id sid tid token lemma pos cord-302056-wvf6cpib 1 1 key key JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 2 1 : : : cord-302056-wvf6cpib 2 2 cord-302056-wvf6cpib cord-302056-wvf6cpib NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 2 3 authors author NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 2 4 : : : cord-302056-wvf6cpib 2 5 Benatia Benatia NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 2 6 , , , cord-302056-wvf6cpib 2 7 D. D. NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 2 8 ; ; : cord-302056-wvf6cpib 2 9 Godefroy Godefroy NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 2 10 , , , cord-302056-wvf6cpib 2 11 R. R. NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 2 12 ; ; : cord-302056-wvf6cpib 2 13 Lewis Lewis NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 2 14 , , , cord-302056-wvf6cpib 2 15 J. J. NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 2 16 title title NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 2 17 : : : cord-302056-wvf6cpib 2 18 Estimating estimate VBG cord-302056-wvf6cpib 2 19 COVID-19 COVID-19 NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 2 20 Prevalence Prevalence NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 2 21 in in IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 2 22 the the DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 2 23 United United NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 2 24 States States NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 2 25 : : : cord-302056-wvf6cpib 3 1 A a DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 3 2 Sample Sample NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 3 3 Selection Selection NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 3 4 Model Model NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 3 5 Approach Approach NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 3 6 date date NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 3 7 : : : cord-302056-wvf6cpib 3 8 2020 2020 CD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 3 9 - - HYPH cord-302056-wvf6cpib 3 10 04 04 CD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 3 11 - - SYM cord-302056-wvf6cpib 3 12 30 30 CD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 3 13 journal journal NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 3 14 : : : cord-302056-wvf6cpib 4 1 nan nan NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 4 2 DOI DOI NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 4 3 : : : cord-302056-wvf6cpib 4 4 10.1101/2020.04.20.20072942 10.1101/2020.04.20.20072942 CD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 4 5 sha sha NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 4 6 : : : cord-302056-wvf6cpib 5 1 88f96d713095b8c1eb6cccd44734da9956f8374e 88f96d713095b8c1eb6cccd44734da9956f8374e NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 5 2 doc_id doc_id CD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 5 3 : : : cord-302056-wvf6cpib 6 1 302056 302056 CD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 6 2 cord_uid cord_uid NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 6 3 : : : cord-302056-wvf6cpib 7 1 wvf6cpib wvf6cpib NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 7 2 Background Background NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 7 3 : : : cord-302056-wvf6cpib 8 1 Public public JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 8 2 health health NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 8 3 efforts effort NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 8 4 to to TO cord-302056-wvf6cpib 8 5 determine determine VB cord-302056-wvf6cpib 8 6 population population NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 8 7 infection infection NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 8 8 rates rate NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 8 9 from from IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 8 10 coronavirus coronavirus NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 8 11 disease disease NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 8 12 2019 2019 CD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 8 13 ( ( -LRB- cord-302056-wvf6cpib 8 14 COVID-19 COVID-19 NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 8 15 ) ) -RRB- cord-302056-wvf6cpib 8 16 have have VBP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 8 17 been be VBN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 8 18 hampered hamper VBN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 8 19 by by IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 8 20 limitations limitation NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 8 21 in in IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 8 22 testing testing NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 8 23 capabilities capability NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 8 24 and and CC cord-302056-wvf6cpib 8 25 the the DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 8 26 large large JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 8 27 shares share NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 8 28 of of IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 8 29 mild mild JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 8 30 and and CC cord-302056-wvf6cpib 8 31 asymptomatic asymptomatic JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 8 32 cases case NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 8 33 . . . cord-302056-wvf6cpib 9 1 We -PRON- PRP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 9 2 developed develop VBD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 9 3 a a DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 9 4 methodology methodology NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 9 5 that that WDT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 9 6 corrects correct VBZ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 9 7 observed observed JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 9 8 positive positive JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 9 9 test test NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 9 10 rates rate NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 9 11 for for IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 9 12 non non JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 9 13 - - JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 9 14 random random JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 9 15 sampling sampling NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 9 16 to to TO cord-302056-wvf6cpib 9 17 estimate estimate VB cord-302056-wvf6cpib 9 18 population population NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 9 19 infection infection NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 9 20 rates rate NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 9 21 across across IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 9 22 U.S. U.S. NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 9 23 states state NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 9 24 from from IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 9 25 March March NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 9 26 31 31 CD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 9 27 to to IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 9 28 April April NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 9 29 7 7 CD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 9 30 . . . cord-302056-wvf6cpib 10 1 Methods method NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 11 1 We -PRON- PRP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 11 2 adapted adapt VBD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 11 3 a a DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 11 4 sample sample NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 11 5 selection selection NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 11 6 model model NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 11 7 that that WDT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 11 8 corrects correct VBZ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 11 9 for for IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 11 10 non non JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 11 11 - - JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 11 12 random random JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 11 13 testing testing NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 11 14 to to TO cord-302056-wvf6cpib 11 15 estimate estimate VB cord-302056-wvf6cpib 11 16 population population NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 11 17 infection infection NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 11 18 rates rate NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 11 19 . . . cord-302056-wvf6cpib 12 1 The the DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 12 2 methodology methodology NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 12 3 compares compare VBZ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 12 4 how how WRB cord-302056-wvf6cpib 12 5 the the DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 12 6 observed observed JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 12 7 positive positive JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 12 8 case case NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 12 9 rate rate NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 12 10 vary vary VBP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 12 11 with with IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 12 12 changes change NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 12 13 in in IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 12 14 the the DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 12 15 size size NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 12 16 of of IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 12 17 the the DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 12 18 tested test VBN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 12 19 population population NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 12 20 , , , cord-302056-wvf6cpib 12 21 and and CC cord-302056-wvf6cpib 12 22 applies apply VBZ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 12 23 this this DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 12 24 gradient gradient NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 12 25 to to TO cord-302056-wvf6cpib 12 26 infer infer VB cord-302056-wvf6cpib 12 27 total total JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 12 28 population population NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 12 29 infection infection NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 12 30 rates rate NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 12 31 . . . cord-302056-wvf6cpib 13 1 Model model NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 13 2 identification identification NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 13 3 requires require VBZ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 13 4 that that DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 13 5 variation variation NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 13 6 in in IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 13 7 testing testing NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 13 8 rates rate NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 13 9 be be VB cord-302056-wvf6cpib 13 10 uncorrelated uncorrelate VBN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 13 11 with with IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 13 12 changes change NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 13 13 in in IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 13 14 underlying underlie VBG cord-302056-wvf6cpib 13 15 disease disease NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 13 16 prevalence prevalence NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 13 17 . . . cord-302056-wvf6cpib 14 1 To to IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 14 2 this this DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 14 3 end end NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 14 4 , , , cord-302056-wvf6cpib 14 5 we -PRON- PRP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 14 6 relied rely VBD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 14 7 on on IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 14 8 data datum NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 14 9 on on IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 14 10 day day NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 14 11 - - HYPH cord-302056-wvf6cpib 14 12 to to IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 14 13 - - HYPH cord-302056-wvf6cpib 14 14 day day NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 14 15 changes change NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 14 16 in in IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 14 17 completed complete VBN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 14 18 tests test NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 14 19 across across IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 14 20 U.S. U.S. NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 14 21 states state NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 14 22 for for IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 14 23 the the DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 14 24 period period NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 14 25 March March NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 14 26 31 31 CD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 14 27 to to IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 14 28 April April NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 14 29 7 7 CD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 14 30 , , , cord-302056-wvf6cpib 14 31 which which WDT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 14 32 were be VBD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 14 33 primarily primarily RB cord-302056-wvf6cpib 14 34 influenced influence VBN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 14 35 by by IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 14 36 immediate immediate JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 14 37 supply supply NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 14 38 - - HYPH cord-302056-wvf6cpib 14 39 side side NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 14 40 constraints constraint NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 14 41 . . . cord-302056-wvf6cpib 15 1 We -PRON- PRP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 15 2 used use VBD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 15 3 this this DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 15 4 methodology methodology NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 15 5 to to TO cord-302056-wvf6cpib 15 6 construct construct VB cord-302056-wvf6cpib 15 7 predicted predict VBN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 15 8 infection infection NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 15 9 rates rate NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 15 10 across across IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 15 11 each each DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 15 12 state state NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 15 13 over over IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 15 14 the the DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 15 15 sample sample NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 15 16 period period NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 15 17 . . . cord-302056-wvf6cpib 16 1 We -PRON- PRP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 16 2 also also RB cord-302056-wvf6cpib 16 3 assessed assess VBD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 16 4 the the DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 16 5 sensitivity sensitivity NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 16 6 of of IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 16 7 the the DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 16 8 results result NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 16 9 to to IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 16 10 controls control NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 16 11 for for IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 16 12 state state NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 16 13 - - HYPH cord-302056-wvf6cpib 16 14 specific specific JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 16 15 daily daily JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 16 16 trends trend NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 16 17 in in IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 16 18 infection infection NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 16 19 rates rate NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 16 20 . . . cord-302056-wvf6cpib 17 1 Results result NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 18 1 The the DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 18 2 median median JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 18 3 population population NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 18 4 infection infection NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 18 5 rate rate NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 18 6 over over IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 18 7 the the DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 18 8 period period NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 18 9 March March NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 18 10 31 31 CD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 18 11 to to IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 18 12 April April NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 18 13 7 7 CD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 18 14 was be VBD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 18 15 0.9 0.9 CD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 18 16 % % NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 18 17 ( ( -LRB- cord-302056-wvf6cpib 18 18 IQR IQR NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 18 19 0.64 0.64 CD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 18 20 1.77 1.77 CD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 18 21 ) ) -RRB- cord-302056-wvf6cpib 18 22 . . . cord-302056-wvf6cpib 19 1 The the DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 19 2 three three CD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 19 3 states state NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 19 4 with with IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 19 5 the the DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 19 6 highest high JJS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 19 7 prevalence prevalence NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 19 8 over over IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 19 9 the the DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 19 10 sample sample NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 19 11 period period NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 19 12 were be VBD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 19 13 New New NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 19 14 York York NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 19 15 ( ( -LRB- cord-302056-wvf6cpib 19 16 8.5 8.5 CD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 19 17 % % NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 19 18 ) ) -RRB- cord-302056-wvf6cpib 19 19 , , , cord-302056-wvf6cpib 19 20 New New NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 19 21 Jersey Jersey NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 19 22 ( ( -LRB- cord-302056-wvf6cpib 19 23 7.6 7.6 CD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 19 24 % % NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 19 25 ) ) -RRB- cord-302056-wvf6cpib 19 26 , , , cord-302056-wvf6cpib 19 27 and and CC cord-302056-wvf6cpib 19 28 Louisiana Louisiana NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 19 29 ( ( -LRB- cord-302056-wvf6cpib 19 30 6.7 6.7 CD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 19 31 % % NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 19 32 ) ) -RRB- cord-302056-wvf6cpib 19 33 . . . cord-302056-wvf6cpib 20 1 Estimates estimate NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 20 2 from from IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 20 3 models model NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 20 4 that that WDT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 20 5 control control VBP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 20 6 for for IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 20 7 state state NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 20 8 - - HYPH cord-302056-wvf6cpib 20 9 specific specific JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 20 10 daily daily JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 20 11 trends trend NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 20 12 in in IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 20 13 infection infection NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 20 14 rates rate NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 20 15 were be VBD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 20 16 virtually virtually RB cord-302056-wvf6cpib 20 17 identical identical JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 20 18 to to IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 20 19 the the DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 20 20 baseline baseline JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 20 21 findings finding NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 20 22 . . . cord-302056-wvf6cpib 21 1 The the DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 21 2 estimates estimate NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 21 3 imply imply VBP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 21 4 a a DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 21 5 nationwide nationwide JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 21 6 average average NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 21 7 of of IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 21 8 12 12 CD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 21 9 population population NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 21 10 infections infection NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 21 11 per per IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 21 12 diagnosed diagnose VBN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 21 13 case case NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 21 14 . . . cord-302056-wvf6cpib 22 1 We -PRON- PRP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 22 2 found find VBD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 22 3 a a DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 22 4 negative negative JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 22 5 bivariate bivariate JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 22 6 relationship relationship NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 22 7 ( ( -LRB- cord-302056-wvf6cpib 22 8 corr corr NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 22 9 . . . cord-302056-wvf6cpib 23 1 = = NFP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 24 1 -0.51 -0.51 LS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 24 2 ) ) -RRB- cord-302056-wvf6cpib 25 1 between between IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 25 2 total total NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 25 3 per per IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 25 4 capita capita FW cord-302056-wvf6cpib 25 5 state state NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 25 6 testing testing NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 25 7 and and CC cord-302056-wvf6cpib 25 8 the the DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 25 9 ratio ratio NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 25 10 of of IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 25 11 population population NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 25 12 infections infection NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 25 13 per per IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 25 14 diagnosed diagnose VBN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 25 15 case case NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 25 16 . . . cord-302056-wvf6cpib 26 1 Interpretation interpretation NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 27 1 The the DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 27 2 effectiveness effectiveness NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 27 3 of of IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 27 4 the the DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 27 5 public public JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 27 6 health health NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 27 7 response response NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 27 8 to to IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 27 9 the the DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 27 10 coronavirus coronavirus NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 27 11 pandemic pandemic NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 27 12 will will MD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 27 13 depend depend VB cord-302056-wvf6cpib 27 14 on on IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 27 15 timely timely JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 27 16 information information NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 27 17 on on IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 27 18 infection infection NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 27 19 rates rate NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 27 20 across across IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 27 21 different different JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 27 22 regions region NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 27 23 . . . cord-302056-wvf6cpib 28 1 With with IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 28 2 increasingly increasingly RB cord-302056-wvf6cpib 28 3 available available JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 28 4 high high JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 28 5 frequency frequency NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 28 6 data datum NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 28 7 on on IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 28 8 COVID-19 covid-19 JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 28 9 testing testing NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 28 10 , , , cord-302056-wvf6cpib 28 11 our -PRON- PRP$ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 28 12 methodology methodology NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 28 13 could could MD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 28 14 be be VB cord-302056-wvf6cpib 28 15 used use VBN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 28 16 to to TO cord-302056-wvf6cpib 28 17 estimate estimate VB cord-302056-wvf6cpib 28 18 population population NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 28 19 infection infection NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 28 20 rates rate NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 28 21 for for IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 28 22 a a DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 28 23 range range NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 28 24 of of IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 28 25 countries country NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 28 26 and and CC cord-302056-wvf6cpib 28 27 subnational subnational JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 28 28 districts district NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 28 29 . . . cord-302056-wvf6cpib 29 1 In in IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 29 2 the the DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 29 3 United United NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 29 4 States States NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 29 5 , , , cord-302056-wvf6cpib 29 6 we -PRON- PRP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 29 7 found find VBD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 29 8 widespread widespread JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 29 9 undiagnosed undiagnosed JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 29 10 COVID-19 covid-19 JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 29 11 infection infection NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 29 12 . . . cord-302056-wvf6cpib 30 1 Expansion expansion NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 30 2 of of IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 30 3 rapid rapid JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 30 4 diagnostic diagnostic JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 30 5 and and CC cord-302056-wvf6cpib 30 6 serological serological JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 30 7 testing testing NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 30 8 will will MD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 30 9 be be VB cord-302056-wvf6cpib 30 10 critical critical JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 30 11 in in IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 30 12 preventing prevent VBG cord-302056-wvf6cpib 30 13 recurrent recurrent JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 30 14 unobserved unobserved JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 30 15 community community NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 30 16 transmission transmission NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 30 17 and and CC cord-302056-wvf6cpib 30 18 identifying identify VBG cord-302056-wvf6cpib 30 19 the the DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 30 20 large large JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 30 21 numbers number NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 30 22 individuals individual NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 30 23 who who WP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 30 24 may may MD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 30 25 have have VB cord-302056-wvf6cpib 30 26 some some DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 30 27 level level NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 30 28 of of IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 30 29 viral viral JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 30 30 immunity immunity NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 30 31 . . . cord-302056-wvf6cpib 31 1 Public public JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 31 2 health health NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 31 3 efforts effort NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 31 4 to to TO cord-302056-wvf6cpib 31 5 determine determine VB cord-302056-wvf6cpib 31 6 population population NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 31 7 infection infection NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 31 8 rates rate NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 31 9 from from IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 31 10 coronavirus coronavirus NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 31 11 disease disease NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 31 12 2019 2019 CD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 32 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-302056-wvf6cpib 32 2 COVID COVID NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 32 3 -19 -19 POS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 32 4 ) ) -RRB- cord-302056-wvf6cpib 32 5 have have VBP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 32 6 been be VBN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 32 7 hampered hamper VBN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 32 8 by by IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 32 9 limitations limitation NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 32 10 in in IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 32 11 testing testing NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 32 12 capabilities capability NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 32 13 and and CC cord-302056-wvf6cpib 32 14 the the DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 32 15 large large JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 32 16 shares share NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 32 17 of of IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 32 18 mild mild JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 32 19 and and CC cord-302056-wvf6cpib 32 20 asymptomatic asymptomatic JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 32 21 cases case NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 32 22 . . . cord-302056-wvf6cpib 33 1 We -PRON- PRP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 33 2 developed develop VBD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 33 3 a a DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 33 4 methodology methodology NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 33 5 that that WDT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 33 6 corrects correct VBZ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 33 7 observed observed JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 33 8 positive positive JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 33 9 test test NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 33 10 rates rate NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 33 11 for for IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 33 12 non non JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 33 13 - - JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 33 14 random random JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 33 15 sampling sampling NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 33 16 to to TO cord-302056-wvf6cpib 33 17 estimate estimate VB cord-302056-wvf6cpib 33 18 population population NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 33 19 infection infection NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 33 20 rates rate NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 33 21 across across IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 33 22 U.S. U.S. NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 33 23 states state NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 33 24 from from IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 33 25 March March NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 33 26 31 31 CD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 33 27 to to IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 33 28 April April NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 33 29 7 7 CD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 33 30 . . . cord-302056-wvf6cpib 34 1 We -PRON- PRP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 34 2 adapted adapt VBD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 34 3 a a DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 34 4 sample sample NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 34 5 selection selection NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 34 6 model model NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 34 7 that that WDT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 34 8 corrects correct VBZ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 34 9 for for IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 34 10 non non JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 34 11 - - JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 34 12 random random JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 34 13 testing testing NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 34 14 to to TO cord-302056-wvf6cpib 34 15 estimate estimate VB cord-302056-wvf6cpib 34 16 population population NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 34 17 infection infection NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 34 18 rates rate NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 34 19 . . . cord-302056-wvf6cpib 35 1 The the DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 35 2 methodology methodology NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 35 3 compares compare VBZ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 35 4 how how WRB cord-302056-wvf6cpib 35 5 the the DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 35 6 observed observed JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 35 7 positive positive JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 35 8 case case NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 35 9 rate rate NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 35 10 vary vary VBP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 35 11 with with IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 35 12 changes change NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 35 13 in in IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 35 14 the the DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 35 15 size size NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 35 16 of of IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 35 17 the the DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 35 18 tested test VBN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 35 19 population population NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 35 20 , , , cord-302056-wvf6cpib 35 21 and and CC cord-302056-wvf6cpib 35 22 applies apply VBZ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 35 23 this this DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 35 24 gradient gradient NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 35 25 to to TO cord-302056-wvf6cpib 35 26 infer infer VB cord-302056-wvf6cpib 35 27 total total JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 35 28 population population NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 35 29 infection infection NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 35 30 rates rate NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 35 31 . . . cord-302056-wvf6cpib 36 1 Model model NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 36 2 identification identification NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 36 3 requires require VBZ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 36 4 that that DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 36 5 variation variation NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 36 6 in in IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 36 7 testing testing NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 36 8 rates rate NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 36 9 be be VB cord-302056-wvf6cpib 36 10 uncorrelated uncorrelate VBN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 36 11 with with IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 36 12 changes change NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 36 13 in in IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 36 14 underlying underlie VBG cord-302056-wvf6cpib 36 15 disease disease NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 36 16 prevalence prevalence NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 36 17 . . . cord-302056-wvf6cpib 37 1 To to IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 37 2 this this DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 37 3 end end NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 37 4 , , , cord-302056-wvf6cpib 37 5 we -PRON- PRP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 37 6 relied rely VBD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 37 7 on on IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 37 8 data datum NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 37 9 on on IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 37 10 day day NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 37 11 - - HYPH cord-302056-wvf6cpib 37 12 to to IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 37 13 - - HYPH cord-302056-wvf6cpib 37 14 day day NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 37 15 changes change NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 37 16 in in IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 37 17 completed complete VBN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 37 18 tests test NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 37 19 across across IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 37 20 U.S. U.S. NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 37 21 states state NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 37 22 for for IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 37 23 the the DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 37 24 period period NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 37 25 March March NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 37 26 31 31 CD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 37 27 to to IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 37 28 April April NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 37 29 7 7 CD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 37 30 , , , cord-302056-wvf6cpib 37 31 which which WDT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 37 32 were be VBD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 37 33 primarily primarily RB cord-302056-wvf6cpib 37 34 influenced influence VBN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 37 35 by by IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 37 36 immediate immediate JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 37 37 supply supply NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 37 38 - - HYPH cord-302056-wvf6cpib 37 39 side side NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 37 40 constraints constraint NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 37 41 . . . cord-302056-wvf6cpib 38 1 We -PRON- PRP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 38 2 used use VBD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 38 3 this this DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 38 4 methodology methodology NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 38 5 to to TO cord-302056-wvf6cpib 38 6 construct construct VB cord-302056-wvf6cpib 38 7 predicted predict VBN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 38 8 infection infection NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 38 9 rates rate NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 38 10 across across IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 38 11 each each DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 38 12 state state NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 38 13 over over IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 38 14 the the DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 38 15 sample sample NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 38 16 period period NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 38 17 . . . cord-302056-wvf6cpib 39 1 We -PRON- PRP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 39 2 also also RB cord-302056-wvf6cpib 39 3 assessed assess VBD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 39 4 the the DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 39 5 sensitivity sensitivity NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 39 6 of of IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 39 7 the the DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 39 8 results result NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 39 9 to to IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 39 10 controls control NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 39 11 for for IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 39 12 state state NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 39 13 - - HYPH cord-302056-wvf6cpib 39 14 specific specific JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 39 15 daily daily JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 39 16 trends trend NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 39 17 in in IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 39 18 infection infection NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 39 19 rates rate NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 39 20 . . . cord-302056-wvf6cpib 40 1 The the DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 40 2 median median JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 40 3 population population NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 40 4 infection infection NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 40 5 rate rate NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 40 6 over over IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 40 7 the the DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 40 8 period period NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 40 9 March March NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 40 10 31 31 CD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 40 11 to to IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 40 12 April April NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 40 13 7 7 CD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 40 14 was be VBD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 40 15 0.9 0.9 CD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 40 16 % % NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 40 17 ( ( -LRB- cord-302056-wvf6cpib 40 18 IQR IQR NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 40 19 0.64 0.64 CD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 40 20 1.77 1.77 CD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 40 21 ) ) -RRB- cord-302056-wvf6cpib 40 22 . . . cord-302056-wvf6cpib 41 1 The the DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 41 2 three three CD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 41 3 states state NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 41 4 with with IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 41 5 the the DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 41 6 highest high JJS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 41 7 prevalence prevalence NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 41 8 over over IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 41 9 the the DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 41 10 sample sample NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 41 11 period period NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 41 12 were be VBD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 41 13 New New NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 