Summary of your 'study carrel' ============================== This is a summary of your Distant Reader 'study carrel'. The Distant Reader harvested & cached your content into a collection/corpus. It then applied sets of natural language processing and text mining against the collection. The results of this process was reduced to a database file -- a 'study carrel'. The study carrel can then be queried, thus bringing light specific characteristics for your collection. These characteristics can help you summarize the collection as well as enumerate things you might want to investigate more closely. This report is a terse narrative report, and when processing is complete you will be linked to a more complete narrative report. Eric Lease Morgan Number of items in the collection; 'How big is my corpus?' ---------------------------------------------------------- 107 Average length of all items measured in words; "More or less, how big is each item?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 22306 Average readability score of all items (0 = difficult; 100 = easy) ------------------------------------------------------------------ 42 Top 50 statistically significant keywords; "What is my collection about?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 106 response 26 cell 22 vaccine 15 immune 14 dna 11 infection 11 antigen 11 IFN 9 RNA 8 virus 8 SARS 8 HIV 7 study 7 COVID-19 6 mouse 6 gene 6 effect 6 University 6 LPS 6 HLA 5 stress 5 protein 5 delivery 5 TNF 5 IL-6 5 Ebola 4 result 4 inflammatory 4 disease 4 disaster 4 antibody 4 MHC 4 HCV 4 Fig 4 ELISA 4 CTL 4 CD8 4 CD4 3 vaccination 3 sepsis 3 patient 3 pandemic 3 model 3 increase 3 health 3 expression 3 cytokine 3 covid-19 3 age 3 adjuvant Top 50 lemmatized nouns; "What is discussed?" --------------------------------------------- 15253 cell 10157 response 5343 vaccine 3969 study 3968 infection 3937 protein 3764 mouse 3695 virus 3271 expression 3224 antigen 3219 disease 3192 gene 2991 patient 2933 t 2857 level 2842 effect 2667 system 2547 receptor 2488 antibody 2394 result 2330 activity 2264 role 2118 activation 2060 % 2011 type 1940 cytokine 1867 factor 1861 group 1814 model 1810 production 1785 dna 1720 mechanism 1639 analysis 1637 function 1617 neuron 1601 host 1556 development 1473 time 1451 control 1425 day 1331 treatment 1308 rat 1290 b 1281 immunity 1259 blood 1238 pathogen 1225 pathway 1211 change 1203 animal 1201 datum Top 50 proper nouns; "What are the names of persons or places?" -------------------------------------------------------------- 2271 T 2026 . 1809 Japan 1773 al 1396 et 1088 IFN 1032 TNF 1008 University 839 CD4 822 LPS 776 CD8 676 CTL 649 B 629 RNA 620 C 593 IL-6 585 Department 577 MHC 566 Tokyo 563 Univ 558 HIV 555 SARS 516 HLA 433 A 431 DNA 429 Institute 428 II 366 M 361 TCR 357 School 354 COVID-19 353 I 343 t 321 Dept 316 mg 310 IL-10 303 IgA 302 mRNA 286 Fig 283 Research 277 ER 275 IL 272 Science 272 DC 266 HCV 262 Medicine 261 g 261 IL-4 259 HIV-1 256 kg Top 50 personal pronouns nouns; "To whom are things referred?" ------------------------------------------------------------- 5856 we 3098 it 1661 i 1276 they 436 them 160 us 117 itself 95 he 87 themselves 76 one 64 you 31 she 14 me 5 s 5 pdcs 5 ourselves 4 himself 4 her 3 interleukin-15 3 igg1 3 iga1 2 sarna 2 oneself 2 imm+ 2 igmcic 2 iga2 2 i- 2 him 2 esat-6 2 e2f2-/-mice 2 crx-527 2 beta-2-m 2 anti-(self 1 ␤ 1 Ϫ238 1 yourself 1 y8tcr.s 1 wi~ 1 tnf~ 1 ta 1 rab3b 1 r 1 pi3kg 1 pep005 1 o~-tocopherol 1 ours 1 oct 1 not"self 1 nlrp12 1 n.m.we Top 50 lemmatized verbs; "What do things do?" --------------------------------------------- 45822 be 8858 have 3894 use 3515 induce 3299 show 2524 increase 1966 suggest 1812 include 1754 associate 1639 express 1593 find 1469 do 1458 follow 1400 base 1368 mediate 1304 activate 1294 compare 1237 develop 1225 involve 1187 identify 1176 produce 1165 lead 1139 demonstrate 1138 reduce 1135 cause 1119 provide 1104 observe 1047 indicate 967 result 958 enhance 953 investigate 932 bind 899 regulate 849 infect 839 determine 830 relate 830 play 828 occur 827 stimulate 816 present 810 require 810 know 796 decrease 795 generate 793 report 791 contain 776 make 772 inhibit 771 examine 764 reveal Top 50 lemmatized adjectives and adverbs; "How are things described?" --------------------------------------------------------------------- 4561 immune 4182 not 3631 - 3249 also 2526 specific 2415 such 2330 high 2067 human 1929 other 1882 inflammatory 1784 more 1773 well 1718 however 1658 viral 1644 different 1340 anti 1312 important 1284 low 1270 only 1212 as 1194 clinical 1119 early 1108 new 1098 significantly 1072 most 1064 innate 1061 thus 995 first 985 significant 978 cellular 930 many 892 several 873 dependent 840 non 818 single 815 present 801 respiratory 800 further 784 multiple 777 large 767 major 767 acute 743 long 735 infectious 732 severe 711 molecular 694 normal 688 protective 676 effective 671 various Top 50 lemmatized superlative adjectives; "How are things described to the extreme?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 346 most 179 least 114 Most 107 high 80 good 36 great 34 early 31 low 24 strong 19 late 18 large 12 big 9 bad 8 new 8 common 7 simple 6 small 5 close 4 fast 3 weak 3 slight 3 mild 2 severe 2 long 2 heavy 2 broad 2 B27 2 AuNPs 2 -I 1 ~trointesfimd 1 wide 1 v\'hich 1 taı̈for 1 short 1 poor 1 nfthe 1 needy 1 near 1 narrow 1 lfigh 1 hard 1 fit 1 few 1 earh 1 deep 1 deadly 1 cruell 1 clear 1 cert,+r 1 VEGFR-1 Top 50 lemmatized superlative adverbs; "How do things do to the extreme?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 726 most 122 least 36 well 2 furthest 1 ® 1 smallest 1 slowest 1 highest 1 hard 1 dubmut 1 -r 1 -just Top 50 Internet domains; "What Webbed places are alluded to in this corpus?" ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 6 www.who.int 4 www 3 www.cdc.gov 3 doi.org 3 creativecommons.org 2 www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov 2 www.ebi.ac.uk 2 www.affa.gov.au 2 osf.io 2 orcid.org 1 www3.niaid.nih.gov 1 www2a 1 www.publichealthlaw.net 1 www.predisi.de. 1 www.nih.gov 1 www.nature.com 1 www.meetingsmanagement.com 1 www.mdpi.com 1 www.informatics.jax.org 1 www.gov.sg 1 www.genome-www5.stanford.edu 1 www.genmapp.org 1 www.geneontology.org 1 www.frontiersin.org 1 www.fema.gov 1 www.fbi.gov 1 www.expression.microslu.washington.edu 1 www.ensembl.org 1 www.dhs 1 www.cdtdb.brain.riken.jp 1 www.bion.no 1 training.fema 1 string.embl.de 1 rsb.info.nih.gov 1 oecddevelopment-matters.org 1 naver.com)." 1 healthmap.org 1 github.com 1 gephi.org 1 er1.org 1 emergency.cdc.gov 1 dx.doi.org 1 doi 1 creativecommons 1 adz.cf.ac.uk Top 50 URLs; "What is hyperlinked from this corpus?" ---------------------------------------------------- 4 http://www 3 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ 2 http://www.ebi.ac.uk/arrayexpress/ 2 http://www.affa.gov.au/exerciseminotaur 1 http://www3.niaid.nih.gov/healthscience/ 1 http://www2a 1 http://www.who.int/publications/m/ 1 http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs204/en/ 1 http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs164/en/ 1 http://www.who.int/csr/sars/country/ 1 http://www.who.int/csr/disease/avian_ 1 http://www.who.int/csr/ 1 http://www.publichealthlaw.net/MSEHPA/MSEHPA 1 http://www.predisi.de./home.html 1 http://www.nih.gov/newsevents/news-releases/nih-clinical-trial-investigationalvaccine-covid-19-begins 1 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/projects/SNP/ 1 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/ 1 http://www.nature.com/reprints 1 http://www.meetingsmanagement.com/ 1 http://www.mdpi.com/2073-4409/8/9/986/s1 1 http://www.informatics.jax.org/ 1 http://www.gov.sg/ 1 http://www.genome-www5.stanford.edu/ 1 http://www.genmapp.org/ 1 http://www.geneontology.org/ 1 http://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fgene 1 http://www.fema.gov/pdf/emergency/nrf/nrf-esf-08.pdf 1 http://www.fbi.gov 1 http://www.expression.microslu.washington.edu/expression/index 1 http://www.ensembl.org/index.html 1 http://www.dhs 1 http://www.cdtdb.brain.riken.jp 1 http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/diseases/index.htm 1 http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/diseases/eid/disease_sites.htm 1 http://www.cdc.gov 1 http://www.bion.no/moter/Vaccine/ 1 http://training.fema 1 http://string.embl.de/ 1 http://rsb.info.nih.gov 1 http://osf.io/w6n3e/ 1 http://osf.io/cek3q/?view_only=198364d59a6c40c9b68226c8cd3a84df 1 http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0076-5954 1 http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8218-3725 1 http://oecddevelopment-matters.org/2020/04/22/the-covid-19-crisis-income-support-to-informal-workers-isnecessary-and-possible 1 http://naver.com)." 1 http://healthmap.org/en/ 1 http://github.com/ 1 http://gephi.org/ 1 http://er1.org 1 http://emergency.cdc.gov/ Top 50 email addresses; "Who are you gonna call?" ------------------------------------------------- 1 ykim@asu.edu 1 smdmacedo@yahoo.com.br 1 mone@usp.br 1 maarbos@ir.vhebron.net 1 hiwasaka@med.oita-u.ac.jp 1 h.schellekens@gdl.uu.nl 1 drwpruzanski@bellnet.ca 1 ann.pettersson@hik.se Top 50 positive assertions; "What sentences are in the shape of noun-verb-noun?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 16 mice did not 12 cells do not 11 cells are also 11 cells are not 11 response is not 10 vaccines are generally 10 vaccines do not 9 cell mediated immune 9 cell mediated immunity 9 cells did not 9 response is also 9 response was also 8 cells are able 8 cells are important 8 effect was not 8 levels were significantly 8 responses are not 7 cells was not 7 cells were significantly 7 response was not 7 results are consistent 6 cells was also 6 cells were also 6 cells were then 6 expression is not 6 expression was also 6 infection does not 6 infection is not 6 responses were significantly 6 vaccines are currently 5 activity was significantly 5 antibodies do not 5 antibody producing cells 5 cells are capable 5 cells was significantly 5 cells were co 5 cells were higher 5 cells were not 5 cytokine producing cells 5 expression was higher 5 group were significantly 5 levels were higher 5 levels were lower 5 mice were able 5 response does not 5 response is essential 5 responses were also 5 responses were not 5 results were also 5 studies have also Top 50 negative assertions; "What sentences are in the shape of noun-verb-no|not-noun?" --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2 activation results not only 2 cells had no effect 2 genes were not statistically 2 groups were not well 2 response is not sufficient 1 % had no detectable 1 activation are not clearly 1 activation is not complete 1 activation is not dependent 1 activation is not due 1 activity is not clearly 1 antibodies are not consistently 1 antibodies are not igg 1 antibodies are not rheumatoid 1 antibodies are not strictly 1 antibodies does not always 1 antibodies have not yet 1 antibodies is not always 1 antibodies was not impaired 1 antibody did not readily 1 antigen do not generally 1 antigen has not previously 1 antigen was not due 1 antigen were not physically 1 cell were not indentical 1 cells are not able 1 cells are not fully 1 cells are not necessary 1 cells are not preponderant 1 cells are not significantly 1 cells did not significantly 1 cells do no longer 1 cells do not actively 1 cells do not phagocytose 1 cells has not so 1 cells is not available 1 cells is not due 1 cells showed no difference 1 cells showed no immuno 1 cells was not due 1 cells was not relative 1 cells was not statistically 1 cells were not completely 1 cells were not significantly 1 cytokines is not yet 1 disease are not essential 1 disease are not yet 1 disease has not yet 1 disease is not generally 1 effect