# pos

id: cord-027695-ptp62krc
pos: NNP
token:
  http://www.pongover-nance1420.gov.it/it/rafforzare-le-politiche-di-coesione-attraverso-il-behavioural-insights/

lemma:
  http://www.pongover-nance1420.gov.it/it/rafforzare-le-politiche-di-coesione-attraverso-il-behavioural-insights/


id: cord-027695-ptp62krc
pos: NNP
token:
  https://www.eticapa.it/eticapa/documento-ufficiale-di-nuova-etica-pubblica-sul-fallimentodelle-riforme-amministrative/

lemma:
  https://www.eticapa.it/eticapa/documento-ufficiale-di-nuova-etica-pubblica-sul-fallimentodelle-riforme-amministrative/


id: cord-303165-ikepr2p2
pos: UH
token:
  https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attach-ment_data/file/127106/121109-NHS-Outcomes-Framework-2013-14.pdf

lemma:
  https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attach-ment_data/file/127106/121109-nhs-outcomes-framework-2013-14.pdf


id: cord-339376-2dczotbh
pos: NNP
token:
  who.int/en/what-we-do/health-topics/diseases-and-conditions/influenza/pandemicinfluenza/about-pandemic-phases

lemma:
  who.int/en/what-we-do/health-topics/diseases-and-conditions/influenza/pandemicinfluenza/about-pandemic-phases


# ent

id: cord-001038-91uj6sph
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  The Future of the Public s Health in the 21st Century Ready or Not Protecting the Public s Health from Diseases Disasters and Bioterrorism International Epidemiological Association


id: cord-001038-91uj6sph
type: ORG
entity:
  Opportunity Improved Diagnostic Accuracy of Group A Streptococcal Pharyngitis With Use of Real Time Biosurveillance Measuring and Valuing Productivity Loss


id: cord-001038-91uj6sph
type: ORG
entity:
  Virginia Virginia Department of Health World Bank Return on Investments in Public Health Saving Lives and


id: cord-004195-msqvb97f
type: ORG
entity:
  Toronto World Health Organization Working Group on Prevention of International and Community Transmission of SARS Public


id: cord-017463-repm1vw9
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  A Emerging Infectious Diseases World Health Organization The International Health Regulations World Health Organization


id: cord-013405-68777jts
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  The Importance of Genuineness in Public Engagement An Exploratory Study of Pediatric Communication on Social Media


id: cord-006037-we1rp0pa
type: ORG
entity:
  the Center for Public Leadership Institute of Medicine Who Will Keep the Public Healthy Educating Public Health Professionals


id: cord-006037-we1rp0pa
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  The MPOWER Package War on Poverty New York Magazine Special Report on Cancer in the Economically Disadvantaged Area


id: cord-006037-we1rp0pa
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  Covering Controversial Science Improving Reporting on Science and Public Policy Leading Minds An Anatomy of Leadership The Art of Possibility Transforming Professional and Personal Life


id: cord-006037-we1rp0pa
type: EVENT
entity:
  the Leap Crisis Leadership Planning for the Unthinkable Transforming Leadership A New Pursuit of Happiness Managing Transitions Making the Most of Change


id: cord-004531-agvg719f
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  dass man mit einem patientenzentrierten medizinethischen hippokratischen Ethos oder den 4 bioethischen Prinzipien autonomy beneficence nonmaleficence justice 10 kein


id: cord-004531-agvg719f
type: GGP
entity:
  Pandemiemanagement verbessern kann Nur eine frühzeitige Adressierung der ethischen und gesundheitspolitischen Dilemmata


id: cord-004531-agvg719f
type: CHEMICAL
entity:
  Gruppen betreffen Bei Influenzapandemien spielen Übertragungen im familiären Bereich eine große Rolle was


id: cord-004531-agvg719f
type: CHEMICAL
entity:
  Familien weil diese kleinste gesellschaftliche Einheit besonders geschützt ist und für sie grundsätzlich das Prinzip der staatlichen


id: cord-004531-agvg719f
type: CHEMICAL
entity:
  anderen medizinischen bzw Public Health Maßnahmen gefordert sowohl innerhalb eines Landes als auch zwischen Ländern 41 Die WHO hat 1999 einen ersten Pandemieplan Influenza Pandemic Preparedness Plan 42 herausgegeben


id: cord-004531-agvg719f
type: DISEASE
entity:
  vorläufigen Ergebnisse der Arbeitsgruppen 32 Diese werden im Folgenden vorgestellt Von der ersten Arbeitsgruppe


id: cord-001634-mi5gcfcw
type: ORG
entity:
  The Guardian Australian Government Department of Health and Ageing Review of Australia s Health Sector Response


id: cord-018336-6fh69mk4
type: ORG
entity:
  Can Electronic Medical Record Systems Transform Health Care Potential Health Benefits A Consensus Action Agenda for Achieving the National Health Information Infrastructure Public


id: cord-018336-6fh69mk4
type: ORG
entity:
  Interoperability A Consensus Action Agenda for Achieving the National Health Information Infrastructure Public Health Informatics Improving


id: cord-017721-5bp0qpte
type: ORG
entity:
  the United States Center for Disease Control and Prevention Legal Authorities for Isolation and Quarantine Center for Disease Control and Prevention Division of Global Migration and


id: cord-017733-xofwk88a
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  Panicked Investigating the Problematisation of the Australian General Public in Pandemic Influenza Control


id: cord-017733-xofwk88a
type: DATE
entity:
  the Twenty First Century Public Perceptions Anxiety and Behaviour Change in Relation to the Swine Flu Outbreak Cross Sectional Telephone Survey Mobilising Vulnerability in


id: cord-018504-qqsmn72u
type: ORG
entity:
  Administrative Rules New Hampshire Division of Public Health Services Department of Health and Human Services National Public Health Case Antibiotic Resistance Centers of Disease Control and Prevention Community


id: cord-018384-peh5efat
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  the APHL PHDSC White Paper Assure Health IT Standards for Public Health Part 1 Health IT Standards in Public Health Laboratory Domain 12


id: cord-018384-peh5efat
type: ORG
entity:
  National Coordinator for Health IT Health IT adoption DHHS 2012 Association of Public Health Laboratories


id: cord-010513-7p07efxo
type: ORG
entity:
  Phillips and Committee on Integrating the Science of Early Childhood Development Board on Children Youth and


id: cord-019057-3j2fl358
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  H1n1 Influenza Pandemic P 196 148 Stephen Holland Public Health Ethics Polity Press 2007 Pp 51 55 149 pursuance


id: cord-019057-3j2fl358
type: LAW
entity:
  Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the 1966 International Covenant on Economic Social and Cultural Rights


id: cord-019057-3j2fl358
type: ORG
entity:
  Individual Participant Data Influenza Virus Resistance to Neuraminidase Inhibitors Containing Pandemic Influenza


id: cord-019057-3j2fl358
type: GPE
entity:
  the United States Priorities for Intervention The Signature Features of Influenza Pandemics Implications for Policy


id: cord-019057-3j2fl358
type: FAC
entity:
  Africa Developing a Global Human Rights Framework for Tuberculosis Control and Prevention Africa A Practical Guide for Global Health Workers Public Ethics of Care a General Public Ethics


id: cord-035351-3mv6x0w9
type: ORG
entity:
  The Functions of the Executive Cambridge Crafting Public Institutions Leadership in Two Prison Systems


id: cord-035351-3mv6x0w9
type: GPE
entity:
  the United States Government Bureaucracy Public Entrepreneurship Toward a Theory of Bureaucratic Political Power


id: cord-260565-cdthfl5f
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  Report on Global Surveillance of Epidemic prone Infectious Diseases Types of Surveillance Roles and Responsibilities in Preparedness and Response Development


id: cord-257821-y3fhubnc
type: ORG
entity:
  The Impact of Chronic Underfunding of America s Public Health System Trends Risks and Recommendations Perspective


id: cord-027695-ptp62krc
type: ORG
entity:
  the EU Final Report Quality of Public Administration A Toolbox for Practicioners Quality of Public Administration A Toolbox for Practicioners


id: cord-027695-ptp62krc
type: ORG
entity:
  European Union Studies Fiscal Consolidation in Europe A Comparative Analysis Introduction Cross National Policy Convergence Concepts Approaches and Explanatory Factors Politiche


id: cord-027695-ptp62krc
type: ORG
entity:
  the Implementation Gap Public Management Reform A Comparative Analysis Into the Age of Austerity Introduction Epistemic Communities and


id: cord-021847-wea0qpq2
type: DNA
entity:
  Medieval Centuries A short history of quarantine Victor C Vaughan Public Health and Hygiene A Student s Manual Philadelphia WB Saunders


id: cord-021847-wea0qpq2
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  SARS Principles of Modern Quarantine in Learning from SARS Preparing for the Next Disease Outbreak Workshop Summary Forum on Microbial Threats Board on Global Health Institute of Medicine DataWatch


id: cord-028618-kn87q7nb
type: EVENT
entity:
  the Blame Game Patriotism or Opinion Leadership the Nature and Origins of the Rally Round the Flag Effect Italy Critics EU


id: cord-263659-9i5qws5h
type: ORG
entity:
  Department of the Health Care for Women Children and Communities Ministry of Health of China Challenges of change


id: cord-257571-4ujw0mn1
type: ORG
entity:
  the Capacity Review Committee Impact of a Continuous Quality Improvement Initiative on Appropriate Use of Coronary Computed Tomography Angiography Results


id: cord-257571-4ujw0mn1
type: ORG
entity:
  Policy Implementation Advances in Public Health Accreditation Readiness and Quality Improvement Evaluation Findings


id: cord-257571-4ujw0mn1
type: ORG
entity:
  the National Public Health Improvement Initiative Ministry of Health and Long Term Care MOHLTC Ministry of Health and Long Term Care MOHLTC Ministry of Health and Long Term Care MOHLTC


id: cord-257571-4ujw0mn1
type: EVENT
entity:
  Method Four Year Impact of a Continuous Quality Improvement Effort Implemented by a Network of Diabetes Outpatient Clinics


id: cord-257571-4ujw0mn1
type: ORG
entity:
  the U S Multi Society Task Force on Colorectal Cancer Developing a Taxonomy for the Science of Improvement in Public Health Public Health Performance


id: cord-025744-pynqwj5t
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  Recommendation Regarding the Use of Cloth Face Coverings Especially in Areas of Significant Community Based Transmission Notre


id: cord-025744-pynqwj5t
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  the Theory of Groups Collective Action and the Evolution of Social Norms Considerations in the Use of Homemade Masks


id: cord-287304-h6wj7m8u
type: ORG
entity:
  Mel The Globe and Mail SARS A Case Study in Emerging Infections Diseases of Globalization Socioeconomic Transitions and Health Governing


id: cord-278707-36rr56oe
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  Slippery Slopes to Steep Hills Contrasting Landscapes of Economic Growth and Public Spending for Health date 2020 07 05


id: cord-278707-36rr56oe
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  Slippery Slopes to Steep Hills Contrasting Landscapes of Economic Growth and Public Spending for Health ABSTRACT Identifying


id: cord-263667-5g51n27e
type: ORG
entity:
  Veterinary Public Health Laboratory US Department of Health Education and Welfare Public Health Service


id: cord-283099-nhz3pye2
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  the Master s Degree South China University of Technology van Doremalen N Bushmaker T Morris DH et al 2020 Aerosol


id: cord-294789-07hto8qn
type: ORG
entity:
  human papillomavirus vaccination Trump Administration Announces Framework and Leadership for Operation


id: cord-031017-xjnbmah5
type: EVENT
entity:
  Multistate Outbreak of Salmonella Anatum Infections Linked to Imported Hot Peppers United States Investigation


id: cord-031017-xjnbmah5
type: ORG
entity:
  Hamburg LimeSurvey Project Sharing Data for Global Infectious Disease Surveillance and Outbreak Detection Considerations


id: cord-289175-n95j94ck
type: ORG
entity:
  the West Africa Ebola Virus Disease on Health Care Utilization A Systematic Review A Framework for Catastrophic Disaster Response Ethical Framework for Health Care Institutions and Guidelines for Institutional Ethics Services


id: cord-289175-n95j94ck
type: ORG
entity:
  Discussion Paper Institute of Medicine Committee on Guidance for Establishing Crisis Standards of Care for Use


id: cord-288477-dojdlfrv
type: LAW
entity:
  See Authorization of Emergency Use of the Antiviral Product Peramivir Accompanied by Emergency Use Information Lexi


id: cord-288477-dojdlfrv
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  Key Lessons in Public Health Legal Preparedness Emergency Use Authorization of Medical Products and Related Authorities Guidance for Industry and Other Stakeholders Determination of a Public Health Emergency and Declaration that Circumstances Exist Justifying Authorizations Pursuant to Section 564 b of the Federal Food Drug and Cosmetic Act 21 U S


id: cord-307303-9mzs5dl4
type: ORG
entity:
  Ontario Bioterrorism and Emergency Readiness Competencies for All Public Health Workers Establishing


id: cord-253120-yzb8yo90
type: ORG
entity:
  United States Immunization Information Systems IIS Fundamentals Overview and Development Centers of Disease Control and Prevention ESTIMATING


id: cord-259247-7loab74f
type: ORG
entity:
  The Economist Big Data A Revolution That Will Transform How we Live Work and Think The Triumph of Injustice


id: cord-285532-rknygv7u
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  Historical Roster of State and Territorial Health Officials 1850 to 1960 Association of State and Territorial Health Officials About us www


id: cord-297216-1b99hm1e
type: ORG
entity:
  Predictive Analytics Deliver Precision Public Health Public Health Genom From Public Health Genomics to


id: cord-297216-1b99hm1e
type: ORG
entity:
  Polygenic Characters A Heterozygote Expression of a Recessive Identical Mutations and Phenotypic Variation Temporal Perturbations


id: cord-297216-1b99hm1e
type: ORG
entity:
  the Spectrum of Holoprosencephaly Phenotypes Role of Pharmacogenetics in Public Health and Clinical Health Care A SWOT Analysis Population Pharmacogenomics for Precision Public Health


id: cord-297216-1b99hm1e
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  The Limits of the Self Immunology and Biological Identity Philosophy of Immunology Influences of Microbiota on Intestinal Immune System Development Role of Commensal Bacteria in Development of Gut Associated Lymphoid Tissues


id: cord-297216-1b99hm1e
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  Twins Discordant for Obesity Modulate Metabolism in Mice Analysis of Intestinal Flora Development in Breast Fed


id: cord-297216-1b99hm1e
type: ORG
entity:
  Formula Fed Infants by Using Molecular Identification and Detection Methods Human Milk Glycobiome and Its Impact on the Infant Gastrointestinal


id: cord-297216-1b99hm1e
type: ORG
entity:
  the United Kingdom Review of Antimicrobial Resistance in the Environment and Its Relevance to Environmental Regulators Understanding the Contribution of Environmental Factors


id: cord-347877-px8e0hhi
type: CELL_LINE
entity:
  DtSBM model Marine Healthcare System An Analysis of Economy and Efficiency Government supply efficiency of rural medical and health in China An


id: cord-347877-px8e0hhi
type: GPE
entity:
  the People s Republic of China National Health Commission of the People s Republic of China Interpretation of Action Plan for Health Poverty Alleviation Project Poor Economics A Radical Rethinking of the Way to Fight Global Poverty Health


id: cord-308378-qnkqckvm
type: ORG
entity:
  Africa Proposal A Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool for Systematic Mixed Studies Reviews Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluations


id: cord-308378-qnkqckvm
type: DISEASE
entity:
  increase transparency of funding levels which can safeguard against the delay or diversion of funds 35 Top up disbursement


id: cord-309118-810fmd8e
type: EVENT
entity:
  the International Health Regulations Treaty and Its Impact on Management of Rapidly Emerging Zoonotic Pandemics


id: cord-337120-irpm5g7g
type: ORG
entity:
  Hygiene Task Force Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America Association for Professionals in Infection Control Infectious Diseases Society of America Controlling


id: cord-333467-de2aimuj
type: ORG
entity:
  the Chicago Department of Public Health Exemplary Practices in Public Health Preparedness Technical Revere et al BMC Public Health Communication


id: cord-333599-hl11ln2r
type: DNA
entity:
  http booksite elsevier com 9780124157668 BIBLIOGRAPHY Electronic Resources Glossary of Managed Care Terms National Association


id: cord-342386-t5b8wpe2
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  Do You Trust The Consequences of Partisanship and Trust in Government for Public Responsiveness to COVID 19 Trust and Trustworthiness Ideology


id: cord-349348-9rnvawfa
type: ORG
entity:
  st Century Committee for the Study of the Future of Public Health Division of Health Care Services Regional


id: cord-349348-9rnvawfa
type: ORG
entity:
  Santé Publique Québec Public Health Program Québec Institut national de santé publique du Québec et Ministère de la Santé et des Services


id: cord-315209-xpzqd0wk
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  DRC COVID 19 Taskforce and Ministry of Health the numbers of infected people in DRC reached 2660 on 27 May 2020 including 69 deaths 9


id: cord-332313-9m2iozj3
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  All Organizations Are Public Bridging Public and Private Organizational Theories Indicators for the dynamics of research


id: cord-332313-9m2iozj3
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  The Impact of the Crisis on Research and Innovation Policies in European Commission DG Research Reinventing


id: cord-334353-nc2jhemz
type: EVENT
entity:
  T Poole Regulation and Administrative Constitutionalism Designs on Nature Science and Democracy in Europe


id: cord-349790-dezauioa
type: ORG
entity:
  Office of Advanced Molecular Detection National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Atlanta


id: cord-351411-q9kqjvvf
type: ORG
entity:
  Communities of Practice Learning Meaning and Identity Pandemic Influenza Outbreak Research Modelling Team Pan


id: cord-345811-f0yt2a32
type: ORG
entity:
  CDC Public Health Program Public Health Practice Program Ofice Training and Education in Public Health Law


id: cord-345811-f0yt2a32
type: ORG
entity:
  the Ideological Impact of Legal Education on the Profession Thinking Beyond My Own Interpretation Reflections on Collaborative and Cooperative Learning Theory


id: cord-345811-f0yt2a32
type: ORG
entity:
  The Relationship Between Student Illicit Drug Use and School Drug Testing Policies Medicine and Public Health Ethics and Human Rights


id: cord-352546-w3catjj3
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  Final Report of The SARS Commission Spring of Fear Ontario Ministry of Health and Long term Care Social


# url

id: cord-027695-ptp62krc
domain: www.eticapa.it
url:
  http://www.eticapa.it/eticapa/documento-ufficiale-di-nuova-etica-pubblica-sul-fallimentodelle-riforme-amministrative/


id: cord-303165-ikepr2p2
domain: www.gov.uk
url:
  http://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attach-ment_data/file/127106/121109-NHS-Outcomes-Framework-2013-14.pdf


# bib

id: cord-001038-91uj6sph
author: Mirza, Nabila
date: 2013-07-01
txt: ./txt/cord-001038-91uj6sph.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-001038-91uj6sph.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3733763/
doi: 10.5210/ojphi.v5i2.4703
summary:
  This paper presents the recommendations of the Sustainable Surveillance Workgroup convened by the International Society for Disease Surveillance (ISDS) to identify strategies for building, strengthening, and maintaining surveillance systems that are equipped to provide data continuity and to handle both established and new data sources and public health surveillance practices. Public health surveillance is defined as, "the systematic and ongoing collection, management, analysis, interpretation, and dissemination of information for the purpose of informing the actions of public health decision makers." 3 In addition to providing information about the health status of our communities, surveillance is a foundation of emergency preparedness, food safety, infectious disease outbreak prevention and control, chronic disease assessments, and other key areas that protect the health, economy, and security of the public.

title:
  Steps to a Sustainable Public Health Surveillance Enterprise A Commentary from the International Society for Disease Surveillance

abstract:
  More than a decade into the 21(st) century, the ability to effectively monitor community health status, as well as forecast, detect, and respond to disease outbreaks and other events of public health significance, remains a major challenge. As an issue that affects population health, economic stability, and global security, the public health surveillance enterprise warrants the attention of decision makers at all levels. Public health practitioners responsible for surveillance functions are best positioned to identify the key elements needed for creating and maintaining effective and sustainable surveillance systems. This paper presents the recommendations of the Sustainable Surveillance Workgroup convened by the International Society for Disease Surveillance (ISDS) to identify strategies for building, strengthening, and maintaining surveillance systems that are equipped to provide data continuity and to handle both established and new data sources and public health surveillance practices.