41 14 York York NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 41 15 ( ( -LRB- cord-302056-wvf6cpib 41 16 8.5 8.5 CD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 41 17 % % NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 41 18 ) ) -RRB- cord-302056-wvf6cpib 41 19 , , , cord-302056-wvf6cpib 41 20 New New NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 41 21 Jersey Jersey NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 41 22 ( ( -LRB- cord-302056-wvf6cpib 41 23 7.6 7.6 CD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 41 24 % % NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 41 25 ) ) -RRB- cord-302056-wvf6cpib 41 26 , , , cord-302056-wvf6cpib 41 27 and and CC cord-302056-wvf6cpib 41 28 Louisiana Louisiana NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 41 29 ( ( -LRB- cord-302056-wvf6cpib 41 30 6.7 6.7 CD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 41 31 % % NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 41 32 ) ) -RRB- cord-302056-wvf6cpib 41 33 . . . cord-302056-wvf6cpib 42 1 Estimates estimate NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 42 2 from from IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 42 3 mod-1 mod-1 NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 42 4 els els NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 42 5 that that DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 42 6 control control NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 42 7 for for IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 42 8 state state NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 42 9 - - HYPH cord-302056-wvf6cpib 42 10 specific specific JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 42 11 daily daily JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 42 12 trends trend NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 42 13 in in IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 42 14 infection infection NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 42 15 rates rate NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 42 16 were be VBD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 42 17 virtually virtually RB cord-302056-wvf6cpib 42 18 identical identical JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 42 19 to to IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 42 20 the the DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 42 21 baseline baseline JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 42 22 findings finding NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 42 23 . . . cord-302056-wvf6cpib 43 1 The the DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 43 2 estimates estimate NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 43 3 imply imply VBP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 43 4 a a DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 43 5 nationwide nationwide JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 43 6 average average NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 43 7 of of IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 43 8 12 12 CD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 43 9 population population NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 43 10 infections infection NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 43 11 per per IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 43 12 diagnosed diagnose VBN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 43 13 case case NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 43 14 . . . cord-302056-wvf6cpib 44 1 We -PRON- PRP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 44 2 found find VBD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 44 3 a a DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 44 4 negative negative JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 44 5 bivariate bivariate JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 44 6 relationship relationship NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 44 7 ( ( -LRB- cord-302056-wvf6cpib 44 8 corr corr NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 44 9 . . . cord-302056-wvf6cpib 45 1 = = NFP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 46 1 -0.51 -0.51 LS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 46 2 ) ) -RRB- cord-302056-wvf6cpib 47 1 between between IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 47 2 total total NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 47 3 per per IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 47 4 capita capita FW cord-302056-wvf6cpib 47 5 state state NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 47 6 testing testing NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 47 7 and and CC cord-302056-wvf6cpib 47 8 the the DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 47 9 ratio ratio NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 47 10 of of IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 47 11 population population NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 47 12 infections infection NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 47 13 per per IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 47 14 diagnosed diagnose VBN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 47 15 case case NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 47 16 . . . cord-302056-wvf6cpib 48 1 The the DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 48 2 effectiveness effectiveness NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 48 3 of of IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 48 4 the the DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 48 5 public public JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 48 6 health health NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 48 7 response response NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 48 8 to to IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 48 9 the the DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 48 10 coronavirus coronavirus NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 48 11 pandemic pandemic NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 48 12 will will MD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 48 13 depend depend VB cord-302056-wvf6cpib 48 14 on on IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 48 15 timely timely JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 48 16 information information NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 48 17 on on IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 48 18 infection infection NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 48 19 rates rate NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 48 20 across across IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 48 21 different different JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 48 22 regions region NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 48 23 . . . cord-302056-wvf6cpib 49 1 With with IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 49 2 increasingly increasingly RB cord-302056-wvf6cpib 49 3 available available JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 49 4 high high JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 49 5 frequency frequency NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 49 6 data datum NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 49 7 on on IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 49 8 COVID-19 covid-19 JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 49 9 testing testing NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 49 10 , , , cord-302056-wvf6cpib 49 11 our -PRON- PRP$ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 49 12 methodology methodology NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 49 13 could could MD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 49 14 be be VB cord-302056-wvf6cpib 49 15 used use VBN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 49 16 to to TO cord-302056-wvf6cpib 49 17 estimate estimate VB cord-302056-wvf6cpib 49 18 population population NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 49 19 infection infection NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 49 20 rates rate NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 49 21 for for IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 49 22 a a DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 49 23 range range NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 49 24 of of IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 49 25 countries country NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 49 26 and and CC cord-302056-wvf6cpib 49 27 subnational subnational JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 49 28 districts district NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 49 29 . . . cord-302056-wvf6cpib 50 1 In in IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 50 2 the the DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 50 3 United United NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 50 4 States States NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 50 5 , , , cord-302056-wvf6cpib 50 6 we -PRON- PRP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 50 7 found find VBD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 50 8 widespread widespread JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 50 9 undiagnosed undiagnosed JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 50 10 COVID-19 covid-19 JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 50 11 infection infection NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 50 12 . . . cord-302056-wvf6cpib 51 1 Expansion expansion NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 51 2 of of IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 51 3 rapid rapid JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 51 4 diagnostic diagnostic JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 51 5 and and CC cord-302056-wvf6cpib 51 6 serological serological JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 51 7 testing testing NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 51 8 will will MD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 51 9 be be VB cord-302056-wvf6cpib 51 10 critical critical JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 51 11 in in IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 51 12 preventing prevent VBG cord-302056-wvf6cpib 51 13 recurrent recurrent JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 51 14 unobserved unobserved JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 51 15 community community NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 51 16 transmission transmission NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 51 17 and and CC cord-302056-wvf6cpib 51 18 identifying identify VBG cord-302056-wvf6cpib 51 19 the the DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 51 20 large large JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 51 21 numbers number NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 51 22 individuals individual NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 51 23 who who WP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 51 24 may may MD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 51 25 have have VB cord-302056-wvf6cpib 51 26 some some DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 51 27 level level NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 51 28 of of IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 51 29 viral viral JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 51 30 immunity immunity NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 51 31 . . . cord-302056-wvf6cpib 52 1 Social Social NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 52 2 Sciences Sciences NNPS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 52 3 and and CC cord-302056-wvf6cpib 52 4 Humanities Humanities NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 52 5 Research Research NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 52 6 Council Council NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 52 7 . . . cord-302056-wvf6cpib 53 1 In in IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 53 2 December December NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 53 3 2019 2019 CD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 53 4 , , , cord-302056-wvf6cpib 53 5 several several JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 53 6 clusters cluster NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 53 7 of of IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 53 8 pneumonia pneumonia NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 53 9 cases case NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 53 10 were be VBD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 53 11 reported report VBN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 53 12 in in IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 53 13 the the DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 53 14 Chinese chinese JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 53 15 city city NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 53 16 of of IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 53 17 Wuhan Wuhan NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 53 18 . . . cord-302056-wvf6cpib 54 1 By by IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 54 2 early early JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 54 3 January January NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 54 4 , , , cord-302056-wvf6cpib 54 5 Chinese chinese JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 54 6 scientists scientist NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 54 7 had have VBD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 54 8 isolated isolate VBN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 54 9 a a DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 54 10 novel novel JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 54 11 coronavirus coronavirus NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 54 12 ( ( -LRB- cord-302056-wvf6cpib 54 13 SARS SARS NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 54 14 - - HYPH cord-302056-wvf6cpib 54 15 CoV-2 CoV-2 NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 54 16 ) ) -RRB- cord-302056-wvf6cpib 54 17 , , , cord-302056-wvf6cpib 54 18 later later RB cord-302056-wvf6cpib 54 19 named name VBN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 54 20 coronavirus coronavirus NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 54 21 disease disease NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 54 22 2019 2019 CD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 55 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-302056-wvf6cpib 55 2 COVID- COVID- NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 55 3 19 19 CD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 55 4 ) ) -RRB- cord-302056-wvf6cpib 55 5 , , , cord-302056-wvf6cpib 55 6 for for IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 55 7 which which WDT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 55 8 a a DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 55 9 laboratory laboratory NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 55 10 test test NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 55 11 was be VBD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 55 12 quickly quickly RB cord-302056-wvf6cpib 55 13 developed develop VBN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 55 14 . . . cord-302056-wvf6cpib 56 1 Despite despite IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 56 2 efforts effort NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 56 3 at at IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 56 4 containment containment NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 56 5 through through IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 56 6 travel travel NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 56 7 2 2 CD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 56 8 . . . cord-302056-wvf6cpib 57 1 CC CC NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 57 2 - - HYPH cord-302056-wvf6cpib 57 3 BY BY NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 57 4 - - HYPH cord-302056-wvf6cpib 57 5 ND ND NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 57 6 4.0 4.0 CD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 57 7 International international JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 57 8 license license NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 57 9 It -PRON- PRP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 57 10 is be VBZ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 57 11 made make VBN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 57 12 available available JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 57 13 under under IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 57 14 a a DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 58 1 is be VBZ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 58 2 the the DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 58 3 author author NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 58 4 / / SYM cord-302056-wvf6cpib 58 5 funder funder NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 58 6 , , , cord-302056-wvf6cpib 58 7 who who WP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 58 8 has have VBZ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 58 9 granted grant VBN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 58 10 medRxiv medRxiv NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 58 11 a a DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 58 12 license license NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 58 13 to to TO cord-302056-wvf6cpib 58 14 display display VB cord-302056-wvf6cpib 58 15 the the DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 58 16 preprint preprint NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 58 17 in in IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 58 18 perpetuity perpetuity NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 58 19 . . . cord-302056-wvf6cpib 59 1 The the DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 59 2 copyright copyright NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 59 3 holder holder NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 59 4 for for IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 59 5 this this DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 59 6 preprint preprint NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 59 7 this this DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 59 8 version version NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 59 9 posted post VBN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 59 10 April April NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 59 11 30 30 CD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 59 12 , , , cord-302056-wvf6cpib 59 13 2020 2020 CD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 59 14 . . . cord-302056-wvf6cpib 59 15 . . . cord-302056-wvf6cpib 60 1 https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.04 https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.04 UH cord-302056-wvf6cpib 60 2 . . . cord-302056-wvf6cpib 61 1 20.20072942 20.20072942 CD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 61 2 doi doi NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 61 3 : : : cord-302056-wvf6cpib 62 1 medRxiv medRxiv NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 62 2 preprint preprint NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 62 3 restrictions restriction NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 62 4 , , , cord-302056-wvf6cpib 62 5 the the DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 62 6 virus virus NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 62 7 spread spread VBD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 62 8 rapidly rapidly RB cord-302056-wvf6cpib 62 9 beyond beyond IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 62 10 mainland mainland NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 62 11 China China NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 62 12 . . . cord-302056-wvf6cpib 63 1 By by IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 63 2 April April NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 63 3 7 7 CD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 63 4 , , , cord-302056-wvf6cpib 63 5 more more JJR cord-302056-wvf6cpib 63 6 than than IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 63 7 1.4 1.4 CD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 63 8 million million CD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 63 9 cases case NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 63 10 had have VBD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 63 11 been be VBN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 63 12 reported report VBN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 63 13 in in IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 63 14 182 182 CD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 63 15 countries country NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 63 16 and and CC cord-302056-wvf6cpib 63 17 regions region NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 63 18 . . . cord-302056-wvf6cpib 64 1 Our -PRON- PRP$ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 64 2 understanding understanding NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 64 3 of of IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 64 4 the the DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 64 5 progression progression NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 64 6 and and CC cord-302056-wvf6cpib 64 7 severity severity NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 64 8 of of IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 64 9 the the DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 64 10 outbreak outbreak NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 64 11 has have VBZ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 64 12 been be VBN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 64 13 limited limit VBN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 64 14 by by IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 64 15 constraints constraint NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 64 16 on on IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 64 17 testing testing NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 64 18 capabilities capability NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 64 19 . . . cord-302056-wvf6cpib 65 1 In in IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 65 2 most most JJS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 65 3 countries country NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 65 4 , , , cord-302056-wvf6cpib 65 5 testing testing NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 65 6 has have VBZ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 65 7 been be VBN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 65 8 limited limit VBN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 65 9 to to IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 65 10 a a DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 65 11 small small JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 65 12 fraction fraction NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 65 13 of of IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 65 14 the the DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 65 15 population population NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 65 16 . . . cord-302056-wvf6cpib 66 1 As as IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 66 2 a a DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 66 3 result result NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 66 4 , , , cord-302056-wvf6cpib 66 5 the the DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 66 6 number number NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 66 7 of of IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 66 8 confirmed confirm VBN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 66 9 positive positive JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 66 10 cases case NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 66 11 may may MD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 66 12 grossly grossly RB cord-302056-wvf6cpib 66 13 understate understate VB cord-302056-wvf6cpib 66 14 the the DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 66 15 population population NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 66 16 infection infection NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 66 17 rate rate NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 66 18 , , , cord-302056-wvf6cpib 66 19 given give VBN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 66 20 the the DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 66 21 large large JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 66 22 numbers number NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 66 23 of of IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 66 24 mild mild JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 66 25 and and CC cord-302056-wvf6cpib 66 26 asymptomatic asymptomatic JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 66 27 cases case NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 66 28 that that WDT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 66 29 may may MD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 66 30 go go VB cord-302056-wvf6cpib 66 31 untested untested JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 66 32 [ [ -LRB- cord-302056-wvf6cpib 66 33 1 1 CD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 66 34 ] ] -RRB- cord-302056-wvf6cpib 66 35 [ [ -LRB- cord-302056-wvf6cpib 66 36 2 2 CD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 66 37 ] ] -RRB- cord-302056-wvf6cpib 66 38 [ [ -LRB- cord-302056-wvf6cpib 66 39 3 3 CD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 66 40 ] ] -RRB- cord-302056-wvf6cpib 66 41 [ [ -LRB- cord-302056-wvf6cpib 66 42 4 4 CD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 66 43 ] ] -RRB- cord-302056-wvf6cpib 66 44 [ [ -LRB- cord-302056-wvf6cpib 66 45 5 5 CD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 66 46 ] ] -RRB- cord-302056-wvf6cpib 66 47 . . . cord-302056-wvf6cpib 67 1 Moreover moreover RB cord-302056-wvf6cpib 67 2 , , , cord-302056-wvf6cpib 67 3 testing testing NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 67 4 has have VBZ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 67 5 often often RB cord-302056-wvf6cpib 67 6 been be VBN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 67 7 targeted target VBN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 67 8 to to IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 67 9 specific specific JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 67 10 subgroups subgroup NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 67 11 , , , cord-302056-wvf6cpib 67 12 such such JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 67 13 as as IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 67 14 individuals individual NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 67 15 who who WP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 67 16 were be VBD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 67 17 symptomatic symptomatic JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 67 18 or or CC cord-302056-wvf6cpib 67 19 who who WP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 67 20 were be VBD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 67 21 previously previously RB cord-302056-wvf6cpib 67 22 exposed expose VBN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 67 23 to to IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 67 24 the the DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 67 25 virus virus NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 67 26 , , , cord-302056-wvf6cpib 67 27 whose whose WP$ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 67 28 infection infection NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 67 29 probability probability NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 67 30 differs differ VBZ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 67 31 from from IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 67 32 that that DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 67 33 in in IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 67 34 the the DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 67 35 overall overall JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 67 36 population population NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 67 37 [ [ -LRB- cord-302056-wvf6cpib 67 38 6 6 CD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 67 39 , , , cord-302056-wvf6cpib 67 40 7 7 CD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 67 41 ] ] -RRB- cord-302056-wvf6cpib 67 42 . . . cord-302056-wvf6cpib 68 1 1 1 LS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 69 1 Given give VBN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 69 2 this this DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 69 3 sample sample NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 69 4 selection selection NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 69 5 bias bias NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 69 6 , , , cord-302056-wvf6cpib 69 7 it -PRON- PRP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 69 8 is be VBZ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 69 9 impossible impossible JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 69 10 to to TO cord-302056-wvf6cpib 69 11 infer infer VB cord-302056-wvf6cpib 69 12 overall overall JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 69 13 disease disease NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 69 14 prevalence prevalence NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 69 15 from from IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 69 16 the the DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 69 17 share share NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 69 18 of of IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 69 19 positive positive JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 69 20 cases case NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 69 21 among among IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 69 22 the the DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 69 23 tested test VBN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 69 24 individuals individual NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 69 25 . . . cord-302056-wvf6cpib 70 1 A a DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 70 2 further further JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 70 3 challenge challenge NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 70 4 to to IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 70 5 our -PRON- PRP$ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 70 6 understanding understanding NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 70 7 of of IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 70 8 the the DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 70 9 spread spread NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 70 10 of of IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 70 11 outbreak outbreak NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 70 12 has have VBZ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 70 13 been be VBN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 70 14 the the DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 70 15 wide wide JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 70 16 variation variation NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 70 17 in in IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 70 18 per per IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 70 19 capita capita FW cord-302056-wvf6cpib 70 20 testing testing NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 70 21 across across IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 70 22 jurisdictions jurisdiction NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 70 23 due due JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 70 24 to to IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 70 25 different different JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 70 26 protocols protocol NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 70 27 and and CC cord-302056-wvf6cpib 70 28 testing testing NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 70 29 capabilities capability NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 70 30 . . . cord-302056-wvf6cpib 71 1 For for IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 71 2 example example NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 71 3 , , , cord-302056-wvf6cpib 71 4 as as IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 71 5 of of IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 71 6 April April NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 71 7 7 7 CD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 71 8 , , , cord-302056-wvf6cpib 71 9 South South NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 71 10 Korea Korea NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 71 11 had have VBD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 71 12 conducted conduct VBN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 71 13 three three CD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 71 14 times time NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 71 15 more more JJR cord-302056-wvf6cpib 71 16 tests test NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 71 17 than than IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 71 18 the the DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 71 19 United United NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 71 20 States States NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 71 21 on on IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 71 22 a a DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 71 23 per per FW cord-302056-wvf6cpib 71 24 capita capita FW cord-302056-wvf6cpib 71 25 basis basis NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 71 26 [ [ -LRB- cord-302056-wvf6cpib 71 27 8 8 CD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 71 28 , , , cord-302056-wvf6cpib 71 29 9 9 CD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 71 30 ] ] -RRB- cord-302056-wvf6cpib 71 31 . . . cord-302056-wvf6cpib 72 1 Large large JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 72 2 differences difference NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 72 3 in in IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 72 4 testing testing NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 72 5 rates rate NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 72 6 also also RB cord-302056-wvf6cpib 72 7 exist exist VBP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 72 8 at at IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 72 9 the the DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 72 10 subnational subnational JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 72 11 level level NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 72 12 . . . cord-302056-wvf6cpib 73 1 For for IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 73 2 example example NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 73 3 , , , cord-302056-wvf6cpib 73 4 per per IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 73 5 capita capita FW cord-302056-wvf6cpib 73 6 testing testing NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 73 7 in in IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 73 8 the the DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 73 9 state state NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 73 10 of of IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 73 11 New New NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 73 12 York York NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 73 13 was be VBD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 73 14 nearly nearly RB cord-302056-wvf6cpib 73 15 two two CD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 73 16 times time NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 73 17 higher high JJR cord-302056-wvf6cpib 73 18 than than IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 73 19 in in IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 73 20 neighboring neighbor VBG cord-302056-wvf6cpib 73 21 New New NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 73 22 Jersey Jersey NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 73 23 [ [ -LRB- cord-302056-wvf6cpib 73 24 8 8 CD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 73 25 ] ] -RRB- cord-302056-wvf6cpib 73 26 . . . cord-302056-wvf6cpib 74 1 Because because IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 74 2 the the DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 74 3 severity severity NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 74 4 of of IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 74 5 sample sample NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 74 6 selection selection NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 74 7 bias bias NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 74 8 depends depend VBZ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 74 9 on on IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 74 10 the the DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 74 11 extent extent NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 74 12 of of IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 74 13 testing testing NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 74 14 , , , cord-302056-wvf6cpib 74 15 these these DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 74 16 disparities disparity NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 74 17 create create VBP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 74 18 large large JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 74 19 uncertainty uncertainty NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 74 20 regarding regard VBG cord-302056-wvf6cpib 74 21 the the DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 74 22 relative relative JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 74 23 disease disease NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 74 24 prevalence prevalence NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 74 25 across across IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 74 26 jurisdictions jurisdiction NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 74 27 , , , cord-302056-wvf6cpib 74 28 and and CC cord-302056-wvf6cpib 74 29 may may MD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 74 30 contribute contribute VB cord-302056-wvf6cpib 74 31 to to IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 74 32 the the DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 74 33 wide wide JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 74 34 differences difference NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 74 35 in in IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 74 36 estimated estimate VBN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 74 37 case case NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 74 38 fatality fatality NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 74 39 rates rate NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 74 40 [ [ -LRB- cord-302056-wvf6cpib 74 41 10 10 CD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 74 42 , , , cord-302056-wvf6cpib 74 43 11 11 CD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 74 44 ] ] -RRB- cord-302056-wvf6cpib 74 45 . . . cord-302056-wvf6cpib 75 1 In in IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 75 2 this this DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 75 3 study study NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 75 4 , , , cord-302056-wvf6cpib 75 5 we -PRON- PRP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 75 6 implemented implement VBD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 75 7 a a DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 75 8 procedure procedure NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 75 9 that that WDT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 75 10 corrects correct VBZ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 75 11 observed observed JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 75 12 infection infection NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 75 13 rates rate NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 75 14 among among IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 75 15 tested test VBN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 75 16 individuals individual NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 75 17 for for IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 75 18 non non JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 75 19 - - JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 75 20 random random JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 75 21 sampling sampling NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 75 22 to to TO cord-302056-wvf6cpib 75 23 calculate calculate VB cord-302056-wvf6cpib 75 24 population population NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 75 25 disease disease NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 75 26 prevalence prevalence NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 75 27 . . . cord-302056-wvf6cpib 76 1 A a DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 76 2 large large JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 76 3 body body NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 76 4 of of IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 76 5 empirical empirical JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 76 6 work work NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 76 7 in in IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 76 8 economics economic NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 76 9 has have VBZ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 76 10 been be VBN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 76 11 devoted devote VBN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 76 12 to to IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 76 13 the the DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 76 14 problem problem NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 76 15 of of IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 76 16 sample sample NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 76 17 selection selection NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 76 18 and and CC cord-302056-wvf6cpib 76 19 researchers researcher NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 76 20 have have VBP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 76 21 developed develop VBN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 76 22 estimation estimation NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 76 23 procedures procedure NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 76 24 to to IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 76 25 1 1 CD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 76 26 Notable notable JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 76 27 exceptions exception NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 76 28 include include VBP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 76 29 the the DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 76 30 universal universal JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 76 31 testing testing NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 76 32 of of IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 76 33 passengers passenger NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 76 34 on on IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 76 35 the the DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 76 36 Diamond Diamond NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 76 37 Princess Princess NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 76 38 cruise cruise NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 76 39 ship ship NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 76 40 , , , cord-302056-wvf6cpib 76 41 and and CC cord-302056-wvf6cpib 76 42 an an DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 76 43 ongoing ongoing JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 76 44 population population NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 76 45 - - HYPH cord-302056-wvf6cpib 76 46 based base VBN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 76 47 test test NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 76 48 project project NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 76 49 in in IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 76 50 Iceland Iceland NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 76 51 . . . cord-302056-wvf6cpib 77 1 correct correct JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 77 2 for for IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 77 3 non non JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 77 4 - - JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 77 5 random random JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 77 6 sampling sampling NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 77 7 [ [ -LRB- cord-302056-wvf6cpib 77 8 12 12 CD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 77 9 ] ] -RRB- cord-302056-wvf6cpib 77 10 [ [ -LRB- cord-302056-wvf6cpib 77 11 13 13 CD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 77 12 ] ] -RRB- cord-302056-wvf6cpib 77 13 [ [ -LRB- cord-302056-wvf6cpib 77 14 14 14 CD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 77 15 ] ] -RRB- cord-302056-wvf6cpib 78 1 [ [ -LRB- cord-302056-wvf6cpib 78 2 15 15 CD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 78 3 ] ] -RRB- cord-302056-wvf6cpib 78 4 [ [ -LRB- cord-302056-wvf6cpib 78 5 16 16 CD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 78 6 ] ] -RRB- cord-302056-wvf6cpib 78 7 [ [ -LRB- cord-302056-wvf6cpib 78 8 17 17 CD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 78 9 ] ] -RRB- cord-302056-wvf6cpib 78 10 . . . cord-302056-wvf6cpib 79 1 Our -PRON- PRP$ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 79 2 methodology methodology NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 79 3 builds build VBZ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 79 4 on on IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 79 5 these these DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 79 6 insights insight NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 79 7 to to TO cord-302056-wvf6cpib 79 8 correct correct VB cord-302056-wvf6cpib 79 9 observed observed JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 79 10 infection infection NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 79 11 rates rate NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 