# pos

id: cord-022889-lv6fy6e6
pos: NNP
token:
  http://regulusrx.com/wpcontent/uploads/2016/11/2016-AASLD-RG-101-PK-and-Safety-in-ESRD-vs-Normal.pdf

lemma:
  http://regulusrx.com/wpcontent/uploads/2016/11/2016-AASLD-RG-101-PK-and-Safety-in-ESRD-vs-Normal.pdf


id: cord-022889-lv6fy6e6
pos: NNP
token:
  http://www.foodstandards.gov.au/consumer/gmfood/Pages/Response-to-Heinemann-et-al-on-theregulation-of-GM-crops-and-foods-developed-using-gene-silencing.aspx

lemma:
  http://www.foodstandards.gov.au/consumer/gmfood/Pages/Response-to-Heinemann-et-al-on-theregulation-of-GM-crops-and-foods-developed-using-gene-silencing.aspx


# ent

id: cord-009987-biop7gyd
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  serum aspartate aminotransaminase 35 and 31 alanine aminotransaminase 50 and 42 gamma glutamyl transpeptidase 56 and 49 alkaline phosphatase 46 and 37 total bilirubin 61 and 48 and liver MDA


id: cord-009987-biop7gyd
type: CHEBI
entity:
  carbon tetrachloride GSH glutathione SOD superoxide dismutase GR glutathione reductase CYP Cytochrome


id: cord-009987-biop7gyd
type: CHEMICAL
entity:
  Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge Astragalus membranaceus Fisch Bunge Capparis spinosa L Cichorium intybus L Solanum nigrum L Sapindus mukorossi Gaertn Ginkgo biloba L Woodfordia fruticosa L Kurz Vitex trifolia L Schisandra chinensis Turcz Baill Cuscuta chinensis Lam Lycium barbarum Angelica sinensis Oliv Diels and Litsea coreana H Lev The probable modes of


id: cord-009987-biop7gyd
type: CHEMICAL
entity:
  Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn Leaves Catechin glycoside myricitrin 3 O glucoside hyperin isoquercitrin quercetin 3 O rhamnoside astragalin Lotus leaf extract


id: cord-015965-n4sjixg8
type: DISEASE
entity:
  Bacillus megaterium Bradyrhizobium japonicum Rhizobium Bradyrhizobium Stenotrophomonas rhizophila etc Rajeswari


id: cord-015965-n4sjixg8
type: CHEMICAL
entity:
  quinones steroids saponins tannins tertaralones Swine meat and meat products milk and dairy products Joseph


id: cord-002282-ldfa616a
type: DISEASE
entity:
  chronically infected with HBV and that more than 780 000 people die every year due to complications of HepB including cirrhosis and liver cancer


id: cord-002282-ldfa616a
type: CHEMICAL
entity:
  GV3101 EHA105 LBA4404 35S n a 2 5 6 µg g FW Callus n a 192 Maize transgenic n a EHA101 3xglb1 Cell wall


id: cord-024149-qnclsjym
type: CL
entity:
  stem and soil and on roots happen as well However symptoms may vary with photoperiod variety of plants temperature humidity and infective dose Some plant pathogenic microbes


id: cord-018428-6lc1fcpe
type: GGP
entity:
  viral protein of Momordica charantia L inhibits different subtypes of influenza A Evid Based Complement Alter Nat Med Development of a potent


id: cord-018428-6lc1fcpe
type: CHEMICAL
entity:
  Cucurbita pepo pumpkin Momordica charantia bitter gourd Momordica dioica spine gourd Coccinia grandis ivy gourd


id: cord-018428-6lc1fcpe
type: DISEASE
entity:
  HSV HIV Coxsackie B virus corona virus cytomegalovirus poliomyelitis virus rhinovirus rotavirus poliovirus sindbis virus and rabies virus 94 Cytotoxicity activity and quantitative assay of virus yields


id: cord-005145-1l87fdmi
type: ORG
entity:
  the Ministère de l Education Nationale et de la Formation Professionnelle du Grand Duché de Luxembourg


id: cord-021013-xvc791wx
type: CL
entity:
  stem and root barks in addition All these plant parts and organs have in common that they are important for the actual fitness or for the reproduction and thus the long term survival of the species Spiny species which invest in mechanical defense accumulate fewer alkaloids than soft bodied ones 15 examples are isoquinoline alkaloids


id: cord-021013-xvc791wx
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  Apocynaceae Celestraceae Elaeocarpaceae Euphorbiaceae Fabaceae Orchidaceae Poaceae Ranunculaceae Rhizo


id: cord-021013-xvc791wx
type: ORG
entity:
  Okologische Biochemie Allelochemicals Role in Agriculture and Forestry Cell Culture and Somatic Cell Genetics of Plants F Constabel


id: cord-021013-xvc791wx
type: CHEMICAL
entity:
  quinolizidine alkaloids cryptopleurine haningtonine homohamngtonine haemanthamine isohamngtonine lycorine


id: cord-021013-xvc791wx
type: CHEMICAL
entity:
  glucosinolates nonproteinogenic amino acids cyanogenic glycosides acids aldehydes saponins triterpenes mono


id: cord-016341-7obr779b
type: CHEMICAL
entity:
  Bacopa monniera Azadirachta indica Tridex procumbans Abrus precatorius Withania somnifera Chlorophytum borivilianum and Spilanthes calva


id: cord-014462-11ggaqf1
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  amino acid residues 40 239 By Mass spectrometric analysis of the protein Threonine 84 and Serine 202


id: cord-014462-11ggaqf1
type: CL
entity:
  stromal and epithelial keratitis may not be possible but collecting tear fluid is a convenient procedure causing less discomfort to the patients Therefore the present study was intended to evaluate the suitability of tear specimens for detecting HSV by polymerase chain


id: cord-014462-11ggaqf1
type: GGP
entity:
  Cucumis sativus Cucurbita pepo Cucumis melo Langeneria vulgaris Momordica charantia and local assay host


id: cord-014462-11ggaqf1
type: CL
entity:
  stem and necrotic rings on leaves and fruits Early infection led to severe stunting and abnormal fruiting Biological and molecular


id: cord-014462-11ggaqf1
type: FAC
entity:
  Pratibha Singh H S Savithri Department of Biochemistry Indian Institute of Science Bangalore Tospoviruses


id: cord-017419-yrw4wrxj
type: GGP
entity:
  diguanylate cyclase of Acetobacter xylinum Triterpenoids of the gramineae The allelopathic potential of alfalfa root medicagenic acid glycosides


id: cord-307607-8xn9jtmh
type: DNA
entity:
  Bodrum Area Buldan Denizli etnobotanik alan araştırması Tıbbi ve Aromatik Bitkilerin Kullanım Alanları ve Etiği Doğanın mucizesi şifalı bitkiler Antiviral potential and molecular insight into neuraminidase


id: cord-307607-8xn9jtmh
type: GGP
entity:
  Kaempferol 3 sambubioside Kaempferol 3 glucoside Quercetin 3 sophoroside Luteolin Chelianthifoline Sambucus nigra L


id: cord-307607-8xn9jtmh
type: GGP
entity:
  Adem S Eyupoglu V Sarfraz I Rasul A Ali M 2020 J o u r n a l P r e p r o o f 2010 2010 Potential of selected Lamiaceae plants


id: cord-307607-8xn9jtmh
type: CHEMICAL
entity:
  thyme Thymus spp melissa Melissa officinalis lavender Lavandula angustifolia cassidony Lavandula stoechas and sage Salvia officinalis


id: cord-307607-8xn9jtmh
type: CHEMICAL
entity:
  officinale ginger Curcuma longa turmeric Syzygium aromaticum cloves Piper nigrum black pepper and Cinnamomum verum cinnamon


id: cord-307607-8xn9jtmh
type: DISEASE
entity:
  influenza A H1N1 H3N2 virus and its inhibition of neuraminidase Antiviral activity of Ribes uva crispa L


id: cord-263470-vmqvropy
type: DNA
entity:
  PCR Analysis Recombinant Plasmid DNA pDES20 Codes Hepatitis B Virus Surface Antigen HBsAg mayw Yeast Strain S cerevisiae DAN 041 pDTS20 Producer


id: cord-263470-vmqvropy
type: GGP
entity:
  Plant Physiol DOI 10 1134 s1021443707060088 sha f517779e34858d0ead654a118f04e05e8744f23e doc_id 263470 cord_uid vmqvropy The tobacco plants Nicotiana tabacum L


id: cord-016293-pyb00pt5
type: GGP
entity:
  Alzheimer s disease Parkinson s disease heart disease and kidney failure Likewise scientists regard these


id: cord-103255-4k13re9y
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  human serum albumin 0 020 total soluble protein human protein C 0 001 total soluble protein erythropoietin 0 003 total soluble protein


id: cord-309052-3h0g7s9v
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  Bakuchiol A Retinol Like Functional Compound Modulating Multiple Retinol and Non Retinol Targets New


id: cord-290088-g9559ux3
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  peptide GP glycoprotein HA hemagglutinin HI hemagglutination inhibition HC heavy chain Ig immunoglobulin LTB heat labile enterotoxin B subunit


id: cord-024652-4i6kktl0
type: GGP
entity:
  cis 2 4 dimethylthiane S S dioxide cyclopentane butanoic acid 2 methyl methyl ester 1 butanol 3 methyl acetate


id: cord-024652-4i6kktl0
type: CL
entity:
  spp Trichoderma spp Phomopsis spp and Oxyporus latemarginatus are reported to produce VOCs that inhibit mycelial growth of phytopathogenic fungi


id: cord-024652-4i6kktl0
type: CL
entity:
  kelp an iodine rich substance needed for the normal functioning of thyroid gland Laminaria produces laminarin glucan polysaccharide


id: cord-024652-4i6kktl0
type: CHEMICAL
entity:
  dicotyledonous plants Apiaceae Asteraceae Convolvulaceae Chenopodiaceae Euphorbiaceae Linaceae Moraceae Piperaceae Rosaceae Rutaceae


id: cord-024652-4i6kktl0
type: CHEMICAL
entity:
  quinones phenols phenolic esters steroids terpenoids cytochalasins benzopyranone alkaloids isocoumarins


id: cord-024652-4i6kktl0
type: CHEMICAL
entity:
  S 5 methyl 1 heptanol ethyl acetate propanoic acid 2 methyl methyl ester cis 2 4 dimethylthiane S S dioxide cyclopentane butanoic acid 2 methyl methyl ester 1 butanol 3 methyl acetate