id: cord-001634-mi5gcfcw
title: Beyond resistance: social factors in the general public response to pandemic influenza
author: Davis, Mark D M
date: 2015-04-29
txt: ./txt/cord-001634-mi5gcfcw.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-001634-mi5gcfcw.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4419473/
doi: 10.1186/s12889-015-1756-8
summary:
  In relation to pandemic influenza, public communications feature in preparedness and response planning which requires that members of the general public adopt measures during a public health emergency, including: hygiene (e.g., covering the mouth and nose when sneezing or coughing, washing hands, keeping surfaces clean, avoiding sharing personal items) and the avoidance of close contact with others [4] . This paper, therefore, uses inductive, qualitative research methods to develop new knowledge on how members of the general population respond to pandemic influenza, set against the backdrop of the assumed resistance on the part of the general public and related critiques, including, health risk fatigue, the risk communication dilemma and individualism. The research aimed to identify how members of the general public respond to pandemic influenza so that public health communications can be designed to engage with how its audiences respond to risk messages and how they enact hygiene, social isolation and related measures.

abstract:
  BACKGROUND: Influencing the general public response to pandemics is a public health priority. There is a prevailing view, however, that the general public is resistant to communications on pandemic influenza and that behavioural responses to the 2009/10 H1N1 pandemic were not sufficient. Using qualitative methods, this paper investigates how members of the general public respond to pandemic influenza and the hygiene, social isolation and other measures proposed by public health. Going beyond the commonly deployed notion that the general public is resistant to public health communications, this paper examines how health individualism, gender and real world constraints enable and limit individual action. METHODS: In-depth interviews (n = 57) and focus groups (ten focus groups; 59 individuals) were conducted with community samples in Melbourne, Sydney and Glasgow. Participants were selected according to maximum variation sampling using purposive criteria, including: 1) pregnancy in 2009/2010; 2) chronic illness; 3) aged 70 years and over; 4) no disclosed health problems. Verbatim transcripts were subjected to inductive, thematic analysis. RESULTS: Respondents did not express resistance to public health communications, but gave insight into how they interpreted and implemented guidance. An individualistic approach to pandemic risk predominated. The uptake of hygiene, social isolation and vaccine strategies was constrained by seeing oneself ‘at risk’ but not ‘a risk’ to others. Gender norms shape how members of the general public enact hygiene and social isolation. Other challenges pertained to over-reliance on perceived remoteness from risk, expectation of recovery from infection and practical constraints on the uptake of vaccination. CONCLUSIONS: Overall, respondents were engaged with public health advice regarding pandemic influenza, indicating that the idea of public resistance has limited explanatory power. Public communications are endorsed, but challenges persist. Individualistic approaches to pandemic risk inhibit acting for the benefit of others and may deepen divisions in the community according to health status. Public communications on pandemics are mediated by gender norms that may overburden women and limit the action of men. Social research on the public response to pandemics needs to focus on the social structures and real world settings and relationships that shape the action of individuals.


id: cord-004195-msqvb97f
title: Restrictive Measures in an Influenza Pandemic: A Qualitative Study of Public Perspectives
author: Smith, Maxwell J.
date: 2012-09-01
txt: ./txt/cord-004195-msqvb97f.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-004195-msqvb97f.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6973992/
doi: 10.1007/bf03404439
summary:
  RESULTS: Two key themes emerged from all town hall focus groups: 1) create an environment for compliance through communication rather than enforcement, and 2) establish the delineation between individual rights, community values, and the greater good. CONCLUSION: While there is a need for a decision-making authority and even a mechanism for enforcement, our data suggest that a more tractable approach to restrictive measures is one that enables individuals to voluntarily comply by creating an environment to compel compliance based on communication. This approach requires restrictive measures to be a) proportional to the threat, b) implemented along with reciprocal arrangements provided to those affected, and c) accompanied by open and transparent communication throughout all stages so that citizens can both understand and participate in decision-making. This approach requires restrictive measures to be a) proportional to the threat, b) implemented along with reciprocal arrangements provided to those affected, and c) accompanied by open and transparent communication throughout all stages so that citizens can both understand and participate in decision-making.

abstract:
  OBJECTIVES: Recent experiences have demonstrated that restrictive measures remain a useful public health tool during infectious disease outbreaks. However, the use of restrictive measures is not without controversy, as there is no agreed-upon threshold for when and how to invoke restrictive measures. The objectives of this study are to solicit perspectives from Canadians on the ethical considerations of using restrictive measures in response to influenza pandemics, and in turn, to use public views to contribute to a better understanding of what is considered to be the justifiable use of restrictive measures. METHODS: A series of town hall focus groups with Canadian residents from June 2008 to May 2009, in three Canadian regions, in order to achieve broad public engagement (n=3 focus groups with a total of 17 participants). RESULTS: Two key themes emerged from all town hall focus groups: 1) create an environment for compliance through communication rather than enforcement, and 2) establish the delineation between individual rights, community values, and the greater good. CONCLUSION: While there is a need for a decision-making authority and even a mechanism for enforcement, our data suggest that a more tractable approach to restrictive measures is one that enables individuals to voluntarily comply by creating an environment to compel compliance based on communication. This approach requires restrictive measures to be a) proportional to the threat, b) implemented along with reciprocal arrangements provided to those affected, and c) accompanied by open and transparent communication throughout all stages so that citizens can both understand and participate in decision-making.


id: cord-004531-agvg719f
author: Schröder-Bäck, P.
date: 2008-02-07
txt: ./txt/cord-004531-agvg719f.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-004531-agvg719f.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7079834/
doi: 10.1007/s00103-008-0449-1
summary:
  Der mögliche Ausbruch einer Pandemie mit einem neuartigen Influenza-A-Virus (im Folgenden kurz: Influenzapandemie) beschäftigt Public Health, die Öffentlichkeit und auch die Politik in den letzten Jahren vermehrt. Sie sollen sicherstellen, dass im Pandemiefall die gesundheitlichen Schäden der Bevölkerung gering gehalten werden und das öffentliche Leben so weit wie möglich aufrechterhalten wird, sodass nach einer Pandemie eine schnelle Rückkehr in den geordneten Alltag möglich wird. Die ethischen Herausforderungen bei einer Influenzapandemie liegen also vor allem darin, dass mögliche Public-Health-Maßnahmen zum Schutz der Bevölkerung individuelle Freiheiten einschränken können [16] . h. bereits in der Vorbereitung auf eine Pandemie, mit den ethischen Implikationen einer solchen auseinanderzusetzen und ethisches Urteilen bei der Weiterentwicklung von Maßnahmenkatalogen zu berücksichtigen. Die ärztliche Expertise und der heilberufliche Auftrag reichen allein nicht aus, den Herausforderungen im Falle einer befürchteten oder auch tatsächlichen Pandemie zu begegnen und gesamtgesellschaftliche Public-Health-Probleme zu lösen.

title:
  Ethische Aspekte eines Influenzapandemiemanagements und Schlussfolgerungen für die Gesundheitspolitik: Ein Überblick

abstract:
  Infectious diseases are among the major global health threats. Although associated with these diseases there are vast ethical challenges, ethics has more focused on other health related issues – e.g. associated with rare diseases, embryo research, genetic diagnosis. Nowadays we are facing a possible influenza pandemic caused by a new human influenza virus subtype. This article presents issues and ethical challenges of the pandemic threat. The authors argue that it is necessary to consider ethical implications of pandemic influenza preparedness early on and to include ethical reasoning when deciding on the measures for the pandemic management.


id: cord-005068-3ddb38de
title: Biobanking and public health: is a human rights approach the tie that binds?
author: Meslin, Eric M.
date: 2011-07-15
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7088251/
doi: 10.1007/s00439-011-1061-2
abstract:
  Ethical principles guiding public health and genomic medicine are often at odds: whereas public health practice adopts collectivist principles that emphasize population-based benefits, recent advances in genomic and personalized medicine are grounded in an individualist ethic that privileges informed consent, and the balancing of individual risk and benefit. Indeed, the attraction of personalized medicine is the promise it holds out to help individuals get the “right medicine for the right problem at the right time.” Research biobanks are an effective tool in the genomic medicine toolbox. Biobanking in public health presents a unique case study to unpack some of these issues in more detail. For example, there is a long history of using banked tissue obtained under clinical diagnostic conditions for later public health uses. But despite the collectivist approach of public health, the principles applied to the ethical challenges of biobanking (e.g. informed consent, autonomy, privacy) remain individualist. We demonstrate the value of using human rights as a public health ethics framework to address this tension in biobanking by applying it to two illustrative cases.


id: cord-005385-hswyus24
title: On the Edge of Solidarity: The Burqa and Public Life
author: Baehr, Peter
date: 2012-08-21
txt: ./txt/cord-005385-hswyus24.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-005385-hswyus24.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7091286/
doi: 10.1007/s12115-012-9584-2
summary:
  It argues that, in political terms, the wearing of the burqa and niqab is inconsistent with Western norms of equality, the backbone of the citizenship ideal; and that, in social terms, the full veil erects a partition to interpersonal understanding and reciprocity. Invented in the ancient Greek world, the concept of "public" has assumed since its birth a host of connotations: common property and the common good; a realm in which free and equal men are able to deliberate on and decide political affairs; a place of discourse rather than labor; the primacy of law over arbitrary rule; a domain in which the ruler is considered to be a kind of custodian or guardian of the commonweal rather than a seigneur or lord; a region in which citizens may find distinction and glory; an area accessible to the many; a vehicle of composite opinion; a community pursuing a joint purpose (Habermas [1962 (Habermas [ ] 1999 Oakeshott 1975: 149, 207, 218.) Each of these meanings has, in turn, taken on its own inflections; for instance, Robert Nisbet''s (1982: 249-50 ) distinction between public opinion ("the sturdy filter of long-shared values and traditions") and popular opinion (the transient froth of mood and fashion).

abstract:
  Dislike among European publics for the Islamic full veil and the desire to ban it are often ascribed to nativist "Islamophobia." This article questions that assumption. It argues that, in political terms, the wearing of the burqa and niqab is inconsistent with Western norms of equality, the backbone of the citizenship ideal; and that, in social terms, the full veil erects a partition to interpersonal understanding and reciprocity. While the constitutional duty to protect religious freedom is a good argument in favor of tolerating the full veil, the practice of wearing it is at the edge of solidarity and injurious to the democratic public sphere.


id: cord-006037-we1rp0pa
title: Leadership in public health
author: Koh, Howard K.
date: 2009
txt: ./txt/cord-006037-we1rp0pa.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-006037-we1rp0pa.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7097219/
doi: 10.1007/bf03182303
summary:
  In fact, recent years have seen a crescendo of calls to reinvigorate leadership education and training, because "today, the need for leaders is too great to leave their emergence to chance." 3-5 Such leaders could help further social justice and the common good by promoting the values captured in the preamble to the Constitution of the World Health Organization-"the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of health is one of the fundamental rights of every human being." 6 To advance such training, the Association of Schools of Public Health has identified leadership as a core competency area in the Master of Public Health Competency Model for 2007. By working between and above the levels of leadership of self, others and organizations, these transcendent leaders can ultimately shift the paradigm from "no hope" to "new hope" and create a renewed sense of community.

abstract:
  The modern public health model for leadership will unlikely be the omniscient figure with easy answers.51 Rather the public health leader of the future may well be the transcendent, collaborative «servant leader»(50,52) who knits and aligns disparate voices together behind a common mission. They pinpoint passion and compassion, promote servant leadership, acknowledge the unfamiliar, the ambiguous, and the paradoxical, communicate succinctly to reframe, and understand the «public» part of public health leadership. By working between and above the levels of leadership of self, others and organizations, these transcendent leaders can ultimately shift the paradigm from «no hope» to «new hope» and create a renewed sense of community. Such leadership will be vital as the 21st century progresses. Beginning the journey to new hope may start by motivating underdogs who nurture the spirit, discover a passion to serve, cultivate interdependence, and create uncommon bonds. These emerging leaders can tap into their unique talents, passion, and compassion to promote a mission of «the highest attainable standard of health» for all, in every community.


id: cord-006130-x8kl9bx4
title: Ethics, Pandemic Planning and Communications
author: Lee, Connal
date: 2014-05-27
txt: ./txt/cord-006130-x8kl9bx4.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-006130-x8kl9bx4.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7099310/
doi: 10.1007/bf03351458
summary:
  In the following sections, we argue for ethical pandemic communications that overcome barriers to accessing information and avoid inequalities imposed by current media arrangements. Addressing inequalities in access therefore requires making information directly accessible for the public and ensuring that information is sensitive to the varying needs and interests of different individuals and groups in society so that it is information that people have the capacity to act on. This is inadequate communication from an ethical point of view, as it places the burden of responsibility on individuals to access information.P In planning for a public health crisis such as a pandemic, there needs to be more than a formal capacity to access necessary information. 22 Given the potential for increased burden of disease amongst the disadvantaged, it may be particularly harmful for the effective implementation of pandemic plans if less well-off sections of the community and vulnerable groups are not given a voice through the media.

abstract:
  In this article we examine the role and ethics of communications in planning for an influenza pandemic. We argue that ethical communication must not only he effective, so that pandemic plans can be successfully implemented, communications should also take specific account of the needs of the disadvantaged, so that they are not further disenfranchised. This will require particular attention to the role of the mainstream media which may disadvantage the vulnerable through misrepresentation and exclusion.


id: cord-010513-7p07efxo
title: Resource Allocation and Priority Setting
author: Daniels, Norman
date: 2015-08-31
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7193709/
doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-23847-0_3
abstract:
  There has been much discussion of resource allocation in medical systems, in the United States and elsewhere. In large part, the discussion is driven by rising costs and the resulting budget pressures felt by publicly funded systems and by both public and private components of mixed health systems. In some publicly funded systems, resource allocation is a pressing issue because resources expended on one disease or person cannot be spent on another disease or person. Some of the same concern arises in mixed medical systems with multiple funding sources.


id: cord-011700-ljc5ywy2
title: Picture of a pandemic: visual aids in the COVID-19 crisis
author: Hamaguchi, Ryoko
date: 2020-06-12
txt: ./txt/cord-011700-ljc5ywy2.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-011700-ljc5ywy2.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7313870/
doi: 10.1093/pubmed/fdaa080
summary:
  As a global crisis, COVID-19 has underscored the challenge of disseminating evidence-based public health recommendations amidst a rapidly evolving, often uncensored information ecosystem—one fueled in part by an unprecedented degree of connected afforded through social media. Visual communication offers a creative and practical medium to bridge critical health literacy gaps, empower diverse patient communities through evidence-based information and facilitate public health advocacy during this pandemic and the ''new normal'' that lies ahead. While frontline clinicians and innovative researchers continue to work tirelessly, effective management of this pandemic requires engagement of the public if we are to curb further rises in cases and safely enter a ''new normal.'' However, despite the unprecedented connectedness that we are afforded in 2020, disseminating useful, accurate public health information has emerged as a major challenge-one exacerbated by the exponential growth of unverified COVID-19-related information on social media platforms. However, there remains a need for simple illustrated resources that consolidate key public health messages and validated clinical evidence into compact visual aids-especially those that can be seamlessly disseminated through social media outlets to reach diverse patient communities.

abstract:
  As a global crisis, COVID-19 has underscored the challenge of disseminating evidence-based public health recommendations amidst a rapidly evolving, often uncensored information ecosystem—one fueled in part by an unprecedented degree of connected afforded through social media. In this piece, we explore an underdiscussed intersection between the visual arts and public health, focusing on the use of validated infographics and other forms of visual communication to rapidly disseminate accurate public health information during the COVID-19 pandemic. We illustrate our arguments through our own experience in creating a validated infographic for patients, now disseminated through social media and other outlets across the world in nearly 20 translations. Visual communication offers a creative and practical medium to bridge critical health literacy gaps, empower diverse patient communities through evidence-based information and facilitate public health advocacy during this pandemic and the ‘new normal’ that lies ahead.


id: cord-013405-68777jts
author: Lu, Wenze
date: 2020-09-27
txt: ./txt/cord-013405-68777jts.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-013405-68777jts.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7579357/
doi: 10.3390/ijerph17197078
summary:
  This study developed a four-dimension framework including self-disclosure, genuine response, functional interactivity, and genuineness in Chinese culture to investigate the effect of genuineness in the communication of Chinese social media influencers in pediatrics on public engagement. This study is the first to develop an integrated framework to measure genuineness in online health communication and contributes to the understanding of the effect of genuineness on Chinese public engagement in social media. Table 5 summarizes the negative binomial regression results on the sub-dimensions of "self-disclosure", "genuine response", "functional interactivity", "genuineness in Chinese culture" and the number of shares, likes, comments and positive comments. Negative Binomial Regression Results on the Sub-dimensions of "Self-disclosure", "Genuine response", "Functional interactivity", "Genuineness in Chinese Culture" and the Number of Shares, Likes, Comments and Positive Comments.

title:
  The Importance of Genuineness in Public Engagement—An Exploratory Study of Pediatric Communication on Social Media in China

abstract:
  There is a growing need for the public to interact with pediatricians through social media in China, and genuineness is a crucial factor contributing to effective communication, but few studies have examined the relationship between genuineness and its effect on public engagement. This study developed a four-dimension framework including self-disclosure, genuine response, functional interactivity, and genuineness in Chinese culture to investigate the effect of genuineness in the communication of Chinese social media influencers in pediatrics on public engagement. Content analysis was employed to examine these dimensions and the related public engagement in 300 social media posts on the largest microblogging site in China. The findings indicate that genuine response was positively associated with the number of comments and positive comments, while negatively related to the number of shares. Functional interactivity made the site more appealing, resulting in likes and shares. Genuineness in Chinese culture was reflected in engagement through sharing posts by the public. This study is the first to develop an integrated framework to measure genuineness in online health communication and contributes to the understanding of the effect of genuineness on Chinese public engagement in social media.


id: cord-015944-6srvtmbn
title: The Role of the Media in Bioterrorism
author: Brown, David
date: 2008-09-10
txt: ./txt/cord-015944-6srvtmbn.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-015944-6srvtmbn.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7120073/
doi: 10.1007/978-1-59745-326-4_15
abstract: nan
summary:
  Consequently, understanding policy issues involving bioterrorism -to mention nothing of terrorist events themselves -requires knowledge of biological mechanisms, an appreciation of clinical decision-making in medicine, and a sense of how to conceptualize and evaluate relative risks. In the 110 days after the first case, the Office of Communications at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the government agency coordinating the public health response to the attacks, conducted 23 press briefings and 306 television interviews, wrote 44 press releases, and took 7737 calls from the news media [2] . The media and public were interested in what the response to the event seemed to say about state decision making and readiness to address emergencies in general [26] .'''' If a journalist doesn''t really understand the medical, statistical, and biological substance of a disease outbreak, he can at least appear to be knowledgeable about the interaction of individuals and agencies, and how events are believed to be changing their power and image.


id: cord-016387-ju4130bq
title: A Brief History of Advances Toward Health
author: Last, John
date: 2005
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7120648/
doi: 10.1007/0-387-24103-5_1
abstract:
  Three major discoveries determined the health and history of the human species. The first occurred almost a million years ago, when our hominid precursors discovered how to use fire to cook the meat they had hunted. They found that cooked meat tasted better, it didn’t go bad so quickly, and eating it was less likely to make them ill. Our understanding of nutrition, a basic tenet of public health science, and the art of cooking have been improving ever since.


id: cord-016405-86kghmzf
author: Lai, Allen Yu-Hung
date: 2014-06-13
txt: ./txt/cord-016405-86kghmzf.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-016405-86kghmzf.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7120670/
doi: 10.1007/978-4-431-55022-8_15
summary:
  We use a case study to highlight the disaster impacts and insights drawn from Singapore''s risk management experience with specific references to the SARS epidemic. The implications from the SARS focus on four areas: staying vigilant at the community level, remaining flexible in a national command structure, the demand for surge capacity, and collaborative governance at regional level. To understand the principles and practices of Singapore''s approach to disaster risk management, we carry out an historical analysis of official documents obtained from the relevant Singapore government agencies as well as international organizations, literature reviews, quantitative analysis of economic impacts, qualitative interviews with key informants (e.g. public health professionals and decision-makers), and email communications with frontline managers from the public sector (e.g. the Singapore Civil Defense Force, the Communicable Disease Centre) and non-governmental organizations. Responding to the uncertainty of disease transmission, the Singapore government instituted many draconian public policies, such as social distancing, quarantine and isolation, as risk mitigating measures.