79 12 for for IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 79 13 non non JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 79 14 - - JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 79 15 random random JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 79 16 selection selection NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 79 17 into into IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 79 18 COVID-19 covid-19 JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 79 19 testing testing NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 79 20 . . . cord-302056-wvf6cpib 80 1 Our -PRON- PRP$ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 80 2 procedure procedure NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 80 3 compares compare VBZ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 80 4 how how WRB cord-302056-wvf6cpib 80 5 the the DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 80 6 observed observed JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 80 7 infection infection NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 80 8 rate rate NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 80 9 varied varied JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 80 10 as as IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 80 11 a a DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 80 12 larger large JJR cord-302056-wvf6cpib 80 13 share share NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 80 14 of of IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 80 15 the the DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 80 16 population population NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 80 17 was be VBD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 80 18 tested test VBN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 80 19 , , , cord-302056-wvf6cpib 80 20 and and CC cord-302056-wvf6cpib 80 21 uses use VBZ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 80 22 this this DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 80 23 gradient gradient NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 80 24 to to TO cord-302056-wvf6cpib 80 25 infer infer VB cord-302056-wvf6cpib 80 26 disease disease NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 80 27 prevalence prevalence NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 80 28 in in IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 80 29 the the DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 80 30 overall overall JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 80 31 population population NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 80 32 . . . cord-302056-wvf6cpib 81 1 Because because IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 81 2 investments investment NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 81 3 in in IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 81 4 testing testing NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 81 5 capacity capacity NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 81 6 may may MD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 81 7 respond respond VB cord-302056-wvf6cpib 81 8 endogenously endogenously RB cord-302056-wvf6cpib 81 9 to to IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 81 10 local local JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 81 11 disease disease NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 81 12 conditions condition NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 81 13 , , , cord-302056-wvf6cpib 81 14 however however RB cord-302056-wvf6cpib 81 15 , , , cord-302056-wvf6cpib 81 16 model model NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 81 17 identification identification NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 81 18 requires require VBZ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 81 19 that that IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 81 20 we -PRON- PRP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 81 21 find find VBP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 81 22 a a DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 81 23 source source NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 81 24 of of IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 81 25 variation variation NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 81 26 in in IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 81 27 testing testing NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 81 28 rates rate NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 81 29 COVID-19 covid-19 VBP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 81 30 that that WDT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 81 31 is be VBZ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 81 32 unrelated unrelated JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 81 33 to to IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 81 34 the the DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 81 35 underlying underlie VBG cord-302056-wvf6cpib 81 36 population population NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 81 37 prevalence prevalence NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 81 38 . . . cord-302056-wvf6cpib 82 1 To to IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 82 2 this this DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 82 3 end end NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 82 4 , , , cord-302056-wvf6cpib 82 5 we -PRON- PRP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 82 6 relied rely VBD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 82 7 on on IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 82 8 high high JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 82 9 frequency frequency NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 82 10 day day NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 82 11 - - HYPH cord-302056-wvf6cpib 82 12 to to IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 82 13 - - HYPH cord-302056-wvf6cpib 82 14 day day NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 82 15 changes change NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 82 16 in in IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 82 17 completed complete VBN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 82 18 tests test NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 82 19 across across IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 82 20 U.S. U.S. NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 82 21 states state NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 82 22 , , , cord-302056-wvf6cpib 82 23 which which WDT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 82 24 were be VBD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 82 25 primarily primarily RB cord-302056-wvf6cpib 82 26 driven drive VBN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 82 27 by by IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 82 28 immediate immediate JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 82 29 supply supply NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 82 30 - - HYPH cord-302056-wvf6cpib 82 31 side side NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 82 32 limitations limitation NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 82 33 rather rather RB cord-302056-wvf6cpib 82 34 than than IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 82 35 the the DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 82 36 more more RBR cord-302056-wvf6cpib 82 37 gradual gradual JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 82 38 evolution evolution NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 82 39 of of IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 82 40 local local JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 82 41 disease disease NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 82 42 prevalence prevalence NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 82 43 . . . cord-302056-wvf6cpib 83 1 We -PRON- PRP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 83 2 used use VBD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 83 3 this this DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 83 4 procedure procedure NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 83 5 to to TO cord-302056-wvf6cpib 83 6 correct correct VB cord-302056-wvf6cpib 83 7 for for IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 83 8 selection selection NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 83 9 bias bias NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 83 10 in in IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 83 11 observed observed JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 83 12 infection infection NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 83 13 rates rate NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 83 14 to to TO cord-302056-wvf6cpib 83 15 calculate calculate VB cord-302056-wvf6cpib 83 16 population population NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 83 17 disease disease NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 83 18 prevalence prevalence NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 83 19 across across IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 83 20 U.S. U.S. NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 83 21 states state NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 83 22 from from IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 83 23 March March NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 83 24 31 31 CD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 83 25 to to IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 83 26 April April NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 83 27 7 7 CD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 83 28 . . . cord-302056-wvf6cpib 84 1 To to TO cord-302056-wvf6cpib 84 2 evaluate evaluate VB cord-302056-wvf6cpib 84 3 population population NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 84 4 disease disease NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 84 5 prevalence prevalence NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 84 6 , , , cord-302056-wvf6cpib 84 7 we -PRON- PRP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 84 8 developed develop VBD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 84 9 a a DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 84 10 simple simple JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 84 11 selection selection NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 84 12 model model NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 84 13 for for IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 84 14 COVID-19 covid-19 JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 84 15 testing testing NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 84 16 and and CC cord-302056-wvf6cpib 84 17 used use VBD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 84 18 the the DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 84 19 framework framework NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 84 20 to to TO cord-302056-wvf6cpib 84 21 link link VB cord-302056-wvf6cpib 84 22 observed observed JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 84 23 rates rate NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 84 24 of of IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 84 25 positive positive JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 84 26 tests test NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 84 27 to to IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 84 28 population population NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 84 29 disease disease NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 84 30 prevalence prevalence NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 84 31 . . . cord-302056-wvf6cpib 85 1 We -PRON- PRP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 85 2 considered consider VBD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 85 3 a a DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 85 4 stable stable JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 85 5 population population NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 85 6 , , , cord-302056-wvf6cpib 85 7 denoting denote VBG cord-302056-wvf6cpib 85 8 A a NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 85 9 and and CC cord-302056-wvf6cpib 85 10 B b NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 85 11 as as IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 85 12 the the DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 85 13 numbers number NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 85 14 of of IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 85 15 sick sick JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 85 16 and and CC cord-302056-wvf6cpib 85 17 healthy healthy JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 85 18 individuals individual NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 85 19 , , , cord-302056-wvf6cpib 85 20 respectively respectively RB cord-302056-wvf6cpib 85 21 . . . cord-302056-wvf6cpib 86 1 Let let VB cord-302056-wvf6cpib 86 2 p p NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 86 3 n n CC cord-302056-wvf6cpib 86 4 denote denote VB cord-302056-wvf6cpib 86 5 the the DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 86 6 probability probability NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 86 7 that that IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 86 8 a a DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 86 9 sick sick JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 86 10 person person NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 86 11 is be VBZ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 86 12 tested test VBN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 86 13 and and CC cord-302056-wvf6cpib 86 14 q q NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 86 15 n n NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 86 16 the the DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 86 17 probability probability NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 86 18 that that IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 86 19 a a DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 86 20 healthy healthy JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 86 21 person person NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 86 22 is be VBZ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 86 23 tested test VBN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 86 24 , , , cord-302056-wvf6cpib 86 25 given give VBN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 86 26 a a DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 86 27 total total JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 86 28 number number NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 86 29 of of IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 86 30 tests test NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 86 31 , , , cord-302056-wvf6cpib 86 32 n. n. NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 87 1 Thus thus RB cord-302056-wvf6cpib 87 2 , , , cord-302056-wvf6cpib 87 3 we -PRON- PRP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 87 4 have have VBP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 87 5 : : : cord-302056-wvf6cpib 87 6 CC cc NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 87 7 - - HYPH cord-302056-wvf6cpib 87 8 BY BY NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 87 9 - - HYPH cord-302056-wvf6cpib 87 10 ND ND NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 87 11 4.0 4.0 CD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 87 12 International international JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 87 13 license license NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 88 1 It -PRON- PRP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 88 2 is be VBZ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 88 3 made make VBN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 88 4 available available JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 88 5 under under IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 88 6 a a DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 89 1 is be VBZ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 89 2 the the DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 89 3 author author NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 89 4 / / SYM cord-302056-wvf6cpib 89 5 funder funder NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 89 6 , , , cord-302056-wvf6cpib 89 7 who who WP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 89 8 has have VBZ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 89 9 granted grant VBN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 89 10 medRxiv medRxiv NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 89 11 a a DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 89 12 license license NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 89 13 to to TO cord-302056-wvf6cpib 89 14 display display VB cord-302056-wvf6cpib 89 15 the the DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 89 16 preprint preprint NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 89 17 in in IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 89 18 perpetuity perpetuity NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 89 19 . . . cord-302056-wvf6cpib 90 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-302056-wvf6cpib 90 2 which which WDT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 90 3 was be VBD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 90 4 not not RB cord-302056-wvf6cpib 90 5 certified certify VBN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 90 6 by by IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 90 7 peer peer NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 90 8 review review NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 90 9 ) ) -RRB- cord-302056-wvf6cpib 91 1 The the DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 91 2 copyright copyright NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 91 3 holder holder NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 91 4 for for IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 91 5 this this DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 91 6 preprint preprint NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 91 7 this this DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 91 8 version version NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 91 9 posted post VBN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 91 10 April April NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 91 11 30 30 CD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 91 12 , , , cord-302056-wvf6cpib 91 13 2020 2020 CD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 91 14 . . . cord-302056-wvf6cpib 91 15 . . . cord-302056-wvf6cpib 92 1 https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.04 https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.04 UH cord-302056-wvf6cpib 92 2 . . . cord-302056-wvf6cpib 93 1 20.20072942 20.20072942 CD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 93 2 doi doi NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 93 3 : : : cord-302056-wvf6cpib 94 1 medRxiv medRxiv NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 94 2 preprint preprint NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 94 3 and and CC cord-302056-wvf6cpib 94 4 the the DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 94 5 number number NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 94 6 of of IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 94 7 positive positive JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 94 8 tests test NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 94 9 is be VBZ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 94 10 : : : cord-302056-wvf6cpib 95 1 This this DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 95 2 simple simple JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 95 3 framework framework NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 95 4 highlights highlight VBZ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 95 5 how how WRB cord-302056-wvf6cpib 95 6 non non JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 95 7 - - JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 95 8 random random JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 95 9 testing testing NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 95 10 will will MD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 95 11 bias bias VB cord-302056-wvf6cpib 95 12 estimates estimate NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 95 13 of of IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 95 14 the the DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 95 15 population population NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 95 16 disease disease NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 95 17 prevalence prevalence NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 95 18 . . . cord-302056-wvf6cpib 96 1 Using use VBG cord-302056-wvf6cpib 96 2 Bayes Bayes NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 96 3 ' ' POS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 96 4 rule rule NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 96 5 , , , cord-302056-wvf6cpib 96 6 we -PRON- PRP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 96 7 can can MD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 96 8 write write VB cord-302056-wvf6cpib 96 9 the the DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 96 10 relative relative JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 96 11 probability probability NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 96 12 of of IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 96 13 testing testing NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 96 14 as as IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 96 15 the the DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 96 16 following follow VBG cord-302056-wvf6cpib 96 17 : : : cord-302056-wvf6cpib 97 1 q q NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 97 2 n n NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 97 3 p p NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 97 4 n n NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 97 5 = = NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 97 6 P p NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 97 7 r(sick|n)/P r(sick|n)/P NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 98 1 r(healthy|n r(healthy|n NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 98 2 ) ) -RRB- cord-302056-wvf6cpib 99 1 P p NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 99 2 r(sick|tested r(sick|tested NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 99 3 , , , cord-302056-wvf6cpib 99 4 n)/P n)/P NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 99 5 r(healthy|tested r(healthy|teste VBN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 99 6 , , , cord-302056-wvf6cpib 99 7 n n NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 99 8 ) ) -RRB- cord-302056-wvf6cpib 99 9 , , , cord-302056-wvf6cpib 99 10 which which WDT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 99 11 is be VBZ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 99 12 equal equal JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 99 13 to to IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 99 14 one one CD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 99 15 if if IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 99 16 tests test NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 99 17 are be VBP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 99 18 randomly randomly RB cord-302056-wvf6cpib 99 19 allocated allocate VBN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 99 20 , , , cord-302056-wvf6cpib 99 21 P p NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 99 22 r(sick|tested r(sick|tested NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 99 23 , , , cord-302056-wvf6cpib 99 24 n n NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 99 25 ) ) -RRB- cord-302056-wvf6cpib 99 26 = = NFP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 100 1 P p NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 100 2 r(sick|n r(sick|n NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 100 3 ) ) -RRB- cord-302056-wvf6cpib 100 4 . . . cord-302056-wvf6cpib 101 1 When when WRB cord-302056-wvf6cpib 101 2 testing testing NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 101 3 is be VBZ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 101 4 targeted target VBN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 101 5 to to IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 101 6 individuals individual NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 101 7 who who WP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 101 8 are be VBP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 101 9 more more RBR cord-302056-wvf6cpib 101 10 likely likely JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 101 11 to to TO cord-302056-wvf6cpib 101 12 be be VB cord-302056-wvf6cpib 101 13 sick sick JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 101 14 , , , cord-302056-wvf6cpib 101 15 we -PRON- PRP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 101 16 have have VBP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 101 17 P p NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 101 18 r(sick|tested r(sick|tested NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 101 19 , , , cord-302056-wvf6cpib 101 20 n n NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 101 21 ) ) -RRB- cord-302056-wvf6cpib 102 1 > > XX cord-302056-wvf6cpib 102 2 P p NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 102 3 r(sick|n r(sick|n NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 102 4 ) ) -RRB- cord-302056-wvf6cpib 103 1 and and CC cord-302056-wvf6cpib 103 2 P p NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 103 3 r(healthy|tested r(healthy|teste VBD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 103 4 , , , cord-302056-wvf6cpib 104 1 n n LS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 104 2 ) ) -RRB- cord-302056-wvf6cpib 104 3 < < NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 104 4 P p NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 104 5 r(healthy|n r(healthy|n NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 104 6 ) ) -RRB- cord-302056-wvf6cpib 104 7 , , , cord-302056-wvf6cpib 104 8 so so CC cord-302056-wvf6cpib 104 9 the the DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 104 10 ratio ratio NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 104 11 will will MD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 104 12 fall fall VB cord-302056-wvf6cpib 104 13 between between IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 104 14 zero zero CD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 104 15 and and CC cord-302056-wvf6cpib 104 16 one one CD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 104 17 . . . cord-302056-wvf6cpib 105 1 In in IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 105 2 this this DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 105 3 scenario scenario NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 105 4 , , , cord-302056-wvf6cpib 105 5 the the DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 105 6 ratio ratio NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 105 7 of of IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 105 8 sick sick JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 105 9 to to IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 105 10 healthy healthy JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 105 11 people people NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 105 12 in in IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 105 13 the the DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 105 14 sample sample NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 105 15 , , , cord-302056-wvf6cpib 105 16 p p NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 105 17 n n NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 105 18 A a NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 105 19 q q NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 105 20 n n NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 105 21 B B NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 105 22 , , , cord-302056-wvf6cpib 105 23 will will MD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 105 24 exceed exceed VB cord-302056-wvf6cpib 105 25 the the DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 105 26 ratio ratio NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 105 27 in in IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 105 28 the the DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 105 29 overall overall JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 105 30 population population NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 105 31 , , , cord-302056-wvf6cpib 105 32 A a DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 105 33 B. B. NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 105 34 We -PRON- PRP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 105 35 specified specify VBD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 105 36 the the DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 105 37 following following JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 105 38 functional functional JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 105 39 form form NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 105 40 for for IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 105 41 the the DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 105 42 relative relative JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 105 43 probability probability NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 105 44 of of IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 105 45 testing testing NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 105 46 : : : cord-302056-wvf6cpib 105 47 which which WDT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 105 48 is be VBZ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 105 49 in in IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 105 50 [ [ -LRB- cord-302056-wvf6cpib 105 51 0,1 0,1 CD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 105 52 ] ] -RRB- cord-302056-wvf6cpib 105 53 for for IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 105 54 −a −a NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 105 55 − − NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 105 56 bn bn NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 105 57 ≤ ≤ NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 105 58 0 0 CD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 105 59 . . . cord-302056-wvf6cpib 106 1 The the DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 106 2 term term NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 106 3 e e NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 106 4 −a−bn −a−bn NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 106 5 > > XX cord-302056-wvf6cpib 107 1 0 0 NFP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 107 2 reflects reflect VBZ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 107 3 the the DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 107 4 fact fact NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 107 5 that that IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 107 6 testing testing NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 107 7 has have VBZ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 107 8 been be VBN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 107 9 targeted target VBN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 107 10 towards towards IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 107 11 higher high JJR cord-302056-wvf6cpib 107 12 risk risk NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 107 13 populations population NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 107 14 , , , cord-302056-wvf6cpib 107 15 with with IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 107 16 the the DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 107 17 intercept intercept NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 107 18 , , , cord-302056-wvf6cpib 107 19 −a −a NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 107 20 , , , cord-302056-wvf6cpib 107 21 capturing capture VBG cord-302056-wvf6cpib 107 22 the the DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 107 23 severity severity NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 107 24 of of IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 107 25 selection selection NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 107 26 bias bias NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 107 27 when when WRB cord-302056-wvf6cpib 107 28 testing testing NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 107 29 is be VBZ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 107 30 limited limited JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 107 31 . . . cord-302056-wvf6cpib 108 1 Meanwhile meanwhile RB cord-302056-wvf6cpib 108 2 , , , cord-302056-wvf6cpib 108 3 the the DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 108 4 coefficient coefficient NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 108 5 b b NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 108 6 > > XX cord-302056-wvf6cpib 108 7 0 0 NFP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 108 8 identifies identify VBZ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 108 9 how how WRB cord-302056-wvf6cpib 108 10 selection selection NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 108 11 bias bias NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 108 12 decreases decrease VBZ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 108 13 with with IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 108 14 n n NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 108 15 as as IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 108 16 the the DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 108 17 ratio ratio NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 109 1 q q NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 109 2 n n NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 109 3 /p /p NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 109 4 n n NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 109 5 approaches approach VBZ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 109 6 one one CD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 109 7 . . . cord-302056-wvf6cpib 110 1 Intuitively intuitively RB cord-302056-wvf6cpib 110 2 , , , cord-302056-wvf6cpib 110 3 as as IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 110 4 testing testing NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 110 5 expands expand VBZ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 110 6 , , , cord-302056-wvf6cpib 110 7 the the DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 110 8 sample sample NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 110 9 will will MD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 110 10 become become VB cord-302056-wvf6cpib 110 11 more more JJR cord-302056-wvf6cpib 110 12 representative representative NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 110 13 of of IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 110 14 the the DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 110 15 overall overall JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 110 16 population population NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 110 17 , , , cord-302056-wvf6cpib 110 18 and and CC cord-302056-wvf6cpib 110 19 the the DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 110 20 selection selection NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 110 21 bias bias NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 110 22 will will MD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 110 23 diminish diminish VB cord-302056-wvf6cpib 110 24 . . . cord-302056-wvf6cpib 110 25 . . . cord-302056-wvf6cpib 111 1 CC CC NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 111 2 - - HYPH cord-302056-wvf6cpib 111 3 BY BY NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 111 4 - - HYPH cord-302056-wvf6cpib 111 5 ND ND NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 111 6 4.0 4.0 CD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 111 7 International international JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 111 8 license license NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 112 1 It -PRON- PRP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 112 2 is be VBZ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 112 3 made make VBN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 112 4 available available JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 112 5 under under IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 112 6 a a DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 113 1 is be VBZ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 113 2 the the DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 113 3 author author NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 113 4 / / SYM cord-302056-wvf6cpib 113 5 funder funder NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 113 6 , , , cord-302056-wvf6cpib 113 7 who who WP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 113 8 has have VBZ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 113 9 granted grant VBN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 113 10 medRxiv medRxiv NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 113 11 a a DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 113 12 license license NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 113 13 to to TO cord-302056-wvf6cpib 113 14 display display VB cord-302056-wvf6cpib 113 15 the the DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 113 16 preprint preprint NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 113 17 in in IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 113 18 perpetuity perpetuity NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 113 19 . . . cord-302056-wvf6cpib 114 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-302056-wvf6cpib 114 2 which which WDT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 114 3 was be VBD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 114 4 not not RB cord-302056-wvf6cpib 114 5 certified certify VBN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 114 6 by by IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 114 7 peer peer NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 114 8 review review NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 114 9 ) ) -RRB- cord-302056-wvf6cpib 115 1 The the DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 115 2 copyright copyright NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 115 3 holder holder NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 115 4 for for IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 115 5 this this DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 115 6 preprint preprint NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 115 7 this this DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 115 8 version version NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 115 9 posted post VBN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 115 10 April April NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 115 11 30 30 CD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 115 12 , , , cord-302056-wvf6cpib 115 13 2020 2020 CD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 115 14 . . . cord-302056-wvf6cpib 115 15 . . . cord-302056-wvf6cpib 116 1 https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.04 https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.04 UH cord-302056-wvf6cpib 116 2 . . . cord-302056-wvf6cpib 117 1 20.20072942 20.20072942 CD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 117 2 doi doi NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 117 3 : : : cord-302056-wvf6cpib 118 1 medRxiv medRxiv NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 118 2 preprint preprint NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 118 3 Combining combine VBG cord-302056-wvf6cpib 118 4 both both DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 118 5 equations equation NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 118 6 , , , cord-302056-wvf6cpib 118 7 we -PRON- PRP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 118 8 have have VBP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 118 9 : : : cord-302056-wvf6cpib 118 10 We -PRON- PRP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 118 11 used use VBD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 118 12 the the DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 118 13 fact fact NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 118 14 that that IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 118 15 the the DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 118 16 ratio ratio NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 118 17 of of IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 118 18 negative negative JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 118 19 to to IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 118 20 positive positive JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 118 21 tests test NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 118 22 is be VBZ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 118 23 much much RB cord-302056-wvf6cpib 118 24 larger large JJR cord-302056-wvf6cpib 118 25 than than IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 118 26 one one PRP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 118 27 to to TO cord-302056-wvf6cpib 118 28 make make VB cord-302056-wvf6cpib 118 29 the the DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 118 30 following follow VBG cord-302056-wvf6cpib 118 31 approximation approximation NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 118 32 : : : cord-302056-wvf6cpib 118 33 2 2 CD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 119 1 Given give VBN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 119 2 a a DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 119 3 change change NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 119 4 in in IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 119 5 the the DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 119 6 number number NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 119 7 of of IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 119 8 tests test NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 119 9 conducted conduct VBN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 119 10 in in IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 119 11 a a DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 119 12 particular particular JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 119 13 population population NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 119 14 , , , cord-302056-wvf6cpib 119 15 n n NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 119 16 1 1 CD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 119 17 to to IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 119 18 n n NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 119 19 2 2 CD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 119 20 , , , cord-302056-wvf6cpib 119 21 equation equation NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 119 22 ( ( -LRB- cord-302056-wvf6cpib 119 23 2 2 CD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 119 24 ) ) -RRB- cord-302056-wvf6cpib 119 25 implies imply VBZ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 119 26 the the DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 119 27 following follow VBG cord-302056-wvf6cpib 119 28 change change NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 119 29 in in IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 119 30 the the DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 119 31 share share NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 119 32 of of IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 119 33 positive positive JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 119 34 tests test NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 119 35 : : : cord-302056-wvf6cpib 120 1 Our -PRON- PRP$ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 120 2 empirical empirical JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 120 3 model model NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 120 4 was be VBD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 120 5 derived derive VBN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 120 6 from from IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 120 7 equation equation NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 120 8 ( ( -LRB- cord-302056-wvf6cpib 120 9 3 3 CD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 120 10 ) ) -RRB- cord-302056-wvf6cpib 120 11 . . . cord-302056-wvf6cpib 121 1 We -PRON- PRP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 121 2 used use VBD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 121 3 information information NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 121 4 on on IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 121 5 testing testing NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 121 6 across across IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 121 7 states state NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 121 8 i i PRP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 121 9 on on IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 121 10 day day NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 121 11 t t NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 121 12 to to TO cord-302056-wvf6cpib 121 13 estimate estimate VB cord-302056-wvf6cpib 121 14 the the DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 121 15 following follow VBG cord-302056-wvf6cpib 121 16 equation equation NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 121 17 : : : cord-302056-wvf6cpib 121 18 where where WRB cord-302056-wvf6cpib 121 19 n n NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 121 20 i i PRP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 121 21 , , , cord-302056-wvf6cpib 121 22 t t NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 121 23 is be VBZ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 121 24 the the DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 121 25 number number NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 121 26 of of IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 121 27 tests test NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 121 28 on on IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 121 29 day day NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 121 30 t t NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 121 31 , , , cord-302056-wvf6cpib 122 1 s s NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 