id: cord-024652-4i6kktl0
type: CHEMICAL
entity:
  methyl 1 butanol 1 methyl 1 3 cyclohexadiene 1 methyl 1 4 cyclohexadiene 4 heptanone isoamyl acetate 4 heptyn 2 ol 2 octenal octanal β


id: cord-024652-4i6kktl0
type: CHEMICAL
entity:
  alkylated phenols anthraquinones coumarins phenolic acid phenols phenylpropanoids quinines xanthones hydroxycinnamic acid p coumaric acid ferulic acid


id: cord-024652-4i6kktl0
type: CHEMICAL
entity:
  Asparagus racemosus Willd Insecticidal secondary metabolic products from the entomogenous fungus Fusarium larvarum 12 Heptadecenyl resorcinol


id: cord-024652-4i6kktl0
type: CHEMICAL
entity:
  dem Sachalin Staudenknoterich Reynoutria sachalinensis F Schmidt Nakai gegen Plizkrankheiten insbesondere Echte Mehltauplize Production of


id: cord-024652-4i6kktl0
type: CHEMICAL
entity:
  Cinnamomum camphora Muscodor kashayum sp nov a new volatile antimicrobial producing endophytic fungus Muscodor


id: cord-346053-mk1mzc5z
type: CL
entity:
  stem rust of wheat Recent research in medical epidemiology has elucidated the impact of pathogen ecology in environmental reservoirs on the evolution of novel or enhanced pathogen virulence In contrast the evolution of virulence in plant pathogens has been investigated from a predominantly agro centric


id: cord-292019-rfu0bkag
type: DNA
entity:
  glycoprotein S gene sense primer 5Ј GCGCGGATCCATGAA AAACTATTTGTGG 3Ј antisense primer 5Ј GCGCGG TACCCGATGTGAAGCTATTG 3Ј Glycoprotein S mRNA


id: cord-255018-dhkz23co
type: CHEMICAL
entity:
  Berberis microphylla Ribes magellanicum Fragaria chiloensis Ephedra ochreata Aristotelia chilensis Gaultheria mucronata Berberis


id: cord-255018-dhkz23co
type: CHEMICAL
entity:
  Aristotelia chilensis Ribes magellanicum Ephedra ochreata Berberis microphylla Fragaria chiloensis Luma apiculata


id: cord-350846-8gxkwi9n
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  antibacterial anticoagulant antidepressant antiinfectious anti inflammatory antiseptic antiviral astringent


id: cord-350846-8gxkwi9n
type: ORG
entity:
  the National Institutes of Health National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health Americans


id: cord-356019-k7gs1ohp
type: DNA
entity:
  hGAD65 human glutamic acid decarboxylase 65 hFIX human coagulation factor IX hGM CSF human granulocyte macrophage colonystimulating factor HPV 8 human papillomavirus 8 IL 10 interleukin 10


id: cord-253997-imwjoecx
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  β1 4galactosyltransferase GalT N acetylglucosaminyltransferase III GnTIII core α1 6 fucosyltransferase UDP N acetylglucosamine 2epimerase N acetylmannosamine kinase GNE N acetylneuraminic acid phosphatase synthase


id: cord-253997-imwjoecx
type: GGP
entity:
  GalT N acetylglucosaminyltransferase III GnTIII core α1 6 fucosyltransferase UDP N acetylglucosamine 2epimerase N acetylmannosamine kinase GNE N acetylneuraminic acid phosphatase synthase


id: cord-253997-imwjoecx
type: DISEASE
entity:
  human immunodeficiency virus Structures of oligosaccharides linked to the envelope glycoprotein 120 Transgenic plants


id: cord-031957-df4luh5v
type: CHEMICAL
entity:
  defensin like antifungal peptide from Trigonella foenum graecum fenugreek seeds Antimicrobial peptides pore formers


id: cord-031957-df4luh5v
type: CHEMICAL
entity:
  stinging nettle Urtica dioica rhizomes Hevein like antimicrobial peptides of plants Structural basis for chitin


id: cord-315918-12rbbe8c
type: CHEMICAL
entity:
  methanol extracts Acacia nilotica L Willd ex Delile Boswellia carterii Embelia schimperi Quercus infectoria Trachyspermum ammi L and aqueous extracts of Piper cubeba L Q infectoria and Syzygium aromaticum L


id: cord-315918-12rbbe8c
type: DISEASE
entity:
  human immunodeficiency virus activity of polysaccharide from Rhizophora mucronata Poir Maslinic acid


id: cord-294945-hcf7gsv8
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  Rubisco EFs HSP100 FBPase ADK ATP synthase SAM synthetase PPR protein GTP binding protein lepA Ca 2 binding protein


id: cord-268590-3e1tb64o
type: LAW
entity:
  PGRFA Treaty s Governing Body and the FAO Commission on Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture CGRFA


id: cord-268590-3e1tb64o
type: LAW
entity:
  The ISPM 36 on Integrated Measures for Plants for Planting and the ISPM 38 on International Movement of Seeds


id: cord-268590-3e1tb64o
type: ORG
entity:
  Decision Making Tool for National Implementation of the Plant Treaty s Multilateral System of Access and Benefit Sharing


id: cord-268590-3e1tb64o
type: CHEMICAL
entity:
  g lettuce Allium Brassica chicory spinach asparagus and carrot fruit and nut trees e g apple pear pomegranate pistachio walnut and hazelnut berries Fragaria Rubus and Ribes


id: cord-310439-z0bxsjug
type: ORG
entity:
  The Association of Official Seed Analysts Association of Official Seed Certifying Agencies International Seed Trade Association


id: cord-268149-narre5e7
type: CELL_LINE
entity:
  Zegie Peninsula Northwestern Ethiopia Ethnoveterinary remedies of diseases among milk yielding animals in Kathua Ethnoveterinary plants


id: cord-268149-narre5e7
type: ORG
entity:
  the Department of Botany Shaheed Benazir Bhuto University Sheringal District Dir Upper Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan Species


id: cord-268149-narre5e7
type: ORG
entity:
  biocontainment Institute of Medicine Microbial Threats to Health Emergence Detection and Response Medicinal


id: cord-268149-narre5e7
type: CHEMICAL
entity:
  camaldulensis Ficus carica Melia azedarach Morus indica Morus nigra Olea ferruginea Pinus roxburghii Quercus baloot and Rumex hastatus


id: cord-268149-narre5e7
type: CHEMICAL
entity:
  Acacia modesta Wall Allium cepa L Allium sativum L B rapa Calotropis procera Aiton Dryand Cannabis sativa L Chenopodium album L C longa F vulgare Juglans regia L Nicotiana tabacum L Peganum harmala L Quercus oblongata D Don Trachyspermum ammi L


id: cord-330827-gu2mt6zp
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  Statement on the second meeting of the International Health Regulations Emergency Committee Regarding the Outbreak of Novel Coronavirus 2019 nCoV Genomic


id: cord-354950-kmpbdvof
type: ORG
entity:
  The Joint Chinese University of Hong Kong New Territories East Cluster Clinical Research Ethics Committee


id: cord-353454-zq51hpjs
type: CHEMICAL
entity:
  Achromobacter Acinetobacter Agrobacterium Bacillus Brevibacterium Microbacterium Pseudomonas Xanthomonas


id: cord-353454-zq51hpjs
type: CHEMICAL
entity:
  alkaloids benzopyranones chinones flavonoids phenolic acids quinones steroids saponins tannins terpenoids tetralones xanthones


id: cord-323768-r7jbm1et
type: GGP
entity:
  Triticum vulgare Dolichos lablab L Trigonella foenumgraecum Trifolium alexandrium L Bauhinia variegata L


id: cord-323768-r7jbm1et
type: CHEMICAL
entity:
  Parkinsonia aculeata Olneya tesota Acacia constricta Prosopis juliflora Cercidium praecox Caesalpinia caladenia


id: cord-323768-r7jbm1et
type: CHEMICAL
entity:
  Triticum vulgare Dolichos lablab L Trigonella foenumgraecum Trifolium alexandrium L Bauhinia variegata L and Delonix regia


id: cord-323768-r7jbm1et
type: CHEMICAL
entity:
  Botrytis cinerea Fusarium oxysporum F moniliforme F solani Colletorichum sp Drechslera turcia and Exserohilum turcicum


id: cord-323768-r7jbm1et
type: DISEASE
entity:
  consequent loss of toxicity 125 Helicoverpa Armigera 134 Alanyl Aminopeptidase N Sucrase Acyrthosiphon Pisum 134


id: cord-329881-9vnz5zzg
type: CHEMICAL
entity:
  angelica Angelica archangelica camphor Cinnamomum camphora cloves Syzygium aromaticum garlic Allium sativum marjoram Origanum majorana meadowsweet Filipendula


id: cord-324335-eoabmyg7
type: CHEMICAL
entity:
  aldehydes citral citronellal ketones menthone pulegone carvone bicyclic monoterpene ketones thujone verbenone fenchone acids


id: cord-324335-eoabmyg7
type: DISEASE
entity:
  human disease genes that natural product targets which remain the most highly connected targets This sentence indicates a positive and useful consideration about the role and activity of natural products Natural products


id: cord-324335-eoabmyg7
type: CHEMICAL
entity:
  Azadirachta indica A Juss Quassinoids structural diversity biological activity and synthetic studies Public health impact of pesticides


id: cord-288673-ku3tmjd3
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  metalloprotease griselysin family M4 Tight binding Laskowski Exclusive to bacterial Actinomycetales order


id: cord-288673-ku3tmjd3
type: CL
entity:
  Listeria monocytogenes coccolysin of Enterococcus faecalis hemagglutinin proteinase of Vibrio cholerae and Helicobycter pylori pseudolysin of Pseudomonas aeruginosa aureolysin


id: cord-288673-ku3tmjd3
type: GGP
entity:
  Staphylococcus aureus Legionella pneumophila protease and λ toxin of Clostridium perfringens Inhibitors


id: cord-348812-lufg9w7n
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase SOD catalase CAT peroxidase POD ascorbate peroxidase APX monodehydroascorbate reductase MDHAR dehydroascorbate reductase DHAR glutathione peroxidase GPX glutathione reductase GR