title:
  Impact of Disasters and Disaster Risk Management in Singapore: A Case Study of Singapore’s Experience in Fighting the SARS Epidemic

abstract:
  Singapore is vulnerable to both natural and man-made disasters alongside its remarkable economic growth. One of the most significant disasters in recent history was the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) epidemic in 2003. The SARS outbreak was eventually contained through a series of risk mitigating measures introduced by the Singapore government. This would not be possible without the engagement and responsiveness of the general public. This chapter begins with a description of Singapore’s historical disaster profiles, the policy and legal framework in the all-hazard management approach. We use a case study to highlight the disaster impacts and insights drawn from Singapore’s risk management experience with specific references to the SARS epidemic. The implications from the SARS focus on four areas: staying vigilant at the community level, remaining flexible in a national command structure, the demand for surge capacity, and collaborative governance at regional level. This chapter concludes with a presence of the flexible command structure on both the way and the extent it was utilized.


id: cord-017349-eu1gvjlx
title: Disaster Preparedness and Social Capital
author: Koh, Howard K.
date: 2008
txt: ./txt/cord-017349-eu1gvjlx.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-017349-eu1gvjlx.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7121889/
doi: 10.1007/978-0-387-71311-3_13
summary:
  In many parts of the United States, efforts have focused attention to regionalization of local public health, surge capacity planning, vulnerable populations, risk communication, and training through exercises and drills. The United States unveiled its National Pandemic Influenza Plan in November, 2005, addressing areas such as domestic and international surveillance, vaccine development and production, antiviral therapeutics, communications and state/local preparedness. Mounting a rapid, coordinated, integrated local response to mass casualty events such as pandemic influenza necessitates tight collaboration among a host of participants, including emergency management, public health, law enforcement, fire, emergency medical services, health care providers, public works, municipal government, and community-based organizations. In a time of social isolation where many are "bowling alone", disaster preparedness efforts may serve as a force that reverses this trend and contributes to a legacy of stronger local public health and a more revitalized society for the future.

abstract:
  The first decade of the 21st century has pushed the field of disaster preparedness to the forefront of public health. In a few short years, the world has witnessed the far–ranging ramifications of 9/11 and anthrax (2001), SARS (2003), the Indian Ocean tsunami (2004), Hurricane Katrina (2005) and the looming threat of pandemic influenza. Societies everywhere are responding to these developments with new policies that commit added resources for protection against future disasters.


id: cord-017463-repm1vw9
title: Public Health Surveillance: A Vital Alert and Response Function
author: Ungchusak, Kumnuan
date: 2018-07-27
txt: ./txt/cord-017463-repm1vw9.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-017463-repm1vw9.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7122032/
doi: 10.1057/978-1-137-54984-6_10
summary:
  We examine networks that contribute to global surveillance systems and highlight the role of social media and information technology in providing data to monitor new events of international importance. The IHR 2005 require countries to develop core capacities in public health, including surveillance systems and epidemiology services, that can analyse and act on surveillance information to detect and respond to diseases where and when they occur so that their potential to spread internationally is decreased. Surveillance and response teams detect early stage public health threats while control programmes gather disease (or condition) specific information to plan activities. These networks depend on cooperation of governments, public health workers and scientists to report cases, provide specimens and share information so that specific diseases can be controlled globally.

abstract:
  Ungchusak, Heymann and Pollack address the critical global issue of public health surveillance. They describe how epidemiologists collect and use surveillance data to detect unusual events or outbreaks and to guide control programmes. Drawing on their combined international experience, the authors explain the vital role that data play in alerting authorities to respond to outbreaks such as Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome, Ebola, Zika virus and Avian influenza. They point to the importance of sharing information globally while ensuring equal benefits to providers of data, coordinating surveillance activities across sectors, building capacity for surveillance and coordinating national surveillance activities. The authors emphasise the need for enhanced global cooperation to prepare for future public health emergencies of international concern.


id: cord-017721-5bp0qpte
title: Public Health Law and Biological Terrorism
author: Gable, Lance
date: 2008-09-10
txt: ./txt/cord-017721-5bp0qpte.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-017721-5bp0qpte.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7122365/
doi: 10.1007/978-1-59745-326-4_12
abstract: nan
summary:
  However, many existing public health and emergency response laws at the state and federal levels may not be sufficient to address biological terrorism. Federal public health and legal authorities may specifically respond to multiple components of a bioterrorism attack, as well as offer guidance and expertise to assist state and local governments in their responses. In the following sections, we focus predominantly on two specific areas of public health powers authorized under law: (1) restrictions on personal liberty (quarantine, isolation, travel restrictions, privacy) and (2) restrictions on property (decontamination, use of supplies and facilities, disposal of remains). The use of quarantine and isolation by state and local governments is therefore legally and constitutionally acceptable, provided that these powers are used appropriately to protect public health and safety. When should public health authorities use quarantine or isolation to restrict individuals during a bioterrorism emergency?


id: cord-017733-xofwk88a
title: Uncertainty and Immunity in Public Communications on Pandemics
author: Davis, Mark
date: 2018-11-04
txt: ./txt/cord-017733-xofwk88a.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-017733-xofwk88a.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7122379/
doi: 10.1007/978-981-13-2802-2_3
summary:
  The chapter draws on research conducted in Australia and Scotland on public engagements with the 2009 influenza (swine flu) pandemic and discusses implications for communications on more recent infectious disease outbreaks, including Ebola and Zika. Like the "swine flu affair" of the 1970s in the United States (Fineberg 2008) , the 2009 pandemic raised questions for the public health system of how to shape public action in light of the significant uncertainties which are particular to influenza, and without jeopardizing trust in government and the scientific knowledge on which is built public policy. Appeals to the collective good and altruistic vaccination on which depend public health efforts concerning pandemics, may miss the point that individuals are led to think of their personal immunity as an arena within which they can sustain themselves in the face of deeply uncertain threats which arise in communal life. Individualized ideas of immunity in connection with uncertainties may limit the effectiveness of public health communications on influenza pandemics and other contagious threats.

abstract:
  This chapter examines uncertainty in the expert advice on pandemics given to members of the general public. The chapter draws on research conducted in Australia and Scotland on public engagements with the 2009 influenza (swine flu) pandemic and discusses implications for communications on more recent infectious disease outbreaks, including Ebola and Zika. It shows how public health messages aim to achieve a workable balance of warning and reassurance and deflect problems of trust in experts and science. The chapter considers how uncertainties which prevail in pandemics reinforce the personalization of responses to pandemic risk, in ways that undermine the cooperation and collective action which are also needed to respond effectively to pandemics.


id: cord-018254-v8syiwie
title: Case Study – United States of America
author: Rotz, Lisa D.
date: 2012-08-31
txt: ./txt/cord-018254-v8syiwie.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-018254-v8syiwie.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7123088/
doi: 10.1007/978-94-007-5273-3_18
summary:
  This act authorized more than 1.5 billion US dollars in grants to state and local governments and healthcare facilities to improve planning, training, detection, and response capacity as well as funding to expand the federal Strategic National Stockpile of medications and vaccines and upgrade food inspection capacity and CDC facilities that deal with public health threats. In addition to the central role the LRN played in detecting and responding to the 2001 anthrax letter event, the commitment to infrastructure support and standardized platform testing capacity within the LRN has also proven extremely bene fi cial in assisting with more rapid and broader deployment of tests developed in response to other emerging public health threats such as the 2003 Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) and the 2009 H1N1 avian in fl uenza pandemic.

abstract:
  The United States (US) considers the intentional use of a biological agent a serious national security threat. Over the last decade, federal, state, and local governments in the US have made concerted efforts to enhance preparedness within the public health, medical, and emergency response systems to address this threat. These activities span a wide range of areas from the enactment of new legal authorities and legislative changes to significant financial investments to enhance multiple detection and response system capabilities and the adoption of a national command and control structure for response. Many of these investments, although prompted by the concern for bioterrorism, have served to strengthen public health, medical, and emergency response systems overall and have proven invaluable in responses to other large-scale emergencies, such as the 2009 H1N1 influenza pandemic.


id: cord-018316-drjfwcdg
title: Building the Infrastructure and Regulations Needed for Public Health and Fitness
author: Shephard, Roy J.
date: 2017-09-19
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7123162/
doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-65097-5_22
abstract:
  1. To recognize the importance to the maintenance of good health of adequate public health regulations and an infrastructure that provides clean water and appropriate waste management. 2. To see the lack of such amenities over many centuries, but the progressive development of public health bureaucracies dedicated to provision of an appropriate infrastructure for healthy cities, beginning during the Victorian Era. 3. To observe how responsibility for the provision of adequate housing for poorer city dwellers has been shared between government, benevolent entrepreneurs and charities. 4. To note the new challenges to public health presented by such current issues as the abuse of tobacco and mood-altering drugs, continuing toxic auto-emissions, the epidemic of HIV/AIDS, a decreased acceptance of MMR vaccinations, and the ready spread of infectious diseases by air travel.


id: cord-018336-6fh69mk4
title: Public Health Informatics and the Health Information Infrastructure
author: Yasnoff, William A.
date: 2006
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7123186/
doi: 10.1007/0-387-36278-9_15
abstract:
  What are the three core functions of public health, and how do they help shape the different foci of public health and medicine? What are the current and potential effects of a) the genomics revolution; and b) 9/11 on public health informatics? What were the political, organizational, epidemiological, and technical issues that influenced the development of immunization registries? How do registries promote public health, and how can this model be expanded to other domains (be specific about those domains) ? How might it fail in others?Why? What is the vision and purpose of the National Health Information Infrastructure? What kinds of impacts will it have, and in what time periods? Why don’t we have one already? What are the political and technical barriers to its implementation? What are the characteristics of any evaluation process that would be used to judge demonstration projects?


id: cord-018384-peh5efat
title: Public Health Laboratories
author: Merrick, Riki
date: 2013-07-29
txt: ./txt/cord-018384-peh5efat.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-018384-peh5efat.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7123241/
doi: 10.1007/978-1-4471-4237-9_16
summary:
  Their work informs public health offi cials in state government, allowing for targeted disease surveillance, quicker response to disease outbreak and provides population based data that may lead to new guidelines or policies to protect their residents. Such emergencies might include bioterrorist incidents, newly emerging diseases, and foreign animal disease agents that threaten the nation''s food supply and public health GISN [ 17 ] The WHO Global Infl uenza Surveillance Network (GISN) receives result reports and samples of isolates from participating state and municipal PHLs to monitor infl uenza disease burden, detect potential novel pandemic strains, and obtain suitable virus isolates for vaccine development by promoting workfl ow improvements and refi ning laboratory science operations within the laboratory. Having identifi ed the need to harmonize the adoption of standards across federal programs and PHL functional areas, APHL is actively involved in national standards harmonization activities for laboratoryrelated use cases (information exchange standards for laboratory orders and results, reporting in clinical and public health settings, as well as functional standards for Electronic Health Record System (EHR-S) interactions with PHLs).

abstract:
  This chapter will review the multiple functions of Public Health Laboratories (PHLs), including their differences to commercial clinical laboratories. For example, the types of samples submitted to PHLs differ from those submitted to commercial clinical laboratories. PHLs are critically important to population based healthcare; playing an essential role in the detection of disease outbreaks. This chapter will describe the hierarchical organization of the PHL system in the Unites States, as well as the networks that have been created to support diverse PHL functions such as food safety testing and emergency response to terrorisms or natural disaster. It will briefly describe the standards used by PHLs and how the implementation of standards should further improve patient safety as a whole. In this chapter the reader will be introduced to PHL informatics in the context of the laboratories operational workflow – from test ordering, interfacing with diagnostic instruments, quality control and result reporting and analysis. The reader will also understand the impact of PHL informatics collaboration efforts and its effect on ongoing policy development.


id: cord-018504-qqsmn72u
title: Public Health Lessons: Practicing and Teaching Public Health
author: Caron, Rosemary M.
date: 2014-09-23
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7123391/
doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-07290-6_4
abstract:
  The following four cases represent events that actually occurred at the local, statewide, national, and international levels. A general, succinct overview is provided of each case with references listed should the reader want to access additional resource materials. The concise format of these cases is intended to generate questions. Following the general overview of each case, I examine the lessons learned from the practitioner and educator perspective and I list the skills necessary to address the issues in the case. The reader will note that there are skills that are essential for the public health practitioner to master, whether one is in an internship, entry-level position, or the director of a public health organization and so these skills are consistently listed. I encourage the reader to regularly keep abreast of the news locally and abroad and to set aside time before a staff meeting or supervisory group meeting, or use the first few minutes of a class to discuss these issues. Ask your workforce or students, “Are we ready to handle such an event if it were to occur here?”; “What resources would we need to have accessible?”; “Have we partnered with the correct agencies in the community?”; “Do we have an established, trusted presence in the community?”; “Who else do we need on our team?”; “Do we need training in a specialty area, e.g., emergency preparedness?”; “What skills have we mastered and what skills do we need to obtain?” The discussion-based questions are endless but one runs the risk of not being prepared, either individually, or in their agency, should they not discuss how public health events are occurring around us daily. I encourage you to adapt these selected cases to use in your organization and/or classroom. Discussing these issues and reviewing the lessons learned will only help us to be better prepared public health practitioners and educators of public health students.


id: cord-018794-stcre6ol
title: Promoting Universal Coverage of Basic Public Services Among Urban Residents
author: Wang, Ning
date: 2014-12-31
txt: ./txt/cord-018794-stcre6ol.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-018794-stcre6ol.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7123764/
doi: 10.1007/978-3-662-46324-6_10
summary:
  In 2013, it was made clear in the Report on the Work of the Government that relevant authorities should accelerate reform of the household registration system and related institutions; that they should register eligible rural workers as permanent urban residents in an orderly manner, "progressively expand the coverage of basic public services in urban areas to include all their permanent residents and create an equitable institutional environment for freedom of movement and for people to live and work in contentment." Accordingly, in order to protect the rights of migrants and improve the quality of the process of social urbanization in China, the most significant tasks involve investigating the current status of basic public services in Chinese towns and cities, especially the public services provided for potential new permanent migrant worker residents, and exploring methods to expand the coverage of these basic public services in urban areas to all their permanent residents.

abstract:
  In 2012, China’s urbanization rate reached 52.57 % but, if we counted only people with urban hukous, this was only 35.29 %; there were 263 million migrant workers in China, where they have already been playing a leading role in urbanization. Nonetheless, governments are still managing applications for new permanent urban residents’ registration, demanded by rural migrant workers, by using the long-established hukou-based public service policies. This has constituted a big obstacle to the citizenization of rural migrant workers in China, caused a great deal of problems with urban management, and is contrary to social justice. In 2013, it was made clear in the Report on the Work of the Government that relevant authorities should accelerate reform of the household registration system and related institutions; that they should register eligible rural workers as permanent urban residents in an orderly manner, “progressively expand the coverage of basic public services in urban areas to include all their permanent residents and create an equitable institutional environment for freedom of movement and for people to live and work in contentment.” Accordingly, in order to protect the rights of migrants and improve the quality of the process of social urbanization in China, the most significant tasks involve investigating the current status of basic public services in Chinese towns and cities, especially the public services provided for potential new permanent migrant worker residents, and exploring methods to expand the coverage of these basic public services in urban areas to all their permanent residents.


id: cord-019057-3j2fl358
title: Pandemic Influenza: A Comparative Ethical Approach
author: Afolabi, Michael Olusegun
date: 2018-08-28
txt: ./txt/cord-019057-3j2fl358.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-019057-3j2fl358.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7124108/
doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-92765-7_3
summary:
  This biological fact makes it difficult to stockpile influenza vaccines ahead of outbreaks and, by consequence, limits the preparedness efforts geared towards confronting the public health challenges and moral quandaries. But considering the limitations associated with antiviral drugs as well as vaccines in relation to combating pandemic influenza, some form of non-therapeutic approach is necessary, at least as some adjunct to mitigate the overall impact of pandemic influenza on the local and global human community. This implies that the care ethical lens may have some limitations in relation to sufficiently engaging the ethical dilemmas raised by pandemic influenza in particular and other types of public health disasters, in general. The chapter explored the strengths of the communitarian and care ethics moral lenses in relation to engaging the moral quandaries elicited during pandemic influenza outbreaks.

abstract:
  Community-networks such as families and schools may foster and propagate some types of public health disasters. For such disasters, a communitarian-oriented ethical lens offers useful perspectives into the underlying relational nexus that favors the spread of infection. This chapter compares two traditional bioethical lenses—the communitarian and care ethics framework—vis-à-vis their capacities to engage the moral quandaries elicited by pandemic influenza. It argues that these quandaries preclude the analytical lens of ethical prisms that are individual-oriented but warrant a people-oriented approach. Adopting this dual approach offers both a contrastive and a complementary way of rethinking the underlying socioethical tensions elicited by pandemic influenza in particular and other public health disasters generally.


id: cord-021105-6z619phm
title: Regional public goods and international organizations
author: Sandler, Todd
date: 2006-03-09
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7149029/
doi: 10.1007/s11558-006-6604-2
abstract:
  This article focuses on the provision prognosis for regional public goods (RPGs) and the role of international organizations in fostering supply in developing countries. All three properties of publicness—i.e., nonrivalry of benefits, nonexcludability of nonpayers, and the aggregation technology—play a role in this prognosis. The paper highlights many provision impediments, not faced by national or global public goods. When intervention is necessary, the analysis distinguishes the role of global, regional, and other institutional arrangements (e.g., networks and public-private partnerships). The pros and cons of subsidiarity are addressed.


id: cord-021847-wea0qpq2
title: Chemical, Biological, Radiological, and Nuclear Quarantine
author: Race, Jeffrey D.
date: 2015-10-23
txt: ./txt/cord-021847-wea0qpq2.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-021847-wea0qpq2.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7152103/
doi: 10.1016/b978-0-323-28665-7.00082-0
abstract: nan
summary:
  Standard operating guidelines and procedures will likely provide the basis for much of these decisions, including a predetermined level of response to suspected or confirmed CBRN incidents, when to initiate a public health response, how to assess the extent of damage and risk, how to determine exposure pathways and the need for mutual aid, and criteria for activating an emergency operations center (EOC) and incident command post (ICP). Trust becomes a vital commodity during times of crisis, and it will become the duty of front-line medical professionals and public health officials to minimize novel cases after an event by providing reasonable yet effective methods of controlling the movements of people and their property following an exposure disaster.


id: cord-025744-pynqwj5t
author: van der Linden, Clifton
date: 2020-05-14
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7264444/
doi: 10.1017/s0008423920000475
title:
  Does Collective Interest or Self-Interest Motivate Mask Usage as a Preventive Measure Against COVID-19?

abstract:
  The revised guidance on masks from public health officials has been one of the most significant COVID-19 policy reversals to date. Statements made at the outset of the pandemic, including those from the World Health Organization (WHO), the United States Surgeon General, and the Chief Public Health Officer of Canada, all actively discouraged asymptomatic members of the general public from wearing masks. However, on April 3, 2020, the United States Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) issued new recommendations that called for nonmedical masks, such as cloth face coverings, to be worn in public settings where other social distancing measures are difficult to maintain (Adams, 2020). Canadian public health officials quickly followed with their own guidance for wearing nonmedical masks or face coverings when out in public; however, they have stressed that doing so is optional for asymptomatic persons and should be seen as a complement to existing precautionary measures such as physical distancing and hand hygiene, particularly in cases where physical distancing may not be feasible (Public Health Agency of Canada, 2020). Emphasis was placed on nonmedical masks serving not to protect the wearer, but rather others who come within close proximity of the wearer. Echoing her public statements on the matter, Canada's chief public health officer Tweeted that “[w]earing a NON-MEDICAL mask in public settings has not been proven to add any protection TO the person wearing it, but it can be an additional way to prevent spread FROM an infected person to others” (Tam, 2020).


id: cord-025905-9k7owm1v
title: Coronavirus: reducing the impact of quarantine
author: Acton, Michele
date: 2020-04-29
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7267591/
doi: 10.1002/tre.737
abstract:
  On the 26th February 2020, a meeting was held at the Royal Society of Medicine between key advisers in UK healthcare and law enforcement to discuss quarantine measures in response to the current COVID‐19 outbreak. This article is a brief summary of the comments and questions raised at the meeting.