are not fully A rudimentary bibliography -------------------------- id = cord-278397-u33x4jaw author = Abe, Takayuki title = Negative Regulation of Cytosolic Sensing of DNA date = 2018-10-29 keywords = IFN; dna; response; sting summary = Recent efforts have focused on identifying relevant immune surveillance sensors and components of downstream signaling-Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and their cognate ligands, cytosolic sensing of RNA (primary mediated by the RIG-I/IPS-1 axis), cytosolic sensing of DNA (primary mediated by the cGAS/STING axis), and the inflammasome pathway (primary mediated by NOD-like receptors; NLRs) (Broz and Monack, 2013; Kieser and Kagan, 2017; Kumar et al., 2011a ). It has also been suggested that chronic cGAS/STING activation induced by self DNA may be responsible for induction of aberrant inflammatory diseases like systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), Aicardi-Goutières syndrome (AGS), and polyarthritis (Barber, 2015; Crowl et al., 2017) . Use of DNA damage induced agents like 7,12-dimethylbenz-α-anthracene (DMBA) has helped shed light on the underlying events initiate the DNA damage-induced immune response via cytosolic DNA sensing pathway and implicates nucleosome leakage in eliciting cGAS/STING-dependent signal activation via recognition of self-DNA (Barber, 2015) . doi = 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2018.09.002 id = cord-303319-v3iyur78 author = Abe, Takayuki title = Cytosolic DNA‐sensing immune response and viral infection date = 2019-02-26 keywords = RNA; dna; immune; response; sting summary = doi = 10.1111/1348-0421.12669 id = cord-029598-qwpya4ox author = Adibe, Bryant title = Creating Wellness in a Pandemic: A Practical Framework for Health Systems Responding to Covid-19 date = 2020-06-01 keywords = Response; Wellness summary = The task force used its collective expertise to develop four key mitigation strategies, described in detail below, to reinforce staff wellness throughout the crisis: Wellness Rounds, a Wellness Consult Service, an advanced mental health intervention program known as Wellness Plus, and a central Wellness Resource Hub with Wellness Rooms on frontline floors. We established a consult service (Figure 1 ) where any clinical unit or individual can connect directly with a member of the Wellness Response Team for evaluation, triage, and recommendations to improve mental health and well-being. When triggered, the individual is escorted to one of the unit-level Wellness Rooms or the central Wellness Resource Hub (see below) where an experienced clinician (typically a physician or other prescriber) completes a thorough mental health assessment, including identifying an immediate therapeutic intervention and appropriate followup. doi = 10.1056/cat.20.0218 id = cord-324788-echu0zmf author = Aich, Palok title = Modern approaches to understanding stress and disease susceptibility: A review with special emphasis on respiratory disease date = 2009-07-30 keywords = HPA; IL-6; disease; infection; response; stress summary = doi = nan id = cord-355541-5sctqkwr author = Alcamí, José title = Current situation in the development of a preventive HIV vaccine date = 2005-07-31 keywords = HIV; HIV-1; response; vaccine summary = doi = 10.1016/s0213-005x(05)75157-0 id = cord-281883-l9yshyc7 author = Alekseeva, Ekaterina title = Enhancement of the expression of HCV core gene does not enhance core-specific immune response in DNA immunization: advantages of the heterologous DNA prime, protein boost immunization regimen date = 2009-06-08 keywords = Fig; HCV; core; dna; response summary = doi = 10.1186/1479-0556-7-7 id = cord-030999-27wennun author = Altmann, Daniel M title = Adaptive immunity to SARS-CoV-2 date = 2020-07-09 keywords = SARS; antibody; response summary = doi = 10.1093/oxfimm/iqaa003 id = cord-318599-drvjr7gq author = Amankwah-Amoah, Joseph title = Note: Mayday, Mayday, Mayday! Responding to environmental shocks: Insights on global airlines’ responses to COVID-19 date = 2020-09-29 keywords = airline; covid-19; firm; response summary = doi = 10.1016/j.tre.2020.102098 id = cord-280605-2i4gk7et author = Bachmann, María Consuelo title = The Challenge by Multiple Environmental and Biological Factors Induce Inflammation in Aging: Their Role in the Promotion of Chronic Disease date = 2020-10-14 keywords = age; cell; dna; effect; immune; inflammation; inflammatory; response; stress summary = doi = 10.3389/fimmu.2020.570083 id = cord-292983-msuluuuu author = Ballesteros-Briones, María Cristina title = A new generation of vaccines based on alphavirus self-amplifying RNA date = 2020-09-06 keywords = RNA; response; sarna summary = In particular, self-amplifying RNA (saRNA) derived from alphavirus expression vectors has shown to be very efficient to induce humoral and cellular responses against many antigens in preclinical models, being superior to non-replicating mRNA and DNA. In particular, self-amplifying RNA (saRNA) derived from alphavirus expression vectors has shown to be very efficient to induce humoral and cellular responses against many antigens in preclinical models, being superior to non-replicating mRNA and DNA. This type of LNP-delivered saRNA vaccines, named SAM (for self-amplifying mRNA) platform, have shown great potential to generate immune responses against influenza virus [20] [21] [22] and Toxoplasma gondii [23] . Despite the fact that the ta-RNA system was able to induce good immune responses in vivo against influenza virus HA, it did not outperform vaccination with a single saRNA molecule expressing the same antigen. doi = 10.1016/j.coviro.2020.08.003 id = cord-018265-twp33bb6 author = Becker, Pablo D. title = Community-acquired pneumonia: paving the way towards new vaccination concepts date = 2007 keywords = RSV; SARS; dna; protein; response; vaccine; virus summary = doi = 10.1007/978-3-7643-7563-8_10 id = cord-281437-cb3u1s7s author = Bedford, Juliet title = A new twenty-first century science for effective epidemic response date = 2019-11-06 keywords = Ebola; disease; epidemic; health; response summary = doi = 10.1038/s41586-019-1717-y id = cord-005607-b1a39hhw author = Bellingan, G title = Leukocytes: friend or foe date = 2000 keywords = LPS; inflammatory; response summary = Over the last three decades we have gained significant insights into leukocyte activation, recruitment and mediator secretion and the contribution of these agents to both the onset and resolution of sepsis and inflammation.¶The body relies on the inflammatory response for protection. A direct consequence of this protective strategy is that the inflammatory response may be inadequate, with the risk of overwhelming sepsis, or excessive, leading to rampant systemic inflammation and consequent multiple organ damage.¶It is now becoming apparent however that in addition to leukocytes other cells have important roles both in defence against invading pathogens and in driving malignant inflammation. Endothelial cells, mesothelial cells, fibroblasts and epithelial cells are also all involved not only with their capacity to drive the inflammatory response through mediator generation but also in innate immune defences including through the production of antimicrobial proteins. doi = 10.1007/s001340051127 id = cord-318272-spt0oea0 author = Bhardwaj, Prateek title = Advancements in prophylactic and therapeutic nanovaccines date = 2020-04-05 keywords = CD8; HIV; antigen; cell; immune; nanoparticle; response; vaccine summary = ''Nanovaccines'' have been explored to elicit a strong immune response with the advantages of nano-sized range, high antigen loading, enhanced immunogenicity, controlled antigen presentation, more retention in lymph nodes and promote patient compliance by a lower frequency of dosing. The role of different nanovaccines in activating various arms of immunity with an intent to abate the use of frequent booster doses as vaccines for tuberculosis, malaria, HIV (human immunodeficiency virus), influenza, and cancer are discussed. Polyanhydride-based nanoparticles encapsulating F1-V antigen when administered intranasally induced an immune response that persisted for 23 weeks and elicited a high anti-F1-V IgG1 antibody response post-vaccination and conferred long-lived protective immunity against Yersinia pestis infections compared to recombinant F1-V antigen [47] . Another interesting strategy for developing personalized biomimetic cancer nanovaccines is the use of cancer cell membrane coated virus for increased adjuvanticity, infectivity and oncolytic activities to generate a strong anti-tumor immune response. doi = 10.1016/j.actbio.2020.03.020 id = cord-009836-7o6htufh author = Borrow, Persephone title = Cytotoxic T‐lymphocyte escape viral variants: how important are they in viral evasion of immune clearance in vivo? date = 2006-04-28 keywords = CTL; HLA; response; virus summary = doi = 10.1111/j.1600-065x.1998.tb01206.x id = cord-018937-5yo4rfml author = Bortolin, Michelangelo title = Disaster Medicine date = 2015-04-18 keywords = ICS; disaster; response summary = Disaster is defi ned as any event that causes "a serious disruption of the functioning of a community or a society involving widespread human, material, economic or environmental losses and impacts, which exceeds the ability of the affected community or society to cope using its own resources" [ 1 ] . The Incident Command System (ICS) provides a structure to enable agencies with different legal, jurisdictional, and functional responsibilities to coordinate, plan, and interact effectively on scene [ 11 ] . During a disaster, it is extremely important to establish a unifi ed command, because it enables all responsible agencies to manage and coordinate an incident together by establishing a common approach and a single IAP. It is defi ned as second incident caused by the terrorists, following the fi rst event, with the goal of striking the fi rst responders that are on scene. doi = 10.1007/978-3-319-16586-8_25 id = cord-335871-zieuc7vk author = Brazee, Patricia L. title = Targeting the Linear Ubiquitin Assembly Complex to Modulate the Host Response and Improve Influenza A Virus Induced Lung Injury date = 2020-05-13 keywords = IAV; LUBAC; infection; response summary = doi = 10.1016/j.arbres.2020.04.019 id = cord-004518-jd1wxobz author = Běláková, Jana title = DNA vaccines: are they still just a powerful tool for the future? date = 2007-12-03 keywords = MHC; cell; dna; response; vaccine summary = doi = 10.1007/s00005-007-0044-4 id = cord-031081-szqrjxq2 author = Campbell, Margaret C title = In Times of Trouble: A Framework for Understanding Consumers’ Responses to Threats date = 2020-07-09 keywords = COVID-19; consumer; disruption; economic; lead; product; response; threat summary = In conjunction with these articles, we hope that this conceptual framework will provide a point of departure for researchers seeking to enhance the understanding of how consumers and markets collectively respond over the short term and long term to threats that disrupt consumers'' routines, lives, or even the fabric of society. Our goal is not to provide a comprehensive review of existing literature, but rather a guide to researchers seeking to increase our collective understanding of how consumers and markets together respond over short and long durations to threats that disrupt their very being. The findings of this article suggest that economic recessions, pandemics, and terror threats can affect subjective life expectancy for some consumers, leading to different financial and health decisions than they might make otherwise, as well as potentially impacting their mental health. doi = 10.1093/jcr/ucaa036 id = cord-319448-gt6uqfrl author = Casadevall, Arturo title = The damage-response framework of