id: cord-348812-lufg9w7n
type: GGP
entity:
  glucosinolate 4 m e t h y l s e l e n o b u t y l g l u c o s i n o l a t e 5 m e t h y l s e l e n o p e n t y l g l u c o s i n o l a t e 4 methylseleninyl butyl glucosinolate and seleno 2phenylethyl glucosinolate


id: cord-348812-lufg9w7n
type: CHEMICAL
entity:
  Seglucosinolates 3 methylseleno propyl glucosinolate 4 m e t h y l s e l e n o b u t y l g l u c o s i n o l a t e 5 m e t h y l s e l e n o p e n t y l g l u c o s i n o l a t e 4 methylseleninyl butyl glucosinolate


id: cord-022889-lv6fy6e6
type: DNA
entity:
  ath miR 156a miR 157a miR 158a miR 159a miR 160a miR 162a miR 163a miR 166a miR 167a miR 168a miR 169a miR 172a miR 390a miR 528 miR 824


id: cord-022889-lv6fy6e6
type: DNA
entity:
  miR 156a miR 157a miR 158a miR 160a miR 162a miR 166a miR 166g miR 167a miR 168a miR 172a miR 172c miR 390a miR 397a miR 403 miR 824


id: cord-022889-lv6fy6e6
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  The Xist lncRNA Exploits Three Dimensional Genome Architecture to Spread Across the X Chromosome Identification of Nuclear Dicing Bodies


id: cord-022889-lv6fy6e6
type: CHEMICAL
entity:
  oleyl trimethyl chitosan poly γ 4 piperidin 1 yl ethyl amino methyl benzyl Lglutamate oleyl PEG mannose oleyl PEG cysteamine


# bib

id: cord-002282-ldfa616a
title: The Last Ten Years of Advancements in Plant-Derived Recombinant Vaccines against Hepatitis B
author: Joung, Young Hee
date: 2016-10-13
txt: ./txt/cord-002282-ldfa616a.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-002282-ldfa616a.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5085746/
doi: 10.3390/ijms17101715
summary:
  Another important advantage as emerging vaccine is the more effective activation of key aspects of the immune response to achieve potent immune stimulation and to provide immunological memory for long-lasting protection [22, 23] Plant-based platforms including whole plant, organs or cell and expression technology to produce target antigens of interest are diverse [38] [39] [40] . In the case of plant-derived HBV vaccines, the first report was on the expression of the small hepatitis B surface antigen (S-HBsAg) in transgenic tobacco plants. In the transgenic tobacco plant transformed with the S-HBsAg gene controlled by the 35S promoter, expression levels were very low: less than 0.01% total soluble protein and less than 10 ng/g fresh weight in leaf tissues. Expression of the human hepatitis B virus large surface antigen gene in transgenic tomato plants Oral immunization of human with transgenic lettuce expressing hepatitis B surface antigen

abstract:
  Disease prevention through vaccination is considered to be the greatest contribution to public health over the past century. Every year more than 100 million children are vaccinated with the standard World Health Organization (WHO)-recommended vaccines including hepatitis B (HepB). HepB is the most serious type of liver infection caused by the hepatitis B virus (HBV), however, it can be prevented by currently available recombinant vaccine, which has an excellent record of safety and effectiveness. To date, recombinant vaccines are produced in many systems of bacteria, yeast, insect, and mammalian and plant cells. Among these platforms, the use of plant cells has received considerable attention in terms of intrinsic safety, scalability, and appropriate modification of target proteins. Research groups worldwide have attempted to develop more efficacious plant-derived vaccines for over 30 diseases, most frequently HepB and influenza. More inspiring, approximately 12 plant-made antigens have already been tested in clinical trials, with successful outcomes. In this study, the latest information from the last 10 years on plant-derived antigens, especially hepatitis B surface antigen, approaches are reviewed and breakthroughs regarding the weak points are also discussed.


id: cord-005145-1l87fdmi
author: Marquet-Blouin, E.
date: 2003
txt: ./txt/cord-005145-1l87fdmi.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-005145-1l87fdmi.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7088612/
doi: 10.1023/a:1022354322226
summary:
  Despite differences in post-translational processing viral and bacterial antigens preserved their immunogenic properties when produced in plants and induced cross-reactive and sometimes neutralizing and protective antibodies. The aim of this study was (1) to explore the potential of carrots as an expression system for antigens that is suitable for human consumption, and (2) to test whether the measles virus hemagglutinin glycoprotein would preserve its neutralizing immunogenicity in this system. Although some work has been done with transgenic carrot callus cells (Brodzik et al., 2000) , this is one of the first reports of the expression of a transgenic antigen in mature carrots, showing that high levels of virus-neutralizing antibodies can be induced with a glycoprotein produced in this plant. The flow cytometry data showed that all mice vaccinated with transgenic leaf or root extracts produced high levels of antibodies cross-reacting with the native protein independently whether virus-infected or H-protein transfected cells were used. Plant-derived measles virus hemagglutinin protein induces neutralizing antibodies in mice

title:
  Neutralizing immunogenicity of transgenic carrot (Daucus carota L.)-derived measles virus hemagglutinin

abstract:
  Although edible vaccines seem to be feasible, antigens of human pathogens have mostly been expressed in plants that are not attractive for human consumption (such as potatoes) unless they are cooked. Boiling may reduce the immunogenicity of many antigens. More recently, the technology to transform fruit and vegetable plants have become perfected. We transformed carrot plants with Agrobacterium tumefaciens to generate plants (which can be eaten raw) transgenic for an immunodominant antigen of the measles virus, a major pathogen in man. The hemagglutinin (H) glycoprotein is the principle target of neutralizing and protective antibodies against measles. Copy numbers of the H transgene were verified by Southern blot and specific transcription was confirmed by RT-PCR. The H protein was detected by western blot in the membrane fraction of transformed carrot plants. The recombinant protein seemed to have a 8% lower molecular weight than the viral protein. Although this suggests a different glycosylation pattern, proper folding of the transgenic protein was confirmed by conformational-dependent monoclonal antibodies. Immunization of mice with leaf or root extracts induced high titres of IgG1 and IgG2a antibodies that cross-reacted strongly with the measles virus and neutralized the virus in vitro. These results demonstrate that transgenic carrot plants can be used as an efficient expression system to produce highly immunogenic viral antigens. Our study may pave the way towards an edible vaccine against measles which could be complementary to the current live-attenuated vaccine.


id: cord-005205-z6bx0309
author: Herbers, Karin
date: 1995
txt: ./txt/cord-005205-z6bx0309.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-005205-z6bx0309.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7088993/
doi: 10.1007/bf00014975
summary:
  Transgenic tobacco plants (ppa-1) constitutively expressing Escherichia coli pyrophosphatase behind the 35S CaMV promoter accumulate high levels of soluble sugars in their leaves [27]. One of these clones (termed PAR-1 for photoassimilate-responsive) displayed features similar to pathogenesis-related proteins: Hybridizing transcripts, 1.2 and 1.0 kb in length, were strongly inducible by salicylate and accumulated in tobacco plants after infection with potato virus Y (PVY) both in infected and uninfected systemic leaves. As cDNAs coding for PR-proteins had been isolated from the ppa-l-specific library supporting the hypothesis that sugar accumulation in leaves would result in a general stress response we wondered whether PAR-1 also possessed any features of stress-related genes. To discriminate between the differently sized PAR-1 transcripts DNA fragments were isolated from the putative 3''-untranslated regions of the three PAR-1 cDNAs. These were used as probes in northern blots to analyse the accumulation of PAR-1 mRNAs in infected and uninfected leaves of PVY-treated tobacco plants.

title:
  A simplified procedure for the subtractive cDNA cloning of photoassimilate-responding genes: isolation of cDNAs encoding a new class of pathogenesis-related proteins

abstract:
  Transgenic tobacco plants (ppa-1) constitutively expressing Escherichia coli pyrophosphatase behind the 35S CaMV promoter accumulate high levels of soluble sugars in their leaves [27]. These plants were considered a tool to study adaptation of leaves to photoassimilate accumulation at the molecular level. By differential hybridization of a subtractive library enriched for transcripts present in the transgenic plants 12 different cDNAs were isolated. By sequence analysis four cDNAs could be identified as 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate-oxidase and as three different pathogenesis-related proteins (PR-1b, PR-Q and SAR 8.2). Two cDNAs were homologous to a calmodulin-like protein from Arabidopsis and a human ribosomal protein L19 while six cDNA clones remained unknown. One of these clones (termed PAR-1 for photoassimilate-responsive) displayed features similar to pathogenesis-related proteins: Hybridizing transcripts, 1.2 and 1.0 kb in length, were strongly inducible by salicylate and accumulated in tobacco plants after infection with potato virus Y (PVY) both in infected and uninfected systemic leaves. PAR-1 transcripts also accumulated in wildtype leaves upon floating on glucose and sucrose whereas sorbitol and polyethylene glycol had no effect. Rescreening of the ppa-1 cDNA library with the PAR-1 cDNA as probe resulted in 25 hybridizing cDNAs which by homology were found to fall into three classes (PAR-1a, b, c). The cDNAs coding for PAR-1a and b were 90.6% homologous on the DNA level while both were less related to the PAR-1c cDNA (70.5% and 75.2% homologous, respectively). One open reading frame was identified in all three PAR-1 cDNA classes. Translation would result in proteins with a theoretical molecular mass of about 20 kDa. The N-terminal amino acid sequences resemble a signal peptide which would direct the proteins to the secretory pathway. Using selective 3′ hybridization probes of the three PAR-1 cDNAs it was possible to discriminate the different transcripts. Both PAR-1a and PAR-1c mRNAs are induced in plants treated with PVY.


id: cord-007440-7gcpk9x9
title: Vaccines and sera through plant biotechnology()
author: Koprowski, Hilary
date: 2005-03-07
txt: ./txt/cord-007440-7gcpk9x9.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-007440-7gcpk9x9.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7115416/
doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2004.11.001
abstract: nan
summary:
  After considering various alternatives of fulfilling the criteria established for a global approach to immunization, it has become clear that our only choice is the production of vaccines or other materials of biomedical importance in plants. Immunogenicity was tested in mice, which were either injected with or fed the plant-produced vaccine ( as compared to controls; high-titer antibodies against RSV were also induced. To express rabies vaccine in plants, we have used a recombinant alfalfa mosaic virus in spinach leaves. Research conducted by Dr. Kisung Ko, led to the production of a transgenic tobacco plant containing the heavy and light chains of human rabies antibody. The two chains recombined in the plants to produce a complete antirabies antibody, which was as effective as the original antibody in animals, before and after exposure to rabies (Table 4 ).