id: cord-027695-ptp62krc
title: Conclusions: Still Risking Implementation Gaps
author: Cavatorto, Sabrina
date: 2020-06-25
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7312367/
doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-32288-5_6
abstract:
  Continuity and differentiation elements in the administrative reform cycles are considered from the perspective of implementation, and its gaps. The reformist seasons of the last 25 years mostly shared the same principles, goals and weaknesses in their implementation phases. The vicious cycle of administrative reforms has not been defused: the widespread disagreement in the policy community against further waves of comprehensive reform is an indicator of a persistent low degree of practical implementation, and rather of the prevalence of contradictory effects with respect to reforming principles and goals, like the performance evaluation introduced by statute in 2009. Creeping resistance within administrations is a constant presence, apparently unaffected by several waves of normative innovation. Notwithstanding the recent call for “concreteness” of the Five-Star Movement and League “government of change”, we find that the lack of empirical, in-depth organizational analysis gives the real measure of current complexity to be dealt with.


id: cord-028618-kn87q7nb
title: Democracy and the Politics of Coronavirus: Trust, Blame and Understanding
author: Flinders, Matthew
date: 2020-06-23
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7337828/
doi: 10.1093/pa/gsaa013
abstract:
  This article explores the relationship between crises and democracy through a focus on the unfolding coronavirus pandemic. Its central argument is that to interpret the current pandemic purely in terms of its epidemiology and public health implications risks overlooking its potentially more significant socio-political consequences. This is because the challenges posed by the coronavirus crisis have themselves become overlaid or layered-upon a pre-existing set of concerns regarding the performance, efficiency and capacity of democratic political structures. The aim of this article is to try and understand and warn against what might be termed a rather odd form of cross-contamination whereby the cynicism, negativity and frustration concerning politicians, political processes and political institutions that existed before the coronavirus outbreak is allowed to direct, define and automatically devalue how democratic structures are subsequently judged in terms of how they responded to the challenge. As such, this article focuses on the link between the Coronavirus crisis and the democratic crisis; or, more precisely, the risk that the Coronavirus crisis may mutate into and fuel a broader crisis of democracy.


id: cord-029261-6d9cjeec
title: Urban Public Health, a Multidisciplinary Approach
author: D’Alessandro, Daniela
date: 2020-07-16
txt: ./txt/cord-029261-6d9cjeec.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-029261-6d9cjeec.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7362667/
doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-49446-9_1
summary:
  WHO considers urbanization as one of the key challenges for public health in the twenty-first century, since cities offer significant opportunities to improve public health if health-enhancing policies and actions are promoted. Speaking about urban environment, it is to be underlined that cities around the world face many health challenges, including air, water and soil pollution, traffic congestion and noise, and poor housing conditions, and all these situations are caused and worsened by unsustainable urban development and climate change. It follows that health and environmental issues, like climate change or the growing populations, need to be addressed using "holistic" approaches that require the development of multidisciplinary research synergies focused on urban health, accompanied by multidisciplinary sustainable interventions. Shaping cities for health: complexity and the planning of urban environments in the 21st century

abstract:
  Urban environment is a highly complex interactive socio-physical system, with competing expectations and priorities. Public health interventions have always had a fundamental role in the control of diseases in cities. WHO considers urbanization as one of the key challenges for public health in the twenty-first century, since cities offer significant opportunities to improve public health if health-enhancing policies and actions are promoted. A multidisciplinary approach is required, but the basic differences existing between technical and health disciplines make the interaction difficult. The multidisciplinary collaboration is still at a very early stage of development, and needs to be further understood and planned. The author concludes stressing the need for a transversal training, but also for sharing knowledge, instruments and methods, involving all the actors in the planning process, to develop a real multidisciplinary approach.


id: cord-031017-xjnbmah5
author: Van Goethem, N.
date: 2020-08-31
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7456758/
doi: 10.1186/s12889-020-09428-4
title:
  Perceived utility and feasibility of pathogen genomics for public health practice: a survey among public health professionals working in the field of infectious diseases, Belgium, 2019

abstract:
  BACKGROUND: Pathogen genomics is increasingly being translated from the research setting into the activities of public health professionals operating at different levels. This survey aims to appraise the literacy level and gather the opinions of public health experts and allied professionals working in the field of infectious diseases in Belgium concerning the implementation of next-generation sequencing (NGS) in public health practice. METHODS: In May 2019, Belgian public health and healthcare professionals were invited to complete an online survey containing eight main topics including background questions, general attitude towards pathogen genomics for public health practice and main concerns, genomic literacy, current and planned NGS activities, place of NGS in diagnostic microbiology pathways, data sharing obstacles, end-user requirements, and key drivers for the implementation of NGS. Descriptive statistics were used to report on the frequency distribution of multiple choice responses whereas thematic analysis was used to analyze free text responses. A multivariable logistic regression model was constructed to identify important predictors for a positive attitude towards the implementation of pathogen genomics in public health practice. RESULTS: 146 out of the 753 invited public health professionals completed the survey. 63% of respondents indicated that public health agencies should be using genomics to understand and control infectious diseases. Having a high level of expertise in the field of pathogen genomics was the strongest predictor of a positive attitude (OR = 4.04, 95% CI = 1.11 – 17.23). A significantly higher proportion of data providers indicated to have followed training in the field of pathogen genomics compared to data end-users (p < 0.001). Overall, 79% of participants expressed interest in receiving further training. Main concerns were related to the cost of sequencing technologies, data sharing, data integration, interdisciplinary working, and bioinformatics expertise. CONCLUSIONS: Belgian health professionals expressed favorable views about implementation of pathogen genomics in their work activities related to infectious disease surveillance and control. They expressed the need for suitable training initiatives to strengthen their competences in the field. Their perception of the utility and feasibility of pathogen genomics for public health purposes will be a key driver for its further implementation.


id: cord-035351-3mv6x0w9
title: Guardians of Public Value: How Public Organizations Become and Remain Institutions
author: Boin, Arjen
date: 2020-11-13
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7658671/
doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-51701-4_1
abstract:
  It’s an institution—a phrase we have all come across or may have used. We intuitively understand what it means. There is something special, perhaps mythical, about them. We value these institutions. We may even find it hard to imagine a life without some of these institutions. In this chapter, we offer a definition of institutions and introduce our theoretical framework (based on the work of Philip Selznick). We introduce the case studies in this book and identify patterns of institution building.


id: cord-138627-jtyoojte
title: Public Goods From Private Data -- An Efficacy and Justification Paradox for Digital Contact Tracing
author: Buzzell, Andrew
date: 2020-07-14
txt: ./txt/cord-138627-jtyoojte.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-138627-jtyoojte.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://arxiv.org/pdf/2007.07016v1.pdf
doi: nan
summary:
  Privacy-centric analysis treats data as private property, frames the relationship between individuals and governments as adversarial, entrenches technology platforms as gatekeepers, and supports a conception of emergency public health authority as limited by individual consent and considerable corporate influence that is in some tension with the more communitarian values that typically inform public health ethics. They require populations be persuaded to use the DCT app, and that hardware and software vendors cooperate with public health authorities to resolve barriers to adoption and usage, such as the need for software modifications to enable passive RSSI measurement. The privacy preserving model serves vendor interests, allowing them to cooperate with public health authorities, thus avoiding regulatory or coercive measures, by limiting the possibility that the use of DCT apps breaks tacit or contractual agreements with their users that could damage already wavering public trust.

abstract:
  Debate about the adoption of digital contact tracing (DCT) apps to control the spread of COVID-19 has focussed on risks to individual privacy (Sharma&Bashir 2020, Tang 2020). This emphasis reveals significant challenges to ethical deployment of DCT, but generates constraints which undermine justification to implement DCT. It would be a mistake to view this result solely as the successful operation of ethical foresight analysis (Floridi&Strait 2020), preventing deployment of potentially harmful technology. Privacy-centric analysis treats data as private property, frames the relationship between individuals and governments as adversarial, entrenches technology platforms as gatekeepers, and supports a conception of emergency public health authority as limited by individual consent and considerable corporate influence that is in some tension with the more communitarian values that typically inform public health ethics. To overcome the barriers to ethical and effective DCT, and develop infrastructure and policy that supports the realization of potential public benefits of digital technology, a public resource conception of aggregate data should be developed.


id: cord-198609-jyg9y4g2
title: The Economic Costs of Containing a Pandemic
author: Noguchi, Asahi
date: 2020-06-21
url: https://arxiv.org/pdf/2006.11750v1.pdf
doi: nan
abstract:
  The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has caused one of the most serious social and economic losses to countries around the world since the Spanish influenza pandemic of 1918 (during World War I). It has resulted in enormous economic as well as social costs, such as increased deaths from the spread of infection in a region. This is because public regulations imposed by national and local governments to deter the spread of infection inevitably involves a deliberate suppression of the level of economic activity. Given this trade-off between economic activity and epidemic prevention, governments should execute public interventions to minimize social and economic losses from the pandemic. A major problem regarding the resultant economic losses is that it unequally impacts certain strata of the society. This raises an important question on how such economic losses should be shared equally across the society. At the same time, there is some antipathy towards economic compensation by means of public debt, which is likely to increase economic burden in the future. However, as Paul Samuelson once argued, much of the burden, whether due to public debt or otherwise, can only be borne by the present generation, and not by future generations.


id: cord-253120-yzb8yo90
author: Popovich, Michael L.
date: 2018-09-21
txt: ./txt/cord-253120-yzb8yo90.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-253120-yzb8yo90.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.5210/ojphi.v10i2.9147
doi: 10.5210/ojphi.v10i2.9147
summary:
  This paper builds upon early experiments to empower individuals in this ecosystem by leveraging the value of these public health data assets and trusted communications, illustrating the possibilities for engaging consumers to support reducing the impact of emerging diseases, outbreaks and the next pandemic. If the odds of receiving accurate information during a pandemic are against you in the social media world, consider the opportunity if there were direct public health agency communication channels to individuals -by building on existing immunization networks. It was through these early experiments and the growing data assets in state immunization systems that create a framework and technical platform to accelerate the potential value of engaging individuals in response plans for pandemic preparedness planning and support of today''s outbreak. The next step is to begin to engage individuals to establish those that would be willing to provide ongoing information to public health specific to immunizations and disease occurrences.

title:
  The Power of Consumer Activism and the Value of Public Health Immunization Registries in a Pandemic: Preparedness for Emerging Diseases and Today’s Outbreaks

abstract:
  Public Health immunization registries and the immunization ecosystem have evolved over the past two decades to become significant population health data assets. Clinical providers and pharmacists are reporting the immunizations given to their patients to public health registries in 49 states and all territories, creating consolidated immunization event patient records. Most of these immunization events are reported through the provider’s Electronic Health Record system (EHR), Pharmacy Management System (PMS), online, or through data uploads. Meaningful Use and health data standards (HL7) became the drivers that accelerated reporting to immunization registries and significantly improved the quantity and quality of the data. The infrastructure supporting the Immunization Ecosystem (IE) has enabled real-time compliance reporting and, more importantly, real-time patient queries. The provider community now has online access to a patient’s immunization history in over three quarters of the states, and growing. This access includes a forecast of the patient’s immunization gaps provided by public health decision support tools based upon the most recent ACIP recommendations. This is creating an opportunity for the provider and the patient to work together to reduce their risk of suffering a vaccine-preventable disease. This IE and the data in an Immunization Information System (IIS) are especially useful as pharmacies expand their immunization practices and create opportunities to reduce the adolescent and adult immunization gaps. In a few states, this provider-public health ecosystem has begun to extend to individuals by allowing them to access the IIS online through the use of MyIR. MyIR provides them with the electronic version of their immunization "yellow cards," recommendations for immunizations due, and the ability to print official certificates. This emerging consumer engagement creates opportunities to empower individuals to be more proactive in their family’s health care. This paper builds upon early experiments to empower individuals in this ecosystem by leveraging the value of these public health data assets and trusted communications, illustrating the possibilities for engaging consumers to support reducing the impact of emerging diseases, outbreaks and the next pandemic. This paper will suggest the value of the IE and the role individuals can play within their own social networks to advance public health efforts to manage disease events. In turn, this social mission would encourage consumers to be more proactive in managing their own healthcare.


id: cord-254304-6o50m9si
title: Co-production in health policy and management: a comprehensive bibliometric review
author: Fusco, Floriana
date: 2020-06-05
url: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-020-05241-2
doi: 10.1186/s12913-020-05241-2
abstract:
  BACKGROUND: Due to an increasingly elderly population, a higher incidence of chronic diseases and higher expectations regarding public service provision, healthcare services are under increasing strain to cut costs while maintaining quality. The importance of promoting systems of co-produced health between stakeholders has gained considerable traction both in the literature and in public sector policy debates. This study provides a comprehensive map of the extant literature and identifies the main themes and future research needs. METHODS: A quantitative bibliometric analysis was carried out consisting of a performance analysis, science mapping, and a scientific collaboration analysis. Web of Science (WoS) was chosen to extract the dataset; the search was refined by language, i.e. English, and type of publication, i.e. journal academic articles and reviews. No time limitation was selected. RESULTS: The dataset is made up of 295 papers ranging from 1994 to May 2019. The analysis highlighted an annual percentage growth rate in the topic of co-production of about 25%. The articles retrieved are split between 1225 authors and 148 sources. This fragmentation was confirmed by the collaboration analysis, which revealed very few long-lasting collaborations. The scientific production is geographically polarised within the EU and Anglo-Saxon countries, with the United Kingdom playing a central role. The intellectual structure consists of three main areas: public administration and management, service management and knowledge translation literature. The co-word analysis confirms the relatively low scientific maturity of co-production applied to health services. It shows few well-developed and central terms, which refer to traditional areas of co-production (e.g. public health, social care), and some emerging themes related to social and health phenomena (e.g. the elderly and chronic diseases), the use of technologies, and the recent patient-centred approach to care (patient involvement/engagement). CONCLUSIONS: The field is still far from being mature. Empirical practices, especially regarding co-delivery and co-management as well as the evaluation of their real impacts on providers and on patients are lacking and should be more widely investigated.


id: cord-257571-4ujw0mn1
title: Assessing Continuous Quality Improvement in Public Health: Adapting Lessons from Healthcare
author: Price, Alex
date: 2017-02-17
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28277203/
doi: nan
abstract:
  CONTEXT: Evidence of the effect of continuous quality improvement (CQI) in public health and valid tools to judge that such effects are not fully formed. OBJECTIVE: The objective was to adapt and apply Shortell et al.'s (1998) four dimensions of CQI in an examination of a public health accountability and performance management initiative in Ontario, Canada. METHODS: In total, 24 semi-structured, in-depth interviews were conducted with informants from public health units and the Ministry of Health and Long-Term Care. A web survey of public health managers in the province was also carried out. RESULTS: A mix of facilitators and barriers was identified. Leadership and organizational cultures, conducive to CQI success were evident. However, limitations in performance measurement and managerial discretion were key barriers. CONCLUSION: The four dimensions of CQI provided insight into both facilitators and barriers of CQI adoption in public health. Future research should compare the outcomes of public health CQI initiatives to the framework's stated facilitators and barriers.


id: cord-257821-y3fhubnc
title: Public Health Is Essential: COVID-19’s Learnable Moment for Medical Education
author: Maeshiro, Rika
date: 2020-05-26
txt: ./txt/cord-257821-y3fhubnc.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-257821-y3fhubnc.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32452839/
doi: 10.1097/acm.0000000000003517
summary:
  To achieve a more effective medicine–public health relationship in practice, curricula across the continuum of medical education must include explanations of public health systems, the responsibilities of physicians to their local and state governmental public health agencies, and opportunities for collaboration. Recommendations to secure a foundational position in medical education for public health, described by C.-E.A. Winslow as "the science and art of preventing disease, prolonging life, and promoting health through the organized efforts and informed choices of society, organizations, public and private communities, and individuals," 2 date back for generations and are included in the 1910 Flexner Report. To achieve a more effective medicinepublic health relationship in practice, curricula across the continuum of medical education must include explanations of public health systems, the responsibilities of physicians to their local and state governmental public health agencies, and opportunities for collaboration. To achieve more effective medicinepublic health relationships in practice, medical education across the continuum must include explanations of public health systems, the responsibilities of physicians to their local and state governmental public health agencies, and opportunities for collaboration.

abstract:
  The COVID-19 pandemic, an unprecedented challenge for this generation of physicians and for the health care system, has reawakened calls to strengthen the United States’ public health systems. This global event is also a “learnable moment” for medical education—an opportunity to decisively incorporate public health, including public health systems, through the continuum of medical education. Although medical educators have made progress in integrating public health content into medical curricula, “public health” is not a phrase that is consistently used in curricular standards, and public health colleagues are not identified as unique and essential partners to improve and protect health. The COVID-19 crisis has demonstrated how a strong public health system is necessary to support the health of patients and populations, as well as the practice of medicine. Partnerships between medical and public health communities, through individual- and population-based interventions, can also more effectively combat more common threats to health, such as chronic diseases, health inequities, and substance abuse. To achieve a more effective medicine–public health relationship in practice, curricula across the continuum of medical education must include explanations of public health systems, the responsibilities of physicians to their local and state governmental public health agencies, and opportunities for collaboration. Medical education should also prepare physicians to advocate for public health policies, programs, and funding in order to improve and protect the health of their patients and communities. Pandemic COVID-19 demonstrates with laser focus that all physicians are part of public health systems and that public health content has a distinct and critical place across the continuum of medical education to prepare physicians to participate in, collaborate with, and advocate for public health systems.


id: cord-258223-8dhtwf03
title: The Next Pandemic: Supporting COVID-19 Frontline Doctors Through Film Discussion
author: Chow, Cristelle
date: 2020-09-05
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32889676/
doi: 10.1007/s10912-020-09662-2
abstract:
  This paper describes an innovative just-in-time health humanities programme to educate and provide support to COVID-19 frontline doctors-in-training. The programme incorporates small-group screening of the Netflix documentary, The Next Pandemic from the Explained series, followed by a one-hour facilitated discussion to explore themes surrounding the current pandemic and its impact on frontline doctors in a tertiary paediatric hospital in Singapore. Themes derived from the film included preparedness, blame, and the impact on healthcare workers and public, which were further discussed to include concerns regarding current local readiness levels given global connectivity, the need for international cooperation, and the effects of blame such as racism and prejudice. The association with culture; the current impact on healthcare workers, physician-patient relationships, and the public including the role of social media, the government and associated public reactions were also explored. These rich discussions demonstrate the pivotal role health humanities has in times of uncertainty such as an emerging infectious disease outbreak by providing timely pandemic education and supporting reflective learning.


id: cord-258435-lhn34tc4
author: Tracy, C Shawn
date: 2009-12-16
txt: ./txt/cord-258435-lhn34tc4.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-258435-lhn34tc4.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20015400/
doi: 10.1186/1471-2458-9-470
summary:
  CONCLUSION: To engender strong public support for quarantine and other restrictive measures, government officials and public health policy-makers would do well to implement a comprehensive system of supports and safeguards, to educate and inform frontline public health workers, and to engage the public at large in an open dialogue on the ethical use of restrictive measures during infectious disease outbreaks. In view of the evidence of potential adverse effects on individual well-being and psychosocial health, and owing to the critical necessity of high compliance in the event of a major infectious disease outbreak, it is increasingly important to understand how quarantine is perceived by the general public. The data reported in this paper are derived from a subset of 15 survey items specifically designed to measure public attitudes towards the use of quarantine during infectious disease outbreaks.

title:
  Public perceptions of quarantine: community-based telephone survey following an infectious disease outbreak

abstract:
  BACKGROUND: The use of restrictive measures such as quarantine draws into sharp relief the dynamic interplay between the individual rights of the citizen on the one hand and the collective rights of the community on the other. Concerns regarding infectious disease outbreaks (SARS, pandemic influenza) have intensified the need to understand public perceptions of quarantine and other social distancing measures. METHODS: We conducted a telephone survey of the general population in the Greater Toronto Area in Ontario, Canada. Computer-assisted telephone interviewing (CATI) technology was used. A final sample of 500 individuals was achieved through standard random-digit dialing. RESULTS: Our data indicate strong public support for the use of quarantine when required and for serious legal sanctions against those who fail to comply. This support is contingent both on the implementation of legal safeguards to protect against inappropriate use and on the provision of psychosocial supports for those affected. CONCLUSION: To engender strong public support for quarantine and other restrictive measures, government officials and public health policy-makers would do well to implement a comprehensive system of supports and safeguards, to educate and inform frontline public health workers, and to engage the public at large in an open dialogue on the ethical use of restrictive measures during infectious disease outbreaks.