122 2 i i PRP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 123 1 , , , cord-302056-wvf6cpib 123 2 t t NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 123 3 is be VBZ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 123 4 the the DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 123 5 share share NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 123 6 of of IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 123 7 positive positive JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 123 8 tests test NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 123 9 , , , cord-302056-wvf6cpib 123 10 and and CC cord-302056-wvf6cpib 123 11 pop pop VB cord-302056-wvf6cpib 124 1 i i PRP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 124 2 is be VBZ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 124 3 the the DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 124 4 state state NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 124 5 population population NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 124 6 . . . cord-302056-wvf6cpib 125 1 The the DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 125 2 term term NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 125 3 u u NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 125 4 i i NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 125 5 , , , cord-302056-wvf6cpib 125 6 t t NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 125 7 is be VBZ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 125 8 an an DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 125 9 error error NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 125 10 which which WDT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 125 11 we -PRON- PRP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 125 12 assumed assume VBD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 125 13 to to TO cord-302056-wvf6cpib 125 14 follow follow VB cord-302056-wvf6cpib 125 15 a a DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 125 16 Gaussian gaussian JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 125 17 distribution distribution NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 125 18 with with IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 125 19 mean mean JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 125 20 zero zero CD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 125 21 and and CC cord-302056-wvf6cpib 125 22 unknown unknown JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 125 23 variance variance NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 125 24 . . . cord-302056-wvf6cpib 126 1 We -PRON- PRP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 126 2 restricted restrict VBD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 126 3 the the DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 126 4 model model NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 126 5 to to IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 126 6 a a DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 126 7 cubic cubic JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 126 8 approximation approximation NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 126 9 of of IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 126 10 the the DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 126 11 function function NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 126 12 in in IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 126 13 equation equation NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 126 14 ( ( -LRB- cord-302056-wvf6cpib 126 15 4 4 CD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 126 16 ) ) -RRB- cord-302056-wvf6cpib 126 17 , , , cord-302056-wvf6cpib 126 18 since since IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 126 19 higher high JJR cord-302056-wvf6cpib 126 20 order order NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 126 21 terms term NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 126 22 were be VBD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 126 23 found find VBN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 126 24 to to TO cord-302056-wvf6cpib 126 25 be be VB cord-302056-wvf6cpib 126 26 statistically statistically RB cord-302056-wvf6cpib 126 27 insignificant insignificant JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 126 28 . . . cord-302056-wvf6cpib 127 1 This this DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 127 2 approximation approximation NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 127 3 is be VBZ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 127 4 supported support VBN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 127 5 by by IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 127 6 graphical graphical JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 127 7 evidence evidence NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 127 8 depicted depict VBN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 127 9 below below RB cord-302056-wvf6cpib 127 10 . . . cord-302056-wvf6cpib 128 1 We -PRON- PRP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 128 2 estimated estimate VBD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 128 3 equation equation NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 128 4 ( ( -LRB- cord-302056-wvf6cpib 128 5 4 4 CD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 128 6 ) ) -RRB- cord-302056-wvf6cpib 128 7 by by IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 128 8 maximum maximum JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 128 9 likelihood likelihood NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 128 10 . . . cord-302056-wvf6cpib 129 1 For for IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 129 2 model model NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 129 3 identification identification NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 129 4 , , , cord-302056-wvf6cpib 129 5 we -PRON- PRP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 129 6 required require VBD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 129 7 that that DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 129 8 day day NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 129 9 - - HYPH cord-302056-wvf6cpib 129 10 to to IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 129 11 - - HYPH cord-302056-wvf6cpib 129 12 day day NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 129 13 changes change NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 129 14 in in IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 129 15 the the DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 129 16 number number NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 129 17 of of IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 129 18 tests test NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 130 1 be be VB cord-302056-wvf6cpib 130 2 uncorrelated uncorrelated JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 130 3 with with IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 130 4 the the DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 130 5 error error NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 130 6 term term NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 130 7 , , , cord-302056-wvf6cpib 130 8 u u NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 130 9 i i NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 130 10 , , , cord-302056-wvf6cpib 130 11 t t NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 130 12 . . . cord-302056-wvf6cpib 131 1 In in IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 131 2 practice practice NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 131 3 , , , cord-302056-wvf6cpib 131 4 this this DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 131 5 assumption assumption NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 131 6 implies imply VBZ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 131 7 that that IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 131 8 daily daily JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 131 9 changes change NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 131 10 in in IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 131 11 underlying underlie VBG cord-302056-wvf6cpib 131 12 population population NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 131 13 disease disease NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 131 14 prevalence prevalence NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 131 15 can can MD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 131 16 not not RB cord-302056-wvf6cpib 131 17 be be VB cord-302056-wvf6cpib 131 18 systematically systematically RB cord-302056-wvf6cpib 131 19 related relate VBN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 131 20 to to IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 131 21 day day NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 131 22 - - HYPH cord-302056-wvf6cpib 131 23 to to IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 131 24 - - HYPH cord-302056-wvf6cpib 131 25 day day NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 131 26 changes change NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 131 27 in in IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 131 28 testing testing NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 131 29 . . . cord-302056-wvf6cpib 132 1 Our -PRON- PRP$ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 132 2 identification identification NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 132 3 assumption assumption NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 132 4 is be VBZ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 132 5 supported support VBN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 132 6 by by IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 132 7 at at RB cord-302056-wvf6cpib 132 8 least least RBS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 132 9 three three CD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 132 10 pieces piece NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 132 11 of of IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 132 12 evidence evidence NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 132 13 . . . cord-302056-wvf6cpib 133 1 First first RB cord-302056-wvf6cpib 133 2 , , , cord-302056-wvf6cpib 133 3 severe severe JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 133 4 constraints constraint NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 133 5 on on IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 133 6 state state NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 133 7 testing testing NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 133 8 capacity capacity NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 133 9 have have VBP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 133 10 caused cause VBN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 133 11 a a DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 133 12 significant significant JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 133 13 backlog backlog NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 133 14 in in IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 133 15 cases case NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 133 16 , , , cord-302056-wvf6cpib 133 17 so so IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 133 18 that that IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 133 19 changes change NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 133 20 in in IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 133 21 the the DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 133 22 number number NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 133 23 of of IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 133 24 daily daily JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 133 25 tests test NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 133 26 primarily primarily RB cord-302056-wvf6cpib 133 27 reflects reflect VBZ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 133 28 changes change NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 133 29 in in IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 133 30 local local JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 133 31 capacity capacity NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 133 32 rather rather RB cord-302056-wvf6cpib 133 33 than than IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 133 34 changes change NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 133 35 in in IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 133 36 demand demand NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 133 37 for for IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 133 38 testing testing NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 133 39 . . . cord-302056-wvf6cpib 134 1 Second second RB cord-302056-wvf6cpib 134 2 , , , cord-302056-wvf6cpib 134 3 because because IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 134 4 our -PRON- PRP$ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 134 5 analysis analysis NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 134 6 focuses focus VBZ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 134 7 on on IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 134 8 high high JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 134 9 frequency frequency NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 134 10 day day NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 134 11 - - HYPH cord-302056-wvf6cpib 134 12 to to IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 134 13 - - HYPH cord-302056-wvf6cpib 134 14 day day NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 134 15 changes change NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 134 16 in in IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 134 17 outcomes outcome NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 134 18 , , , cord-302056-wvf6cpib 134 19 there there EX cord-302056-wvf6cpib 134 20 is be VBZ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 134 21 limited limited JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 134 22 scope scope NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 134 23 for for IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 134 24 large large JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 134 25 evolution evolution NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 134 26 in in IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 134 27 underlying underlie VBG cord-302056-wvf6cpib 134 28 disease disease NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 134 29 prevalence prevalence NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 134 30 . . . cord-302056-wvf6cpib 135 1 Finally finally RB cord-302056-wvf6cpib 135 2 , , , cord-302056-wvf6cpib 135 3 in in IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 135 4 robustness robustness NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 135 5 exercises exercise NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 135 6 , , , cord-302056-wvf6cpib 135 7 we -PRON- PRP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 135 8 augmented augment VBD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 135 9 the the DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 135 10 basic basic JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 135 11 model model NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 135 12 to to TO cord-302056-wvf6cpib 135 13 include include VB cord-302056-wvf6cpib 135 14 state state NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 135 15 fixed fix VBN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 135 16 effects effect NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 135 17 , , , cord-302056-wvf6cpib 135 18 thereby thereby RB cord-302056-wvf6cpib 135 19 allowing allow VBG cord-302056-wvf6cpib 135 20 for for IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 135 21 state state NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 135 22 - - HYPH cord-302056-wvf6cpib 135 23 specific specific JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 135 24 exponential exponential JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 135 25 growth growth NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 135 26 in in IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 135 27 underlying underlie VBG cord-302056-wvf6cpib 135 28 disease disease NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 135 29 prevalence prevalence NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 135 30 from from IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 135 31 one one CD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 135 32 day day NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 135 33 to to IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 135 34 the the DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 135 35 next next JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 135 36 . . . cord-302056-wvf6cpib 136 1 These these DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 136 2 additional additional JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 136 3 controls control NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 136 4 did do VBD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 136 5 not not RB cord-302056-wvf6cpib 136 6 alter alter VB cord-302056-wvf6cpib 136 7 the the DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 136 8 main main JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 136 9 empirical empirical JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 136 10 findings finding NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 136 11 . . . cord-302056-wvf6cpib 137 1 To to TO cord-302056-wvf6cpib 137 2 recover recover VB cord-302056-wvf6cpib 137 3 estimates estimate NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 137 4 of of IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 137 5 population population NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 137 6 infection infection NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 137 7 rates rate NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 137 8 , , , cord-302056-wvf6cpib 137 9 P p NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 137 10 i i NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 137 11 , , , cord-302056-wvf6cpib 137 12 t t NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 137 13 , , , cord-302056-wvf6cpib 137 14 in in IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 137 15 state state NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 137 16 i i PRP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 137 17 at at IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 137 18 date date NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 137 19 t t NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 137 20 , , , cord-302056-wvf6cpib 137 21 we -PRON- PRP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 137 22 combined combine VBD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 137 23 the the DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 137 24 estimates estimate NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 137 25 from from IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 137 26 equation equation NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 137 27 ( ( -LRB- cord-302056-wvf6cpib 137 28 4 4 CD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 137 29 ) ) -RRB- cord-302056-wvf6cpib 137 30 and and CC cord-302056-wvf6cpib 137 31 set set VBD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 137 32 n n NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 137 33 = = NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 137 34 pop pop NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 137 35 i i PRP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 137 36 according accord VBG cord-302056-wvf6cpib 137 37 to to IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 137 38 the the DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 137 39 following following JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 137 40 equation equation NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 137 41 : : : cord-302056-wvf6cpib 137 42 P p NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 138 1 We -PRON- PRP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 138 2 then then RB cord-302056-wvf6cpib 138 3 used use VBD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 138 4 the the DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 138 5 Delta delta NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 138 6 - - HYPH cord-302056-wvf6cpib 138 7 method method NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 138 8 to to TO cord-302056-wvf6cpib 138 9 estimate estimate VB cord-302056-wvf6cpib 138 10 the the DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 138 11 confidence confidence NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 138 12 interval interval NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 139 1 forP forP NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 139 2 i i PRP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 139 3 , , , cord-302056-wvf6cpib 139 4 t t NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 139 5 . . NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 139 6 7 7 CD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 139 7 . . . cord-302056-wvf6cpib 140 1 CC CC NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 140 2 - - HYPH cord-302056-wvf6cpib 140 3 BY BY NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 140 4 - - HYPH cord-302056-wvf6cpib 140 5 ND ND NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 140 6 4.0 4.0 CD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 140 7 International international JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 140 8 license license NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 141 1 It -PRON- PRP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 141 2 is be VBZ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 141 3 made make VBN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 141 4 available available JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 141 5 under under IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 141 6 a a DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 142 1 is be VBZ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 142 2 the the DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 142 3 author author NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 142 4 / / SYM cord-302056-wvf6cpib 142 5 funder funder NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 142 6 , , , cord-302056-wvf6cpib 142 7 who who WP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 142 8 has have VBZ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 142 9 granted grant VBN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 142 10 medRxiv medRxiv NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 142 11 a a DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 142 12 license license NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 142 13 to to TO cord-302056-wvf6cpib 142 14 display display VB cord-302056-wvf6cpib 142 15 the the DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 142 16 preprint preprint NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 142 17 in in IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 142 18 perpetuity perpetuity NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 142 19 . . . cord-302056-wvf6cpib 143 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-302056-wvf6cpib 143 2 which which WDT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 143 3 was be VBD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 143 4 not not RB cord-302056-wvf6cpib 143 5 certified certify VBN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 143 6 by by IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 143 7 peer peer NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 143 8 review review NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 143 9 ) ) -RRB- cord-302056-wvf6cpib 144 1 The the DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 144 2 analysis analysis NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 144 3 was be VBD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 144 4 based base VBN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 144 5 on on IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 144 6 daily daily JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 144 7 information information NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 144 8 on on IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 144 9 total total JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 144 10 tests test NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 144 11 results result NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 144 12 ( ( -LRB- cord-302056-wvf6cpib 144 13 positive positive JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 144 14 plus plus CC cord-302056-wvf6cpib 144 15 negative negative JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 144 16 ) ) -RRB- cord-302056-wvf6cpib 144 17 and and CC cord-302056-wvf6cpib 144 18 total total JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 144 19 positive positive JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 144 20 test test NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 144 21 results result NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 144 22 across across IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 144 23 U.S. U.S. NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 144 24 states state NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 144 25 for for IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 144 26 the the DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 144 27 period period NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 144 28 March March NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 144 29 31 31 CD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 144 30 to to IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 144 31 April April NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 144 32 7 7 CD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 144 33 . . . cord-302056-wvf6cpib 145 1 These these DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 145 2 data datum NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 145 3 were be VBD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 145 4 obtained obtain VBN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 145 5 from from IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 145 6 the the DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 145 7 COVID COVID NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 145 8 Tracking Tracking NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 145 9 Project Project NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 145 10 , , , cord-302056-wvf6cpib 145 11 a a DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 145 12 site site NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 145 13 that that WDT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 145 14 was be VBD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 145 15 launched launch VBN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 145 16 by by IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 145 17 journalists journalist NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 145 18 from from IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 145 19 The the DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 145 20 Atlantic Atlantic NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 145 21 to to TO cord-302056-wvf6cpib 145 22 publish publish VB cord-302056-wvf6cpib 145 23 high high JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 145 24 - - HYPH cord-302056-wvf6cpib 145 25 quality quality NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 145 26 data datum NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 145 27 on on IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 145 28 the the DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 145 29 outbreak outbreak NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 145 30 in in IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 145 31 the the DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 145 32 United United NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 145 33 Stated Stated NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 145 34 [ [ -LRB- cord-302056-wvf6cpib 145 35 8 8 CD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 145 36 ] ] -RRB- cord-302056-wvf6cpib 145 37 . . . cord-302056-wvf6cpib 146 1 The the DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 146 2 data datum NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 146 3 were be VBD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 146 4 originally originally RB cord-302056-wvf6cpib 146 5 compiled compile VBN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 146 6 primarily primarily RB cord-302056-wvf6cpib 146 7 from from IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 146 8 state state NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 146 9 public public JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 146 10 health health NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 146 11 authorities authority NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 146 12 , , , cord-302056-wvf6cpib 146 13 occasionally occasionally RB cord-302056-wvf6cpib 146 14 supplemented supplement VBN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 146 15 by by IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 146 16 information information NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 146 17 from from IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 146 18 news news NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 146 19 reporting reporting NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 146 20 , , , cord-302056-wvf6cpib 146 21 official official JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 146 22 press press NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 146 23 conferences conference NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 146 24 , , , cord-302056-wvf6cpib 146 25 or or CC cord-302056-wvf6cpib 146 26 message message NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 146 27 from from IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 146 28 officials official NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 146 29 released release VBN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 146 30 on on IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 146 31 facebook facebook NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 146 32 or or CC cord-302056-wvf6cpib 146 33 twitter twitter NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 146 34 . . . cord-302056-wvf6cpib 147 1 We -PRON- PRP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 147 2 focused focus VBD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 147 3 on on IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 147 4 the the DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 147 5 recent recent JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 147 6 period period NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 147 7 to to TO cord-302056-wvf6cpib 147 8 limit limit VB cord-302056-wvf6cpib 147 9 errors error NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 147 10 associated associate VBN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 147 11 with with IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 147 12 previous previous JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 147 13 changes change NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 147 14 in in IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 147 15 state state NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 147 16 reporting reporting NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 147 17 practices practice NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 147 18 . . . cord-302056-wvf6cpib 148 1 We -PRON- PRP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 148 2 supplemented supplement VBD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 148 3 this this DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 148 4 information information NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 148 5 with with IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 148 6 data datum NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 148 7 on on IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 148 8 total total JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 148 9 state state NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 148 10 population population NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 148 11 from from IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 148 12 the the DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 148 13 census census NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 148 14 [ [ -LRB- cord-302056-wvf6cpib 148 15 18 18 CD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 148 16 ] ] -RRB- cord-302056-wvf6cpib 148 17 . . . cord-302056-wvf6cpib 149 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-302056-wvf6cpib 149 2 4 4 LS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 149 3 ) ) -RRB- cord-302056-wvf6cpib 149 4 , , , cord-302056-wvf6cpib 149 5 estimated estimate VBN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 149 6 across across IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 149 7 states state NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 149 8 for for IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 149 9 the the DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 149 10 period period NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 149 11 March March NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 149 12 31 31 CD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 149 13 to to IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 149 14 April April NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 149 15 7 7 CD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 149 16 . . . cord-302056-wvf6cpib 150 1 Becauseβ Becauseβ NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 150 2 is be VBZ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 150 3 negative negative JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 150 4 , , , cord-302056-wvf6cpib 150 5 the the DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 150 6 upward upward JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 150 7 sloping sloping JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 150 8 pattern pattern NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 150 9 implies imply VBZ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 150 10 a a DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 150 11 negative negative JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 150 12 relationship relationship NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 150 13 between between IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 150 14 daily daily JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 150 15 changes change NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 150 16 in in IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 150 17 testing testing NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 150 18 and and CC cord-302056-wvf6cpib 150 19 the the DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 150 20 share share NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 150 21 of of IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 150 22 positive positive JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 150 23 tests test NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 150 24 . . . cord-302056-wvf6cpib 151 1 A a DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 151 2 symptom symptom NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 151 3 of of IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 151 4 selection selection NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 151 5 bias bias NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 151 6 is be VBZ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 151 7 that that IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 151 8 variables variable NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 151 9 that that WDT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 151 10 have have VBP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 151 11 no no DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 151 12 structural structural JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 151 13 relationship relationship NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 151 14 with with IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 151 15 the the DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 151 16 dependent dependent JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 151 17 variable variable NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 151 18 may may MD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 151 19 appear appear VB cord-302056-wvf6cpib 151 20 to to TO cord-302056-wvf6cpib 151 21 be be VB cord-302056-wvf6cpib 151 22 significant significant JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 151 23 [ [ -LRB- cord-302056-wvf6cpib 151 24 13 13 CD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 151 25 ] ] -RRB- cord-302056-wvf6cpib 151 26 . . . cord-302056-wvf6cpib 152 1 Thus thus RB cord-302056-wvf6cpib 152 2 , , , cord-302056-wvf6cpib 152 3 these these DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 152 4 patterns pattern NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 152 5 strongly strongly RB cord-302056-wvf6cpib 152 6 suggest suggest VBP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 152 7 non non JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 152 8 - - JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 152 9 random random JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 152 10 testing testing NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 152 11 , , , cord-302056-wvf6cpib 152 12 since since IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 152 13 daily daily JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 152 14 changes change NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 152 15 in in IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 152 16 testing testing NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 152 17 should should MD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 152 18 be be VB cord-302056-wvf6cpib 152 19 8 8 CD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 152 20 . . . cord-302056-wvf6cpib 153 1 CC CC NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 153 2 - - HYPH cord-302056-wvf6cpib 153 3 BY BY NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 153 4 - - HYPH cord-302056-wvf6cpib 153 5 ND ND NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 153 6 4.0 4.0 CD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 153 7 International international JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 153 8 license license NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 154 1 It -PRON- PRP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 154 2 is be VBZ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 154 3 made make VBN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 154 4 available available JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 154 5 under under IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 154 6 a a DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 155 1 is be VBZ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 155 2 the the DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 155 3 author author NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 155 4 / / SYM cord-302056-wvf6cpib 155 5 funder funder NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 155 6 , , , cord-302056-wvf6cpib 155 7 who who WP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 155 8 has have VBZ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 155 9 granted grant VBN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 155 10 medRxiv medRxiv NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 155 11 a a DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 155 12 license license NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 155 13 to to TO cord-302056-wvf6cpib 155 14 display display VB cord-302056-wvf6cpib 155 15 the the DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 155 16 preprint preprint NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 155 17 in in IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 155 18 perpetuity perpetuity NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 155 19 . . . cord-302056-wvf6cpib 156 1 The the DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 156 2 copyright copyright NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 156 3 holder holder NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 156 4 for for IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 156 5 this this DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 156 6 preprint preprint NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 156 7 this this DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 156 8 version version NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 156 9 posted post VBN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 156 10 April April NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 156 11 30 30 CD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 156 12 , , , cord-302056-wvf6cpib 156 13 2020 2020 CD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 156 14 . . . cord-302056-wvf6cpib 156 15 . . . cord-302056-wvf6cpib 157 1 https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.04.20.20072942 https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.04.20.20072942 PRP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 157 2 doi doi XX cord-302056-wvf6cpib 157 3 : : : cord-302056-wvf6cpib 158 1 medRxiv medRxiv NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 158 2 preprint preprint NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 158 3 unrelated unrelated JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 158 4 to to IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 158 5 population population NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 158 6 disease disease NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 158 7 prevalence prevalence NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 158 8 except except IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 158 9 through through IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 158 10 a a DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 158 11 selection selection NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 158 12 channel channel NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 158 13 . . . cord-302056-wvf6cpib 159 1 3 3 CD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 159 2 Table table NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 159 3 2 2 CD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 159 4 reports report VBZ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 159 5 the the DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 159 6 results result NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 159 7 that that WDT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 159 8 adjust adjust VBP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 159 9 observed observe VBD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 159 10 COVID-19 COVID-19 NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 159 11 case case NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 159 12 rates rate NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 159 13 for for IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 159 14 nonrandom nonrandom JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 159 15 testing testing NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 159 16 based base VBN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 159 17 on on IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 159 18 the the DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 159 19 procedure procedure NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 159 20 described describe VBN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 159 21 in in IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 159 22 Section section NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 159 23 2 2 CD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 159 24 . . . cord-302056-wvf6cpib 160 1 For for IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 160 2 reference reference NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 160 3 , , , cord-302056-wvf6cpib 160 4 column column NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 160 5 ( ( -LRB- cord-302056-wvf6cpib 160 6 1 1 CD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 160 7 ) ) -RRB- cord-302056-wvf6cpib 160 8 reports report VBZ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 160 9 the the DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 160 10 observed observed JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 160 11 positive positive JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 160 12 test test NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 160 13 rate rate NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 160 14 on on IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 160 15 April April NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 160 16 7 7 CD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 160 17 , , , cord-302056-wvf6cpib 160 18 2020 2020 CD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 160 19 . . . cord-302056-wvf6cpib 161 1 Columns column NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 161 2 ( ( -LRB- cord-302056-wvf6cpib 161 3 2 2 CD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 161 4 ) ) -RRB- cord-302056-wvf6cpib 161 5 and and CC cord-302056-wvf6cpib 161 6 ( ( -LRB- cord-302056-wvf6cpib 161 7 3 3 LS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 161 8 ) ) -RRB- cord-302056-wvf6cpib 162 1 The the DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 162 2 average average JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 162 3 estimates estimate NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 162 4 are be VBP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 162 5 similar similar JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 162 6 to to IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 162 7 the the DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 162 8 April April NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 162 9 7 7 CD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 162 10 estimates estimate NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 162 11 , , , cord-302056-wvf6cpib 162 12 albeit albeit IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 162 13 generally generally RB cord-302056-wvf6cpib 162 14 smaller small JJR cord-302056-wvf6cpib 162 15 in in IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 162 16 magnitude magnitude NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 162 17 , , , cord-302056-wvf6cpib 162 18 suggesting suggest VBG cord-302056-wvf6cpib 162 19 continued continue VBN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 162 20 spread spread NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 162 21 of of IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 162 22 the the DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 162 23 disease disease NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 162 24 in in IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 162 25 many many JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 162 26 states state NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 162 27 . . . cord-302056-wvf6cpib 163 1 In in IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 163 2 Table Table NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 163 3 3 3 CD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 163 4 , , , cord-302056-wvf6cpib 163 5 we -PRON- PRP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 163 6 examined examine VBD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 163 7 the the DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 163 8 robustness robustness NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 163 9 of of IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 163 10 the the DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 163 11 main main JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 163 12 estimates estimate NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 163 13 . . . cord-302056-wvf6cpib 164 1 To to TO cord-302056-wvf6cpib 164 2 begin begin VB cord-302056-wvf6cpib 164 3 , , , cord-302056-wvf6cpib 164 4 we -PRON- PRP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 164 5 estimated estimate VBD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 164 6 modified modified JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 164 7 versions version NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 164 8 of of IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 164 9 equation equation NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 164 10 ( ( -LRB- cord-302056-wvf6cpib 164 11 4 4 LS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 164 12 ) ) -RRB- cord-302056-wvf6cpib 164 13 that that WDT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 164 14 include include VBP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 164 15 state state NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 164 16 fixed fix VBN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 164 17 effects effect NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 164 18 . . . cord-302056-wvf6cpib 165 1 These these DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 165 2 models model NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 165 3 allow allow VBP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 165 4 for for IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 165 5 an an DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 165 6 exponential exponential JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 165 7 trend trend NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 165 8 in in IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 165 9 infection infection NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 165 10 rates rate NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 165 11 , , , cord-302056-wvf6cpib 165 12 thereby thereby RB cord-302056-wvf6cpib 165 13 addressing address VBG cord-302056-wvf6cpib 165 14 concerns concern NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 165 15 that that IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 165 16 underlying underlie VBG cord-302056-wvf6cpib 165 17 disease disease NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 165 18 prevalence prevalence NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 165 19 may may MD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 165 20 evolve evolve VB cord-302056-wvf6cpib 165 21 from from IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 165 22 one one CD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 165 23 day day NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 165 24 to to IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 165 25 the the DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 165 26 next next JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 165 27 . . . cord-302056-wvf6cpib 166 1 We -PRON- PRP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 166 2 allowed allow VBD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 166 3 each each DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 166 4 state state NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 166 5 to to TO cord-302056-wvf6cpib 166 6 have have VB cord-302056-wvf6cpib 166 7 its -PRON- PRP$ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 166 8 own own JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 166 9 specific specific JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 166 10 intercept intercept NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 166 11 to to TO cord-302056-wvf6cpib 166 12 capture capture VB cord-302056-wvf6cpib 166 13 the the DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 166 14 fact fact NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 166 15 that that IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 166 16 the the DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 166 17 trends trend NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 166 18 may may MD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 166 19 differ differ VB cord-302056-wvf6cpib 166 20 depending depend VBG cord-302056-wvf6cpib 166 21 on on IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 166 22 the the DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 166 23 local local JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 166 24 conditions condition NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 166 25 . . . cord-302056-wvf6cpib 167 1 The the DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 167 2 results result NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 167 3 ( ( -LRB- cord-302056-wvf6cpib 167 4 reported report VBN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 167 5 in in IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 167 6 cols col NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 167 7 . . NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 167 8 2 2 CD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 167 9 and and CC cord-302056-wvf6cpib 167 10 7 7 CD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 167 11 ) ) -RRB- cord-302056-wvf6cpib 167 12 are be VBP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 167 13 virtually virtually RB cord-302056-wvf6cpib 167 14 identical identical JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 167 15 to to IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 167 16 the the DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 167 17 baseline baseline JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 167 18 estimates estimate NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 167 19 . . . cord-302056-wvf6cpib 168 1 Moreover moreover RB cord-302056-wvf6cpib 168 2 , , , cord-302056-wvf6cpib 168 3 the the DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 168 4 augmented augment VBN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 168 5 model model NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 168 6 tends tend VBZ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 168 7 to to TO cord-302056-wvf6cpib 168 8 produce produce VB cord-302056-wvf6cpib 168 9 more more JJR cord-302056-wvf6cpib 168 10 precise precise JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 168 11 confidence confidence NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 168 12 intervals interval NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 168 13 . . . cord-302056-wvf6cpib 169 1 . . . cord-302056-wvf6cpib 170 1 CC CC NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 170 2 - - HYPH cord-302056-wvf6cpib 170 3 BY BY NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 170 4 - - HYPH cord-302056-wvf6cpib 170 5 ND ND NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 170 6 4.0 4.0 CD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 170 7 International international JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 170 8 license license NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 171 1 It -PRON- PRP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 171 2 is be VBZ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 171 3 made make VBN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 171 4 available available JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 171 5 under under IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 171 6 a a DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 172 1 is be VBZ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 172 2 the the DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 172 3 author author NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 172 4 / / SYM cord-302056-wvf6cpib 172 5 funder funder NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 172 6 , , , cord-302056-wvf6cpib 172 7 who who WP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 172 8 has have VBZ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 172 9 granted grant VBN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 172 10 medRxiv medRxiv NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 172 11 a a DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 172 12 license license NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 172 13 to to TO cord-302056-wvf6cpib 172 14 display display VB cord-302056-wvf6cpib 172 15 the the DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 172 16 preprint preprint NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 172 17 in in IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 172 18 perpetuity perpetuity NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 172 19 . . . cord-302056-wvf6cpib 173 1 The the DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 173 2 copyright copyright NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 173 3 holder holder NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 173 4 for for IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 173 5 this this DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 173 6 preprint preprint NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 173 7 this this DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 173 8 version version NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 173 9 posted post VBN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 173 10 April April NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 173 11 30 30 CD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 173 12 , , , cord-302056-wvf6cpib 173 13 2020 2020 CD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 173 14 . . . cord-302056-wvf6cpib 174 1 We -PRON- PRP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 174 2 explored explore VBD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 174 3 the the DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 174 4 sensitivity sensitivity NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 174 5 of of IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 174 6 the the DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 174 7 results result NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 174 8 to to IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 174 9 excluding exclude VBG cord-302056-wvf6cpib 174 10 days day NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 174 11 in in IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 174 12 which which WDT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 174 13 a a DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 174 14 large large JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 174 15 fraction fraction NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 174 16 of of IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 174 17 tests test NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 174 18 were be VBD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 174 19 positive positive JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 174 20 . . . cord-302056-wvf6cpib 175 1 This this DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 175 2 specification specification NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 175 3 addresses address VBZ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 175 4 concerns concern NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 175 5 that that IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 175 6 the the DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 175 7 functional functional JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 175 8 form form NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 175 9 of of IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 175 10 the the DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 175 11 estimating estimating NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 175 12 equation equation NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 175 13 may may MD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 175 14 differ differ VB cord-302056-wvf6cpib 175 15 in in IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 175 16 settings setting NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 175 17 in in IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 175 18 which which WDT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 175 19 the the DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 175 20 share share NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 175 21 of of IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 175 22 positive positive JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 175 23 was be VBD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 175 24 large large JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 175 25 , , , cord-302056-wvf6cpib 175 26 due due IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 175 27 to to IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 175 28 the the DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 175 29 approximation approximation NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 175 30 in in IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 175 31 equation equation NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 175 32 ( ( -LRB- cord-302056-wvf6cpib 175 33 2 2 CD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 175 34 ) ) -RRB- cord-302056-wvf6cpib 175 35 . . . cord-302056-wvf6cpib 176 1 We -PRON- PRP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 176 2 restricted restrict VBD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 176 3 the the DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 176 4 sample sample NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 176 5 to to IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 176 6 observations observation NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 176 7 in in IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 176 8 which which WDT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 176 9 fewer few JJR cord-302056-wvf6cpib 176 10 than than IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 176 11 50 50 CD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 176 12 % % NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 176 13 of of IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 176 14 tests test NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 176 15 were be VBD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 176 16 positive positive JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 176 17 , , , cord-302056-wvf6cpib 176 18 and and CC cord-302056-wvf6cpib 176 19 re re VBN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 176 20 - - JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 176 21 estimated estimated JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 176 22 equation equation NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 176 23 ( ( -LRB- cord-302056-wvf6cpib 176 24 4 4 CD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 176 25 ) ) -RRB- cord-302056-wvf6cpib 176 26 . . . cord-302056-wvf6cpib 177 1 Table table NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 177 2 _SP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 177 3 3 3 CD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 177 4 , , , cord-302056-wvf6cpib 177 5 cols col NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 177 6 . . . cord-302056-wvf6cpib 178 1 5,6,9 5,6,9 CD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 178 2 report report VBP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 178 3 the the DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 178 4 results result NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 178 5 . . . cord-302056-wvf6cpib 179 1 Although although IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 179 2 the the DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 179 3 sample sample NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 179 4 size size NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 179 5 is be VBZ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 179 6 reduced reduce VBN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 179 7 , , , cord-302056-wvf6cpib 179 8 the the DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 179 9 predicted predict VBN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 179 10 infection infection NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 179 11 rates rate NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 179 12 are be VBP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 179 13 similar similar JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 179 14 in in IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 179 15 magnitude magnitude NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 179 16 to to IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 179 17 the the DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 179 18 baseline baseline JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 179 19 estimates estimate NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 179 20 and and CC cord-302056-wvf6cpib 179 21 have have VBP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 179 22 similar similar JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 179 23 confidence confidence NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 179 24 intervals interval NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 179 25 . . . cord-302056-wvf6cpib 180 1 In in IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 180 2 Table Table NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 180 3 4 4 CD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 180 4 , , , cord-302056-wvf6cpib 180 5 we -PRON- PRP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 180 6 explored explore VBD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 180 7 the the DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 180 8 relationship relationship NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 180 9 between between IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 180 10 the the DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 180 11 number number NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 180 12 of of IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 180 13 diagnosed diagnosed JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 180 14 cases case NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 180 15 and and CC cord-302056-wvf6cpib 180 16 total total JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 180 17 population population NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 180 18 COVID-19 covid-19 CD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 180 19 infections infection NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 180 20 implied imply VBN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 180 21 by by IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 180 22 our -PRON- PRP$ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 180 23 estimation estimation NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 180 24 procedure procedure NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 180 25 . . . cord-302056-wvf6cpib 181 1 We -PRON- PRP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 181 2 compared compare VBD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 181 3 the the DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 181 4 average average JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 181 5 population population NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 181 6 infection infection NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 181 7 rates rate NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 181 8 from from IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 181 9 March March NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 181 10 31 31 CD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 181 11 to to IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 181 12 April April NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 181 13 7 7 CD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 181 14 to to IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 181 15 the the DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 181 16 total total JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 181 17 number number NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 181 18 of of IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 181 19 diagnosed diagnosed JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 181 20 cases case NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 181 21 by by IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 181 22 April April NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 181 23 12 12 CD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 181 24 . . . cord-302056-wvf6cpib 182 1 Because because IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 182 2 many many JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 182 3 individuals individual NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 182 4 may may MD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 182 5 not not RB cord-302056-wvf6cpib 182 6 seek seek VB cord-302056-wvf6cpib 182 7 testing testing NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 182 8 until until IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 182 9 the the DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 182 10 onset onset NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 182 11 of of IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 182 12 symptoms symptom NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 182 13 , , , cord-302056-wvf6cpib 182 14 the the DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 182 15 latter latter JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 182 16 date date NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 182 17 was be VBD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 182 18 chosen choose VBN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 182 19 to to TO cord-302056-wvf6cpib 182 20 capture capture VB cord-302056-wvf6cpib 182 21 the the DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 182 22 virus virus NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 182 23 's 's POS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 182 24 typical typical JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 182 25 five five CD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 182 26 day day NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 182 27 incubation incubation NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 182 28 period period NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 182 29 [ [ -LRB- cord-302056-wvf6cpib 182 30 19 19 CD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 182 31 , , , cord-302056-wvf6cpib 182 32 20 20 CD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 182 33 ] ] -RRB- cord-302056-wvf6cpib 182 34 . . . cord-302056-wvf6cpib 183 1 Column column NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 183 2 ( ( -LRB- cord-302056-wvf6cpib 183 3 1 1 CD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 183 4 ) ) -RRB- cord-302056-wvf6cpib 183 5 reports report VBZ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 183 6 the the DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 183 7 total total JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 183 8 diagnosed diagnose VBN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 183 9 cases case NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 183 10 by by IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 183 11 April April NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 183 12 12 12 CD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 183 13 ; ; : cord-302056-wvf6cpib 183 14 column column NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 183 15 ( ( -LRB- cord-302056-wvf6cpib 183 16 2 2 CD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 183 17 ) ) -RRB- cord-302056-wvf6cpib 183 18 reports report VBZ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 183 19 the the DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 183 20 total total JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 183 21 number number NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 183 22 of of IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 183 23 COVID-19 covid-19 JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 183 24 cases case NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 183 25 implied imply VBN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 183 26 by by IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 183 27 the the DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 183 28 estimates estimate NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 183 29 reported report VBN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 183 30 in in IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 183 31 Table Table NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 183 32 2 2 CD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 184 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-302056-wvf6cpib 184 2 col col NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 184 3 . . NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 184 4 4 4 LS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 184 5 ) ) -RRB- cord-302056-wvf6cpib 184 6 ; ; : cord-302056-wvf6cpib 184 7 and and CC cord-302056-wvf6cpib 184 8 column column NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 184 9 ( ( -LRB- cord-302056-wvf6cpib 184 10 3 3 LS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 184 11 ) ) -RRB- cord-302056-wvf6cpib 184 12 presents present VBZ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 184 13 the the DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 184 14 ratio ratio NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 184 15 of of IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 184 16 total total JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 184 17 cases case NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 184 18 to to IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 184 19 diagnosed diagnose VBN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 184 20 cases case NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 184 21 . . . cord-302056-wvf6cpib 185 1 The the DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 185 2 results result NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 185 3 reveal reveal VBP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 185 4 widespread widespread JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 185 5 undetected undetected JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 185 6 population population NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 185 7 infection infection NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 185 8 . . . cord-302056-wvf6cpib 186 1 Nationwide nationwide RB cord-302056-wvf6cpib 186 2 , , , cord-302056-wvf6cpib 186 3 we -PRON- PRP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 186 4 found find VBD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 186 5 that that IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 186 6 for for IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 186 7 every every DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 186 8 identified identify VBN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 186 9 case case NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 186 10 there there EX cord-302056-wvf6cpib 186 11 were be VBD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 186 12 12 12 CD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 186 13 total total JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 186 14 infections infection NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 186 15 in in IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 186 16 the the DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 186 17 population population NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 186 18 . . . cord-302056-wvf6cpib 187 1 There there EX cord-302056-wvf6cpib 187 2 were be VBD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 187 3 significant significant JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 187 4 cross cross JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 187 5 - - JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 187 6 state state JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 187 7 differences difference NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 187 8 in in IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 187 9 these these DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 187 10 ratios ratio NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 187 11 . . . cord-302056-wvf6cpib 188 1 In in IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 188 2 New New NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 188 3 York York NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 188 4 , , , cord-302056-wvf6cpib 188 5 where where WRB cord-302056-wvf6cpib 188 6 more more JJR cord-302056-wvf6cpib 188 7 than than IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 188 8 two two CD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 188 9 percent percent NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 188 10 of of IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 188 11 the the DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 188 12 population population NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 188 13 had have VBD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 188 14 been be VBN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 188 15 tested test VBN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 188 16 , , , cord-302056-wvf6cpib 188 17 the the DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 188 18 ratio ratio NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 188 19 of of IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 188 20 total total JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 188 21 cases case NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 188 22 to to IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 188 23 positive positive JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 188 24 diagnoses diagnosis NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 188 25 was be VBD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 188 26 8.7 8.7 CD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 188 27 , , , cord-302056-wvf6cpib 188 28 the the DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 188 29 lowest low JJS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 188 30 in in IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 188 31 the the DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 188 32 nation nation NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 188 33 . . . cord-302056-wvf6cpib 189 1 Meanwhile meanwhile RB cord-302056-wvf6cpib 189 2 , , , cord-302056-wvf6cpib 189 3 Oklahoma Oklahoma NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 189 4 had have VBD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 189 5 the the DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 189 6 highest high JJS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 189 7 ratio ratio NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 189 8 in in IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 189 9 the the DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 189 10 country country NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 189 11 ( ( -LRB- cord-302056-wvf6cpib 189 12 19.4 19.4 CD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 189 13 ) ) -RRB- cord-302056-wvf6cpib 189 14 , , , cord-302056-wvf6cpib 189 15 and and CC cord-302056-wvf6cpib 189 16 tested test VBD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 189 17 less less JJR cord-302056-wvf6cpib 189 18 than than IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 189 19 0.6 0.6 CD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 189 20 percent percent NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 189 21 of of IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 189 22 its -PRON- PRP$ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 189 23 population population NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 189 24 . . . cord-302056-wvf6cpib 190 1 is be VBZ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 190 2 the the DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 190 3 author author NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 190 4 / / SYM cord-302056-wvf6cpib 190 5 funder funder NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 190 6 , , , cord-302056-wvf6cpib 190 7 who who WP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 190 8 has have VBZ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 190 9 granted grant VBN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 190 10 medRxiv medRxiv NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 190 11 a a DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 190 12 license license NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 190 13 to to TO cord-302056-wvf6cpib 190 14 display display VB cord-302056-wvf6cpib 190 15 the the DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 190 16 preprint preprint NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 190 17 in in IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 190 18 perpetuity perpetuity NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 190 19 . . . cord-302056-wvf6cpib 191 1 The the DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 191 2 copyright copyright NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 191 3 holder holder NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 191 4 for for IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 191 5 this this DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 191 6 preprint preprint NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 191 7 this this DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 191 8 version version NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 191 9 posted post VBN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 191 10 April April NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 191 11 30 30 CD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 191 12 , , , cord-302056-wvf6cpib 191 13 2020 2020 CD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 191 14 . . . cord-302056-wvf6cpib 191 15 . . . cord-302056-wvf6cpib 192 1 https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.04.20.20072942 https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.04.20.20072942 PRP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 192 2 doi doi XX cord-302056-wvf6cpib 192 3 : : : cord-302056-wvf6cpib 193 1 medRxiv medRxiv NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 193 2 preprint preprint NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 193 3 response response NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 193 4 to to IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 193 5 geographic geographic JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 193 6 differences difference NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 193 7 in in IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 193 8 pandemic pandemic JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 193 9 severity severity NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 193 10 . . . cord-302056-wvf6cpib 194 1 Instead instead RB cord-302056-wvf6cpib 194 2 , , , cord-302056-wvf6cpib 194 3 the the DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 194 4 patterns pattern NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 194 5 suggest suggest VBP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 194 6 that that IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 194 7 states state NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 194 8 that that IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 194 9 expanded expand VBD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 194 10 testing test VBG cord-302056-wvf6cpib 194 11 capacity capacity NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 194 12 more more RBR cord-302056-wvf6cpib 194 13 broadly broadly RB cord-302056-wvf6cpib 194 14 were be VBD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 194 15 better well RBR cord-302056-wvf6cpib 194 16 able able JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 194 17 to to TO cord-302056-wvf6cpib 194 18 track track VB cord-302056-wvf6cpib 194 19 population population NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 194 20 prevalence prevalence NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 194 21 . . . cord-302056-wvf6cpib 195 1 and and CC cord-302056-wvf6cpib 195 2 population population NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 195 3 prevalence prevalence NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 195 4 . . . cord-302056-wvf6cpib 196 1 The the DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 196 2 similarity similarity NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 196 3 between between IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 196 4 these these DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 196 5 two two CD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 196 6 series series NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 196 7 is be VBZ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 196 8 notable notable JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 196 9 , , , cord-302056-wvf6cpib 196 10 given give VBN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 196 11 that that IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 196 12 our -PRON- PRP$ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 196 13 estimates estimate NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 196 14 were be VBD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 196 15 derived derive VBN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 196 16 from from IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 196 17 an an DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 196 18 entirely entirely RB cord-302056-wvf6cpib 196 19 different different JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 196 20 source source NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 196 21 of of IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 196 22 variation variation NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 196 23 from from IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 196 24 the the DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 196 25 cumulative cumulative JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 196 26 case case NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 196 27 counts count VBZ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 196 28 . . . cord-302056-wvf6cpib 197 1 Nevertheless nevertheless RB cord-302056-wvf6cpib 197 2 , , , cord-302056-wvf6cpib 197 3 observed observed JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 197 4 case case NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 197 5 counts count NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 197 6 do do VBP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 197 7 not not RB cord-302056-wvf6cpib 197 8 perfectly perfectly RB cord-302056-wvf6cpib 197 9 predict predict VB cord-302056-wvf6cpib 197 10 overall overall JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 197 11 population population NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 197 12 prevalence prevalence NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 197 13 . . . cord-302056-wvf6cpib 198 1 For for IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 198 2 example example NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 198 3 , , , cord-302056-wvf6cpib 198 4 despite despite IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 198 5 similar similar JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 198 6 rates rate NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 198 7 of of IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 198 8 reported report VBN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 198 9 positive positive JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 198 10 tests test NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 198 11 , , , cord-302056-wvf6cpib 198 12 Michigan Michigan NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 198 13 had have VBD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 198 14 roughly roughly RB cord-302056-wvf6cpib 198 15 twice twice RB cord-302056-wvf6cpib 198 16 as as RB cord-302056-wvf6cpib 198 17 many many JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 198 18 per per IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 198 19 capita capita FW cord-302056-wvf6cpib 198 20 infections infection NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 198 21 as as IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 198 22 Rhode Rhode NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 198 23 Island Island NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 198 24 . . . cord-302056-wvf6cpib 199 1 These these DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 199 2 differences difference NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 199 3 can can MD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 199 4 partly partly RB cord-302056-wvf6cpib 199 5 be be VB cord-302056-wvf6cpib 199 6 explained explain VBN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 199 7 by by IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 199 8 the the DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 199 9 fact fact NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 199 10 that that IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 199 11 nearly nearly RB cord-302056-wvf6cpib 199 12 two two CD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 199 13 percent percent NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 199 14 of of IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 199 15 the the DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 199 16 population population NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 199 17 in in IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 199 18 Rhode Rhode NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 199 19 Island Island NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 199 20 had have VBD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 199 21 been be VBN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 199 22 tested test VBN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 199 23 by by IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 199 24 April April NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 199 25 12 12 CD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 199 26 , , , cord-302056-wvf6cpib 199 27 whereas whereas IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 199 28 fewer few JJR cord-302056-wvf6cpib 199 29 than than IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 199 30 one one CD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 199 31 percent percent NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 199 32 had have VBD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 199 33 been be VBN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 199 34 tested test VBN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 199 35 in in IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 199 36 Michigan Michigan NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 199 37 . . . cord-302056-wvf6cpib 200 1 Together together RB cord-302056-wvf6cpib 200 2 , , , cord-302056-wvf6cpib 200 3 these these DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 200 4 findings finding NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 200 5 suggest suggest VBP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 200 6 that that IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 200 7 differences difference NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 200 8 in in IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 200 9 state state NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 200 10 - - HYPH cord-302056-wvf6cpib 200 11 level level NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 200 12 policies policy NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 200 13 towards towards IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 200 14 COVID-19 COVID-19 NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 200 15 testing testing NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 200 16 may may MD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 200 17 mask mask VB cord-302056-wvf6cpib 200 18 important important JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 200 19 differences difference NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 200 20 in in IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 200 21 underlying underlie VBG cord-302056-wvf6cpib 200 22 disease disease NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 200 23 prevalence prevalence NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 200 24 . . . cord-302056-wvf6cpib 201 1 The the DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 201 2 high high JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 201 3 proportion proportion NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 201 4 of of IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 201 5 asymptomatic asymptomatic JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 201 6 and and CC cord-302056-wvf6cpib 201 7 mild mild JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 201 8 cases case NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 201 9 coupled couple VBN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 201 10 with with IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 201 11 limitations limitation NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 201 12 in in IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 201 13 laboratory laboratory NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 201 14 testing testing NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 201 15 capacity capacity NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 201 16 has have VBZ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 201 17 created create VBN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 201 18 large large JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 201 19 uncertainty uncertainty NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 201 20 regarding regard VBG cord-302056-wvf6cpib 201 21 the the DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 201 22 extent extent NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 201 23 of of IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 201 24 the the DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 201 25 COVID-19 covid-19 JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 201 26 outbreak outbreak NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 201 27 among among IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 201 28 the the DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 201 29 general general JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 201 30 population population NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 201 31 . . . cord-302056-wvf6cpib 202 1 As as IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 202 2 a a DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 202 3 result result NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 202 4 , , , cord-302056-wvf6cpib 202 5 key key JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 202 6 elements element NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 202 7 of of IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 202 8 virus virus NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 202 9 ' ' `` cord-302056-wvf6cpib 202 10 clinical clinical JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 202 11 and and CC cord-302056-wvf6cpib 202 12 epidemiological epidemiological JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 202 13 characteristics characteristic NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 202 14 remain remain VBP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 202 15 poorly poorly RB cord-302056-wvf6cpib 202 16 understood understand VBN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 202 17 . . . cord-302056-wvf6cpib 203 1 This this DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 203 2 uncertainty uncertainty NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 203 3 has have VBZ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 203 4 also also RB cord-302056-wvf6cpib 203 5 created create VBN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 203 6 significant significant JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 203 7 challenges challenge NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 203 8 to to IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 203 9 policymakers policymaker NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 203 10 who who WP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 203 11 must must MD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 203 12 trade trade VB cord-302056-wvf6cpib 203 13 off off RP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 203 14 the the DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 203 15 potential potential JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 203 16 benefits benefit NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 203 17 from from IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 203 18 non non JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 203 19 - - JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 203 20 pharmaceutical pharmaceutical JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 203 21 interventions intervention NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 203 22 aimed aim VBN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 203 23 at at IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 203 24 curbing curb VBG cord-302056-wvf6cpib 203 25 local local JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 203 26 transmission transmission NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 203 27 against against IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 203 28 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 203 29 substantial substantial JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 203 30 economic economic JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 203 31 and and CC cord-302056-wvf6cpib 203 32 social social JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 203 33 costs cost NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 203 34 . . . cord-302056-wvf6cpib 204 1 A a DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 204 2 number number NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 204 3 of of IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 204 4 recent recent JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 204 5 studies study NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 204 6 have have VBP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 204 7 sought seek VBN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 204 8 to to TO cord-302056-wvf6cpib 204 9 estimate estimate VB cord-302056-wvf6cpib 204 10 COVID-19 COVID-19 NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 204 11 disease disease NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 204 12 prevalence prevalence NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 204 13 and and CC cord-302056-wvf6cpib 204 14 mortality mortality NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 204 15 in in IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 204 16 the the DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 204 17 United United NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 204 18 States States NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 204 19 and and CC cord-302056-wvf6cpib 204 20 internationally internationally RB cord-302056-wvf6cpib 204 21 [ [ -LRB- cord-302056-wvf6cpib 204 22 21 21 CD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 204 23 ] ] -RRB- cord-302056-wvf6cpib 204 24 [ [ -LRB- cord-302056-wvf6cpib 204 25 22 22 CD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 204 26 ] ] -RRB- cord-302056-wvf6cpib 204 27 [ [ -LRB- cord-302056-wvf6cpib 204 28 23 23 CD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 204 29 ] ] -RRB- cord-302056-wvf6cpib 204 30 [ [ -LRB- cord-302056-wvf6cpib 204 31 24 24 CD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 204 32 ] ] -RRB- cord-302056-wvf6cpib 204 33 [ [ -LRB- cord-302056-wvf6cpib 204 34 25 25 CD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 204 35 ] ] -RRB- cord-302056-wvf6cpib 204 36 [ [ -LRB- cord-302056-wvf6cpib 204 37 26 26 CD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 204 38 ] ] -RRB- cord-302056-wvf6cpib 204 39 . . . cord-302056-wvf6cpib 205 1 One one CD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 205 2 approach approach NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 205 3 has have VBZ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 205 4 11 11 CD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 205 5 . . . cord-302056-wvf6cpib 206 1 CC CC NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 206 2 - - HYPH cord-302056-wvf6cpib 206 3 BY BY NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 206 4 - - HYPH cord-302056-wvf6cpib 206 5 ND ND NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 206 6 4.0 4.0 CD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 206 7 International international JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 206 8 license license NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 207 1 It -PRON- PRP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 207 2 is be VBZ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 207 3 made make VBN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 207 4 available available JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 207 5 under under IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 207 6 a a DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 208 1 is be VBZ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 208 2 the the DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 208 3 author author NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 208 4 / / SYM cord-302056-wvf6cpib 208 5 funder funder NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 208 6 , , , cord-302056-wvf6cpib 208 7 who who WP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 208 8 has have VBZ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 208 9 granted grant VBN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 208 10 medRxiv medRxiv NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 208 11 a a DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 208 12 license license NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 208 13 to to TO cord-302056-wvf6cpib 208 14 display display VB cord-302056-wvf6cpib 208 15 the the DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 208 16 preprint preprint NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 208 17 in in IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 208 18 perpetuity perpetuity NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 208 19 . . . cord-302056-wvf6cpib 209 1 The the DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 209 2 copyright copyright NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 209 3 holder holder NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 209 4 for for IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 209 5 this this DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 209 6 preprint preprint NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 209 7 this this DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 209 8 version version NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 209 9 posted post VBN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 209 10 April April NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 209 11 30 30 CD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 209 12 , , , cord-302056-wvf6cpib 209 13 2020 2020 CD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 209 14 . . . cord-302056-wvf6cpib 210 1 Other other JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 210 2 research research NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 210 3 has have VBZ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 210 4 relied rely VBN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 210 5 on on IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 210 6 Bayesian Bayesian NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 210 7 modelling modelling NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 210 8 to to TO cord-302056-wvf6cpib 210 9 infer infer VB cord-302056-wvf6cpib 210 10 past past IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 210 11 disease disease NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 210 12 prevalence prevalence NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 210 13 from from IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 210 14 observed observe VBN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 210 15 COVID-19 covid-19 CD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 210 16 deaths death NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 210 17 , , , cord-302056-wvf6cpib 210 18 and and CC cord-302056-wvf6cpib 210 19 apply apply VB cord-302056-wvf6cpib 210 20 SIR SIR NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 210 21 models model NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 210 22 to to TO cord-302056-wvf6cpib 210 23 forecast forecast VB cord-302056-wvf6cpib 210 24 current current JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 210 25 infection infection NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 210 26 rates rate NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 210 27 . . . cord-302056-wvf6cpib 211 1 This this DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 211 2 approach approach NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 211 3 requires require VBZ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 211 4 fewer few JJR cord-302056-wvf6cpib 211 5 assumptions assumption NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 211 6 regarding regard VBG cord-302056-wvf6cpib 211 7 the the DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 211 8 underlying underlying JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 211 9 parameter parameter NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 211 10 values value NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 211 11 . . . cord-302056-wvf6cpib 212 1 Nevertheless nevertheless RB cord-302056-wvf6cpib 212 2 , , , cord-302056-wvf6cpib 212 3 because because IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 212 4 these these DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 212 5 models model NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 212 6 ' ' POS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 212 7 scale scale NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 212 8 up up RP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 212 9 ' ' '' cord-302056-wvf6cpib 212 10 observed observe VBD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 212 11 deaths death NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 212 12 to to TO cord-302056-wvf6cpib 212 13 estimate estimate VB cord-302056-wvf6cpib 212 14 population population NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 212 15 infections infection NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 212 16 , , , cord-302056-wvf6cpib 212 17 small small JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 212 18 differences difference NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 212 19 in in IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 212 20 the the DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 212 21 assumed assume VBN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 212 22 case case NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 212 23 fatality fatality NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 212 24 will will MD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 212 25 have have VB cord-302056-wvf6cpib 212 26 substantial substantial JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 212 27 effects effect NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 212 28 on on IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 212 29 the the DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 212 30 results result NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 212 31 . . . cord-302056-wvf6cpib 213 1 This this DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 213 2 poses pose VBZ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 213 3 a a DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 213 4 challenge challenge NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 213 5 for for IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 213 6 estimation estimation NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 213 7 , , , cord-302056-wvf6cpib 213 8 given give VBN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 213 9 that that IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 213 10 there there EX cord-302056-wvf6cpib 213 11 is be VBZ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 213 12 considerable considerable JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 213 13 uncertainty uncertainty NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 213 14 regarding regard VBG cord-302056-wvf6cpib 213 15 the the DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 213 16 case case NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 213 17 fatality fatality NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 213 18 rate rate NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 213 19 , , , cord-302056-wvf6cpib 213 20 which which WDT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 213 21 may may MD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 213 22 vary vary VB cord-302056-wvf6cpib 213 23 widely widely RB cord-302056-wvf6cpib 213 24 across across IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 213 25 regions region NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 213 26 due due JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 213 27 to to IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 213 28 local local JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 213 29 demographics demographic NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 213 30 and and CC cord-302056-wvf6cpib 213 31 environmental environmental JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 213 32 conditions condition NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 213 33 [ [ -LRB- cord-302056-wvf6cpib 213 34 27 27 CD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 213 35 ] ] -RRB- cord-302056-wvf6cpib 213 36 [ [ -LRB- cord-302056-wvf6cpib 213 37 28 28 CD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 213 38 ] ] -RRB- cord-302056-wvf6cpib 213 39 [ [ -LRB- cord-302056-wvf6cpib 213 40 29 29 CD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 213 41 ] ] -RRB- cord-302056-wvf6cpib 213 42 [ [ -LRB- cord-302056-wvf6cpib 213 43 30 30 CD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 213 44 ] ] -RRB- cord-302056-wvf6cpib 213 45 [ [ -LRB- cord-302056-wvf6cpib 213 46 31 31 CD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 213 47 ] ] -RRB- cord-302056-wvf6cpib 213 48 . . . cord-302056-wvf6cpib 214 1 Moreover moreover RB cord-302056-wvf6cpib 214 2 , , , cord-302056-wvf6cpib 214 3 to to IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 214 4 the the DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 214 5 extent extent NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 214 6 that that IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 214 7 there there EX cord-302056-wvf6cpib 214 8 is be VBZ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 214 9 significant significant JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 214 10 undercounting undercounting NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 214 11 in in IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 214 12 the the DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 214 13 number number NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 214 14 of of IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 214 15 COVID-19 covid-19 JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 214 16 related related JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 214 17 deaths death NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 214 18 [ [ -LRB- cord-302056-wvf6cpib 214 19 32 32 CD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 214 20 , , , cord-302056-wvf6cpib 214 21 33 33 CD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 214 22 ] ] -RRB- cord-302056-wvf6cpib 214 23 , , , cord-302056-wvf6cpib 214 24 these these DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 214 25 estimates estimate NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 214 26 may may MD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 214 27 fail fail VB cord-302056-wvf6cpib 214 28 to to TO cord-302056-wvf6cpib 214 29 capture capture VB cord-302056-wvf6cpib 214 30 the the DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 214 31 full full JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 214 32 extent extent NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 214 33 of of IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 214 34 population population NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 214 35 infection infection NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 214 36 . . . cord-302056-wvf6cpib 215 1 In in IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 215 2 this this DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 215 3 paper paper NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 215 4 , , , cord-302056-wvf6cpib 215 5 we -PRON- PRP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 215 6 developed develop VBD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 215 7 a a DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 215 8 new new JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 215 9 methodology methodology NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 215 10 to to TO cord-302056-wvf6cpib 215 11 estimate estimate VB cord-302056-wvf6cpib 215 12 population population NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 215 13 disease disease NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 215 14 prevalence prevalence NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 215 15 when when WRB cord-302056-wvf6cpib 215 16 testing testing NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 215 17 is be VBZ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 215 18 non non JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 215 19 - - JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 215 20 random random JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 215 21 . . . cord-302056-wvf6cpib 216 1 Our -PRON- PRP$ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 216 2 approach approach NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 216 3 builds build VBZ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 216 4 on on IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 216 5 a a DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 216 6 standard standard JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 216 7 econometric econometric JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 216 8 technique technique NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 216 9 that that WDT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 216 10 have have VBP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 216 11 been be VBN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 216 12 used use VBN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 216 13 to to TO cord-302056-wvf6cpib 216 14 address address VB cord-302056-wvf6cpib 216 15 sample sample NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 216 16 selection selection NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 216 17 bias bias NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 216 18 in in IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 216 19 a a DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 216 20 variety variety NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 216 21 of of IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 216 22 different different JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 216 23 settings setting NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 216 24 . . . cord-302056-wvf6cpib 217 1 Our -PRON- PRP$ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 217 2 estimation estimation NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 217 3 strategy strategy NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 217 4 offers offer VBZ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 217 5 several several JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 217 6 advantages advantage NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 217 7 over over IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 217 8 existing exist VBG cord-302056-wvf6cpib 217 9 methods method NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 217 10 . . . cord-302056-wvf6cpib 218 1 First first RB cord-302056-wvf6cpib 218 2 , , , cord-302056-wvf6cpib 218 3 the the DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 218 4 analysis analysis NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 218 5 has have VBZ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 218 6 minimal minimal JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 218 7 data data NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 218 8 requirements requirement NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 218 9 . . . cord-302056-wvf6cpib 219 1 The the DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 219 2 three three CD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 219 3 variables variable NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 219 4 used use VBN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 219 5 for for IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 219 6 estimation estimation NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 219 7 -daily -daily RB cord-302056-wvf6cpib 219 8 infections infection NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 219 9 , , , cord-302056-wvf6cpib 219 10 daily daily JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 219 11 number number NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 219 12 of of IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 219 13 tests test NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 219 14 , , , cord-302056-wvf6cpib 219 15 and and CC cord-302056-wvf6cpib 219 16 total total JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 219 17 population population NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 219 18 -are -are : cord-302056-wvf6cpib 219 19 widely widely RB cord-302056-wvf6cpib 219 20 reported report VBN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 219 21 across across IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 219 22 a a DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 219 23 large large JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 219 24 number number NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 219 25 of of IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 219 26 countries country NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 219 27 and and CC cord-302056-wvf6cpib 219 28 subnational subnational JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 219 29 districts district NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 219 30 . . . cord-302056-wvf6cpib 220 1 Second second RB cord-302056-wvf6cpib 220 2 , , , cord-302056-wvf6cpib 220 3 the the DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 220 4 model model NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 220 5 identification identification NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 220 6 is be VBZ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 220 7 transparent transparent JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 220 8 and and CC cord-302056-wvf6cpib 220 9 depends depend VBZ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 220 10 only only RB cord-302056-wvf6cpib 220 11 on on IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 220 12 a a DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 220 13 simple simple JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 220 14 exclusion exclusion NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 220 15 restriction restriction NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 220 16 assumption assumption NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 220 17 that that IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 220 18 daily daily JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 220 19 changes change NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 220 20 in in IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 220 21 the the DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 220 22 number number NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 220 23 of of IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 220 24 conducted conduct VBN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 220 25 tests test NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 220 26 must must MD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 220 27 be be VB cord-302056-wvf6cpib 220 28 uncorrelated uncorrelated JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 220 29 with with IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 220 30 underlying underlying JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 220 31 changes change NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 220 32 in in IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 220 33 population population NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 220 34 disease disease NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 220 35 prevalence prevalence NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 220 36 . . . cord-302056-wvf6cpib 221 1 This this DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 221 2 assumption assumption NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 221 3 is be VBZ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 221 4 likely likely JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 221 5 to to TO cord-302056-wvf6cpib 221 6 hold hold VB cord-302056-wvf6cpib 221 7 in in IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 221 8 many many JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 221 9 jurisdictions jurisdiction NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 221 10 where where WRB cord-302056-wvf6cpib 221 11 constraints constraint NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 221 12 on on IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 221 13 capacity capacity NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 221 14 are be VBP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 221 15 a a DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 221 16 primary primary JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 221 17 determinant determinant NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 221 18 of of IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 221 19 12 12 CD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 221 20 . . . cord-302056-wvf6cpib 222 1 CC CC NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 222 2 - - HYPH cord-302056-wvf6cpib 222 3 BY BY NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 222 4 - - HYPH cord-302056-wvf6cpib 222 5 ND ND NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 222 6 4.0 4.0 CD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 222 7 International international JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 222 8 license license NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 223 1 It -PRON- PRP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 223 2 is be VBZ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 223 3 made make VBN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 223 4 available available JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 223 5 under under IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 223 6 a a DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 224 1 is be VBZ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 224 2 the the DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 224 3 author author NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 224 4 / / SYM cord-302056-wvf6cpib 224 5 funder funder NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 224 6 , , , cord-302056-wvf6cpib 224 7 who who WP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 224 8 has have VBZ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 224 9 granted grant VBN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 224 10 medRxiv medRxiv NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 224 11 a a DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 224 12 license license NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 224 13 to to TO cord-302056-wvf6cpib 224 14 display display VB cord-302056-wvf6cpib 224 15 the the DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 224 16 preprint preprint NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 224 17 in in IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 224 18 perpetuity perpetuity NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 224 19 . . . cord-302056-wvf6cpib 225 1 The the DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 225 2 copyright copyright NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 225 3 holder holder NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 225 4 for for IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 225 5 this this DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 225 6 preprint preprint NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 225 7 this this DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 225 8 version version NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 225 9 posted post VBN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 225 10 April April NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 225 11 30 30 CD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 225 12 , , , cord-302056-wvf6cpib 225 13 2020 2020 CD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 225 14 . . . cord-302056-wvf6cpib 225 15 . . . cord-302056-wvf6cpib 226 1 We -PRON- PRP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 226 2 used use VBD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 226 3 this this DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 226 4 framework framework NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 226 5 to to TO cord-302056-wvf6cpib 226 6 estimate estimate VB cord-302056-wvf6cpib 226 7 disease disease NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 226 8 prevalence prevalence NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 226 9 across across IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 226 10 U.S. U.S. NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 226 11 states state NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 226 12 . . . cord-302056-wvf6cpib 227 1 We -PRON- PRP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 227 2 Our -PRON- PRP$ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 227 3 findings finding NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 227 4 are be VBP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 227 5 comparable comparable JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 227 6 to to IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 227 7 previous previous JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 227 8 studies study NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 227 9 on on IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 227 10 U.S. U.S. NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 227 11 population population NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 227 12 prevalence prevalence NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 227 13 that that WDT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 227 14 find find VBP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 227 15 ratios ratio NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 227 16 of of IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 227 17 population population NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 227 18 infection infection NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 227 19 to to IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 227 20 positive positive JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 227 21 tests test NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 227 22 ranging range VBG cord-302056-wvf6cpib 227 23 from from IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 227 24 5 5 CD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 227 25 to to TO cord-302056-wvf6cpib 227 26 10 10 CD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 227 27 by by IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 227 28 mid mid NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 227 29 - - NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 227 30 March March NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 227 31 [ [ -LRB- cord-302056-wvf6cpib 227 32 22 22 CD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 227 33 , , , cord-302056-wvf6cpib 227 34 25 25 CD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 227 35 ] ] -RRB- cord-302056-wvf6cpib 227 36 . . . cord-302056-wvf6cpib 228 1 Despite despite IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 228 2 a a DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 228 3 dramatic dramatic JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 228 4 expansions expansion NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 228 5 in in IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 228 6 testing testing NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 228 7 capacity capacity NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 228 8 in in IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 228 9 the the DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 228 10 intervening intervene VBG cord-302056-wvf6cpib 228 11 weeks week NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 228 12 , , , cord-302056-wvf6cpib 228 13 the the DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 228 14 vast vast JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 228 15 majority majority NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 228 16 of of IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 228 17 COVID-19 covid-19 JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 228 18 cases case NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 228 19 remain remain VBP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 228 20 undetected undetected JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 228 21 . . . cord-302056-wvf6cpib 229 1 Our -PRON- PRP$ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 229 2 results result NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 229 3 are be VBP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 229 4 comparable comparable JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 229 5 to to IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 229 6 recent recent JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 229 7 estimates estimate NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 229 8 of of IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 229 9 population population NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 229 10 prevalence prevalence NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 229 11 in in IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 229 12 a a DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 229 13 number number NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 229 14 of of IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 229 15 European european JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 229 16 countries country NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 229 17 [ [ -LRB- cord-302056-wvf6cpib 229 18 21 21 CD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 229 19 ] ] -RRB- cord-302056-wvf6cpib 229 20 . . . cord-302056-wvf6cpib 230 1 We -PRON- PRP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 230 2 found find VBD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 230 3 a a DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 230 4 nationwide nationwide JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 230 5 1.9 1.9 CD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 230 6 percent percent NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 230 7 infection infection NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 230 8 rate rate NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 230 9 in in IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 230 10 early early JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 230 11 April April NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 230 12 , , , cord-302056-wvf6cpib 230 13 which which WDT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 230 14 is be VBZ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 230 15 similar similar JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 230 16 to to IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 230 17 the the DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 230 18 estimated estimate VBN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 230 19 prevalence prevalence NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 230 20 in in IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 230 21 Austria Austria NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 230 22 ( ( -LRB- cord-302056-wvf6cpib 230 23 1.1 1.1 CD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 230 24 % % NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 230 25 ) ) -RRB- cord-302056-wvf6cpib 230 26 , , , cord-302056-wvf6cpib 230 27 Denmark Denmark NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 230 28 ( ( -LRB- cord-302056-wvf6cpib 230 29 1.1 1.1 CD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 230 30 % % NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 230 31 ) ) -RRB- cord-302056-wvf6cpib 230 32 , , , cord-302056-wvf6cpib 230 33 and and CC cord-302056-wvf6cpib 230 34 the the DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 230 35 United United NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 230 36 Kingdom Kingdom NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 230 37 ( ( -LRB- cord-302056-wvf6cpib 230 38 2.7 2.7 CD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 230 39 % % NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 230 40 ) ) -RRB- cord-302056-wvf6cpib 230 41 as as IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 230 42 of of IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 230 43 March March NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 230 44 28 28 CD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 230 45 . . . cord-302056-wvf6cpib 231 1 Meanwhile meanwhile RB cord-302056-wvf6cpib 231 2 , , , cord-302056-wvf6cpib 231 3 Germany Germany NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 231 4 's 's POS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 231 5 0.7 0.7 CD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 231 6 % % NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 231 7 infection infection NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 231 8 rate rate NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 231 9 would would MD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 231 10 rank rank VB cord-302056-wvf6cpib 231 11 in in IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 231 12 the the DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 231 13 lowest low JJS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 231 14 tercile tercile NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 231 15 of of IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 231 16 prevalence prevalence NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 231 17 among among IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 231 18 U.S. U.S. NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 231 19 states state NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 231 20 . . . cord-302056-wvf6cpib 232 1 The the DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 232 2 highest high JJS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 232 3 rates rate NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 232 4 of of IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 232 5 infection infection NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 232 6 in in IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 232 7 New New NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 232 8 York York NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 232 9 ( ( -LRB- cord-302056-wvf6cpib 232 10 8.5 8.5 CD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 232 11 % % NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 232 12 ) ) -RRB- cord-302056-wvf6cpib 232 13 , , , cord-302056-wvf6cpib 232 14 New New NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 232 15 Jersey Jersey NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 232 16 ( ( -LRB- cord-302056-wvf6cpib 232 17 7.6 7.6 CD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 232 18 % % NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 232 19 ) ) -RRB- cord-302056-wvf6cpib 232 20 , , , cord-302056-wvf6cpib 232 21 and and CC cord-302056-wvf6cpib 232 22 Louisiana Louisiana NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 232 23 ( ( -LRB- cord-302056-wvf6cpib 232 24 6.7 6.7 CD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 232 25 % % NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 232 26 ) ) -RRB- cord-302056-wvf6cpib 232 27 are be VBP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 232 28 still still RB cord-302056-wvf6cpib 232 29 lower low JJR cord-302056-wvf6cpib 232 30 than than IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 232 31 the the DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 232 32 estimated estimate VBN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 232 33 rates rate NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 232 34 in in IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 232 35 Italy Italy NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 232 36 ( ( -LRB- cord-302056-wvf6cpib 232 37 9.8 9.8 CD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 232 38 % % NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 232 39 ) ) -RRB- cord-302056-wvf6cpib 232 40 and and CC cord-302056-wvf6cpib 232 41 Spain Spain NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 232 42 ( ( -LRB- cord-302056-wvf6cpib 232 43 15 15 CD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 232 44 % % NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 232 45 ) ) -RRB- cord-302056-wvf6cpib 232 46 . . . cord-302056-wvf6cpib 233 1 Given give VBN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 233 2 the the DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 233 3 rapidly rapidly RB cord-302056-wvf6cpib 233 4 expanding expand VBG cord-302056-wvf6cpib 233 5 availability availability NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 233 6 of of IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 233 7 high high JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 233 8 frequency frequency NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 233 9 testing testing NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 233 10 data datum NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 233 11 at at IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 233 12 both both CC cord-302056-wvf6cpib 233 13 the the DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 233 14 national national JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 233 15 and and CC cord-302056-wvf6cpib 233 16 subnational subnational JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 233 17 level level NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 233 18 , , , cord-302056-wvf6cpib 233 19 in in IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 233 20 future future JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 233 21 research research NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 233 22 we -PRON- PRP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 233 23 plan plan VBP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 233 24 to to TO cord-302056-wvf6cpib 233 25 apply