microbial pathogenesis date = 2003 keywords = damage; host; microorganism; response summary = doi = 10.1038/nrmicro732 id = cord-022076-zpn2h9mt author = Chaffee, Mary W. title = The Role of Hospitals in Disaster date = 2009-05-15 keywords = disaster; emergency; hospital; response summary = doi = 10.1016/b978-0-323-03253-7.50012-1 id = cord-289961-7q2wkwrf author = Chattopadhyay, Saborni title = Nanoparticle Vaccines Adopting Virus-like Features for Enhanced Immune Potentiation date = 2017-06-09 keywords = antigen; cell; delivery; immune; lymph; nanoparticle; response; vaccine summary = Exploiting the same transport mechanisms aimed at detaining viruses, nanoparticle vaccines can effectively target immune cells in lymph nodes, delivering antigens or adjuvants following administration in peripheral tissues [13, 141, 142] (Fig. 3A) . Given the privilege of nanocarriers in lymphatic transport, nanoparticles have been shown to enhance the delivery of target antigens to lymph nodes and resident immune cells for processing and immune activation. In their animal study, strong anti-ovalbumin humoral response was observed [13] , highlighting the benefit of nanoparticle-mediated lymph node delivery on enhancing antigen processing. These virus-like particles showed high immunogenicity in both murine and avian models and enhanced anti-viral IgA and IgG titers and cellular immune responses in comparison to free protein antigens and a commercial WIV vaccine [155] . Not only can nanoparticle vaccines enhance humoral responses against target antigens, they have been shown to promote cell-based immunity as well as immunological memory. doi = 10.7150/ntno.19796 id = cord-322913-sq9mq6f1 author = Ciabattini, Annalisa title = Shelter from the cytokine storm: pitfalls and prospects in the development of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines for an elderly population date = 2020-11-06 keywords = COVID-19; CoV-2; SARS; age; response; vaccine summary = doi = 10.1007/s00281-020-00821-0 id = cord-298668-ry49o0xj author = Ciotti, John Robert title = Effects of MS disease-modifying therapies on responses to vaccinations: a review. date = 2020-08-01 keywords = response; vaccination summary = doi = 10.1016/j.msard.2020.102439 id = cord-021980-ddau5fu3 author = Ciottone, Gregory R. title = Introduction to Disaster Medicine date = 2015-10-23 keywords = disaster; medicine; response summary = doi = 10.1016/b978-0-323-28665-7.00001-7 id = cord-303674-0xo2fiop author = Criscuolo, E. title = Alternative Methods of Vaccine Delivery: An Overview of Edible and Intradermal Vaccines date = 2019-03-04 keywords = antigen; cell; delivery; response; vaccine summary = In particular, novel strategies based on edible or intradermal vaccine formulations have been demonstrated to trigger both a systemic and mucosal immune response. In this review, we discuss current advances and advantages of edible systems based on plants, algae, yeast, insect cells, and lactic acid bacteria and of the intradermal immunization route. Subsequently, the antigen(s) can be incorporated into different edible systems, as plants, algae, insects, or yeasts, or used for intradermal formulations to induce a mucosal protective response. Remarkably, some preclinical studies based on orally administrated Saccharomyces cerevisiae and developed for different infectious agents, such as HPV and Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae, showed that this delivery system is able to induce a protective mucosal and a systemic immune response [68] [69] [70] . Another vaccine delivery route capable of triggering both systemic and mucosal immunities is the intradermal route, in which the antigen is delivered through the skin using recently developed self-administrable devices. doi = 10.1155/2019/8303648 id = cord-269943-g77qe5ml author = Di Sotto, Antonella title = Plant-Derived Nutraceuticals and Immune System Modulation: An Evidence-Based Overview date = 2020-08-22 keywords = PUFA; acid; activity; cell; effect; fatty; immune; polysaccharide; response summary = doi = 10.3390/vaccines8030468 id = cord-311331-l7dehit8 author = Diaz-Arévalo, Diana title = Nanoparticle-based vaccines: opportunities and limitations date = 2020-01-17 keywords = NPs; PLGA; cell; response; vaccine summary = The development of subunit vaccines without risk are considered as an essential need in combination with adequate delivery systems to obtain desired cell and humoral immune responses against infectious diseases. The characteristics of the nanoparticles have allowed targeting desired antigen-presenting cells to improve immunization strategies to induce protection. This chapter focuses on the nanoparticle-based vaccine formulations and the approaches used to realize efficient delivery of vaccines in order to induce host protective immunity against infectious diseases. The combination of the vaccine with the adjuvant or delivery system should be safe, stable, and have the ability to induce long-lived memory B and T cell responses, preferably with a single dose and a maximum of two doses and be free from strict storage requirements [9] . NPs have become an alternative to targeting vaccine delivery to immune cells, improving vaccine efficacy with slow release, easy antigen uptake, and induction of humoral and cellular responses [8] . doi = 10.1016/b978-0-12-817778-5.00007-5 id = cord-343896-c40fry35 author = Dong, Fen title = Vaccination Route Determines the Kinetics and Magnitude of Nasal Innate Immune Responses in Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) date = 2020-10-01 keywords = IHNV; NALT; response; vaccination summary = doi = 10.3390/biology9100319 id = cord-309161-ceahghs1 author = Epel, Elissa S. title = The geroscience agenda: What does stress have to do with it? date = 2020-09-28 keywords = age; response; social; stress; stressor summary = doi = 10.1016/j.arr.2020.101167 id = cord-017838-fbotc479 author = Fagone, Paolo title = Electroporation-Mediated DNA Vaccination date = 2010-12-15 keywords = dna; electroporation; response; vaccine summary = Thus, electroporation-mediated DNA vaccination represents a promising new strategy for the elicitation of strong immune responses directed against the expressed antigen(s) and not the vector, and ongoing studies are currently underway to optimize the working parameters of this technique. [26] demonstrated in mice that upon electroporative treatment, the delivery of a weakly immunogenic hepatitis B virus (HBV) surface antigen (Hbs Ag) DNA vaccine resulted in an increased humoral immune response, characterized by rapid onset and higher titers of anti-Hbs Ag antibodies. In addition, the authors observed in the same study that the potency of an HIV gag pDNA vaccine was increased as shown by the lower dosage of DNA required to induce higher antigen-specific antibody levels and increased CD8 + T cell responses. [31] have demonstrated that gene electrotransfer efficiently increased the cellular immune response both in mice and rhesus macaques vaccinated with a plasmid encoding a nonstructural region of hepatitis C virus (HCV). doi = 10.1007/978-1-4419-8363-3_18 id = cord-344985-3mu9rrql author = Fakhruddin, Bapon title = Are we there yet? The transition from response to recovery for the COVID-19 pandemic date = 2020-05-12 keywords = COVID-19; pandemic; recovery; response summary = doi = 10.1016/j.pdisas.2020.100102 id = cord-284845-on97zu6w author = Falcinelli, Shane D. title = Integration of Global Analyses of Host Molecular Responses with Clinical Data To Evaluate Pathogenesis and Advance Therapies for Emerging and Re-emerging Viral Infections date = 2016-07-29 keywords = EBOV; Ebola; MERS; MPXV; infection; response summary = Here, we will discuss this approach with a focus on the emerging viral pathogens Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), Ebola virus (EBOV), and monkeypox virus (MPXV) from the context of clinical presentation, immunological and molecular features of the diseases, and OMICS-based analyses of pathogenesis. As emerging viral infections often result in severe illness including respiratory failure [severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS), and influenza] and multiorgan failure [Ebola virus disease (EVD)], understanding complex pathogenesis of these infections is required for effective vaccine and therapeutic design and for improved patient care. Specifically, detailed natural history studies merging multiple data streams including OMICS approaches (high-throughput gene expression and kinomics) and focused translational investigations utilizing relevant models that can be validated to human disease are needed to clarify disease pathogenesis, advance therapeutic discovery, and facilitate regulatory approval. doi = 10.1021/acsinfecdis.6b00104 id = cord-320431-0877trhh author = Frey, Andreas title = More Than Just a Barrier: The Immune Functions of the Airway Epithelium in Asthma Pathogenesis date = 2020-04-28 keywords = IL-13; IL-4; MUC5AC; PCL; airway; asthma; cell; epithelial; response summary = In case of asthma, all these functions are impaired by the already existing allergic immune response that per se weakens the barrier integrity and self-cleaning abilities of the airway epithelium making it more vulnerable to penetration of allergens as well as of infection by bacteria and viruses. Besides this innate "rapid response team, " the polarized epithelium of the human airways is also able to transport and apically release immunoglobulins that carry a J-chain (joining chain) by using its poly Ig receptor (pIgR) (145) (146) (147) that is expressed by all non-stratified epithelial cells (Figure 2) . After contact for example with HDM extracts, representing a major source of asthma associated allergens, TLR4 dependent activation of NFκB and protease induced injuries in airway epithelial cells lead to secretion of chemokines and cytokines like thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP), GM-CSF, IL-25, and IL-33 (211) (212) (213) (214) (215) . doi = 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00761 id = cord-216972-migs9rxb author = Garaialde, Diego title = Quantifying the Impact of Making and Breaking Interface Habits date = 2020-05-14 keywords = habit; interface; response; study summary = Through a forced choice lab study task (n=19) and in the wild deployment (n=18) of a notificationdialog experiment on smartphones, we show that people become more accurate and faster at option selection as they develop an interface habit. The contribution of the current paper comes from providing quantitative evidence of how the process of forming and disrupting habits affects user performance in a forced choice interaction task, similar to those seen in notification dialogs or alert boxes. The current research contributes key insight on fundamental user behaviours by quantifying how the process of habit formation and disruption through design affect the speed and accuracy of interactions. The experimental evidence of study 1 shows that, like other habits, allowing participants to form interface habits leads to significant gains in performance, as users became both more accurate and quicker at selecting the desired option. doi = nan id = cord-016713-pw4f8asc author = Goyal, Amit K. title = Nanotechnological Approaches for Genetic Immunization date = 2013-05-24 keywords = adjuvant; antigen; cell; delivery; dna; gene; immune; response; vaccine summary = The use of nonviral particulate carriers for DNA-based vaccination could provide better and safe delivery of encapsulated genetic material, circumvent the need for muscle involvement and facilitate instead the uptake of the Fig. 4 Schematic representation of immunological response greeted by novel DNA-loaded nanocarrier DNA by APCs. However, transfection