id: cord-009987-biop7gyd
author: Ali, Muhammad
date: 2017-10-19
txt: ./txt/cord-009987-biop7gyd.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-009987-biop7gyd.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7167792/
doi: 10.1002/ptr.5957
summary:
  & Thonn., Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge., Astragalus membranaceus (Fisch.) Bunge, Capparis spinosa (L.), Cichorium intybus (L.), Solanum nigrum (L.), Sapindus mukorossi Gaertn., Ginkgo biloba (L.), Woodfordia fruticosa (L.) Kurz, Vitex trifolia (L.), Schisandra chinensis (Turcz.) Baill., Cuscuta chinensis (Lam.), Lycium barbarum, Angelica sinensis (Oliv.) Diels, and Litsea coreana (H. Herbal medicines are claimed to both treat and prevent diseases, which adds to a deep belief that these Abbreviations: ALT, alanine aminotransaminase; ASP, Angelica sinensis polysaccharides; AST, aspartate transaminase; EGF, epidermal growth factor; HBV, Hepatitis B virus; LBPs, Lycium barbarum polysaccharides; WF4, Woodfordia fruticosa flower extract.

title:
  Selected hepatoprotective herbal medicines: Evidence from ethnomedicinal applications, animal models, and possible mechanism of actions

abstract:
  Insight into the hepatoprotective effects of medicinally important plants is important, both for physicians and researchers. Main reasons for the use of herbal medicine include their lesser cost compared with conventional drugs, lesser undesirable drug reactions and thus high safety, and reduced side effects. The present review focuses on the composition, pharmacology, and results of experimental trials of selected medicinal plants: Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn., Glycyrrhiza glabra, Phyllanthus amarus Schumach. & Thonn., Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge., Astragalus membranaceus (Fisch.) Bunge, Capparis spinosa (L.), Cichorium intybus (L.), Solanum nigrum (L.), Sapindus mukorossi Gaertn., Ginkgo biloba (L.), Woodfordia fruticosa (L.) Kurz, Vitex trifolia (L.), Schisandra chinensis (Turcz.) Baill., Cuscuta chinensis (Lam.), Lycium barbarum, Angelica sinensis (Oliv.) Diels, and Litsea coreana (H. Lev.). The probable modes of action of these plants include immunomodulation, stimulation of hepatic DNA synthesis, simulation of superoxide dismutase and glutathione reductase to inhibit oxidation in hepatocytes, reduction of intracellular reactive oxygen species by enhancing levels of antioxidants, suppression of ethanol‐induced lipid accumulation, inhibition of nucleic acid polymerases to downregulate viral mRNA transcription and translation, free radical scavenging and reduction of hepatic fibrosis by decreasing the levels of transforming growth factor beta‐1, and collagen synthesis in hepatic cells. However, further research is needed to identify, characterize, and standardize the active ingredients, useful compounds, and their preparations for the treatment of liver diseases.


id: cord-014462-11ggaqf1
author: nan
date: 2011-04-21
txt: ./txt/cord-014462-11ggaqf1.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-014462-11ggaqf1.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3639731/
doi: 10.1007/s13337-011-0027-2
abstract: nan
summary:
  Molecular diagnosis based on reverse transcription (RT)-PCR s.a. one step or nested PCR, nucleic acid sequence based amplification (NASBA), or real time RT-PCR, has gradually replaced the virus isolation method as the new standard for the detection of dengue virus in acute phase serum samples. Non-genetic methods of management of these diseases include quarantine measures, eradication of infected plants and weed hosts, crop rotation, use of certified virus-free seed or planting stock and use of pesticides to control insect vector populations implicated in transmission of viruses. The results of this study indicate that NS1 antigen based ELISA test can be an useful tool to detect the dengue virus infection in patients during the early acute phase of disease since appearance of IgM antibodies usually occur after fifth day of the infection. The studies showed high level of expression in case of constructed vector as compared to infected virus for the specific protein.

title:
  Abstracts of the Papers Presented in the XIX National Conference of Indian Virological Society, “Recent Trends in Viral Disease Problems and Management”, on 18–20 March, 2010, at S.V. University, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh


id: cord-014901-d9szap94
title: State of research in the field of the creation of plant vaccines for veterinary use
author: Permyakova, N. V.
date: 2015-01-04
txt: ./txt/cord-014901-d9szap94.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-014901-d9szap94.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7089518/
doi: 10.1134/s1021443715010100
summary:
  Transgenic plants as an alternative of costly systems of recombinant immunogenic protein expression are the source for the production of cheap and highly efficient biotherapeuticals of new generation, including plant vaccines. Of principal importance of this work development was the creation of the "edible vaccine" concept, the essence of which is the use of genetically modified plants containing protein anti gens of infectious agents for oral delivery of relevant antigens to the mucosa of the gastrointestinal tract of warm blooded animals. Preparation of medicinal substances for the pro duction of veterinary products is based on various approaches, including biotechnology using genetically modified (transgenic) organisms for these purposes; such expression systems as bacteria, yeast, cells of insects and mammals are used. This review is devoted to the analysis of possibilities of producing recombinant immunogenic proteins for veterinary use on the basis of plant expression systems, and the history of the concept of "edible vaccines" for animal immunization.

abstract:
  Transgenic plants as an alternative of costly systems of recombinant immunogenic protein expression are the source for the production of cheap and highly efficient biotherapeuticals of new generation, including plant vaccines. In the present review, possibilities of plant system application for the production of recombinant proteins for veterinary use are considered, the history of the “edible vaccine” concept is briefly summarized, advantages and disadvantages of various plant systems for the expression of recombinant immunogenic proteins are discussed. The list of recombinant plant vaccines for veterinary use, which are at different stages of clinical trials, is presented.


id: cord-015965-n4sjixg8
title: Bioprospecting of Endophytes for Agricultural and Environmental Sustainability
author: Sahoo, Sabuj
date: 2017-10-10
txt: ./txt/cord-015965-n4sjixg8.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-015965-n4sjixg8.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7120099/
doi: 10.1007/978-981-10-6847-8_19
summary:
  The interaction of the endophytic microbiota with the plants are more protected and can withstand the adverse environmental conditions and contribute to plant growth, productivity, carbon sequestration, enhanced phytoremediation efficiencies and amelioration of metal induced toxicity. The impact of endophytes that enhances plant growth, disease resistance, agricultural and environmental sustainability as well as its ecotoxicological importance is shown in Table 19 .4. Moreover, these endophytes could efficiently execute this spectacular attribution of plant growth enhancement via certain important interrelated mechanisms like phytostimulation, phytoimmobilization, phytostabilization, phytotransformation, phytovolatilization, phytofilterastion, biofertilization and biocontrol (Conesa et al. Phoma species isolated from two medicinal plants namely Tinospora cordifolia and Calotropis procera was evaluated for its PGP activity on Zea mays, where it was observed that the fungus indeed showed the ability to promote the plant growth (Kedar et al.

abstract:
  The term endophytes refers to a group of endosymbionts usually bacterium, fungus or interactive bacterium-fungal species residing asymptomatically and grows within plants for at least a part of their life cycle intra- and intercelullarly in the tissues of higher plants without causing any visible manifestation of disease. The endophytes represent a potential source of novel natural and ecofriendly products for medicinal, agricultural and industrial uses with least adverse effect on the environment. The enormous biological diversity coupled with their capability to biosynthesize bioactive secondary metabolites has provided the momentum for the researchers working on endophytes. The present review was undertaken to highlight the biotechnological processes and bioprospection of endophytes as potential antimicrobial agents, secondary metabolites, antibiotics, antagonists against disease causing phytopathogens, cytotoxic, anticancer, insecticidal, antioxidant antiviral compounds andisolation and production of bioactive compounds with potent enzymatic activities. Endophyte enhances biodegradation and hydrolysis processes significantly important against pathogenic infection, biotransformation studies and production of compounds with immense industrial applications. The interaction of the endophytic microbiota with the plants are more protected and can withstand the adverse environmental conditions and contribute to plant growth, productivity, carbon sequestration, enhanced phytoremediation efficiencies and amelioration of metal induced toxicity. The strategies governed by the endophytes for efficient production of novel bioactive phytocompounds was comprehensively discussed. The review envisaged the biodiversity, transmission of endophytes, plant endophyte interactions for the production of bioactive compounds for therapeutic, environmental and agricultural sustainability.


id: cord-016200-zfh20im0
title: Edible Vaccines
author: Saxena, Jyoti
date: 2013-10-22
txt: ./txt/cord-016200-zfh20im0.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-016200-zfh20im0.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7120417/
doi: 10.1007/978-81-322-1554-7_12
summary:
  In 1998 a new era was opened in vaccine delivery when researchers supported by the National Institute of allergy and infectious diseases (NIAID) have shown for the first time that an edible vaccine can safely generate significant immune responses in people. Transgenic tobacco is successfully engineered for the production of edible vaccines against hepatitis B antigen using ''s'' gene of hepatitis B virus (HBV). Egyptian scientists have genetically engineered the maize plants to produce a protein known as HbsAg which elicits an immune response against the hepatitis B virus and could be used as a vaccine. It has been studied that genes are successfully expressed in experimental model plants and when given orally to animals, the extract of transgenic plant containing the antigen induced serum antibodies, thus can be used to produce the edible vaccine.

abstract:
  In recent years edible vaccine emerged as a new concept developed by biotechnologists. Edible vaccines are subunit vaccines where the selected genes are introduced into the plants and the transgenic plant is then induced to manufacture the encoded protein. Foods under such application include potato, banana, lettuce, corn, soybean, rice, and legumes. They are easy to administer, easy to store and readily acceptable delivery system for different age group patients yet cost effective. Edible vaccines present exciting possibilities for significantly reducing various diseases such as measles, hepatitis B, cholera, diarrhea, etc., mainly in developing countries. However, various technical and regulatory challenges need to overcome in the path of this emerging vaccine technology to make edible vaccine more efficient and applicable. This chapter attempts to discuss key aspects of edible vaccines like host plants, production, mechanism of action, advantages and limitations, applications, and different regulatory issues concerned to edible vaccines.


