, 32,533 (2.47%) had been advised to shield, a further 347,374 (26.41%) were classified as moderate risk. Testing for COVID-19 was more common in the shielded (6.75%) and moderate (1.99%) than low (0.72%) risk categories. Referent to low-risk, the shielded group had higher risk of confirmed infection (RR 7.91, 95% 7.01-8.92), case-fatality (RR 5.19, 95% CI 4.12-6.53) and population mortality (RR 48.64, 95% 37.23-63.56). The moderate risk had intermediate risk of confirmed infection (RR 4.11, 95% CI 3.82-4.42) and population mortality (RR 26.10, 95% CI 20.89-32.60), but had comparable case-fatality (RR 5.13, 95% CI 4.24-6.21) to the shielded, and accounted for a higher proportion of deaths (PAF 75.27% vs 13.38%). Age [≥]70 years made the largest contribution to deaths (49.53%) and was associated with an 8-fold risk of infection, 7-fold case-fatality and 74-fold mortality. Conclusions Shielding has not been effective at preventing deaths in those with highest risk. To be effective as a population strategy, shielding criteria would need to be widely expanded to include other criteria, such as the elderly. url: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.09.17.20196436 doi: 10.1101/2020.09.17.20196436 id: cord-035287-l6trtvil author: Kanno, Takeshi title: Who Needs Gastroprotection in 2020? date: 2020-11-11 words: 7651.0 sentences: 325.0 pages: flesch: 43.0 cache: ./cache/cord-035287-l6trtvil.txt txt: ./txt/cord-035287-l6trtvil.txt summary: pylori eradication, PPI therapy, COX-2 inhibition, and prostaglandin analogues in preventing peptic ulcer bleeding and focus on which high-risk groups these approaches could be recommended. This excess could be related to bias and confounding factors inherent with database studies, but a systematic review [26] of RCTs supported this finding, and patients on dual antiplatelet therapy had almost twice the rate of gastrointestinal bleeding compared to those taking ASA alone. pylori as the same systematic review [56] found an approximately four-fold increased risk of developing peptic ulcer bleeding in those taking NSAIDS and a 6-fold increase in patients where both factors were present. Clinical data support this hypothesis with a systematic review [85] of 18 RCTs involving over 10,000 participants demonstrating that PPIs reduced PUD bleeds by approximately 80% compared to controls although the effect was less marked in patients who were already taking NSAID therapy long term. abstract: PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Peptic ulcer disease (PUD) is a recognized complication of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Stress ulcers are a concern for intensive care unit (ICU) patients; PUD is also an issue for patients taking anticoagulation. Helicobacter pylori test and treat is an option for patients starting NSAID therapy, and proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) may reduce PUD in NSAID patients and other high-risk groups. RECENT FINDINGS: There are a large number of trials that demonstrate that Helicobacter pylori eradication reduces PUD in NSAID patients. PPI is also effective at reducing PUD in this group and is also effective in ICU patients and those on anticoagulants. The effect is too modest for PPI to be recommended in everyone, and more research is needed as to which groups would benefit the most. Increasing age, past history of PUD, and comorbidity are the most important risk factors. SUMMARY: H. pylori test and treat should be offered to older patients starting NSAIDS, while PPIs should be prescribed to patients that are at high risk of developing PUD and at risk of dying from PUD complications. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7656506/ doi: 10.1007/s11938-020-00316-9 id: cord-292559-b21j9sf3 author: Karcher, Nicole R. title: The ABCD study: understanding the development of risk for mental and physical health outcomes date: 2020-06-15 words: 10081.0 sentences: 447.0 pages: flesch: 36.0 cache: ./cache/cord-292559-b21j9sf3.txt txt: ./txt/cord-292559-b21j9sf3.txt summary: The initial goal of the ABCD Study was to examine risk and resiliency factors associated with the development of substance use, but the project has expanded far beyond this initial set of questions and will also greatly inform our understanding of the contributions of biospecimens (e.g., pubertal hormones), neural alterations, and environmental factors to the development of both healthy behavior and brain function as well as risk for poor mental and physical outcomes. First, the ABCD Study utilized a school-based national recruitment strategy with limited exclusion criteria, helping to overcome challenges to previous general population studies that generally did not include neuroimaging [10] as well as attempts to understand the risk factors associated with negative outcomes that relied on convenience samples [11] . These studies provide important evidence that the ABCD Study sample can be leveraged to conduct rigorous research practices, including examining the psychometric evidence for using existing (or newly created) measures in a middle childhood sample, supporting the use of these measures to better understand the development of risk. abstract: Following in the footsteps of other large “population neuroscience” studies, the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development℠ (ABCD) study is the largest in the U.S. assessing brain development. The study is examining approximately 11,875 youth from 21 sites from age 9 to 10 for approximately ten years into young adulthood. The ABCD Study® has completed recruitment for the baseline sample generally using a multi-stage probability sample including a stratified random sample of schools. The dataset has a wealth of measured attributes of youths and their environment, including neuroimaging, cognitive, biospecimen, behavioral, youth self-report and parent self-report metrics, and environmental measures. The initial goal of the ABCD Study was to examine risk and resiliency factors associated with the development of substance use, but the project has expanded far beyond this initial set of questions and will also greatly inform our understanding of the contributions of biospecimens (e.g., pubertal hormones), neural alterations, and environmental factors to the development of both healthy behavior and brain function as well as risk for poor mental and physical outcomes. This review outlines how the ABCD Study was designed to elucidate factors associated with the development of negative mental and physical health outcomes and will provide a selective overview of results emerging from the ABCD Study. Such emerging data includes initial validation of new instruments, important new information about the prevalence and correlates of mental health challenges in middle childhood, and promising data regarding neural correlates of both healthy and disordered behavior. In addition, we will discuss the challenges and opportunities to understanding both healthy development and the emergence of risk from ABCD Study data. Finally, we will overview the future directions of this large undertaking and the ways in which it will shape our understanding of the development of risk for poor mental and physical health outcomes. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32541809/ doi: 10.1038/s41386-020-0736-6 id: cord-031696-gcduh13u author: Katsikopoulos, Panagiotis V. title: Individual and community resilience in natural disaster risks and pandemics (covid-19): risk and crisis communication date: 2020-09-10 words: 2366.0 sentences: 114.0 pages: flesch: 40.0 cache: ./cache/cord-031696-gcduh13u.txt txt: ./txt/cord-031696-gcduh13u.txt summary: Civil Protection and disaster risk specific agencies legally responsible to enhance individual and community resilience, still utilize in their risk and crisis communication efforts, the "deficit model" even though its basic assumption and approach have been criticized. Despite the importance of preparation, the current covid-19 crisis indicates that high levels of adaptive resilience can be displayed even in the absence of any risk communication effort beforehand by utilizing a pre-existing collective understanding of the system situation. The risk and crisis communication mandate rests predominantly on Civil Protection Authorities and disaster risk specific agencies (e.g. responsible for earthquakes, floods, public health, etc.) at central, regional, and local level. In conjunction with individual disaster preparedness surveys that could help identify barriers and possible triggers for its enhancement, they can provide paths to research that could offer some interesting and useful insights for effective risk and crisis communication. abstract: Civil Protection and disaster risk specific agencies legally responsible to enhance individual and community resilience, still utilize in their risk and crisis communication efforts, the “deficit model” even though its basic assumption and approach have been criticized. Recent studies indicate that information seeking behavior is not necessarily a measure of enhanced individual preparedness. A qualitative change from “blindly” following directions to practicing emergency planning and becoming your own disaster risk manager is required. For pandemics, the challenge is even more complicated due to their unique characteristics. Community based exercises (CBEx), a framework concept encompassing a variety of interactive activities, have recently started being utilized to develop resilience amongst citizens. Existing models of resilience can pinpoint to the required knowledge, skills and attitude. Research in the factors influencing behavioral change could offer new understanding of the interplay between cognitive and demographic drivers/factors of resilience. Such knowledge could be utilized for setting targeted objectives, developing appropriate activities and the corresponding training for the CBEx facilitators. Despite the importance of preparation, the current covid-19 crisis indicates that high levels of adaptive resilience can be displayed even in the absence of any risk communication effort beforehand by utilizing a pre-existing collective understanding of the system situation. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7481542/ doi: 10.1007/s11299-020-00254-0 id: cord-328522-ef4xg3q0 author: Kelen, Gabor D title: Inpatient disposition classification for the creation of hospital surge capacity: a multiphase study date: 2006-11-30 words: 5263.0 sentences: 275.0 pages: flesch: 47.0 cache: ./cache/cord-328522-ef4xg3q0.txt txt: ./txt/cord-328522-ef4xg3q0.txt summary: The aim of this phase was to develop a disposition classifi cation system (reverse triage) based on risk tolerance of a consequential medical event as a result of discharge; assuming that critical interventions were withdrawn or withheld. We focus on the main components of the fi rst phase: (1) conceptualisation of the disposition classifi cation system; (2) development of operational defi nitions of consequential medical events and critical interventions; and (3) derivation of risk estimates related to early discharge from a multidisciplinary panel of experts. After the defi nitions had been decided on, the panellists voted to defi ne the upper limit of acceptable risk for the occurrence of a consequential medical event (ie, need for critical intervention), for each of the categories of the disposition classifi cation system. abstract: BACKGROUND: The ability to provide medical care during sudden increases in patient volume during a disaster or other high-consequence event is a serious concern for health-care systems. Identification of inpatients for safe early discharge (ie, reverse triage) could create additional hospital surge capacity. We sought to develop a disposition classification system that categorises inpatients according to suitability for immediate discharge on the basis of risk tolerance for a subsequent consequential medical event. METHODS: We did a warfare analysis laboratory exercise using evidence-based techniques, combined with a consensus process of 39 expert panellists. These panellists were asked to define the categories of a disposition classification system, assign risk tolerance of a consequential medical event to each category, identify critical interventions, and rank each (using a scale of 1–10) according to the likelihood of a resultant consequential medical event if a critical intervention is withdrawn or withheld because of discharge. FINDINGS: The panellists unanimously agreed on a five-category disposition classification system. The upper limit of risk tolerance for a consequential medical event in the lowest risk group if discharged early was less than 4%. The next categories had upper limits of risk tolerance of about 12% (IQR 8–15%), 33% (25–50%), 60% (45–80%) and 100% (95–100%), respectively. The expert panellists identified 28 critical interventions with a likelihood of association with a consequential medical event if withdrawn, ranging from 3 to 10 on the 10-point scale. INTERPRETATION: The disposition classification system allows conceptual classification of patients for suitable disposition, including those deemed safe for early discharge home during surges in demand. Clinical criteria allowing real-time categorisation of patients are awaited. url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S0140673606698085 doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(06)69808-5 id: cord-306008-kh4y44uy author: Khalatbari-Soltani, Saman title: Importance of collecting data on socioeconomic determinants from the early stage of the COVID-19 outbreak onwards date: 2020-05-07 words: 3195.0 sentences: 156.0 pages: flesch: 46.0 cache: ./cache/cord-306008-kh4y44uy.txt txt: ./txt/cord-306008-kh4y44uy.txt summary: Importance of collecting data on socioeconomic determinants from the early stage of the COVID-19 outbreak onwards Saman Khalatbari-Soltani, 1,2 Robert G Cumming, 1,2 Cyrille Delpierre, 3, 4 Michelle Kelly-Irving 3,4,5 ABSTRACT Disadvantaged socioeconomic position (SEP) is widely associated with disease and mortality, and there is no reason to think this will not be the case for the newly emerged coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) that has reached a pandemic level. As COVID-19 spreads worldwide, it is crucial to collect and report data on socioeconomic determinants as well as race/ethnicity to identify high-risk populations. As COVID-19 spreads worldwide, it is crucial to collect and report data on socioeconomic determinants as well as race/ethnicity to identify high-risk populations. We identified published studies through a rapid review of PubMed from inception to 03 April 2020, with the following search terms: (''COVID-19'', ''SARS-CoV-2'') and (''characteristic'', ''risk factors'', ''socio'', ''socioeconomic'', ''occupation'', ''education'', ''income'', ''wealth''). abstract: Disadvantaged socioeconomic position (SEP) is widely associated with disease and mortality, and there is no reason to think this will not be the case for the newly emerged coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) that has reached a pandemic level. Individuals with a more disadvantaged SEP are more likely to be affected by most of the known risk factors of COVID-19. SEP has been previously established as a potential determinant of infectious diseases in general. We hypothesise that SEP plays an important role in the COVID-19 pandemic either directly or indirectly via occupation, living conditions, health-related behaviours, presence of comorbidities and immune functioning. However, the influence of socioeconomic factors on COVID-19 transmission, severity and outcomes is not yet known and is subject to scrutiny and investigation. Here we briefly review the extent to which SEP has been considered as one of the potential risk factors of COVID-19. From 29 eligible studies that reported the characteristics of patients with COVID-19 and their potential risk factors, only one study reported the occupational position of patients with mild or severe disease. This brief overview of the literature highlights that important socioeconomic characteristics are being overlooked when data are collected. As COVID-19 spreads worldwide, it is crucial to collect and report data on socioeconomic determinants as well as race/ethnicity to identify high-risk populations. A systematic recording of socioeconomic characteristics of patients with COVID-19 will be beneficial to identify most vulnerable groups, to identify how SEP relates to COVID-19 and to develop equitable public health prevention measures, guidelines and interventions. url: https://doi.org/10.1136/jech-2020-214297 doi: 10.1136/jech-2020-214297 id: cord-356348-e7hefkd3 author: Kim, Inho title: KCDC Risk Assessments on the Initial Phase of the COVID-19 Outbreak in Korea date: 2020-04-17 words: 2045.0 sentences: 112.0 pages: flesch: 55.0 cache: ./cache/cord-356348-e7hefkd3.txt txt: ./txt/cord-356348-e7hefkd3.txt summary: OBJECTIVES: This study aims to evaluate the risk assessments of coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) in the Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (KCDC), from the point of detection to the provision of basic information to the relevant public health authorities. METHODS: To estimate the overall risk of specific public health events, probability, and impact at the country-level were evaluated using available information. To estimate the overall risk of specific public health events, probability, and impact at the country-level were evaluated using the available information. The emergence of COVID-19, which started as clusters of pneumonia with unknown etiology in China at the end of 2019, was unique and thus, a good example for KCDC to conduct a series of risk assessments to evaluate the potential risk of importation, transmission, and the impact at the country-level. The risk of importation and transmission were evaluated separately as COVID-19 was a newly identified pathogen where information about the coronavirus was limited. abstract: OBJECTIVES: This study aims to evaluate the risk assessments of coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) in the Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (KCDC), from the point of detection to the provision of basic information to the relevant public health authorities. METHODS: To estimate the overall risk of specific public health events, probability, and impact at the country-level were evaluated using available information. To determine the probability of particular public health events, the risk of importation and risk of transmission were taken into consideration. KCDC used 5 levels (“very low,” “low,” “moderate,” “high,” and “very high”) for each category and overall risk was eventually decided. RESULTS: A total of 8 risk assessments were performed on 8 separate occasions between January 8(th) to February 28(th), 2020, depending on the detection and report of COVID-19 cases in other countries. The overall risk of the situation in each assessment increased in severity over this period: “low” (first), “moderate” (second), “high” (third), “high” (fourth), “high” (fifth), “high” (sixth), “high” (seventh), and “very high” (eighth). CONCLUSION: The KCDC’s 8 risk assessments were utilized to activate national emergency response mechanisms and eventually prepare for the pandemic to ensure the containment and mitigation of COVID-19 with non-pharmaceutical public health measures. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32257771/ doi: 10.24171/j.phrp.2020.11.2.02 id: cord-301479-dc1oyftd author: Koehlmoos, Tracey Pérez title: Global Health: Chronic Diseases and Other Emergent Issues in Global Health date: 2011-09-30 words: 7336.0 sentences: 338.0 pages: flesch: 47.0 cache: ./cache/cord-301479-dc1oyftd.txt txt: ./txt/cord-301479-dc1oyftd.txt summary: This article discusses emergent issues in global health related to noncommunicable diseases and conditions, with focus on defining the unique epidemiologic features and relevant programmatic, health systems, and policy responses concerning noncommunicable chronic diseases, mental health, accidents and injuries, urbanization, climate change, and disaster preparedness. Trying to offer an in-depth discussion on such a wide range of issues in just one article is clearly not possible, and therefore focus and emphasis is given to defining the unique epidemiologic features and relevant programmatic, health systems, and policy responses concerning noncommunicable chronic diseases (NCDs), mental health, accidents and injuries, urbanization, climate change, and disaster preparedness. 1, 11 Low-income and middle-income countries have developed their health provision and policies according to a primary care or Alma Ata model, focused on meeting the needs of pregnant women and children younger than 5 years, and developing services for a variety of high-impact communicable diseases such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/AIDS, tuberculosis, and malaria. abstract: Infectious diseases have had a decisive and rapid impact on shaping and changing health policy. Noncommunicable diseases, while not garnering as much interest or importance over the past 20 years, have been affecting public health around the world in a steady and critical way, becoming the leading cause of death in developed and developing countries. This article discusses emergent issues in global health related to noncommunicable diseases and conditions, with focus on defining the unique epidemiologic features and relevant programmatic, health systems, and policy responses concerning noncommunicable chronic diseases, mental health, accidents and injuries, urbanization, climate change, and disaster preparedness. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21896363/ doi: 10.1016/j.idc.2011.05.008 id: cord-278759-pykihnup author: Koh, Yiwen title: Nurses'' perceptions of risk from emerging respiratory infectious diseases: A Singapore study date: 2012-03-21 words: 4899.0 sentences: 277.0 pages: flesch: 53.0 cache: ./cache/cord-278759-pykihnup.txt txt: ./txt/cord-278759-pykihnup.txt summary: Another significant finding of this study is that the government''s, organizations'' and nurses'' perceptions of new emerging respiratory infectious diseases were influenced by their previous experience with SARS. 16 It can be seen from this discussion that there is a substantial amount of research examining how HCWs perceive the risks of Emerging Acute Respiratory Infectious Diseases such as H1N1 and SARS; 17, 25 however, few studies have focused specifically on nurses. 41, 42 With the resurgence of emerging acute respiratory infectious diseases such as SARS and pandemic influenza in the 21st century, research investigating nurses'' risk perceptions towards their exposure is more than ever pertinent. The data show that the nurses in this study have similar concerns to previous research on HCW''s perceptions of risk from SARS and other emerging acute respiratory infectious diseases in that these nurses were concerned about risks to their personal health (from patients, from colleagues and visitors to the organization). abstract: Koh Y, Hegney D, Drury V. International Journal of Nursing Practice 2012; 18: 195–204 Nurses' perceptions of risk from emerging respiratory infectious diseases: A Singapore study The recent emergence of virulent respiratory infectious diseases such as Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) and Influenza A/H1N1 viruses predisposes nurses to occupational risks. This qualitative study investigated how Chinese Singaporean nurses perceived the risks of exposure to these infectious diseases and the factors that influenced this risk perception. Data were collected through face‐to‐face interviews and were analyzed using Braun and Clarke's process of thematic analysis. Three themes emerged: living with risk; the experience of SARS; and acceptance of risk. The nature of nursing work was perceived to place participants at risk of infection. Another significant finding of this study is that the government's, organizations' and nurses' perceptions of new emerging respiratory infectious diseases were influenced by their previous experience with SARS. Similar to previous studies, nurses working at the ‘front line’ believed that infection from these diseases was an unavoidable occupational hazard. url: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-172x.2012.02018.x doi: 10.1111/j.1440-172x.2012.02018.x id: cord-217984-ry0z7orj author: Krabichler, Thomas title: Deep Replication of a Runoff Portfolio date: 2020-09-10 words: 7726.0 sentences: 447.0 pages: flesch: 51.0 cache: ./cache/cord-217984-ry0z7orj.txt txt: ./txt/cord-217984-ry0z7orj.txt summary: They consider a rather advanced and flexible ALM model by specifying an economic objective (e.g., the maximisation of the present value of future profits), a series of constraints (e.g., regulatory requirements and liquidity assurance) and penalty costs for constraint violations. Notice, however, that neither Markovian assumptions are needed, nor value functions or dynamic programming principles: Deep ALM will simply provide an artificial asset liability manager who precisely solves the business problem (and not more) in a convincing way, i.e. provides ALM strategies along pre-defined future scenarios and stress scenarios. An essential prerequisite for the viability of Deep ALM in a treasury department is to come up with a sufficiently rich idea of the macro-economic environment and bank-specific quantities such as market risk factors, future deposit evolutions, credit rate evolutions and migrations, stress scenarios and all the parameterisations thereof. While accounting for the regulatory liquidity constraints, a deep neural network adapts a non-trivial dynamic replication strategy for a runoff portfolio that outperforms static benchmark strategies conclusively. abstract: To the best of our knowledge, the application of deep learning in the field of quantitative risk management is still a relatively recent phenomenon. This article presents the key notions of Deep Asset Liability Management (Deep~ALM) for a technological transformation in the management of assets and liabilities along a whole term structure. The approach has a profound impact on a wide range of applications such as optimal decision making for treasurers, optimal procurement of commodities or the optimisation of hydroelectric power plants. As a by-product, intriguing aspects of goal-based investing or Asset Liability Management (ALM) in abstract terms concerning urgent challenges of our society are expected alongside. We illustrate the potential of the approach in a stylised case. url: https://arxiv.org/pdf/2009.05034v1.pdf doi: nan id: cord-016405-86kghmzf author: Lai, Allen Yu-Hung title: Impact of Disasters and Disaster Risk Management in Singapore: A Case Study of Singapore’s Experience in Fighting the SARS Epidemic date: 2014-06-13 words: 9738.0 sentences: 503.0 pages: flesch: 49.0 cache: ./cache/cord-016405-86kghmzf.txt txt: ./txt/cord-016405-86kghmzf.txt summary: We use a case study to highlight the disaster impacts and insights drawn from Singapore''s risk management experience with specific references to the SARS epidemic. The implications from the SARS focus on four areas: staying vigilant at the community level, remaining flexible in a national command structure, the demand for surge capacity, and collaborative governance at regional level. To understand the principles and practices of Singapore''s approach to disaster risk management, we carry out an historical analysis of official documents obtained from the relevant Singapore government agencies as well as international organizations, literature reviews, quantitative analysis of economic impacts, qualitative interviews with key informants (e.g. public health professionals and decision-makers), and email communications with frontline managers from the public sector (e.g. the Singapore Civil Defense Force, the Communicable Disease Centre) and non-governmental organizations. Responding to the uncertainty of disease transmission, the Singapore government instituted many draconian public policies, such as social distancing, quarantine and isolation, as risk mitigating measures. abstract: Singapore is vulnerable to both natural and man-made disasters alongside its remarkable economic growth. One of the most significant disasters in recent history was the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) epidemic in 2003. The SARS outbreak was eventually contained through a series of risk mitigating measures introduced by the Singapore government. This would not be possible without the engagement and responsiveness of the general public. This chapter begins with a description of Singapore’s historical disaster profiles, the policy and legal framework in the all-hazard management approach. We use a case study to highlight the disaster impacts and insights drawn from Singapore’s risk management experience with specific references to the SARS epidemic. The implications from the SARS focus on four areas: staying vigilant at the community level, remaining flexible in a national command structure, the demand for surge capacity, and collaborative governance at regional level. This chapter concludes with a presence of the flexible command structure on both the way and the extent it was utilized. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7120670/ doi: 10.1007/978-4-431-55022-8_15 id: cord-029253-03c9p7rk author: Lee, Chien‐Chiang title: Geopolitical risk and tourism: Evidence from dynamic heterogeneous panel models date: 2020-07-07 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: This paper provides an empirical insight into how geopolitical risks impact international tourism demand. An augmented tourism demand function was developed and empirically estimated in line with classical theory for a panel of 16 countries from 2005M1 to 2017M12 through the AMG and CCEMG estimation techniques that address underlying heterogeneity, non‐stationarity, and cross‐sectional dependence. The study further examines the potential moderating effect of covid‐19 outbreak on the relationship between geopolitical risk and tourism by investigating the interactive effect of past outbreaks and geopolitical risks on tourism demand. Additional insight on causal relations between geopolitical risks and tourism demand was obtained using panel bootstrapping technique. The results show that geopolitical risk negatively impacts tourism demand, and that pandemic outbreaks aggravate the negative impact of geopolitical risks on tourism demand. Panel causality outcomes further confirm that geopolitical risk is a significant predictor of tourism demand (captured by either tourism receipts or number of inbound tourists). Our findings confirm that the dynamic attributes of both local and international political environments significantly impact the consumption decision of tourists and the economic performance of tourist destinations. Our recommendation is that pre‐crisis, in proposing policy directions for tourism sector development, policy‐makers should establish crisis management plans to protect the tourism sector. Post‐crisis, policy‐makers should initiate aggressive recovery marketing strategies to re‐establish the image of safety and attractiveness required to reassure potential tourists of the safety of the destination, thereby ensuring return to competitiveness and economic recovery. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7362151/ doi: 10.1002/jtr.2389 id: cord-318852-gouz6tth author: Lee, J.S.E. title: Considerations and strategies in the organisation of obstetric anaesthesia care during the 2019 COVID-19 outbreak in Singapore date: 2020-04-20 words: 2066.0 sentences: 120.0 pages: flesch: 41.0 cache: ./cache/cord-318852-gouz6tth.txt txt: ./txt/cord-318852-gouz6tth.txt summary: It is in this context that local health authorities mandated that healthcare staff performing aerosol-generating procedures (AGP) such as tracheal intubation and extubation, bag-mask ventilation, orogastric tube insertion and bronchoscopy, don full personal protective equipment (PPE) regardless of risk status. Management in the labour ward ''High infection-risk'' parturients are placed in negative pressure ( -2.5 Pa) rooms and are asked to wear a surgical mask. When possible, we prefer to proceed with caesarean delivery in the ''high infection-risk'' patient only after she has been de-isolated or has tested ''negative'' for COVID-19 from the first nasopharyngeal swab. Highlights Identifying ''high-infection risk'' parturients is challenging in the COVID-19 outbreak A multidisciplinary approach is required to provide obstetric anaesthesia services Protocols for labour analgesia and caesarean delivery allow safe provision of care Infection control resource management allows for the allocation of finite resources Organisational changes are abstract: • Identifying ‘high-infection risk’ parturients is challenging in the COVID-19 outbreak. • A multidisciplinary approach is required to provide obstetric anaesthesia services. • Protocols for labour analgesia and caesarean delivery allow safe provision of care. • Infection control resource management allows for the allocation of finite resources. • Organisational changes are required to respond to the COVID-19 outbreak. url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S0959289X20300522 doi: 10.1016/j.ijoa.2020.04.003 id: cord-278418-i8cbrs7y author: Leitner, Stephan title: On the dynamics emerging from pandemics and infodemics date: 2020-08-31 words: 2465.0 sentences: 130.0 pages: flesch: 44.0 cache: ./cache/cord-278418-i8cbrs7y.txt txt: ./txt/cord-278418-i8cbrs7y.txt summary: This position paper discusses emerging behavioral, social, and economic dynamics related to the COVID-19 pandemic and puts particular emphasis on two emerging issues: First, delayed effects (or second strikes) of pandemics caused by dread risk effects are discussed whereby two factors which might influence the existence of such effects are identified, namely the accessibility of (mis-)information and the effects of policy decisions on adaptive behavior. As events such as the COVID-19 pandemic unfolds complex behavioral patterns which are hard to predict, sophisticated models which account for behavioral, social, and economic dynamics are required to assess the effectivity and efficiency of decision-making. Besides direct effects on behavior there might be indirect and delayed effects of an infodemic, as the spread of mis-information might increase the perception of the COVID-19 pandemic as a dread risk (Zarocostas 2020). abstract: This position paper discusses emerging behavioral, social, and economic dynamics related to the COVID-19 pandemic and puts particular emphasis on two emerging issues: First, delayed effects (or second strikes) of pandemics caused by dread risk effects are discussed whereby two factors which might influence the existence of such effects are identified, namely the accessibility of (mis-)information and the effects of policy decisions on adaptive behavior. Second, the issue of individual preparedness to hazardous events is discussed. As events such as the COVID-19 pandemic unfolds complex behavioral patterns which are hard to predict, sophisticated models which account for behavioral, social, and economic dynamics are required to assess the effectivity and efficiency of decision-making. url: https://arxiv.org/pdf/2004.08917v1.pdf doi: 10.1007/s11299-020-00256-y id: cord-012503-8rv2xof7 author: Levintow, Sara N. title: Estimating the Effect of Depression on HIV Transmission Risk Behaviors Among People Who Inject Drugs in Vietnam: A Causal Approach date: 2020-08-24 words: 5329.0 sentences: 242.0 pages: flesch: 41.0 cache: ./cache/cord-012503-8rv2xof7.txt txt: ./txt/cord-012503-8rv2xof7.txt summary: title: Estimating the Effect of Depression on HIV Transmission Risk Behaviors Among People Who Inject Drugs in Vietnam: A Causal Approach Depression may be an important driver of continued HIV transmission among PWID if symptoms increase transmission risk behaviors (e.g., sharing injection drug use equipment, engaging in condomless sex) in the absence of viral suppression. In the main analysis, we used marginal structural models to estimate the average causal effect of severe depressive symptoms on the risks of any injection equipment sharing or any condomless sex (separately) in the period three to 6 months later, controlling for time-fixed and time-varying confounders. In our main analysis, we estimated that severe depressive symptoms (compared to no or mild symptoms) increased the risk of sharing injection equipment by 3.9 percentage points (RD = 3.9%, 95% CI −1.7%, 9.6%) and decreased the risk of condomless sex by 1.8 percentage points (RD = −1.8%, 95% CI −6.4%, 2.8%) in the period three to 6 months later (Table 2, Fig. 1 ). abstract: The burden of depression and HIV is high among people who inject drugs (PWID), yet the effect of depression on transmission risk behaviors is not well understood in this population. Using causal inference methods, we analyzed data from 455 PWID living with HIV in Vietnam 2009–2013. Study visits every 6 months over 2 years measured depressive symptoms in the past week and injecting and sexual behaviors in the prior 3 months. Severe depressive symptoms (vs. mild/no symptoms) increased injection equipment sharing (risk difference [RD] = 3.9 percentage points, 95% CI −1.7, 9.6) but not condomless sex (RD = −1.8, 95% CI −6.4, 2.8) as reported 6 months later. The cross-sectional association with injection equipment sharing at the same visit (RD = 6.2, 95% CI 1.4, 11.0) was stronger than the longitudinal effect. Interventions on depression among PWID may decrease sharing of injection equipment and the corresponding risk of HIV transmission. Clinical trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01689545. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL: The online version of this article (10.1007/s10461-020-03007-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7444452/ doi: 10.1007/s10461-020-03007-9 id: cord-339188-apgdzgfz author: Lewis, Thomas J title: Reduction in Chronic Disease Risk and Burden in a 70-Individual Cohort Through Modification of Health Behaviors date: 2020-08-26 words: 11375.0 sentences: 518.0 pages: flesch: 46.0 cache: ./cache/cord-339188-apgdzgfz.txt txt: ./txt/cord-339188-apgdzgfz.txt summary: Validated data on severe respiratory viral diseases and the correlation between mortality, immunocompromised status and existing chronic conditions in infected individuals indicate that a broad set of blood-based biomarkers may best serve to stratify risk and to set policy on containment strategies in populations [7] . What separates bad, good, and great programs is "a combination of good design built on behavior change theory, effective implementation using evidence-based practices, and credible measurement and evaluation." To further support the need for more thorough risk assessment, in a global study of 84 risks, the authors concluded "Increasingly detailed understanding of the trends in risk exposure and the relative risks for each risk-outcome pair provide insights into both the magnitude of health loss attributable to risks and how modification of risk exposure has contributed to health trends [9] . abstract: Introduction Health risk factors, including lifestyle risks and health literacy, are known to contribute to the chronic disease epidemic. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), chronic diseases account for 90% of healthcare costs, morbidity, and mortality. In the United States, healthcare providers attempt to modulate a limited set of risks. However, chronic diseases continue to proliferate despite expansion of wellness programs and drugs to manage and prevent chronic conditions. Pandemics, exemplified by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), show that people in good health suffer mortality rates at 10% the rate compared to those with pre-existing chronic conditions. Healthcare costs and morbidity rates often parallel mortality rates. New root-cause risk and health tools that accommodate low health literacy and are linked to personalized health improvement care plans are needed to reverse the chronic disease epidemic. Reported here is a study on 70 manufacturing employees in the Midwest US using a personalized and group approach to chronic disease reversal and prevention which may also find utility in pandemic severity and policy decisions. Methods Health, lifestyle, behavior, and motivation data were collected on 70 individuals at the beginning of a nine-month disease reversal and prevention program. The data were updated every two to six months over the period. Inputs included information from a novel health risk assessment, serum biomarkers specific for chronic disease, and traditional medical information. Using all these data we generated robust, personalized, and modifiable care plans that were implemented by the participant and guided by a care team including health coaches and medical providers. Periodic renewal of profile data and biomarkers facilitated adjustment of care plans to optimize the path toward health goals set mutually by the participant and the care team. Results Ninety percent of participants experienced a favorable reduction in chronic disease biomarkers. The reduction in serum biomarkers coincided with a reduction in disease and risk attributes based on medical chart data and before and after interviews. Hemoglobin A1C, for example, lowered in all but one participant concomitant with reported improved energy and reduced need for medications in the majority of participants. Markers of inflammation lowered across the population. Most importantly each individual reported improvement in their overall health. Conclusions This simple, inexpensive, root-cause based risk and health approach generates a “do no harm” action plan that guides a care team, including the participant, on a path to improved health. The data demonstrate that changes in a novel risk calculator score coincide with changes in sensitive biomarkers for chronic disease. When the risks of an individual are reduced, the biomarkers reflect that change with self-reported wellbeing also improved. This program and process may be of value to society plagued with escalating levels of chronic disease and merits further study and implementation. url: https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.10039 doi: 10.7759/cureus.10039 id: cord-283917-jumgb0hs author: Li, Hang Long title: The Proportion of Adult Americans at Risk of Severe COVID-19 Illness date: 2020-10-26 words: 1275.0 sentences: 77.0 pages: flesch: 60.0 cache: ./cache/cord-283917-jumgb0hs.txt txt: ./txt/cord-283917-jumgb0hs.txt summary: The US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) announced on July 17, 2020, that conditions including obesity, diabetes mellitus (DM), chronic kidney disease (CKD), heart disease, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are well-established risk factors predisposing individuals to severe illness from COVID-19. In this analysis, participants in the United States National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2011-2016 2 aged ≥ 20 years were included. There were minor differences in the percentage of people with ≥ 1 established and ≥ 1 any risk factor according to sex, ethnicity, education, and income level, but the percentages remained around 60% and 75%, respectively. This is the first study to estimate the proportion of the Americans in the general population at risk from severe COVID-19 illness using data from a nationally representative survey. 4 Our study shows that obesity and hypertension are the leading risk factors for severe COVID-19 illness, especially in those aged < 50 years. abstract: nan url: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11606-020-06325-9 doi: 10.1007/s11606-020-06325-9 id: cord-313183-4zmtijyo author: Li, Jianping title: Tourism companies'' risk exposures on text disclosure date: 2020-06-29 words: 8215.0 sentences: 465.0 pages: flesch: 52.0 cache: ./cache/cord-313183-4zmtijyo.txt txt: ./txt/cord-313183-4zmtijyo.txt summary: Penela and Serrasqueiro (2019) recognized the importance of risk identification for lodging companies and introduced textual risk disclosure data in Form 10-K, which have been proved to be a feasible and effective data source to evaluate company risk exposure into the tourism sector (Bao & Datta, 2014; Campbell et al., 2014; Wei, Li, Li, & Zhu (2019) ; Wei et al., 2019c) . To this end, we introduce the Sentence Latent Dirichlet Allocation (Sent-LDA) model, which is an unsupervised clustering method that can effectively identify hidden knowledge from a large amount of text to analyze the textual risk disclosure data in Forms 10-K by all listed tourism companies during 2006-2019. To identify the risk exposures disclosed in financial statements of tourism companies, this paper applies a topic model named Sentence Latent Dirichlet Allocation (Sent-LDA) proposed by Bao and Datta (2014) , which is an extension of the original Latent Dirichlet Allocation model (LDA). abstract: Tourism is a risk-prone industry. But most studies focus on tourist risk perception while ignoring company risk exposure. As service providers, the companies play an important role in tourism activities, and systematically identifying the risks they face is vital to the development of the tourism industry. This paper attempts to identify tourism companies' risk exposures based on textual risk disclosure of financial statements. Using 51,008 risk headings of 255 public companies, we adopt Sentence-Latent Dirichlet Allocation (Sent-LDA) method to discover 30 risk exposures of the tourism industry. Further, we discuss the universality and industry representativeness of these risk exposures, as well as risk differences between different sub-industries and years. Findings can help stakeholders develop reasonable and timely risk management strategies. url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0160738320301304 doi: 10.1016/j.annals.2020.102986 id: cord-266526-8csl9md0 author: Li, Shuai title: Integrated environment-occupant-pathogen information modeling to assess and communicate room-level outbreak risks of infectious diseases date: 2020-10-24 words: 3891.0 sentences: 216.0 pages: flesch: 50.0 cache: ./cache/cord-266526-8csl9md0.txt txt: ./txt/cord-266526-8csl9md0.txt summary: title: Integrated environment-occupant-pathogen information modeling to assess and communicate room-level outbreak risks of infectious diseases To inform occupants and guide facility managers to prevent and respond to infectious disease outbreaks, this study proposed a framework to assess room-level outbreak risks in buildings by modeling built environment characteristics, occupancy information, and pathogen transmission. The efficacy of the proposed method was demonstrated by a case study, in which building characteristics, occupancy schedules, pathogen parameters, as well as hygiene and cleaning practices are considered for outbreak risk assessment. This study contributes to the body of knowledge by computationally integrating building, occupant, and pathogen information modeling for infectious disease outbreak assessment, and communicating actionable information for built environment management. This study aims to develop a framework for room-level outbreak risk assessment based on 105 integrated building-occupancy-pathogen modeling to mitigate the spread of infectious disease in 106 abstract: Microbial pathogen transmission within built environments is a main public health concern. The pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) adds to the urgency of developing effective means to reduce pathogen transmission in mass-gathering public buildings such as schools, hospitals, and airports. To inform occupants and guide facility managers to prevent and respond to infectious disease outbreaks, this study proposed a framework to assess room-level outbreak risks in buildings by modeling built environment characteristics, occupancy information, and pathogen transmission. Building information modeling (BIM) is exploited to automatically retrieve building parameters and possible occupant interactions that are relevant to pathogen transmission. The extracted information is fed into an environment pathogen transmission model to derive the basic reproduction numbers for different pathogens, which serve as proxies of outbreak potentials in rooms. A web-based system is developed to provide timely information regarding outbreak risks to occupants and facility managers. The efficacy of the proposed method was demonstrated by a case study, in which building characteristics, occupancy schedules, pathogen parameters, as well as hygiene and cleaning practices are considered for outbreak risk assessment. This study contributes to the body of knowledge by computationally integrating building, occupant, and pathogen information modeling for infectious disease outbreak assessment, and communicating actionable information for built environment management. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33132484/ doi: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2020.107394 id: cord-288494-6qybdxc4 author: Liao, Qiaohong title: A clinical prediction rule for diagnosing human infections with avian influenza A(H7N9) in a hospital emergency department setting date: 2014-08-05 words: 4550.0 sentences: 206.0 pages: flesch: 45.0 cache: ./cache/cord-288494-6qybdxc4.txt txt: ./txt/cord-288494-6qybdxc4.txt summary: We analyzed two databases that contained clinical and basic laboratory data from two groups of patients presenting similarly with acute respiratory infections to hospitals in China, including 121 laboratory-confirmed A(H7N9) cases and 2,603 patients who suffered from acute respiratory infections other than A(H7N9) influenza. A two-step regression model was used to develop the prediction rule, so as to simulate the decision making process in the setting of a clinic or hospital emergency room where a patient first presents [12, 13] . We had chosen the model with the best performance in terms of both the high sensitivity and area under the ROC curve, which were also maintained in the validation samples, to identify patients having a high risk for the infection at their initial clinical presentation so as to optimize resources during an epidemic. abstract: BACKGROUND: Human infections with avian influenza A(H7N9) virus are associated with severe illness and high mortality. To better inform triage decisions of hospitalization and management, we developed a clinical prediction rule for diagnosing patients with A(H7N9) and determined its predictive performance. METHODS: Clinical details on presentation of adult patients hospitalized with either A(H7N9)(n = 121) in China from March to May 2013 or other causes of acute respiratory infections (n = 2,603) in Jingzhou City, China from January 2010 through September 2012 were analyzed. A clinical prediction rule was developed using a two-step coefficient-based multivariable logistic regression scoring method and evaluated with internal validation by bootstrapping. RESULTS: In step 1, predictors for A(H7N9) included male sex, poultry exposure history, and fever, haemoptysis, or shortness of breath on history and physical examination. In step 2, haziness or pneumonic consolidation on chest radiographs and leukopenia were also associated with a higher probability of A(H7N9). The observed risk of A(H7N9) was 0.3% for those assigned to the low-risk group and 2.5%, 4.3%, and 44.0% for tertiles 1 through 3, respectively, in the high-risk group. This prediction rule achieved good model performance, with an optimism-corrected sensitivity of 0.93, a specificity of 0.80, and an area under the receiver-operating characteristic curve of 0.96. CONCLUSIONS: A simple decision rule based on data readily obtainable in the setting of patients’ first clinical presentations from the first wave of the A/H7N9 epidemic in China has been developed. This prediction rule has achieved good model performance in predicting their risk of A(H7N9) infection and should be useful in guiding important clinical and public health decisions in a timely and objective manner. Data to be gathered with its use in the current evolving second wave of the A/H7N9 epidemic in China will help to inform its performance in the field and contribute to its further refinement. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL: The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12916-014-0127-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. url: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12916-014-0127-0 doi: 10.1186/s12916-014-0127-0 id: cord-290820-28ggcjx0 author: Lim, Michael Anthonius title: Sports activities during any pandemic lockdown date: 2020-07-04 words: 2311.0 sentences: 123.0 pages: flesch: 40.0 cache: ./cache/cord-290820-28ggcjx0.txt txt: ./txt/cord-290820-28ggcjx0.txt summary: With the resumption of normal life during COVID-19 taking effect immediately, guidelines for outdoor exercise, recreational activities, and returning to competitive sports must be enacted with caution. To help delay and mitigate COVID-19 spread, staying at home is still encouraged and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommends daily physical activity for both children (60 min/day) and adults (30 min/day). During the self-isolation period, the majority of people grew accustomed to a sedentary lifestyle with less physical activity, fewer daily step counts, and rarely exercise, while athletes and certain people train individually to keep themselves fit and healthy [11] . Assuming a reduction in strength, flexibility, endurance, proprioceptive, and neuromuscular control, there is a greater risk of injury faced by athletes when transitioning from an unprecedented lockdown to high-level sports-specific practice. Impact of cerebrovascular and cardiovascular diseases on mortality and severity of COVID-19 -systematic review, meta-analysis, and meta-regression abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32621168/ doi: 10.1007/s11845-020-02300-9 id: cord-269343-qwgmn06t author: Livingston, Gill title: Dementia prevention, intervention, and care: 2020 report of the Lancet Commission date: 2020-07-30 words: 23165.0 sentences: 1132.0 pages: flesch: 45.0 cache: ./cache/cord-269343-qwgmn06t.txt txt: ./txt/cord-269343-qwgmn06t.txt summary: Overall, a growing body of evidence supports the nine potentially modifiable risk factors for dementia modelled by the 2017 Lancet Commission on dementia prevention, intervention, and care: less education, hypertension, hearing impairment, smoking, obesity, depression, physical inactivity, diabetes, and low social contact. 90 An individual-level meta-analysis of 19 observational studies of relatively younger adults included 404 840 participants'' data (mean baseline age 45·5 years; mean follow-up duration 14·9 years), reporting an increased incidence of all-cause dementia (HR 1·4, 95% CI 1·2-1·7) and clinically diagnosed Alzheimer''s disease (1·4, 1·1-1·7) in those who were physically inactive in the 10-year period before diagnosis. Little evidence of the effects of social interventions on dementia exists but a systematic review of low quality RCTs of 576 adults aged 60 or more years with normal cognition found facilitated meeting and discussion groups were associated with improved global cognition and increased brain volume at follow-up. abstract: nan url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S0140673620303676 doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(20)30367-6 id: cord-016173-ro7nhody author: Louis, Mariam title: Pulmonary Disorders in Pregnancy date: 2014-08-13 words: 7662.0 sentences: 417.0 pages: flesch: 46.0 cache: ./cache/cord-016173-ro7nhody.txt txt: ./txt/cord-016173-ro7nhody.txt summary: Although most clinical practices use symptom-based, guideline-directed assessments to decide on medication use, recent data from a randomized controlled trial suggest lower rates of exacerbation, improved quality of life, and reduced neonatal hospitalization when management decisions were based on measurements of exhaled nitric oxide in pregnancy [ 10 ] . Changes in physiology and immunity associated with pregnancy may increase the risk of infection and severe outcomes in the pregnant women. In addition, infl uenza infection during pregnancy increases the risk of adverse fetal outcomes. Pregnant women are at increased risk for morbidity (including cardiorespiratory complications) and mortality from infl uenza compared with nonpregnant controls [ 43 -46 ] that is more pronounced in the second and third trimester of pregnancy [ 47 ] . In view of potential severe maternal disease from infl uenza and adverse fetal outcomes, benefi ts of treatment with antivirals likely outweigh the potential risks to the fetus. abstract: Pregnancy is associated with some profound changes in the cardiovascular, respiratory, immune, and hematologic systems that impact the clinical presentation of respiratory disorders, their implications in pregnancy, and the decisions to treat. In addition, concerns for fetal well-being and safety of various interventions complicate the management of these disorders. In many circumstances, especially life-threatening ones, decisions are based upon a careful assessment of the risk benefit ratio rather than absolute safety of drugs and interventions. In this chapter, we review some of the common respiratory disorders that internists or obstetricians may be called upon to manage. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7120384/ doi: 10.1007/978-1-4614-1244-1_11 id: cord-009417-458rrhcm author: Luce, Judith A. title: Use of Blood Components in the Intensive Care Unit date: 2009-05-15 words: 17101.0 sentences: 918.0 pages: flesch: 43.0 cache: ./cache/cord-009417-458rrhcm.txt txt: ./txt/cord-009417-458rrhcm.txt summary: Benefi ts to the patient with more judicious use of platelet transfusion include decreased donor exposure, which lessens the risk of transfusion-transmitted disease; fewer febrile and allergic reactions that may complicate the hospital course; and the potential delay or prevention of alloimmunization to HLA and platelet antigens. If anti-IgA antibodies are determined to be the cause of this reaction, the patient must receive blood components donated by IgA-defi cient individuals or, if unavailable, specially prepared washed RBCs and platelet concentrates. These patients may have intensive red cell and platelet transfusion requirements and need specialized products such as CMV-negative and irradiated blood components. A blood bank problem uniquely encountered in BMT is the need to switch the patient''s ABO group because of an ABO-mismatched transplant, thus necessitating an exchange transfusion of red cells and plasma-containing products (i.e., platelet concentrates) of differing ABO type to avoid hemolysis of donor and recipient cells. abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7152226/ doi: 10.1016/b978-032304841-5.50082-0 id: cord-335960-biwnqa3f author: Luke, Anthony title: Prevention of Infectious Diseases in Athletes date: 2007-07-31 words: 6813.0 sentences: 373.0 pages: flesch: 45.0 cache: ./cache/cord-335960-biwnqa3f.txt txt: ./txt/cord-335960-biwnqa3f.txt summary: The authors discuss the preventive strategies for infectious disease in sport, including (1) a review of immunization recommendations and prophylaxis guidelines, (2) improvements in personal hygiene and prevention of spread of infectious organisms by direct contact, (3) insect-borne disease precautions, and (4) prevention of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). Sports medicine physicians need to consider the following indications for immunizations (Tables 1 and 2) : (1) routine health maintenance; (2) catch-up immunizations for failed or missed immunizations; (3) immunizations of high risk groups (ie, splenectomy, chronic disease, immunocompromised); (4) travel to an endemic area; (5) close contact with an infected individual, or (6) recent potential exposure to an infectious agent. When athletes are known to be infected with hepatitis B, secondary prevention includes education on personal hygiene, appropriate management of open wounds, proper use of protective equipment, safe sex practices using a condom, and avoidance of intravenous blood transmission (eg, through needle sharing and illicit drug use). abstract: The sports medicine physician may face challenging issues regarding infectious diseases when dealing with teams or highly competitive athletes who have difficulties taking time off to recover. One must treat the individual sick athlete and take the necessary precautions to contain the spread of communicable disease to the surrounding team, staff, relatives, and other contacts. This article reviews preventive strategies for infectious disease in athletes, including immunization recommendations and prophylaxis guidelines, improvements in personal hygiene and prevention of spread of infectious organisms by direct contact, insect-borne disease precautions, and prevention of sexually transmitted diseases. A special emphasis on immunizations focuses on pertussis, influenza, and meningococcal prophylaxis. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17826187/ doi: 10.1016/j.csm.2007.04.006 id: cord-355171-oi3ezlsl author: MACINTYRE, C. R. title: Quantifying the risk of respiratory infection in healthcare workers performing high-risk procedures date: 2013-12-05 words: 3072.0 sentences: 151.0 pages: flesch: 48.0 cache: ./cache/cord-355171-oi3ezlsl.txt txt: ./txt/cord-355171-oi3ezlsl.txt summary: This study determined the risk of respiratory infection associated with high-risk procedures (HRPs) performed by healthcare workers (HCWs) in high-risk settings. In droplet transmission, pathogens or droplets which are larger than 5 μm, such as influenza virus and Bordetella pertussis are transmitted from an infected patient to HCWs through breathing, talking, coughing, sneezing, as well as through performing high-risk procedures (HRPs) [2, 7, 8] . Although various guidelines and policies for infection control measures are implemented in healthcare settings worldwide, the risk of transmission of infectious diseases while performing HRPs has not been well quantified. abstract: This study determined the risk of respiratory infection associated with high-risk procedures (HRPs) performed by healthcare workers (HCWs) in high-risk settings. We prospectively studied 481 hospital HCWs in China, documented risk factors for infection, including performing HRPs, measured new infections, and analysed whether HRPs predicted infection. Infection outcomes were clinical respiratory infection (CRI), laboratory-confirmed viral or bacterial infection, and an influenza infection. About 12% (56/481) of the study participants performed at least one HRP, the most common being airway suctioning (7·7%, 37/481). HCWs who performed a HRP were at significantly higher risk of developing CRI and laboratory-confirmed infection [adjusted relative risk 2·9, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1·42–5·87 and 2·9, 95% CI 1·37–6·22, respectively]. Performing a HRP resulted in a threefold increase in the risk of respiratory infections. This is the first time the risk has been prospectively quantified in HCWs, providing data to inform occupational health and safety policies. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24308554/ doi: 10.1017/s095026881300304x id: cord-275786-etli5c3a author: MAGEE, Laura A. title: TOWARDS PERSONALIZED MANAGEMENT OF CHRONIC HYPERTENSION IN PREGNANCY date: 2020-07-18 words: 7402.0 sentences: 379.0 pages: flesch: 40.0 cache: ./cache/cord-275786-etli5c3a.txt txt: ./txt/cord-275786-etli5c3a.txt summary: By 98 systematic review (55 studies, 795,221 pregnancies), women with chronic hypertension have high 99 rates of superimposed preeclampsia (26%), Cesarean delivery (41%), preterm delivery (28%), low 100 birthweight (17%), perinatal death (4%), and neonatal unit (NICU) admission (21%) (8). Priorities for future research 561 include whether or not: additional characteristics of BP and other physiological variables can be used 562 to predict preeclampsia; low-dose aspirin reduces their risk of preeclampsia specifically and/or 563 calcium has an independent preventative effect; use of angiogenic markers with clinical factors and 564 routine laboratory testing improves care; hemodynamically-guided care improves outcomes in 565 comparison with antihypertensive therapy titrated to BP level and, if the latter, with which 566 antihypertensive agent is best to initiate treatment from among labetalol, nifedipine, and 567 methyldopa; and optimal timing of birth. abstract: ABSTRACT Objectives Chronic hypertension complicates 1-2% of pregnancies and it is increasingly common. Women with chronic hypertension are easily-recognized and in touch with a wide variety of healthcare providers before, during, and after pregnancy, mandating that chronic hypertension in pregnancy be within the scope of many practitioners. We reviewed recent data on management to inform current care and future research. Study design Narrative review of published literature. Results Compared with normotensive women, women with chronic hypertension are at increased risk of maternal and perinatal complications. Women wish to be involved in their care and are capable of measuring blood pressure (BP) at home. Accurate devices for home BP monitoring are now available. The diagnostic criteria for superimposed preeclampsia remain problematic, as most guidelines continue to include deteriorating BP control in the definition. It has not been established how angiogenic markers may aid in confirmation of the diagnosis of superimposed preeclampsia when suspected, over and above information provided by routinely-available clinical data and laboratory results. While chronic hypertension is a strong risk factor for preeclampsia and aspirin decreases preeclampsia risk, the effectiveness specifically among women with chronic hypertension has been questioned. It is unclear whether calcium has an independent effect in preeclampsia prevention in such women. Treating hypertension with antihypertensive therapy halves the risk of progression to severe hypertension, thrombocytopenia, and elevated liver enzymes, but a reduction in preeclampsia or serious maternal complications has not been demonstrated; however, the latter lack of evidence is possibly due to few events. Also, treating chronic hypertension neither reduces nor increases fetal/newborn death or morbidity, regardless of the gestational age at which the antihypertensive treatment is started. Antihypertensive agents are not teratogenic, but there may be an increase in malformations associated with chronic hypertension itself. At present, BP treatment targets used in clinic are the same as those used at home; although BP values tend to be inconsistently lower at home among hypertensive women. While starting all women on the same antihypertensive medication is usually effective in reducing BP, it remains unclear whether there is an optimal agent for such an approach, or how best to use combinations of antihypertensive medications. An alternative approach is to individualize care, using maternal characteristics and BP features beyond BP level (e.g., variability) that are of prognostic value. Outcomes may be improved by timed birth between 38+0-39+6 weeks based on observational literature; confirmatory trial evidence is pending. Postnatal care is facilitated by the acceptability of most antihypertensives (included angiotensin converting enzymes inhibitors) for use in breastfeeding. Conclusions The evidence base to guide the care of pregnant women with chronic hypertension is growing and aligning international guidance. Addressing outstanding research questions would inform personalized care of chronic hypertension in pregnancy. url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0002937820307456?v=s5 doi: 10.1016/j.ajog.2020.07.026 id: cord-294184-jte9xx5e author: Macleod, Jack title: Surgery during COVID-19 crisis conditions: can we protect our ethical integrity against the odds? date: 2020-06-12 words: 2742.0 sentences: 175.0 pages: flesch: 48.0 cache: ./cache/cord-294184-jte9xx5e.txt txt: ./txt/cord-294184-jte9xx5e.txt summary: Careful consideration of ethical principles must guide production of local guidance ensuring consistent patient selection thus preserving equality as well as quality of clinical services. As a surgical department operating under COVID-19 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2) crisis conditions, a multitude of ethical, practical and medical dilemmas are encountered. Coupling the unclear risk profile of COVID-19 with a lack of alternatives to provide the gold standard surgery, what is the ethical justification for performing a substitute procedure on this cohort of patients? hoW CAn We eThICAlly proVIde The TrAdITIonAl gold sTAndArd, or AlTernATIVe, operATIon To pATIenTs durIng The CoVId-19 CrIsIs? One such framework has formed the basis of healthcare ethics: initially proposed by Beauchamp and Childress in 1979, the four principles of patient care are beneficence, non-maleficence, respect for autonomy and justice. For those patients requiring acute treatment, an alternative to the conventional gold standard can be performed if its known inferiority is outweighed by the reduced risk of COVID-19-related complications. abstract: COVID-19 is reducing the ability to perform surgical procedures worldwide, giving rise to a multitude of ethical, practical and medical dilemmas. Adapting to crisis conditions requires a rethink of traditional best practices in surgical management, delving into an area of unknown risk profiles. Key challenging areas include cancelling elective operations, modifying procedures to adapt local services and updating the consenting process. We aim to provide an ethical rationale to support change in practice and guide future decision-making. Using the four principles approach as a structure, Medline was searched for existing ethical frameworks aimed at resolving conflicting moral duties. Where insufficient data were available, best guidance was sought from educational institutions: National Health Service England and The Royal College of Surgeons. Multiple papers presenting high-quality, reasoned, ethical theory and practice guidance were collected. Using this as a basis to assess current practice, multiple requirements were generated to ensure preservation of ethical integrity when making management decisions. Careful consideration of ethical principles must guide production of local guidance ensuring consistent patient selection thus preserving equality as well as quality of clinical services. A critical issue is balancing the benefit of surgery against the unknown risk of developing COVID-19 and its associated complications. As such, the need for surgery must be sufficiently pressing to proceed with conventional or non-conventional operative management; otherwise, delaying intervention is justified. For delayed operations, it is our duty to quantify the long-term impact on patients’ outcome within the constraints of pandemic management and its long-term outlook. url: https://doi.org/10.1136/medethics-2020-106446 doi: 10.1136/medethics-2020-106446 id: cord-021959-1y67126b author: Madanoglu, Melih title: State-of-the-art cost of capital in hospitality strategic management date: 2009-11-16 words: 11715.0 sentences: 542.0 pages: flesch: 55.0 cache: ./cache/cord-021959-1y67126b.txt txt: ./txt/cord-021959-1y67126b.txt summary: However, prior to investing in a project, an executive/manager should make three key estimates to ensure the viability of a business project: economic useful life of the asset, future cash flows that the project will generate, and the discount rate that properly accounts for the time value of the capital invested and compensates the investors for the risk they bear by investing in that project ( Olsen et al. These researchers challenged the model by contending that it is difficult to find the right proxy for the market portfolio and that CAPM does not appear to accurately reflect the firm size in the cost of equity calculation, and that not all systematic risk factors are reflected in returns of the market portfolio. abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7152268/ doi: 10.1016/b978-0-08-045079-7.00006-5 id: cord-292094-vmsdhccp author: Mandell, Lionel A. title: Infectious Diseases Society of America/American Thoracic Society Consensus Guidelines on the Management of Community-Acquired Pneumonia in Adults date: 2007-03-01 words: 28389.0 sentences: 1424.0 pages: flesch: 37.0 cache: ./cache/cord-292094-vmsdhccp.txt txt: ./txt/cord-292094-vmsdhccp.txt summary: Severity-of-illness scores, such as the CURB-65 criteria (confusion, uremia, respiratory rate, low blood pressure, age 65 years or greater), or prognostic models, such as the Pneumonia Severity Index (PSI), can be used to identify patients with CAP who may be candidates for outpatient treatment. A respiratory fluoroquinolone should be used for penicillin-allergic patients.) Increasing resistance rates have suggested that empirical therapy with a macrolide alone can be used only for the treat-ment of carefully selected hospitalized patients with nonsevere disease and without risk factors for infection with drug-resistant pathogens. Advantages include the high specificity, the ability of some assays to distinguish between influenza A and B, the rapidity with which the results can be obtained, the possibly reduced use of antibacterial agents, and the utility of establishing this diagnosis for epidemiologic purposes, especially in hospitalized patients who may require infection control precautions. abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17278083/ doi: 10.1086/511159 id: cord-339341-c2o42b5j author: Matibag, Gino C. title: Advocacy, promotion and e-learning: Supercourse for zoonosis date: 2005-09-01 words: 5855.0 sentences: 317.0 pages: flesch: 44.0 cache: ./cache/cord-339341-c2o42b5j.txt txt: ./txt/cord-339341-c2o42b5j.txt summary: This paper discusses the history of emerging infectious diseases, risk communication and perception, and the Supercourse lectures as means to strengthen the concepts and definition of risk management and global governance of zoonosis. The overall goal of the "Supercourse for Zoonosis" is to show the most recent development in the knowledge of SARS and other zoonotic diseases such as avian influenza and bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), inter alia, which have significant global impact not only on health but also on the economy. The specific objectives of "Supercourse for Zoonosis" are to develop a set of educational materials for the control of zoonotic diseases, to disseminate them effectively via the Internet, to facilitate their use in the prevention and control of the diseases, and to promote human health while minimizing their economic impact. abstract: This paper discusses the history of emerging infectious diseases, risk communication and perception, and the Supercourse lectures as means to strengthen the concepts and definition of risk management and global governance of zoonosis. The paper begins by outlining some of the key themes and issues in infectious diseases, highlighting the way which historical analysis challenges ideas of the ‘newness’ of some of these developments. It then discusses the role of risk communication to public accountability. The bulk of the paper presents an overview of developments of the Internet-based learning system through the Supercourse lectures that may prove to be a strong arm for the promotion of the latest medical information particularly to developing countries. url: https://doi.org/10.1007/bf02897702 doi: 10.1007/bf02897702 id: cord-265343-4wfsze80 author: Mhango, Malizgani title: COVID-19 Risk Factors Among Health Workers: A Rapid Review date: 2020-06-06 words: 2357.0 sentences: 147.0 pages: flesch: 53.0 cache: ./cache/cord-265343-4wfsze80.txt txt: ./txt/cord-265343-4wfsze80.txt summary: A rapid review was carried out on 20 April 2020 on Covid-19 risk factors among HWs in PubMed, Google Scholar, and EBSCOHost Web (Academic Search Complete, CINAHL Complete, MEDLINE with Full Text, CINAHL with Full Text, APA PsycInfo, Health Source—Consumer Edition, Health Source: Nursing/Academic Edition) and WHO Global Database. The review included studies conducted among HWs that reported COVID-19 risk factors irrespective of their sample size. The review included studies conducted among HWs that reported COVID-19 risk factors irrespective of their sample size. The reported Covid-19 risk factors among HWs were grouped into five: lack of personal protective equipment (PPE), exposure to infected patients, work overload, poor infection control, and preexisting medical conditions. Our review revealed exposure to infected patients and work overload as two important Covid-19 risk factors among HWs. This corroborates a recent Centers for Disease Control and Prevention report that estimated that of the 9282 cases of Covid-19 cases among HWs in the United States of America, 55% had exposure in the healthcare setting [19] . abstract: Coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) poses an important occupational health risk to health workers (HWs) that has attracted global scrutiny. To date, several thousand HWs globally have been reported as infected with the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 virus that causes the disease. It is therefore a public health priority for policymakers to understand risk factors for this vulnerable group to avert occupational transmission. A rapid review was carried out on 20 April 2020 on Covid-19 risk factors among HWs in PubMed, Google Scholar, and EBSCOHost Web (Academic Search Complete, CINAHL Complete, MEDLINE with Full Text, CINAHL with Full Text, APA PsycInfo, Health Source—Consumer Edition, Health Source: Nursing/Academic Edition) and WHO Global Database. We also searched for preprints on the medRxiv database. We searched for reports, reviews, and primary observational studies (case control, case cross-over, cross-sectional, and cohort). The review included studies conducted among HWs with Covid-19 that reported risk factors irrespective of their sample size. Eleven studies met the inclusion criteria. Lack of personal protective equipment, exposure to infected patients, work overload, poor infection control, and preexisting medical conditions were identified as risk factors for Covid-19 among HWs. In the context of Covid-19, HWs face an unprecedented occupational risk of morbidity and mortality. There is need for rapid development of sustainable measures that protect HWs from the pandemic. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32995051/ doi: 10.1016/j.shaw.2020.06.001 id: cord-337315-qv8ycdhe author: Miller, Maureen title: Integrated biological–behavioural surveillance in pandemic-threat warning systems date: 2017-01-01 words: 4629.0 sentences: 267.0 pages: flesch: 40.0 cache: ./cache/cord-337315-qv8ycdhe.txt txt: ./txt/cord-337315-qv8ycdhe.txt summary: 13 Similar surveillance could help identify behavioural risk factors and high-risk subgroups for zoonotic infections such as Ebola -potentially before diseases of pandemic potential are identified in clinical settings or major outbreaks occur in communities. When designed according to Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology criteria, integrated surveillance requires that both behavioural risk factors -i.e. exposure variables -and disease-indicator outcome variables be measured in behavioural surveys. 22 In the development of pandemic-threat warning systems, integrated biological-behavioural surveillance can be tightly focused on specific viral families in the high-risk population subgroups that live in identified hotspots and are environmentally or occupationally exposed to animals. The remainder of this article presents an overview of issues relevant to the design of rigorous behavioural surveys to assess the spillover of emerging zoonotic disease and the associated transmission risk factors, which is the first step in designing effective integrated surveillance. abstract: Economically and politically disruptive disease outbreaks are a hallmark of the 21st century. Although pandemics are driven by human behaviours, current surveillance systems for identifying pandemic threats are largely reliant on the monitoring of disease outcomes in clinical settings. Standardized integrated biological–behavioural surveillance could, and should, be used in community settings to complement such clinical monitoring. The usefulness of such an approach has already been demonstrated in studies on human immunodeficiency virus, where integrated surveillance contributed to a biologically based and quantifiable understanding of the behavioural risk factors associated with the transmission dynamics of the virus. When designed according to Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology criteria, integrated surveillance requires that both behavioural risk factors – i.e. exposure variables – and disease-indicator outcome variables be measured in behavioural surveys. In the field of pandemic threats, biological outcome data could address the weaknesses of self-reported data collected in behavioural surveys. Data from serosurveys of viruses with pandemic potential, collected under non-outbreak conditions, indicate that serosurveillance could be used to predict future outbreaks. When conducted together, behavioural surveys and serosurveys could warn of future pandemics, potentially before the disease appears in clinical settings. Traditional disease-outcome surveillance must be frequent and ongoing to remain useful but behavioural surveillance remains informative even if conducted much less often, since behaviour change occurs slowly over time. Only through knowledge of specific behavioural risk factors can interventions and policies that can prevent the next pandemic be developed. url: https://doi.org/10.2471/blt.16.175984 doi: 10.2471/blt.16.175984 id: cord-033655-16hj7sev author: Miroudot, Sébastien title: Reshaping the policy debate on the implications of COVID-19 for global supply chains date: 2020-10-12 words: 8006.0 sentences: 363.0 pages: flesch: 50.0 cache: ./cache/cord-033655-16hj7sev.txt txt: ./txt/cord-033655-16hj7sev.txt summary: More recently, Gereffi (2020) addresses the issue of the resilience of medical supply GVCs. However, as policymakers now seem to associate resilience with a specific type of organization of GVCs where MNEs produce mostly through more localized or shorter supply chains, new questions arise on the type of governance that would allow such organization and on the way policymakers could influence the design of GVCs. The main risk with the current debate on the economic policy implications of COVID-19 is that it can lead to the use of supply chain concepts by policymakers and international organizations in a way that departs from business reality, thus leading to wrong policy choices. Building more resilient supply chains should not lead to the dismantlement of GVCs. It should also not replace the risks related to COVID-19 by new policy hazards and a higher level of uncertainty for companies. abstract: Disruptions in global supply chains in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic have re-opened the debate on the vulnerabilities associated with production in complex international production networks. To build resilience in supply chains, several authors suggest making them shorter, more domestic, and more diversified. This paper argues that before redesigning global supply chains, one needs to identify the concrete issues faced by firms during the crisis and the policies that can solve them. It highlights that the solutions that have been proposed tend to be disconnected from the conclusions of the supply chain literature, where reshoring does not lead to resilience, and could further benefit from the insights of international business and global value chain scholars. Lastly, the paper discusses the policies that can build resilience at the firm and global levels and the narrative that could replace the current one to reshape the debate on the policy implications of COVID-19 for global supply chains. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7548406/ doi: 10.1057/s42214-020-00074-6 id: cord-345717-ktajrf7d author: Monagin, Corina title: Serologic and behavioral risk survey of workers with wildlife contact in China date: 2018-04-03 words: 4585.0 sentences: 241.0 pages: flesch: 45.0 cache: ./cache/cord-345717-ktajrf7d.txt txt: ./txt/cord-345717-ktajrf7d.txt summary: We report on a study conducted in Guangdong Province, China, to characterize behaviors and perceptions associated with transmission of pathogens with pandemic potential in highly exposed human populations at the animal-human interface. The present study focuses on the potential for zoonotic viral transfer through contact with wildlife in Guangdong prefectures in China, and seeks to augment our understanding and identification of risky populations, occupations, and behaviors, as well as the perceptions of risk at these interfaces. We performed a serological survey and concurrent behavioral questionnaire of individuals with wildlife contact in Guangdong Province, China, in order to better characterize occupations and community-level behavioral risks that contribute to zoonotic transmission of various wildlife pathogens with pandemic potential. We targeted high-risk individuals, defined as individuals with high levels of exposure to wildlife (wild animal blood or bodily fluids)-primarily hunters, persons working in wet markets and restaurants that butcher wild game, who could be followed over a period of time. abstract: We report on a study conducted in Guangdong Province, China, to characterize behaviors and perceptions associated with transmission of pathogens with pandemic potential in highly exposed human populations at the animal-human interface. A risk factor/exposure survey was administered to individuals with high levels of exposure to wildlife. Serological testing was performed to evaluate prior infection with several wildlife viral pathogens. Follow up serology was performed on a subset of the cohort as well as close contacts of individuals. 1,312 individuals were enrolled in the study. Contact with a wide range of wildlife species was reported in both occupational and occasional contexts. The overall proportion of individuals seropositive to any of the tested wildlife pathogens was approximately 4.0%. However, persons employed as butchers demonstrated a seropositivity of 9.0% to at least one pathogen of interest. By contrast, individuals working as hunters had lower rates of seropositivity. Among the study population, a number of other behaviors showed correlation with seropositivity, including contact with particular wildlife species such as field rats. These results demonstrate the need to further explore zoonotic risks of particular activities regarding wildlife contact, and to better understand risks of persons working as butchers with wildlife species. url: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0194647 doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0194647 id: cord-303137-g2pe3ad8 author: Moss, Emanuel title: High Tech, High Risk: Tech Ethics Lessons for the COVID-19 Pandemic Response date: 2020-10-09 words: 5944.0 sentences: 278.0 pages: flesch: 47.0 cache: ./cache/cord-303137-g2pe3ad8.txt txt: ./txt/cord-303137-g2pe3ad8.txt summary: The tech companies that are driving the technological response to the COVID-19 pandemic have arranged their business models and organizational practices around building products that distribute upsides and downsides according to socio-historical patterns, as interpreted by machines, yet lack the capacity to ''''understand just how pervasively. Given the profound threat of COVID-19, it is crucial to consider how the application of machine learning to the social challenges of a global pandemic can produce and distribute risk across society. 61 Over the past 2 years, we have been studying how those inside of Silicon Valley tech companies, which build the machine learning models that are most likely to directly affect people, go about understanding the impacts of machine learning and developing organizational practices to manage the effect they have on how risk is distributed across society. abstract: The COVID-19 pandemic has, in a matter of a few short months, drastically reshaped society around the world. Because of the growing perception of machine learning as a technology capable of addressing large problems at scale, machine learning applications have been seen as desirable interventions in mitigating the risks of the pandemic disease. However, machine learning, like many tools of technocratic governance, is deeply implicated in the social production and distribution of risk and the role of machine learning in the production of risk must be considered as engineers and other technologists develop tools for the current crisis. This paper describes the coupling of machine learning and the social production of risk, generally, and in pandemic responses specifically. It goes on to describe the role of risk management in the effort to institutionalize ethics in the technology industry and how such efforts can benefit from a deeper understanding of the social production of risk through machine learning. url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.patter.2020.100102 doi: 10.1016/j.patter.2020.100102 id: cord-351373-a21453gz author: Mowbray, N. G. title: Safe management of surgical smoke in the age of COVID‐19 date: 2020-05-03 words: 3938.0 sentences: 201.0 pages: flesch: 43.0 cache: ./cache/cord-351373-a21453gz.txt txt: ./txt/cord-351373-a21453gz.txt summary: A controversial area concerns the safety of surgically created smoke and the perceived potential higher risk in laparoscopic surgery. A review was undertaken of the novel coronavirus with regards to its hazards within surgical smoke and the procedures that could mitigate the potential risks to healthcare staff. The Society of American Gastroenterology and Endoscopic Surgeons updated their advice on 30 March 2020 2 : ''Although previous research has shown that laparoscopy can lead to aerosolization of blood-borne viruses, there is no evidence to indicate that this effect is seen with COVID-19, nor that it would be isolated to MIS [minimally invasive surgery] procedures. This article reviews the best available evidence to understand the risk of transmission of COVID-19 in laparoscopic smoke, and what steps, based on physical properties of the virus, may be best placed to reduce this and justify continuing laparoscopic surgery under strict safety guidelines. abstract: BACKGROUND: The COVID‐19 global pandemic has resulted in a plethora of guidance and opinion from surgical societies. A controversial area concerns the safety of surgically created smoke and the perceived potential higher risk in laparoscopic surgery. METHODS: The limited published evidence was analysed in combination with expert opinion. A review was undertaken of the novel coronavirus with regards to its hazards within surgical smoke and the procedures that could mitigate the potential risks to healthcare staff. RESULTS: Using existing knowledge of surgical smoke, a theoretical risk of virus transmission exists. Best practice should consider the operating room set‐up, patient movement and operating theatre equipment when producing a COVID‐19 operating protocol. The choice of energy device can affect the smoke produced, and surgeons should manage the pneumoperitoneum meticulously during laparoscopic surgery. Devices to remove surgical smoke, including extractors, filters and non‐filter devices, are discussed in detail. CONCLUSION: There is not enough evidence to quantify the risks of COVID‐19 transmission in surgical smoke. However, steps can be undertaken to manage the potential hazards. The advantages of minimally invasive surgery may not need to be sacrificed in the current crisis. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32363596/ doi: 10.1002/bjs.11679 id: cord-264542-0hu5twhp author: Mueller, Siguna title: Facing the 2020 Pandemic: What does Cyberbiosecurity want us to know to safeguard the future? date: 2020-09-25 words: 4205.0 sentences: 213.0 pages: flesch: 39.0 cache: ./cache/cord-264542-0hu5twhp.txt txt: ./txt/cord-264542-0hu5twhp.txt summary: Herein, I summarize and elaborate on these new cyberbiosecurity challenges, (1) in terms of comprehending the evolving threat landscape and determining new risk potentials, (2) in developing adequate safeguarding measures, their validation and implementation, and (3) specific critical dangers and consequences, many of them unique to the life-sciences. Yet, the convergence of technologies at the nexus of life and medical sciences, cyber, cyberphysical, supply chain and infrastructure systems [3] , has led to new security problems that have remained elusive to the majority of the scientific, agricultural, and health communities. Due to the increased reliance of the bioscience fields on cyberphysical systems (CPS, Fig. 3 below), potentials for exploitation exist at each point where bioengineered or biomanufactured processes or services interface with the cyber and the physical domain, whereby attackers may exploit unsecured networks and remotely manipulate biologic data, exploit biologic agents, or affect physical processing involving biological materials, that result (whether intentionally or unintentionally) in unwanted or dangerous biological outcomes [4, 5, 6, 7] . abstract: As the entire world is under the grip of the Coronavirus diseases 2019 (COVID-19), and as many are eagerly trying to explain the origins of the virus and cause of the pandemic, it is imperative to place more attention on related potential biosafety risks. Biology and biotechnology have changed dramatically during the last ten years or so. Their reliance on digitization, automation, and their cyber-overlaps have created new vulnerabilities for unintended consequences and potentials for intended exploitation that are largely under-appreciated. Herein, I summarize and elaborate on these new cyberbiosecurity challenges, (1) in terms of comprehending the evolving threat landscape and determining new risk potentials, (2) in developing adequate safeguarding measures, their validation and implementation, and (3) specific critical dangers and consequences, many of them unique to the life-sciences. Drawing upon expertise shared by others as well as my previous work, this article aims to summarize and critically interpret the current situation of our bioeconomy. Herein, the goal is not to attribute causative aspects of past biosafety or biosecurity events, but to highlight the fact that the bioeconomy harbors unique features that have to be more critically assessed for their potential to unintentionally cause harm to human health or environment, or to be re-tasked with an intention to cause harm. I conclude with recommendations that will need to be taken into consideration to help ensure converging and emerging biorisk challenges, in order to minimize vulnerabilities to the life-science enterprise, public health, and national security. url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bsheal.2020.09.007 doi: 10.1016/j.bsheal.2020.09.007 id: cord-022367-xpzx22qg author: Murphy, Peter E. title: Risk management date: 2009-11-16 words: 11895.0 sentences: 510.0 pages: flesch: 51.0 cache: ./cache/cord-022367-xpzx22qg.txt txt: ./txt/cord-022367-xpzx22qg.txt summary: Resort management risk not only involves both demand and supply considerations, it can range in scale from minor yet important internal issues like a lack of staff in crucial situations and places to overwhelming natural disasters or human external interventions like terrorism or financial crises. Adventure tourism operations must be identified in terms of their real risk, and even when they are outsourced to separate organizations with their own liability insurance, their professionalism and record will still impact on a resort''s reputation and business. (de Sausmarez, 2004: 4) It is only when tourism in general and the resort component in particular are shown to be significant local and regional socioeconomic activities that governments and planners will consider them seriously and integrate their needs into macro-crisis management planning. If resorts and tourism are to integrate crisis management with their sustainable development philosophy they will need to identify the anticipated areas of greatest risk. abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7155619/ doi: 10.1016/b978-0-7506-6661-9.50014-0 id: cord-334353-nc2jhemz author: Murphy, Thérèse title: IS HUMAN RIGHTS PREPARED? RISK, RIGHTS AND PUBLIC HEALTH EMERGENCIES date: 2009-05-08 words: 8531.0 sentences: 455.0 pages: flesch: 55.0 cache: ./cache/cord-334353-nc2jhemz.txt txt: ./txt/cord-334353-nc2jhemz.txt summary: The new Regulations take what has been described as an ''"all risks" approach'', 34 encompassing any emergency with repercussions for international health security, including 26 Ibid., at para 47. So, how should a human rights lawyer respond to the panoply of new linkages between health and security and, more specifically, the increasing focus on public health emergency preparedness? In our view, its arguments need to be read very closely by those working on public health emergency preparedness, not least because of the effect that a ''risk or rights'' approach 63 could have on the interpretation, and use, of the IHR and the design, interpretation and use of national preparedness measures. In thinking about risk within rights in the context of public health emergency preparedness, these points suggest a range of strategies. One question that needs to be asked is: are human rights risk strategists at work in public health preparedness projects and, if so, in what ways? abstract: nan url: https://doi.org/10.1093/medlaw/fwp007 doi: 10.1093/medlaw/fwp007 id: cord-016704-99v4brjf author: Nicholson, Felicity title: Infectious Diseases: The Role of the Forensic Physician date: 2005 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Infections have plagued doctors for centuries, in both the diagnosis of the specific diseases and the identification and subsequent management of the causative agents. There is a constant need for information as new organisms emerge, existing ones develop resistance to current drugs or vaccines, and changes in epidemiology and prevalence occur. In the 21st century, obtaining this information has never been more important. Population migration and the relatively low cost of flying means that unfamiliar infectious diseases may be brought into industrialized countries. An example of this was an outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), which was first recognized in 2003. Despite modern technology and a huge input of money, it took months for the agent to be identified, a diagnostic test to be produced, and a strategy for disease reporting and isolation to be established. There is no doubt that other new and fascinating diseases will continue to emerge. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7121068/ doi: 10.1385/1-59259-913-3:235 id: cord-102776-2upbx2lp author: Niu, Zhibin title: Visual analytics for networked-guarantee loans risk management date: 2017-04-06 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Groups of enterprises guarantee each other and form complex guarantee networks when they try to obtain loans from banks. Such secured loan can enhance the solvency and promote the rapid growth in the economic upturn period. However, potential systemic risk may happen within the risk binding community. Especially, during the economic down period, the crisis may spread in the guarantee network like a domino. Monitoring the financial status, preventing or reducing systematic risk when crisis happens is highly concerned by the regulatory commission and banks. We propose visual analytics approach for loan guarantee network risk management, and consolidate the five analysis tasks with financial experts: i) visual analytics for enterprises default risk, whereby a hybrid representation is devised to predict the default risk and developed an interface to visualize key indicators; ii) visual analytics for high default groups, whereby a community detection based interactive approach is presented; iii) visual analytics for high defaults pattern, whereby a motif detection based interactive approach is described, and we adopt a Shneiderman Mantra strategy to reduce the computation complexity. iv) visual analytics for evolving guarantee network, whereby animation is used to help understanding the guarantee dynamic; v) visual analytics approach and interface for default diffusion path. The temporal diffusion path analysis can be useful for the government and bank to monitor the default spread status. It also provides insight for taking precautionary measures to prevent and dissolve systemic financial risk. We implement the system with case studies on a real-world guarantee network. Two financial experts are consulted with endorsement on the developed tool. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first visual analytics tool to explore the guarantee network risks in a systematic manner. url: https://arxiv.org/pdf/1705.02937v2.pdf doi: 10.1109/pacificvis.2018.00028 id: cord-030279-pv770doe author: Novossiolova, Tatyana title: Twenty-first Century Governance Challenges in the Life Sciences date: 2016-11-29 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: The chapter explores the rapid advancement of biotechnology over the past few decades, outlining an array of factors that drive innovation and, at the same time, raise concerns about the extent to which the scope and pace of novel life science developments can be adequately governed. From ‘dual-use life science research of concern’ through the rise of amateur biology to the advent of personalised medicine, the chapter exposes the limitations of the existing governance mechanisms in accommodating the multifaceted ethical, social, security, and legal concerns arising from cutting-edge scientific and technological developments. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7416832/ doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-51004-0_4 id: cord-294916-xc9ozxyn author: Oehmen, Josef title: Risk, uncertainty, ignorance and myopia: Their managerial implications for B2B firms date: 2020-07-31 words: 8488.0 sentences: 476.0 pages: flesch: 46.0 cache: ./cache/cord-294916-xc9ozxyn.txt txt: ./txt/cord-294916-xc9ozxyn.txt summary: While risk management, and to some lesser extent, management approaches focused on uncertainty, rely on a ''predict and plan'' mindset (e.g. Van Poucke, Matthyssens, van Weele, & Van Bockhaven, 2019), resilience builds capabilities to ''monitor and react'' (Hall et al., 2015) : This includes building capabilities in four areas: 1) Preparation, financially and operationally, for unexpected disruption (Sheffi, 2017) ; 2) Resistance, the immediate crisis management that moves the organization out of its denial and complacency, and minimizes the negative impact without delay (Henry & Ramirez-Marquez, 2016) ; 3) Recovery, when the organization works to regain pre-crisis performance by repairing damage, improvising, and making do; and 4) Learning, implementing new solutions refining them than possibly surpassing precrisis performance (Taleb, 2013) . First, it is important to note that the most widely used approach, risk management, is typically not geared towards providing meaningful responses to high-impact, low-probability events, such as the current COVID-19 pandemic. abstract: Abstract Rare events are common: Even though any particular type of ‘rare event’ - a world war, global economic collapse, or pandemic for that matter - should only occur once every 100 years, there are enough of those types of ‘rare events’ that overall, they commonly occur about once every 10 years. As we are currently experiencing with the COVID-19 pandemic, we do not sufficiently leverage the rich toolset that risk management offers to prepare for and mitigate the resulting uncertainty. This article highlights four aspects of risk management, and their practical and theorical implications. They are: 1) Risk (in the narrower sense), where possible future outcomes can be captured through probability distributions. 2) A situation of uncertainty, where there is transparency regarding what is not known, but probability distributions are unknown, as well as causal relationships influencing the outcome in question. 3) A situation of ignorance, where there is no understanding that certain possible future developments are even relevant. And finally: 4) The emergence of organizational and inter-organizational myopia as an effect of risk, uncertainty and ignorance on collective human behaviour. url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0019850120304028 doi: 10.1016/j.indmarman.2020.05.018 id: cord-025366-haf542y0 author: Offit, Paul A. title: Vaccine safety date: 2012-11-07 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7252257/ doi: 10.1016/b978-1-4557-0090-5.00076-8 id: cord-348249-zhfrgaxf author: Osborne, V. title: Systematic benefit-risk assessment for the use of chloroquine or hydroxychloroquine as a treatment for COVID-19: Establishing a framework for rapid decision-making date: 2020-05-12 words: 3919.0 sentences: 226.0 pages: flesch: 49.0 cache: ./cache/cord-348249-zhfrgaxf.txt txt: ./txt/cord-348249-zhfrgaxf.txt summary: Methods: The overall benefit-risk of the use of chloroquine or hydroxychloroquine as a treatment for COVID-19 compared to standard of care, placebo or other treatments was assessed using the Benefit-Risk Action Team (BRAT) framework. To date, whilst there have been many publications which have described the main effectiveness and safety concerns with these treatments, there has not been a systematic benefit-risk assessment on the use of chloroquine or hydroxychloroquine for COVID-19 treatment using a structured descriptive framework. To examine the benefit-risk profile of chloroquine or hydroxychloroquine in COVID-19 patients compared to standard of care, placebo or other treatments. The overall benefit-risk of the use of chloroquine or hydroxychloroquine as a treatment for COVID-19 compared to standard of care, placebo or other treatments was assessed using the BRAT framework. Data were extracted for each benefit and risk, for hydroxychloroquine, chloroquine and the comparator (standard of care, placebo or other treatments), where available. abstract: Objectives: Given the current pandemic, there is an urgent need to identify effective, safe treatments for COVID-19 (coronavirus disease). A systematic benefit-risk assessment was designed and conducted to strengthen the ongoing monitoring of the benefit-risk balance for chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine in COVID-19 treatment. Methods: The overall benefit-risk of the use of chloroquine or hydroxychloroquine as a treatment for COVID-19 compared to standard of care, placebo or other treatments was assessed using the Benefit-Risk Action Team (BRAT) framework. We searched PubMed and Google Scholar to identify literature reporting clinical outcomes in patients taking chloroquine or hydroxychloroquine for COVID-19. A value tree was constructed and key benefits and risks were ranked by two clinicians in order of considered importance. Results: Several potential key benefits and risks were identified for use of hydroxychloroquine or chloroquine in COVID-19 treatment. For the benefit of virological clearance, three studies were identified. A significant risk difference (RD) between hydroxychloroquine and the comparator group (standard of care) was found for only one study (RD=0.58, 95% CI: 0.17, 0.98). The risk difference was not significant for the other two studies (RD=-0.07, 95% CI:-0.75, 0.61 and RD=0.08, 95% CI:-0.74, 0.91). In addition, no significant risk difference between hydroxychloroquine and the comparator group (standard of care) was identified for the risk of abnormal liver function tests (LFTs) (RD=0.07, 95% CI: -0.28, 0.41). Conclusions: Overall, no conclusion can be made on the benefit-risk profile of hydroxychloroquine or chloroquine in the treatment of COVID-19 compared to standard of care, placebo or other treatments at this time. Whilst the availability of comparative data are limited, the current framework summarises the key anticipated benefits and risks. As further data from clinical trials and real world use on these benefits and risks becomes available, this can be incorporated into the framework for an ongoing benefit-risk assessment. url: http://medrxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.05.07.20093989v1?rss=1 doi: 10.1101/2020.05.07.20093989 id: cord-255204-3qruat3s author: Osborne, Vicki title: Lopinavir-Ritonavir in the Treatment of COVID-19: A Dynamic Systematic Benefit-Risk Assessment date: 2020-06-23 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVE: COVID-19 is an ongoing, global public health crisis for which safe and effective treatments need to be identified. The benefit-risk balance for the use of lopinavir-ritonavir in COVID-19 needs to be monitored on an ongoing basis, therefore a systematic benefit-risk assessment was designed and conducted. A key objective of this study was to provide a platform for a dynamic systematic benefit-risk evaluation; although initially this evaluation is likely to contain limited information, it is required because of the urgent unmet public need. Importantly, it allows additional data to be incorporated as they become available, and re-evaluation of the benefit-risk profile. METHODS: A systematic benefit-risk assessment was conducted using the Benefit-Risk Action Team (BRAT) framework. The exposure of interest was lopinavir-ritonavir treatment in severe COVID-19 compared to standard of care, placebo or other treatments. A literature search was conducted in PubMed and Embase to identify peer-reviewed papers reporting clinical outcomes. Two clinicians constructed a value tree and ranked key benefits and risks in order of considered clinical importance. RESULTS: We screened 143 papers from PubMed and 264 papers from Embase for lopinavir-ritonavir; seven papers were included in the final benefit-risk assessment. In comparison to standard of care, data for several key benefits and risks were identified for lopinavir-ritonavir. Time to clinical improvement was not significantly different for lopinavir-ritonavir in comparison to standard of care (hazard ratio 1.31, 95% confidence interval 0.95–1.80). From one study, there were fewer cases of acute respiratory distress syndrome with lopinavir-ritonavir compared with standard of care (13% vs 27%). There also appeared to be fewer serious adverse events with lopinavir-ritonavir (20%) vs standard of care (32%). Limited data were available for comparison of lopinavir-ritonavir to other treatments. CONCLUSIONS: Based on currently available data, there was no clear benefit for the use of lopinavir-ritonavir compared to standard of care in severe COVID-19. Risk data suggested a possible decrease in serious adverse events. There was a reduction in acute respiratory distress syndrome with lopinavir-ritonavir in one study. Overall, the benefit-risk profile for lopinavir-ritonavir in severe COVID-19 cannot be considered positive until further efficacy and effectiveness data become available. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32578156/ doi: 10.1007/s40264-020-00966-9 id: cord-318061-xe8lljz0 author: Overgaauw, Paul A.M. title: A One Health Perspective on the Human–Companion Animal Relationship with Emphasis on Zoonotic Aspects date: 2020-05-27 words: 14056.0 sentences: 775.0 pages: flesch: 49.0 cache: ./cache/cord-318061-xe8lljz0.txt txt: ./txt/cord-318061-xe8lljz0.txt summary: For the human, there may be a higher risk of the transmission of zoonotic infections due to trends such as sleeping with pets, allowing pets to lick the face or wounds, bite accidents, keeping exotic animals, the importation of rescue dogs, and soil contact. A literature search was conducted through 2 March 2020, using the National Library of Medicine''s PubMed for the terms "One Health" and "companion animals"; "pet ownership"; "households" and "pets"; "dogs" or "cats" or "pets" and "mental" or "physical health" or "children"; "animal assisted therapy"; "dogs" or "cats" and "nutritional problems" or "overweight" or "obesity" or "homemade" or "raw meat diets"; "dogs" or "cats" and "behavior problems" or "aggression" or "fear" or "anxiety" or "abnormal repetitive behavior"; "dogs" or "cats" and "breeding" or "genetic problems"; "dogs" or "cats" and "zooanthroponoses"; "pets" and "anthropomorphism"; "dogs" or "cats" or "exotic animals" or "rescue dogs" or "soil" and zoonoses. Anthropomorphism, also resulting in behavioral problems and breeding on appearance rather than health, and trends such as keeping exotic animals and importing rescue dogs may result in an increased risk of contracting zoonotic infections. abstract: Over time the human–animal bond has been changed. For instance, the role of pets has changed from work animals (protecting houses, catching mice) to animals with a social function, giving companionship. Pets can be important for the physical and mental health of their owners but may also transmit zoonotic infections. The One Health initiative is a worldwide strategy for expanding collaborations in all aspects of health care for humans, animals, and the environment. However, in One Health communications the role of particularly dogs and cats is often underestimated. Objective: Evaluation of positive and negative One Health issues of the human–companion animal relationship with a focus on zoonotic aspects of cats and dogs in industrialized countries. Method: Literature review. Results: Pets undoubtedly have a positive effect on human health, while owners are increasing aware of pet’s health and welfare. The changing attitude of humans with regard to pets and their environment can also lead to negative effects such as changes in feeding practices, extreme breeding, and behavioral problems, and anthropozoonoses. For the human, there may be a higher risk of the transmission of zoonotic infections due to trends such as sleeping with pets, allowing pets to lick the face or wounds, bite accidents, keeping exotic animals, the importation of rescue dogs, and soil contact. Conclusions: One Health issues need frequently re-evaluated as the close human–animal relationship with pet animals can totally differ compared to decennia ago. Because of the changed human–companion animal bond, recommendations regarding responsible pet-ownership, including normal hygienic practices, responsible breeding, feeding, housing, and mental and physical challenges conforming the biology of the animal are required. Education can be performed by vets and physicians as part of the One Health concept. url: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17113789 doi: 10.3390/ijerph17113789 id: cord-285898-rtqkvf63 author: Padberg, Stephanie title: Anti-infective Agents date: 2014-09-29 words: 23992.0 sentences: 1446.0 pages: flesch: 42.0 cache: ./cache/cord-285898-rtqkvf63.txt txt: ./txt/cord-285898-rtqkvf63.txt summary: In the case of clarithromycin, there was some 2.6 Anti-infective Agents 2 Pregnancy initial concern as animal experiments demonstrated teratogenic effects, and for instance, in some studies cardiovascular defects were induced in rats. In a prospective cohort study with 949 women who were exposed to a fluorquinolone during the first trimester, neither the rate of major birth defects, nor the risk of spontaneous abortion were increased compared to a control group (Padberg 2014) . Danish cohort studies based on a prescription register also could not find an increased risk of birth defects after first trimester exposure in several thousand pregnant women (Nørgaard 2008 , Sørensen 1999 ). Data from the Antiretroviral Pregnancy Registry (2013) with 27 birth defects in 905 cases, indicate a malformation rate of 3.0% after exposure during the first trimester, similarly as seen in the general population of the USA. Three birth defects were observed among 141 pregnant women with first trimester exposures reported to the Antiretroviral Pregnancy Registry (2013). abstract: Infections may be hazardous to the health of the mother, the course of pregnancy, and the unborn child. They can lead to premature labor or premature rupture of membranes and thereby increase the risk for spontaneous abortion and prematurity. Furthermore, certain germs can pass to the unborn child and harm it directly. Therefore, an anti-infective treatment which should be both effective and safe for the mother and the unborn child is often required. The use of penicillines and older cephalosporines is well documented and considered to be safe. Consequently, they are the drug of choice during pregnancy. In selected cases of bacterial resistance or intolerance to first-line antibiotics, other anti-infective agents might be recommended. Especially for life-threatening infections, a therapy with not so well-tried agents might be needed. The potential benefit of treatment in such cases most often outbalances the potential risk for the unborn child. url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B978012408078200007X doi: 10.1016/b978-0-12-408078-2.00007-x id: cord-009481-6pm3rpzj author: Parnell, Gregory S. title: Intelligent Adversary Risk Analysis: A Bioterrorism Risk Management Model date: 2009-12-11 words: 6493.0 sentences: 378.0 pages: flesch: 50.0 cache: ./cache/cord-009481-6pm3rpzj.txt txt: ./txt/cord-009481-6pm3rpzj.txt summary: In the second section, we describe a canonical model for resource allocation decision making for an intelligent adversary problem using an illustrative bioterrorism example with notional data. (16) In our example, we will use four of the recommendations: model the decisions of intelligent adversaries, include risk management, simplify the model by not assigning probabilities to the branches of uncertain events, and do not normalize the risk. (29) In our defenderattacker-defender decision analysis model, we have the two defender decisions (buy vaccine, add a Bio Watch city), the agent acquisition for the attacker is uncertain, the agent selection and target of attack is another decision, the consequences (fatalities and economic) are uncertain, the defender decision after attack to mitigate the maximum possible casualties, and the costs of defender decisions are known. We use multiple objective decision analysis with an additive value (risk) model to assign risk to the defender consequences. abstract: The tragic events of 9/11 and the concerns about the potential for a terrorist or hostile state attack with weapons of mass destruction have led to an increased emphasis on risk analysis for homeland security. Uncertain hazards (natural and engineering) have been successfully analyzed using probabilistic risk analysis (PRA). Unlike uncertain hazards, terrorists and hostile states are intelligent adversaries who can observe our vulnerabilities and dynamically adapt their plans and actions to achieve their objectives. This article compares uncertain hazard risk analysis with intelligent adversary risk analysis, describes the intelligent adversary risk analysis challenges, and presents a probabilistic defender–attacker–defender model to evaluate the baseline risk and the potential risk reduction provided by defender investments. The model includes defender decisions prior to an attack; attacker decisions during the attack; defender actions after an attack; and the uncertainties of attack implementation, detection, and consequences. The risk management model is demonstrated with an illustrative bioterrorism problem with notional data. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7159100/ doi: 10.1111/j.1539-6924.2009.01319.x id: cord-275496-ajlmvg1o author: Pasco, Remy F. title: Estimated Association of Construction Work With Risks of COVID-19 Infection and Hospitalization in Texas date: 2020-10-29 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: IMPORTANCE: Policy makers have relaxed restrictions for certain nonessential industries, including construction, jeopardizing the effectiveness of social distancing measures and putting already at-risk populations at greater risk of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection. In Texas, Latinx populations are overly represented among construction workers, and thus have elevated rates of exposure that are compounded by prevalent high-risk comorbidities and lack of access to health care. OBJECTIVE: To assess the association between construction work during the COVID-19 pandemic and hospitalization rates for construction workers and the surrounding community. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: This decision analytical model used a mathematical model of COVID-19 transmission, stratified by age and risk group, with construction workers modeled explicitly. The model was based on residents of the Austin–Round Rock metropolitan statistical area, with a population of 2.17 million. Based on 500 stochastic simulations for each of 15 scenarios that varied the size of the construction workforce and level of worksite transmission risk, the association between continued construction work and hospitalizations was estimated and then compared with anonymized line-list hospitalization data from central Texas through August 20, 2020. EXPOSURES: Social distancing interventions, size of construction workforce, and level of disease transmission at construction worksites. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: For each scenario, the total number of COVID-19 hospitalizations and the relative risk of hospitalization among construction workers was projected and then compared with relative risks estimated from reported hospitalization data. RESULTS: Allowing unrestricted construction work was associated with an increase of COVID-19 hospitalization rates through mid-August 2020 from 0.38 per 1000 residents to 1.5 per 1000 residents and from 0.22 per 1000 construction workers to 9.3 per 1000 construction workers. This increased risk was estimated to be offset by safety measures (such as thorough cleaning of equipment between uses, wearing of protective equipment, limits on the number of workers at a worksite, and increased health surveillance) that were associated with a 50% decrease in transmission. The observed relative risk of hospitalization among construction workers compared with other occupational categories among adults aged 18 to 64 years was 4.9 (95% CI, 3.8-6.2). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: The findings of this study suggest that unrestricted work in high-contact industries, such as construction, is associated with a higher level of community transmission, increased risks to at-risk workers, and larger health disparities among members of racial and ethnic minority groups. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33119111/ doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.26373 id: cord-303402-gxz2l8e4 author: Pereira da Silva, Alda title: Impact on Longevity of Genetic Cardiovascular Risk and Lifestyle including Red Meat Consumption date: 2020-06-30 words: 6185.0 sentences: 325.0 pages: flesch: 42.0 cache: ./cache/cord-303402-gxz2l8e4.txt txt: ./txt/cord-303402-gxz2l8e4.txt summary: CONCLUSIONS: Cardiovascular risk-related genetic and multifactorial or predominantly lifestyle aspects and its interactions might influence the aging process and contribute to exceptional longevity in Portuguese centenarians. The aim of the present study is the analysis of genetic variables associated with longevity and their interaction with cardiovascular risk variables and lifestyle, contributing to the understanding of the phenomenon of aging and its prevention, to delay its process. The control group was subdivided into low (LCR) and high (HCR) cardiovascular risk, according to the results obtained, by inserting the personal data of each individual in a program, Q risk® 2-2016 [32] , consisting in a prediction algorithm based on age, gender, ethnicity, body mass index (BMI), past and present smoking habits, hypertension criteria, systolic blood pressure, total cholesterol/HDL-c ratio, presence of diabetes, atrial fibrillation, rheumatoid arthritis, chronic kidney disease (stage 4 or 5), atrial fibrillation, and a family history of angina or heart attack in a first-degree relative aged <60 years [33, 34] . abstract: BACKGROUND: Cardiovascular risk (CVR) underlies aging process and longevity. Previous work points to genetic and environmental factors associated with this risk. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this research is to look for any CVR gene-gene and gene-multifactorial/lifestyle interactions that may impact health and disease and underlie exceptional longevity. METHODS: A case-control study involving 521 both gender individuals, 253 centenarians (100.26 ± 1.98 years), and 268 controls (67.51 ± 3.25 years), low (LCR, n = 107) and high (HCR, n = 161) CVR. Hypertension, diabetes, obesity (BMI, kg·m(−2)), and impaired kidney function were defined according to standard criteria. CVR was calculated using Q risk®. DNA was genotyping (ACE-rs4646994, AGT-rs4762, AGR1-rs5182, GRK4-rs2960306, GRK4-rs1024323, NOS3-rs1799983, and SLC12A3-rs13306673) through iPlex-MassARRAY®, read by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry, and analyzed by EARTDECODE®. RESULTS: Antilongevity factors consisted (OR 95% CI, p < 0.05) BMI 1.558 (1.445-1.680), hypertension 2.358 (1.565-3.553), smoking habits 4.528 (2.579-7.949), diabetes 5.553 (2.889-10.675), hypercholesterolemia 1.016 (1.010-1.022), and regular consumption of red meat 22.363 (13.987-35.755). Genetic aspects particularly for HCR individuals ACE II (OR: 3.96 (1.83-8.56), p < 0.0001) and NOS3 TT (OR: 3.11 (1.70-5.70), p < 0.0001) genotypes were also risk associate. Obesity, smoking, hypercholesterolemia, and frequent consumption of red meat have an additive action to hypertension in the longevity process. There was a synergistic interaction between the endothelial NOS3 genotypes and the severity of arterial hypertension. An epistatic interaction between functional genetic variants of GRK4 and angiotensinogen was also observed. CONCLUSIONS: Cardiovascular risk-related genetic and multifactorial or predominantly lifestyle aspects and its interactions might influence the aging process and contribute to exceptional longevity in Portuguese centenarians. Besides lifestyle, the activity of nitrite oxide synthase may be one of the main physiologic regulators of cardiovascular protection in the path of longevity. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32714484/ doi: 10.1155/2020/1305413 id: cord-309350-7qen8z3y author: Peruzzi, Mariangela title: Vaping Cardiovascular Health Risks: an Updated Umbrella Review date: 2020-06-16 words: 2724.0 sentences: 140.0 pages: flesch: 36.0 cache: ./cache/cord-309350-7qen8z3y.txt txt: ./txt/cord-309350-7qen8z3y.txt summary: SUMMARY: The present umbrella review suggests that EVC, and likely HNBC, despite clearly causing an increase in overall cardiovascular risk, may represent a temporary lesser evil than TCC in a risk-reduction or risk-modification strategy, aiming for eventual abstinence from all tobacco or nicotine products. Kennedy and colleagues reviewed several experimental and clinical studies on the cardiovascular safety of EVC, highlighting that they may cause oxidative stress, cardiomyocyte dysfunction and mutagenesis, vascular inflammation, endothelial dysfunction, vasospasm, complement deposition, platelet aggregation, adhesion, and activation, with hypertension, tachycardia, arterial stiffening, atherosclerosis and thrombotic risk, albeit less intensely than TCC [25] . Our umbrella review, poignantly synthesizing the evidence accrued so far from in vitro, in animal, in human volunteers, healthy subjects, and patients on the cardiovascular risk associated with EVC use, either acute or chronic, shows that data are expanding progressively, but several conclusions can already be made on the 31] . abstract: PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Modified risk products (MRP) such as electronic vaping cigarettes (EVC) and heat-not-burn cigarettes (HNBC) are alternatives to traditional combustion cigarettes (TCC) with an expanding consumer base. Yet, their cardiovascular health risks are still unclear. We aimed to summarize the evidence base on this topic by conducting an updated umbrella review. RECENT FINDINGS: We identified 7 systematic reviews, totaling 183 studies and reports, ranging from in vitro and in animal studies to clinical studies in apparently healthy volunteers and patients at risk of cardiovascular disease. Overall, acute EVC use was associated with several toxic effects at molecular, cellular, tissue, organ, and system level. In addition, EVC impacted adversely on blood pressure (BP) management, caused tachycardia, and worsened arterial stiffness. Finally, EVC use was associated with an increased risk of adverse clinical events, including atrial fibrillation and myocardial infarction, even if the causal link is still debated. Most reviews highlighted that the detrimental impact of EVC was of lesser magnitude of that of TCC. In addition, the differential impact of liquids and nicotine was not clearly disentangled. Finally, no review included studies on HNBC. SUMMARY: The present umbrella review suggests that EVC, and likely HNBC, despite clearly causing an increase in overall cardiovascular risk, may represent a temporary lesser evil than TCC in a risk-reduction or risk-modification strategy, aiming for eventual abstinence from all tobacco or nicotine products. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32837803/ doi: 10.1007/s40138-020-00219-0 id: cord-017479-s4e47bwx author: Pulcini, Elena title: Spectators and Victims: Between Denial and Projection date: 2012-03-16 words: 10779.0 sentences: 435.0 pages: flesch: 50.0 cache: ./cache/cord-017479-s4e47bwx.txt txt: ./txt/cord-017479-s4e47bwx.txt summary: 52 But while denial appears, as we have seen, effective in explaining the lack of perception and the anaesthetizing of fear in the face of the nuclear threat, selfdeception can prove pertinent in order to understand the complex emotional response that individuals give to the other global risk already brought up above: that is, the twofold environmental risk of global warming and the depletion of the ozone layer, which by no means seems to generate that mobilization of the whole of humankind which it would instead -urgently -require. 66 However, what I would like to stress, to go back to Anders''s diagnosis, is the fact that -in this case at least -this worrying reversal originates in the pathologies of feeling and the denial of fear, which prevent individuals from recognizing their paradoxical condition of spectators and victims at the same time. abstract: This chapter goes into the unproductive metamorphosis of fear, and analyses the defence mechanisms that it generates: namely denial and projection. In the case of global risks, fear provokes self-defensive strategies based on denial (in the face of the nuclear challenge) and self-deception (in the face of global warming); and, in the case of the threat of the other, projective and persecutory strategies based on reactivating the dynamic of the ‘scapegoat’. They are two contrasting but specular responses which, at the emotional level, reflect the divarication between (unlimited) individualism and (endogamous) communitarianism. The first, implosive response converts into an absence of fear, attested to above all by the figure of the global spectator, while the second, explosive response converts into an excess of fear (fear of the other, fear of contamination), fuelled by forms of reinventing community. These responses are defined as irrational since in the first case they inhibit the spectator’s capacity to recognize himself as also a potential victim of the threats, thus preventing his mobilization, and in the second case they give rise to dynamics of demonization-dehumanization of the other, which result in a spiral of violence and impede forms of solidarity. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7122052/ doi: 10.1007/978-94-007-4482-0_6 id: cord-017351-73hlwwdh author: Quarantelli, E. L. title: Studying Future Disasters and Crises: A Heuristic Approach date: 2017-09-12 words: 13135.0 sentences: 732.0 pages: flesch: 57.0 cache: ./cache/cord-017351-73hlwwdh.txt txt: ./txt/cord-017351-73hlwwdh.txt summary: The literature on crisis and disaster research suggests that we are at another important historical juncture with the emergence of a new distinctive class of disasters and crises not often seen before (Ansell, Boin, & Keller, 2010; Helsloot, Boin, Jacobs, & Comfort, 2012; Tierney, 2014) . In short, societies have continually evolved groups and procedures to try to prevent old and new risks and threats from escalating into disasters and crises. To answer this question, we considered what social science studies and reports had found about behavior in disasters and crises up to the present time. To suggest the importance of cross-societal and cross-cultural differences is simply to suggest that good social science research needs to take differences into account while at the same time searching for universal principles about disasters and crises. There are always new or emergent groups at times of major disasters and crises, but in transboundary events they appear at a much higher rate. abstract: Over time, new types of crises and disasters have emerged. We argue that new types of adversity will continue to emerge. In this chapter, we offer a framework to study and interpret new forms of crises and disasters. This framework is informed by historical insights on societal interpretations of crises and disasters. We are particularly focused here on the rise of transboundary crises – those crises that traverse boundaries between countries and policy systems. We identify the characteristics of these transboundary disruptions, sketch a few scenarios and explore the societal vulnerabilities to this type of threat. We end by discussing some possible implications for planning and preparation practices. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7121892/ doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-63254-4_4 id: cord-024088-020rgz5t author: Radandt, Siegfried title: Governance of Occupational Safety and Health and Environmental Risks date: 2008 words: 39337.0 sentences: 2132.0 pages: flesch: 47.0 cache: ./cache/cord-024088-020rgz5t.txt txt: ./txt/cord-024088-020rgz5t.txt summary: Depending on the type of hazard, the three topics, namely, safety, health and the environment, may share the common trait that the proper handling of risks, i.e., how to reduce probabilities and/or consequences of unwanted events is not always possible within a risk management system. A number of new occupational health and safety hazards have already arisen or are foreseen, including problems with the ergonomics of video display units, and musculoskeletal disorders in shoulder-neck and arm-hand systems, information overload, psychological stress, and pressure to learn new skills. Both managers and workers often do not see the need to improve occupational safety and health or ergonomic issues and their possibilities and benefits by reducing or eliminating risks at work. The explanations below present the basic procedure for developing safety-relevant arrangements and solutions, i.e. the thinking and decision-making processes, as well as selecting criteria that are significant for the identification of unwelcome events, the risk of an event, the acceptance limits and the adoption of measures. abstract: Occupational safety and health (OSH) activities were started in the industrialized countries already 150 years ago. Separated and specific actions were directed at accident prevention, and the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of occupational diseases. As industrialization has advanced, the complexity of safety and health problems and challenges has substantially grown, calling for more comprehensive approaches. Such development has expanded the scope, as well as blurred the borders between specific activities. In the modern world of work, occupational safety and health are part of a complex system that involves innumerable interdependencies and interactions. These are, for instance, safety, health, well-being, aspects of the occupational and general environment, corporate policies and social responsibility, community policies and services, community social environment, workers’ families, their civil life, lifestyles and social networks, cultural and religious environments, and political and media environments. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7187950/ doi: 10.1007/978-1-4020-8289-4_4 id: cord-318004-r08k40ob author: Raina MacIntyre, C. title: Converging and emerging threats to health security date: 2017-11-27 words: 6376.0 sentences: 294.0 pages: flesch: 38.0 cache: ./cache/cord-318004-r08k40ob.txt txt: ./txt/cord-318004-r08k40ob.txt summary: At a time when genetic engineering and synthetic biology contribute to increased risk of biological attacks, there is a need for new tools and risk analysis methods to rapidly identify unnatural epidemics. Multi-resistant organisms are emerging at much higher rates than seen previously, with urgent attention needed to mitigate a risk which is predicted in one report to be the greatest global burden of disease (Review on Antimicrobial Resistance 2016). This risk is heightened for megacities in developing countries in which serious gaps exist in public health surveillance for early detection of epidemic threats, together with inadequate critical infrastructure and other preparedness resources. 2014) , and using knowledge of prior bioterrorism attacks and natural disease outbreaks allow for a realistic proactive prediction of future threats before they are detected by the public health system. These examples illustrate the convergence of cybersecurity and health security and the need for more integrated approaches to prevention and mitigation of emerging risks in health care. abstract: Advances in biological sciences have outpaced regulatory and legal frameworks for biosecurity. Simultaneously, there has been a convergence of scientific disciplines such as synthetic biology, data science, advanced computing and many other technologies, which all have applications in health. For example, advances in cybercrime methods have created ransomware attacks on hospitals, which can cripple health systems and threaten human life. New kinds of biological weapons which fall outside of traditional Cold War era thinking can be created synthetically using genetic code. These convergent trajectories are dramatically expanding the repertoire of methods which can be used for benefit or harm. We describe a new risk landscape for which there are few precedents, and where regulation and mitigation are a challenge. Rapidly evolving patterns of technology convergence and proliferation of dual-use risks expose inadequate societal preparedness. We outline examples in the areas of biological weapons, antimicrobial resistance, laboratory security and cybersecurity in health care. New challenges in health security such as precision harm in medicine can no longer be addressed within the isolated vertical silo of health, but require cross-disciplinary solutions from other fields. Nor can they cannot be managed effectively by individual countries. We outline the case for new cross-disciplinary approaches in risk analysis to an altered risk landscape. url: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10669-017-9667-0 doi: 10.1007/s10669-017-9667-0 id: cord-280060-gzby85u9 author: Rello, Jordi title: Management of infections in critically ill returning travellers in the intensive care unit—II: clinical syndromes and special considerations in immunocompromised patients() date: 2016-04-28 words: 5493.0 sentences: 297.0 pages: flesch: 38.0 cache: ./cache/cord-280060-gzby85u9.txt txt: ./txt/cord-280060-gzby85u9.txt summary: 2 A International Journal of Infectious Diseases 48 (2016) 104-112 significant number of immunocompromised patients may also be migrants who may return to their countries of origin to visit friends and relatives, and may acquire travel-associated infections. 26 Cases of Chagas disease (Trypanosoma cruzi) either as a consequence of reactivation of a latent infection not identified at the time of transplant (because an unrecorded travel history or stay in an endemic area) or by transmission through the organ donor, can also be associated with a high mortality. There have also been case reports of severe disease from other travel-associated infections, such as salmonellosis, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, and visceral leishmaniasis in immunocompromised patients. Less common pathogens such as Staphylococcus aureus, avian influenza viruses such as H7N9 and H5N1, the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), and Gram-negative rods such as Burkholderia pseudomallei must also be considered, as well as a few other pathogens that do not usually cause pneumonia, such as malaria. abstract: This position paper is the second ESCMID Consensus Document on this subject and aims to provide intensivists, infectious disease specialists, and emergency physicians with a standardized approach to the management of serious travel-related infections in the intensive care unit (ICU) or the emergency department. This document is a cooperative effort between members of two European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (ESCMID) study groups and was coordinated by Hakan Leblebicioglu and Jordi Rello for ESGITM (ESCMID Study Group for Infections in Travellers and Migrants) and ESGCIP (ESCMID Study Group for Infections in Critically Ill Patients), respectively. A relevant expert on the subject of each section prepared the first draft which was then edited and approved by additional members from both ESCMID study groups. This article summarizes considerations regarding clinical syndromes requiring ICU admission in travellers, covering immunocompromised patients. url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2016.04.020 doi: 10.1016/j.ijid.2016.04.020 id: cord-297395-5r4fxcuq author: Rezende, Leandro F. M. title: Adults at high-risk of severe coronavirus disease-2019 (Covid-19) in Brazil date: 2020-05-15 words: 2320.0 sentences: 135.0 pages: flesch: 57.0 cache: ./cache/cord-297395-5r4fxcuq.txt txt: ./txt/cord-297395-5r4fxcuq.txt summary: We estimated the proportion and number of adults (≥ 18 years) at risk of severe Covid-19 by sex, educational level, race/ethnicity, and state based on the presence of one or more of the following risk factors: age ≥ 65 years or medical diagnosis of cardiovascular disease, diabetes, hypertension, chronic respiratory disease, cancer, stroke, chronic kidney disease and moderate to severe asthma, smoking status, and obesity. Herein, we propose a calculation of the proportion and total number of the general adult population who may be at higher risk for severe Covid-19, based on routinely collected data from a nationwide, household-based survey in Brazil. Information on covariates including sex, race/ethnicity, educational level, and Brazilian state (26 states and the Federative District) were obtained to describe the proportion of adults at risk of severe Covid-19 by population strata. Compared with younger participants, older adults (≥ 65 years) were less educated, more likely women, white and presented higher prevalence of risk factors for severe Covid-19, except for smoking. abstract: OBJECTIVE: To estimate the proportion and total number of the general adult population who may be at higher risk of severe Covid-19 in Brazil. METHODS: We included 51,770 participants from a nationally representative, household-based health survey (PNS) conducted in Brazil. We estimated the proportion and number of adults (≥ 18 years) at risk of severe Covid-19 by sex, educational level, race/ethnicity, and state based on the presence of one or more of the following risk factors: age ≥ 65 years or medical diagnosis of cardiovascular disease, diabetes, hypertension, chronic respiratory disease, cancer, stroke, chronic kidney disease and moderate to severe asthma, smoking status, and obesity. RESULTS: Adults at risk of severe Covid-19 in Brazil varied from 34.0% (53 million) to 54.5% (86 million) nationwide. Less-educated adults present a 2-fold higher prevalence of risk factors compared to university graduated. We found no differences by sex and race/ethnicity. São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, Minas Gerais, and Rio Grande do Sul were the most vulnerable states in absolute and relative terms of adults at risk. CONCLUSIONS: Proportion and total number of adults at risk of severe Covid-19 are high in Brazil, with wide variation across states and adult subgroups. These findings should be considered while designing and implementing prevention measures in Brazil. We argue that these results support broad social isolation measures, particularly when testing capacity for SARS-CoV-2 is limited. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32491091/ doi: 10.11606/s1518-8787.2020054002596 id: cord-331068-rjc3b4br author: Ritterson, Ryan title: Basic Scholarship in Biosafety Is Critically Needed To Reduce Risk of Laboratory Accidents date: 2017-03-29 words: 2966.0 sentences: 122.0 pages: flesch: 40.0 cache: ./cache/cord-331068-rjc3b4br.txt txt: ./txt/cord-331068-rjc3b4br.txt summary: Due to significant missing but theoretically acquirable data, our biosafety assessment faced limitations, and we were forced to provide a relative, instead of absolute, measure of risk (Gryphon Scientific, LLC, Risk and Benefit Analysis of Gain of Function Research, 2016). These missing data, once acquired via relatively simple primary research efforts, would not only improve biosafety risk assessments but also could be immediately incorporated into biosafety practices to reduce the risk of accidents. As such, we believe significantly more funding is urgently and immediately needed to support three basic thrusts: (i) development of a national incident reporting system, (ii) primary research programs focused on HRAs, equipment failures, and decontamination efficiencies, and (iii) sharing of best practices. In our experience visiting laboratories undertaking gain-of-function research, we noted some institutions maintained a strong safety culture that likely played a significant role in reducing the risk of accident in these labs. abstract: Our firm conducted a risk/benefit assessment of “gain-of-function” research, as part of the deliberative process following a U.S. moratorium on the research (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, U.S. Government Gain-of-Function Deliberative Process and Research Funding Pause on Selected Gain-of-Function Research Involving Influenza, MERS, and SARS Viruses, 2014). Due to significant missing but theoretically acquirable data, our biosafety assessment faced limitations, and we were forced to provide a relative, instead of absolute, measure of risk (Gryphon Scientific, LLC, Risk and Benefit Analysis of Gain of Function Research, 2016). Here, we argue that many of these types of missing data represent large and stunning gaps in our knowledge of biosafety and argue that these missing data, once acquired via primary research efforts, would improve biosafety risk assessments and could be incorporated into biosafety practices to reduce risk of accidents. Governments invest billions in biological research; at least a small fraction of this support is warranted to prevent biological accidents. url: https://doi.org/10.1128/msphere.00010-17 doi: 10.1128/msphere.00010-17 id: cord-302937-3yivxfi8 author: Robertson, Christopher T title: Indemnifying precaution: economic insights for regulation of a highly infectious disease date: 2020-05-30 words: 5935.0 sentences: 327.0 pages: flesch: 48.0 cache: ./cache/cord-302937-3yivxfi8.txt txt: ./txt/cord-302937-3yivxfi8.txt summary: For insights, we review health insurance moral hazard, agricultural infectious disease policy, and deterrence theory, but find that classic enforcement strategies of punishing noncompliant people are stymied. Under a strategy of social distancing, lockdown, or quarantine, individuals are directed or suggested to exercise precautions including staying home, closing businesses, wearing masks, and avoiding physical proximity to other persons. 17 For health insurance design, primary moral hazard may have a relatively small effect on risk-taking behavior, because individuals personally suffer many of the other risks associated with illness or injury (including pain, suffering, lost work, chance of death). In this case, although the risk does not approach zero, it is as if relative youth provides partial indemnity insurance against not only the healthcare costs, but also the pain, suffering, lost work, and chance of death that are associated with COVID-19 infection. abstract: Economic insights are powerful for understanding the challenge of managing a highly infectious disease, such as COVID-19, through behavioral precautions including social distancing. One problem is a form of moral hazard, which arises when some individuals face less personal risk of harm or bear greater personal costs of taking precautions. Without legal intervention, some individuals will see socially risky behaviors as personally less costly than socially beneficial behaviors, a balance that makes those beneficial behaviors unsustainable. For insights, we review health insurance moral hazard, agricultural infectious disease policy, and deterrence theory, but find that classic enforcement strategies of punishing noncompliant people are stymied. One mechanism is for policymakers to indemnify individuals for losses associated with taking those socially desirable behaviors to reduce the spread. We develop a coherent approach for doing so, based on conditional cash payments and precommitments by citizens, which may also be reinforced by social norms. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32733690/ doi: 10.1093/jlb/lsaa032 id: cord-253135-0tun7fjk author: Robin, Charlotte title: Zoonotic disease risk perceptions in the British veterinary profession date: 2017-01-01 words: 7277.0 sentences: 310.0 pages: flesch: 41.0 cache: ./cache/cord-253135-0tun7fjk.txt txt: ./txt/cord-253135-0tun7fjk.txt summary: In veterinary professionals who had previous experience of managing zoonotic cases, time or financial constraints and a concern for adverse animal reactions were not perceived as barriers to use of personal protective equipment (PPE). Explanatory variables investigated were gender, age, length of time in practice, position (veterinary surgeon or nurse; owner or employee); type(s) of veterinary work undertaken (small, large/equine or exotics/wildlife); previous experience of treating a zoonotic case; level of concern over risk (for themselves or clients). The aim of this research was to explore zoonotic disease risk perceptions within a cross-section of the veterinary profession in Britain, and to identify barriers and motivators towards infection control practices and the use of PPE to minimise the risk of disease transmission. Zoonotic disease risk perceptions and infection control practices of Australian veterinarians: call for change in work culture abstract: In human and veterinary medicine, reducing the risk of occupationally-acquired infections relies on effective infection prevention and control practices (IPCs). In veterinary medicine, zoonoses present a risk to practitioners, yet little is known about how these risks are understood and how this translates into health protective behaviour. This study aimed to explore risk perceptions within the British veterinary profession and identify motivators and barriers to compliance with IPCs. A cross-sectional study was conducted using veterinary practices registered with the Royal College of Veterinary Surgeons. Here we demonstrate that compliance with IPCs is influenced by more than just knowledge and experience, and understanding of risk is complex and multifactorial. Out of 252 respondents, the majority were not concerned about the risk of zoonoses (57.5%); however, a considerable proportion (34.9%) was. Overall, 44.0% of respondents reported contracting a confirmed or suspected zoonoses, most frequently dermatophytosis (58.6%). In veterinary professionals who had previous experience of managing zoonotic cases, time or financial constraints and a concern for adverse animal reactions were not perceived as barriers to use of personal protective equipment (PPE). For those working in large animal practice, the most significant motivator for using PPE was concerns over liability. When assessing responses to a range of different “infection control attitudes”, veterinary nurses tended to have a more positive perspective, compared with veterinary surgeons. Our results demonstrate that IPCs are not always adhered to, and factors influencing motivators and barriers to compliance are not simply based on knowledge and experience. Educating veterinary professionals may help improve compliance to a certain extent, however increased knowledge does not necessarily equate to an increase in risk-mitigating behaviour. This highlights that the construction of risk is complex and circumstance-specific and to get a real grasp on compliance with IPCs, this construction needs to be explored in more depth. url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167587716306109 doi: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2016.11.015 id: cord-317167-hzcl1hw3 author: Rodgers, Rachel F. title: The impact of the COVID‐19 pandemic on eating disorder risk and symptoms date: 2020-06-01 words: 2758.0 sentences: 115.0 pages: flesch: 39.0 cache: ./cache/cord-317167-hzcl1hw3.txt txt: ./txt/cord-317167-hzcl1hw3.txt summary: The current COVID‐19 pandemic has created a global context likely to increase eating disorder (ED) risk and symptoms, decrease factors that protect against EDs, and exacerbate barriers to care. Media use, including social media, is associated with increased risk for disordered eating in particular through exposure to thin idealand diet culture-related content as well as food advertising (Boswell & Kober, 2016; Levine & Murnen, 2009; Rodgers & Melioli, 2016) . In addition to these specific fears created by the COVID-19 pandemic, the situation has substantially increased general levels of stress and emotional distress (Brooks et al., 2020) , which are key risks for disordered eating (Puccio, Fuller-Tyszkiewicz, Ong, & Krug, 2016) , including in the context of traumatic societal events (Harada et al., 2015; Rodgers et al., 2012) . abstract: The current COVID‐19 pandemic has created a global context likely to increase eating disorder (ED) risk and symptoms, decrease factors that protect against EDs, and exacerbate barriers to care. Three pathways exist by which this pandemic may exacerbate ED risk. One, the disruptions to daily routines and constraints to outdoor activities may increase weight and shape concerns, and negatively impact eating, exercise, and sleeping patterns, which may in turn increase ED risk and symptoms. Relatedly, the pandemic and accompanying social restrictions may deprive individuals of social support and adaptive coping strategies, thereby potentially elevating ED risk and symptoms by removing protective factors. Two, increased exposure to ED‐specific or anxiety‐provoking media, as well as increased reliance on video conferencing, may increase ED risk and symptoms. Three, fears of contagion may increase ED symptoms specifically related to health concerns, or by the pursuit of restrictive diets focused on increasing immunity. In addition, elevated rates of stress and negative affect due to the pandemic and social isolation may also contribute to increasing risk. Evaluating and assessing these factors are key to better understanding the impact of the pandemic on ED risk and recovery and to inform resource dissemination and targets. url: https://doi.org/10.1002/eat.23318 doi: 10.1002/eat.23318 id: cord-017620-p65lijyu author: Rodriguez-Proteau, Rosita title: Toxicity Evaluation and Human Health Risk Assessment of Surface and Ground Water Contaminated by Recycled Hazardous Waste Materials date: 2005-07-07 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Prior to the 1970s, principles involving the fate and transport of hazardous chemicals from either hazardous waste spills or landfills into ground water and/or surface water were not fully understood. In addition, national guidance on proper waste disposal techniques was not well developed. As a result, there were many instances where hazardous waste was not disposed of properly, such as the Love Canal environmental pollution incident. This incident led to the passage of the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) of 1976. This act gave the United States Environmental Protection Agency regulatory control of all stages of the hazardous waste management cycle. Presently, numerous federal agencies provide guidance on methods and approaches used to evaluate potential health effects and assess risks from contaminated source media, i.e., soil, air, and water. These agencies also establish standards of exposure or health benchmark values in the different media, which are not expected to produce environmental or human health impacts. The risk assessment methodology is used by various regulatory agencies using the following steps: i) hazard identification; ii) dose-response (quantitative) assessment; iii) exposure assessment; iv) risk characterization. The overall objectives of risk assessment are to balance risks and benefits; to set target levels; to set priorities for program activities at regulatory agencies, industrial or commercial facilities, or environmental and consumer organizations; and to estimate residual risks and extent of risk reduction. The chapter will provide information on the concepts used in estimating risk and hazard due to exposure to ground and surface waters contaminated from the recycling of hazardous waste and/or hazardous waste materials for each of the steps in the risk assessment process. Moreover, this chapter will provide examples of contaminated water exposure pathway calculations as well as provide information on current guidelines, databases, and resources such as current drinking water standards, health advisories, and ambient water quality criteria. Finally, specific examples of contaminants released from recycled hazardous waste materials and case studies evaluating the human health effects due to contamination of ground and surface waters from recycled hazardous waste materials will be provided and discussed. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7122228/ doi: 10.1007/b11434 id: cord-293822-axr9qu58 author: Rolland, John S. title: COVID‐19 Pandemic: Applying a Multi‐Systemic Lens date: 2020-07-17 words: 6469.0 sentences: 360.0 pages: flesch: 48.0 cache: ./cache/cord-293822-axr9qu58.txt txt: ./txt/cord-293822-axr9qu58.txt summary: Highlighting the pattern of psychosocial issues of COVID‐19 over time, discussion emphasizes the evolving interplay of larger systems public health pandemic challenges and mitigation strategies with individual and family processes. The paper addresses issues of coping with myriad Covid‐19 uncertainties in the initial crisis wave and evolving phases of the pandemic in the context of individual and family development, pre‐existing illness or disability, and racial and socioeconomic disparities. In addition to communication processes and organizational/structural patterns, particular emphasis includes: family and individual life course development in relation to the time phases of a disorder; multigenerational legacies related to illness and loss; and belief systems (including influences of culture, ethnicity, race, spirituality, and gender) (Figure 1 ). As the pandemic continues to evolve, these discussions will need to be revisited -relating to new COVID-19 data and to changing family circumstances, such as life cycle transitions or altered economic and health status. abstract: The COVID‐19 pandemic has a pervasive effect on all aspects of family life. We can distinguish the collective societal and community effects of the global pandemic and the risk and disease impact for individuals and families. This paper draws on Rolland’s Family Systems Illness (FSI) model to describe some of the unique challenges through a multi‐systemic lens. Highlighting the pattern of psychosocial issues of COVID‐19 over time, discussion emphasizes the evolving interplay of larger systems public health pandemic challenges and mitigation strategies with individual and family processes. The paper addresses issues of coping with myriad Covid‐19 uncertainties in the initial crisis wave and evolving phases of the pandemic in the context of individual and family development, pre‐existing illness or disability, and racial and socioeconomic disparities. The discussion offers recommendations for timely family oriented consultation and psychoeducation, and for healthcare clinician self‐care. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32677711/ doi: 10.1111/famp.12584 id: cord-355905-av03suua author: Romero Starke, Karla title: The Age-Related Risk of Severe Outcomes Due to COVID-19 Infection: A Rapid Review, Meta-Analysis, and Meta-Regression date: 2020-08-17 words: 6825.0 sentences: 395.0 pages: flesch: 59.0 cache: ./cache/cord-355905-av03suua.txt txt: ./txt/cord-355905-av03suua.txt summary: Because not all important age-related risk factors were included in the analysis, and because they adjusted for biomarkers which were reflective of disease severity/COVID-19 infection, the study was rated as having a high risk of bias. Due to the lack of age-related risk factors included in the analysis and the adjustment for fever, which is reflective of COVID-19 infection/disease severity, this study was determined to have a high risk of bias. This study received a high risk of bias rating because only patients older than 60 years of age were considered, because of missing risk factors, and because biomarkers were used that might indicate a COVID-19 infection/disease severity. All the studies included in the meta-analysis for mortality were rated as having a high risk of bias because not all age-dependent risk factors were considered and because the variables used in the analysis may have already indicated COVID-19 disease severity. abstract: Increased age appears to be a strong risk factor for COVID-19 severe outcomes. However, studies do not sufficiently consider the age-dependency of other important factors influencing the course of disease. The aim of this review was to quantify the isolated effect of age on severe COVID-19 outcomes. We searched Pubmed to find relevant studies published in 2020. Two independent reviewers evaluated them using predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria. We extracted the results and assessed seven domains of bias for each study. After adjusting for important age-related risk factors, the isolated effect of age was estimated using meta-regression. Twelve studies met our inclusion criteria: four studies for COVID-19 disease severity, seven for mortality, and one for admission to ICU. The crude effect of age (5.2% and 13.4% higher risk of disease severity and death per age year, respectively) substantially decreased when adjusting for important age-dependent risk factors (diabetes, hypertension, coronary heart disease/cerebrovascular disease, compromised immunity, previous respiratory disease, renal disease). Adjusting for all six comorbidities indicates a 2.7% risk increase for disease severity (two studies), and no additional risk of death per year of age (five studies). The indication of a rather weak influence of age on COVID-19 disease severity after adjustment for important age-dependent risk factors should be taken in consideration when implementing age-related preventative measures (e.g., age-dependent work restrictions). url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32824596/ doi: 10.3390/ijerph17165974 id: cord-282982-dc5m81bx author: Rouillard, Smita title: COVID-19: Long-term Planning for Procedure-based Specialties During Extended Mitigation and Suppression Strategies date: 2020-05-18 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32425231/ doi: 10.1053/j.gastro.2020.05.047 id: cord-348138-wca7jaje author: Safarpour, Hamid title: Risk Communication in the COVID-19 Outbreak: Two Sides of the Same Coin date: 2020-09-09 words: 1004.0 sentences: 59.0 pages: flesch: 40.0 cache: ./cache/cord-348138-wca7jaje.txt txt: ./txt/cord-348138-wca7jaje.txt summary: Because of the constant changes in the effects of COVID-19 and the exaggerated public perception of its mortality risk because of the difficulty of estimating the mortality rate, 6 the response of global media to COVID-19 remains unbalanced. Therefore, 1 way to ensure proper communication is to use social media, radio, and TV channels and ensure the constant presence of the media using the World Health Organization (WHO) principles for effective communication: accessible, actionable, credible and trusted, relevant, timely, and understandable. 8 Risk communication and community engagement contribute to the prevention of infodemics (too much information about a problem, which makes it difficult to identify the solution) 2 and increase the chance of health advice following for self-protection by creating trust in response. 2 Risk communication and effective community engagement can minimize social disorder, as well as protect health, the economy, and tourism. abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32900404/ doi: 10.1017/dmp.2020.327 id: cord-001781-afg1nmib author: Saksena, Sumeet title: Evidence for the Convergence Model: The Emergence of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (H5N1) in Viet Nam date: 2015-09-23 words: 7626.0 sentences: 395.0 pages: flesch: 49.0 cache: ./cache/cord-001781-afg1nmib.txt txt: ./txt/cord-001781-afg1nmib.txt summary: We developed and tested a model of the emergence of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 based on suspected convergence factors that are mainly associated with land-use change. The results presented here highlight three main findings: 1) when relevant risk factors are taken into account, urbanization is generally not a significant independent risk factor; but in peri-urban landscapes emergence factors converge, including higher levels of chicken densities, duck and geese flock size diversities, and fraction of land under rice or aquaculture; 2) high land-use diversity landscapes, a variable not previously considered in spatial studies of HPAI H5N1, are at significantly greater risk for HPAI H5N1 outbreaks; as are 3) landscapes where intensive and extensive forms of poultry production are co-located. Hence diseases associated with rice production are likely to peak in peri-urban areas given other risk factors such as land-use diversity, CTI, and distance to infrastructure. abstract: Building on a series of ground breaking reviews that first defined and drew attention to emerging infectious diseases (EID), the ‘convergence model’ was proposed to explain the multifactorial causality of disease emergence. The model broadly hypothesizes disease emergence is driven by the co-incidence of genetic, physical environmental, ecological, and social factors. We developed and tested a model of the emergence of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 based on suspected convergence factors that are mainly associated with land-use change. Building on previous geospatial statistical studies that identified natural and human risk factors associated with urbanization, we added new factors to test whether causal mechanisms and pathogenic landscapes could be more specifically identified. Our findings suggest that urbanization spatially combines risk factors to produce particular types of peri-urban landscapes with significantly higher HPAI H5N1 emergence risk. The work highlights that peri-urban areas of Viet Nam have higher levels of chicken densities, duck and geese flock size diversities, and fraction of land under rice or aquaculture than rural and urban areas. We also found that land-use diversity, a surrogate measure for potential mixing of host populations and other factors that likely influence viral transmission, significantly improves the model’s predictability. Similarly, landscapes where intensive and extensive forms of poultry production overlap were found at greater risk. These results support the convergence hypothesis in general and demonstrate the potential to improve EID prevention and control by combing geospatial monitoring of these factors along with pathogen surveillance programs. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4580613/ doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0138138 id: cord-308184-w8ewm8ve author: Sarzi-Puttini, Piercarlo title: How to handle patients with autoimmune rheumatic and inflammatory bowel diseases in the COVID-19 era: An expert opinion date: 2020-05-05 words: 3430.0 sentences: 143.0 pages: flesch: 40.0 cache: ./cache/cord-308184-w8ewm8ve.txt txt: ./txt/cord-308184-w8ewm8ve.txt summary: Disease activity, co-morbidities, immunosuppressive drugs including glucocorticoids (GCs), disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs), conventional synthetic (csDMARDs), biological (bDMARDs), targeted synthetic DMARDs (tsDMARDs), and the biological agents currently available for treating patients with IBD are all considered risk factors for infective complications. This has raised concerns about the potential risk of COVID-19 infection in IBD patients (particularly those who are taking immunosuppressants or biological drugs) because of the high morbidity and mortality rates observed in the old and frail with co-morbidities. As a result of the early warning and strict preventive measures, none of the patients developed any significant clinical manifestation of COVID-19 infection, not even those being treated with corticosteroids (12.6%), immunosuppressants (11%) and biological agents (6%), or those with co-morbidities. The first challenge for rheumatologists is to decide whether to interrupt or continue a treatment: although it is true that the treatment is designed to control disease activity, it is also undeniable that the same treatment may expose patients, such other infection, to an increased risk for COVID-19. abstract: • A correct patient risk stratification is of paramount importance for the proper management of economic and human resources. • It's fundamental to prioritize clinical trials evaluating dosing, prophylaxis, and treatment with immunosuppressant in COVID-19 in order to avoid either an overuse and a treatment shortage. • Future controlled studies may highlight in our patients a potential preventive role of immunosuppressant therapies in the development of severe forms of Covid-19. • Despite the overall risk of infection in rheumatic and gastroenterological diseases a conclusive association between these diseases and COVID −19 remains questionable. url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S1568997220301361 doi: 10.1016/j.autrev.2020.102574 id: cord-309122-9dfyjpid author: Sato, Akiko title: Reviews on common objectives and evaluation indicators for risk communication activities from 2011 to 2017 date: 2020-08-25 words: 5548.0 sentences: 328.0 pages: flesch: 43.0 cache: ./cache/cord-309122-9dfyjpid.txt txt: ./txt/cord-309122-9dfyjpid.txt summary: Risk communication should: (i) promote awareness and understanding of the specific issues under consideration during the risk analysis; (ii) promote consistency and transparency in formulating risk management options/recommendations; (iii) provide a sound basis for understanding the risk management decisions proposed; (iv) improve the overall effectiveness and efficiency of the risk analysis; (v) strengthen the working relationships among participants; (vi) foster public understanding of the process, so as to enhance trust and confidence in the safety of the food supply; (vii) promote the appropriate involvement of all interested parties ; and (viii) exchange information in relation to the concerns of interested parties about the risks associated with food. The authors of this study identified ''''knowledge increase,'''' ''''change in risk perception and concern alleviation,'''' and ''''decision making and behavior change'''' as areas of focus in all fields; these objectives are also discussed in the definitions and purposes of most organizations and agencies (Fig. 2, Table 1 ). abstract: BACKGROUND: Risk communication is widely accepted as a significant factor for policy makers, academic researchers, and practitioners in diverse fields. However, there remains a lack of comprehensive knowledge about how risk communication is currently conducted across fields and about the way risk communication is evaluated. METHODOLOGY: This study systematically searched for materials from three scholarly search engines and one journal with a single search term of “risk communication.” The eligibility assessment selected peer-reviewed articles published in English that evaluated risk communication activities. Emphasis was placed on articles published in recent years accounting for about half of the pre-selected ones. Data on field of study, intervention timing, target audience, communication type, and objectives/evaluation indicators was extracted from the articles. Patterns of objectives/evaluation indicators used in risk communication activities were compared with those of the definitions and purposes of risk communication stated by relevant organizations. Association analysis was conducted based on study fields and objectives/evaluation indicators. RESULTS: The screening process yielded 292 articles that were published between 2011 and 2017 in various fields, such as medicine, food safety, chemical substances, and disasters/emergencies. The review process showed that many activities were performed in the medical field, during non-/pre-crisis periods. Recent activities primarily targeted citizens/Non-Profit Organizations (NPOs), and was disseminated in the form of large group or mass communication. While “knowledge increase,” “change in risk perception and concern alleviation,” and “decision making and behavior change” were commonly addressed in practice, “trust-building” and “reduction in psychological distress” were rarely focused. The analysis also indicated that the medical field tends to perform risk communication at the individual or small group level, in contrast to the food safety field. Further, risk communications in the non-/pre-crisis period are more likely to aim at “changes in risk perception and concern alleviation” than those in the crisis period. Risk communications that aim at “changes in risk perception and concern alleviation” are likely to be presented in a large group or mass communication, whereas those that aim at “decision making and behavior change” are likely to be conducted at the individual or small group level. CONCLUSION: An overview of recent activities may provide those who engage in risk communication with an opportunity to learn from practices in different fields or those conducted in different intervention timings. Devoting greater attention to trust building and reduction in psychological distress and exploring non-citizen/NPO stakeholders’ needs would be beneficial across academic and professional disciplines. url: https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.9730 doi: 10.7717/peerj.9730 id: cord-275979-cx2h5bsw author: Scutelnic, Adrian title: Vascular Events, Vascular Disease and Vascular Risk Factors—Strongly Intertwined with COVID-19 date: 2020-10-08 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: PURPOSE OF REVIEW: To elucidate the intertwining of vascular events, vascular disease and vascular risk factors and COVID-19. RECENT FINDINGS: Strokes are a leading cause of disability and death worldwide. Vascular risk factors are important drivers of strokes. There are unmodifiable vascular risk factors such as age and ethnicity and modifiable vascular risk factors. According to the INTERSTROKE study, the 10 most frequent modifiable vascular risk factors are arterial hypertension, physical inactivity, overweight, dyslipidaemia, smoking, unhealthy diet, cardiac pathologies, diabetes mellitus, stress/depression and overconsumption of alcohol. Also, infection and inflammation have been shown to increase the risk of stroke. There is high-quality evidence for the clinical benefits of optimal primary and secondary stroke prevention. The COVID-19 pandemic brought a new perspective to this field. Vascular events, vascular disease and vascular risk factors—and COVID-19—are strongly intertwined. An increased risk of vascular events—by multifactorial mechanisms—has been observed in COVID-19 patients. Also, a higher rate of infection with COVID-19, severe COVID-19 and bad outcome has been demonstrated in patients with pre-existing vascular disease and vascular risk factors. SUMMARY: At present, we suggest that regular interactions between healthcare professionals and patients should include education on COVID-19 and on primary and secondary vascular prevention in order to reduce the burden of disease in our ageing populations. url: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11940-020-00648-y doi: 10.1007/s11940-020-00648-y id: cord-258498-0mvxwo3w author: Shah, Saleha title: COVID-19 and paediatric dentistry- traversing the challenges. A narrative review date: 2020-08-21 words: 13560.0 sentences: 748.0 pages: flesch: 49.0 cache: ./cache/cord-258498-0mvxwo3w.txt txt: ./txt/cord-258498-0mvxwo3w.txt summary: This review article informs about measures which reduce facility risk, manage symptomatic patients and protect personal health care and management with reference to paediatric dentistry. 5, 6, 7 The risk of SARS-CoV-2 transmission via aerosols generated during dental procedures cannot be eliminated when practicing in the absence of Airborne Precautions (airborne infection isolation rooms or single-patient rooms, respiratory protection program, N95 respirators). 47 Primary prevention encompasses prenatal health care, avoidance of night time bottle feed with sugary drinks or milk, restricting sugar intake and frequency for children younger than 24 months, avoiding frequent/nocturnal breast or bottle feeding after 1 year, exposure to dietary fluoridate (water, milk, salt), use of an age appropriate amount of fluoride toothpaste containing at least 1000ppm fluoride for brushing at least twice a day, dental visit in the first year of life and regular applications of 5% fluoride. abstract: The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic has become a major global public health emergency with a focus on preventing the spread of this virus for controlling this crisis. A dental setting is at a high risk of cross infection amid patients and dental practitioner's owing to the spread of infection via droplets suspended in the air by infected symptomatic or asymptomatic subjects. This review article informs about measures which reduce facility risk, manage symptomatic patients and protect personal health care and management with reference to paediatric dentistry. url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2049080120302557?v=s5 doi: 10.1016/j.amsu.2020.08.007 id: cord-355118-w3l4h5y4 author: Sharif, Ali title: Screening for Diabetic Retinopathy with Extended Intervals, Safe and Without Compromising Adherence: A Retrospective Cohort Study date: 2020-11-09 words: 5101.0 sentences: 250.0 pages: flesch: 50.0 cache: ./cache/cord-355118-w3l4h5y4.txt txt: ./txt/cord-355118-w3l4h5y4.txt summary: In the study reported here, we investigated adherence to the screening program and progression of retinopathy in patients with type 2 diabetes participating in a DR screening program with extended intervals. Risk factors for DR and treatment for hyperglycemia, hypertension and hyperlipidemia were compared among subjects in the low-risk cohort: non-adherent subjects did not differ from their adherent counterparts without progression of DR, but the former had a shorter duration of diabetes and higher diastolic blood pressure than adherent Taking into account that most diabetes patients have T2DM and that the majority of these individuals do not have retinopathy and are at low risk of progression to STDR [13] , extending control intervals for this population is likely to substantially reduce the workload in screening programs. We investigated adherence in 1000 patients with T2DM participating in a DR screening program, applying extended intervals of 36 and 18 months for patients at low-or intermediate-risk of DR progression, respectively. abstract: INTRODUCTION: Screening for diabetic retinopathy (DR) prevents blindness through the early detection of sight-threatening retinal microvascular lesions that respond to timely local treatment. However, the provision of easy and regular access to DR screening programs is currently being challenged by the increasing prevalence of diabetes. One proposed solution is to extend the screening interval for patients at low risk for progression of retinopathy. To date, most providers of screening programs have hesitated to implement a strategy of extended intervals due to the lack of data on whether adherence and safety are compromised when retinal examinations occur less frequently. In the study reported here, we investigated adherence to the screening program and progression of retinopathy in patients with type 2 diabetes participating in a DR screening program with extended intervals. METHODS: This was a retrospective study that included 1000 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus who attended a screening program for DR. The patients were consecutively placed into a low-risk patient cohort with no retinopathy or into an intermediate-risk patient cohort with mild retinopathy (each cohort n = 500). Screening intervals were 36 months for the low-risk cohort and 18 months for the intermediate-risk cohort. RESULTS: The 1000 subjects enrolled in the study had a median age of 68 (interquartile range 12) years and 60.4% were men. At the follow-up screening visit, data on 102 subjects were not included in the analysis of adherence rate due to death, severe systemic illness, other concurrent eye disease or migration. Among the 898 remaining subjects, adherence to the screening program was 93.7% (413/443) in the 36-month group and 98.3% (449/455) in the 18-month group (p < 0.0001). Non-adherence decreased with increasing age (odds ratio 0.92, 95% confidence interval 0.888–0.954, p = 0.0005). At follow-up, 65 subjects showed progression of retinopathy; none had worse than moderate retinopathy. Risk factors for DR and treatment for hyperglycemia, hypertension and hyperlipidemia were compared among subjects in the low-risk cohort: non-adherent subjects did not differ from their adherent counterparts without progression of DR, but the former had a shorter duration of diabetes and higher diastolic blood pressure than adherent subjects with progression of DR (4.5 vs. 7.5 years, p = 0.007; and 80 vs. 75 mmHg, p = 0.02, respectively). CONCLUSION: The results suggest that screening DR at extended intervals can be achieved with high adherence rates without compromising patient safety. However, younger subjects and those at higher risk of progression may require extra attention. url: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13300-020-00957-0 doi: 10.1007/s13300-020-00957-0 id: cord-018328-t3ydu75l author: Shi, Peijun title: Hazards, Disasters, and Risks date: 2019-06-05 words: 10734.0 sentences: 586.0 pages: flesch: 50.0 cache: ./cache/cord-018328-t3ydu75l.txt txt: ./txt/cord-018328-t3ydu75l.txt summary: In contrast, the classification based on disaster-formative environment lays stress on the environmental basis of hazards, especially the distinctions among different spheres of the earth, and relatively ignores the causes. Natural disasters resulting from the abnormal or anomalous quantity, intensity, temporal and spatial distribution, and combination of meteorological and hydrological elements, causing adverse impacts on people''s lives and properties, industrial and agricultural production, and ecological environment 010100 Seismic and geological disasters Natural disasters resulting from the sudden energy release or violent mass transport in the lithosphere of the earth or long-term accumulative geological changes, causing damages to human lives and properties and ecological environment 020100 Generally, the classification indicators include the number of casualties, the amount of property loss, disaster-affected area, and hazard intensity. (2) Indicator system of statistical system of damages and losses of large-scale natural disasters in China From the angle of geoscientists, very large-scale disasters are usually defined according to the hazard intensity, casualties, property losses, and affected scope. abstract: In this chapter, we will elaborate on three basic terms in the field of disaster risk science: hazards, disasters, and risks. We will also discuss the classification, indexes, temporal and spatial patterns, and some other fundamental scientific problems that are related to these three terms. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7123175/ doi: 10.1007/978-981-13-6689-5_1 id: cord-034832-uvjjmt1p author: Shi, Yong title: The Evolution Characteristics of Systemic Risk in China’s Stock Market Based on a Dynamic Complex Network date: 2020-06-02 words: 6817.0 sentences: 307.0 pages: flesch: 53.0 cache: ./cache/cord-034832-uvjjmt1p.txt txt: ./txt/cord-034832-uvjjmt1p.txt summary: title: The Evolution Characteristics of Systemic Risk in China''s Stock Market Based on a Dynamic Complex Network Therefore, based on the daily return of all a-shares in China, this paper constructs a dynamic complex network of individual stocks, and represents the systemic risk of the market using the average weighting degree, as well as the adjusted structural entropy, of the network. In order to eliminate the influence of disturbance factors, empirical mode decomposition (EMD) and grey relational analysis (GRA) are used to decompose and reconstruct the sequences to obtain the evolution trend and periodic fluctuation of systemic risk. On the basis of the data of all a-shares in China, this paper constructs a dynamic complex network of stock correlation, and the change of average weight as well as adjusted structural entropy of the network are used to measure the evolution of systemic risk in China''s stock market. abstract: The stock market is a complex system with unpredictable stock price fluctuations. When the positive feedback in the market amplifies, the systemic risk will increase rapidly. During the last 30 years of development, the mechanism and governance system of China’s stock market have been constantly improving, but irrational shocks have still appeared suddenly in the last decade, making investment decisions risky. Therefore, based on the daily return of all a-shares in China, this paper constructs a dynamic complex network of individual stocks, and represents the systemic risk of the market using the average weighting degree, as well as the adjusted structural entropy, of the network. In order to eliminate the influence of disturbance factors, empirical mode decomposition (EMD) and grey relational analysis (GRA) are used to decompose and reconstruct the sequences to obtain the evolution trend and periodic fluctuation of systemic risk. The results show that the systemic risk of China’s stock market as a whole shows a downward trend, and the periodic fluctuation of systemic risk has a long-term equilibrium relationship with the abnormal fluctuation of the stock market. Further, each rise of systemic risk corresponds to external factor shocks and internal structural problems. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7517145/ doi: 10.3390/e22060614 id: cord-254436-89zf41xr author: Singer, Professor Donald RJ title: Health policy implications of the links between cardiovascular risk and COVID-19 date: 2020-09-03 words: 2001.0 sentences: 106.0 pages: flesch: 49.0 cache: ./cache/cord-254436-89zf41xr.txt txt: ./txt/cord-254436-89zf41xr.txt summary: In the meantime, public health measures are the mainstay for containing spread of infection with SARS-CoV-2, complemented by access to high quality supportive treatment and efforts to develop targeted approaches to reduce infection and disease severity in people at high risk of serious morbidity and death from COVID-19. Other indirect reasons for concern about increased prevalence and severity of cardiovascular disease because of the COVID-19 pandemic include poorer recognition and control of cardiovascular risk factors and established serious disorders of the heart, brain and circulation due to reduced access to medical services. Health policy makers also need to take steps to extend influenza immunization to all groups now recognized to be at risk of more serious COVID-19, including the obese, others with increased cardiovascular risk and people from black and other at risk ethnic minorities. abstract: nan url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2211883720300939?v=s5 doi: 10.1016/j.hlpt.2020.09.001 id: cord-332142-lk95akg5 author: Skovdal, Morten title: Complexities to consider when communicating risk of COVID-19 date: 2020-07-23 words: 1243.0 sentences: 93.0 pages: flesch: 56.0 cache: ./cache/cord-332142-lk95akg5.txt txt: ./txt/cord-332142-lk95akg5.txt summary: We argue that 30 correct understanding of individuals'' risks of becoming infected and dying is a prerequisite 31 for people and communities to take responsibility and engage in prevention practices, both 32 for self and others; and also to reduce unnecessary anxieties and other unintended negative 33 outcomes. • Freely avail health services and equipment to assist risk-reducing practices Panel: Considerations and recommendations to communicate risk in the COVID-19 response • Avoid over-simplified ''one-size-fits-all'' risk messages • Distinguish between risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection and risk of severe COVID-19 disease • Target risk messages to people according to their levels of risk and capacity to adopt alternative prevention methods • Communicate the uncertainty of risk estimates and that new data may lead to changes • Avoid over-simplified ''one-size-fits-all'' risk messages • Distinguish between risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection and risk of severe COVID-19 disease • Target risk messages to people according to their levels of risk and capacity to adopt alternative prevention methods • Communicate the uncertainty of risk estimates and that new data may lead to changes abstract: nan url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S0033350620303103 doi: 10.1016/j.puhe.2020.07.015 id: cord-012932-alxtoaq9 author: Smerecnik, Chris M. R. title: A Systematic Review of the Impact of Genetic Counseling on Risk Perception Accuracy date: 2009-06-01 words: 5039.0 sentences: 262.0 pages: flesch: 44.0 cache: ./cache/cord-012932-alxtoaq9.txt txt: ./txt/cord-012932-alxtoaq9.txt summary: Thus, the purpose of the present review is twofold: (1) to provide an updated overview of the impact of genetic counseling on risk perception accuracy in papers published between January 2000 and February 2007, and (2) to extend the results of Meiser and Halliday''s (2002) meta-analysis and Butow et al.''s (2003) systematic review to other genetic conditions. Linking the outcome (i.e., risk perception accuracy) to the content of the counseling session (i.e., whether counselors performed the tasks as recommended by the NSGC Task Force), we observed that the studies in which the counselor gave information about family history and heredity as well as personal risk estimates positively influenced risk perception accuracy (Bjorvatn et al. The research in the present review may shed some light on why some studies observe positive effects of genetic counseling on risk perception accuracy and others do not. abstract: This review presents an overview of the impact of genetic counseling on risk perception accuracy in papers published between January 2000 and February 2007. The results suggest that genetic counseling may have a positive impact on risk perception accuracy, though some studies observed no impact at all, or only for low-risk participants. Several implications for future research can be deduced. First, future researchers should link risk perception changes to objective risk estimates, define risk perception accuracy as the correct counseled risk estimate, and report both the proportion of individuals who correctly estimate their risk and the average overestimation of the risk. Second, as the descriptions of the counseling sessions were generally poor, future research should include more detailed description of these sessions and link their content to risk perception outcomes to allow interpretation of the results. Finally, the effect of genetic counseling should be examined for a wider variety of hereditary conditions. Genetic counselors should provide the necessary context in which counselees can understand risk information, use both verbal and numerical risk estimates to communicate personal risk information, and use visual aids when communicating numerical risk information. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7451018/ doi: 10.1007/s10897-008-9210-z id: cord-257467-b8o5ghvi author: Smith, Barbara A. title: Anesthesia as a Risk for Health Care Acquired Infections date: 2010-12-31 words: 4506.0 sentences: 276.0 pages: flesch: 42.0 cache: ./cache/cord-257467-b8o5ghvi.txt txt: ./txt/cord-257467-b8o5ghvi.txt summary: This article further discusses the risks for HAIs apparent in intravascular cannulation, endotracheal intubation, and the development of surgical site infections, and examines occupational measures to prevent infections in the health care worker. Although endotracheal intubation during surgery is generally a controlled safe procedure, this artificial airway predisposes the body to exposure to respiratory pathogens whether from the health care provider, the environment, or equipment. 12 A recent practice advisory prepared by the American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) concurs with the implementation of aseptic technique when handling neuraxial needles and catheters, and states it should include "hand washing, wearing of sterile gloves, wearing of caps, wearing of masks covering both the mouth and nose, use of individual packets of skin preparation, and sterile draping of the patient." The same advisory does not make a specific recommendation regarding the type of skin antisepsis to use. abstract: Anesthesia is delivered in a variety of modalities including general, regional, or local. Patients are most vulnerable when receiving anesthesia, as they must depend on the anesthesia team to provide this care without untoward effects. It is expected that patients will be protected from health care acquired infections (HAIs) by appropriate use of infection prevention measures. In addition, the anesthesia team may be at risk of HAIs because of their intimate contact with the patient's blood and respiratory system. Adequate adherence to infection prevention methods should reduce the risk of occupation exposure and infection to the anesthesia team members. Health care associated infections involving anesthesia have been transmitted from health care worker to patient, patient to patient, and patient to the anesthesia provider. This article further discusses the risks for HAIs apparent in intravascular cannulation, endotracheal intubation, and the development of surgical site infections, and examines occupational measures to prevent infections in the health care worker. Regardless of the health care setting or the level of provider, the standard of care for infection prevention and managerial oversight of this care should remain the same. url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S1556793110000653 doi: 10.1016/j.cpen.2010.07.005 id: cord-338889-7hd3iibk author: Solbakk, Jan Helge title: Back to WHAT? The role of research ethics in pandemic times date: 2020-11-03 words: 11689.0 sentences: 709.0 pages: flesch: 53.0 cache: ./cache/cord-338889-7hd3iibk.txt txt: ./txt/cord-338889-7hd3iibk.txt summary: 10 Of the 10 standards laid down in this Code, and with which physician-researchers must comply when carrying out experiments on human subjects, standard 5, in particular, has become highly relevant these days due to pressure from influential medical stakeholders, agencies and bioethicists to permit the conduct of controlled human infection studies (CHIs), also labeled human challenge trials (HCTs), or challenge studies (CSs) to possibly shorten the development time of vaccines to protect against Covid-19 caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus. abstract: The Covid-19 pandemic creates an unprecedented threatening situation worldwide with an urgent need for critical reflection and new knowledge production, but also a need for imminent action despite prevailing knowledge gaps and multilevel uncertainty. With regard to the role of research ethics in these pandemic times some argue in favor of exceptionalism, others, including the authors of this paper, emphasize the urgent need to remain committed to core ethical principles and fundamental human rights obligations all reflected in research regulations and guidelines carefully crafted over time. In this paper we disentangle some of the arguments put forward in the ongoing debate about Covid-19 human challenge studies (CHIs) and the concomitant role of health-related research ethics in pandemic times. We suggest it might be helpful to think through a lens differentiating between risk, strict uncertainty and ignorance. We provide some examples of lessons learned by harm done in the name of research in the past and discuss the relevance of this legacy in the current situation. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33141289/ doi: 10.1007/s11019-020-09984-x id: cord-287129-g2zdv5dc author: Sowerby, Leigh J. title: Reply to: Correspondence – International Registry of Otolaryngologist – Head and Neck Surgeons with COVID‐19 date: 2020-08-22 words: 628.0 sentences: 45.0 pages: flesch: 65.0 cache: ./cache/cord-287129-g2zdv5dc.txt txt: ./txt/cord-287129-g2zdv5dc.txt summary: title: Reply to: Correspondence – International Registry of Otolaryngologist – Head and Neck Surgeons with COVID‐19 As we write this letter in reply, nineteen percent of all cases of COVID-19 reported in Mexico are in healthcare workers and our colleagues in Otolaryngology have not been spared. The risk of death for healthcare workers in Mexico is four times higher than in the United States and this is related and attributable to restricted access to PPE. Dr. Turner does an excellent job in summarizing the currently established risk for HCWs. He did not include a prospective observational study from the UK looking at 9,800 employees found that those working in COVID-facing areas had a higher rate than those elsewhere (21.2% vs. Letter to the Editor re: International Registry of Otolaryngologist -Head and Neck Surgeons with COVID-19. Differential occupational risks to healthcare workers from SARS-CoV-2: A prospective observational study COVID-19 infections among Healthcare Workers and Transmission within Households abstract: nan url: https://doi.org/10.1002/alr.22689 doi: 10.1002/alr.22689 id: cord-277800-dtpsiaj9 author: Stefan, Norbert title: Metabolically Healthy and Unhealthy Normal Weight and Obesity date: 2020-08-20 words: 3260.0 sentences: 150.0 pages: flesch: 48.0 cache: ./cache/cord-277800-dtpsiaj9.txt txt: ./txt/cord-277800-dtpsiaj9.txt summary: Whether impaired metabolic health, characterized by hypertension, dyslipidemia, hyperglycemia, insulin resistance, and subclinical inflammation, may explain part of the elevated risk of cardiometabolic diseases that is found in many subjects with very low fat mass, as it does in many obese subjects, is unknown. For example in an analysis of 323,175 adults from the large Korean National Health Insurance System (NHIS) database, who were followedup for a median of 96 months, subjects with MHO even had a lower all-cause (-19%) and cardiovascular (-27%) mortality risk, when compared to non-obese and metabolically healthy subjects. Data from the North West Adelaide Health Study suggest that risk of diabetes, CVD, or stroke is not increased in people with MHO compared to people with MHNW, if the metabolically healthy obesity phenotype is maintained during a natural follow-up over 5.5 to 10.3 years [31] . Transition from metabolic healthy to unhealthy phenotypes and association with cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk across body mass index categories in 90,257 women of the Nurses'' Health Study. abstract: Increased fat mass is an established risk factor for the cardiometabolic diseases type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease (CVD) and is associated with increased risk of all-cause and CVD mortality. However, also very low fat mass associates with such an increased risk. Whether impaired metabolic health, characterized by hypertension, dyslipidemia, hyperglycemia, insulin resistance, and subclinical inflammation, may explain part of the elevated risk of cardiometabolic diseases that is found in many subjects with very low fat mass, as it does in many obese subjects, is unknown. An important pathomechanism of impaired metabolic health is disproportionate fat distribution. In this article the risk of cardiometabolic diseases and mortality in subjects with metabolically healthy and unhealthy normal weight and obesity is summarized. Furthermore, the change of metabolic health during a longer period of follow-up and its impact on cardiometabolic diseases is being discussed. Finally, the implementation of the concept of metabolic health in daily clinical practice is being highlighted. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32814419/ doi: 10.3803/enm.2020.301 id: cord-147853-h9t7sp4z author: Stephany, Fabian title: The CoRisk-Index: A data-mining approach to identify industry-specific risk assessments related to COVID-19 in real-time date: 2020-03-27 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: While the coronavirus spreads, governments are attempting to reduce contagion rates at the expense of negative economic effects. Market expectations plummeted, foreshadowing the risk of a global economic crisis and mass unemployment. Governments provide huge financial aid programmes to mitigate the economic shocks. To achieve higher effectiveness with such policy measures, it is key to identify the industries that are most in need of support. In this study, we introduce a data-mining approach to measure industry-specific risks related to COVID-19. We examine company risk reports filed to the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC). This alternative data set can complement more traditional economic indicators in times of the fast-evolving crisis as it allows for a real-time analysis of risk assessments. Preliminary findings suggest that the companies' awareness towards corona-related business risks is ahead of the overall stock market developments. Our approach allows to distinguish the industries by their risk awareness towards COVID-19. Based on natural language processing, we identify corona-related risk topics and their perceived relevance for different industries. The preliminary findings are summarised as an up-to-date online index. The CoRisk-Index tracks the industry-specific risk assessments related to the crisis, as it spreads through the economy. The tracking tool is updated weekly. It could provide relevant empirical data to inform models on the economic effects of the crisis. Such complementary empirical information could ultimately help policymakers to effectively target financial support in order to mitigate the economic shocks of the crisis. url: https://arxiv.org/pdf/2003.12432v3.pdf doi: nan id: cord-011325-r42hzazp author: Stowe, Julia title: Do Vaccines Trigger Neurological Diseases? Epidemiological Evaluation of Vaccination and Neurological Diseases Using Examples of Multiple Sclerosis, Guillain–Barré Syndrome and Narcolepsy date: 2019-10-01 words: 4770.0 sentences: 191.0 pages: flesch: 40.0 cache: ./cache/cord-011325-r42hzazp.txt txt: ./txt/cord-011325-r42hzazp.txt summary: Even if only based on a temporal sequence of events, it is important that such safety concerns are rapidly investigated with robust epidemiological studies to allow mitigation procedures to be put in place if an association is confirmed or, if unfounded, to have the necessary evidence to sustain public confidence in the vaccination programme without which coverage drops and disease control is lost. The self-controlled case-series method (SCCS) was designed for rapid unbiased assessment in vaccine safety studies using available disease surveillance data that may not be amenable to cohort analysis. As with all vaccine safety studies, but particularly in the case of narcolepsy and Pandemrix™ where the association was completely unexpected, the key to demonstrating causality was consistency of results from well-designed studies in different settings. Risk of narcolepsy after AS03 adjuvanted pandemic A/ H1N1 2009 influenza vaccine in adults: a case-coverage study in England abstract: This article evaluates the epidemiological evidence for a relationship between vaccination and neurological disease, specifically multiple sclerosis, Guillain–Barré syndrome and narcolepsy. The statistical methods used to test vaccine safety hypotheses are described and the merits of different study designs evaluated; these include the cohort, case-control, case-coverage and the self-controlled case-series methods. For multiple sclerosis, the evidence does not support the hypothesized relationship with hepatitis B vaccine. For Guillain−Barré syndrome, the evidence suggests a small elevated risk after influenza vaccines, though considerably lower than after natural influenza infection, with no elevated risk after human papilloma virus vaccine. For narcolepsy, there is strong evidence of a causal association with one adjuvanted vaccine used in the 2009/10 influenza pandemic. Rapid investigation of vaccine safety concerns, however biologically implausible, is essential to maintain public and professional confidence in vaccination programmes. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7224038/ doi: 10.1007/s40263-019-00670-y id: cord-285628-36gyix12 author: Stull, Jason W. title: Hospital-Associated Infections in Small Animal Practice date: 2015-03-31 words: 6763.0 sentences: 324.0 pages: flesch: 29.0 cache: ./cache/cord-285628-36gyix12.txt txt: ./txt/cord-285628-36gyix12.txt summary: The routine use of simple infection prevention practices can likely dramatically reduce HAIs. Infection control is the term best suited to the goal in small animal veterinary medicine of preventing (or, more practically speaking, limiting) the introduction and/or spread of pathogens with a group of patients and caregivers. The US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has recently assessed domestic antibiotic resistance threats for people based on Box 1 Pathogens of concern in a small animal clinic Hospital-Associated Infections clinical and economic impact, incidence, transmissibility, availability of effective antimicrobials, and barriers to prevention. Staphylococcus S pseudintermedius and to a lesser extent S aureus are common causes of veterinary HAIs. 30 Both are frequently carried on the skin and mucosal surfaces of dogs and people (respectively), creating the potential for both endogenous infection (infection caused by bacteria the animal was harboring at the time of hospital admission) and acquisition of the pathogen during hospitalization directly or indirectly from other patients, the environment, or human caregivers. abstract: Hospital-associated infections (HAIs) occur in veterinary hospitals of all types and sizes, and their frequency is likely to increase. Urinary tract infections, pneumonia, bloodstream infections, surgical site infections, and infectious diarrhea are the HAIs most frequently identified in veterinary medicine. A hospital infection control program, consisting of an infectious disease control officer, written protocols, and staff training, is critical to reducing HAIs and promoting patient, staff, and client health. Infection control protocols (plans) should include discussion of hand hygiene and use of personal protective equipment, cleaning and disinfection, patient management, with-in hospital surveillance, and antimicrobial stewardship. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25559054/ doi: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2014.11.009 id: cord-328747-bf687r6j author: St‐Denis, Xavier title: Sociodemographic Determinants of Occupational Risks of Exposure to COVID‐19 in Canada date: 2020-07-13 words: 8958.0 sentences: 389.0 pages: flesch: 42.0 cache: ./cache/cord-328747-bf687r6j.txt txt: ./txt/cord-328747-bf687r6j.txt summary: This research note explores how occupational exposure risks vary by labor force characteristics using publicly available Canadian data in combination with a data set providing information on the level of physical proximity and frequency of exposure to infections or diseases faced by workers in different occupations. Second, older workers (65 years or more), a group vulnerable to COVID‐19, appear to work in occupations requiring performing activities characterized by a lower level of physical proximity than their younger colleagues, with minimal differences in the frequency of exposure to diseases or infections. The results presented below show an unequal distribution of occupational characteristics associated with a higher risk of exposure to COVID-19 (level of physical proximity with other individuals, and frequency of exposure to diseases or infections) across different groups of the workforce. The distributional statistics reported above provide evidence of important differences in occupational risks of exposure to infectious diseases such as COVID-19 by gender, age, Aboriginal identity, education, and broad occupational category. abstract: The activities performed by Canadian workers in some occupations may increase the risk of exposure to infectious diseases such as COVID‐19. This research note explores how occupational exposure risks vary by labor force characteristics using publicly available Canadian data in combination with a data set providing information on the level of physical proximity and frequency of exposure to infections or diseases faced by workers in different occupations. The results show important sociodemographic differences. First, women work in occupations associated with significantly higher average risks of exposure to COVID‐19 than men. This is driven by their overrepresentation in high‐risk broad occupational categories such as health occupations. Second, older workers (65 years or more), a group vulnerable to COVID‐19, appear to work in occupations requiring performing activities characterized by a lower level of physical proximity than their younger colleagues, with minimal differences in the frequency of exposure to diseases or infections. Finally, workers in low‐income occupations are employed in occupations that put them at greater risk of exposure to COVID‐19 than other workers. This is especially the case for women, immigrants, and members of visible minority groups in low‐income occupations. More broadly, this research note provides insights into the health‐related dimension of the literature on occupational tasks and labor market stratification. url: https://doi.org/10.1111/cars.12288 doi: 10.1111/cars.12288 id: cord-293174-4ucqudn4 author: Sun, Ziheng title: Community venue exposure risk estimator for the COVID-19 pandemic date: 2020-09-29 words: 6315.0 sentences: 368.0 pages: flesch: 59.0 cache: ./cache/cord-293174-4ucqudn4.txt txt: ./txt/cord-293174-4ucqudn4.txt summary: To increase public awareness of exposure risks in daily activities, we propose a birthday-paradox-based probability model to implement in a web-based system, named COSRE (community social risk estimator) and make in-time community exposure risk estimation during the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. We define exposure risk to mean the probability of people meeting potential cases in public places such as grocery stores, gyms, libraries, restaurants, coffee shops, offices, etc. The correlation experiment with the new cases in the next two weeks shows that the risk estimation model offers promise in assisting people to be more precise about their personal safety and control of daily routine and social interaction. been done for the COVID-19 disease, as an ongoing pandemic few tools are available to evaluate the real-94 time social exposure risks. Model derived risks are 447 generated based on the real-time potential COVID-19 cases, the population in local communities, and the 448 number of people number in a given venue. abstract: Complexities of virus genotypes and the stochastic contacts in human society create a big challenge for estimating the potential risks of exposure to a widely spreading virus such as COVID-19. To increase public awareness of exposure risks in daily activities, we propose a birthday-paradox-based probability model to implement in a web-based system, named COSRE (community social risk estimator) and make in-time community exposure risk estimation during the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. We define exposure risk to mean the probability of people meeting potential cases in public places such as grocery stores, gyms, libraries, restaurants, coffee shops, offices, etc. Our model has three inputs: the real-time number of active and asymptomatic cases, the population in local communities, and the customer counts in the room. With COSRE, possible impacts of the pandemic can be explored through spatiotemporal analysis, e.g., a variable number of people may be projected into public places through time to assess changes of risk as the pandemic unfolds. The system has potential to advance understanding of the true exposure risks in various communities. It introduces an objective element to plan, prepare and respond during a pandemic. Spatial analysis tools are used to draw county-level exposure risks of the United States from April 1 to July 15, 2020. The correlation experiment with the new cases in the next two weeks shows that the risk estimation model offers promise in assisting people to be more precise about their personal safety and control of daily routine and social interaction. It can inform business and municipal COVID-19 policy to accelerate recovery. url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S1353829220310339 doi: 10.1016/j.healthplace.2020.102450 id: cord-313615-cts45n3j author: Tam, John S title: Research agenda for mass gatherings: a call to action date: 2012-01-15 words: 5487.0 sentences: 267.0 pages: flesch: 42.0 cache: ./cache/cord-313615-cts45n3j.txt txt: ./txt/cord-313615-cts45n3j.txt summary: 6, 12, 13 Therefore, a robust knowledge about illnesses, from basic scientifi c understanding to societal eff ects of infections and noncommunicable diseases, is essential for modern public health practices and policy development related to the planning for MGs. Several reports [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] and WHO planning and guidance documents 1,16-18 have drawn attention to the importance Series of research into public health issues associated with MGs and identifi ed those that need immediate attention. However, many countries, particularly those with insuffi cient resources, have not developed strategies for vaccinating their populations at risk and people travelling to MGs. The reason is partly related to the lack of information about the transmission of infectious diseases (eg, infl uenza) and the social, economic, and health eff ects to the host and home communities. abstract: Public health research is essential for the development of effective policies and planning to address health security and risks associated with mass gatherings (MGs). Crucial research topics related to MGs and their effects on global health security are discussed in this review. The research agenda for MGs consists of a framework of five major public health research directions that address issues related to reducing the risk of public health emergencies during MGs; restricting the occurrence of non-communicable and communicable diseases; minimisation of the effect of public health events associated with MGs; optimisation of the medical services and treatment of diseases during MGs; and development and application of modern public health measures. Implementation of the proposed research topics would be expected to provide benefits over the medium to long term in planning for MGs. url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S147330991170353X doi: 10.1016/s1473-3099(11)70353-x id: cord-023473-ofwdzu5t author: Tan, Wei‐Jiat title: Managing threats in the global era: The impact and response to SARS date: 2006-06-26 words: 8234.0 sentences: 399.0 pages: flesch: 49.0 cache: ./cache/cord-023473-ofwdzu5t.txt txt: ./txt/cord-023473-ofwdzu5t.txt summary: As a result of its impact, SARS quickly established itself as a new kind of global uncertainty and posed challenges for traditional methods of risk management. As a result of its impact, SARS quickly established itself as a new kind of global uncertainty and posed challenges for traditional methods of risk management. This article examines the impact that SARS has had through means of a case study and builds on this to provide recommendations for how uncertainty may be managed in an increasingly globalized world. At the same time, we have witnessed the emergence of a new type of environmental business threat that has manifested itself in incidents such as global terrorism, SARS, financial crises, and computer viruses, all of which have the ability to disrupt a firm''s operations. With regard to SARS, the key strategic responses are likely to occur in the areas of supply-chain management, diversification, scenario planning, and ensuring business continuity. abstract: In early 2003, the SARS virus brought disruption of public and business activities in many areas of the world, particularly Asia. As a result of its impact, SARS quickly established itself as a new kind of global uncertainty and posed challenges for traditional methods of risk management. This article examines the impact that SARS has had through means of a case study and builds on this to provide recommendations for how uncertainty may be managed in an increasingly globalized world. Reconsideration of strategic and risk‐management approaches have become necessary. Supply‐chain management and corporate strategy require a fundamental rethink to balance the pursuit of efficiency with increased responsiveness and flexibility. Unpredictability and turbulence in the international business environment suggest that traditional planning approaches that assume linear growth may give way to more scenario‐based planning. This will encourage firms to contemplate a variety of possible futures and better prepare them for unanticipated events. Similarly, contingent‐based continuity plans help businesses continue running even during a crisis. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7169807/ doi: 10.1002/tie.20107 id: cord-350023-7wx5v9b8 author: Tautenhahn, A. title: Factors associated with calf mortality and poor growth of dairy heifer calves in northeast Germany date: 2020-09-24 words: 6076.0 sentences: 362.0 pages: flesch: 59.0 cache: ./cache/cord-350023-7wx5v9b8.txt txt: ./txt/cord-350023-7wx5v9b8.txt summary: A cross-sectional study was conducted on fifty German dairy farms to identify risk factors for high mortality and poor growth in calves. In the model "Risk factors associated with median ADG from birth to weaning", average daily weight gain (ADG) of calves from birth until twelve weeks of life was the dependent variable at herd level. For the investigation of associations between potential risk factors with calf mortality and ADG from birth to weaning a multivariable model each was built. The results of the present field study indicate that high calf mortality (> 5%), FPT in the neonate (serum protein < 55 g/l) and low ADG from birth to weaning (< 700 g/day) are still a problem on dairy farms under livestock production conditions in northeast Germany. abstract: A cross-sectional study was conducted on fifty German dairy farms to identify risk factors for high mortality and poor growth in calves. Between 2012 and 2014, farm visits took place and a questionnaire on farm management practices was completed by in-person interview. In addition, heart girth measurements of calves around weaning were performed to estimate average daily weight gain. Furthermore, blood and faecel samples of calves were collected and a score addressing calf welfare was determined. The epidemiological associations between risk factors and high mortality and poor growth were estimated using two regression models. The factors significantly associated with high calf mortality (> 5%) were a high rate of calves with failure of passive transfer (> 25%) and the metaphylactic use of halofuginone lactate. A small amount of concentrates consumed around weaning, relocating calves more than twice until weaning and a low incidence risk of milk fever (< 5%) were found to be significantly associated with poor growth (median: 675 grams). Although the fifty farms cannot be considered as a representative sample for North-East Germany, the results indicate that the farm management has a big impact on growth and survival of dairy calves and needs to be addressed more thoroughly when raising the future dairy cow. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33069140/ doi: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2020.105154 id: cord-280642-cvxni7cd author: The OpenSAFELY Collaborative, title: OpenSAFELY: factors associated with COVID-19-related hospital death in the linked electronic health records of 17 million adult NHS patients. date: 2020-05-07 words: 7286.0 sentences: 343.0 pages: flesch: 50.0 cache: ./cache/cord-280642-cvxni7cd.txt txt: ./txt/cord-280642-cvxni7cd.txt summary: title: OpenSAFELY: factors associated with COVID-19-related hospital death in the linked electronic health records of 17 million adult NHS patients. People from Asian and black groups are at markedly increased risk of in-hospital death from COVID-19, and contrary to some prior speculation this is only partially attributable to pre-existing clinical risk factors or deprivation; further research into the drivers of this association is therefore urgently required. People from Asian and black groups are at markedly increased risk of in-hospital death from COVID-19, and contrary to some prior speculation this is only partially attributable to pre-existing clinical risk factors or deprivation; further research into the drivers of this association is therefore urgently required. 12, 13 We therefore set out to determine factors associated with risk of death from COVID-19 in England using a very large sample of the adult population, with deaths data linked to longitudinal primary care electronic health records. abstract: Background Establishing who is at risk from a novel rapidly arising cause of death, and why, requires a new approach to epidemiological research with very large datasets and timely data. Working on behalf of NHS England we therefore set out to deliver a secure and pseudonymised analytics platform inside the data centre of a major primary care electronic health records vendor establishing coverage across detailed primary care records for a substantial proportion of all patients in England. The following results are preliminary. Data sources Primary care electronic health records managed by the electronic health record vendor TPP, pseudonymously linked to patient-level data from the COVID-19 Patient Notification System (CPNS) for death of hospital inpatients with confirmed COVID-19, using the new OpenSAFELY platform. Population 17,425,445 adults. Time period 1st Feb 2020 to 25th April 2020. Primary outcome Death in hospital among people with confirmed COVID-19. Methods Cohort study analysed by Cox-regression to generate hazard ratios: age and sex adjusted, and multiply adjusted for co-variates selected prospectively on the basis of clinical interest and prior findings. Results There were 5683 deaths attributed to COVID-19. In summary after full adjustment, death from COVID-19 was strongly associated with: being male (hazard ratio 1.99, 95%CI 1.88-2.10); older age and deprivation (both with a strong gradient); uncontrolled diabetes (HR 2.36 95% CI 2.18-2.56); severe asthma (HR 1.25 CI 1.08-1.44); and various other prior medical conditions. Compared to people with ethnicity recorded as white, black people were at higher risk of death, with only partial attenuation in hazard ratios from the fully adjusted model (age-sex adjusted HR 2.17 95% CI 1.84-2.57; fully adjusted HR 1.71 95% CI 1.44-2.02); with similar findings for Asian people (age-sex adjusted HR 1.95 95% CI 1.73-2.18; fully adjusted HR 1.62 95% CI 1.43-1.82). Conclusions We have quantified a range of clinical risk factors for death from COVID-19, some of which were not previously well characterised, in the largest cohort study conducted by any country to date. People from Asian and black groups are at markedly increased risk of in-hospital death from COVID-19, and contrary to some prior speculation this is only partially attributable to pre-existing clinical risk factors or deprivation; further research into the drivers of this association is therefore urgently required. Deprivation is also a major risk factor with, again, little of the excess risk explained by co-morbidity or other risk factors. The findings for clinical risk factors are concordant with policies in the UK for protecting those at highest risk. Our OpenSAFELY platform is rapidly adding further NHS patients' records; we will update and extend these results regularly. Keywords COVID-19, risk factors, ethnicity, deprivation, death, informatics. url: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.05.06.20092999 doi: 10.1101/2020.05.06.20092999 id: cord-273175-bao8xxe2 author: Tran, Viet-Thi title: COVID-19–related perceptions, context and attitudes of adults with chronic conditions: Results from a cross-sectional survey nested in the ComPaRe e-cohort date: 2020-08-06 words: 3858.0 sentences: 205.0 pages: flesch: 49.0 cache: ./cache/cord-273175-bao8xxe2.txt txt: ./txt/cord-273175-bao8xxe2.txt summary: It assessed participants'' perception of their risk of severe illness with COVID-19; their context (i.e., work, household, contacts with external people); and their attitudes in situations involving frequent or occasional contacts with symptomatic or asymptomatic people. Results of the survey were described globally and for the subgroup of patients considered at high risk of a severe illness according to the French High Council for Public Health (Box 1). Among patients at high risk of a severe illness according to the French High Council for Public Health, 5% continued working, 15% had a household member working outside of the home and 7% reported regular contacts with people outside of their home. The only variable found associated with use of face masks with asymptomatic people (or refusal to see these people) was patients'' perception of high risk of severe infection by COVID-19 (odds ratio 1.93, 95% confidence interval 1.53-2.43). abstract: BACKGROUND: To avoid a surge of demand on the healthcare system due to the COVID-19 pandemic, we must reduce transmission to individuals with chronic conditions who are at risk of severe illness with COVID-19. We aimed at understanding the perceptions, context and attitudes of individuals with chronic conditions during the COVID-19 pandemic to clarify their potential risk of infection. METHODS: A cross-sectional survey was nested in ComPaRe, an e-cohort of adults with chronic conditions, in France. It assessed participants’ perception of their risk of severe illness with COVID-19; their context (i.e., work, household, contacts with external people); and their attitudes in situations involving frequent or occasional contacts with symptomatic or asymptomatic people. Data were collected from March 23 to April 2, 2020, during the lockdown in France. Analyses were weighted to represent the demographic characteristics of French patients with chronic conditions. The subgroup of participants at high risk according to the recommendations of the French High Council for Public Health was examined. RESULTS: Among the 7169 recruited participants, 63% patients felt at risk because of severe illness. About one quarter (23.7%) were at risk of infection because they worked outside home, had a household member working outside home or had regular visits from external contacts. Less than 20% participants refused contact with symptomatic people and <20% used masks when in contact with asymptomatic people. Among patients considered at high risk according to the recommendations of the French High Council for Public Health, 20% did not feel at risk, which led to incautious attitudes. CONCLUSION: Individuals with chronic conditions have distorted perceptions of their risk of severe illness with COVID-19. In addition, they are exposed to COVID-19 due to their context or attitudes. url: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0237296 doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0237296 id: cord-033328-ny011lj3 author: VESE, Donato title: Managing the Pandemic: The Italian Strategy for Fighting COVID-19 and the Challenge of Sharing Administrative Powers date: 2020-09-03 words: 11842.0 sentences: 532.0 pages: flesch: 40.0 cache: ./cache/cord-033328-ny011lj3.txt txt: ./txt/cord-033328-ny011lj3.txt summary: Specifically, the article argues that the administrative strategy for effectively implementing emergency risk regulation based on an adequate and correct risk assessment requires "power sharing" across the different levels of government with the participation of all of the institutional actors involved in the decision-making process: Government, Regions and local authorities. Specifically, the article argues that the administrative strategy for effectively implementing emergency risk regulation based on an adequate and correct risk assessment requires "power sharing" across the different levels of government with the participation of all of the institutional actors involved in the decision-making process: Government, Regions and local authorities. In particular, as I will claim in analysing the Italian policies (Sections IV.1.a and IV.1.b), the administrative strategy for effectively implementing emergency risk regulation in a pandemic requires power sharing across the different levels of government with the participation of all of the institutional actors involved in the decision-making process in order to adopt consistent measures based on the constant monitoring and updating of the nationwide epidemiological risk assessment. abstract: This article analyses the administrative measures and, more specifically, the administrative strategy implemented in the immediacy of the emergency by the Italian government in order to determine whether it was effective in managing the COVID-19 pandemic throughout the country. In analysing the administrative strategy, the article emphasises the role that the current system of constitutional separation of powers plays in emergency management and how this system can impact health risk assessment. An explanation of the risk management system in Italian and European Union (EU) law is provided and the following key legal issues are addressed: (1) the notion and features of emergency risk regulation from a pandemic perspective, distinguishing between risk and emergency; (2) the potential and limits of the precautionary principle in EU law; and (3) the Italian constitutional scenario with respect to the main provisions regulating central government, regional and local powers. Specifically, this article argues that the administrative strategy for effectively implementing emergency risk regulation based on an adequate and correct risk assessment requires “power sharing” across the different levels of government with the participation of all of the institutional actors involved in the decision-making process: Government, Regions and local authorities. “And the flames of the tripods expired. And Darkness and Decay and the Red Death held illimitable dominion over all”. Edgar Allan Poe, The Mask of the Red Death, Complete Tales and Poems (New York, Vintage Books 1975) p 273 url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7542320/ doi: 10.1017/err.2020.82 id: cord-291083-nd7cew7v author: Vargas-Medrano, Javier title: Psychological and Neurobiological Aspects of Suicide in Adolescents: Current Outlooks date: 2020-08-05 words: 7731.0 sentences: 397.0 pages: flesch: 43.0 cache: ./cache/cord-291083-nd7cew7v.txt txt: ./txt/cord-291083-nd7cew7v.txt summary: Several reports from the literature have shown that newborns with low birth weight (<2500g) have significantly increased risk of major depression with suicidal ideation, anxiety disorders, phobias, and impaired functioning compared to those with normal birth weights (Nomura et al., 2007) . Dysregulation of serotonin, HPA axis genes, and immune system in the human brain, especially in the frontal cortex, can affect human behaviors such as impulsivity, decision-making and mood and they have been strongly associated with the risk of suicidal behavior as they all play an important role in the body''s response to stress (Roy et al., 2012) . is also known that cognitive-behavioral sleep interventions might improve mental health in adolescents (particularly anxiety and depression) by improving sleep problems, since sleep is also a major risk factor for suicide. Further, their detailed evaluations indicated that vortioxetine was not associated with an increased risk of suicidal ideation and behavior in adult patients with MDD (Mahableshwarkar et al., 2020) . abstract: Suicidality is one of the leading causes of death among young adults in the United States and represents a significant health problem worldwide. The suicide rate among adolescents in the United States has increased dramatically in the latest years and has been accompanied by considerable changes in youth suicide, especially among young girls. Henceforth, we need a good understanding of the risk factors contributing to suicidal behavior in youth. An explanatory model for suicidal behavior that links clinical and psychological risk factors to the underlying neurobiological, neuropsychological abnormalities related to suicidal behavior might predict to help identify treatment options and have empirical value. Our explanatory model proposes that developmental, biological factors (genetics, proteomics, epigenetics, immunological) and psychological or clinical (childhood adversities) may have causal relevance to the changes associated with suicidal behavior. In this way, our model integrates findings from several perspectives in suicidality and attempts to explain the relationship between various neurobiological, genetic, and clinical observations in suicide research, offering a comprehensive hypothesis to facilitate understanding of this complex outcome. Unraveling the knowledge of the complex interplay of psychological, biological, sociobiological, and clinical risk factors is highly essential, concerning the development of effective prevention strategy plans for suicidal ideation and suicide. url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbih.2020.100124 doi: 10.1016/j.bbih.2020.100124 id: cord-303054-s1clwunc author: Velly, Lionel title: Guidelines: Anaesthesia in the context of COVID-19 pandemic date: 2020-06-05 words: 9239.0 sentences: 471.0 pages: flesch: 42.0 cache: ./cache/cord-303054-s1clwunc.txt txt: ./txt/cord-303054-s1clwunc.txt summary: Operating theatre 12 R1.3.1 -Experts suggest that healthcare professionals involved in airway management (intubation, extubation, supraglottic airway insertion and/or removal…), or those who could be brought to do so in some given situations, wear a fit tested respirator mask (Respirator N95 or FFP2 standard, or equivalent) in addition to a disposable face shield or at least, in the absence of the latter, safety goggles, regardless of the patient''s COVID-19 status (Table 1) The presence of major (i.e., very frequent or relatively characteristic) and/or minor (i.e. more inconsistent and/or less specific) symptoms allows to orient the preoperative COVID-19 status assessment, and then to estimate the benefit/risk balance of maintaining or postponing the surgery, taking into account the risk of contamination of health personnel and others patients within the care structure. abstract: ABSTRACT Objectives: The world is currently facing an unprecedented healthcare crisis caused by COVID-19 pandemic. The objective of these guidelines is to produce a framework to facilitate the partial and gradual resumption of intervention activity in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: The group has endeavoured to produce a minimum number of recommendations to highlight the strengths to be retained in the 7 predefined areas: (1) Protection of staff and patients; (2) Benefit/Risk and Patient Information; (3) Pre-operative assessment and decision on intervention; (4) Modalities of the pre-anaesthesia consultation; (5) Specificity of anaesthesia and analgesia; (6) Dedicated circuits and (7) Containment Exit Type of Interventions. Results: The SFAR Guideline panel provides 51 statements on anaesthesia management in the context of COVID-19 pandemic. After one round of discussion and various amendments, a strong agreement was reached for 100% of the recommendations and algorithms. Conclusion: We present suggestions for how the risk of transmission by and to anaesthetists can be minimised and how personal protective equipment policies relate to COVID-19 pandemic context url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.accpm.2020.05.012 doi: 10.1016/j.accpm.2020.05.012 id: cord-011701-toevn37u author: Venkatesan, Sudhir title: Antiviral treatment for outpatient use during an influenza pandemic: a decision tree model of outcomes averted and cost-effectiveness date: 2018-06-28 words: 4204.0 sentences: 207.0 pages: flesch: 41.0 cache: ./cache/cord-011701-toevn37u.txt txt: ./txt/cord-011701-toevn37u.txt summary: METHODS: We developed a spreadsheet-based, decision tree model to assess outcomes averted and cost-effectiveness of antiviral treatment for outpatient use from the perspective of the healthcare payer in the UK. CONCLUSIONS: This analysis shows that across pandemic scenarios, antiviral treatment can be cost-saving for population groups at high risk of influenza-related complications. [15] [16] [17] Two meta-analyses of the extant clinical trial data, examining outcomes based on the intention-to-treat-influenza infected (ITTI) approach, found that early NAI treatment (≤48 h of symptom onset) was associated with a risk reduction of 59 18 and 63% 19 for hospital admission in otherwise healthy patients with influenza. We present a spreadsheet-based decision tree model that evaluates the impact of community-based NAI treatment in terms of the averted influenza-related hospitalizations and associated costeffectiveness in a range of pandemic scenarios. We found that community-based NAI treatment would avert a significant proportion of hospitalizations and deaths, particularly in high-risk patients, across the pandemic scenarios we explored in this analysis. abstract: BACKGROUND: Many countries have acquired antiviral stockpiles for pandemic influenza mitigation and a significant part of the stockpile may be focussed towards community-based treatment. METHODS: We developed a spreadsheet-based, decision tree model to assess outcomes averted and cost-effectiveness of antiviral treatment for outpatient use from the perspective of the healthcare payer in the UK. We defined five pandemic scenarios—one based on the 2009 A(H1N1) pandemic and four hypothetical scenarios varying in measures of transmissibility and severity. RESULTS: Community-based antiviral treatment was estimated to avert 14–23% of hospitalizations in an overall population of 62.28 million. Higher proportions of averted outcomes were seen in patients with high-risk conditions, when compared to non-high-risk patients. We found that antiviral treatment was cost-saving across pandemic scenarios for high-risk population groups, and cost-saving for the overall population in higher severity influenza pandemics. Antiviral effectiveness had the greatest influence on both the number of hospitalizations averted and on cost-effectiveness. CONCLUSIONS: This analysis shows that across pandemic scenarios, antiviral treatment can be cost-saving for population groups at high risk of influenza-related complications. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7313872/ doi: 10.1093/pubmed/fdy108 id: cord-292409-hz5qj1fw author: Viterbo, Lilian Monteiro Ferrari title: Workers’ Healthcare Assistance Model (WHAM): Development, Validation, and Assessment of Sustainable Return on Investment (S-ROI) date: 2020-04-30 words: 7296.0 sentences: 350.0 pages: flesch: 41.0 cache: ./cache/cord-292409-hz5qj1fw.txt txt: ./txt/cord-292409-hz5qj1fw.txt summary: In this context, it is necessary to discuss a model of assistance in occupational health that is capable of reviewing the central characteristics of the biomedical healthcare assistance model, including: (i) organization of practices focused on the identification of signs and symptoms and the treatment of diseases, with health promotion not being a priority; (ii) assistance is organized based on individual spontaneous demand, with an emphasis on specialization and the use of hard technologies; (iii) the work is developed in a fragmented, hierarchical manner and with inequality across different professional categories; (iv) difficulty in implementing the integrated care due to the lack of understanding of the individual as a multidimensional human being, as well as the lack of communication and integration between the services involved; (v) health planning is seldom used as a management tool; (vi) the training of health professionals is specialized, based on the hegemony of scientific knowledge; and (vii) themes such as interdisciplinary, people-centered care, attachment, and welcoming are not prioritized. abstract: The present study aimed to present and validate the Worker´s Healthcare Assistance Model (WHAM), which includes an interdisciplinary approach to health risk management in search of integral and integrated health, considering economic sustainability. Through the integration of distinct methodological strategies, WHAM was developed in the period from 2011 to 2018, in a workers’ occupational health centre in the oil industry in Bahia, Brazil. The study included a sample of 965 workers, 91.7% of which were men, with a mean age of 44.9 years (age ranged from 23 to 73 years). The Kendall rank correlation coefficient and hierarchical multiple regression analysis were used for the validation of WHAM. The assessment of sustainable return on investment (S-ROI) was made using the WELLCAST ROI™ decision support tool, covering workers with heart disease and diabetes. WHAM can be considered an innovative healthcare model, as there is no available comparative model. WHAM is considered robust, with 86% health risk explanatory capacity and with an 85.5% S-ROI. It can be concluded that WHAM is a model capable of enhancing the level of workers’ health in companies, reducing costs for employers and improving the quality of life within the organization. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32365961/ doi: 10.3390/ijerph17093143 id: cord-310195-am3u7z76 author: Waller, J. title: Immunity Passports for SARS-CoV-2: an online experimental study of the impact of antibody test terminology on perceived risk and behaviour date: 2020-05-10 words: 4813.0 sentences: 281.0 pages: flesch: 55.0 cache: ./cache/cord-310195-am3u7z76.txt txt: ./txt/cord-310195-am3u7z76.txt summary: Objective: To assess the impact of describing an antibody-positive test result using the terms Immunity and Passport or Certificate, alone or in combination, on perceived risk of becoming infected with SARS-CoV-2 and intention to continue protective behaviours. Conclusions: Using the term Immunity (vs Antibody) to describe antibody tests for SARS-CoV-2 increases the proportion of people believing that an antibody-positive result means they have no risk of catching coronavirus in the future, a perception that may be associated with less frequent hand washing. This study was designed to test two hypotheses: describing a test indicating the presence of antibodies using the term Immunity (vs Antibody), and describing test results as Passports or Certificates (vs Test), increases the likelihood that those with this test result erroneously perceive they have no risk of becoming infected in the future with coronavirus. . https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.05.06.20093401 doi: medRxiv preprint Primary outcome Proportion of participants perceiving an antibody-positive test result to mean no risk of catching coronavirus in the future, assessed in response to a question with four response options. abstract: Objective: To assess the impact of describing an antibody-positive test result using the terms Immunity and Passport or Certificate, alone or in combination, on perceived risk of becoming infected with SARS-CoV-2 and intention to continue protective behaviours. Design: 2 by 3 experimental design. Setting: Online with data collected between 28th April and 1st May 2020. Participants: 1,204 adults registered with a UK research panel. Intervention: Participants were randomised to receive one of six descriptions of an antibody test and results showing SARS-CoV-2 antibodies, differing in the terms used to describe the type of test (Immunity vs Antibody) and the test result (Passport vs Certificate vs Test). Main outcome measures: The primary outcome was the proportion of participants perceiving no risk of becoming infected with SARS-CoV-2 given an antibody positive test result. Other outcomes include intended changes to frequency of hand washing and physical distancing. Results: When using the term Immunity (vs Antibody), 19.1% of participants [95% CI: 16.1 to 22.5] (vs 9.8% [95% CI: 7.5 to 12.4]) perceived no risk of catching coronavirus at some point in the future given an antibody-positive test result (AOR: 2.91 [95% CI: 1.52 to 5.55]). Using the terms Passport or Certificate, as opposed to Test, had no significant effect (AOR: 1.24 [95% CI: 0.62 to 2.48] and AOR: 0.96 [95% CI: 0.47 to 1.99] respectively). There was no significant interaction between the effects of the test and result terminology. Across groups, perceiving no risk of infection was associated with an intention to wash hands less frequently (AOR: 2.32 [95% CI: 1.25 to 4.28]) but there was no significant association with intended avoidance of physical contact with others outside of the home (AOR: 1.37 [95% CI: 0.93 to 2.03]). Conclusions: Using the term Immunity (vs Antibody) to describe antibody tests for SARS-CoV-2 increases the proportion of people believing that an antibody-positive result means they have no risk of catching coronavirus in the future, a perception that may be associated with less frequent hand washing. The way antibody testing is described may have implications for the likely impact of testing on transmission rates. url: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.05.06.20093401 doi: 10.1101/2020.05.06.20093401 id: cord-289008-c4cu3vrp author: Wallis, Christopher J.D. title: Risks from Deferring Treatment for Genitourinary Cancers: A Collaborative Review to Aid Triage and Management During the COVID-19 Pandemic date: 2020-05-03 words: 9353.0 sentences: 446.0 pages: flesch: 44.0 cache: ./cache/cord-289008-c4cu3vrp.txt txt: ./txt/cord-289008-c4cu3vrp.txt summary: Patients with muscle-invasive bladder cancer are at risk of disease progression, with radical cystectomy delays beyond 12 wk from diagnosis or completion of neoadjuvant chemotherapy. To this end, PubMed was searched from inception until April 2, 2020 to identify studies examining the association between delays in treatment and clinical outcomes, including upstaging, recurrence, and mortality for patients with bladder cancer (BC; both muscle-invasive and non-muscle-invasive disease), prostate cancer (PCa), kidney cancer, upper tract urothelial cancer, germ cell tumors, and penile cancer. Where radiotherapy is planned to be administered, a recent Cochrane Database systematic review and meta-analysis of 10 studies including 8278 patients demonstrated that for those with intermediate-and high-risk PCa, hypofractionation is associated with equivalent oncologic outcomes (MFS, disease-specific survival, and OS), as well as functional outcomes [64] . abstract: CONTEXT: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is leading to delays in the treatment of many urologic cancers. OBJECTIVE: To provide a contemporary picture of the risks from delayed treatment for urologic cancers to assist with triage. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION: A collaborative review using literature published as of April 2, 2020. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS: Patients with low-grade non–muscle-invasive bladder cancer are unlikely to suffer from a 3–6-month delay. Patients with muscle-invasive bladder cancer are at risk of disease progression, with radical cystectomy delays beyond 12 wk from diagnosis or completion of neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Prioritization of these patients for surgery or management with radiochemotherapy is encouraged. Active surveillance should be used for low-risk prostate cancer (PCa). Treatment of most patients with intermediate- and high-risk PCa can be deferred 3–6 mo without change in outcomes. The same may be true for cancers with the highest risk of progression. With radiotherapy, neoadjuvant androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) is the standard of care. For surgery, although the added value of neoadjuvant ADT is questionable, it may be considered if a patient is interested in such an approach. Intervention may be safely deferred for T1/T2 renal masses, while locally advanced renal tumors (≥T3) should be treated expeditiously. Patients with metastatic renal cancer may consider vascular endothelial growth factor targeted therapy over immunotherapy. Risks for delay in the treatment of upper tract urothelial cancer depend on grade and stage. For patients with high-grade disease, delays of 12 wk in nephroureterectomy are not associated with adverse survival outcomes. Expert guidance recommends expedient local treatment of testis cancer. In penile cancer, adverse outcomes have been observed with delays of ≥3 mo before inguinal lymphadenectomy. Limitations include a paucity of data and methodologic variations for many cancers. CONCLUSIONS: Patients and clinicians should consider the oncologic risk of delayed cancer intervention versus the risks of COVID-19 to the patient, treating health care professionals, and the health care system. PATIENT SUMMARY: The coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic has led to delays in the treatment of patients with urologic malignancies. Based on a review of the literature, patients with high-grade urothelial carcinoma, advanced kidney cancer, testicular cancer, and penile cancer should be prioritized for treatment during these challenging times. url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0302283820303316?v=s5 doi: 10.1016/j.eururo.2020.04.063 id: cord-022130-jckfzaf0 author: Walsh, Patrick F. title: Intelligence and Stakeholders date: 2018-09-19 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: This chapter underscores the need for more explicit and strategic engagement of stakeholders (scientists, clinicians, first responders, amongst others) by the intelligence community. The chapter argues that the intelligence community will increasingly rely on their expertise to build more valid and reliable assessments of emerging bio-threats and risks. However, the discussion also identifies some of the limitations and challenges stakeholders themselves have to understanding complex threats and risks. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7153403/ doi: 10.1057/978-1-137-51700-5_7 id: cord-011688-8g0p3vtm author: Wang, Ting-Ting title: Perinatal risk factors for pulmonary hemorrhage in extremely low-birth-weight infants date: 2019-11-04 words: 3273.0 sentences: 172.0 pages: flesch: 52.0 cache: ./cache/cord-011688-8g0p3vtm.txt txt: ./txt/cord-011688-8g0p3vtm.txt summary: Therefore, the purpose of this study was to analyze the perinatal risk factors and short-term outcomes of PH in ELBWIs. METHODS: This was a retrospective cohort study of live born infants who had birth weights that were less than 1000 g, lived for at least 12 hours, and did not have major congenital anomalies. CONCLUSIONS: Although PH did not extend hospital stay or increase the risk of bronchopulmonary dysplasia, it increased the mortality and intraventricular hemorrhage rate in ELBWIs. EOS was the independent risk factor for PH in ELBWIs. Pulmonary hemorrhage (PH) is a life-threatening respiratory complication of newborns [1] , especially in extremely lowbirth-weight infants (ELBWIs) who are vulnerable to conditions that require invasive ventilation and intensive care after birth. Furthermore, risk factors associated with the care of preterm infants, including surfactant replacement, the management of patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) and the fluid intake of PH, might be prominent in ELBWIs with PH [7] [8] [9] . abstract: BACKGROUND: Pulmonary hemorrhage (PH) is a life-threatening respiratory complication of extremely low-birth-weight infants (ELBWIs). However, the risk factors for PH are controversial. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to analyze the perinatal risk factors and short-term outcomes of PH in ELBWIs. METHODS: This was a retrospective cohort study of live born infants who had birth weights that were less than 1000 g, lived for at least 12 hours, and did not have major congenital anomalies. A logistic regression model was established to analyze the risk factors associated with PH. RESULTS: There were 168 ELBWIs born during this period. A total of 160 infants were included, and 30 infants were diagnosed with PH. Risk factors including gestational age, small for gestational age, intubation in the delivery room, surfactant in the delivery room, repeated use of surfactant, higher FiO(2) during the first day, invasive ventilation during the first day and early onset sepsis (EOS) were associated with the occurrence of PH by univariate analysis. In the logistic regression model, EOS was found to be an independent risk factor for PH. The mortality and intraventricular hemorrhage rate of the group of ELBWIs with PH were significantly higher than those of the group of ELBWIs without PH. The rates of periventricular leukomalacia, moderate-to-severe bronchopulmonary dysplasia and severe retinopathy of prematurity, and the duration of the hospital stay were not significantly different between the PH and no-PH groups. CONCLUSIONS: Although PH did not extend hospital stay or increase the risk of bronchopulmonary dysplasia, it increased the mortality and intraventricular hemorrhage rate in ELBWIs. EOS was the independent risk factor for PH in ELBWIs. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7312118/ doi: 10.1007/s12519-019-00322-7 id: cord-296607-h2zwlyz7 author: Watson, Ryan A. title: Anti-coagulant and anti-platelet therapy in the COVID-19 patient: a best practices quality initiative across a large health system date: 2020-06-09 words: 7738.0 sentences: 370.0 pages: flesch: 35.0 cache: ./cache/cord-296607-h2zwlyz7.txt txt: ./txt/cord-296607-h2zwlyz7.txt summary: What is clear is that patients appear to be at higher risk for thrombotic disease states including acute coronary syndrome (ACS), venous thromboembolism (VTE) such as deep vein thrombosis (DVT) or pulmonary embolism (PE), or stroke. In most scenarios, direct oral anticoagulants (dabigatran, rivaroxaban, apixaban, and edoxaban) are recommended over warfarin due to large randomized controlled trials showing noninferiority or superiority for stroke reduction and superiority for bleeding risk in patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation [29] [30] [31] [32] . The use of UFH or LMWH may be considered in patients with high potential stroke risk and new onset atrial fibrillation; however, heparin drips require constant monitoring and titration of dosing during hospitalization leading to increased nursing exposure to potential COVID-19 patients. A French cohort of ICU patients on pharmacologic prophylaxis found a high prevalence of thrombotic complications including PE, stroke, circuit clotting of continuous renal replacement therapy or extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) with minimal bleeding risk suggesting the need for higher doses of prophylactic anticoagulation in this patient population [70] . abstract: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic due to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has challenged health-care systems and physicians worldwide to attempt to provide the best care to their patients with an evolving understanding of this unique pathogen. This disease and its worldwide impact have sparked tremendous interest in the epidemiology, pathogenesis, and clinical consequences of COVID-19. This accumulating body of evidence has centered around case series and often empiric therapies as controlled trials are just getting underway. What is clear is that patients appear to be at higher risk for thrombotic disease states including acute coronary syndrome (ACS), venous thromboembolism (VTE) such as deep vein thrombosis (DVT) or pulmonary embolism (PE), or stroke. Patients with underlying cardiovascular disease are also at higher risk for morbidity and mortality if infected. These patients are commonly treated with anticoagulation and/or antiplatelet medications and less commonly thrombolysis during hospitalization, potentially with great benefit but the management of these medications can be difficult in potentially critically ill patients. In an effort to align practice patterns across a large health system (Jefferson Health 2,622 staffed inpatient beds and 319 intensive care unit (ICU) beds across 14 facilities), a task force was assembled to address the utilization of anti-thrombotic and anti-platelet therapy in COVID-19 positive or suspected patients. The task force incorporated experts in Cardiology, Vascular Medicine, Hematology, Vascular Surgery, Pharmacy, and Vascular Neurology. Current guidelines, consensus documents, and policy documents from specialty organizations were used to formulate health system recommendations. OBJECTIVE: Our goal is to provide guidance to the utilization of antithrombotic and antiplatelet therapies in patients with known or suspected COVID-19. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32429774/ doi: 10.1080/21548331.2020.1772639 id: cord-277210-xaj2623u author: Weinkove, Robert title: Managing haematology and oncology patients during the COVID‐19 pandemic: interim consensus guidance date: 2020-05-13 words: 6044.0 sentences: 315.0 pages: flesch: 38.0 cache: ./cache/cord-277210-xaj2623u.txt txt: ./txt/cord-277210-xaj2623u.txt summary: • Adopt measures within cancer centres to reduce risk of nosocomial SARS-CoV-2 acquisition; support population-wide social distancing; reduce demand on acute services; ensure adequate staffing; and provide culturally safe care. Patients with cancer could be at elevated risk of severe COVID-19, while delivery of cancer therapies could be disrupted by quarantines, social distancing measures, and interruption of routine health care delivery by the pandemic. 38 Community spread of COVID-19 has the potential to diminish the donor pool, to threaten the capacity of cancer services to provide routine transfusion support, and to increase the risks that transfusion-dependent patients will come into contact with other individuals with SARS-CoV-2. We present interim guidance for clinicians caring for patients with cancer who may be particularly vulnerable both to severe COVID-19 and the potential impact of the pandemic on the provision of cancer investigations and treatment. abstract: INTRODUCTION: A pandemic coronavirus, SARS‐CoV‐2, causes COVID‐19, a potentially life‐threatening respiratory disease. Patients with cancer may have compromised immunity due to their malignancy and/or treatment, and may be at elevated risk of severe COVID‐19. Community transmission of COVID‐19 could overwhelm health care services, compromising delivery of cancer care. This interim consensus guidance provides advice for clinicians managing patients with cancer during the pandemic. MAIN RECOMMENDATIONS: During the COVID‐19 pandemic: In patients with cancer with fever and/or respiratory symptoms, consider causes in addition to COVID‐19, including other infections and therapy‐related pneumonitis. For suspected or confirmed COVID‐19, discuss temporary cessation of cancer therapy with a relevant specialist. Provide information on COVID‐19 for patients and carers. Adopt measures within cancer centres to reduce risk of nosocomial SARS‐CoV‐2 acquisition; support population‐wide social distancing; reduce demand on acute services; ensure adequate staffing; and provide culturally safe care. Measures should be equitable, transparent and proportionate to the COVID‐19 threat. Consider the risks and benefits of modifying cancer therapies due to COVID‐19. Communicate treatment modifications, and review once health service capacity allows. Consider potential impacts of COVID‐19 on the blood supply and availability of stem cell donors. Discuss and document goals of care, and involve palliative care services in contingency planning. CHANGES IN MANAGEMENT AS A RESULT OF THIS STATEMENT: This interim consensus guidance provides a framework for clinicians managing patients with cancer during the COVID‐19 pandemic. In view of the rapidly changing situation, clinicians must also monitor national, state, local and institutional policies, which will take precedence. ENDORSED BY: Australasian Leukaemia and Lymphoma Group; Australasian Lung Cancer Trials Group; Australian and New Zealand Children's Haematology/Oncology Group; Australia and New Zealand Society of Palliative Medicine; Australasian Society for Infectious Diseases; Bone Marrow Transplantation Society of Australia and New Zealand; Cancer Council Australia; Cancer Nurses Society of Australia; Cancer Society of New Zealand; Clinical Oncology Society of Australia; Haematology Society of Australia and New Zealand; National Centre for Infections in Cancer; New Zealand Cancer Control Agency; New Zealand Society for Oncology; and Palliative Care Australia. url: https://doi.org/10.5694/mja2.50607 doi: 10.5694/mja2.50607 id: cord-029226-eagbwk7j author: Williamson, Brian title: Beyond COVID‐19 lockdown: A Coasean approach with optionality date: 2020-06-29 words: 2592.0 sentences: 117.0 pages: flesch: 52.0 cache: ./cache/cord-029226-eagbwk7j.txt txt: ./txt/cord-029226-eagbwk7j.txt summary: While younger people are at greatly reduced risk from COVID-19, they are on the other hand likely to suffer some of the more severe impacts in terms of forgone education, employment, and social and longer-term opportunities from measures to increase physical distancing. The combination of low health risk for younger people from COVID-19 with disproportionately high economic and social costs from the current policy response suggests that a more targeted policy response is desirable. In this article, building on a blog post where the idea was first suggested (Williamson & Wilson, 2020) , what is proposed is a Coasean social contract that recognises the reciprocal nature of the problem of mitigating the risk of harm to health, welfare, and the economy from the COVID-19 pandemic. The proposed approach could substantially reduce the economic and social cost of the COVID-19 policy response while limiting mortality and the risk of overloading the health-care system. abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7361444/ doi: 10.1111/ecaf.12414 id: cord-299343-gsrgf4dd author: Wilson, A. M. title: Quantifying SARS-CoV-2 infection risk within the Apple/Google exposure notification framework to inform quarantine recommendations date: 2020-07-19 words: 10689.0 sentences: 493.0 pages: flesch: 48.0 cache: ./cache/cord-299343-gsrgf4dd.txt txt: ./txt/cord-299343-gsrgf4dd.txt summary: The conditional probability of current or future infectiousness, conditioned on how long post-exposure an exposed individual has been free of symptoms, decreases during quarantine, with shape determined by the distribution of incubation periods, proportion of asymptomatic cases, and distribution of asymptomatic shedding durations. Findings: As an example of our calculations, fifteen minutes of close contact with a high-shedding individual, given a 15% asymptomatic infection rate and no testing, would require 5and 14-day quarantine for their risk of current or future infectiousness to fall below 0.84% and 0.14% risk, respectively. A similarly maximal interaction, i.e. with 30 minutes in each attenuation bin, but with an index case at the minimum Transmission Risk level, corresponding to exposure timing that is not risk-free but falls just outside the window currently used by manual contact tracers, yields an infection probability of 0.36%, requiring 7 days of quarantine. abstract: Background: Bluetooth-based exposure notification apps can supplement manual contact tracing to reduce SARS-CoV-2 transmission. Their speed, scalability, and privacy preservation are generally acknowledged, but less exploited are smartphones' accurate measurement of duration, and ability to automatically calculate risk from multiple inputs. Methods: We model uncertainty in the shape of an exhaled virus-containing plume, inhalation parameters, and distance as a function of Bluetooth attenuation. We assume relative rates of viral shedding depend on the timing of exposure relative to symptom onset. We calibrate an exponential dose-response curve on the basis of the infection probabilities of household contacts. The conditional probability of current or future infectiousness, conditioned on how long post-exposure an exposed individual has been free of symptoms, decreases during quarantine, with shape determined by the distribution of incubation periods, proportion of asymptomatic cases, and distribution of asymptomatic shedding durations. It can be adjusted for negative test results using Bayes Theorem. Findings: As an example of our calculations, fifteen minutes of close contact with a high-shedding individual, given a 15% asymptomatic infection rate and no testing, would require 5- and 14-day quarantine for their risk of current or future infectiousness to fall below 0.84% and 0.14% risk, respectively. Interpretation: The Covid-Watch app is currently programmed either to use a threshold on initial infection risk to determine 14-day quarantine onset, or on the conditional probability of current and future infectiousness conditions to determine both quarantine and duration. Either threshold can be set by public health authorities. url: http://medrxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.07.17.20156539v1?rss=1 doi: 10.1101/2020.07.17.20156539 id: cord-252870-52fjx7s4 author: Xie, Kefan title: The Impact of Risk Perception on Social Distancing during the COVID-19 Pandemic in China date: 2020-08-27 words: 6275.0 sentences: 333.0 pages: flesch: 42.0 cache: ./cache/cord-252870-52fjx7s4.txt txt: ./txt/cord-252870-52fjx7s4.txt summary: Hence, these findings suggest effective management guidelines for successful implementation of the social distancing policies during the COVID-19 pandemic by emphasizing the critical role of risk perception, perceived understanding, and safety climate. Individual''s perceived understanding and safety climate are also examined to identify their effectiveness in the relationship between risk perception and social distancing. Perceived Understanding about the COVID-19 pandemic plays a mediating role between Risk Perception and Social Distancing behavior. The initial questionnaire contained 22 questions to measure these 4 latent variables, including Risk Perception-RP (7 items), Perceived Understanding-PU (4 items), Social Distancing-SD (5 items), and Safety Climate-SC (6 items). This study provided evidence that risk perception and perceived understanding can significantly affect people''s social distancing behaviors during the COVID-19 pandemic. Based on the data collected from an online survey among 317 participants in China throughout May 2020, our analyses indicate that positive changes in social distancing behaviors are associated with increased risk perception, perceived understanding, and safety climate. abstract: Social distancing is one of the most recommended policies worldwide to reduce diffusion risk during the COVID-19 pandemic. Based on a risk management perspective, this study explores the mechanism of the risk perception effect on social distancing in order to improve individual physical distancing behavior. The data for this study were collected from 317 Chinese residents in May 2020 using an internet-based survey. A structural equation model (SEM) and hierarchical linear regression (HLR) analyses were conducted to examine all the considered research hypotheses. The results show that risk perception significantly affects perceived understanding and social distancing behaviors in a positive way. Perceived understanding has a significant positive correlation with social distancing behaviors and plays a mediating role in the relationship between risk perception and social distancing behaviors. Furthermore, safety climate positively predicts social distancing behaviors but lessens the positive correlation between risk perception and social distancing. Hence, these findings suggest effective management guidelines for successful implementation of the social distancing policies during the COVID-19 pandemic by emphasizing the critical role of risk perception, perceived understanding, and safety climate. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32867381/ doi: 10.3390/ijerph17176256 id: cord-293041-7ndp05ru author: Xu, Pengbo title: The Effect of Response Inhibition Training on Risky Decision-Making Task Performance date: 2020-07-24 words: 5575.0 sentences: 269.0 pages: flesch: 49.0 cache: ./cache/cord-293041-7ndp05ru.txt txt: ./txt/cord-293041-7ndp05ru.txt summary: If the method of improving risky decisionmaking ability through primary cognitive training (such as inhibitory control) is proven and widely accepted, it will greatly advance the research process in the field of decision-making and will certainly provide a direction for future development. On the basis of previous studies, we chose the Balloon Analog Risk Task that has strong operability with initial results that are relatively stable and we appropriately increased the time interval between cognitive training and posttest decision-making task assessment. The two groups were assessed with the Stroop task and the Balloon Analog Risk Task to evaluate the pretest and posttest performance on inhibitory control and risky decision-making tasks at weeks 1 and 4. Because the experiment adopted a mixed design with between-and within-subjects factors, mixed-model ANOVAs of 2 (control group and training group) × 2 (pretest and posttest) factors were used to evaluate the transfer effect of response inhibition training to Stroop performance and its impact on Balloon Analog Risk Task performance. abstract: Response inhibition is an important component of executive function and plays an indispensable role in decision-making and other advanced cognitive processes. At the same time, we need an effective way to improve decision-making in the face of complex and limited information. This study mainly explored the influence of response inhibition training on college students’ risky decision-making. The recruited students were randomly divided into the training group (n = 28) and the control group (n = 28). The training group engaged in Go/NoGo and stop-signal tasks for 2 weeks, while the control group was given the task of reading and summarizing popular science articles related to self-control. The Stroop task and Balloon Analog Risk Task were used to evaluate the pretest and posttest performance in inhibitory control and risky decision-making tasks, respectively, for all subjects. The results showed that response inhibition training can be effectively transferred to interference control task performance. The results showed that both the reward acquired and adjusted Balloon Analog Risk Task score (adj BART) significantly improved compared to the pretest in the training group, while the control group showed no significant differences in the reward acquired and the adj BART between the pretest and the posttest. Although response inhibition training increased risky behaviors in the Balloon Analog Risk Task, it substantially reduced overly conservative behaviors and participants gained more money. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32793080/ doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01806 id: cord-331885-8zmuhebu author: Xu, Xiuyan title: Risk factor analysis combined with deep learning in the risk assessment of overseas investment of enterprises date: 2020-10-02 words: 3796.0 sentences: 208.0 pages: flesch: 43.0 cache: ./cache/cord-331885-8zmuhebu.txt txt: ./txt/cord-331885-8zmuhebu.txt summary: To evaluate the overseas investment risks of enterprises and expand the application and development of deep learning methods in risk assessment, 15 national clusters are utilized as samples to analyze and discuss the overseas investment risk indicators of enterprises. Second, the Deep Neural Network (DNN) is introduced; a risk evaluation model is constructed for enterprise overseas investment. The results show that the major source of overseas investment risks includes basic resources, political systems, economic and financial development, and environmental protection. To build a risk assessment model for overseas investment of enterprises and evaluate investment risks scientifically and effectively, the Deep Neural Network (DNN) based on deep learning is introduced, which is an innovation. The above analysis suggests that a country''s infrastructure, health care conditions, economic development level, environmental protection conditions, and political system are the key components that affect its risks of enterprise overseas investment [29, 30] . abstract: To evaluate the overseas investment risks of enterprises and expand the application and development of deep learning methods in risk assessment, 15 national clusters are utilized as samples to analyze and discuss the overseas investment risk indicators of enterprises. First, based on the indicator system of overseas investment risks, five major types of investment risks are identified. Second, the Deep Neural Network (DNN) is introduced; a risk evaluation model is constructed for enterprise overseas investment. Finally, the investment attractiveness index in the Fraser risk assessment learning label is adopted as the evaluation results of the model. According to the classification of risks, the model is trained and its performance is tested. The results show that the major source of overseas investment risks includes basic resources, political systems, economic and financial development, and environmental protection. The corresponding risk score is high. North American country clusters and Oceanian country clusters have lower investment risks, while the investment risks in Africa, Latin America, and Asia are affected by multiple factors of the specific cities. This is closely related to the resources and legal systems possessed by the country clusters. This is of great significance for enterprises to conduct risk assessment in overseas investment. url: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0239635 doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0239635 id: cord-336599-r8xgnz87 author: Yaacoub, Jean-Paul A. title: Cyber-Physical Systems Security: Limitations, Issues and Future Trends date: 2020-07-08 words: 22485.0 sentences: 1405.0 pages: flesch: 45.0 cache: ./cache/cord-336599-r8xgnz87.txt txt: ./txt/cord-336599-r8xgnz87.txt summary: However, none of the existing works presented a comprehensive view of CPS security in terms of threats, vulnerabilities, and attacks based on the targeted domain (cyber, physical, or hybrid). • Jamming: In this case, attackers usually aim at changing the device''s state and the expected operations to cause Sold with PLC-like features Digital computers designed for output arrangements and multiple inputs Electronic device controlled by a microprocessor Automates electro-mechanical processes Interfaces SCADA physical objects Physical media with process, relays, motion control and networking Uses supervisory system messages to control objects Does support control loops and algorithms Does not support control loops and algorithms Immune to electrical noise, resistant to vibration Low to null immunity against electrical noise and vibration Suitable for local geographical areas Suitable for wider geographical telemetry areas Mainly IEC Standards Wired/Wireless Communications damage by launching waves of de-authentication or wireless jamming signals, which would result into denial of device and system services [73] . abstract: Typically, Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS) involve various interconnected systems, which can monitor and manipulate real objects and processes. They are closely related to Internet of Things (IoT) systems, except that CPS focuses on the interaction between physical, networking and computation processes. Their integration with IoT led to a new CPS aspect, the Internet of Cyber-Physical Things (IoCPT). The fast and significant evolution of CPS affects various aspects in people’s way of life and enables a wider range of services and applications including e-Health, smart homes, e-Commerce, etc. However, interconnecting the cyber and physical worlds gives rise to new dangerous security challenges. Consequently, CPS security has attracted the attention of both researchers and industries. This paper surveys the main aspects of CPS and the corresponding applications, technologies, and standards. Moreover, CPS security vulnerabilities, threats and attacks are reviewed, while the key issues and challenges are identified. Additionally, the existing security measures are presented and analyzed while identifying their main limitations. Finally, several suggestions and recommendations are proposed benefiting from the lessons learned throughout this comprehensive review. url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0141933120303689?v=s5 doi: 10.1016/j.micpro.2020.103201 id: cord-256432-53l24le2 author: Yang, Honglin title: A Strategy Study on Risk Communication of Pandemic Influenza: A Mental Model Study of College Students in Beijing date: 2020-09-04 words: 6266.0 sentences: 332.0 pages: flesch: 47.0 cache: ./cache/cord-256432-53l24le2.txt txt: ./txt/cord-256432-53l24le2.txt summary: The entire frame is an analysis of disaster events from a macro perspective, including "causes," "development," "response," "event impact" and "risk information dissemination." Then, through literature research and expert consultation, the researchers summarized the concept of the communication framework and initially formed its content suitable for the influenza epidemic. We believe that the information provided by these 28 respondents can meet the sample size required for the analysis of this study, because the purpose of mental model study is not to use statistical methods to analyze the distribution of some risk cognition in the population, but to find out which concepts or beliefs, are "out there" with some reasonable frequency, 3 so as to help government departments identify what should be focused on when developing guidance programs and health education materials for this population. abstract: PURPOSE: To understand the characteristics of risk perception of influenza pandemic in college students with prominent frequency and the differences between these risk perceptions and professionals. Then, offering a proposal for the government to improve the efficiency of risk communication and health education. METHODS: According to the mental model theory, researchers first draw a framework of key risk factors, and then they ask these students about the understanding of the framework with questionnaire and then making concept statistics and content analysis on the respondents’ answers. RESULTS: Researchers find some students’ misunderstanding of pandemic including excessive optimism to the consequences of a pandemic, a lack of detailed understanding of mitigation measures, and negative attitudes towards health education and vaccination. Most students showed incomplete and incorrect views about concepts related to the development and exposure factors, impact and mitigation measures. Once threatened, it may lead to the failure of decision-making. The majority of students we interviewed had positive attitudes towards personal emergency preparedness for a pandemic influenza and specialized health education in the future. CONCLUSION: Researchers suggest that the government should make a specific pandemic guidance plan by referring to the risk cognitive characteristics of college students shown in the research results, and update the methods of health education to college students. url: https://doi.org/10.2147/rmhp.s251733 doi: 10.2147/rmhp.s251733 id: cord-291679-jfxqipt8 author: Yang, Seongwoo title: Middle East respiratory syndrome risk perception among students at a university in South Korea, 2015 date: 2017-06-01 words: 5627.0 sentences: 310.0 pages: flesch: 48.0 cache: ./cache/cord-291679-jfxqipt8.txt txt: ./txt/cord-291679-jfxqipt8.txt summary: The aim of this study was to determine whether risk perception was associated with personal and social variables, including trust in the media, the health care field, and government. Additionally, we sought to identify the associations of risk perception and social variables with compliance with self-quarantine guidelines and overreaction during the MERS epidemic. In this study, knowledge, trust, personal characteristics, and other social determinants were considered the main factors affecting risk perception and overreaction. Therefore, this section assessed the following personal characteristics: degree of optimism about the health policies of South Korea, willingness to sacrifice for society, responsiveness to an emergency situation, and attitude toward self-quarantine and overreaction. To assess the associations of demographic factors, knowledge, trust in social organizations, intention to sacrifice, and responsiveness to emergency situations with risk perception, multiple linear regression analyses were used. abstract: BACKGROUND: The 2015 Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) outbreak in South Korea was a serious threat to public health, and was exacerbated by the inappropriate responses of major institutions and the public. This study examined the sources of confusion during the MERS outbreak and identified the factors that can affect people's behavior. METHODS: An online survey of the risk perception of university students in South Korea was performed after the epidemic had peaked. The questionnaire addressed the major social determinants in South Korea during the MERS epidemic. The analysis included data from 1,470 subjects who provided complete answers. RESULTS: The students had 53.5% of the essential knowledge about MERS. Women showed higher risk perception than men, and trust in the media was positively associated with risk perception (P < .001). Additionally, risk perception was positively associated with overreaction by the public (odds ratio, 2.80; 95% confidence interval, 2.17-3.60; P < .001). These findings suggest that media content affected the public's perception of MERS risk and that perception of a high level of risk led to overreaction. CONCLUSIONS: Risk perception was associated with most of the social factors examined and overreaction by the public. Therefore, providing accurate information and data to the public, establishing trust, and facilitating the development of an attitude will all be important in future crises. url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S0196655317301347 doi: 10.1016/j.ajic.2017.02.013 id: cord-002906-llstohys author: You, Shu-Han title: Health-seeking behavior and transmission dynamics in the control of influenza infection among different age groups date: 2018-03-06 words: 5325.0 sentences: 288.0 pages: flesch: 43.0 cache: ./cache/cord-002906-llstohys.txt txt: ./txt/cord-002906-llstohys.txt summary: OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to assess to what extent, under scenarios of with/without control and preventive/protective behaviors, the age-specific network-driven risk perception influences influenza infection. Individuals perceive the preventive behavior to improve risk perception information transmission among teenage and adult and elderly age groups, but not in the child age group. 1 Therefore, to facilitate public health decisions about intervention and management in controlling the spread of infectious diseases, it is crucial to assess to what extent, under scenarios of with/without control and preventive/protective behaviors, the age-specific network-driven risk perception influences influenza infection. 18, 19 Here we assess that if, how, and to what extent, under different scenarios of with/without control and preventive/protective behaviors, the age-specific network-driven risk perception influences influenza infection. We also estimated the age-specific admission infection fraction (IF) for each age group, including child (0-14 years), teenage and adult (15-64 years) , and elderly (65+ years), for different human behaviors or influenza risk perceptions. abstract: BACKGROUND: It has been found that health-seeking behavior has a certain impact on influenza infection. However, behaviors with/without risk perception on the control of influenza transmission among age groups have not been well quantified. OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to assess to what extent, under scenarios of with/without control and preventive/protective behaviors, the age-specific network-driven risk perception influences influenza infection. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A behavior-influenza model was used to estimate the spread rate of age-specific risk perception in response to an influenza outbreak. A network-based information model was used to assess the effect of network-driven risk perception information transmission on influenza infection. A probabilistic risk model was used to assess the infection risk effect of risk perception with a health behavior change. RESULTS: The age-specific overlapping percentage was estimated to be 40%–43%, 55%–60%, and 19%–35% for child, teenage and adult, and elderly age groups, respectively. Individuals perceive the preventive behavior to improve risk perception information transmission among teenage and adult and elderly age groups, but not in the child age group. The population with perceived health behaviors could not effectively decrease the percentage of infection risk in the child age group, whereas for the elderly age group, the percentage of decrease in infection risk was more significant, with a 97.5th percentile estimate of 97%. CONCLUSION: The present integrated behavior-infection model can help health authorities in communicating health messages for an intertwined belief network in which health-seeking behavior plays a key role in controlling influenza infection. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5846056/ doi: 10.2147/idr.s153797 id: cord-322815-r82iphem author: Zhang, Weiping title: Connectedness and systemic risk spillovers analysis of Chinese sectors based on tail risk network date: 2020-07-04 words: 8372.0 sentences: 439.0 pages: flesch: 54.0 cache: ./cache/cord-322815-r82iphem.txt txt: ./txt/cord-322815-r82iphem.txt summary: Abstract This paper investigates the systemic risk spillovers and connectedness in the sectoral tail risk network of Chinese stock market, and explores the transmission mechanism of systemic risk spillovers by block models. First, we analyze the characteristics of spatial connectedness and systemic risk spillovers of tail risk network using sectoral data in Chinese stock market. In order to analyze the systemic risk spillovers and its interconnectedness across Chinese sectors, we select the weekly closing prices of 24 sectors in China''s stock market (name abbreviations , of 24 industries are seen in Appendix Table A1 ). In the fourth event period (2015/1/30-2016/12/30) which covers the "2015-2016 China stock market turbulence", two financial sectors including Bank (BANK) and Diversified finance (DF), and Media (MED) have strong outgoing links and are involved in most risk spillovers. abstract: Abstract This paper investigates the systemic risk spillovers and connectedness in the sectoral tail risk network of Chinese stock market, and explores the transmission mechanism of systemic risk spillovers by block models. Based on conditional value at risk (CoVaR) and single index model (SIM) quantile regression technique, we analyse the tail risk connectedness and find that during market crashes, stock market exposes to more systemic risk and more connectedness. Further, the orthogonal pulse function shows that Herfindahl-Hirschman Index (HHI) of edges has a significant positive effect on systemic risk, but the impact shows a certain lagging feature. Besides, the directional connectedness of sectors shows that systemic risk receivers and transmitters vary across time, and we adopt PageRank index to identify systemically important sector released by utilities and financial sectors. Finally, by block model we find that the tail risk network of Chinese sectors can be divided into four different spillover function blocks. The role of blocks and the spatial spillover transmission path between risk blocks are time-varying. Our results provide useful and positive implications for market participants and policy makers dealing with investment diversification and tracing the paths of risk shock transmission. url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S1062940820301455 doi: 10.1016/j.najef.2020.101248 id: cord-004060-nxw5k9y1 author: Zhang, Yewu title: Spatiotemporal Analysis of Influenza in China, 2005–2018 date: 2019-12-23 words: 5547.0 sentences: 301.0 pages: flesch: 47.0 cache: ./cache/cord-004060-nxw5k9y1.txt txt: ./txt/cord-004060-nxw5k9y1.txt summary: After adjusting for other covariates, a spatially unstructured random effect term (v i ), a spatially structured conditional autoregression term (υ i ), a first-order random walk-correlated time variable (γ 1j ), and an interaction term for time and place (δ ij ) in the multivariate adjusted spatiotemporal model, the flu vaccines (per million doses), flu surveillance protocols, rate of influenza A (H1N1)pdm09, latitude and longitude still remain statistically significant. Based on the incidence data of influenza gained from the Chinese Notifiable Infectious Disease Reporting System, we used the Bayesian spatiotemporal model in this study to assess the space-time patterns of the influenza epidemic at the prefecture level in mainland China from 2005 to 2018 and explored several factors that may be associated with the changing spatial and temporal patterns in the influenza incidence risk. abstract: Influenza is a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, as well as in China. Knowledge of the spatial and temporal characteristics of influenza is important in evaluating and developing disease control programs. This study aims to describe an accurate spatiotemporal pattern of influenza at the prefecture level and explore the risk factors associated with influenza incidence risk in mainland China from 2005 to 2018. The incidence data of influenza were obtained from the Chinese Notifiable Infectious Disease Reporting System (CNIDRS). The Besag York Mollié (BYM) model was extended to include temporal and space-time interaction terms. The parameters for this extended Bayesian spatiotemporal model were estimated through integrated nested Laplace approximations (INLA) using the package R-INLA in R. A total of 702,226 influenza cases were reported in mainland China in CNIDRS from 2005–2018. The yearly reported incidence rate of influenza increased 15.6 times over the study period, from 3.51 in 2005 to 55.09 in 2008 per 100,000 populations. The temporal term in the spatiotemporal model showed that much of the increase occurred during the last 3 years of the study period. The risk factor analysis showed that the decreased number of influenza vaccines for sale, the new update of the influenza surveillance protocol, the increase in the rate of influenza A (H1N1)pdm09 among all processed specimens from influenza-like illness (ILI) patients, and the increase in the latitude and longitude of geographic location were associated with an increase in the influenza incidence risk. After the adjusting for fixed covariate effects and time random effects, the map of the spatial structured term shows that high-risk areas clustered in the central part of China and the lowest-risk areas in the east and west. Large space-time variations in influenza have been found since 2009. In conclusion, an increasing trend of influenza was observed from 2005 to 2018. The insufficient flu vaccine supplements, the newly emerging influenza A (H1N1)pdm09 and expansion of influenza surveillance efforts might be the major causes of the dramatic changes in outbreak and spatio-temporal epidemic patterns. Clusters of prefectures with high relative risks of influenza were identified in the central part of China. Future research with more risk factors at both national and local levels is necessary to explain the changing spatiotemporal patterns of influenza in China. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6928232/ doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-56104-8 id: cord-281390-rk7ijexa author: Zhou, Li title: Fear and trust: How risk perceptions of avian influenza affect Chinese consumers’ demand for chicken date: 2016-09-30 words: 9115.0 sentences: 461.0 pages: flesch: 58.0 cache: ./cache/cord-281390-rk7ijexa.txt txt: ./txt/cord-281390-rk7ijexa.txt summary: We measure risk perception, fear and trust against actual reduction in consumption and stated change in WTP for safe chicken between 2012 and 2013. Factors such as the fear of H7N9''s spreading, the impact of distrust (especially the distrust in government) enhanced the deviation of consumption and WTP; and the sheer mentioning of H7N9 is more important and negative than whether it was associated with a risk-perception reducing or risk-perception elevating message given to consumers. In contrast, we measure consumer risk perceptions of food safety resulting from different types of fear and different sources of trust which may differ amongst individuals and markets. Z is the vector of control variables such as: (1) knowledge about AI; (2) new information about AI; (3) city dummies for controlling the AI incidence and price differences; (4) other basic characteristics including gender, age, family size, the proportion of children and/or elderly in a household, education and income; and (5) lagged consumption and WTP to identify the initial demand. abstract: Abstract This article quantifies the impact of H7N9 bird flu on chicken demand and consumer willingness to pay (WTP) in China. We measure risk perception, fear and trust against actual reduction in consumption and stated change in WTP for safe chicken between 2012 and 2013. Through a survey conducted in each year on the same Chinese urban consumers, we found that the consumption of chicken never increased after the emergence of H7N9 in 2013, and WTP for safe chicken did not necessarily increase relative to generic risks associated with consuming chicken in 2012. Factors such as the fear of H7N9's spreading, the impact of distrust (especially the distrust in government) enhanced the deviation of consumption and WTP; and the sheer mentioning of H7N9 is more important and negative than whether it was associated with a risk-perception reducing or risk-perception elevating message given to consumers. url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1043951X16300657 doi: 10.1016/j.chieco.2016.06.003 id: cord-290708-hv1um2ln author: Zhu, Shushang title: Hedging Crash Risk in Optimal Portfolio Selection date: 2020-07-28 words: 8587.0 sentences: 573.0 pages: flesch: 65.0 cache: ./cache/cord-290708-hv1um2ln.txt txt: ./txt/cord-290708-hv1um2ln.txt summary: investigate the Conditional Value-at-Risk (CVaR) model based portfolio optimization problem considering only derivatives. (2013) propose a general hedged portfolio optimization approach based on risk measure calculated by the approximate parametric VaR. In this section, we discuss parametric approximation of the value change of a hedged portfolio and investigate the problem of measuring risk of a hedged portfolio in normal market conditions and in a crash, respectively. We then propose a tractable convex conic programming approach to solve the hedged portfolio optimization problem with crash risk control. In this subsection, we discuss the measure and calculation of hedged portfolio risk in a normal market and in a crash, respectively. Using (4), (15), (17) and (18), we get the following proposition which means that the portfolio optimization problem with crash risk control can be solved by a tractable convex programming approach. abstract: When almost all underlying assets suddenly lose a certain part of their nominal value in a market crash, the diversification effect of portfolios in a normal market condition no longer works. We integrate the crash risk into portfolio management and investigate performance measures, hedging and optimization of portfolio selection involving derivatives. A suitable convex conic programming framework based on parametric approximation method is proposed to make the problem a tractable one. Simulation analysis and empirical study are performed to test the proposed approach. url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378426620301710?v=s5 doi: 10.1016/j.jbankfin.2020.105905 id: cord-224491-qq9hdtww author: Zumbach, Gilles title: Tile test for back-testing risk evaluation date: 2020-07-24 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: A new test for measuring the accuracy of financial market risk estimations is introduced. It is based on the probability integral transform (PIT) of the ex post realized returns using the ex ante probability distributions underlying the risk estimation. If the forecast is correct, the result of the PIT, that we called probtile, should be an iid random variable with a uniform distribution. The new test measures the variance of the number of probtiles in a tiling over the whole sample. Using different tilings allow to check the dynamic and the distributional aspect of risk methodologies. The new test is very powerful, and new benchmarks need to be introduced to take into account subtle mean reversion effects induced by some risk estimations. The test is applied on 2 data sets for risk horizons of 1 and 10 days. The results show unambiguously the importance of capturing correctly the dynamic of the financial market, and exclude some broadly used risk methodologies. url: https://arxiv.org/pdf/2007.12431v1.pdf doi: nan id: cord-318363-1mv5j4w2 author: Zvolensky, Michael J. title: Psychological, addictive, and health behavior implications of the COVID-19 pandemic date: 2020-08-27 words: 15836.0 sentences: 701.0 pages: flesch: 39.0 cache: ./cache/cord-318363-1mv5j4w2.txt txt: ./txt/cord-318363-1mv5j4w2.txt summary: Additional risk factors for the development or exacerbation of PTSD symptoms include a prior history of trauma or mental health disturbances, depressed or anxious mood, significant concurrent life stressors (e.g., financial problems, job loss, relationship stress), low social connectedness or support, sleep disturbance, substance use, and emotional numbing or detachment (Colvonen, Straus, Acheson, & Gehrman, 2019; Cusack et al., 2019; Germain, McKeon, & Campbell, 2017; Hancock & Bryant, 2018; Shalev et al., 2019; Steenkamp et al., 2017; Vujanovic & Back, 2019) . That is, a specific type of individual difference factor like anxiety sensitivity is linked to a particular type of problem (e.g., anxiety disorder, worsening of a chronic respiratory illness, severity of hazardous drinking) via a specified mediating process (e.g., smoking, sleep disruption) in the context of certain moderating variables (e.g., higher levels of COVID-19 stress burden). abstract: • The public health impact of COVID-19 on psychological symptoms and disorders, addiction, and health behavior is substantial and ongoing. • An integrative COVID-19 stress-based model could be used to guide research focused on the stress-related burden of the pandemic. • This work could provide a theoretical and empirical knowledge base for future pandemics. url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2020.103715 doi: 10.1016/j.brat.2020.103715 id: cord-293316-kip8mrjo author: de Sa, J. title: Risk communication and management in public health crises date: 2009-09-10 words: 1741.0 sentences: 103.0 pages: flesch: 45.0 cache: ./cache/cord-293316-kip8mrjo.txt txt: ./txt/cord-293316-kip8mrjo.txt summary: Since the turn of the century, the World Health Organization (WHO) has documented a historically unprecedented number of emerging infectious disease outbreaks, and lessons drawn from their management have confirmed the critical importance of effective communications, specifically through formal channels such as WHO and in the public domain. Instant and global transmission of information has become a powerful ally, along with peer pressure, for WHO in ensuring that member states comply with new obligations to swiftly declare outbreaks considered to be of public health importance. There is now significant global attention and accompanying investment which should, the authors suggest, be used as an opportunity to improve strategic and operational communication capacity to respond not only to pandemic influenza but also to other public health threats. 4 Ultimately, the debate is centred on the boundary between the governance of risk communication and risk management, the former now being mandated through international laws, with the latter remaining, to a large degree, a national sovereignty responsibility. abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19747703/ doi: 10.1016/j.puhe.2009.07.017 id: cord-004894-75w35fkd author: nan title: Abstract date: 2006-06-14 words: 92116.0 sentences: 6264.0 pages: flesch: 51.0 cache: ./cache/cord-004894-75w35fkd.txt txt: ./txt/cord-004894-75w35fkd.txt summary: The unadjusted median (25-75% percentile) sperm concentration in the non-exposed group (n = 90) is 49 (23-86) mill/ml compared to 33 (12-63) mill/ml among men exposed to >19 cigarettes per day in fetal life (n = 26 Aim: To estimate the prevalence of overweight and obesity, and their effects in physical activity (PA) levels of Portuguese children and adolescents aged 10-18 years. Objectives: a) To estimate the sex-and age-adjusted annual rate of tuberculosis infection (ARTI) (per 100 person-years [%py]) among the HCWs, as indicated by tuberculin skin test conversion (TST) conversion, b) to identify occupational factors associated with significant variations in the ARTI, c) to investigate the efficacy of the regional preventive guidelines. Objectives: We assessed the total burden of adverse events (AE), and determined treatment-related risk factors for the development of various AEs. Methods: The study cohort included 1362 5-year survivors, treated in the Emma Childrens Hospital AMC in the Netherlands between 1966-1996. abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7087564/ doi: 10.1007/s10654-006-9021-1 id: cord-009694-e59kuwf1 author: nan title: Opinion of the Scientific Panel on Animal Health and Welfare (AHAW) on a request from the Commission related with the risks of poor welfare in intensive calf farming systems date: 2006-06-06 words: 40663.0 sentences: 2064.0 pages: flesch: 55.0 cache: ./cache/cord-009694-e59kuwf1.txt txt: ./txt/cord-009694-e59kuwf1.txt summary: Prevention of typical calf diseases in the first 6 months of life such as diarrhoea and enzootic bronchopneumonia requires a systematic approach by improving management and housing conditions, specifically the preparation of the cow, hygiene of the calving environment, including dry clean bedding and high air quality, immediate supply with maternal antibodies, no mixing with older animals and careful attention and a rapid response to any sign indicating disease. -Space requirements -Health monitoring systems and the effect of such on clinical health in calves -Infection transmission (respiratory and digestive diseases) due to direct contact between calves in relation to social benefits of mixing -Pain relief when disbudding, dehorning and castrating calves -Design of appropriate ventilation systems for calves in confined rearing conditions -Health and environmental effects of feeding minerals as antimicrobial agents -For quantitative food safety risk categorization of farming systems individually, and/or their related ranking, further scientific information is needed. abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7163428/ doi: 10.2903/j.efsa.2006.366 id: cord-009729-69swjzic author: nan title: Scientific Opinion on the public health hazards to be covered by inspection of meat from sheep and goats date: 2013-06-27 words: 66970.0 sentences: 2764.0 pages: flesch: 44.0 cache: ./cache/cord-009729-69swjzic.txt txt: ./txt/cord-009729-69swjzic.txt summary: Risk ranking of chemical hazards into categories of potential concern was based on the outcomes of the national residue control plans (NRCPs), as defined in Council Directive 96/23/EC for the period 2005-2010, and of other testing programmes, as well as on substance-specific parameters such as the toxicological profile and the likelihood of the occurrence of residues and contaminants in sheep and goats. It is recommended regarding chemical hazards, that FCI should be expanded for sheep and goats produced in extensive systems to provide more information on the specific environmental conditions where the animals are produced and that future monitoring programmes should be based on the risk of occurrence of chemical residues and contaminants, taking into account the completeness and quality of the FCI supplied, and the ranking of chemical substances into categories of potential concern, which ranking needs to be regularly updated. abstract: A risk ranking process identified Toxoplasma gondii and pathogenic verocytotoxin‐producing Escherichia coli (VTEC) as the most relevant biological hazards for meat inspection of sheep and goats. As these are not detected by traditional meat inspection, a meat safety assurance system using risk‐based interventions was proposed. Further studies are required on T. gondii and pathogenic VTEC. If new information confirms these hazards as a high risk to public health from meat from sheep or goats, setting targets at carcass level should be considered. Other elements of the system are risk‐categorisation of flocks/herds based on improved Food Chain Information (FCI), classification of abattoirs according to their capability to reduce faecal contamination, and use of improved process hygiene criteria. It is proposed to omit palpation and incision from post‐mortem inspection in animals subjected to routine slaughter. For chemical hazards, dioxins and dioxin‐like polychlorinated biphenyls were ranked as being of high potential concern. Monitoring programmes for chemical hazards should be more flexible and based on the risk of occurrence, taking into account FCI, which should be expanded to reflect the extensive production systems used, and the ranking of chemical substances, which should be regularly updated and include new hazards. Control programmes across the food chain, national residue control plans, feed control and monitoring of environmental contaminants should be better integrated. Meat inspection is a valuable tool for surveillance and monitoring of animal health and welfare conditions. Omission of palpation and incision would reduce detection effectiveness for tuberculosis and fasciolosis at animal level. Surveillance of tuberculosis at the slaughterhouse in small ruminants should be improved and encouraged, as this is in practice the only surveillance system available. Extended use of FCI could compensate for some, but not all, the information on animal health and welfare lost if only visual post‐mortem inspection is applied. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7163758/ doi: 10.2903/j.efsa.2013.3265 id: cord-282783-ps5jyjkl author: nan title: Full Issue PDF date: 2020-09-30 words: 15926.0 sentences: 843.0 pages: flesch: 41.0 cache: ./cache/cord-282783-ps5jyjkl.txt txt: ./txt/cord-282783-ps5jyjkl.txt summary: The Childhood Cancer Survivor Study showed a 10-fold higher risk of pericardial disease in all CCS versus siblings (30year cumulative incidence, 3 .0%) and a dose-response relation with chest RT (11) . The literature on ECG abnormalities in large cohorts of long-term CCS is sparse (46, 47) , Data on the use of ambulatory ECG monitoring to define the prevalence of brady-and tachyarrhythmias induced by cardiotoxic cancer treatments are needed, but must be carefully weighed against the potential patient burden and clinical significance. Interestingly, a prior study in testicular cancer survivors showed that those patients who were exposed to cisplatin-based chemotherapy nearly 3 to more than 20 years ago had a more severe reduction in FMD and higher levels of circulating endothelial cells than those not exposed (13) . abstract: nan url: https://doi.org/10.1016/s2666-0873(20)30180-0 doi: 10.1016/s2666-0873(20)30180-0 id: cord-328620-d2jrn1ip author: van Gageldonk-Lafeber, Arianne B title: Risk factors for acute respiratory tract infections in general practitioner patients in The Netherlands: a case-control study date: 2007-04-27 words: 4247.0 sentences: 214.0 pages: flesch: 50.0 cache: ./cache/cord-328620-d2jrn1ip.txt txt: ./txt/cord-328620-d2jrn1ip.txt summary: CONCLUSION: This study confirmed that heterogeneity in the general population as well as in pathogens causing ARTI makes it complicated to detect associations between potential risk factors and respiratory infections. These questionnaires extracted information about exposure to persons with respiratory complaints within or outside their household in the week before consulting the GP, family composition (number of children and adults, presence of children attending day-care, primary school or secondary education), working outside the home and kind of job, use of public transport, type of heating system, exposure to mechanical ventilation system, exposure to dampness or mould at home, keeping pets or cattle, smoking behaviour, and exposure to passive smoking (see Additional file 1). We demonstrated that in the general population (passive) smoking, dampness or mould at home and having family members attending day-care were not associated with a higher risk for ARTI, which is in contrast with studies carried out in children or patients with specific respiratory diseases. abstract: BACKGROUND: Acute respiratory tract infections (ARTI) are an important public health problem. Improved identification of risk factors might enable targeted intervention. Therefore we carried out a case-control study with the aim of identifying environmental risk factors for ARTI consultations in the Dutch general population. METHODS: A subset of patients visiting their GP in the period of 2000–2003 with an ARTI (cases) and age-matched controls (visiting for other complaints) were included in a case-control study. They were asked to complete a questionnaire about potential risk factors. Conditional logistic regression was used to calculate odds ratio's (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) to estimate the independent effect of potential risk factors. RESULTS: A total of 493 matched pairs of case and control subjects were enrolled. Exposure to persons with respiratory complaints, both inside and outside the household, was found to be an independent risk factor for visiting a GP with an ARTI (respectively OR(adj )= 1.9 and OR(adj )= 3.7). Participants exposed to dampness or mould at home (OR(adj)=0.5) were significantly less likely to visit their GP. In accordance with the general risk of consultations for ARTI, participants with a laboratory-confirmed ARTI who were exposed to persons with respiratory complaints outside the household were also significantly more likely to visit their GP (OR(adj)=2.5). CONCLUSION: This study confirmed that heterogeneity in the general population as well as in pathogens causing ARTI makes it complicated to detect associations between potential risk factors and respiratory infections. Whereas it may be difficult to intervene on the risk posed by exposure to persons with respiratory complaints, transmission of ARTI in the general population might be reduced by improved hygienic conditions. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17466060/ doi: 10.1186/1471-2334-7-35 ==== make-pages.sh questions [ERIC WAS HERE] ==== make-pages.sh search /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/make-pages.sh: line 77: /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/tmp/search.htm: No such file or directory Traceback (most recent call last): File "/data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/tsv2htm-search.py", line 51, in with open( TEMPLATE, 'r' ) as handle : htm = handle.read() FileNotFoundError: [Errno 2] No such file or directory: '/data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/tmp/search.htm' ==== make-pages.sh topic modeling corpus Zipping study carrel