of APCs with encapsulated DNA into particulate carrier systems will be dependent upon choice of carrier surface charge, size, and lipid/polymer composition, or presence of other biological [e.g., interleukin 2 and interferon-γ (IFN-γ)]. Modification of lipid/DNA complexes by the polymer poly(D,L-lactic acid) was found to be consistently and significantly more effective than either unmodified liposomal DNA or naked DNA in eliciting transgene-specific immune responses to plasmid-encoded antigen when administered by the s.c. route (Bramwell et al. doi = 10.1007/978-3-642-36853-0_4 id = cord-015910-d9gxew91 author = Grimble, Robert F. title = The Interaction Between Nutrition and Inflammatory Stress Throughout the Life Cycle date = 2005 keywords = GSH; IL-6; TNF; cytokine; effect; inflammatory; production; response; study summary = Binding of the transcription factors is implicated in activation of a wide range of genes associated with inflammation and the immune response, including those encoding cytokines, cytokine receptors, cell adhesion molecules, acute-phase proteins, and growth factors (Schreck, Rieber, & Baeurerle, 1991) (Fig. 4 ) . While inflammation may be exerting deleterious effects most obviously in patients, people on the borderline of health and disease living in the general population Table 4 Nutrients Commonly Used in Immunonutrient Supplements and Their Potential Mode of Action • n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids: act as anti-inflammatory agents and reverse immunosuppression • Sulfur amino acids and their precursors: enhance antioxidant status via GSH synthesis • Glutamine: nutrient for immune cells, improves gut barrier function, precursor for GSH • Arginine: stimulates nitric oxide and growth hormone production, improves helper T-cell numbers • Nucleotides: RNA and DNA precursors, improve T-cell function may also require nutritional modulation of ongoing inflammatory processes. doi = 10.1385/1-59259-952-4:387 id = cord-031885-by4cujyy author = Guo, Hai title = The digitalization and public crisis responses of small and medium enterprises: Implications from a COVID-19 survey date = 2020-09-15 keywords = covid-19; crisis; digital; firm; response summary = doi = 10.1186/s11782-020-00087-1 id = cord-033714-rz5unqaz author = Gupte, Jaideep title = COVID-19: what is not being addressed date = 2020-10-13 keywords = COVID-19; Nairobi; South; income; informal; response; urban summary = The visualization of informal settlements in many COVID-19 discussions, however, is of homogenous highdensity inner-city shacks, with insufficient attention given to lowerdensity settlements (more likely to have urban agriculture) that may also face health and economic emergencies. (46) The wealth of grassroots responses to COVID-19 is elaborated by the International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED), which has drawn on experiences from across its partners in the global South, who provide evidence of local groups stepping in to reduce health risks and provide emergency access to food and hygiene. Meanwhile, the vast majority of urban poor communities (85%) reported government-provided "palliatives" intended for the vulnerable had not reached them." (68) Similar findings are evident in Brazil where, for example, low-income favela residents in São Paulo are not receiving the monthly emergency basic income payment (worth US$ 115), despite the shutdown by the city authorities of informal trading on 15 April 2020. Local response in health emergencies: key considerations for addressing the COVID-19 pandemic in informal urban settlements doi = 10.1177/0956247820963961 id = cord-274027-ovdhnajp author = Gyasi, Razak M. title = Rethinking the Gendered Dimensions in the Impacts and Response to COVID-19 Pandemic date = 2020-06-11 keywords = covid-19; response summary = doi = 10.1016/j.puhip.2020.100019 id = cord-298525-hhcfrjrn author = Hall, Charlotte A. title = Eyeing up the Future of the Pupillary Light Reflex in Neurodiagnostics date = 2018-03-13 keywords = MCA; constriction; light; plr; pupil; response summary = The pupillary light reflex (PLR) describes the constriction and subsequent dilation of the pupil in response to light as a result of the antagonistic actions of the iris sphincter and dilator muscles. The pupillary light reflex (PLR) describes the constriction and subsequent dilation of the pupil in response to light, which not only serves as a major determination of retinal image quality [1, 2] , but also provides an important metric of autonomic nervous system function [3] . The response latency, maximum constriction and pupil escape, and the corresponding constriction parameters (MCV, MCA and RCA; relative constriction amplitude) are dependent on the actions of the sphincter muscle and on the function of retinal photoreceptors, as well as the time consumed in the afferent and efferent pathway. The ability of pupillometry to detect subtle changes in pupillary reaction even when pupils are constricted has potential clinical significance and may provide a useful tool in the early detection, monitoring and management of brain injuries [89] . doi = 10.3390/diagnostics8010019 id = cord-324143-ztj6o4ob author = Harper, Craig A. title = Functional Fear Predicts Public Health Compliance in the COVID-19 Pandemic date = 2020-04-27 keywords = COVID-19; PROMIS; behavior; fear; response summary = doi = 10.1007/s11469-020-00281-5 id = cord-276628-uxsjyezo author = Hedges, Jodi F. title = Harnessing γδ T Cells as Natural Immune Modulators date = 2019-10-25 keywords = IL-17; cell; response summary = TCR stimulation leads to a variety of functional responses, such as cytolysis, cytokine production, regulatory effects, and even phagocytosis and antigen presentation, that depend on the activation of receptors and coreceptors. γδ T cells also express various cytokine receptors that contribute to their activation (IL-2R, IL-15R, IL-23R, etc.) and-fine tune their functional responses. SLC11A1 is a divalent metal transporter that is thought to be expressed only in myeloid and macrophage cells; it is important in effective responses against intracellular bacterial infections [49À51]. Follow-up functional assays examined their cell type specificity, induced cytokine responses, and benefit in various infectious disease models [110, 112] . Yamoa polysaccharides activate γδ T as well other immune cells, such as monocytes, and, when given in vivo, enhance protection from infection [110] . Porcine γδ T cells: possible roles on the innate and adaptive immune responses following virus infection doi = 10.1016/b978-0-12-811924-2.00046-8 id = cord-255725-7l9lk9x2 author = Hertzog, Paul J title = Sculpting the immune response to infection date = 2011-06-20 keywords = Australia; Melbourne; immune; response summary = doi = 10.1038/ni0711-579 id = cord-328935-mn8r972x author = Hodgins, Douglas C. title = Mucosal Veterinary Vaccines: Comparative Vaccinology date = 2015-03-13 keywords = PRRSV; Saif; TGEV; antibody; response; vaccine summary = Studies of the potential of novel adjuvants to improve vaccine efficacy against genetically unstable, immune-subverting RNA viruses, such as porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus in pigs, should assist in the control of pathogens with similar characteristics in other species. However, a recent study showed that an inactivated reassortant RV strain (CDC-9 strain) formulated with aluminum phosphate and administered systemically in gnotobiotic pigs resulted in induction of serum IgG antibody titers, coinciding with partial protection against shedding and diarrhea, suggesting that adjuvant may have stimulated local specific (gut IgA antibodies) or nonspecific immune responses, which were not assessed in this study (Wang et al., 2010) . Intranasal delivery of whole cell lysate of Mycobacterium tuberculosis induces protective immune responses to a modified live porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus vaccine in pigs doi = 10.1016/b978-0-12-415847-4.00068-9 id = cord-339694-sp212tai author = Jiang, Xinpeng title = A phase trial of the oral Lactobacillus casei vaccine polarizes Th2 cell immunity against transmissible gastroenteritis coronavirus infection date = 2016-03-28 keywords = PBS; TGEV; lactobacillus; response summary = doi = 10.1007/s00253-016-7424-9 id = cord-311823-85wj08gr author = Katze, Michael G. title = Innate immune modulation by RNA viruses: emerging insights from functional genomics date = 2008 keywords = HCV; IFN; response; rig; virus summary = doi = 10.1038/nri2377 id = cord-018839-yfaji9cv author = Kim, Yong-kyun title = Disaster Theory date = 2017-07-11 keywords = Act; FEMA; Japan; Korea; Management; Safety; Theory; USA; disaster; response summary = doi = 10.1007/978-981-10-4789-3_2 id = cord-024571-vlklgd3x author = Kim, Yushim title = Community Analysis of a Crisis Response Network date = 2019-07-28 keywords = Korea; community; network; organization; response summary = doi = 10.1177/0894439319858679 id = cord-126015-zc7u3g34 author = Krieger, Elizabeth title = Immunological determinants of clinical outcomes in COVID-19: A quantitative perspective date = 2020-05-13 keywords = HLA; KIR; SARS; response summary = To better understand what impact these genetic variants in immune response genes may have in the differences observed in the immune response to SARS-CoV-2, a quantitative analysis of a dynamical systems model that considers both, the magnitude of viral growth, and the subsequent innate and adaptive response required to achieve control of infection is considered. To better understand what impact these genetic variants in immune response genes may have in the differences observed in the immune response to SARS-CoV-2, a quantitative analysis of a dynamical systems model that considers both, the magnitude of viral growth, and the subsequent innate and adaptive response required to achieve control of infection is considered. The HLA genes exhibit extreme allelic polymorphisms and present viral peptides on host HLA molecules to T cells to trigger an adaptive immune response. A quantitative approach relating differences in cytokine levels and polymorphisms in the immune response pathways may help identify patients at risk of severe disease. doi = nan id = cord-354790-xx6imhzb author = Lambour, Jennifer title = Converting monoclonal antibody-based immunotherapies from passive to active: bringing immune complexes into play date = 2016-08-17 keywords = HIV; antibody; response summary = doi = 10.1038/emi.2016.97 id = cord-017817-ztp7w9yh author = Land, Walter Gottlieb title = Cell-Autonomous (Cell-Intrinsic) Stress Responses date = 2018-03-28 keywords = Nrf2; ROS; UPR; cell; dna; protein; response; stress summary = Autophagy is an evolutionarily highly conserved self-digestive process in response to environmental stress to eukaryotic cells, by which cytoplasmic components such as defective/damaged or redundant organelles or protein aggregates are delivered to the lysosome for recycling and degradation. More recent studies then revealed that these transcription factors, notably Nrf2, are activated by Keap1 as the primary negative regulator of Nrf2, that is, a molecule that simultaneously operates as a sensor protein able to perceive dyshomeostatic Subclass IIC-4 DAMPs, for example, in terms of redox changes reflecting electrophilic stress. Strikingly, a complex relationship reportedly exists between autophagy and DAMPs in cellular adaption to stress and injury and cell death characterized by a crosstalk between autophagy induction and secretion or release of DAMPs. In fact, growing evidence indicates that autophagic mechanisms are involved in regulating release and degradation of DAMPs including CALR, HMGB1, ATP, and DNA in