id: cord-258842-vuxzv6eu
title: Legal rights during pandemics: Federalism, rights and public health laws – a view from Australia
author: Bennett, B.
date: 2009-02-26
txt: ./txt/cord-258842-vuxzv6eu.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-258842-vuxzv6eu.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.puhe.2008.12.019
doi: 10.1016/j.puhe.2008.12.019
summary:
  Secondly, our understandings of the role of law in responding to pandemics are necessarily informed by relational bonds between individuals in society, and by the meanings of rights and responsibilities for public health laws when dealing with infectious disease. 17, 19 However, while the Federal Government can seek to use its other constitutional powers to achieve health-related objectives, it is important to realize that the power under Section 51(ix) of the Constitution to make laws ''with respect to quarantine'' is the only power relating to communicable diseases directly given to the Federal Government in the Constitution, and that this, in turn, shapes Australian debates about government responses to public health issues and emergencies. 46 The World Health Organization has acknowledged the importance of legal and ethical considerations to pandemic preparedness, noting that public health measures such as quarantine, compulsory vaccination and off-licence use of medicines ''need a legal framework to ensure transparent assessment and justification of the measures that are being considered, and to ensure coherence with international legislation (International Health Regulations)''.

abstract:
  Pandemic influenza will cause significant social and economic disruption. Legal frameworks can play an important role in clarifying the rights and duties of individuals, communities and governments for times of crisis. In addressing legal frameworks, there is a need for jurisdictional clarity between different levels of government in responding to public health emergencies. Public health laws are also informed by our understandings of rights and responsibilities for individuals and communities, and the balancing of public health and public freedoms. Consideration of these issues is an essential part of planning for pandemic influenza.


id: cord-259247-7loab74f
author: CAPPS, BENJAMIN
date: 2020-06-05
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32498725/
doi: 10.1017/s0963180120000456
title:
  Where Does Open Science Lead Us During a Pandemic? A Public Good Argument to Prioritize Rights in the Open Commons

abstract:
  During the 2020 COVID-19 pandemic, open science has become central to experimental, public health, and clinical responses across the globe. Open science (OS) is described as an open commons, in which a right to science renders all possible scientific data for everyone to access and use. In this common space, capitalist platforms now provide many essential services and are taking the lead in public health activities. These neoliberal businesses, however, have a problematic role in the capture of public goods. This paper argues that the open commons is a community of rights, consisting of people and institutions whose interests mutually support the public good. If OS is a cornerstone of public health, then reaffirming the public good is its overriding purpose, and unethical platforms ought to be excluded from the commons and its benefits.


id: cord-259727-u2zj7zf6
title: Development of a tiered framework for public health capacity in Canada
author: Wallar, L. E.
date: 2016-07-31
txt: ./txt/cord-259727-u2zj7zf6.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-259727-u2zj7zf6.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S0033350616001001
doi: 10.1016/j.puhe.2016.03.009
summary:
  These families were then organized by LEW and AP into a tiered public health capacity framework where capacity within each tier builds upon the capacities within the preceding tiers, and moves from the individual to the systems level. Here, we present this framework of public health capacity that identifies individual components and suggests how they relate to and support one another for the purpose of enhancing overall capacity in public health systems. This framework arranges the components of public health capacity from the individual to the systems level. As the Standing Senate Committee on Social Affairs, Science and Technology noted, "Capacity enhancement is a broad term which encompasses a number of areas: surveillance systems; Fig. 1 e Tiered framework of public health capacity and its components. The framework is based on government and governmentcommissioned SARS reports that reviewed the Canadian and Ontario public health systems with an emphasis on community public health outbreaks and emergencies.

abstract:
  • Select SARS reports were qualitatively analyzed for usage of “capacity”/“capacities”. • Public health capacity can be sub-divided into 17 individual capacity components. • These components can be organized into five tiers to build a capacity framework. • This framework can be used to guide capacity assessment and building efforts.


id: cord-260565-cdthfl5f
author: Burkle, Frederick M.
date: 2020-04-02
url: https://doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x20000424
doi: 10.1017/s1049023x20000424
title:
  Declining Public Health Protections within Autocratic Regimes: Impact on Global Public Health Security, Infectious Disease Outbreaks, Epidemics, and Pandemics

abstract:
  Public health emergencies of international concern, in the form of infectious disease outbreaks, epidemics, and pandemics, represent an increasing risk to the worldʼs population. Management requires coordinated responses, across many disciplines and nations, and the capacity to muster proper national and global public health education, infrastructure, and prevention measures. Unfortunately, increasing numbers of nations are ruled by autocratic regimes which have characteristically failed to adopt investments in public health infrastructure, education, and prevention measures to keep pace with population growth and density. Autocratic leaders have a direct impact on health security, a direct negative impact on health, and create adverse political and economic conditions that only complicate the crisis further. This is most evident in autocratic regimes where health protections have been seriously and purposely curtailed. All autocratic regimes define public health along economic and political imperatives that are similar across borders and cultures. Autocratic regimes are seriously handicapped by sociopathic narcissistic leaders who are incapable of understanding the health consequences of infectious diseases or the impact on their population. A cross section of autocratic nations currently experiencing the impact of COVID-19 (coronavirus disease 2019) are reviewed to demonstrate the manner where self-serving regimes fail to manage health crises and place the rest of the world at increasing risk. It is time to re-address the pre-SARS (severe acute respiratory syndrome) global agendas calling for stronger strategic capacity, legal authority, support, and institutional status under World Health Organization (WHO) leadership granted by an International Health Regulations Treaty. Treaties remain the most successful means the world has in preventing, preparing for, and controlling epidemics in an increasingly globalized world. “Honesty is worth a lot more than hope…” The Economist, February 17, 2020.


id: cord-261524-nqukwoqz
title: Evaluation of Public Health Education and Workforce Needs in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
author: Al-Mohaithef, Mohammed
date: 2020-03-17
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32175716/
doi: 10.2991/jegh.k.191123.001
abstract:
  Background: An efficient public health workforce is necessary for improving and maintaining the health of population and such a workforce can be prepared through proper educational programs and trainings. Objectives: The present study aims to investigate the needs in the public health education programs, as well as need and availability of competent public health workforce in labour market of Saudi Arabia. Methods: A descriptive, cross-sectional survey was administered in two phases in the college of Health Sciences at the Saudi Electronic University (SEU). The first phase was carried out between September 2015 and December 2015, which involved interview with administrative heads of four health-related organizations. The second phase was performed in September 2017 and June 2018 after starting an undergraduate course in public health at the university. A total of 41 faculty and 408 students from different branches of SEU participated in the online survey. Results: According to administrative head of public health-related organization, there is a shortage of qualified workforce in public health. All the four organizations need workforce with the master degree in sub-speciality epidemiology. About 97.5% students agreed there is a shortage of public health speciality in these organizations. About 92.7% faculty had an opinion that there is a requirement to set-up educational programs in public health. To overcome the shortage of competent workforce, two organizations showed interest in updating their employees’ skill through bridging courses. The students perceiving bachelor course in public health showed interest to accomplish master’s degree in epidemiology (38.5%), public health education and promotion (36.5%) and infection control (35.5%). Conclusion: There is a shortage of expertise in the public health organizations and there is a need for development of more public health schools in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The establishment of public health courses especially in the field of epidemiology at undergraduate and graduate level will help in the development of efficient and competent public health workforce.


id: cord-263659-9i5qws5h
title: Basic public health services delivered in an urban community: a qualitative study
author: Zhao, Y.
date: 2010-12-08
txt: ./txt/cord-263659-9i5qws5h.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-263659-9i5qws5h.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0033350610003185
doi: 10.1016/j.puhe.2010.09.003
summary:
  CONCLUSIONS: In order to improve the delivery of basic public health services, it is necessary for Beijing Municipal Government to supply clear and detailed protocols, increase funding and increase the number of skilled practitioners in the community health services. 3 As the centre of politics, economy and culture of China, Beijing Municipal Government attaches extreme importance to and promotes advances in the development of basic public health services delivered in the community. For example, an additional duty hour allowance scheme should be brought forward, under which health workers would be allowed to work extra hours and receive pay to augment their salaries: 17 "Besides payment, of course, some changes in the process and organization of the providers'' work are also part of the solution to the problem of the under-provision of basic public health services.A useful solution to attract more community residents to see general practitioners would be to increase the proportion of medical reimbursement for CHS services."

abstract:
  OBJECTIVES: To understand the advancements in and barriers to the implementation of measures to improve basic public health services in an urban Chinese community. STUDY DESIGN: A qualitative study based on semi-structured interviews. Interviews were audio-taped, transcribed and analysed using thematic content analysis. METHODS: In-depth interviews were undertaken with the directors of the management centres for community health services in 15 of the 18 districts in Beijing from December 2008 to February 2009. Content analysis of the data was completed in May 2009. RESULTS: Fifteen types of free basic public health services had been delivered in Beijing. Some were supplied at a low level. An average of £2.38 per person per year was provided for inhabitants since 2008, but demand for funding far exceeded monies available. Teams consisting of general practitioners, community nurses and public health specialists delivered these services. The number of practitioners and their low levels of skill were insufficient to provide adequate services for community residents. Respondents gave recommendations of how to resolve the above problems. CONCLUSIONS: In order to improve the delivery of basic public health services, it is necessary for Beijing Municipal Government to supply clear and detailed protocols, increase funding and increase the number of skilled practitioners in the community health services.


id: cord-263667-5g51n27e
title: Veterinary public health: Past success, new opportunities
author: Steele, James Harlan
date: 2008-09-15
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18417229/
doi: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2008.02.014
abstract:
  Abstract Animal diseases are known to be the origin of many human diseases, and there are many examples from ancient civilizations of plagues that arose from animals, domesticated and wild. Records of attempts to control zoonoses are almost as old. The early focus on food-borne illness evolved into veterinary medicine's support of public health efforts. Key historical events, disease outbreaks, and individuals responsible for their control are reviewed and serve as a foundation for understanding the current and future efforts in veterinary public health. Animal medicine and veterinary public health have been intertwined since humans first began ministrations to their families and animals. In the United States, the veterinary medical profession has effectively eliminated those major problems of animal health that had serious public health ramifications. These lessons and experiences can serve as a model for other countries. Our past must also be a reminder that the battle for human and animal health is ongoing. New agents emerge to threaten human and animal populations. With knowledge of the past, coupled with new technologies and techniques, we must be vigilant and carry on.


id: cord-271892-cadjzw9h
author: Ario, Alex Riolexus
date: 2019-05-23
url: https://doi.org/10.1080/16549716.2019.1609825
doi: 10.1080/16549716.2019.1609825
title:
  Uganda public health fellowship program’s contribution to building a resilient and sustainable public health system in Uganda

abstract:
  Background: Low-income countries with relatively weak-health systems are highly vulnerable to public health threats. Effective public health system with a workforce to investigate outbreaks can reduce disease impact on livelihoods and economic development. Building effective public health partnerships is critical for sustainability of such a system. Uganda has made significant progress in responding to emergencies during the past quarter century, but its public health workforce is still inadequate in number and competency. Objectives: To reinforce implementation of priority public health programs in Uganda and cultivate core capacities for compliance with International Health Regulations. Methods: To develop a competent workforce to manage epidemics and improve disease surveillance, Uganda Ministry of Health (MoH) established an advanced-level Field Epidemiology Training Program, called Public Health Fellowship Program (PHFP); closely modelled after the US CDC’s Epidemic Intelligence Service. PHFP is a 2-year, full-time, non-degree granting program targeting mid-career public health professionals. Fellows spend 85% of their field time in MoH placements learning through service delivery and gaining competencies in major domains. Results: During 2015–2018, PHFP enrolled 41 fellows, and graduated 30. Fellows were placed in 19 priority areas at MoH and completed 235 projects (91 outbreaks, 12 refugee assessments, 50 surveillance, and 60 epidemiologic studies, 3 cost analysis and 18 quality improvement); made 194 conference presentations; prepared 63 manuscripts for peer-reviewed publications (27 published as of December 2018); produced MoH bulletins, and developed three case studies. Projects have resulted in public health interventions with improvements in surveillance systems and disease control. Conclusion: During the 4 years of existence, PHFP has contributed greatly to improving real-time disease surveillance and outbreak response core capacities. Enhanced focus on evidence-based targeted approaches has increased effectiveness in outbreak response and control, and integration of PHFP within MoH has contributed to building a resilient and sustainable health system in Uganda.


id: cord-277246-24u9e4wr
title: Codes of Ethics in Public Health
author: Thomas, James C.
date: 2016-10-24
url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/B9780128036785000795
doi: 10.1016/b978-0-12-803678-5.00079-5
abstract:
  Ethics in public health were distilled into a professional code relatively recently, with adoption of a code by the American Public Health Association (APHA) a little more than 10 years ago. In that short time, however, the code has influenced standards for public health practice and education. A few organizations representing disciplines within public health, such as the Society for Public Health Education (SOPHE) and the American College of Epidemiology (ACE), have written ethical guidelines specific to their professions and consistent with the APHA Code of Ethics. Codes related explicitly to public health ethics in countries other than the US have yet to be written.


id: cord-278074-cube7lfh
title: Ethical Perspectives on the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Epidemic in Korea
author: Kim, Ock-Joo
date: 2016-01-29
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26841881/
doi: 10.3961/jpmph.16.013
abstract:
  Ethical considerations are essential in planning for and responding to outbreaks of infectious diseases. During the outbreak of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) in the Republic of Korea in 2015, serious challenges emerged regarding important ethical issues, such as transparency and the protection of privacy. The development of bioethics in Korea has been influenced by individualistic perspectives applied in clinical contexts, leading to a paucity of ethical perspectives relevant to population-level phenomena such as outbreaks. Alternative theories of public health ethics include the perspectives of relational autonomy and the patient as victim and vector. Public health actions need to incorporate clear and systematic procedures founded upon ethical principles. The MERS-CoV epidemic in Korea created significant public support for more aggressive early interventions in future outbreaks. This trend makes it all the more imperative for ethical principles and procedures to be implemented in future planning and responses to outbreaks in order to promote perceptions of legitimacy and civic participation.


id: cord-278707-36rr56oe
author: Tandon, Ajay
date: 2020-07-05
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32674847/
doi: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2020.113171
title:
  From Slippery Slopes to Steep Hills: Contrasting Landscapes of Economic Growth and Public Spending for Health

abstract:
  Identifying ways to increase public spending on health is critical for the achievement of universal health coverage. While policymakers and donors often look at available options for increasing public spending for health in the medium-term, examining trends and drivers of past growth can help countries elucidate important lessons and to anticipate changes in the future. This note analyzes trends in inflation-adjusted per capita public spending for health vis-à-vis economic growth within and across a sample of 150 countries over the 2000-2017 period. Since 2000, per capita public spending for health across low- and middle-income countries has more than doubled. Less than one-fifth of this increase, however, resulted from a higher priority for health in government budgets. The remainder was largely due to conducive macroeconomic conditions such as economic growth and increases in total public spending. Furthermore, across most countries, a single time trend does not adequately capture the evolution either of economic growth or of per capita public spending on health. Instability in growth rates is large for both indicators, revealing distinct episodic patterns.


id: cord-284125-35ghtmhu
title: Perspectives of public health laboratories in emerging infectious diseases
author: Chua, Kaw Bing
date: 2013-06-26
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26038473/
doi: 10.1038/emi.2013.34
abstract:
  The world has experienced an increased incidence and transboundary spread of emerging infectious diseases over the last four decades. We divided emerging infectious diseases into four categories, with subcategories in categories 1 and 4. The categorization was based on the nature and characteristics of pathogens or infectious agents causing the emerging infections, which are directly related to the mechanisms and patterns of infectious disease emergence. The factors or combinations of factors contributing to the emergence of these pathogens vary within each category. We also classified public health laboratories into three types based on function, namely, research, reference and analytical diagnostic laboratories, with the last category being subclassified into primary (community-based) public health and clinical (medical) analytical diagnostic laboratories. The frontline/leading and/or supportive roles to be adopted by each type of public health laboratory for optimal performance to establish the correct etiological agents causing the diseases or outbreaks vary with respect to each category of emerging infectious diseases. We emphasize the need, especially for an outbreak investigation, to establish a harmonized and coordinated national public health laboratory system that integrates different categories of public health laboratories within a country and that is closely linked to the national public health delivery system and regional and international high-end laboratories.


id: cord-285397-rc65rv6r
author: Comfort, Louise
date: 2020-05-30
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32836462/
doi: 10.1111/puar.13252
abstract: nan
title:
  Crisis Decision Making on a Global Scale: Transition from Cognition to Collective Action under Threat of COVID‐19


id: cord-287304-h6wj7m8u
title: Governing the Sick City: Urban Governance in the Age of Emerging Infectious Disease
author: Keil, Roger
date: 2007-12-07
txt: ./txt/cord-287304-h6wj7m8u.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-287304-h6wj7m8u.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32313325/
doi: 10.1111/j.1467-8330.2007.00555.x
summary:
  While there has been much attention in recent years on the significance of global city regions in the new world economy (Brenner and Keil 2006) and while the governance and regulation of these regions has captured the imagination of academics and policymakers alike (Buck et al 2005; Harding 2005; Heinelt and Kübler 2005; Kantor and Savitch 2005; Scott 2001) , little has been said specifically about the growing pressures posed by the potential threat of infectious disease through the global network on urban governance. 2 For the area of urban planning and governance a more or less critical literature has begun to explore the spaces that cities have to maneuver in the rather open field of infectious disease preparedness planning and public health since the onset of the "new normal" after the attacks of 9/11 Malizia 2006; Matthew and Macdonald 2006) .

abstract:
  Abstract: Based on a case study of the 2003 severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) outbreak in Toronto, Canada, this article suggests that we may have to rethink our common perception of what urban governance entails. Rather than operating solely in the conceptual proximity of social cohesion and economic competitiveness, urban governance may soon prove to be more centrally concerned with questions of widespread disease, life and death and the construction of new internal boundaries and regulations just at the time that globalization seems to suggest the breakdown of some traditional scalar incisions such as national boundaries in a post‐Westphalian environment. We argue that urban governance must face the new (or reemerging) challenge of dealing with infectious disease in the context of the “new normal” and that global health governance may be better off by taking the possibilities that rest in metropolitan governance more seriously.


id: cord-288477-dojdlfrv
author: Doerr, Megan
date: 2020-05-18
url: https://doi.org/10.1093/jlb/lsaa028
doi: 10.1093/jlb/lsaa028
title:
  Research ethics in a pandemic: considerations for the use of research infrastructure and resources for public health activities

abstract:
  The number and size of existing research studies with massive databases and biosample repositories that could be leveraged for public health response against SARS-CoV-2 (or other infectious disease pathogens) are unparalleled in history. What risks are posed by coopting research infrastructure—not just data and samples but also participant recruitment and contact networks, communications, and coordination functions—for public health activities? The case of the Seattle Flu Study highlights the general challenges associated with utilizing research infrastructure for public health response, including the legal and ethical considerations for research data use, the return of the results of public health activities relying upon research resources to unwitting research participants, and the possible impacts of public health reporting mandates on future research participation. While research, including public health research, is essential during a pandemic, careful consideration should be given to distinguishing and balancing the ethical mandates of public health activities against the existing ethical responsibilities of biomedical researchers.


id: cord-289175-n95j94ck
title: Responding to COVID‐19: How to Navigate a Public Health Emergency Legally and Ethically
author: GOSTIN, LAWRENCE O.
date: 2020-03-26
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32219845/
doi: 10.1002/hast.1090
abstract:
  Few novel or emerging infectious diseases have posed such vital ethical challenges so quickly and dramatically as the novel coronavirus SARS‐CoV‐2. The World Health Organization declared a public health emergency of international concern and recently classified COVID‐19 as a worldwide pandemic. As of this writing, the epidemic has not yet peaked in the United States, but community transmission is widespread. President Trump declared a national emergency as fifty governors declared state emergencies. In the coming weeks, hospitals will become overrun, stretched to their capacities. When the health system becomes stretched beyond capacity, how can we ethically allocate scarce health goods and services? How can we ensure that marginalized populations can access the care they need? What ethical duties do we owe to vulnerable people separated from their families and communities? And how do we ethically and legally balance public health with civil liberties?