id: cord-016268-xcx1c0da
title: Plant Edible Vaccines: A Revolution in Vaccination
author: Sahai, Aastha
date: 2013-04-15
txt: ./txt/cord-016268-xcx1c0da.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-016268-xcx1c0da.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7120501/
doi: 10.1007/978-94-007-6603-7_10
summary:
  Factors in favor of plant systems as sources of animal derived proteins include: the potential for large-scale, low-cost biomass production using agriculture; the low risk of product contamination by mammalian viruses, blood borne pathogens, oncogenes and bacterial toxins; the capacity of plant cells to correctly fold and assemble multimeric proteins; low downstream processing requirements for proteins administered orally in plant food or feed; the ability to introduce new or multiple transgenes by sexual crossing of plants; and the avoidance of ethical problems associated with transgenic animals and the use of animal materials (Doran 2000 ) . In parallel with evaluation of plant-derived Hepatitis B surface antigen, Mason and Arntzen explored plant expression of other vaccine candidates including the labile toxin B subunit (LT-B) of entertotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) and the capsid protein of Norwalk virus (NVCP).

abstract:
  Plants have been used as a source for many pharmaceutical since long. However, utilization of plant systems for production of edible vaccines has been a comparatively recent phenomenon. There are several potential advantages of plant derived vaccines over other conventional systems of vaccine production such as mammalian or avian cell culture. The cost of vaccines is one factor preventing further use of vaccination, leaving hundreds of thousands of children susceptible to preventable diseases. Especially for developing world this novel technique proved to be a boon for its low cost of production, convenient administration, easy storage and negligible chances of infection whereas the conventional system of vaccine production limits the applicability of vaccines in many parts of the world. These vaccines are prepared by introducing selected desired genes into plants and inducing these genetically modified plants to manufacture the encoded proteins. Transgenic plants may provide an ideal expression system, in which transgenic plant material can be fed directly as oral dose of recombinant vaccines. Expression of vaccines in plant tissue eliminates the risk of contamination with animal pathogen, provides a heat stable environment and enables oral delivery thus eliminating infection related hazards. Identification of transgenic material, containment of the transgenes and control of recombinant protein may be potential problems for large scale production of vaccines in plants. Factors like scaling up production as well as distribution and handling of transgenic plant material must comprise the future consideration in this field.


id: cord-016293-pyb00pt5
title: The flowering of the age of Biotechnology 1990–2000
author: Newell-McGloughlin, Martina
date: 2006
txt: ./txt/cord-016293-pyb00pt5.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-016293-pyb00pt5.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7120537/
doi: 10.1007/1-4020-5149-2_4
abstract: nan
summary:
  In the course of the project, especially in the early years, the plan stated that "much new technology will be developed that will facilitate biomedical and a broad range of biological research, bring down the cost of many experiments (mapping and sequencing), and finding applications in numerous other fields." The plan built upon the 1988 reports of the Office of Technology Assessment and the National Research Council on mapping and sequencing the human genome. These DNA chips have broad commercial applications and are now used in many areas of basic and clinical research including the detection of drug resistance mutations in infectious organisms, direct DNA sequence comparison of large segments of the human genome, the monitoring of multiple human genes for disease associated mutations, the quantitative and parallel measurement of mRNA expression for thousands of human genes, and the physical and genetic mapping of genomes.


id: cord-016341-7obr779b
title: Interactions of Piriformospora indica with Medicinal Plants
author: Prasad, R.
date: 2008
txt: ./txt/cord-016341-7obr779b.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-016341-7obr779b.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7120593/
doi: 10.1007/978-3-540-78826-3_31
summary:
  The most common and prevalent arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi play an indispensable role in upgrading plant growth, vigor and survival by a positive impact on the nutritional and hydratic status of the plant and on soil health, by increasing the reproductive potential, improving root performance, and providing a natural defence against invaders, including pests and pathogens. The most common and prevalent arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi play an indispensable role in upgrading plant growth, vigor and survival by a positive impact on the nutritional and hydratic status of the plant and on soil health, by increasing the reproductive potential, improving root performance, and providing a natural defence against invaders, including pests and pathogens. Piriformospora indica tremendously improves the growth and overall biomass production of diverse hosts, including legumes , medicinal and economically important plants (Rai et al. P. indica colonizes the roots of host plants of diverse groups of economically important crops: medicinal (Rai et al.

abstract:
  The microbial world exerts a negative as well a positive impact on living plants and animals, and forms an association either pathogenic or symbiotic with the other partners of the living world. Mycorrhiza refers to an association or symbiosis between plants and fungi that colonize the roots during periods of active plant growth. The intimate symbiotic relationships developed between mycorrhizal fungi and plants, since the colonization of land by the latter, have led to interdependence between these organisms for many basic processes. The fungi require plants to accomplish their life cycle. Plants depend heavily on mycorrhizal fungi for many different functions, such as mineral nutrition and abiotic and biotic stress resistance. Substantial evidence has accumulated in the recent past about how the use of the microsymbiont could significantly contribute in decreasing use of fertilizers and pesticides in agriculture, forestry and flori-hortriculture, especially if combined with other beneficial soil microorganisms. The most common and prevalent arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi play an indispensable role in upgrading plant growth, vigor and survival by a positive impact on the nutritional and hydratic status of the plant and on soil health, by increasing the reproductive potential, improving root performance, and providing a natural defence against invaders, including pests and pathogens. The described species of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi mainly belong to Zygomycetes placed in the order Glomerales. However, the growing of arbuscular mycorrhizae in pure culture in the absence of living host roots is a matter of global concern. Unfortunately, their biotechnological applications cannot be exploited to the level they deserve due to their axenically unculturable nature.


id: cord-016425-8yd2bkf1
title: Novel Natural Products From Rainforest Endophytes
author: Strobel, Gary
date: 2005
txt: ./txt/cord-016425-8yd2bkf1.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-016425-8yd2bkf1.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7120694/
doi: 10.1007/978-1-59259-976-9_15
summary:
  It may also be true that a reduction in interest in natural products for use in drug development has happened as a result of people growing weary of dealing with the traditional sources of bioactive compounds, including plants of the temperate zones and microbes from a plethora of soil samples gathered in different parts of the world by armies of collectors. Frequently, many endophytes of the same species are isolated from the same plant, and only one or a few biotypes of a given fungus will produce a highly biologically active compound in culture (19) . Pestalotiopsis jesteri is a newly described endophytic fungal species from the Sepik River area of Papua New Guinea, and it produces jesterone and hydroxyjesterone, which exhibit antifungal activity against a variety of plant pathogenic fungi (30) .

abstract:
  Endophytic microorganisms are found in virtually every higher plant on earth. These organisms reside in the living tissues of the host plant and do so in a variety of relationships, ranging from symbiotic to pathogenic. Endophytes may contribute to their host plant by producing a plethora of substances that provide protection and survival value to the plant. Ultimately, these compounds, once isolated and characterized, may also have potential for use in modern medicine. Novel antibiotics, antimycotics, immunosuppressants, and anticancer compounds are only a few examples of what has been found after the isolation and culturing of individual endophytes followed by purification and characterization of some of their natural products. The potential of finding new drugs that may be effective candidates for treating newly developing diseases in humans is great.


id: cord-016575-bn15006x
title: Therapeutic and Medicinal Uses of Terpenes
author: Cox-Georgian, Destinney
date: 2019-11-12
txt: ./txt/cord-016575-bn15006x.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-016575-bn15006x.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7120914/
doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-31269-5_15
summary:
  Terpenes have a wide range of medicinal uses among which antiplasmodial activity is notable as its mechanism of action is similar to the popular antimalarial drug in use—chloroquine. Terpenes and terpenoids are terms that are often used interchangeably but the two terms have slight differences; terpenes are an arrangement of isoprene units that are naturally occurring, volatile, unsaturated 5-carbon cyclic compounds that give off a scent or a taste to defend itself from organisms that feed off of certain types of plants (see footnote 1). This plant contains many medicinal properties like anticancer, antimicrobial, antifungal, antiviral, antihyperglycemic, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antiparasitic (Franklin et al. Beta-myrcene from Cannabis sativa, the plant which is high in terpenes, does not show an anti plasmodial effect but extracts from stem, leaves, and seeds of clove basil showed a good antiplasmodial activity (Small 2017; Kpoviessi et al. The results revealed that terpenes formed a major part of the extracts of medicinal plants that exerted antidepressant effects (Saki et al.

abstract:
  Terpenes, also known as terpenoids are the largest and most diverse group of naturally occurring compounds. Based on the number of isoprene units they have, they are classified as mono, di, tri, tetra, and sesquiterpenes. They are mostly found in plants and form the major constituent of essential oils from plants. Among the natural products that provide medical benefits for an organism, terpenes play a major and variety of roles. The common plant sources of terpenes are tea, thyme, cannabis, Spanish sage, and citrus fruits (e.g., lemon, orange, mandarin). Terpenes have a wide range of medicinal uses among which antiplasmodial activity is notable as its mechanism of action is similar to the popular antimalarial drug in use—chloroquine. Monoterpenes specifically are widely studied for their antiviral property. With growing incidents of cancer and diabetes in modern world, terpenes also have the potential to serve as anticancer and antidiabetic reagents. Along with these properties, terpenes also allow for flexibility in route of administration and suppression of side effects. Certain terpenes were widely used in natural folk medicine. One such terpene is curcumin which holds anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anticancer, antiseptic, antiplasmodial, astringent, digestive, diuretic, and many other properties. Curcumin has also become a recent trend in healthy foods and open doors for several medical researches. This chapter summarizes the various terpenes, their sources, medicinal properties, mechanism of action, and the recent studies that are underway for designing terpenes as a lead molecule in the modern medicine.