several cell types [37, 148, 175] . doi = 10.1007/978-3-319-78655-1_18 id = cord-330583-ltkpt80u author = Lee, Kyu-Myoung title = Factors Influencing the Response to Infectious Diseases: Focusing on the Case of SARS and MERS in South Korea date = 2019-04-22 keywords = Korea; MERS; SARS; factor; response summary = doi = 10.3390/ijerph16081432 id = cord-342317-m6axi18k author = Leigh, Laurasona title = A Cross-Sectional Examination on the Factors Related to Emergency Nurses’ Motivation to Protect Themselves against an Ebola Infection date = 2020-05-06 keywords = Ebola; motivation; response summary = doi = 10.1016/j.jen.2020.05.002 id = cord-257027-q2y7fewk author = Lemaire, D. title = Coping with genetic diversity: the contribution of pathogen and human genomics to modern vaccinology date = 2011-10-28 keywords = genetic; response; vaccine summary = Additionally, recent advances in immunogenetics and genomics should help in the understanding of the influence of genetic factors on the interindividual and interpopulation variations in immune responses to vaccines, and could be useful for developing new vaccine strategies. The publication of the Haemophilus influenzae genome, the first pathogen to have its complete genome sequence published as a result of an approach to genome analysis using new technologies of high-throughput sequencing (5) , has opened the mind of scientists to a range of new possible approaches to the study of microorganisms and has marked the beginning of a new era in vaccine development: the identification of pathogen candidate antigens based on the knowledge of the genome of the pathogen and on the understanding of microbial biology and host-pathogen interactions, an approach called reverse vaccinology (6) . doi = 10.1590/s0100-879x2011007500142 id = cord-264159-e9071tyv author = Lin, Weikang Nicholas title = The Role of Single-Cell Technology in the Study and Control of Infectious Diseases date = 2020-06-10 keywords = HIV; RNA; cell; immune; infection; response; single summary = doi = 10.3390/cells9061440 id = cord-023935-o2ffxgnn author = Lorts, Angela title = Sepsis date = 2011-12-16 keywords = IL-1; LPS; TNF; response; sepsis; septic; shock summary = SIRS i s a state of infl ammatory/ immune activation and is based on the presence of at least two of the four following clinical criteria: Temperature >38°C or <36°C, heart rate >90th percentile for age, respiratory rate >90th percentile for age, or hyperventilation to PaCO 2 < 32 mm Hg. The defi nition attempts to "capture" all patients at risk for the subsequent development of severe sepsis or septic shock. Among these, the nuclear factor-k B (NF-k b ) and the mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways play a prominent role in regulating the expression of a number of infl ammatory gene products key to propagating the sepsis response. Nuclear factork B (NFk b ) and the mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways play a prominent role in regulating the expression of a number of infl ammatory gene products key to propagating the sepsis response. doi = 10.1007/978-0-85729-923-9_27 id = cord-252568-b8sbvy0g author = Marques Neto, Lázaro Moreira title = Role of Metallic Nanoparticles in Vaccinology: Implications for Infectious Disease Vaccine Development date = 2017-03-08 keywords = IFN; response; th1 summary = There is evidence that these particles display adjuvant characteristics, promoting cell recruitment, antigen-presenting cell activation, cytokine production, and inducing a humoral immune response. However, many NPs have been shown to stimulate immune responses, including cell recruitment, activation of antigen (Ag)-presenting cells (APCs), and induction of cytokine and chemokine release. Among the vaccines targeting extracellular bacteria and toxin, two were formulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in glycopeptide Ag. The use of glycoantigen and LPS can trigger an intense response through TLR4 and B cell receptor activation; the presence of gold NPs (AuNPs) may have minimal influence on this response. To understand the possible uses of MeNPs as platforms for vaccines against infectious diseases, analysis is needed of the impact of different physicochemical characteristics of NPs on the innate immune response (Figure 1) . doi = 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00239 id = cord-270469-lle32mha author = Martinon, Fabio title = The endoplasmic reticulum: a sensor of cellular stress that modulates immune responses date = 2012-07-15 keywords = IRE1; response; stress summary = doi = 10.1016/j.micinf.2012.07.005 id = cord-263315-g7os15m1 author = Martins-da-Silva, Andrea title = Identification of Secreted Proteins Involved in Nonspecific dsRNA-Mediated Lutzomyia longipalpis LL5 Cell Antiviral Response date = 2018-01-18 keywords = RNA; Virus; cell; ll5; protein; response summary = doi = 10.3390/v10010043 id = cord-278938-bmahwxbn author = Masi, Davide title = Letter To the Editor: [Our Response to COVID-19 as Endocrinologists and Diabetologists] date = 2020-04-28 keywords = response summary = doi = 10.1210/clinem/dgaa229 id = cord-022252-9yiuuye3 author = Mims, Cedric A. title = Mechanisms of Cell and Tissue Damage date = 2013-11-17 keywords = Fig; LPS; antigen; cause; cell; damage; disease; infection; response; toxin; virus summary = A few viruses are remarkable because they cause no pathological changes at all in the cell, even during a productive infection in which infectious virus particles are produced. Primary consideration will be given to those substances which are produced under ecologically significant conditions (i.e. in the natural host or relevant animal model) and cause (also in biologically relevant systems) damage to cells or tissues thereby contributing to disease. Here we consider toxins which act on extracellular substances and are responsible for many of the main features of the diseases caused by the infecting organism. Circulating immune complexes are also deposited in the walls of small blood vessels in the skin and elsewhere, where they may induce inflammatory changes.* The prodromal rashes seen in exanthematous virus infections and in hepatitis B are probably caused in this way. doi = 10.1016/b978-0-12-498262-8.50015-1 id = cord-285982-1a5u7uux author = Moss, Ronald B title = Prospects for control of emerging infectious diseases with plasmid DNA vaccines date = 2009-09-07 keywords = dna; response; vaccine summary = The rapid manufacturing capabilities of DNA vaccines may be particularly important for emerging infectious diseases including the current novel H1N1 Influenza A pandemic, where pre-existing immunity is limited. Development in this area has greatly advanced over the years and human clinical trials of DNA vaccines have now been conducted against various infectious pathogens including the malaria parasite, dengue viruses, cytomegalovirus (CMV), Ebola virus, seasonal influenza viruses, avian or pandemic influenza viruses, West Nile virus (WMV), SARS coronavirus, hepatitis B virus, and HIV. Because the process of antigen production by host cells after DNA vaccination mimics the production of antigens during a natural infection, the resulting immune response is thought to be similar to the type induced by pathogens. Lastly, the first human clinical trial of a DNA vaccine formulated with Vaxfectin ® has been completed with plasmids that encode pandemic influenza virus antigens (H5N1). doi = 10.1186/1476-8518-7-3 id = cord-290264-pv7ijdnx author = Perakslis, Eric title = A Primer on Biodefense Data Science for Pandemic Preparedness date = 2020-04-10 keywords = Ebola; outbreak; response summary = 1 This piece will dig deeper into biodefense policy as well as suggest specific actions that the data science community can take to contribute to COVID-19 resilience, response, and recovery efforts. Starting at the top and looking more deeply into risk and resilience in the United States, much of the policy stems from the Homeland Security Presidential Directive 21, which outlines the policy and strategy for public health and medical preparedness. This outbreak is past the point of prevention, and the response must now focus on minimizing the effects as people get sick. A toolset that I have personally used over the years for rapid development and deployment is CommCare by Dimagi, and they have already built a toolkit and guide specifically for COVID-19 outbreak response. 8 My last trip during that outbreak focused upon rebuilding local infrastructure to enable the local health systems to get back to full operation, including the possibility of an Ebola-infected patient presenting and seeking care. doi = 10.1016/j.patter.2020.100018 id = cord-266204-ipa017wz author = Poland, G. A. title = Personalized vaccinology: A review date = 2018-08-28 keywords = HLA; immune; influenza; response; vaccine summary = doi = 10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.07.062 id = cord-266750-41gth6o0 author = Puzzitiello, Richard N. title = Inflammatory and Coagulative Considerations for the Management of Orthopaedic Trauma Patients With COVID-19: A Review of the Current Evidence and Our Surgical Experience date = 2020-05-14 keywords = COVID-19; patient; response summary = A better understanding of this relationship can inform the development of evidencebased management strategies in these patients and limit admissions to overcrowded ICUs. To demonstrate and further define these developing theories on the coagulative and inflammatory risks associated with the surgical treatment of trauma patients with COVID-19, we will present an unexpected outcome on such a patient at our institution. In addition, the hypercoagulable state secondary to COVID-19 and the inflammatory load of intramedullary reaming, fat emboli, and pulmonary embolism resulted in a "second hit" that may have cumulatively pushed our patient past a "tipping point" and into respiratory failure (Fig. 4) . The level of cytokine response, hypercoagulability, and pulmonary dysfunction associated with the COVID-19 virus may predispose to a catastrophic "second hit" after even low-energy trauma. Careful consideration and risk/benefit analysis, including preoperative evaluation of systemic inflammation and respiratory status, is paramount in patients with COVID-19 presenting with orthopaedic trauma injuries. doi = 10.1097/bot.0000000000001842 id = cord-257722-7rmzaau4 author = Rhee, Joon Haeng title = Current and New Approaches for Mucosal Vaccine Delivery date = 2019-10-25 keywords = PLGA; antigen; delivery; mucosal; nasal; oral; response; vaccine summary = doi = 10.1016/b978-0-12-811924-2.00019-5 id = cord-022435-pztn9075 author = Roach, Jeff title = Bali Bombings: A Whole of Government Response date = 2009-11-16 keywords = Bali; Government; australian; response summary = Domestically, the Department of Family and Community Services (FaCS) coordinated government policy and delivery of assistance to Australians and their families affected by the crisis. A clear lesson from Bali was the extent to which overseas events can resonate at the local community level, underlining the importance of domestic and state/territory agencies being activated early in response to a major overseas crisis. • clarify the roles of agencies and non-government organisations in crisis responses; • review links between Australian government and state disaster plans; and • identify and rectify any gaps in interagency coordination arrangements. One of the lessons of the Australian Government''s FMD simulation, Exercise Minotaur (see http://www.affa.gov.au/exerciseminotaur), was the need for agencies to look at human resource capacity in a number of key areas, particularly that of skilled and trained technical employees. doi = 10.1016/b978-0-08-044666-0.50027-0 