id: cord-293893-ibca88xu
title: Parallel Evolution and Response Decision Method for Public Sentiment based on System Dynamics
author: Xie, Tian
date: 2020-05-23
txt: ./txt/cord-293893-ibca88xu.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-293893-ibca88xu.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32834432/
doi: 10.1016/j.ejor.2020.05.025
summary:
  This method is structure-dependent rather than data-dependent and can be implemented in real-time, which makes it helpful to simulate, analyze and guide the evolution processes of dynamic public sentiment in the case of lack of historical knowledge on less-frequently occurring original events. The rationality of the cultivated SD model and the consistency between its simulation results and the real evolution trends of the public sentiment are essential to achieve scenario rehearsal and response effectively in the decision-making processes (Thompson et al., 2016) . In a decision-making process for a non-duplicated public sentiment triggered by a major public health incident or a large-scale project, because the decision makers lack prior data and knowledge, the parameters of the initial equations of the 1-general SD model can be referenced from the developed models of historical cases which are similar with the current event in type, system structure and situation.

abstract:
  Abstract Governments face difficulties in policy making in many areas such as health, food safety, and large-scale projects where public perceptions can be misplaced. For example, the adoption of the MMR vaccine has been opposed due to the publicity indicating an erroneous link between the vaccine and autism. This research proposes the “Parallel Evolution and Response Decision Framework for Public Sentiments” as a real-time decision-making method to simulate and control the public sentiment evolution mechanisms. This framework is based on the theories of Parallel Control and Management (PCM) and System Dynamics (SD) and includes four iterative steps: namely, SD modelling, simulating, optimizing, and controlling. A concrete case of an anti-nuclear mass incident that sparked public sentiment in China is introduced as a study sample to test the effectiveness of the proposed method. In addition, the results indicate the effects by adjusting the key control variables of response strategies. These variables include response time, response capacity, and transparency of the government regarding public sentiment. Furthermore, the advantages and disadvantages of the proposed method will be analyzed to determine how it can be used by policy makers in predicting public opinion and offering effective response strategies.


id: cord-294789-07hto8qn
author: Schoch-Spana, Monica
date: 2020-10-29
url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S0264410X20313682
doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.10.059
title:
  The public’s role in COVID-19 vaccination: human-centered recommendations to enhance pandemic vaccine awareness, access, and acceptance in the United States

abstract:
  Given the social and economic upheavals caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, political leaders, health officials, and members of the public are eager for solutions. One of the most promising, if they can be successfully developed, is vaccines. While the technological development of such countermeasures is currently underway, a key social gap remains. Past experience in routine and crisis contexts demonstrates that uptake of vaccines is more complicated than simply making the technology available. Vaccine uptake, and especially the widespread acceptance of vaccines, is a social endeavor that requires consideration of human factors. To provide a starting place for this critical component of a future COVID-19 vaccination campaign in the United States, the 23-person Working Group on Readying Populations for COVID-19 Vaccines was formed. One outcome of this group is a synthesis of the major challenges and opportunities associated with a future COVID-19 vaccination campaign and empirically-informed recommendations to advance public understanding of, access to, and acceptance of vaccines that protect against SARS-CoV-2. While not inclusive of all possible steps than could or should be done to facilitate COVID-19 vaccination, the working group believes that the recommendations provided are essential for a successful vaccination program.


id: cord-297216-1b99hm1e
author: Sariola, Salla
date: 2020-05-16
txt: ./txt/cord-297216-1b99hm1e.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-297216-1b99hm1e.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms8050746
doi: 10.3390/microorganisms8050746
summary:
  In the Anthropocene, the conditions for microbial evolution have been altered by human interventions, and public health initiatives must recognize both the beneficial (indeed, necessary) interactions of microbes with their hosts as well as their pathogenic interactions. Its website proclaims this to be a big genome, big data approach to public health, whereby "taking into account individual differences in lifestyle, environment, and biology, researchers will uncover paths toward delivering precision medicine..." PPH is getting a shot in the other arm from pharmacogenomics, the study of how responses to drugs are influenced by the genetic makeup of the person receiving the drug. Holobiont public health would do well to recognize both the parasitic and the mutualistic branches of symbiosis [204] It would also recognize the two major changes in our scientific knowledge of microbial evolution that have occurred in this century: (1) organisms are holobionts composed of several species, wherein microbes help maintain healthy physiology and resilience; and (2) bacteria can pass genes through horizontal genetic transmission, thereby facilitating the rapid spread of antibiotic resistance through numerous bacterial species.

title:
  Toward a Symbiotic Perspective on Public Health: Recognizing the Ambivalence of Microbes in the Anthropocene

abstract:
  Microbes evolve in complex environments that are often fashioned, in part, by human desires. In a global perspective, public health has played major roles in structuring how microbes are perceived, cultivated, and destroyed. The germ theory of disease cast microbes as enemies of the body and the body politic. Antibiotics have altered microbial development by providing stringent natural selection on bacterial species, and this has led to the formation of antibiotic-resistant bacterial strains. Public health perspectives such as “Precision Public Health” and “One Health” have recently been proposed to further manage microbial populations. However, neither of these take into account the symbiotic relationships that exist between bacterial species and between bacteria, viruses, and their eukaryotic hosts. We propose a perspective on public health that recognizes microbial evolution through symbiotic associations (the hologenome theory) and through lateral gene transfer. This perspective has the advantage of including both the pathogenic and beneficial interactions of humans with bacteria, as well as combining the outlook of the “One Health” model with the genomic methodologies utilized in the “Precision Public Health” model. In the Anthropocene, the conditions for microbial evolution have been altered by human interventions, and public health initiatives must recognize both the beneficial (indeed, necessary) interactions of microbes with their hosts as well as their pathogenic interactions.


id: cord-303165-ikepr2p2
title: Expanding the Concept of Public Health
author: Tulchinsky, Theodore H.
date: 2014-10-10
txt: ./txt/cord-303165-ikepr2p2.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-303165-ikepr2p2.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780124157668000021
doi: 10.1016/b978-0-12-415766-8.00002-1
summary:
  It also demands special attention through health promotion activities of all kinds at national and local societal levels to provide access for groups with special risks and needs to medical and community health care with the currently available and newly developing knowledge and technologies. 5. Environmental, biological, occupational, social, and economic factors that endanger health and human life, addressing: (a) physical and mental illness, diseases and infirmity, trauma and injuries (b) local and global sanitation and environmental ecology (c) healthful nutrition and food security including availability, quality, safety, access, and affordability of food products (d) disasters, natural and human-made, including war, terrorism, and genocide (e) population groups at special risk and with specific health needs. It acts to improve health and social welfare, and to reduce specific determinants of diseases and risk factors that adversely affect the health, well-being, and productive capacities of an individual or society, setting targets based on the size of the problem but also the feasibility of successful intervention, in a cost-effective way.

abstract:
  Ancient societies recognized the needs of sanitation, food safety, workers’ health, and medical care to protect against disease and to promote well-being and civic prosperity. New energies and knowledge since the eighteenth century produced landmark discoveries such as prevention of scurvy and vaccination against smallpox. The biological germ theory and competing miasma theory each proved effective in sanitation, and immunization in control of infectious diseases. Non-communicable diseases as the leading causes of mortality have responded to innovative preventive care of health risk factors, smoking, hypertension, obesity, physical inactivity, unhealthful diets, and diabetes mellitus. Health promotion proved effective to modern public health in tackling disease origins, individual behavior, and social and economic conditions. The global burden of infectious and non-communicable diseases, aging and chronic illness faces rising costs and still inadequate prevention. The evolution of concepts of public health will have to address these new challenges of population health.


id: cord-303468-95btvr1v
title: Biofilm Control Strategies: Engaging with the Public
author: Verran, Joanna
date: 2020-07-30
txt: ./txt/cord-303468-95btvr1v.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-303468-95btvr1v.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics9080465
doi: 10.3390/antibiotics9080465
summary:
  This short communication describes three public engagement activities hosted by the authors, focused on biofilm control: hand hygiene, plaque control and an externally applied antimicrobial coating. Thus, as part of a PhD project investigating the activity of photocatalytic surfaces, one of the external walls of the University was used to illustrate the effectiveness of titanium dioxide paints in terms of self-cleaning and reduction of the formation of biofilm on the wall material. Our aim was to inform the passing public about our research (an interpretation panel was affixed to the wall), and on occasion, we encouraged passers-by to participate in a longitudinal subjective assessment of the impact of titanium dioxide-containing paint on the perceived cleanliness of the panel.

abstract:
  There are few peer-reviewed publications about public engagement with science that are written by microbiologists; those that exist tend to be a narrative of an event rather than a hypothesis-driven investigation. However, it is relatively easy for experienced scientists to use a scientific method in their approach to public engagement. This short communication describes three public engagement activities hosted by the authors, focused on biofilm control: hand hygiene, plaque control and an externally applied antimicrobial coating. In each case, audience engagement was assessed using quantitative and/or qualitative methods. A critical evaluation of the findings enabled the construction of a public engagement ‘tick list’ for future events that would enable a hypothesis-driven approach with more effective communication activities and more robust evaluation.


id: cord-306393-iu4dijsl
title: Public Health Education in the United States: Then and Now
author: Rosenstock, Linda
date: 2011-06-12
txt: ./txt/cord-306393-iu4dijsl.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-306393-iu4dijsl.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32226193/
doi: 10.1007/bf03391620
summary:
  From 1945 to 1973, APHA conducted accreditation of graduate professional education in public health, at first centered almost exclusively in SPH, but later including other college and university settings. NBPHE''s purpose is to "ensure that students and graduates from schools and programs of public health accredited by CEPH have mastered the knowledge and skills relevant to contemporary public health." NBPHE is an active, independent organization that develops, administers and evaluates a voluntary certification exam once every year. Graduates from public health accredited schools and programs conduct research and teach in universities, international bodies and nonprofit organizations, manage healthcare and health insurance systems, work in the private sector and for foundations, are public health leaders in state, local and federal health agencies, and work globally and locally in many different roles. The scope of public health education is expanding to new collaborations among health professions and other professional degree programs and includes college and even high school students.

abstract:
  It was against a background of no formal career path for public health officers that, in 1915, the seminal Welch-Rose Report(1) outlined a system of public health education for the United States. The first schools of public health soon followed, but growth was slow, with only 12 schools by 1960. With organization and growing numbers, accreditation became an expectation. As the mission of public health has grown and achieved new urgency, schools have grown in number, depth and breadth. By mid-2011, there were 46 accredited schools of public health, with more in the pipeline. While each has a unique character, they also must possess certain core characteristics to be accredited. Over time, as schools developed, and concepts of public health expanded, so too did curricula and missions as well as types of people who were trained. In this review, we provide a brief summary of US public health education, with primary emphasis on professional public health schools. We also examine public health workforce needs and evaluate how education is evolving in the context of a growing maturity of the public health profession. We have not focused on programs (not schools) that offer public health degrees or on preventive medicine programs in schools of medicine, since schools of public health confer the majority of master’s and doctoral degrees. In the future, there likely will be even more inter-professional education, new disciplinary perspectives and changes in teaching and learning to meet the needs of millennial students.


id: cord-306816-n0ggrp16
title: Virus Interruptus: An Arendtian exploration of political world‐building in pandemic times
author: Gardiner, Rita A.
date: 2020-07-06
url: https://doi.org/10.1111/gwao.12510
doi: 10.1111/gwao.12510
abstract:
  Building upon a series of blog posts and conversations, two feminist scholars explore how political community, trust, responsibility, and solidarity are affected by the COVID‐19 pandemic. We explore the ways in which we can engage in political world‐building during pandemic times through the work of Hannah Arendt. Following Arendt’s notion of the world as the space for human togetherness, we ask: how can we respond to COVID‐19’s interruptions to the familiarity of daily life and our relationship to public space? By extending relational accounts of public health and organizational ethics, we critique a narrow view of solidarity that focuses on individual compliance with public health directives. Instead, we argue that solidarity involves addressing structural inequities, both within public health and our wider community. Finally, we suggest possibilities for political world‐building by considering how new forms of human togetherness might emerge as we forge a collective “new normal.”


id: cord-307303-9mzs5dl4
title: The Application of the Haddon Matrix to Public Health Readiness and Response Planning
author: Barnett, Daniel J.
date: 2005-02-02
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15866764/
doi: 10.1289/ehp.7491
abstract:
  State and local health departments continue to face unprecedented challenges in preparing for, recognizing, and responding to threats to the public’s health. The attacks of 11 September 2001 and the ensuing anthrax mailings of 2001 highlighted the public health readiness and response hurdles posed by intentionally caused injury and illness. At the same time, recent natural disasters have highlighted the need for comparable public health readiness and response capabilities. Public health readiness and response activities can be conceptualized similarly for intentional attacks, natural disasters, and human-caused accidents. Consistent with this view, the federal government has adopted the all-hazards response model as its fundamental paradigm. Adoption of this paradigm provides powerful improvements in efficiency and efficacy, because it reduces the need to create a complex family of situation-specific preparedness and response activities. However, in practice, public health preparedness requires additional models and tools to provide a framework to better understand and prioritize emergency readiness and response needs, as well as to facilitate solutions; this is particularly true at the local health department level. Here, we propose to extend the use of the Haddon matrix—a conceptual model used for more than two decades in injury prevention and response strategies—for this purpose.


id: cord-308095-mehmk49a
title: Lessons from Corporate Influence in the Opioid Epidemic: Toward a Norm of Separation
author: Marks, Jonathan H.
date: 2020-07-13
txt: ./txt/cord-308095-mehmk49a.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-308095-mehmk49a.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32661741/
doi: 10.1007/s11673-020-09982-x
summary:
  Opioid companies built these webs as part of corporate strategies of influence that were designed to expand the opioid market from cancer patients to larger groups of patients with acute or chronic pain, to increase dosage as well as opioid use, to downplay the risks of addiction and abuse, and to characterize physicians'' concerns about the addiction and abuse risks as "opiophobia." In the face of these pervasive strategies, conflict of interest policies have proven insufficient for addressing corporate influence in medical practice, medical research, and public health policy. The focus on "naming and shaming" individuals, even when warranted, threatens to downplay or ignore a systemic problem: institutional and societal cultures and practices that embrace partnership with industry and, wittingly or unwittingly, promote companies'' products, increase brand loyalty, burnish corporate reputations, defuse support for the regulation of companies'' products and marketing practices, and reinforce the framing of public health problems and their solutions in ways that are least threatening to the commercial interests of those companies (Marks 2019a) .

abstract:
  There is overwhelming evidence that the opioid crisis—which has cost hundreds of thousands of lives and trillions of dollars (and counting)—has been created or exacerbated by webs of influence woven by several pharmaceutical companies. These webs involve health professionals, patient advocacy groups, medical professional societies, research universities, teaching hospitals, public health agencies, policymakers, and legislators. Opioid companies built these webs as part of corporate strategies of influence that were designed to expand the opioid market from cancer patients to larger groups of patients with acute or chronic pain, to increase dosage as well as opioid use, to downplay the risks of addiction and abuse, and to characterize physicians’ concerns about the addiction and abuse risks as “opiophobia.” In the face of these pervasive strategies, conflict of interest policies have proven insufficient for addressing corporate influence in medical practice, medical research, and public health policy. Governments, the academy, and civil society need to develop counterstrategies to insulate themselves from corporate influence and to preserve their integrity and public trust. These strategies require a paradigm shift—from partnerships with the private sector, which are ordinarily vehicles for corporate influence, to a norm of separation.


id: cord-308378-qnkqckvm
title: Financing strategies to improve essential public health equalization and its effects in China
author: Yang, Li
date: 2016-12-01
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27905941/
doi: 10.1186/s12939-016-0482-x
abstract:
  BACKGROUND: In 2009, China launched a health reform to promote the equalization of national essential public health services package (NEPHSP). The present study aimed to describe the financing strategies and mechanisms to improve access to public health for all, identify the strengths and weaknesses of the different approaches, and showed evidence on equity improvement among different regions. METHODS: We reviewed the relevant literatures and identified 208 articles after screening and quality assessment and conducted six key informants’ interviews. Secondary data on national and local government health expenditures, NEPHSP coverage and health indicators in 2003–2014 were collected, descriptive and equity analyses were used. RESULTS: Before 2009, the government subsidy to primary care institutions (PCIs) were mainly used for basic construction and a small part of personnel expenses. Since 2009, the new funds for NEPHSP have significantly expanded service coverage and population coverage. These funds have been allocated by central, provincial, municipal and county governments at different proportions in China’s tax distribution system. Due to the fiscal transfer payment, the Central Government allocated more subsides to less-developed western regions and all the funds were managed in a specific account. Several types of payment methods have been adopted including capitation, pay for performance (P4P), pay for service items, global budget and public health voucher, to address issues from both the supply and demand sides. The equalization of NEPHSP did well through the establishment of health records, systematic care of children and maternal women, etc. Our data showed that the gap between the eastern, central and western regions narrowed. However the coverage for migrants was still low and performance was needed improving in effectiveness of managing patients with chronic diseases. CONCLUSIONS: The delivery of essential public health services was highly influenced by public fiscal policy, and the implementation of health reform since 2009 has led the public health development towards the right direction. However China still needs to increase the fiscal investments to expand service coverage as well as promote the quality of public health services and equality among regions. Independent scientific monitoring and evaluation are also needed.


id: cord-308821-j4vylbhy
title: The role of law in pandemic influenza preparedness in Europe
author: Martin, R.
date: 2009-03-04
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19261313/
doi: 10.1016/j.puhe.2009.01.002
abstract:
  The European Union (EU) is composed of 27 states with widely varying histories, economies, cultures, legal systems, medical systems and approaches to the balance between public good and private right. The individual nation states within Europe are signatories to the International Health Regulations 2005, but the capacity of states to undertake measures to control communicable disease is constrained by their obligations to comply with EU law. Some but not all states are signatories to the Schengen Agreement that provides further constraints on disease control measures. The porous nature of borders between EU states, and of their borders with other non-EU states, limits the extent to which states are able to protect their populations in a disease pandemic. This paper considers the role that public health laws can play in the control of pandemic disease in Europe.


id: cord-309118-810fmd8e
author: Burkle, Frederick M.
date: 2020-04-13
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32279686/
doi: 10.1017/s1049023x20000515
title:
  Political Intrusions into the International Health Regulations Treaty and Its Impact on Management of Rapidly Emerging Zoonotic Pandemics: What History Tells Us

abstract:
  For a large number of health care providers world-wide, the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is their first experience in population-based care. In past decades, lower population densities, infectious disease outbreaks, epidemics, and pandemics were rare and driven almost exclusively by natural disasters, predatory animals, and war. In the early 1900s, Sir William Osler first advanced the knowledge of zoonotic diseases that are spread from reservoir animals to human animals. Once rare, they now make up 71% or more of new diseases. Globally, zoonotic spread occurs for many reasons. Because the human population has grown in numbers and density, the spread of these diseases accelerated though rapid unsustainable urbanization, biodiversity loss, and climate change. Furthermore, they are exacerbated by an increasing number of vulnerable populations suffering from chronic deficiencies in food, water, and energy. The World Health Organization (WHO) and its International Health Regulation (IHR) Treaty, organized to manage population-based diseases such as Influenza, severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), H1N1, Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS), HIV, and Ebola, have failed to meet population-based expectations. In part, this is due to influence from powerful political donors, which has become most evident in the current COVID-19 pandemic. The global community can no longer tolerate an ineffectual and passive international response system, nor tolerate the self-serving political interference that authoritarian regimes and others have exercised over the WHO. In a highly integrated globalized world, both the WHO with its IHR Treaty have the potential to become one of the most effective mechanisms for crisis response and risk reduction world-wide. Practitioners and health decision-makers must break their silence and advocate for a stronger treaty, a return of the WHO’s singular global authority, and support highly coordinated population-based management. As Osler recognized, his concept of “one medicine, one health” defines what global public health is today.


id: cord-314443-qeuvymu8
title: Pandemic and the planning of resilient cities and regions
author: Banai, Reza
date: 2020-09-15
url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0264275120312774
doi: 10.1016/j.cities.2020.102929
abstract:
  The emergence of the coronavirus pandemic motivated this paper, which revisits the nexus of public health and the city, itself a main source of a pandemic which similarly threatens the lives and properties of the world population gradually one glacier at a time: climate change. We argue that pandemics expose both the vulnerability and resilience of the urban system expansively, from rooftop to the region, but also serve as change agents for the planning of resilient cities and regions globally. The discussion of the urban system and the pandemic is comparative, with the recent coronavirus and climate change, a persistent, long-lasting pandemic. The historical and critical review and synthesis of the durable concepts of the urban system at the kernel of the theories and practices of urbanism is highlighted by place matters, cyberspace, density, access, and the city-region. We note the implications for reconfiguring the resilient urban system of the future effectively with pandemic as change agent and the comprehensive plan and its regulatory zoning ordinance as implementation tool.