id: cord-017419-yrw4wrxj
title: Saponin Synthesis and Function
author: Mugford, Sam T.
date: 2012-08-22
txt: ./txt/cord-017419-yrw4wrxj.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-017419-yrw4wrxj.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7121976/
doi: 10.1007/978-1-4614-4063-5_28
summary:
  Triterpenes and sterols derived from 2,3 oxidosqualene are further elaborated by oxidative and other modi fi cations, and by glycosylation, leading to the synthesis of saponins The function and synthesis of saponins in plants will be discussed in this chapter, with particular focus on triterpenoid saponins and on the oat root triterpenoid saponins known as avenacins. Further compelling evidence for a role for avenacins in plant defence came from the mutagenesis of a diploid avenacinproducing oat species ( Avena strigosa ), and the demonstration that avenacin-de fi cient mutants (isolated by screening for reduced root fl uorescence) have enhanced susceptibility to a range of soil-borne fungal pathogens including G. Examples of saponin glycosyl hydrolases have been reported from various other plant pathogenic fungi, including pathogens of oat leaves (which encounter the steroidal avenacosides) and of tomato (which encounter the steroidal glycoalkaloid a -tomatine) (Sandrock and Van Etten 1998; Morrissey and Osbourn 1999 ) (Fig. 28.1 ).

abstract:
  Saponins are one of the most numerous and diverse groups of plant natural products. They serve a range of ecological roles including plant defence against disease and herbivores and possibly as allelopathic agents in competitive interactions between plants. Some saponins are also important pharmaceuticals, and the underexplored biodiversity of plant saponins is likely to prove to be a vital resource for future drug discovery. The biological activity of saponins is normally attributed to the amphipathic properties of these molecules, which consist of a hydrophobic triterpene or sterol backbone and a hydrophilic carbohydrate chain, although some saponins are known to have potent biological activities that are dependent on other aspects of their structure. This chapter will focus on the biological activity and the synthesis of some of the best-studied examples of plant saponins and on recent developments in the identification of the genes and enzymes responsible for saponin synthesis.


id: cord-018018-2yyv8vuy
title: History and Promise of Plant-Made Vaccines for Animals
author: Rybicki, Ed
date: 2018-07-04
txt: ./txt/cord-018018-2yyv8vuy.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-018018-2yyv8vuy.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7122757/
doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-90137-4_1
summary:
  1995) was also used to demonstrate the efficacy of two very different plant-made papillomavirus vaccines, a few years after the demonstration that Human papillomavirus L1 major capsid protein virus-like particles could be produced in transgenic tobacco or potato (Biemelt et al. The early historical account of molecular farming for veterinary vaccines given above gives an idea of the array of technologies available and used up to the mid-2000s: transgenic and transplastomic expression of subunit proteins; recombinant plant viruses either used to express whole vaccine candidate genes, or to display chosen peptides fused to their capsid proteins; fusion of vaccine protein genes to carrier proteins to improve immunogenicity, including by inherent adjuvant properties; candidate parenteral and oral vaccines to both viruses and bacteria; therapeutics for animals made in plants; use of plant cell cultures to make antigens.

abstract:
  Plant-made vaccines are now a well-established and well-tested concept in veterinary medicine—yet the only product so far licenced was never produced commercially. This is puzzling, given the breadth of exploration of plant-made animal vaccines, and their immunogenicity and efficacy, over more than twenty years of research. The range of candidate vaccines that have been tested in laboratory animal models includes vaccines for E. coli, Salmonella, Yersinia pestis, foot and mouth disease virus, rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus, rabbit and canine and bovine papillomaviruses, mink enteritis and porcine circovirus, and lately also bluetongue virus, among many others. There are many proofs of efficacy of such vaccines, and regulatory pathways appear to have been explored for their licencing. This review will briefly explore the history of plant-made vaccines for use in animals, and will discuss the unique advantages of plant-made vaccines for use in a veterinary medicine setting in detail, with a proposal of their relevance within the “One Health” paradigm.


id: cord-018428-6lc1fcpe
title: Secondary Metabolite Production in Transgenic Hairy Root Cultures of Cucurbits
author: Rekha, Kaliyaperumal
date: 2017-01-18
txt: ./txt/cord-018428-6lc1fcpe.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-018428-6lc1fcpe.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7123301/
doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-28669-3_6
summary:
  These genetically transformed root cultures (hairy roots) can produce levels of secondary metabolites comparable to that of intact plants. Besides, hairy root cultures are usually capable of producing the same compound(s) of identical chemistry found in wild-type roots of the naturally occurring parent plant without loss of structural integrity and/or quantity or concentration of the product, which is frequently observed in callus or cell suspension cultures [22] . Fast growth, low doubling time, ease of maintenance of hairy roots, and their ability to synthesize a large range of chemical compounds offer an additional advantage as a continuous source for the production of valuable secondary metabolites [25] . This study tested the sc-RIP extracts from the seeds and hairy root tissue cultures of Luffa cylindrica (established by transformation with Agrobacterium rhizogenes strain 1855) for inhibitory effects on the growth of in vitro melanotic and amelanotic human melanoma cell lines [79] .

abstract:
  Cucurbits are important group of vegetables due to their nutritional significance and are also used for valuable traditional medicine. The infection of plants by Agrobacterium rhizogenes results in a hairy root (HR) phenotype characterized by rapid growth in hormone-free medium, an unusual ageotropism and extensive lateral branching. These genetically transformed root cultures (hairy roots) can produce levels of secondary metabolites comparable to that of intact plants. Hairy root cultures offer promise for high production and productivity of valuable secondary metabolites in many plants. High stability and productivity features allow the exploitation of HRs as valuable biotechnological tool for the production of plant secondary metabolites. While these chemical compounds are employed by plants for interactions with their environment, humans have long since explored and exploited plant secondary metabolites for medicinal and practical uses. The main constraint for commercial exploitation of hairy root cultivations is the development and scaling up of appropriate reactor vessels (bioreactors) that permit the growth of interconnected tissues normally unevenly distributed throughout the vessel. Emphasis has focused on designing appropriate bioreactors suitable to culture the delicate and sensitive plant hairy roots. To this end, hairy root culture presents an excellent platform for producing valuable secondary metabolites. For these reasons, this chapter describes the establishment of hairy roots and production of secondary metabolites from hairy roots of cucurbits and also phytochemicals uses for biological activity.


id: cord-018647-bveks6t1
title: Plant Nanobionics: Application of Nanobiosensors in Plant Biology
author: Butnariu, Monica
date: 2019-10-01
txt: ./txt/cord-018647-bveks6t1.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-018647-bveks6t1.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7123577/
doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-16379-2_12
summary:
  Chemical or biological NBS functions on the principle of signal emission (voltage or electrical, photonic) in response to a chemical reaction involve a chemical or biological receptor, R (macrocyclic ligand, antibody enzyme), that binds to a specific target molecule of a sample to be studied, the analyte, A. Analysis of signals in plant nanobionics aims at processing signals recorded by measurements in order to extract the maximum of useful information for diagnostics and These devices are mostly used in genetic engineering in agriculture, where it is necessary to know the mechanisms of reaction and the affinity of enzymes and microorganisms for different substrates of interest and signaling molecules. The reaction is monitored by an integrated detector (transducer) that measures the stationary or transition states or the final reaction product via the immobilized biocidal product in NBSs. Types of commonly used biocatalysts are enzymes (simple or enzymatic complexes)-most commonly used as recognition systems, cells, microorganisms (bacteria, fungi, eukaryotic cells, or yeasts), cellular organs, or component (cell walls, mitochondria) sections of plant or animal tissues.

abstract:
  Nanobiosensors (NBSs) are a class of chemical sensors which are sensitive to a physical or chemical stimulus (heat, acidity, metabolism transformations) that conveys information about vital processes. NBSs detect physiological signals and convert them into standardized signals, often electrical, to be quantified from analog to digital. NBSs are classified according to the transducer element (electrochemical, piezoelectric, optical, and thermal) in accordance with biorecognition principle (enzyme recognition, affinity immunoassay, whole sensors, DNA). NBSs have varied forms, depending on the degree of interpretation of natural processes in plants. Plant nanobionics uses mathematical models based on qualitative and less quantitative records. NBSs can give information about endogenous concentrations or endogenous fluxes of signaling molecules (phytohormones). The properties of NBSs are temporal and spatial resolution, the ability of being used without significantly interfering with the system. NBSs with the best properties are the optically genetically coded NBSs, but each NBS needs specific development efforts. NBS technologies using antibodies as a recognition domain are generic and tend to be more invasive, and there are examples of their use in plant nanobionics. Through opportunities that develop along with technologies, we hope that more and more NBSs will become available for plant nanobionics. The main advantages of NBSs are short analysis time, low-cost tests and portability, real-time measurements, and remote control.


id: cord-018724-ss8x2g3b
title: Plant Virus Diversity and Evolution
author: Stobbe, Anthony
date: 2016-06-22
txt: ./txt/cord-018724-ss8x2g3b.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-018724-ss8x2g3b.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7123681/
doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-32919-2_8
summary:
  The variation we see within a single plant host has profound effects on the how the virus responds to selective pressures associated with new hosts, and factors such as the bottleneck events associated with cell-to-cell movement or vectoring. However, several forms of virus variation, such as the high mutation rates of RNA and some DNA viruses, recombination, and reassortment lead to resistance breaking (Duffy and Holmes 2008; McDonald and Linde 2002; Harrison 2002) . For example, genetic diversity (heterosis) induced tolerance to Turnip mosaic virus in wild cress (Lepidium sp.) hybrids, while plants that were selfed were more susceptable to disease, suggesting that small populations with low genetic diversity could lead to increased disease symptoms, and infection rates (Houliston et al. Genetic bottlenecks during systemic movement of Cucumber mosaic virus vary in different host plants Role of recombination in the evolution of natural populations of Cucumber mosaic virus, a tripartite RNA plant virus

abstract:
  Historically, the majority of plant virology focused on agricultural systems. Recent efforts have expanded our knowledge of the true diversity of plant viruses by studying those viruses that infect wild, undomesticated plants. Those efforts have provided answers to basic ecological questions regarding viruses in the wild, and insights into evolutionary questions, regarding the origins of viruses. While much work has been done, we have merely scratched the surface of the diversity that is estimated to exist. In this chapter we discuss the state of our knowledge of virus diversity, both in agricultural systems as well as in native wild systems, the border between these two systems and how viruses adapt and move across this border into an artificial, domesticated environment. We look at how this diversity has affected our outlook on viruses as a whole, shifting our past view of viruses as purely antagonistic entities of destruction to one where viruses are in a mutually beneficial relationship with their hosts. Additionally, we discuss the current work that plant virology has put forth regarding the evolutionary mechanisms, the life histories, and the deep evolution of viruses.