id = cord-018254-v8syiwie author = Rotz, Lisa D. title = Case Study – United States of America date = 2012-08-31 keywords = health; public; response summary = This act authorized more than 1.5 billion US dollars in grants to state and local governments and healthcare facilities to improve planning, training, detection, and response capacity as well as funding to expand the federal Strategic National Stockpile of medications and vaccines and upgrade food inspection capacity and CDC facilities that deal with public health threats. In addition to the central role the LRN played in detecting and responding to the 2001 anthrax letter event, the commitment to infrastructure support and standardized platform testing capacity within the LRN has also proven extremely bene fi cial in assisting with more rapid and broader deployment of tests developed in response to other emerging public health threats such as the 2003 Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) and the 2009 H1N1 avian in fl uenza pandemic. doi = 10.1007/978-94-007-5273-3_18 id = cord-003444-dmpoy0b1 author = Rowe, John C. title = A Novel Supplementation Approach to Enhance Host Response to Sublingual Vaccination date = 2019-01-24 keywords = Fig; NEI; response summary = doi = 10.1038/s41598-018-36370-8 id = cord-286072-kgpvdb42 author = Sa Ribero, Margarida title = Interplay between SARS-CoV-2 and the type I interferon response date = 2020-07-29 keywords = IFN; MERS; SARS; cell; response summary = doi = 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008737 id = cord-271250-ywb26cq6 author = Sarkar, Indranil title = Selection of adjuvants for vaccines targeting specific pathogens date = 2019-04-22 keywords = AS01; IFN; MF59; adjuvant; cell; response; vaccine summary = In-depth understanding of the role of adjuvants in activating the innate immune system, combined with systems vaccinology approaches, have led to the development of next-generation, novel adjuvants that can be used in vaccines against challenging pathogens and in specific target populations. Intact MyD88 signaling in each of the three types of APCs (DCs, macrophages and B cells) is essential for robust activity of TLR ligand-based vaccine adjuvants (PorB, a TLR2 ligand and CpG, a TLR9 ligand) such as induction of in vivo cytokine responses, germinal center (GC) formation and antibody production [49] . A combination adjuvant consisting of poly(I:C), a host defense peptide and PCEP when delivered intranasally transiently induces production of chemokines and cytokines in murine respiratory tissues, which promotes infiltration and activation of DCs, macrophages, and neutrophils to generate improved mucosal and systemic immune responses [55] . doi = 10.1080/14760584.2019.1604231 id = cord-002895-z82e7z2v author = Schilling, Megan A. title = Transcriptional Innate Immune Response of the Developing Chicken Embryo to Newcastle Disease Virus Infection date = 2018-02-27 keywords = Leghorn; NDV; chicken; response summary = Since the chicken embryo becomes immunocompetent prior to hatch, we here characterized the transcriptional response of selected innate immune genes to Newcastle disease virus (NDV) infection in chicken embryos at days 10, 14, and 18 of embryonic development. Since the chicken embryo becomes immunocompetent prior to hatch, we here characterized the transcriptional response of selected innate immune genes to Newcastle disease virus (NDV) infection in chicken embryos at days 10, 14, and 18 of embryonic development. The comparative transcriptional profile of SPF White Leghorn chicken embryos (one control and one infected at 18 days, harvested 72 hpi) was determined using the Chicken Innate and Adaptive Immune Responses RT 2 Profiler Array (QIAGEN Inc., Germantown, MD, United States) as an initial screen to select for immune genes in the embryo that are differentially expressed during infection since studies have not been performed previously. doi = 10.3389/fgene.2018.00061 id = cord-297834-me1ajoyb author = Schountz, Tony title = Hantavirus Immunology of Rodent Reservoirs: Current Status and Future Directions date = 2014-03-14 keywords = RNA; infection; reservoir; response; virus summary = The immune response is energetically expensive for wild animals, thus the findings of experimental studies will be critical for understanding the ecoimmunology of reservoir hosts of hantaviruses [6, 7] , and experiments using wild rodents in natural or semi-natural environments [8, 9] will be required to validate laboratory findings. Currently, three laboratory infection systems have been developed to study hantavirus infections of reservoir hosts: Seoul virus (SEOV) infection of the Norway rat (Rattus norvegicus), Puumala virus (PUUV) infection of the bank vole (Myodes glareolus), and Sin Nombre virus (SNV) infection of the deer mouse (Peromyscus maniculatus) [12, 14, 16] . Experimental data have also shown that patterns of the expression of genes related to the immune response are different in infected males and females [32] , and it is likely these differences have important roles in hantavirus ecology. doi = 10.3390/v6031317 id = cord-287396-18p171nr author = Schroyen, Martine title = Current transcriptomics in pig immunity research date = 2014-11-15 keywords = RNA; expression; gene; response summary = Other meta-analysis studies, examining the immune response to Salmonella typhimurium, combine microarray information with data such as serum cytokine measurements or microbiota differences. typhimurium will be discussed in the section ''''Overall value of transcriptomics in important infectious swine diseases.'''' In addition, whole genome microarrays were used to study pig response to Haemophilus parasuis infection by Zhao et al. In 2010, Xiao and collaborators performed a 3'' tag digital gene expression (DGE) analysis of the porcine lung transcriptome on pigs infected with the PRRS virus (Xiao et al. Most pig immune studies conducted to identify host response to common porcine pathogens or to immune response stimulators such as LPS or PMA/ionomycin described in this review provide gene expression data from a single tissue or isolated cell type, and this at a limited number of times post-infection/stimulation. Recently, such a meta-analysis was performed by combining results of several microarray-based pig immune studies to find PRRS-specific responses (Badaoui et al. doi = 10.1007/s00335-014-9549-4 id = cord-311811-nrodyagi author = Schutzer, Steven E. title = The use of host factors in microbial forensics date = 2019-12-06 keywords = ELISA; antibody; response summary = doi = 10.1016/b978-0-12-815379-6.00014-3 id = cord-021424-kocwsyi7 author = Shannon, M. Frances title = Genomic Approaches to the Host Response to Pathogens date = 2009-01-30 keywords = genetic; infection; response; susceptibility summary = This activation process includes widespread changes in the gene expression profi le of the cells with hundreds of genes being either switched on or off in response to signals generated from the pathogen-detecting TLRs. The response of individual genes has been studied in minute detail for a handful of genes and while this has produced an understanding of some aspects of host response to infection it by no means gives us the total picture. Studies in both animal models and human populations have shown that infectious disease and the response of the host to a specifi c infection also has a complex genetic component ( Clementi and Di Gianantonio, 2006 ; Lipoldova and Demant, 2006 ; Marquet et al., 1996 ; Mira et al., 2004 ) . Expression profi ling studies have been used to investigate the differences in the host response to pathogenic and nonpathogenic strains of specifi c infectious agents. doi = 10.1016/b978-0-12-369420-1.00107-4 id = cord-021966-5m21bsrw author = Shaw, Alan R. title = Vaccines date = 2009-05-15 keywords = HIV; antigen; development; dna; immune; infection; pathogen; response; vaccine; virus summary = Because a number of proteins produced in isolation by recombinant methods have been observed to elicit lower immune responses than do natural infections or live attenuated vaccines, the development and use of adjuvants to optimize recombinant vaccine immunogenicity represent an important parallel area for future exploration. Modern molecular biology and biochemistry have provided numerous options for vaccine immunogen presentation, including recombinant proteins (and recombinant virus-like particles (VLPs)), synthetic proteins, protein-polysaccharide conjugates, and gene delivery systems (recombinant viral vectors, or DNA vaccines) >> Is the antigen of interest sufficiently immunogenic on its own, or is augmentation of the desired immune response by conjugation to a specific carrier or addition of an adjuvant necessary to elicit a sufficient and sufficiently durable immune response in individuals in the target population for vaccination? doi = 10.1016/b978-0-323-04404-2.10092-2 id = cord-307202-iz1bo218 author = Shaw, Dominick title = Asthma date = 2014-05-02 keywords = FEV; GWAS; ICS; SNP; airway; asthma; gene; receptor; response; study summary = Current asthma management involves a step-up and step-down approach based on asthma control with a large degree of heterogeneity in responses to the main drug classes currently in use: β(2)-adrenergic receptor agonists, corticosteroids, and leukotriene modifiers. Human studies have identified elevated numbers of cells expressing IL13 mRNA in the bronchial tissue of atopic and nonatopic asthmatic subjects [50] ; administration of recombinant IL13 in mouse lungs resulted in an increase in airway mucus secretion, development of subepithelial fibrosis, airway hyper-responsiveness (AHR), and eosinophilic airway inflammation-that is, several key features of the human disease [51] . While methods of stratifying asthma patients to specific treatments based on nongenetic factors such as clinical outcomes, cellular measures, or protein biomarkers have shown some success, a large body of work has investigated the potential of genetic markers as predictors of patient responses to existing therapies, i.e., pharmacogenetics. doi = 10.1016/b978-0-12-386882-4.00028-1 id = cord-272512-gevrlcvy author = Shewen, P.E. title = Challenges in mucosal vaccination of cattle date = 2009-03-15 keywords = Lkt; response; vaccination; vaccine summary = doi = 10.1016/j.vetimm.2008.10.297 id = cord-344297-qqohijqi author = Smith, Jacqueline title = The early immune response to infection of chickens with Infectious Bronchitis Virus (IBV) in susceptible and resistant birds date = 2015-10-09 keywords = IBV; gene; infection; line; response summary = title: The early immune response to infection of chickens with Infectious Bronchitis Virus (IBV) in susceptible and resistant birds RESULTS: Genes and biological pathways involved in the early host response to IBV infection were determined andgene expression differences between susceptible and resistant birds were identified. [18] we used Affymetrix wholegenome chicken microarrays to examine the tracheal gene expression profiles of a line of birds known to be susceptible to IBV infection (line 15I) and a line known to show resistance (line N). Gene expression differences found in the susceptible 15I line between infected and control birds over days 2, 3 and 4 post infection were analysed, with a view to examining the innate host response to infection by IBV. Gene expression seen during the host response to IBV infection in the trachea of susceptible birds. Genes found to be differentially expressed between susceptible and resistant lines in response to IBV infection in the trachea. doi = 10.1186/s12917-015-0575-6 id = cord-032600-lldbjm77 author = Soni, Dheeraj title = The sixth revolution in pediatric vaccinology: immunoengineering and delivery systems date = 2020-09-14 keywords = adjuvant; antigen; delivery; immune; response; vaccine summary = 2 Second-generation efforts employed more characterized materials, such as the biodegradable synthetic polymer poly (D,L-lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA), which is a widely investigated nanoparticle adjuvant for controlled and effective delivery of vaccine antigens, including synthetic peptides. 