id: cord-314808-ssiggi2z
title: Psychosocial consequences of infectious diseases
author: Pappas, G.
date: 2014-12-12
txt: ./txt/cord-314808-ssiggi2z.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-314808-ssiggi2z.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S1198743X14604614
doi: 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2009.02947.x
summary:
  On the other hand, numerous new major threats have emerged during the last three decades; the pandemic of AIDS, the SARS outbreak, the ominous scenarios of an avian influenza pandemic, and the threat of biological weapons are just some examples explaining the concern among health authorities, the media, and the public. The psychological response of both patients and the public to the threat of infection has been evaluated with respect to numerous circumstances in recent years, not only acute outbreaks such as SARS, but also gradually evolving pandemics such as AIDS, threats with marginal risk for humans such as bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE; mad cow disease), and even threats that are only theoretical such as avian influenza. Mass media is another major factor that shapes the physical and psychological response of the public to an infectious disease threat, as depicted in numerous attack scenarios in the literature [32] [33] [34] .

abstract:
  Historically, there has been an exaggerated fear related to infection compared to other conditions. Infection possesses unique characteristics that account for this disproportionate degree of fear: it is transmitted rapidly and invisibly; historically, it has accounted for major morbidity and mortality; old forms re-emerge and new forms emerge; and both the media and society are often in awe. Because, in an outbreak, the patient is both a victim and a vector, and because there exists the potential for infringement of personal rights in order to control an outbreak, infection may be viewed (and has been depicted in popular culture) as a foreign invasion. During recent outbreaks, fear, denial, stigmatization and loss have been recorded in the implicated individuals. Stigmatization and discrimination may further involve ethical correlations, and attempts to adress these issues through activism may also have unwarranted effects. Public health initiatives can address the public's fears by increasing health literacy, which can contribute to reducing stigmatization.


id: cord-315209-xpzqd0wk
author: Kabamba Nzaji, Michel
date: 2020-10-21
url: https://doi.org/10.2147/jmdh.s274944
doi: 10.2147/jmdh.s274944
title:
  Predictors of Non-Adherence to Public Health Instructions During the COVID-19 Pandemic in the Democratic Republic of the Congo

abstract:
  BACKGROUND: Adherence to public health instructions for the COVID-19 is important for controlling the transmission and the pandemic’s health and economic impacts. The aim of this study was to determine the associated factors of non-adherence to public health and social measures instructions. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study conducted with 1913 participants in two provinces of DRC, Mbuji-Mayi, and Kamina. Predictors of non-adherence to COVID-19 preventive measures were identified using binary logistic regression analysis. P-value<0.05 was considered as a significant predictor. RESULTS: Among 1913 participants (1057 [55.3%] male, age 34.1 [14.9] years), 36.6% were defined as non-adherents. Non-adherence was associated with never studied and primary education level [adjusted odds ratio (aOR)=1.63, CI=1.31–2.03], unemployed status [aOR=1.29, CI=1.01–1.67], living in Kamina (Haut-Lomami province) [aOR=1.63, CI=1.31–2.03], female gender of head of household [aOR=1.53, CI=1.16–2.03], no attending lectures/discussions about COVID-19 [aOR=1.61, CI=1.08–2.40], not being satisfied with the measures taken by the Ministry of Health [aOR=2.26, CI=1.78–2.81], not been regularly informed about the pandemic [aOR=2.25, CI=1.80–2.03], and bad knowledge about COVID-19 [aOR=2.36, CI=1.90–2.93]. CONCLUSION: The rate of non-observance of preventive measures for the COVID-19 pandemic is high, and different factors contributed. The government has to counsel the permanent updating of messages taking into account the context and the progress of the pandemic by using several communication channels.


id: cord-316063-9bg2dm8e
title: Why meaning-making matters: the case of the UK Government’s COVID-19 response
author: Morgan, Marcus
date: 2020-10-15
txt: ./txt/cord-316063-9bg2dm8e.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-316063-9bg2dm8e.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33078075/
doi: 10.1057/s41290-020-00121-y
summary:
  The paper also offers more specific contributions to cultural sociology by showing why social performance theory needs to consider the effects of casting non-human actors in social dramas, how metaphor forms a powerful tool of political action through simplifying and shaping complex realities, and how casting can shift responsibility and redefine the meaning of emotionally charged events such as human death. On 28th February, the first death of a British national occurred on the quarantined Diamond Princess cruise ship, and the Sunday Times reported that around the same time Dominic Cummings (Johnson''s Chief Advisor, and former director of the successful Vote Leave campaign) had ''outlined the government''s strategy'' for the UK''s national response to the virus ''at a private engagement'', quoting those present as claiming that it was ''herd immunity, protect the economy, and if that means some pensioners die, too bad'' (Shipman and Wheeler 2020) .

abstract:
  Through analysis of the UK government’s management of the COVID-19 outbreak, this paper offers an empirical demonstration of the principle of culture’s relative autonomy. It does so by showing how the outcome of meaning-making struggles had impacts on political legitimacy, public behaviour, and control over the spread of the virus. Ultimately, these impacts contributed to the avoidable deaths of tens of thousands of UK citizens. Dividing the crisis into phases within a secular ritual passage or ‘social drama’, it shows how each phase was defined by struggles between the government and other actors to code the unfolding events in an appropriate moral way, to cast actors in their proper roles, and to plot them together in a storied fashion under a suitable narrative genre. Taken together, these processes constituted a conflictual effort to define the meaning of what was occurring. The paper also offers more specific contributions to cultural sociology by showing why social performance theory needs to consider the effects of casting non-human actors in social dramas, how metaphor forms a powerful tool of political action through simplifying and shaping complex realities, and how casting can shift responsibility and redefine the meaning of emotionally charged events such as human death.


id: cord-317477-h3c5kddj
author: De Coninck, David
date: 2020-11-01
txt: ./txt/cord-317477-h3c5kddj.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-317477-h3c5kddj.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2020.110220
doi: 10.1016/j.paid.2020.110220
summary:
  We aim to show how perceived vulnerability to disease, personality characteristics, opinion on news media coverage and consumption of news media, and socio-economic and socio-psychological perceptions are related to attitudes towards public health measures in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. Subsequently, we conducted stepwise linear regressions to investigate associations of perceived vulnerability to disease, personality characteristics, consumption of and opinion on news media, and socio-economic and sociopsychological perceptions, with attitudes towards public health measures during the COVID-19 pandemic in Flanders, Belgium. To answer our main research question, we conducted two stepwise linear regressions to investigate associations between on the one hand perceived vulnerability to disease (GA and PI), personality characteristics, opinion on and consumption of news media, socio-psychological and economic perceptions (independent variables), and on the other hand the belief that the current measures are necessary to protect the Belgian population (dependent variable; Table 3 ) and that the Belgian government is handling the COVID-19 crisis well (dependent variable; Table 4 ).

title:
  Perceived vulnerability to disease and attitudes towards public health measures: COVID-19 in Flanders, Belgium

abstract:
  During the COVID-19 pandemic, governments installed measures to contain the disease. Information about these measures was disseminated through news media. Nonetheless, many individuals did not abide by these guidelines. We investigated how perceived vulnerability to disease and personality characteristics related to support for public health measures. We analyzed survey data of 1000 Flemish (Belgium) adults, collected between March 17, 2020 and March 22, 2020. Older age, low educational attainment, gender (female) and work situation (no telecommuting) were associated with greater perceived vulnerability. Greater expectations of loneliness and more solidarity with our fellow men were associated with gender (female), younger age and work situation (telecommuting). Greater perceived vulnerability to disease was related to a greater belief that public health measures protect the population, but also to a critical stance towards the Belgian government's handling of the crisis. High agreeableness and high emotional stability were associated with respectively greater belief that health measures protect the population, and greater support for the government's crisis management. Watching television news was related to a greater belief that public health measures are necessary, and specifically consuming public television news increased support for public health measures. We discuss the implications for handling the COVID-19 pandemic.


id: cord-322543-lo1ra50f
author: Li, z.
date: 2020-09-29
txt: ./txt/cord-322543-lo1ra50f.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-322543-lo1ra50f.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.09.29.20203505
doi: 10.1101/2020.09.29.20203505
summary:
  The proposed ANMs and multivariate linear Granger causality analysis methods are applied to the surveillance data of lab-confirmed Covid-19 cases in the US, UMD data, and Google mobility data from March 5, 2020 to August 25, 2020 in order to evaluate the contributions of social-biological factors, economics, the Google mobility indexes, and the rate of virus testing to the number of the new cases and number of deaths from COVIDNonlinear additive noise models for bivariate causal discovery this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) in the Public Domain. The scalar variables tested for causation of the new cases and deaths from COVID-19 in the US included the number of contact tracing workers per 100,000 people, percent of population above 60 years of age, median income, population density, percentage of African Americans, reuse, remix, or adapt this material for any purpose without crediting the original authors.

title:
  Causal Analysis of Health Interventions and Environments for Influencing the Spread of COVID-19 in the United States of America

abstract:
  As of August 27, 2020, the number of cumulative cases of COVID-19 in the US exceeded 5,863,363 and included 180,595 deaths, thus causing a serious public health crisis. Curbing the spread of Covid-19 is still urgently needed. Given the lack of potential vaccines and effective medications, non-pharmaceutical interventions are the major option to curtail the spread of COVID-19. An accurate estimate of the potential impact of different non-pharmaceutical measures on containing, and identify risk factors influencing the spread of COVID-19 is crucial for planning the most effective interventions to curb the spread of COVID-19 and to reduce the deaths. Additive model-based bivariate causal discovery for scalar factors and multivariate Granger causality tests for time series factors are applied to the surveillance data of lab-confirmed Covid-19 cases in the US, University of Maryland Data (UMD) data, and Google mobility data from March 5, 2020 to August 25, 2020 in order to evaluate the contributions of social-biological factors, economics, the Google mobility indexes, and the rate of the virus test to the number of the new cases and number of deaths from COVID-19. We found that active cases/1000 people, workplaces, tests done/1000 people, imported COVID-19 cases, unemployment rate and unemployment claims/1000 people, mobility trends for places of residence (residential), retail and test capacity were the most significant risk factor for the new cases of COVID-19 in 23, 7, 6, 5, 4, 2, 1 and 1 states, respectively, and that active cases/1000 people, workplaces, residential, unemployment rate, imported COVID cases, unemployment claims/1000 people, transit stations, mobility trends (transit) , tests done/1000 people, grocery, testing capacity, retail, percentage of change in consumption, percentage of working from home were the most significant risk factor for the deaths of COVID-19 in 17, 10, 4, 4, 3, 2, 2, 2, 1, 1, 1, 1 states, respectively. We observed that no metrics showed significant evidence in mitigating the COVID-19 epidemic in FL and only a few metrics showed evidence in reducing the number of new cases of COVID-19 in AZ, NY and TX. Our results showed that the majority of non-pharmaceutical interventions had a large effect on slowing the transmission and reducing deaths, and that health interventions were still needed to contain COVID-19.


id: cord-332313-9m2iozj3
title: Structural efficiency to manipulate public research institution networks
author: Yang, Hyeonchae
date: 2016-01-13
txt: ./txt/cord-332313-9m2iozj3.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-332313-9m2iozj3.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2015.12.012
doi: 10.1016/j.techfore.2015.12.012
summary:
  In a bid to address the issues involved in achieving network-wide outcomes, our work here sheds new light on quantifying structural efficiency to control inter-organizational networks maintained by public research institutions. With the addition of temporal dynamics to inter-organizational relations, a chain of networks over time allows the description of the structural evolution of public research institutions. In this study, we divided institutional research portfolios into six time periods based on scientific output over eighteen years (1995) (1996) (1997) (1998) (1999) (2000) (2001) (2002) (2003) (2004) (2005) (2006) (2007) (2008) (2009) (2010) (2011) (2012) , and estimated structural efficiencies of research similarity networks. In order to understand the relation between efficiency and the inter-organizational research network, we extracted major features across institutions based on some structural properties, such as network size and connectivity.

abstract:
  With the rising use of network analysis in the public sector, researchers have recently begun paying more attention to the management of entities from a network perspective. However, guiding elements in a network is difficult because of their complex and dynamic states. In a bid to address the issues involved in achieving network-wide outcomes, our work here sheds new light on quantifying structural efficiency to control inter-organizational networks maintained by public research institutions. In doing so, we draw attention to the set of subordinates suitable as change initiators to influence the entire research profiles of subordinates from three major public research institutions: the Government-funded Research Institutes (GRIs) in Korea, the Max-Planck-Gesellschaft (MPG) in Germany, and the National Laboratories (NLs) in the United States. Building networks on research similarities in portfolios, we investigate these networks with respect to their structural efficiency and topological properties. According to our estimation, only less than 30% of nodes are sufficient to initiate a cascade of changes throughout the network across institutions. The subunits that drive the network exhibit an inclination neither toward retaining a large number of connections nor toward having a long academic history. Our findings suggest that this structural efficiency indicator helps assess structural development or improvement plans for networks inside a multiunit public research institution.


id: cord-333467-de2aimuj
author: Revere, Debra
date: 2011-05-18
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21592390/
doi: 10.1186/1471-2458-11-337
title:
  Public Health Emergency Preparedness and Response Communications with Health Care Providers: A Literature Review

abstract:
  BACKGROUND: Health care providers (HCPs) play an important role in public health emergency preparedness and response (PHEPR) so need to be aware of public health threats and emergencies. To inform HCPs, public health issues PHEPR messages that provide guidelines and updates, and facilitate surveillance so HCPs will recognize and control communicable diseases, prevent excess deaths and mitigate suffering. Public health agencies need to know that the PHEPR messages sent to HCPs reach their target audience and are effective and informative. Public health agencies need to know that the PHEPR messages sent to HCPs reach their target audience and are effective and informative. We conducted a literature review to investigate the systems and tools used by public health to generate PHEPR communications to HCPs, and to identify specific characteristics of message delivery mechanisms and formats that may be associated with effective PHEPR communications. METHODS: A systematic review of peer- and non-peer-reviewed literature focused on the following questions: 1) What public health systems exist for communicating PHEPR messages from public health agencies to HCPs? 2) Have these systems been evaluated and, if yes, what criteria were used to evaluate these systems? 3) What have these evaluations discovered about characterizations of the most effective ways for public health agencies to communicate PHEPR messages to HCPs? RESULTS: We identified 25 systems or tools for communicating PHEPR messages from public health agencies to HCPs. Few articles assessed PHEPR communication systems or messaging methods or outcomes. Only one study compared the effectiveness of the delivery format, device or message itself. We also discovered that the potential is high for HCPs to experience "message overload" given redundancy of PHEPR messaging in multiple formats and/or through different delivery systems. CONCLUSIONS: We found that detailed descriptions of PHEPR messaging from public health to HCPs are scarce in the literature and, even when available are rarely evaluated in any systematic fashion. To meet present-day and future information needs for emergency preparedness, more attention needs to be given to evaluating the effectiveness of these systems in a scientifically rigorous manner.


id: cord-333599-hl11ln2r
title: Planning and Managing Health Systems
author: Tulchinsky, Theodore H.
date: 2014-10-10
txt: ./txt/cord-333599-hl11ln2r.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-333599-hl11ln2r.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/B9780124157668000124
doi: 10.1016/b978-0-12-415766-8.00012-4
summary:
  Planning and management are changing in the era of the New Public Health with advances in prevention and treatment of disease, population health needs, innovative technologies such as genetic engineering, new immunizations that prevent cancers and infectious diseases, prevention of non-communicable diseases, environmental and nutritional health, and health promotion to reduce risk factors and improve healthful living for the individual and the community. Selection of the direction to be taken in organizing health services is usually based on a mix of factors, including the political view of the government, public opinion, and rational assessment of needs as indicated through epidemiological data, cost-benefit analysis, the experience of "good public health practice" from leading countries, and recommendations by expert groups. Health is a knowledge-based service industry, so that knowledge management and information technology are extremely important parts of the New Public Health, not only in patient care systems in hospitals, but also in public health delivery systems in the community, school, place of work, and home.

abstract:
  Health systems are complex organizations. They are often the largest single employer in a country, with expenditures of public and private money of 4–17 percent of gross domestic product. Overall and individual facility management requires mission statements, objectives, targets, budgets, activities planning, human interaction, services delivery, and quality assurance. Health organization involves a vast complex of stakeholders and participants, suppliers and purchasers, regulators and direct providers, and individual patients, and their decision-making. These include pyramidal and network organizations and ethical decision-making based on public interest, resource allocations, priority selection, and assurance of certain codes of law and ethical conduct. This chapter discusses how complex organizations work, with potential for application in health, and the motivations of workers and of the population being served. Organization theory helps in devising methods to integrate relevant factors to become more effective in defining and achieving goals and missions.


id: cord-336142-jmetfa6x
title: Toronto’s Health Department in Action: Influenza in 1918 and SARS in 2003
author: MacDougall, Heather
date: 2006-10-11
txt: ./txt/cord-336142-jmetfa6x.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-336142-jmetfa6x.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17035296/
doi: 10.1093/jhmas/jrl042
summary:
  This article compares the Toronto Health Department''s role in controlling the 1918 influenza epidemic with its activities during the SARS outbreak in 2003 and concludes that local health departments are the foundation for successful disease containment, provided that there is effective coordination, communication, and capacity. 3 By comparing and contrasting the way in which public health authorities in Toronto managed the 1918 influenza pandemic and SARS in 2003, we can see how a century of medical advances had conditioned the public and health care professionals to expect prompt control of communicable diseases, speedy development of a prophylactic vaccine, and effective exchange of information at the provincial, national, and international levels. For Toronto''s medical officer and its Local Board of Health (LBH), this presented a challenge, because influenza was not a reportable disease under the 1912 Ontario Public Health Act, and most doctors were hoping that the outbreak would be similar to the one in 1889-90 that had attacked primarily the elderly and apparently provided some immunity to those who survived.

abstract:
  This article compares the Toronto Health Department’s role in controlling the 1918 influenza epidemic with its activities during the SARS outbreak in 2003 and concludes that local health departments are the foundation for successful disease containment, provided that there is effective coordination, communication, and capacity. In 1918, Toronto’s MOH Charles Hastings was the acknowledged leader of efforts to contain the disease, care for the sick, and develop an effective vaccine, because neither a federal health department nor an international body like WHO existed. During the SARS outbreak, Hastings’s successor, Sheela Basrur, discovered that nearly a decade of underfunding and new policy foci such as health promotion had left the department vulnerable when faced with a potential epidemic. Lack of cooperation by provincial and federal authorities added further difficulties to the challenge of organizing contact tracing, quarantine, and isolation for suspected and probable cases and providing information and reassurance to the multi-ethnic population. With growing concern about a flu pandemic, the lessons of the past provide a foundation for future communicable disease control activities.


id: cord-337120-irpm5g7g
title: The Role of Internists During Epidemics, Outbreaks, and Bioterrorist Attacks
author: Lee, Bruce Y.
date: 2007-01-13
txt: ./txt/cord-337120-irpm5g7g.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-337120-irpm5g7g.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17351853/
doi: 10.1007/s11606-006-0030-2
summary:
  Therefore, Internists must understand early warning signs of different bioterrorist and infectious agents, proper reporting channels and measures, various ways that they can assist the public health response, and roles of different local, state, and federal agencies. During the past half decade, well-publicized events, including the anthrax mail attacks, 1 Hurricane Katrina, 2 and severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) 3, 4 have reminded us that epidemics, disease outbreaks, bioterrorist attacks, and natural disasters can occur. Therefore, Internists must understand early warning signs of bioterrorist and infectious agents, proper reporting channels and measures, and ways that they can help contain and treat the consequences of epidemics, outbreaks, and attacks. Internists suspecting an attack or epidemic should immediately inform the local or state health department and contain any possible threat in their clinics, especially if the agent is contagious. Bioterrorist attacks and epidemics require physicians to quickly transmit patient and case information to other health care personnel and appropriate authorities.