apply VB cord-302056-wvf6cpib 233 26 this this DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 233 27 methodology methodology NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 233 28 to to TO cord-302056-wvf6cpib 233 29 compare compare VB cord-302056-wvf6cpib 233 30 infection infection NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 233 31 rates rate NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 233 32 across across IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 233 33 a a DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 233 34 broader broad JJR cord-302056-wvf6cpib 233 35 spectrum spectrum NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 233 36 of of IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 233 37 countries country NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 233 38 . . . cord-302056-wvf6cpib 234 1 There there EX cord-302056-wvf6cpib 234 2 are be VBP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 234 3 several several JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 234 4 limitations limitation NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 234 5 to to IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 234 6 our -PRON- PRP$ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 234 7 study study NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 234 8 , , , cord-302056-wvf6cpib 234 9 which which WDT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 234 10 should should MD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 234 11 be be VB cord-302056-wvf6cpib 234 12 taken take VBN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 234 13 into into IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 234 14 account account NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 234 15 when when WRB cord-302056-wvf6cpib 234 16 interpreting interpret VBG cord-302056-wvf6cpib 234 17 the the DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 234 18 main main JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 234 19 findings finding NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 234 20 . . . cord-302056-wvf6cpib 235 1 First first RB cord-302056-wvf6cpib 235 2 , , , cord-302056-wvf6cpib 235 3 the the DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 235 4 estimation estimation NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 235 5 results result NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 235 6 depend depend VBP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 235 7 on on IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 235 8 several several JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 235 9 functional functional JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 235 10 form form NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 235 11 assumptions assumption NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 235 12 including include VBG cord-302056-wvf6cpib 235 13 a a DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 235 14 constant constant JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 235 15 exponential exponential JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 235 16 growth growth NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 235 17 rate rate NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 235 18 in in IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 235 19 new new JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 235 20 infections infection NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 235 21 and and CC cord-302056-wvf6cpib 235 22 the the DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 235 23 specific specific JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 235 24 functions function NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 235 25 governing govern VBG cord-302056-wvf6cpib 235 26 how how WRB cord-302056-wvf6cpib 235 27 the the DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 235 28 number number NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 235 29 of of IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 235 30 available available JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 235 31 tests test NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 235 32 affect affect VBP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 235 33 individual individual JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 235 34 testing testing NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 235 35 probability probability NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 235 36 . . . cord-302056-wvf6cpib 236 1 As as IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 236 2 more more JJR cord-302056-wvf6cpib 236 3 data datum NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 236 4 on on IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 236 5 testing testing NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 236 6 become become VBN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 236 7 available available JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 236 8 , , , cord-302056-wvf6cpib 236 9 the the DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 236 10 increased increase VBN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 236 11 sample sample NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 236 12 sizes size NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 236 13 will will MD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 236 14 allow allow VB cord-302056-wvf6cpib 236 15 future future JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 236 16 studies study NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 236 17 to to TO cord-302056-wvf6cpib 236 18 impose impose VB cord-302056-wvf6cpib 236 19 weaker weak JJR cord-302056-wvf6cpib 236 20 functional functional JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 236 21 form form NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 236 22 assumptions assumption NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 236 23 through through IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 236 24 either either CC cord-302056-wvf6cpib 236 25 semi semi JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 236 26 - - JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 236 27 or or CC cord-302056-wvf6cpib 236 28 non non JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 236 29 - - JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 236 30 parametric parametric JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 236 31 approaches approach NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 236 32 . . . cord-302056-wvf6cpib 237 1 Second second RB cord-302056-wvf6cpib 237 2 , , , cord-302056-wvf6cpib 237 3 our -PRON- PRP$ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 237 4 analysis analysis NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 237 5 required require VBD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 237 6 an an DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 237 7 assump-13 assump-13 NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 237 8 . . . cord-302056-wvf6cpib 238 1 CC CC NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 238 2 - - HYPH cord-302056-wvf6cpib 238 3 BY BY NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 238 4 - - HYPH cord-302056-wvf6cpib 238 5 ND ND NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 238 6 4.0 4.0 CD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 238 7 International international JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 238 8 license license NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 239 1 It -PRON- PRP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 239 2 is be VBZ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 239 3 made make VBN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 239 4 available available JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 239 5 under under IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 239 6 a a DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 240 1 is be VBZ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 240 2 the the DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 240 3 author author NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 240 4 / / SYM cord-302056-wvf6cpib 240 5 funder funder NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 240 6 , , , cord-302056-wvf6cpib 240 7 who who WP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 240 8 has have VBZ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 240 9 granted grant VBN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 240 10 medRxiv medRxiv NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 240 11 a a DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 240 12 license license NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 240 13 to to TO cord-302056-wvf6cpib 240 14 display display VB cord-302056-wvf6cpib 240 15 the the DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 240 16 preprint preprint NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 240 17 in in IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 240 18 perpetuity perpetuity NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 240 19 . . . cord-302056-wvf6cpib 241 1 The the DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 241 2 copyright copyright NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 241 3 holder holder NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 241 4 for for IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 241 5 this this DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 241 6 preprint preprint NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 241 7 this this DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 241 8 version version NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 241 9 posted post VBN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 241 10 April April NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 241 11 30 30 CD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 241 12 , , , cord-302056-wvf6cpib 241 13 2020 2020 CD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 241 14 . . . cord-302056-wvf6cpib 241 15 . . . cord-302056-wvf6cpib 242 1 https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.04 https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.04 UH cord-302056-wvf6cpib 242 2 . . . cord-302056-wvf6cpib 243 1 20.20072942 20.20072942 CD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 243 2 doi doi NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 243 3 : : : cord-302056-wvf6cpib 244 1 medRxiv medRxiv NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 244 2 preprint preprint NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 244 3 tion tion NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 244 4 that that IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 244 5 the the DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 244 6 underlying underlie VBG cord-302056-wvf6cpib 244 7 sample sample NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 244 8 selection selection NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 244 9 process process NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 244 10 was be VBD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 244 11 similar similar JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 244 12 across across IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 244 13 observations observation NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 244 14 . . . cord-302056-wvf6cpib 245 1 To to IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 245 2 the the DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 245 3 extent extent NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 245 4 that that WDT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 245 5 decisions decision NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 245 6 regarding regard VBG cord-302056-wvf6cpib 245 7 who who WP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 245 8 to to TO cord-302056-wvf6cpib 245 9 test test VB cord-302056-wvf6cpib 245 10 , , , cord-302056-wvf6cpib 245 11 conditional conditional JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 245 12 on on IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 245 13 the the DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 245 14 number number NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 245 15 of of IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 245 16 available available JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 245 17 tests test NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 245 18 , , , cord-302056-wvf6cpib 245 19 diverged diverge VBD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 245 20 across across IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 245 21 states state NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 245 22 or or CC cord-302056-wvf6cpib 245 23 changed change VBD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 245 24 within within IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 245 25 states state NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 245 26 over over IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 245 27 the the DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 245 28 sample sample NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 245 29 period period NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 245 30 , , , cord-302056-wvf6cpib 245 31 our -PRON- PRP$ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 245 32 model model NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 245 33 may may MD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 245 34 be be VB cord-302056-wvf6cpib 245 35 misspecified misspecifie VBN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 245 36 . . . cord-302056-wvf6cpib 246 1 Finally finally RB cord-302056-wvf6cpib 246 2 , , , cord-302056-wvf6cpib 246 3 our -PRON- PRP$ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 246 4 analysis analysis NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 246 5 depends depend VBZ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 246 6 on on IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 246 7 the the DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 246 8 quality quality NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 246 9 of of IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 246 10 diagnostic diagnostic JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 246 11 testing testing NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 246 12 , , , cord-302056-wvf6cpib 246 13 and and CC cord-302056-wvf6cpib 246 14 systematic systematic JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 246 15 false false JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 246 16 negative negative JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 246 17 test test NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 246 18 results result NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 246 19 may may MD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 246 20 affect affect VB cord-302056-wvf6cpib 246 21 the the DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 246 22 population population NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 246 23 disease disease NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 246 24 prevalence prevalence NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 246 25 estimates estimate VBZ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 246 26 [ [ -LRB- cord-302056-wvf6cpib 246 27 34 34 CD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 246 28 ] ] -RRB- cord-302056-wvf6cpib 246 29 [ [ -LRB- cord-302056-wvf6cpib 246 30 35 35 CD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 246 31 ] ] -RRB- cord-302056-wvf6cpib 246 32 [ [ -LRB- cord-302056-wvf6cpib 246 33 36 36 CD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 246 34 ] ] -RRB- cord-302056-wvf6cpib 246 35 . . . cord-302056-wvf6cpib 247 1 4 4 LS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 248 1 As as IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 248 2 countries country NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 248 3 continue continue VBP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 248 4 to to TO cord-302056-wvf6cpib 248 5 struggle struggle VB cord-302056-wvf6cpib 248 6 against against IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 248 7 the the DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 248 8 ongoing ongoing JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 248 9 coronavirus coronavirus NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 248 10 pandemic pandemic NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 248 11 , , , cord-302056-wvf6cpib 248 12 informed informed JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 248 13 policymaking policymaking NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 248 14 will will MD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 248 15 depend depend VB cord-302056-wvf6cpib 248 16 crucially crucially RB cord-302056-wvf6cpib 248 17 on on IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 248 18 timely timely JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 248 19 information information NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 248 20 on on IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 248 21 infection infection NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 248 22 rates rate NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 248 23 across across IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 248 24 different different JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 248 25 regions region NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 248 26 . . . cord-302056-wvf6cpib 249 1 Randomized randomized JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 249 2 population population NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 249 3 - - HYPH cord-302056-wvf6cpib 249 4 based base VBN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 249 5 testing testing NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 249 6 can can MD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 249 7 provide provide VB cord-302056-wvf6cpib 249 8 this this DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 249 9 information information NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 249 10 , , , cord-302056-wvf6cpib 249 11 however however RB cord-302056-wvf6cpib 249 12 , , , cord-302056-wvf6cpib 249 13 given give VBN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 249 14 the the DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 249 15 constraints constraint NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 249 16 on on IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 249 17 supplies supply NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 249 18 , , , cord-302056-wvf6cpib 249 19 this this DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 249 20 approach approach NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 249 21 has have VBZ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 249 22 largely largely RB cord-302056-wvf6cpib 249 23 been be VBN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 249 24 eschewed eschew VBN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 249 25 in in IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 249 26 favor favor NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 249 27 of of IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 249 28 targeted target VBN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 249 29 testing testing NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 249 30 towards towards IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 249 31 high high JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 249 32 risk risk NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 249 33 groups group NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 249 34 . . . cord-302056-wvf6cpib 250 1 In in IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 250 2 this this DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 250 3 paper paper NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 250 4 , , , cord-302056-wvf6cpib 250 5 we -PRON- PRP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 250 6 developed develop VBD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 250 7 a a DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 250 8 new new JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 250 9 approach approach NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 250 10 to to TO cord-302056-wvf6cpib 250 11 estimate estimate VB cord-302056-wvf6cpib 250 12 population population NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 250 13 disease disease NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 250 14 prevalence prevalence NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 250 15 when when WRB cord-302056-wvf6cpib 250 16 testing testing NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 250 17 is be VBZ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 250 18 non non JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 250 19 - - JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 250 20 random random JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 250 21 . . . cord-302056-wvf6cpib 251 1 The the DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 251 2 estimation estimation NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 251 3 procedure procedure NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 251 4 is be VBZ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 251 5 straightforward straightforward JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 251 6 , , , cord-302056-wvf6cpib 251 7 has have VBZ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 251 8 few few JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 251 9 data datum NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 251 10 requirements requirement NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 251 11 , , , cord-302056-wvf6cpib 251 12 and and CC cord-302056-wvf6cpib 251 13 can can MD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 251 14 be be VB cord-302056-wvf6cpib 251 15 used use VBN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 251 16 to to TO cord-302056-wvf6cpib 251 17 estimate estimate VB cord-302056-wvf6cpib 251 18 disease disease NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 251 19 prevalence prevalence NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 251 20 at at IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 251 21 various various JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 251 22 jurisdictional jurisdictional JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 251 23 levels level NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 251 24 . . . cord-302056-wvf6cpib 252 1 Contributions contribution NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 252 2 DB DB NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 252 3 , , , cord-302056-wvf6cpib 252 4 RG RG NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 252 5 , , , cord-302056-wvf6cpib 252 6 and and CC cord-302056-wvf6cpib 252 7 JL JL NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 252 8 conceptualized conceptualize VBD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 252 9 the the DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 252 10 study study NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 252 11 , , , cord-302056-wvf6cpib 252 12 analyzed analyze VBD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 252 13 the the DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 252 14 data datum NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 252 15 , , , cord-302056-wvf6cpib 252 16 and and CC cord-302056-wvf6cpib 252 17 drafted draft VBD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 252 18 and and CC cord-302056-wvf6cpib 252 19 finalized finalize VBD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 252 20 the the DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 252 21 manuscript manuscript NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 252 22 . . . cord-302056-wvf6cpib 253 1 All all DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 253 2 authors author NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 253 3 approved approve VBN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 253 4 of of IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 253 5 the the DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 253 6 final final JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 253 7 version version NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 253 8 of of IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 253 9 the the DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 253 10 manuscript manuscript NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 253 11 . . . cord-302056-wvf6cpib 254 1 We -PRON- PRP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 254 2 declare declare VBP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 254 3 no no DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 254 4 competing compete VBG cord-302056-wvf6cpib 254 5 interests interest NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 254 6 . . . cord-302056-wvf6cpib 255 1 This this DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 255 2 study study NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 255 3 was be VBD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 255 4 supported support VBN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 255 5 by by IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 255 6 funding fund VBG cord-302056-wvf6cpib 255 7 from from IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 255 8 the the DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 255 9 Social Social NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 255 10 Sciences Sciences NNPS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 255 11 and and CC cord-302056-wvf6cpib 255 12 Humanities Humanities NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 255 13 Research Research NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 255 14 Council Council NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 255 15 ( ( -LRB- cord-302056-wvf6cpib 255 16 Grant Grant NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 255 17 : : : cord-302056-wvf6cpib 255 18 SSHRC SSHRC NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 255 19 430 430 CD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 255 20 - - HYPH cord-302056-wvf6cpib 255 21 2017 2017 CD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 255 22 - - HYPH cord-302056-wvf6cpib 255 23 00307 00307 CD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 255 24 ) ) -RRB- cord-302056-wvf6cpib 255 25 . . . cord-302056-wvf6cpib 256 1 4 4 LS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 256 2 Provided provide VBN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 256 3 that that IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 256 4 the the DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 256 5 rates rate NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 256 6 of of IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 256 7 misdiagnosis misdiagnosis NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 256 8 were be VBD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 256 9 unrelated unrelated JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 256 10 to to IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 256 11 the the DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 256 12 number number NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 256 13 of of IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 256 14 tests test NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 256 15 , , , cord-302056-wvf6cpib 256 16 these these DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 256 17 errors error NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 256 18 will will MD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 256 19 not not RB cord-302056-wvf6cpib 256 20 bias bias VB cord-302056-wvf6cpib 256 21 the the DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 256 22 coefficient coefficient NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 256 23 estimates estimate NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 256 24 , , , cord-302056-wvf6cpib 256 25 but but CC cord-302056-wvf6cpib 256 26 may may MD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 256 27 reduce reduce VB cord-302056-wvf6cpib 256 28 precision precision NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 256 29 through through IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 256 30 classical classical JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 256 31 measurement measurement NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 256 32 error error NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 256 33 [ [ -LRB- cord-302056-wvf6cpib 256 34 37 37 CD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 256 35 ] ] -RRB- cord-302056-wvf6cpib 256 36 . . . cord-302056-wvf6cpib 257 1 14 14 CD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 257 2 . . . cord-302056-wvf6cpib 258 1 CC CC NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 258 2 - - HYPH cord-302056-wvf6cpib 258 3 BY BY NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 258 4 - - HYPH cord-302056-wvf6cpib 258 5 ND ND NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 258 6 4.0 4.0 CD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 258 7 International international JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 258 8 license license NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 259 1 It -PRON- PRP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 259 2 is be VBZ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 259 3 made make VBN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 259 4 available available JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 259 5 under under IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 259 6 a a DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 260 1 is be VBZ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 260 2 the the DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 260 3 author author NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 260 4 / / SYM cord-302056-wvf6cpib 260 5 funder funder NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 260 6 , , , cord-302056-wvf6cpib 260 7 who who WP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 260 8 has have VBZ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 260 9 granted grant VBN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 260 10 medRxiv medRxiv NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 260 11 a a DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 260 12 license license NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 260 13 to to TO cord-302056-wvf6cpib 260 14 display display VB cord-302056-wvf6cpib 260 15 the the DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 260 16 preprint preprint NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 260 17 in in IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 260 18 perpetuity perpetuity NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 260 19 . . . cord-302056-wvf6cpib 261 1 The the DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 261 2 copyright copyright NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 261 3 holder holder NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 261 4 for for IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 261 5 this this DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 261 6 preprint preprint NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 261 7 this this DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 261 8 version version NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 261 9 posted post VBN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 261 10 April April NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 261 11 30 30 CD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 261 12 , , , cord-302056-wvf6cpib 261 13 2020 2020 CD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 261 14 . . . cord-302056-wvf6cpib 261 15 _SP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 261 16 . . . cord-302056-wvf6cpib 262 1 CC CC NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 262 2 - - HYPH cord-302056-wvf6cpib 262 3 BY BY NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 262 4 - - HYPH cord-302056-wvf6cpib 262 5 ND ND NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 262 6 4.0 4.0 CD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 262 7 International international JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 262 8 license license NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 263 1 It -PRON- PRP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 263 2 is be VBZ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 263 3 made make VBN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 263 4 available available JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 263 5 under under IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 263 6 a a DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 264 1 is be VBZ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 264 2 the the DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 264 3 author author NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 264 4 / / SYM cord-302056-wvf6cpib 264 5 funder funder NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 264 6 , , , cord-302056-wvf6cpib 264 7 who who WP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 264 8 has have VBZ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 264 9 granted grant VBN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 264 10 medRxiv medRxiv NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 264 11 a a DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 264 12 license license NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 264 13 to to TO cord-302056-wvf6cpib 264 14 display display VB cord-302056-wvf6cpib 264 15 the the DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 264 16 preprint preprint NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 264 17 in in IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 264 18 perpetuity perpetuity NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 264 19 . . . cord-302056-wvf6cpib 265 1 The the DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 265 2 copyright copyright NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 265 3 holder holder NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 265 4 for for IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 265 5 this this DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 265 6 preprint preprint NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 265 7 this this DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 265 8 version version NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 265 9 posted post VBN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 265 10 April April NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 265 11 30 30 CD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 265 12 , , , cord-302056-wvf6cpib 265 13 2020 2020 CD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 265 14 . . . cord-302056-wvf6cpib 265 15 . . . cord-302056-wvf6cpib 265 16 . . . cord-302056-wvf6cpib 266 1 CC CC NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 266 2 - - HYPH cord-302056-wvf6cpib 266 3 BY BY NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 266 4 - - HYPH cord-302056-wvf6cpib 266 5 ND ND NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 266 6 4.0 4.0 CD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 266 7 International international JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 266 8 license license NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 267 1 It -PRON- PRP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 267 2 is be VBZ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 267 3 made make VBN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 267 4 available available JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 267 5 under under IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 267 6 a a DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 268 1 is be VBZ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 268 2 the the DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 268 3 author author NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 268 4 / / SYM cord-302056-wvf6cpib 268 5 funder funder NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 268 6 , , , cord-302056-wvf6cpib 268 7 who who WP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 268 8 has have VBZ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 268 9 granted grant VBN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 268 10 medRxiv medRxiv NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 268 11 a a DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 268 12 license license NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 268 13 to to TO cord-302056-wvf6cpib 268 14 display display VB cord-302056-wvf6cpib 268 15 the the DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 268 16 preprint preprint NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 268 17 in in IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 268 18 perpetuity perpetuity NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 268 19 . . . cord-302056-wvf6cpib 269 1 The the DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 269 2 copyright copyright NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 269 3 holder holder NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 269 4 for for IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 269 5 this this DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 269 6 preprint preprint NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 269 7 this this DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 269 8 version version NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 269 9 posted post VBN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 269 10 April April NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 269 11 30 30 CD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 269 12 , , , cord-302056-wvf6cpib 269 13 2020 2020 CD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 269 14 . . . cord-302056-wvf6cpib 269 15 . . . cord-302056-wvf6cpib 269 16 _SP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 269 17 . . . cord-302056-wvf6cpib 270 1 CC CC NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 270 2 - - HYPH cord-302056-wvf6cpib 270 3 BY BY NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 270 4 - - HYPH cord-302056-wvf6cpib 270 5 ND ND NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 270 6 4.0 4.0 CD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 270 7 International international JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 270 8 license license NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 271 1 It -PRON- PRP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 271 2 is be VBZ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 271 3 made make VBN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 271 4 available available JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 271 5 under under IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 271 6 a a DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 272 1 is be VBZ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 272 2 the the DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 272 3 author author NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 272 4 / / SYM cord-302056-wvf6cpib 272 5 funder funder NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 272 6 , , , cord-302056-wvf6cpib 272 7 who who WP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 272 8 has have VBZ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 272 9 granted grant VBN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 272 10 medRxiv medRxiv NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 272 11 a a DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 272 12 license license NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 272 13 to to TO cord-302056-wvf6cpib 272 14 display display VB cord-302056-wvf6cpib 272 15 the the DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 272 16 preprint preprint NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 272 17 in in IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 272 18 perpetuity perpetuity NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 272 19 . . . cord-302056-wvf6cpib 273 1 The the DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 273 2 copyright copyright NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 273 3 holder holder NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 273 4 for for IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 273 5 this this DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 273 6 preprint preprint NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 273 7 this this DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 273 8 version version NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 273 9 posted post VBN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 273 10 April April NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 273 11 30 30 CD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 273 12 , , , cord-302056-wvf6cpib 273 13 2020 2020 CD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 273 14 . . . cord-302056-wvf6cpib 274 1 Notes note NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 274 2 : : : cord-302056-wvf6cpib 275 1 Columns column NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 275 2 ( ( -LRB- cord-302056-wvf6cpib 275 3 1 1 CD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 275 4 ) ) -RRB- cord-302056-wvf6cpib 275 5 to to IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 275 6 ( ( -LRB- cord-302056-wvf6cpib 275 7 6 6 CD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 275 8 ) ) -RRB- cord-302056-wvf6cpib 275 9 report report VB cord-302056-wvf6cpib 275 10 the the DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 275 11 estimates estimate NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 275 12 and and CC cord-302056-wvf6cpib 275 13 heteroskedasticity heteroskedasticity NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 275 14 robust robust JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 275 15 95 95 CD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 275 16 % % NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 275 17 confidence confidence NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 275 18 intervals interval NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 275 19 for for IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 275 20 population population NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 275 21 prevalence prevalence NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 275 22 of of IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 275 23 COVID-19 covid-19 NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 275 24 on on IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 275 25 April April NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 275 26 7 7 CD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 275 27 based base VBN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 275 28 on on IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 275 29 the the DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 275 30 methodology methodology NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 275 31 described describe VBN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 275 32 in in IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 275 33 Section section NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 275 34 2 2 CD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 275 35 . . . cord-302056-wvf6cpib 276 1 Columns column NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 276 2 ( ( -LRB- cord-302056-wvf6cpib 276 3 7 7 CD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 276 4 ) ) -RRB- cord-302056-wvf6cpib 276 5 to to IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 276 6 ( ( -LRB- cord-302056-wvf6cpib 276 7 9 9 CD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 276 8 ) ) -RRB- cord-302056-wvf6cpib 276 9 report report VB cord-302056-wvf6cpib 276 10 the the DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 276 11 the the DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 276 12 average average JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 276 13 estimates estimate NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 276 14 for for IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 276 15 population population NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 276 16 prevalence prevalence NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 276 17 of of IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 276 18 COVID-19 COVID-19 NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 276 19 from from IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 276 20 March March NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 276 21 31 31 CD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 276 22 to to IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 276 23 April April NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 276 24 7 7 CD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 276 25 . . . cord-302056-wvf6cpib 277 1 Columns column NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 277 2 ( ( -LRB- cord-302056-wvf6cpib 277 3 3 3 CD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 277 4 ) ) -RRB- cord-302056-wvf6cpib 277 5 , , , cord-302056-wvf6cpib 277 6 ( ( -LRB- cord-302056-wvf6cpib 277 7 4 4 LS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 277 8 ) ) -RRB- cord-302056-wvf6cpib 277 9 and and CC cord-302056-wvf6cpib 277 10 ( ( -LRB- cord-302056-wvf6cpib 277 11 8) 8) NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 277 12 report report NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 277 13 results result NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 277 14 based base VBN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 277 15 on on IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 277 16 models model NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 277 17 that that WDT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 277 18 include include VBP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 277 19 state state NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 277 20 fixed fix VBN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 277 21 effects effect NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 277 22 . . . cord-302056-wvf6cpib 278 1 Columns column NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 278 2 ( ( -LRB- cord-302056-wvf6cpib 278 3 5 5 CD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 278 4 ) ) -RRB- cord-302056-wvf6cpib 278 5 , , , cord-302056-wvf6cpib 278 6 ( ( -LRB- cord-302056-wvf6cpib 278 7 6 6 CD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 278 8 ) ) -RRB- cord-302056-wvf6cpib 278 9 , , , cord-302056-wvf6cpib 278 10 and and