32 Thus, pathogen-mimicking nanoparticles can be engineered to enhance the immune response by controlling when and where vaccine components are delivered intracellularly to APCs. 15 A plethora of particulate delivery systems for immunoengineering have been developed, which are summarized further in this review. Recently, we have combined such engineering and rational vaccine design approaches to develop a nanoparticle-based adjuvant and antigen-delivery system designed to be active in human newborns and infants. Furthermore, such formulations hold substantial potential for early life immunization by serving as a dual antigen/adjuvant delivery system that mimics the enhanced neonatal innate and adaptive immune responses elicited by the live Bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccine. doi = 10.1038/s41390-020-01112-y id = cord-018475-h8qwxdtn author = Speckhard, Anne title = Prevention Strategies and Promoting Psychological Resilience to Bioterrorism Through Communication date = 2007 keywords = Speckhard; WMD; attack; mass; psychological; response; terrorist summary = With the erosion of strict borders between countries (particularly in the European Union) and even world regions (since the fall of the Soviet bloc), the advance and portability of high-tech weaponry including biological, chemical, and nuclear hazards, and the ease and speed of communication through the Internet and telephones for purposes of recruitment, training, and planning terror attacks -terrorists now have a global playing field in which even small groups of individuals can motivate, plan, and enact mass terrorist events. Governments and media must work together preparing ahead of time on how to communicate calmly in such crises in a manner that will offer useful preventative measures, minimize the potential negative effects of psychosocial contagions (including citizenry becoming noncompliant and aggressive), prevent mass sociogenic illness from occurring, and prevent overwhelming of the medical systems by those whose emotional state has put them in need of medical care. doi = 10.1007/978-1-4020-5808-0_13 id = cord-302082-aaokc182 author = Stanberry, Lawrence R. title = Vaccines of the future date = 2011-08-31 keywords = HIV; antigen; chapter; immune; response; vaccine summary = doi = 10.1016/j.pervac.2011.05.006 id = cord-273479-kira7mz6 author = Strike, Philip C. title = Mild acute inflammatory stimulation induces transient negative mood date = 2004-10-02 keywords = cytokine; mood; response summary = doi = 10.1016/s0022-3999(03)00569-5 id = cord-314104-dkm8396y author = Tam, Theresa W. S. title = Preparing for uncertainty during public health emergencies: What Canadian health leaders can do now to optimize future emergency response date = 2020-03-31 keywords = Canada; health; response summary = doi = 10.1177/0840470420917172 id = cord-003898-y6zpvw84 author = Tan, Kai Sen title = RNA Sequencing of H3N2 Influenza Virus-Infected Human Nasal Epithelial Cells from Multiple Subjects Reveals Molecular Pathways Associated with Tissue Injury and Complications date = 2019-08-27 keywords = RNA; USA; gene; influenza; response summary = title: RNA Sequencing of H3N2 Influenza Virus-Infected Human Nasal Epithelial Cells from Multiple Subjects Reveals Molecular Pathways Associated with Tissue Injury and Complications The aim of this study was to utilize RNA sequencing (RNAseq) technology to not only reveal the hNEC responses (from multiple individuals) against influenza infection, but also to identify those genes with high magnitude changes to serve as potential reference markers of the innate responses of influenza infection. After deriving the transcriptomes by RNAseq, we then further investigated whether the changes in expression of genes resulted in alterations in secretory cytokines and chemokines early in the infection of hNECs. Initially, we detected significant reductions in multiple cytokines at 8 hpi, with the exception of IL-15 which was increased ( Figure S2 ). In conclusion, RNAseq technology allowed us to accurately quantify the magnitude of gene expression changes, as well as the relevant enriched pathways during H3N2 influenza virus infection of hNECs, which can serve as a baseline for future clinical studies. doi = 10.3390/cells8090986 id = cord-007375-hqmyund4 author = Tang, Yi-Wei title = Host Single-Nucleotide Polymorphisms and Altered Responses to Inactivated Influenza Vaccine date = 2007-10-01 keywords = IL-10; MBL-2; response summary = doi = 10.1086/521370 id = cord-026949-nu46ok9w author = Varshney, Deeksha title = Natural Language Generation Using Transformer Network in an Open-Domain Setting date = 2020-05-26 keywords = model; response summary = doi = 10.1007/978-3-030-51310-8_8 id = cord-297776-k38jssr0 author = Volk, Aaron title = Coronavirus Endoribonuclease and Deubiquitinating Interferon Antagonists Differentially Modulate the Host Response during Replication in Macrophages date = 2020-05-18 keywords = Fig; IFN; RNA; response summary = gene expression, we report significant transcriptional upregulation of multiple genes associated with activation of ER sensors IRE1, ATF6, and PERK, such as Edem1, Hspa5 (encoding BiP protein), and Ddit3 (encoding CHOP), in response to virus replication, with the most robust response detected in cells infected with the wild-type or DUBmut virus infection (Fig. 5B, C, and D) . Overall, these differential gene expression analyses in macrophages reveal similar host responses to the wild-type and DUBmut viruses that include activation of UPR pathways and proinflammatory genes, whereas a distinct transcriptional profile during infection with the EndoUmut virus is predominately defined by a focused, robust antiviral response. The results presented here, and from studies of the MERS-CoV dORF3-5 mutant virus (26) Upon infection of a BMDM with EndoUmut, host double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) sensors (including MDA5, PKR, and OAS) are activated, resulting in robust transcription of type I IFN genes and rapid induction of apoptosis, the latter of which precludes the development of a potent inflammatory response. doi = 10.1128/jvi.00178-20 id = cord-288868-qfdxri93 author = Wack, Andreas title = Vaccinology at the beginning of the 21st century date = 2005-06-13 keywords = cell; response; vaccine summary = Thus, the use of reverse genetics enables rapid production of a reference vaccine virus in response to the emergence of a new influenza variant [15 ,16] . Activation of DCs increases their ability to process and present antigen and to attract and activate T cells through cytokine secretion; consequently, several cytokines are 414 Host-pathogen interactions Table 1 Human TLR agonists used as adjuvants in vaccine formulations in clinical trials or licensed vaccines a . When viral vehicles (vaccinia or adenovirus) were compared with loaded DCs in terms of their ability to overcome established tolerance and induce immune responses in a transgenic mouse model, the viral formulations were able to do so, whereas DCs required repeated administration of TLR agonists or irrelevant virus, or removal of suppressive CD4 + CD25 + Treg cells [54 ] . A CD4(+) T-cell immune response to a conserved epitope in the circumsporozoite protein correlates with protection from natural Plasmodium falciparum infection and disease doi = 10.1016/j.coi.2005.05.005 id = cord-305263-fgwf6wy3 author = Wang, Ben X. title = The yin and yang of viruses and interferons date = 2012-02-07 keywords = HCV; IFN; SARS; response; virus summary = doi = 10.1016/j.it.2012.01.004 id = cord-026960-g844u7xg author = Wang, Disen title = An Adaptive Response Matching Network for Ranking Multi-turn Chatbot Responses date = 2020-05-26 keywords = arm; response summary = To address this limitation, this paper proposes an adaptive response matching network (ARM) to better model the matching relationship in multi-turn conversations. Specifically, the Dual-encoder model [8] used two LSTMs to generate the embeddings for the utterances and candidate response respectively to compute the matching score. Deep attention model (DAM) [20] proposed self-attention and cross-attention to construct semantic representations at different granularity, and the multirepresentation fusion network (MRFN) [13] has further applied multiple representation strategies for utterances and fused them in the final step to compute the matching scores. Few of them studied how to adapt the matching model to different types of utterances and how to incorporate the domain knowledge in a more general way, which is the focus of our paper. Although a few models have been proposed to solve the problem of multi-turn response selection [2, 13, 17, 20] , none of them studied how to directly adapt the matching mechanisms to different utterance types. doi = 10.1007/978-3-030-51310-8_22 id = cord-021175-0ikkl3hk author = Wilson, Christopher title = The new informatics of pandemic response: humanitarian technology, efficiency, and the subtle retreat of national agency date = 2018-05-30 keywords = Ebola; humanitarian; national; pandemic; response summary = doi = 10.1186/s41018-018-0036-5 id = cord-332838-i8fjwzm6 author = Woodland, David L. title = Immunity to emerging pathogens date = 2008-09-19 keywords = University; response summary = Our choice of pathogens and authors has therefore resulted in reviews that cover many different types of infectious disease and a breadth of immune responses. The relationship between innate immune responses and viral success in the host population is also discussed by Drs Jessica Weaver and Stuart Isaacs (University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine) (6) with respect to monkeypox virus. Several of the reviews in this volume discuss the important role of T cells in viral, bacterial, and parasite emerging infections. For example, CD8 1 T cells play a major role in protective immunity during Plasmodium liver stage infection, as described by Dr Fidel Zavala and colleagues (Johns Hopkins University) (16) in their review of malaria immunity. While T cells can play a key role in protective immunity, they can also mediate considerable pathogenic effects. Dr Alan Rothman and colleagues (University of Massachusetts Medical School) (18) discuss the impact of T-cell responses on dengue virus infections. doi = 10.1111/j.1600-065x.2008.00695.x id = cord-022592-g7rmzsv5 author = Wynn, James L. title = Pathophysiology of Neonatal Sepsis date = 2016-07-06 keywords = PMN; cell; increase; infant; infection; neonatal; neonate; response; sepsis summary = 14, 15, [27] [28] [29] [30] [31] [32] [33] Prematurity, low birth weight (especially infants weighing less than 1,000 g), male sex, a maternal vaginal culture positive for group B streptococcus (GBS), prolonged rupture of membranes, maternal intrapartum fever, and chorioamnionitis are strongly associated with an increased risk for early-onset sepsis. In addition to the initial inflammatory response including complement activation, molecular detection of PAMPs promotes IL-1β and IL-6 production, which in turn increases the production of multiple other innate proteins that possess valuable immune function and serve to reduce pathogen load. Very low birth weight preterm infants with early onset neonatal sepsis: the predominance of gram-negative infections