abstract:
  Internists are well-positioned to play significant roles in recognizing and responding to epidemics, outbreaks, and bioterrorist attacks. They see large numbers of patients with various health problems and may be the patients’ only interaction with the medical community for symptoms resulting from infectious diseases and injuries from radiation, chemicals, and/or burns. Therefore, Internists must understand early warning signs of different bioterrorist and infectious agents, proper reporting channels and measures, various ways that they can assist the public health response, and roles of different local, state, and federal agencies. In addition, it is important to understand effects of a public health disaster on clinic operations and relevant legal consequences.


id: cord-339376-2dczotbh
title: Announcing Swine Flu and the Interpretation of Pandemic Anxiety
author: Everts, Jonathan
date: 2012-07-19
url: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8330.2012.01021.x
doi: 10.1111/j.1467-8330.2012.01021.x
abstract:
  This paper discusses the ways in which 2009 novel swine‐origin influenza A (H1N1) was announced and resonated with current pandemic anxieties. In particular, the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) are used as a lens through which recent pandemic anxieties can be analysed and understood. This entails a closer look at the securitisation of public health and the challenges and struggles this may have caused within public health agencies. In that light, CDC' formal entanglement with global health security and its announcement of the H1N1 pandemic are interpreted, followed by an ethnographically informed focus on various people who were engaged in the H1N1 emergency response and their practices and practical struggles in the face of pandemic anxiety.


id: cord-341616-ts98sfxx
title: Public Voice via Social Media: Role in Cooperative Governance during Public Health Emergency
author: Yang, Yang
date: 2020-09-18
txt: ./txt/cord-341616-ts98sfxx.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-341616-ts98sfxx.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17186840
doi: 10.3390/ijerph17186840
summary:
  This qualitive study uses China''s Health Code policy under COVID-19 to explore why the public performs voice behavior on social media and how this influences policy evolution and product innovation through cooperative governance. What is more, as a form of public participation in cooperative governance, public voice plays a significant role in promoting policy evolution and product innovation, and represents a useful form of cooperation with governments and enterprises to jointly maintain social stability under public health emergencies This study adopts a dynamic research perspective, and takes the dynamic evolution of health codes policy as an example, focusing on exploring how public voice promoted the improvement of products by enterprises and the implementation of policies by the government under a public health emergency. As shown in Figure 1 , the dynamic mechanism of public voice behavior to promote policy implementation and evolution in public health emergencies is as follows: First, under the guidance of the government, enterprises participate in the development of policy and design products to assist policy implementation with advanced technologies.

abstract:
  With the development of the Internet, social networking sites have empowered the public to directly express their views about social issues and hence contribute to social change. As a new type of voice behavior, public voice on social media has aroused wide concern among scholars. However, why public voice is expressed and how it influences social development and betterment in times of public health emergencies remains unstudied. A key point is whether governments can take effective countermeasures when faced with public health emergencies. In such situation, public voice is of great significance in the formulation and implementation of coping policies. This qualitive study uses China’s Health Code policy under COVID-19 to explore why the public performs voice behavior on social media and how this influences policy evolution and product innovation through cooperative governance. A stimulus-cognition-emotion-behavior model is established to explain public voice, indicating that it is influenced by cognitive processes and public emotions under policy stimulus. What is more, as a form of public participation in cooperative governance, public voice plays a significant role in promoting policy evolution and product innovation, and represents a useful form of cooperation with governments and enterprises to jointly maintain social stability under public health emergencies


id: cord-342386-t5b8wpe2
title: All We Need Is Trust: How the COVID-19 Outbreak Reconfigured Trust in Italian Public Institutions
author: Falcone, Rino
date: 2020-10-02
txt: ./txt/cord-342386-t5b8wpe2.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-342386-t5b8wpe2.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33132966/
doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.561747
summary:
  Since overall trust in public authorities did not decrease after March 11 in the whole sample, this indicates a leveling in trust attribution across the country after the introduction of new measures, which in turn could be interpreted as a shift in the perception of the emergency: whereas in early March, a significant part of the Italian population still believed the outbreak to be somehow contained to specific regions, and thus a local problem unlikely to affect everybody in the same way, the nationwide interventions announced on March 11 made it crystal clear to all that COVID-19 was indeed a national concern.

abstract:
  The central focus of this research is the fast and crucial impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on a crucial psychological, relational, and political construct: trust. We investigate how the consequences of the pandemic, in terms of healthcare, state intervention and impositions, and daily life and habits, have affected trust in public institutions in Italy, at the time when the contagion was rapidly spreading in the country (early March 2020). In this survey, addressed to 4260 Italian citizens, we analyzed and measured such impact, focusing on various aspects of trust. This attention to multiple dimensions of trust constitutes the key conceptual advantage of this research, since trust is a complex and layered construct, with its own internal dynamics. In particular, the analysis focuses on how citizens attribute trust to Public Authorities, in relation to the management of the health crisis: with regard to the measures and guidelines adopted, the purposes pursued, the motivations that determine them, their capacity for involvement, and their effectiveness for the containment of the virus itself. A pandemic creates a bilateral need for trust, both in Public Authorities (they have to rely on citizens’ compliance and must try to promote and maintain their trust in order to be effective) and in citizens, since they need to feel that somebody can do something, can (has the power to) protect them, to act at the needed collective level. We are interested to explore how this need for trust affects the attributional process, regarding both attitudes and the corresponding decisions and actions. The most striking result of this survey is the very high level of institutional trust expressed by respondents: 75% of them trust Italian public authorities to be able to deal with the COVID-19 emergency. This is in sharp contrast with the relatively low levels of institutional trust characteristic of Italy, both historically and in recent surveys. Moreover, the survey allowed the discrimination of several potential predictors for trust, thus emphasizing factors that, during this crisis, are exhibiting an anomalous impact on trust.


id: cord-342939-b7qn6ynk
title: Dual Use of Biotechnology
author: Baillie, L.
date: 2012-01-03
txt: ./txt/cord-342939-b7qn6ynk.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-342939-b7qn6ynk.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/B9780123739322004300
doi: 10.1016/b978-0-12-373932-2.00430-0
summary:
  This article addresses issues that are central to the dual use of biotechnology, such as the public perception of risk and the need for physical containment to prevent the release of potentially dangerous microorganisms. It also examines the public and media perception of the scientists who handle and manipulate these pathogens and discusses the controls that are currently in place to ensure that scientists engaged in defense-related dual-use medical research act in a transparent and ethical manner. It also examines the public and media perception of the scientists who handle and manipulate these pathogens and discusses the controls that are currently in place to ensure that scientists engaged in defense-related dual-use medical research act in a transparent and ethical manner. Although extremely rare, this event is likely to have had a major impact on the public perception of scientists engaged in defense-related research and their motivation.

abstract:
  This article addresses issues that are central to the dual use of biotechnology, such as the public perception of risk and the need for physical containment to prevent the release of potentially dangerous microorganisms. It also examines the public and media perception of the scientists who handle and manipulate these pathogens and discusses the controls that are currently in place to ensure that scientists engaged in defense-related dual-use medical research act in a transparent and ethical manner. Finally, the article discusses what can be done by scientists to allay the fears of their fellow citizens.


id: cord-343530-3fnfs2e5
title: Gender equity and public health outcomes: The COVID-19 experience
author: Leung, T.Y.
date: 2020-05-21
txt: ./txt/cord-343530-3fnfs2e5.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-343530-3fnfs2e5.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32501305/
doi: 10.1016/j.jbusres.2020.05.031
summary:
  Specifically, it introduces a conceptual model incorporating the impact of gender equity and human development on women''s representation in legislature and public health expenditure, and their combined impact with human environment (population density, aging population and urban population) on important public health outcomes in the Covid-19 context, including the total number of tests, diagnosed, active and critical cases, and deaths. The authors begin with an extensive review of the relevant literature to develop a conceptual model and specific hypotheses about the impact of gender equity and human development on women''s representation in legislature and public health expenditure, and the combined impact of public health expenditure along with human environment (population density, aging population and urban population) on important public health outcomes in the Covid-19 context, including the total number of tests, diagnosed, active and critical cases, and deaths.

abstract:
  This paper extends the growing research on the impact of gender equity on public health outcomes using the ongoing Covid-19 pandemic as its research setting. Specifically, it introduces a conceptual model incorporating the impact of gender equity and human development on women’s representation in legislature and public health expenditure, and their combined impact with human environment (population density, aging population and urban population) on important public health outcomes in the Covid-19 context, including the total number of tests, diagnosed, active and critical cases, and deaths. Data from 210 countries shows support for many of the hypothesized relationships in the conceptual model. The results provide useful insights about the factors that influence the representation of women in political systems around the world and its impact on public health outcomes. The authors also discuss implications for public health policy-makers to ensure efficient and effective delivery of public health services in future.


id: cord-347877-px8e0hhi
author: Liu, Tao
date: 2020-08-14
txt: ./txt/cord-347877-px8e0hhi.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-347877-px8e0hhi.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare8030270
doi: 10.3390/healthcare8030270
summary:
  Consequently, this paper uses the game cross-efficiency model and Theil index model to evaluate and analyze the regional differences and the causes of the allocation efficiency of the rural public health resources in 31 provinces of China from 2008 to 2017, and uses the bootstrap truncated regression model to find out the influencing factors, so as to provide the policy basis for improving the allocation efficiency of the rural public health resources in China. The economic development level, the living conditions and the population density are the important influencing factors of the allocation efficiency differences of the rural public health resources in the three regions. The economic development level, the living conditions and the population density are the important influencing factors of the allocation efficiency differences of the rural public health resources in the three regions.

title:
  Regional Differences and Influencing Factors of Allocation Efficiency of Rural Public Health Resources in China

abstract:
  In the face of increasingly growing health demands and the impact of various public health emergencies, it is of great significance to study the regional differences in the allocation efficiency of the rural public health resources and its improvement mechanism. In this paper, the game competition relationship is included in the evaluation model, and the game cross-efficiency model is used to measure the allocation efficiency of the rural public health resources in 31 provinces of China from 2008 to 2017. Then, the Theil index model and the Gini index model are applied in exploring the regional differences in the allocation efficiency of rural public health resources and its sources. Finally, the bootstrap truncated regression model is used to analyze the influencing factors of the allocation efficiency of the rural public health resources in China. The results show that, first, the total allocation efficiency level of the rural public health resources in China from 2008 to 2017 is relatively low, and it presents a U-shaped trend, first falling and then rising. Second, the changing trend of the allocation efficiency of the rural public health resources in the eastern, central, and western regions of China is similar to that in the nationwide region, and it shows a gradient trend that “the allocation efficiency in the eastern region is high, the allocation efficiency in the western region is low, and the allocation efficiency in the Central region is at the medium level”. However, the gap among the three regions is continually narrowing. Third, the calculation results of the Theil index and the Gini index show that intra-regional differences are the major source of the regional differences in the allocation efficiency of the rural public health resources in China, and the inter-regional differences demonstrate an expansion trend. Finally, the improvement of the education level and the social support level will generally improve the allocation efficiency of the rural public health resources in China and its three regions. The increased governmental financial support and urbanization level will reduce the allocation efficiency of the rural public health resources in China and its three regions. The economic development level, the living conditions and the population density are the important influencing factors of the allocation efficiency differences of the rural public health resources in the three regions. Therefore, on the basis of ensuring the increase of the total supply of the rural public health resources, more attention should be paid to the improvement of the allocation efficiency. Moreover, on the basis of continually narrowing the inter-regional differences among the eastern, central, and western regions, more attention should be paid to the intra-regional differences of the allocation efficiency of the rural public health resources among the different provinces. The various economic and social policies should be constantly optimized to jointly improve the allocation efficiency of the rural public health resources.


id: cord-349348-9rnvawfa
title: Genomics and Public Health Research: Can the State Allow Access to Genomic Databases?
author: Cousineau, J
date: 2012-05-31
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23113174/
doi: nan
abstract:
  Because many diseases are multifactorial disorders, the scientific progress in genomics and genetics should be taken into consideration in public health research. In this context, genomic databases will constitute an important source of information. Consequently, it is important to identify and characterize the State’s role and authority on matters related to public health, in order to verify whether it has access to such databases while engaging in public health genomic research. We first consider the evolution of the concept of public health, as well as its core functions, using a comparative approach (e.g. WHO, PAHO, CDC and the Canadian province of Quebec). Following an analysis of relevant Quebec legislation, the precautionary principle is examined as a possible avenue to justify State access to and use of genomic databases for research purposes. Finally, we consider the Influenza pandemic plans developed by WHO, Canada, and Quebec, as examples of key tools framing public health decision-making process. We observed that State powers in public health, are not, in Quebec, well adapted to the expansion of genomics research. We propose that the scope of the concept of research in public health should be clear and include the following characteristics: a commitment to the health and well-being of the population and to their determinants; the inclusion of both applied research and basic research; and, an appropriate model of governance (authorization, follow-up, consent, etc.). We also suggest that the strategic approach version of the precautionary principle could guide collective choices in these matters.


id: cord-349790-dezauioa
title: Ethical challenges in pathogen sequencing: a systematic scoping review
author: Johnson, Stephanie
date: 2020-06-03
txt: ./txt/cord-349790-dezauioa.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-349790-dezauioa.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32864469/
doi: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.15806.1
summary:
  Methods: We systematically searched indexed academic literature from PubMed, Google Scholar, and Web of Science from 2000 to April 2019 for peer-reviewed articles that substantively engaged in discussion of ethical issues in the use of pathogen genome sequencing technologies for diagnostic, surveillance and outbreak investigation. We systematically searched indexed academic literature from PubMed, Google Scholar, and Web of Science from 2000 to April 2019 for peer-reviewed articles that substantively engaged in discussion of ethical issues in the use of pathogen genome sequencing technologies for diagnostic, surveillance and outbreak investigation. Implementation science research may also inform best practices for discussing the meaning and limitations of sequence data and cluster membership with community members and help to identify acceptable and evidence-based approaches that impose the least risk to persons within specific contexts. Many noted that there are important reasons to ensure that the public and individuals understand the uses of data collected as part of a sequencing studies, and the potential risks.

abstract:
  Background: Going forward, the routine implementation of genomic surveillance activities and outbreak investigation is to be expected. We sought to systematically identify the emerging ethical challenges; and to systematically assess the gaps in ethical frameworks or thinking and identify where further work is needed to solve practical challenges. Methods: We systematically searched indexed academic literature from PubMed, Google Scholar, and Web of Science from 2000 to April 2019 for peer-reviewed articles that substantively engaged in discussion of ethical issues in the use of pathogen genome sequencing technologies for diagnostic, surveillance and outbreak investigation. Results: 28 articles were identified; nine United States, five United Kingdom, five The Netherlands, three Canada, two Switzerland, one Australia, two South Africa, and one Italy. Eight articles were specifically about the use of sequencing in HIV. Eleven were not specific to a particular disease. Results were organized into four themes: tensions between public and private interests; difficulties with translation from research to clinical and public health practice; the importance of community trust and support; equity and global partnerships; and the importance of context. Conclusion: While pathogen sequencing has the potential to be transformative for public health, there are a number of key ethical issues that must be addressed, particularly around the conditions of use for pathogen sequence data. Ethical standards should be informed by public values, and further empirical work investigating stakeholders’ views are required. Development in the field should also be under-pinned by a strong commitment to values of justice, in particular global health equity.


id: cord-351411-q9kqjvvf
author: Moghadas, Seyed M
date: 2015
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26361486/
doi: nan
title:
  Improving public health policy through infection transmission modelling: Guidelines for creating a Community of Practice

abstract:
  BACKGROUND: Despite significant research efforts in Canada, real application of modelling in public health decision making and practice has not yet met its full potential. There is still room to better address the diversity of the Canadian population and ensure that research outcomes are translated for use within their relevant contexts. OBJECTIVES: To strengthen connections to public health practice and to broaden its scope, the Pandemic Influenza Outbreak Research Modelling team partnered with the National Collaborating Centre for Infectious Diseases to hold a national workshop. Its objectives were to: understand areas where modelling terms, methods and results are unclear; share information on how modelling can best be used in informing policy and improving practice, particularly regarding the ways to integrate a focus on health equity considerations; and sustain and advance collaborative work in the development and application of modelling in public health. METHOD: The Use of Mathematical Modelling in Public Health Decision Making for Infectious Diseases workshop brought together research modellers, public health professionals, policymakers and other experts from across the country. Invited presentations set the context for topical discussions in three sessions. A final session generated reflections and recommendations for new opportunities and tasks. CONCLUSIONS: Gaps in content and research include the lack of standard frameworks and a glossary for infectious disease modelling. Consistency in terminology, clear articulation of model parameters and assumptions, and sustained collaboration will help to bridge the divide between research and practice.


id: cord-352546-w3catjj3
author: Degeling, Chris
date: 2015-12-29
txt: ./txt/cord-352546-w3catjj3.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-352546-w3catjj3.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-015-2617-1
doi: 10.1186/s12889-015-2617-1
summary:
  The effective control and prevention of EIDs therefore requires: (i) social science research to improve understanding of how EID threats and responses play out; (ii) the development of an analytic framework that catalogues case experiences with EIDs, reflects their dynamic nature and promotes inter-sectoral collaboration and knowledge synthesis; (iii) genuine public engagement processes that promote transparency, education and capture people''s preferences; (iv) a set of practical principles and values that integrate ethics into decision-making procedures, against which policies and public health responses can be assessed; (v) integration of the analytic framework and the statement of principles and values outlined above; and (vi) a focus on genuine reform rather than rhetoric. In particular we focused on materials pertaining to the social, political and ethical consequences of responses to the risks posed to human health and wellbeing by Hendra virus [HeV], Nipah virus [NiV] and Rabies virus [RbV] in Australasia, and compared them with international responses to canonical examples of pandemic and food borne zoonoses severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) [17] and bovine spongiform encephalitis/variant Creutzfeldt Jacob disease (BSE/vCJD), respectively.

title:
  Implementing a One Health approach to emerging infectious disease: reflections on the socio-political, ethical and legal dimensions

abstract:
  BACKGROUND: ‘One Health’ represents a call for health researchers and practitioners at the human, animal and environmental interfaces to work together to mitigate the risks of emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases (EIDs). A One Health approach emphasizing inter-disciplinary co-operation is increasingly seen as necessary for effective EID control and prevention. There are, however, socio-political, ethical and legal challenges, which must be met by such a One Health approach. DISCUSSION: Based on the philosophical review and critical analysis of scholarship around the theory and practice of One Health it is clear that EID events are not simply about pathogens jumping species barriers; they are comprised of complex and contingent sets of relations that involve socioeconomic and socio-political drivers and consequences with the latter extending beyond the impact of the disease. Therefore, the effectiveness of policies based on One Health depends on their implementation and alignment with or modification of public values. SUMMARY: Despite its strong motivating rationale, implementing a One Health approach in an integrated and considered manner can be challenging, especially in the face of a perceived crisis. The effective control and prevention of EIDs therefore requires: (i) social science research to improve understanding of how EID threats and responses play out; (ii) the development of an analytic framework that catalogues case experiences with EIDs, reflects their dynamic nature and promotes inter-sectoral collaboration and knowledge synthesis; (iii) genuine public engagement processes that promote transparency, education and capture people’s preferences; (iv) a set of practical principles and values that integrate ethics into decision-making procedures, against which policies and public health responses can be assessed; (v) integration of the analytic framework and the statement of principles and values outlined above; and (vi) a focus on genuine reform rather than rhetoric.


id: cord-354434-bi409a6o
title: Ensuring health equity during the COVID-19 pandemic: the role of public health infrastructure
author: Benjamin, Georges C.
date: 2020-05-29
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32523608/
doi: 10.26633/rpsp.2020.70
abstract:
  The COVID-19 pandemic has significantly stressed public health systems around the world and exposed the gaps in health care for underserved and vulnerable populations. In the context of the social determinants of health, focusing on health system preparedness is paramount for protecting the health of all of society. Faced with old threats (e.g., re-emergence of measles), disruptive new technologies (e.g., electronic cigarettes), increased challenges (e.g. drug-resistant organisms), and new threats (e.g., the current pandemic, climate change, politicized misinformation), our health systems must be robust and resilient. The response must include those who now suffer disproportionately—the poor and the vulnerable. Current World Health Organization priorities call for infrastructures capable of detecting, monitoring, and responding to health emergencies, such as COVID-19, and the health impacts of climate change in the context of health for all. Health care infrastructure can be better prepared and more equitable if systems are strengthened by building on core competencies and following the recommendations made for leadership, stakeholder involvement, accreditation, data collection, and funding resources. Ensuring health equity in a pandemic requires robust and resilient public health infrastructure during normal times.