CC cord-302056-wvf6cpib 278 11 ( ( -LRB- cord-302056-wvf6cpib 278 12 9 9 CD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 278 13 ) ) -RRB- cord-302056-wvf6cpib 278 14 report report NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 278 15 results result NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 278 16 based base VBN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 278 17 on on IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 278 18 models model NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 278 19 that that WDT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 278 20 restrict restrict VBP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 278 21 the the DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 278 22 sample sample NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 278 23 to to IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 278 24 observations observation NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 278 25 for for IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 278 26 which which WDT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 278 27 the the DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 278 28 share share NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 278 29 of of IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 278 30 positive positive JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 278 31 cases case NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 278 32 was be VBD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 278 33 less less JJR cord-302056-wvf6cpib 278 34 than than IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 278 35 0.5 0.5 CD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 278 36 . . . cord-302056-wvf6cpib 279 1 In in IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 279 2 cases case NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 279 3 of of IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 279 4 incomplete incomplete JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 279 5 testing testing NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 279 6 data datum NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 279 7 on on IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 279 8 April April NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 279 9 7 7 CD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 279 10 , , , cord-302056-wvf6cpib 279 11 population population NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 279 12 prevalence prevalence NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 279 13 is be VBZ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 279 14 reported report VBN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 279 15 for for IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 279 16 the the DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 279 17 closest close JJS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 279 18 day day NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 279 19 : : : cord-302056-wvf6cpib 279 20 * * NFP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 279 21 indicates indicate VBZ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 279 22 prevalence prevalence NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 279 23 on on IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 279 24 April April NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 279 25 6 6 CD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 279 26 , , , cord-302056-wvf6cpib 280 1 * * NFP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 280 2 * * NFP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 280 3 indicates indicate VBZ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 280 4 prevalence prevalence NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 280 5 on on IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 280 6 April April NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 280 7 5 5 CD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 280 8 , , , cord-302056-wvf6cpib 280 9 and and CC cord-302056-wvf6cpib 281 1 * * NFP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 281 2 * * NFP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 281 3 * * NFP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 281 4 indicates indicate VBZ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 281 5 prevalence prevalence NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 281 6 on on IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 281 7 March March NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 281 8 31 31 CD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 281 9 . . . cord-302056-wvf6cpib 281 10 . . . cord-302056-wvf6cpib 282 1 CC CC NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 282 2 - - HYPH cord-302056-wvf6cpib 282 3 BY BY NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 282 4 - - HYPH cord-302056-wvf6cpib 282 5 ND ND NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 282 6 4.0 4.0 CD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 282 7 International international JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 282 8 license license NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 283 1 It -PRON- PRP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 283 2 is be VBZ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 283 3 made make VBN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 283 4 available available JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 283 5 under under IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 283 6 a a DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 284 1 is be VBZ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 284 2 the the DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 284 3 author author NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 284 4 / / SYM cord-302056-wvf6cpib 284 5 funder funder NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 284 6 , , , cord-302056-wvf6cpib 284 7 who who WP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 284 8 has have VBZ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 284 9 granted grant VBN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 284 10 medRxiv medRxiv NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 284 11 a a DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 284 12 license license NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 284 13 to to TO cord-302056-wvf6cpib 284 14 display display VB cord-302056-wvf6cpib 284 15 the the DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 284 16 preprint preprint NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 284 17 in in IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 284 18 perpetuity perpetuity NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 284 19 . . . cord-302056-wvf6cpib 285 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-302056-wvf6cpib 285 2 which which WDT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 285 3 was be VBD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 285 4 not not RB cord-302056-wvf6cpib 285 5 certified certify VBN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 285 6 by by IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 285 7 peer peer NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 285 8 review review NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 285 9 ) ) -RRB- cord-302056-wvf6cpib 286 1 The the DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 286 2 copyright copyright NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 286 3 holder holder NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 286 4 for for IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 286 5 this this DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 286 6 preprint preprint NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 286 7 this this DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 286 8 version version NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 286 9 posted post VBN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 286 10 April April NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 286 11 30 30 CD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 286 12 , , , cord-302056-wvf6cpib 286 13 2020 2020 CD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 286 14 . . . cord-302056-wvf6cpib 286 15 . . . cord-302056-wvf6cpib 286 16 . . . cord-302056-wvf6cpib 287 1 CC CC NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 287 2 - - HYPH cord-302056-wvf6cpib 287 3 BY BY NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 287 4 - - HYPH cord-302056-wvf6cpib 287 5 ND ND NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 287 6 4.0 4.0 CD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 287 7 International international JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 287 8 license license NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 288 1 It -PRON- PRP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 288 2 is be VBZ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 288 3 made make VBN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 288 4 available available JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 288 5 under under IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 288 6 a a DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 289 1 is be VBZ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 289 2 the the DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 289 3 author author NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 289 4 / / SYM cord-302056-wvf6cpib 289 5 funder funder NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 289 6 , , , cord-302056-wvf6cpib 289 7 who who WP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 289 8 has have VBZ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 289 9 granted grant VBN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 289 10 medRxiv medRxiv NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 289 11 a a DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 289 12 license license NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 289 13 to to TO cord-302056-wvf6cpib 289 14 display display VB cord-302056-wvf6cpib 289 15 the the DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 289 16 preprint preprint NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 289 17 in in IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 289 18 perpetuity perpetuity NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 289 19 . . . cord-302056-wvf6cpib 290 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-302056-wvf6cpib 290 2 which which WDT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 290 3 was be VBD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 290 4 not not RB cord-302056-wvf6cpib 290 5 certified certify VBN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 290 6 by by IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 290 7 peer peer NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 290 8 review review NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 290 9 ) ) -RRB- cord-302056-wvf6cpib 291 1 The the DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 291 2 copyright copyright NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 291 3 holder holder NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 291 4 for for IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 291 5 this this DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 291 6 preprint preprint NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 291 7 this this DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 291 8 version version NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 291 9 posted post VBN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 291 10 April April NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 291 11 30 30 CD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 291 12 , , , cord-302056-wvf6cpib 291 13 2020 2020 CD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 291 14 . . . cord-302056-wvf6cpib 291 15 _SP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 291 16 . . . cord-302056-wvf6cpib 292 1 CC CC NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 292 2 - - HYPH cord-302056-wvf6cpib 292 3 BY BY NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 292 4 - - HYPH cord-302056-wvf6cpib 292 5 ND ND NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 292 6 4.0 4.0 CD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 292 7 International international JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 292 8 license license NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 293 1 It -PRON- PRP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 293 2 is be VBZ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 293 3 made make VBN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 293 4 available available JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 293 5 under under IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 293 6 a a DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 294 1 is be VBZ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 294 2 the the DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 294 3 author author NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 294 4 / / SYM cord-302056-wvf6cpib 294 5 funder funder NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 294 6 , , , cord-302056-wvf6cpib 294 7 who who WP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 294 8 has have VBZ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 294 9 granted grant VBN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 294 10 medRxiv medRxiv NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 294 11 a a DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 294 12 license license NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 294 13 to to TO cord-302056-wvf6cpib 294 14 display display VB cord-302056-wvf6cpib 294 15 the the DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 294 16 preprint preprint NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 294 17 in in IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 294 18 perpetuity perpetuity NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 294 19 . . . cord-302056-wvf6cpib 295 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-302056-wvf6cpib 295 2 which which WDT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 295 3 was be VBD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 295 4 not not RB cord-302056-wvf6cpib 295 5 certified certify VBN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 295 6 by by IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 295 7 peer peer NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 295 8 review review NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 295 9 ) ) -RRB- cord-302056-wvf6cpib 296 1 The the DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 296 2 copyright copyright NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 296 3 holder holder NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 296 4 for for IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 296 5 this this DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 296 6 preprint preprint NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 296 7 this this DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 296 8 version version NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 296 9 posted post VBN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 296 10 April April NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 296 11 30 30 CD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 296 12 , , , cord-302056-wvf6cpib 296 13 2020 2020 CD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 296 14 . . . cord-302056-wvf6cpib 296 15 . . . cord-302056-wvf6cpib 297 1 https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.04.20.20072942 https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.04.20.20072942 PRP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 297 2 doi doi XX cord-302056-wvf6cpib 297 3 : : : cord-302056-wvf6cpib 298 1 medRxiv medRxiv NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 298 2 preprint preprint NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 298 3 Epidemiological Epidemiological NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 298 4 Characteristics characteristic NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 298 5 of of IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 298 6 2143 2143 CD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 298 7 Pediatric Pediatric NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 298 8 Patients Patients NNPS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 298 9 with with IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 298 10 2019 2019 CD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 298 11 Coronavirus Coronavirus NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 298 12 Disease Disease NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 298 13 in in IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 298 14 China China NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 299 1 SARS SARS NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 299 2 - - HYPH cord-302056-wvf6cpib 299 3 CoV-2 CoV-2 NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 299 4 Infection infection NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 299 5 in in IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 299 6 Children Children NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 299 7 Evidence Evidence NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 299 8 of of IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 299 9 SARS SARS NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 299 10 - - HYPH cord-302056-wvf6cpib 299 11 CoV-2 CoV-2 NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 299 12 Infection infection NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 299 13 in in IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 299 14 Returning return VBG cord-302056-wvf6cpib 299 15 Travelers Travelers NNPS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 299 16 from from IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 299 17 Wuhan Wuhan NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 299 18 , , , cord-302056-wvf6cpib 299 19 China China NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 299 20 Asymptomatic asymptomatic JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 299 21 Cases Cases NNPS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 299 22 in in IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 299 23 a a DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 299 24 Family Family NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 299 25 Cluster Cluster NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 299 26 with with IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 299 27 SARS SARS NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 299 28 - - HYPH cord-302056-wvf6cpib 299 29 CoV-2 CoV-2 NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 299 30 Infection Infection NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 299 31 . . . cord-302056-wvf6cpib 300 1 The the DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 300 2 Lancet Lancet NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 300 3 Infectious Infectious NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 300 4 Disease Disease NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 300 5 Presumed Presumed NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 300 6 Asymptomatic Asymptomatic NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 300 7 Carrier Carrier NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 300 8 Transmission Transmission NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 300 9 of of IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 300 10 COVID-19 COVID-19 NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 300 11 Therapeutic Therapeutic NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 300 12 and and CC cord-302056-wvf6cpib 300 13 Triage Triage NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 300 14 Strategies strategy NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 300 15 for for IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 300 16 2019 2019 CD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 300 17 Novel Novel NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 300 18 Coronavirus Coronavirus NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 300 19 Disease Disease NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 300 20 in in IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 300 21 Fever Fever NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 300 22 Clinics Clinics NNPS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 300 23 Centers Centers NNPS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 300 24 for for IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 300 25 Disease Disease NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 300 26 Control Control NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 300 27 and and CC cord-302056-wvf6cpib 300 28 Prevention Prevention NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 300 29 : : : cord-302056-wvf6cpib 300 30 Coronavirus Coronavirus NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 300 31 ( ( -LRB- cord-302056-wvf6cpib 300 32 COVID-19 covid-19 VB cord-302056-wvf6cpib 300 33 The the DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 300 34 COVID COVID NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 300 35 Tracking tracking NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 300 36 Project project NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 301 1 The the DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 301 2 Many many JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 301 3 Estimates estimate NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 301 4 of of IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 301 5 the the DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 301 6 COVID-19 COVID-19 NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 301 7 Case Case NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 301 8 Fatality Fatality NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 301 9 Rate rate NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 301 10 . . . cord-302056-wvf6cpib 302 1 The the DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 302 2 Lancet Lancet NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 302 3 Infectious Infectious NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 302 4 Disease Disease NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 302 5 Coronavirus Coronavirus NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 302 6 COVID-19 COVID-19 NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 302 7 Global Global NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 302 8 Cases Cases NNPS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 303 1 The the DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 303 2 Common Common NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 303 3 Structure Structure NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 303 4 of of IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 303 5 Statistical Statistical NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 303 6 Models Models NNPS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 303 7 of of IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 303 8 Truncation Truncation NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 303 9 , , , cord-302056-wvf6cpib 303 10 Sample Sample NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 303 11 Selection Selection NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 303 12 and and CC cord-302056-wvf6cpib 303 13 Limited limited JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 303 14 Dependent dependent JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 303 15 Variables Variables NNPS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 303 16 and and CC cord-302056-wvf6cpib 303 17 a a DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 303 18 Simple simple JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 303 19 Estimator estimator NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 303 20 for for IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 303 21 Such such JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 303 22 Models model NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 304 1 The the DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 304 2 Economics Economics NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 304 3 and and CC cord-302056-wvf6cpib 304 4 Econometrics Econometrics NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 304 5 of of IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 304 6 Active Active NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 304 7 Labor Labor NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 304 8 Market Market NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 304 9 Programs Programs NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 304 10 Evaluation Evaluation NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 304 11 Methods Methods NNPS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 304 12 for for IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 304 13 Non non JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 304 14 - - JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 304 15 experimental experimental JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 304 16 Data datum NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 304 17 Nonparametric Nonparametric NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 304 18 Estimation Estimation NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 304 19 of of IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 304 20 Sample Sample NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 304 21 Selection Selection NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 304 22 Models Models NNPS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 304 23 . . . cord-302056-wvf6cpib 305 1 The the DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 305 2 Review Review NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 305 3 of of IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 305 4 Economic Economic NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 305 5 Studies Studies NNPS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 305 6 Two two CD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 305 7 - - HYPH cord-302056-wvf6cpib 305 8 Step Step NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 305 9 Series Series NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 305 10 Estimation Estimation NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 305 11 of of IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 305 12 Sample Sample NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 305 13 Selection selection NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 305 14 Models model NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 306 1 Annual annual JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 306 2 Estimates estimate NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 306 3 of of IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 306 4 the the DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 306 5 Resident Resident NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 306 6 Population Population NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 306 7 for for IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 306 8 the the DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 306 9 United United NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 306 10 States States NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 306 11 , , , cord-302056-wvf6cpib 306 12 Regions Regions NNPS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 306 13 , , , cord-302056-wvf6cpib 306 14 States States NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 306 15 Early Early NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 306 16 Transmission Transmission NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 306 17 Dynamics Dynamics NNPS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 306 18 in in IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 306 19 Wuhan Wuhan NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 306 20 , , , cord-302056-wvf6cpib 306 21 China China NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 306 22 , , , cord-302056-wvf6cpib 306 23 of of IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 306 24 Novel Novel NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 306 25 Coronavirus Coronavirus NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 307 1 -Infected -infecte VBN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 308 1 Pneumonia pneumonia NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 309 1 The the DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 309 2 Incubation Incubation NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 309 3 Period Period NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 309 4 of of IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 309 5 Coronavirus Coronavirus NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 309 6 Disease Disease NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 309 7 2019 2019 CD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 309 8 ( ( -LRB- cord-302056-wvf6cpib 309 9 COVID-19 COVID-19 NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 309 10 ) ) -RRB- cord-302056-wvf6cpib 309 11 from from IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 309 12 Publicly publicly RB cord-302056-wvf6cpib 309 13 Reported report VBN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 309 14 Confirmed confirm VBN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 309 15 Cases case NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 309 16 : : : cord-302056-wvf6cpib 309 17 Estimation Estimation NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 309 18 and and CC cord-302056-wvf6cpib 309 19 Application Application NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 309 20 Impacts impact NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 309 21 of of IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 309 22 Non non JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 309 23 - - JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 309 24 pharmaceutical pharmaceutical JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 309 25 Interventions intervention NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 310 1 to to TO cord-302056-wvf6cpib 310 2 Reduce reduce VB cord-302056-wvf6cpib 310 3 COVID-19 COVID-19 NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 310 4 Mortality Mortality NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 310 5 and and CC cord-302056-wvf6cpib 310 6 Healthcare Healthcare NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 310 7 Demand Demand NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 310 8 . . . cord-302056-wvf6cpib 311 1 London London NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 311 2 : : : cord-302056-wvf6cpib 311 3 Imperial Imperial NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 311 4 College College NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 311 5 COVID-19 COVID-19 NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 311 6 Response Response NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 311 7 Team Team NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 312 1 Estimating estimate VBG cord-302056-wvf6cpib 312 2 Unobserved Unobserved NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 312 3 SARS SARS NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 312 4 - - HYPH cord-302056-wvf6cpib 312 5 CoV-2 CoV-2 NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 312 6 Infections Infections NNPS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 312 7 in in IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 312 8 the the DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 312 9 United United NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 312 10 States States NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 312 11 . . . cord-302056-wvf6cpib 313 1 medRxiv medRxiv NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 313 2 Working Working NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 313 3 Paper Paper NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 313 4 Substantial substantial JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 313 5 Undocumented undocumented JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 313 6 Infection infection NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 313 7 Facilitates facilitate VBZ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 313 8 the the DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 313 9 Rapid Rapid NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 313 10 Dissemination Dissemination NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 313 11 of of IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 313 12 Novel Novel NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 313 13 Coronavirus Coronavirus NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 313 14 ( ( -LRB- cord-302056-wvf6cpib 313 15 SARS SARS NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 313 16 - - HYPH cord-302056-wvf6cpib 313 17 Cov2 Cov2 NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 313 18 ) ) -RRB- cord-302056-wvf6cpib 314 1 Adjusting adjust VBG cord-302056-wvf6cpib 314 2 Age age NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 314 3 - - HYPH cord-302056-wvf6cpib 314 4 Specific Specific NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 314 5 Case case NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 314 6 Fatality fatality NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 314 7 Rates rate NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 314 8 during during IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 314 9 the the DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 314 10 COVID-19 COVID-19 NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 314 11 Epidemic Epidemic NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 314 12 in in IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 314 13 Hubei Hubei NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 314 14 , , , cord-302056-wvf6cpib 315 1 China China NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 315 2 Estimating Estimating NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 315 3 SARS SARS NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 315 4 - - HYPH cord-302056-wvf6cpib 315 5 CoV-2 CoV-2 NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 316 1 Positive positive JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 316 2 Americans Americans NNPS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 316 3 using use VBG cord-302056-wvf6cpib 316 4 Deaths Deaths NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 316 5 - - : cord-302056-wvf6cpib 316 6 only only RB cord-302056-wvf6cpib 316 7 Data Data NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 316 8 Estimation Estimation NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 316 9 of of IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 316 10 SARS SARS NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 316 11 - - HYPH cord-302056-wvf6cpib 316 12 CoV-2 CoV-2 NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 316 13 Mortality Mortality NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 316 14 during during IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 316 15 the the DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 316 16 Early early JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 316 17 Stages stage NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 316 18 of of IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 316 19 and and CC cord-302056-wvf6cpib 316 20 Epidemic epidemic NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 316 21 : : : cord-302056-wvf6cpib 316 22 A a DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 316 23 Modelling Modelling NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 316 24 Study Study NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 316 25 in in IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 316 26 Hubei Hubei NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 316 27 , , , cord-302056-wvf6cpib 316 28 China China NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 316 29 and and CC cord-302056-wvf6cpib 316 30 Norther Norther NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 316 31 Italy Italy NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 317 1 The the DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 317 2 Effects effect NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 317 3 of of IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 317 4 Outdoor Outdoor NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 317 5 Air Air NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 317 6 Pollution Pollution NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 317 7 Concentrations Concentrations NNPS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 317 8 and and CC cord-302056-wvf6cpib 317 9 Lockdowns Lockdowns NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 317 10 on on IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 317 11 COVID-19 COVID-19 NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 317 12 Infections Infections NNPS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 317 13 in in IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 317 14 Wuhan Wuhan NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 317 15 and and CC cord-302056-wvf6cpib 317 16 Other Other NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 317 17 Provincial Provincial NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 317 18 Capitals Capitals NNPS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 317 19 in in IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 317 20 China China NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 317 21 Exposure Exposure NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 317 22 to to IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 317 23 Air Air NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 317 24 Pollution Pollution NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 317 25 and and CC cord-302056-wvf6cpib 317 26 COVID-19 COVID-19 NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 317 27 Mortality Mortality NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 317 28 in in IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 317 29 the the DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 317 30 United United NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 317 31 States States NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 317 32 Pollution Pollution NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 317 33 , , , cord-302056-wvf6cpib 317 34 Infectious Infectious NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 317 35 Disease Disease NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 317 36 , , , cord-302056-wvf6cpib 317 37 and and CC cord-302056-wvf6cpib 317 38 Mortality mortality NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 317 39 : : : cord-302056-wvf6cpib 317 40 Evidence evidence NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 317 41 from from IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 317 42 the the DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 317 43 1918 1918 CD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 317 44 Spanish Spanish NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 317 45 Influenza Influenza NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 317 46 Pandemic Pandemic NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 318 1 What what WP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 318 2 Explains explain VBZ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 318 3 Cross Cross NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 318 4 - - HYPH cord-302056-wvf6cpib 318 5 City City NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 318 6 Variation variation NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 318 7 in in IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 318 8 Mortality mortality NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 318 9 during during IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 318 10 the the DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 318 11 1918 1918 CD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 318 12 Influenza Influenza NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 318 13 Pandemic Pandemic NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 318 14 ? ? . cord-302056-wvf6cpib 319 1 Evidence evidence NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 319 2 from from IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 319 3 440 440 CD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 319 4 U U NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 319 5 Deaths Deaths NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 319 6 in in IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 319 7 New New NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 319 8 York York NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 319 9 City City NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 319 10 are be VBP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 319 11 More More JJR cord-302056-wvf6cpib 319 12 than than IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 319 13 Double double PDT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 319 14 the the DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 319 15 Usual Usual NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 319 16 Total Total NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 319 17 Doctors Doctors NNPS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 319 18 and and CC cord-302056-wvf6cpib 319 19 Nurses nurse NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 320 1 Say say VB cord-302056-wvf6cpib 320 2 More More JJR cord-302056-wvf6cpib 320 3 People People NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 320 4 are be VBP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 320 5 Dying die VBG cord-302056-wvf6cpib 320 6 of of IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 320 7 COVID-19 covid-19 CD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 320 8 in in IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 320 9 the the DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 320 10 US US NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 320 11 than than IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 321 1 We -PRON- PRP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 321 2 Know know VBP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 321 3 Chest Chest NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 321 4 CT CT NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 321 5 for for IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 321 6 Typical typical JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 321 7 2019-nCoV 2019-ncov CD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 321 8 Pneumonia pneumonia NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 322 1 : : : cord-302056-wvf6cpib 322 2 Relationship relationship NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 322 3 to to IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 322 4 Negative negative JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 322 5 RT RT NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 322 6 - - HYPH cord-302056-wvf6cpib 322 7 PCR PCR NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 322 8 Testing Testing NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 322 9 Correlation Correlation NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 322 10 of of IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 322 11 Chest Chest NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 322 12 CT CT NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 322 13 and and CC cord-302056-wvf6cpib 322 14 RT RT NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 322 15 - - HYPH cord-302056-wvf6cpib 322 16 PCR PCR NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 322 17 Testing Testing NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 322 18 in in IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 322 19 Coronavirus Coronavirus NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 322 20 Disease Disease NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 322 21 2019 2019 CD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 322 22 ( ( -LRB- cord-302056-wvf6cpib 322 23 COVID-19 COVID-19 NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 322 24 ) ) -RRB- cord-302056-wvf6cpib 322 25 in in IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 322 26 China China NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 322 27 : : : cord-302056-wvf6cpib 323 1 A a DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 323 2 Report report NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 323 3 on on IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 323 4 1014 1014 CD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 323 5 Cases case NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 323 6 Evaluating evaluate VBG cord-302056-wvf6cpib 323 7 the the DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 323 8 Accuracy Accuracy NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 323 9 of of IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 323 10 Different different JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 323 11 Respiratory respiratory JJ cord-302056-wvf6cpib 323 12 Specimens specimen NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 323 13 in in IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 323 14 the the DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 323 15 Laboratory Laboratory NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 323 16 Diagnosis Diagnosis NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 323 17 and and CC cord-302056-wvf6cpib 323 18 Monitoring monitor VBG cord-302056-wvf6cpib 323 19 the the DT cord-302056-wvf6cpib 323 20 Viral Viral NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 323 21 Shedding shedding NN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 323 22 of of IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 323 23 2019-nCoV 2019-ncov CD cord-302056-wvf6cpib 323 24 Infections infection NNS cord-302056-wvf6cpib 323 25 . . . cord-302056-wvf6cpib 324 1 medRxiv medRxiv NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 324 2 Working Working NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 324 3 Paper Paper NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 324 4 Econometric Econometric NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 324 5 Analysis Analysis NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 324 6 of of IN cord-302056-wvf6cpib 324 7 Cross Cross NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 324 8 Section Section NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 324 9 and and CC cord-302056-wvf6cpib 324 10 Panel Panel NNP cord-302056-wvf6cpib 324 11 Data Data NNP