id: cord-021013-xvc791wx
title: Chapter 1 Allelochemical Properties or the Raison D''être of Alkaloids
author: Wink, Michael
date: 2008-05-30
txt: ./txt/cord-021013-xvc791wx.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-021013-xvc791wx.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7148816/
doi: 10.1016/s0099-9598(08)60134-0
summary:
  In animals, we can observe the analogous situation in that many insects and other invertebrates (especially those which are sessile and unprotected by armor), but also some vertebrates, store secondary metabolites for their defense which are often similar in structure to plant allelochemicals (1,4,12,16,17,28-30, [494] [495] [496] 503) . During the next three decades this concept was improved experimentally, and we can summarize the present situation as follows Although the biological function of many plant-derived secondary metabolites has not been studied experimentally, it is now generally assumed that these compounds are important for the survival and fitness of a plant and that they are not useless waste products, as was suggested earlier in the twentieth century (34, 35) . These "generalists," as we can also call this subgroup of herbivores, are usually deterred from feeding on plants which store especially noxious metabolites and select those with less active ones (such as our crop species, where man has bred away many of the secondary metabolites that were originally present; see Table XI ).

abstract:
  This chapter provides evidence that alkaloids are not waste products or functionless molecules as formerly assumed, but rather defense compounds employed by plants for survival against herbivores and against microorganisms and competing plants. These molecules were developed during evolution through natural selection in that they fit many important molecular targets, often receptors, of cells, which are seen in molecules that mimic endogenous neurotransmitters. The chapter discusses that microorganisms and herbivores rely on plants as a food source. Since both have survived, there must be mechanisms of adaptations toward the defensive chemistry of plants. Many herbivores have evolved strategies to avoid the extremely toxic plants and prefer the less toxic ones. Many herbivores have potent mechanisms to detoxify xenobiotics, which allow the exploitation of at least the less toxic plants. In insects, many specialists evolved that are adapted to the defense chemicals of their host plant, in that they accumulate these compounds and exploit them for their own defense. Alkaloids function as defense molecules against insect predators in the examples studied, and this is further support for the hypothesis that the same compound also serves for chemical defense in the host plant. It needs more experimental data to understand fully the intricate interconnections between plants, their alkaloids, and herbivores, microorganisms, and other plants.


id: cord-022889-lv6fy6e6
author: Dávalos, Alberto
date: 2019-08-07
txt: ./txt/cord-022889-lv6fy6e6.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-022889-lv6fy6e6.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7163523/
doi: 10.2903/sp.efsa.2019.en-1688
summary:
  This report suggests that some plant ncRNAs (e.g miRNAs and siRNAs) show higher stability as compared to other ncRNAs due to peculiar chemical characteristics (2''‐O‐methylation at 3'' end).However, ingested or administered ncRNA must overcome many extracellular and cellular barriers to reach the intended target tissue or functional location in sufficient amount to exert any biological effect. Finally, the publications reporting the outcome of two EFSA procurements aiming respectively at investigating and summarising the state of knowledge on the mode-of-action of dsRNA and miRNA pathways, the potential for non-target gene regulation by dsRNA-derived siRNAs or miRNAs, the determination of siRNA pools in plant tissues and the importance of individual siRNAs for silencing 6 ; and reviewing relevant scientific information on RNA interference that could serve as baseline information for the environmental risk assessment of RNAi-based GM plants ) 7 were also used.

title:
  Literature review of baseline information on non‐coding RNA (ncRNA) to support the risk assessment of ncRNA‐based genetically modified plants for food and feed

abstract:
  This report is the outcome of an EFSA procurement (NP/EFSA/GMO/2016/01) reviewing relevant scientific information on ncRNA and on RNA interference(RNAi) that could support the food and feed risk assessment of ncRNA‐based genetically modified (GM) plants. Information was retrieved through key words and key questions covering the stability and degradation of ncRNAs after oral ingestion, the passage of ncRNAs from food and feed to human and animal organs and tissues via the gastrointestinal tract and other barriers, as well as the potential effects on the gastrointestinal tract, the immune system or the entire organism.Full description of the strategy used for the literature search and for studies selectionis provided and the number of retrieved publications is reported. This report is divided into four partsdiscussing the kinetics of exogenous ncRNAs in humans and animals, with focus on ingested ncRNAs (Part 1); the possible effects of ncRNAs on the gastrointestinal tract (Part 2), systemically(Part 3)and on the immune system (Part 4). This report suggests that some plant ncRNAs (e.g miRNAs and siRNAs) show higher stability as compared to other ncRNAs due to peculiar chemical characteristics (2’‐O‐methylation at 3’ end).However, ingested or administered ncRNA must overcome many extracellular and cellular barriers to reach the intended target tissue or functional location in sufficient amount to exert any biological effect. Literature data indicate that chemically unmodified and unformulated ncRNAs exhibit very low stability in the gastrointestinal tract and in biological fluids and, in general, do not elicit major biological effects.This report also provides an overview of the RNA content in plant‐derived foods and diets and discusses the controversies on the presence of dietary exogenous RNAs in the biological fluids of humans and animals and their effects. Finally, gaps in the scientific literature are highlighted and recommendations provided


id: cord-024149-qnclsjym
title: Microbes and Environment
author: Gupta, Ankit
date: 2016-10-15
txt: ./txt/cord-024149-qnclsjym.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-024149-qnclsjym.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7189961/
doi: 10.1007/978-981-10-1866-4_3
summary:
  Genome sequencing of a free-living heterotroph bacteria found in aerobic soil, e.g., Chthoniobacter flavus, suggests that it is able to metabolize plant polysaccharides but not amino acids except pyruvate. Sphingobacteria are known to be involved in aerobic degradation of plant materials present in soil and complex organic molecules, e.g., starch, proteins, cellulose, and chitin. Other microbes such as green and purple sulfur bacteria participate in carbon cycle by degrading hydrogen sulfide (H 2 S) into compounds having carbon during energy production (see in reaction). In rhizosphere different microbes colonize around growing roots, which may either result in symbiotic, neutralistic, or parasitic interactions depending upon nutritional status of soil, soil environment, plant defense mechanism, and the type of microbial proliferation in the rhizosphere zone. Numerous fungi, bacteria, viruses, and nematodes are pathogenic in nature and caused many plant and animal diseases (Tables 3.4 and 3.5).

abstract:
  Microbes are omnipresent in the biosphere, and their presence invariably affects the environment in which they grow. The effects of microbes on their environment can be beneficial or harmful or inapparent with regard to human measure or observation. The most significant effect of the microbes on earth is their ability to recycle the primary elements that make up all living systems, especially carbon, oxygen, and nitrogen (N). Primary production involves photosynthetic organisms which take up CO(2) from the atmosphere and convert it to organic (cellular) material. The process is also called CO(2) fixation, and it accounts for a very large portion of organic carbon available for synthesis of cell material. Decomposition or biodegradation results in the breakdown of complex organic materials to other forms of carbon that can be used by other organisms. There is no naturally occurring organic compound that cannot be degraded by some microbe, although some synthetic compounds such as Teflon, plastics, insecticides, and pesticides are broken down very slowly or not at all. Through the microbial metabolic processes of fermentation and respiration, organic molecules are eventually broken down to CO(2) which is returned to the atmosphere for continuous process of primary production. Biological nitrogen fixation is a process found only in some bacteria which remove N(2) from the atmosphere and converts it to ammonia (NH(3)), for use by the plants and animals. Nitrogen fixation also results in replenishment of soil nitrogen removed by agricultural processes. Thus along with all these benefits, microbes greatly contribute in maintaining sustainability of environment. This chapter mainly focuses on beneficial and harmful impacts of microbes on environment and their role to maintain quality, health, and sustainability of environment.


id: cord-024652-4i6kktl0
title: Natural Products as Fungicide and Their Role in Crop Protection
author: Santra, Hiran Kanti
date: 2020-05-12
txt: ./txt/cord-024652-4i6kktl0.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-024652-4i6kktl0.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7212785/
doi: 10.1007/978-981-15-3024-1_9
summary:
  A large number of bioactive compounds ranging from direct plant (both cryptogams algae and moss and phanerogams)-derived natural extracts, essential oil of aromatic plants, and low-molecular-weight antimicrobial compounds known as phytoalexins to secondary metabolites that are both volatile and nonvolatile organic compounds of microbes (fungal and actinobacterial members) residing inside the host tissue, called endophyte, are widely used as agricultural bioweapons. Endophytic culture extracts are also known to be rich sources of phenolics; usually they are directly proportional to the antioxidative property of any fungal isolate, but in some particular cases, they are characterized with their antifungal potentials against phytopathogenic fungus. So it is a great opportunity to use the unique mixture of volatile organic compounds of the endophytic isolate to reduce the crop loss caused by the pathogenic infection on the commercially valuable plant of cherry tomato worldwide.

abstract:
  Seeking solutions from nature for solving one and all problems is the age-old practice for mankind, and natural products are proved to be the most effective one for keeping up the balance of development as well as the “healthy, wealthy, and well” condition of mother nature. Fungal pathogens are proved to be a common and popular contaminant of agroecosystem that approximately causes 70–80% of total microbial crop loss. To meet the proper global increasing need of food products as a result of population explosion, managing agricultural system in an eco-friendly and profitable manner is the prime target; thus the word “sustainable agriculture” plays it part, and this package is highly effective when coupled with nature-derived fungicidal products that can minimize the event of fungal infections in agrarian ecosystem. Present study enlists the most common and effective natural products that might be of plant or microbial origin, their mode of action, day-by-day development of phytopathogenic resistance against the prevailing fungicides, and also their role in maintenance of sustainability of agricultural practices with special emphasis on their acceptance over the synthetic or chemical one. A large number of bioactive compounds ranging from direct plant (both cryptogams algae and moss and phanerogams)-derived natural extracts, essential oil of aromatic plants, and low-molecular-weight antimicrobial compounds known as phytoalexins to secondary metabolites that are both volatile and nonvolatile organic compounds of microbes (fungal and actinobacterial members) residing inside the host tissue, called endophyte, are widely used as agricultural bioweapons. The rhizospheric partners of plant, mycorrhizae, are also a prime agent of this chemical warfare and protect their green partners from fungal invaders and emphasize the concept of “sustainable agriculture.”