continues in the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Neonatal Research Network Very low birth weight preterm infants with early onset neonatal sepsis: the predominance of gram-negative infections continues in the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Neonatal Research Network doi = 10.1016/b978-0-323-35214-7.00152-9 id = cord-293893-ibca88xu author = Xie, Tian title = Parallel Evolution and Response Decision Method for Public Sentiment based on System Dynamics date = 2020-05-23 keywords = model; public; response; sentiment summary = doi = 10.1016/j.ejor.2020.05.025 id = cord-296886-0bma2749 author = Xu, Yingying title = Intranasal DNA Vaccine for Protection against Respiratory Infectious Diseases: The Delivery Perspectives date = 2014-07-10 keywords = cell; dna; immune; response; vaccine summary = doi = 10.3390/pharmaceutics6030378 id = cord-339935-tguhrqvz author = Zavattaro, Staci M. title = Introduction: COVID‐19 Viewpoint Symposium, Part II date = 2020-08-12 keywords = COVID; pandemic; response summary = doi = 10.1111/puar.13290 id = cord-307229-wjx90xki author = da Silveira, Matheus Pelinski title = Physical exercise as a tool to help the immune system against COVID-19: an integrative review of the current literature date = 2020-07-29 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; exercise; immune; physical; response summary = doi = 10.1007/s10238-020-00650-3 id = cord-015021-pol2qm74 author = nan title = Third International Congress on the Immune Consequences of Trauma, Shock and Sepsis —Mechanisms and Therapeutic Approaches date = 1994 keywords = APACHE; ARDS; CD14; CD4; CLP; CRP; CSF; ELISA; ICU; IFN; III; IL-1; IL-2; IL-4; IL-6; IL-8; LEH; LPS; MOF; PAF; PMN; SIRS; TNF; University; animal; blood; cell; control; cytokine; day; effect; endotoxin; factor; follow; group; high; increase; injury; level; method; mouse; patient; production; rat; release; response; result; sepsis; septic; shock; study; trauma summary = It is our current understanding that LPS is responsible for many of the pathophysiological events observed during gramnegative infections and that one of the major mechanisms leading to shock and death is the LPS-induced activation of macrophages resulting in the production and release of lipid and peptide mediators, among which tumor necrosis factor seems to be the most important. However plasma IL-6 estimation revealed a statistically significant reduction at 6 hours in tanrine-treated animals compared to glycino and TW controls ( Objective: To evaluate the effects of allogeneic blood transfusion, thermal injury and bacterial garage on interteukin 4 (IL-4), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF) production and host mortality and to study if the administration of thymopentth (THY) could affect these events. doi = 10.1007/bf02258437 id = cord-015147-h0o0yqv8 author = nan title = Oral Communications and Posters date = 2014-09-12 keywords = CIA; COX-2; Department; ELISA; IFN; IL-6; Institute; LPS; MIF; MPO; PAF; PCR; PGE2; TNF; University; cell; disease; effect; expression; increase; inflammation; inflammatory; level; model; mouse; response; result; study summary = Cyclooxygenases (COX) catalyze the first step in the synthesis of prostaglandins (PG) from arachidonic acid.COX-1 is constitutively expressed.The COX-2 gene is an immediate early-response gene that is induced by variety of mitogenic and inflammatory stimuli.Levels of COX-2 are increased in both inflamed and malignant tissues.In inflamed tissues, there is both pharmacological and genetic evidence that targeting COX-2 can either improve (e.g., osteoarthritis) or exacerbate symptoms (e.g., inflammatory bowel disease).Multiple lines of evidence suggest that COX-2 plays a significant role in carcinogenesis.The most specific data that support a cause-and effect relationship between COX-2 and tumorigenesis come from genetic studies.Overexpression of COX-2 has been observed to drive tumor formation whereas COX-2 deficiency protects against several tumor types.Selective COX-2 inhibitors protect against the formation and growth of experimental tumors.Moreover, selective COX-2 inhibitors are active in preventing colorectal adenomas in humans.Increased amounts of COX-2-derived PGE2 are found in both inflamed and neoplastic tissues.The fact that PGE2 can stimulate cell proliferation, inhibit apoptosis and induce angiogenesis fits with evidence that induction of COX-2 contributes to both wound healing and tumor growth.Taken together, it seems likely that COX-2 induction contributes to wound healing in response to injury but reduces the threshold for carcinogenesis. doi = 10.1007/bf03353884 id = cord-022888-dnsdg04n author = nan title = Poster Sessions date = 2009-08-19 keywords = APC; BCR; CD14; CD4; CD8; CMV; CTL; EBV; ELISA; Germany; HCV; HIV; HLA; IBD; IFN; IL-10; IL-2; IL-4; IL-6; Immunology; Institute; LPS; MHC; NKT; PCR; RNA; SLE; TCR; TGF; TLR; TLR4; TNF; University; antigen; cell; dna; expression; immune; mouse; patient; protein; response; result; study; th1; th2 summary = Methods: Phospho-specific Western blot analyses were performed to verify the functionality of the different IFN-g pathway components, intra-and extracellular flow cytometry experiments were employed to determine the expression of antigen processing components and HLA class I cell surface antigens, quantitative real time-PCR experiments to confirm the absence of JAK2 and presence of pathway relevant molecules as well as, genomic PCR and chromosome typing technique to prove the deletion of JAK2. In order to accomplish these objectives we induced priming or tolerance of ovalbumin (OVA 323-339 peptide)-specific T cells from DO11.10 TCR transgenic mice in vitro or, following adoptive transfer of near physiologically relevant numbers of such cells into recipients, in vivo and correlated functional outcome (via proliferation and cytokine readout assays or antibody production) with E3 ubiquitin-protein ligases expression and the ubiquitination status of the TCR signalling machinery. doi = 10.1002/eji.200990224 id = cord-023055-ntbvmssh author = nan title = Immunogenicity date = 2004-02-19 keywords = APC; CD2; CD3; CD4; CD8; CTL; HLA; IL-2; MHC; TCR; University; antigen; cell; class; clone; dna; gene; mouse; response; specific summary = Antigen is internalized into acidic vesicles, proteolyzed, and peptides containing T ceU antigenic determinants are transported to the APC surface where they are recognized by the antigen-specific T cell in conjunction with Ia. Most Ia-"pressing cells are competent APC, however, only B cells have antigen-specilic receptors on their surface aUowing bound antigen to be processed and presented at 1/lW the antigen concentration required by nonspecific APC Little is known about B cell antigen processing function during differentiation, or if Ig-mediated APC function is altered at different maturational stages, thus allowing regulation of B cell-helper T cell interactions. These results indicate that the poor response of murine CTL to human class I antigens is not determined by selection in the thymus, but by species-specific constraints on the interaction of MHC antigens with T-cell recognition structures. doi = 10.1002/jcb.240410506 id = cord-023143-fcno330z author = nan title = Molecular aspects of viral immunity date = 2004-02-19 keywords = CD4; CD8; CNS; CTL; HIV; HIV-1; HLA; IFN; LCMV; MHC; cell; infection; mouse; protein; response; viral; virus summary = Based on a variety of experimental evidence, it is clear that demyelination induced in SJUJ mice by infection with the BeAn strain of TMEV is a Thl-mediated event: (a) disease induction is suppressed in T cell-deprived mice and by in vivo treatment with anti-I-A and anti-CD4 antibodies; (b) disease susceptibility correlates temporally with the development of TMEV-specific, MHC-class Il-restricted DTH responses and with a predominance of anti-viral lgG2a antibody; (c) activated (Le., lL-2RC) T cells infiltrating the CNS are exclusively of the CD4+ phenotype, and (d) proinflammatory cytokines (IFNq and TNF-p) are predominantly produced in the CNS. These results have important implications for a possible viral trigger in MS as they indicate that chronic demyelination in TMEV-infected mice is initiated in the absence of demonstrable neuroantigen-specific autoimmune responses and are consistent with a model wherein early myelin damage is mediated via primarily by mononuclear phagocytes recruited to the CNS and activated by pro-inflammatory cytokines produced by TMEV-specific Thl cells. doi = 10.1002/jcb.240591009 id = cord-257167-rz4r5sj7 author = nan title = Abstracts for the 29th Annual Meeting of the Japan Neuroscience Society (Neuroscience2006) date = 2006-12-31 keywords = Anatomy; BDNF; BSI; Biology; Brain; CA1; CNS; CREST; Center; Chiba; Department; Dept; Div; Division; Engineering; Fos; GABA; GFP; Graduate; Hiroshi; Institute; JST; Japan; KAKENHI; Kobe; Kyoto; LTD; LTP; Laboratory; Life; Medical; Medicine; NMDA; Nagoya; National; Neuroscience; Niigata; Okazaki; Osaka; PS1A; PS2P; PS3A; Physiology; Purkinje; RIKEN; Research; Saitama; Sato; School; Science; Sendai; Takashi; Technology; Tohoku; Tokyo; Tsukuba; USA; University; Wako; activity; cell; effect; mouse; neuron; neuronal; ps3p; response; result; study summary = SY1-3-11-3 SAD: A novel kinase implicated in phosphoproteome at the presynaptic active zone Toshihisa Ohtsuka Department of Clinical and Molecular Pathology, Faculty of Medicine/Graduate School of Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan SAD is a serine/threonine kianse, which has been shown to regulate various neuronal functions during development, including clustering synaptic vesicles, maturation of synapses, and axon/dendrite polarization: these have recently been revealed by genetic studies in C. The results suggest that EAAT4 plays a major role in regulating the concentration of CF transmitters, possibly glutamate, in the route of its extrasynaptic diffusion, and determining the degree of CF-induced inhibition of GABA release from BCs depending on the regional difference of EAAT4 expression in postsynaptic PCs. Chitoshi Takayama 1 , Yoshiro Inoue 1 1 Department of Molecular Neuroanatomy, Hokkaido University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan GABA mediates inhibitory transmission in the adult central nervous system (CNS). doi = 10.1016/j.neures.2006.04.004 id = cord-285778-80baxwgc author = nan title = Introduction to the Immune Response date = 2014-10-10 keywords = cell; pathogen; response summary = Some innate mechanisms require no induction and are completely non-specific, whereas others are inducible and involve broad receptor-mediated recognition of a limited number of pathogen-associated or damage-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs/DAMPs). When invaders breach anatomical and physiological barriers, innate leukocytes start to take action as a result of pattern recognition mediated by the binding of PRMs to PAMPs furnished by pathogens and to DAMPs emanating from damaged host cells. If the pathogen manages to enter the underlying cell layer, mechanisms mediated by complement and innate leukocytes are induced due to relatively broad recognition of PAMPs. If a more targeted, pathogen-specific response becomes necessary, elements of innate immunity then facilitate induction of highly specific adaptive responses initiated by engagement of the antigen receptors of B, Th or Tc lymphocytes. Innate leukocytes activated by the binding of PRRs to PAMPs provided by the attacking pathogen, or to DAMPs present due to host cell injury or death, work quickly to eliminate the invader using the mechanisms of inflammation, phagocytosis and target cell lysis. doi = 10.1016/b978-0-12-385245-8.00001-7