id: cord-030028-s6sxi8uj
title: Detection of Plant Viruses and Disease Management: Relevance of Genetic Diversity and Evolution
author: Rubio, Luis
date: 2020-07-17
txt: ./txt/cord-030028-s6sxi8uj.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-030028-s6sxi8uj.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7380168/
doi: 10.3389/fpls.2020.01092
summary:
  This technique has been used to differentiate isolates of some plant viruses, such as prunus necrotic ringspot virus (PNRSV), TYLCV and CTV (Gillings et al., 1993; Hammond et al., 1998; Font et al., 2007) ; iii) Single-strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) analysis is based on electrophoresis of denatured dsDNA in non-denaturing gels so migration of single-stranded DNA depends on its conformation determined by its nucleotide sequence and the electrophoretic conditions. This technique followed by sequencing of the different haplotypes detected has been used to evaluate the genetic variation of some plant viruses, such as cucumber mosaic virus (CMV), citrus psorosis virus (CPsV) and CTV (Rubio et al., 1996; Rubio et al., 1999; Vives et al., 2002; Lin et al., 2003; Martıń et al., 2006) . Procedures to detect and identify various viruses or virus strains in a single assay simultaneously reduce time and cost of the analysis (see Pallaś et al., 2018 for a comprehensive review), and are especially suitable for evaluating mixed infections in individual plants.

abstract:
  Plant viruses cause considerable economic losses and are a threat for sustainable agriculture. The frequent emergence of new viral diseases is mainly due to international trade, climate change, and the ability of viruses for rapid evolution. Disease control is based on two strategies: i) immunization (genetic resistance obtained by plant breeding, plant transformation, cross-protection, or others), and ii) prophylaxis to restrain virus dispersion (using quarantine, certification, removal of infected plants, control of natural vectors, or other procedures). Disease management relies strongly on a fast and accurate identification of the causal agent. For known viruses, diagnosis consists in assigning a virus infecting a plant sample to a group of viruses sharing common characteristics, which is usually referred to as species. However, the specificity of diagnosis can also reach higher taxonomic levels, as genus or family, or lower levels, as strain or variant. Diagnostic procedures must be optimized for accuracy by detecting the maximum number of members within the group (sensitivity as the true positive rate) and distinguishing them from outgroup viruses (specificity as the true negative rate). This requires information on the genetic relationships within-group and with members of other groups. The influence of the genetic diversity of virus populations in diagnosis and disease management is well documented, but information on how to integrate the genetic diversity in the detection methods is still scarce. Here we review the techniques used for plant virus diagnosis and disease control, including characteristics such as accuracy, detection level, multiplexing, quantification, portability, and designability. The effect of genetic diversity and evolution of plant viruses in the design and performance of some detection and disease control techniques are also discussed. High-throughput or next-generation sequencing provides broad-spectrum and accurate identification of viruses enabling multiplex detection, quantification, and the discovery of new viruses. Likely, this technique will be the future standard in diagnostics as its cost will be dropping and becoming more affordable.


id: cord-031957-df4luh5v
author: dos Santos-Silva, Carlos André
date: 2020-09-02
txt: ./txt/cord-031957-df4luh5v.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-031957-df4luh5v.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7476358/
doi: 10.1177/1177932220952739
summary:
  19 Plant AMPs are the central focus of the present review, comprising information on their structural features (at genomic, gene, and protein levels), resources, and bioinformatic tools available, besides the proposition of an annotation routine. 26 Plant AMPs are also classified into families considering protein sequence similarity, cysteine motifs, and distinctive patterns of disulfide bonds, which determine the folding of the tertiary structure. 27, 31 These AMP categories will be detailed in the next sections, together with other groups here considered (Impatienlike, Macadamia [β-barrelins], Puroindoline (PIN), and Thaumatin-like protein [TLP]) and the recently described αhairpinin AMPs. The description includes comments on their structure, pattern for regular expression (REGEX) analysis (when available), functions, tissue-specificity, and scientific data availability. 179 As to the TLP structure, this protein presents characteristic thaumatin signature (PS00316): 180, 181 Most of the TLPs have molecular mass ranging from 21 to 26 kDa, 163 possessing 16 conserved cysteine residues (Supplementary Figure S8) involved in the formation of 8 disulfide bonds, 182 which help in the stability of the molecule, allowing a correct folding even under extreme conditions of temperature and pH.

title:
  Plant Antimicrobial Peptides: State of the Art, In Silico Prediction and Perspectives in the Omics Era

abstract:
  Even before the perception or interaction with pathogens, plants rely on constitutively guardian molecules, often specific to tissue or stage, with further expression after contact with the pathogen. These guardians include small molecules as antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), generally cysteine-rich, functioning to prevent pathogen establishment. Some of these AMPs are shared among eukaryotes (eg, defensins and cyclotides), others are plant specific (eg, snakins), while some are specific to certain plant families (such as heveins). When compared with other organisms, plants tend to present a higher amount of AMP isoforms due to gene duplications or polyploidy, an occurrence possibly also associated with the sessile habit of plants, which prevents them from evading biotic and environmental stresses. Therefore, plants arise as a rich resource for new AMPs. As these molecules are difficult to retrieve from databases using simple sequence alignments, a description of their characteristics and in silico (bioinformatics) approaches used to retrieve them is provided, considering resources and databases available. The possibilities and applications based on tools versus database approaches are considerable and have been so far underestimated.


id: cord-032371-qwqf3rlf
author: Labudda, Mateusz
date: 2020-09-21
txt: ./txt/cord-032371-qwqf3rlf.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-032371-qwqf3rlf.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7502656/
doi: 10.1007/s00299-020-02600-5
summary:
  KEY MESSAGE: Defence responses of cyst nematode and/or wheat curl mite infested barley engage the altered reactive oxygen species production, antioxidant machinery, carbon dioxide assimilation and photosynthesis efficiency. Biotic and abiotic stress factors cause redox imbalance in the plant, leading to a reduction of photosynthesis efficiency, an activation of alternative Fig. 3 The contents of phenolic metabolites (a-f) in the leaves of the spring barley Hordeum vulgare plants cultivated for 18 days on commercial horticultural substrate after the cereal cyst nematode Heterodera filipjevi and the wheat curl mite (WCM), Aceria tosichella inoculations. As already mentioned, increased content of H 2 O 2 Fig. 6 Photosynthetic pigment contents and their ratios (a-f) in the leaves of the spring barley Hordeum vulgare plants cultivated for eighteen days on commercial horticultural substrate after the cereal cyst nematode Heterodera filipjevi and the wheat curl mite (WCM), Aceria tosichella inoculations.

title:
  Reactive oxygen species metabolism and photosynthetic performance in leaves of Hordeum vulgare plants co-infested with Heterodera filipjevi and Aceria tosichella

abstract:
  KEY MESSAGE: Defence responses of cyst nematode and/or wheat curl mite infested barley engage the altered reactive oxygen species production, antioxidant machinery, carbon dioxide assimilation and photosynthesis efficiency. ABSTRACT: The primary aim of this study was to determine how barley responds to two pests infesting separately or at once; thus barley was inoculated with Heterodera filipjevi (Madzhidov) Stelter (cereal cyst nematode; CCN) and Aceria tosichella Keifer (wheat curl mite; WCM). To verify hypothesis about the involvement of redox metabolism and photosynthesis in barley defence responses, biochemical, photosynthesis efficiency and chlorophyll a fluorescence measurements as well as transmission electron microscopy were implemented. Inoculation with WCM (apart from or with CCN) brought about a significant suppression in the efficiency of electron transport outside photosystem II reaction centres. This limitation was an effect of diminished pool of rapidly reducing plastoquinone and decreased total electron carriers. Infestation with WCM (apart from or with CCN) also significantly restricted the electron transport on the photosystem I acceptor side, therefore produced reactive oxygen species oxidized lipids in cells of WCM and double infested plants and proteins in cells of WCM-infested plants. The level of hydrogen peroxide was significantly decreased in double infested plants because of glutathione–ascorbate cycle involvement. The inhibition of nitrosoglutathione reductase promoted the accumulation of S-nitrosoglutathione increasing antioxidant capacity in cells of double infested plants. Moreover, enhanced arginase activity in WCM-infested plants could stimulate synthesis of polyamines participating in plant antioxidant response. Infestation with WCM (apart from or with CCN) significantly reduced the efficiency of carbon dioxide assimilation by barley leaves, whereas infection only with CCN expanded photosynthesis efficiency. These were accompanied with the ultrastructural changes in chloroplasts during CCN and WCM infestation.


id: cord-103255-4k13re9y
author: Daniell, Henry
date: 2001-05-01
txt: ./txt/cord-103255-4k13re9y.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-103255-4k13re9y.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S1360138501019227
doi: 10.1016/s1360-1385(01)01922-7
summary:
  The production of recombinant proteins in plants has many potential advantages for generating biopharmaceuticals relevant to clinical medicine. In the decade since the expression and assembly of immunoglobulin (Ig) heavy and light chains into functional antibodies was first shown in transgenic tobacco, plants have proven to be versatile production systems for many forms of antibodies. Other advantages of tobacco include its relative ease of genetic manipulation, production of large numbers of seeds (up to a million per plant) and an impending need to explore alternate uses for this hazardous crop. However, the most attractive species for expressing subunit vaccine components should have high levels of soluble protein that is stable during storage; seed crops such as cereals are particularly suitable. Induction of a protective antibody response to foot and mouth disease in mice following oral or parenteral immunization with alfalfa transgenic plants expressing the viral structural protein VP1

title:
  Medical molecular farming: production of antibodies, biopharmaceuticals and edible vaccines in plants

abstract:
  Abstract The use of plants for medicinal purposes dates back thousands of years but genetic engineering of plants to produce desired biopharmaceuticals is much more recent. As the demand for biopharmaceuticals is expected to increase, it would be wise to ensure that they will be available in significantly larger amounts, on a cost-effective basis. Currently, the cost of biopharmaceuticals limits their availability. Plant-derived biopharmaceuticals are cheap to produce and store, easy to scale up for mass production, and safer than those derived from animals. Here, we discuss recent developments in this field and possible environmental concerns.


id: cord-253997-imwjoecx
title: Plant made anti-HIV microbicides—A field of opportunity
author: Lotter-Stark, Hester C.T.
date: 2012-12-31
txt: ./txt/cord-253997-imwjoecx.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-253997-imwjoecx.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S0734975012001073
doi: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2012.06.002
summary:
  Protein based microbicides, namely, neutralising antibodies and peptide lectins-lend themselves to production in plants (De Muynck et al., 2010; Matoba et al., 2010; O''Keefe et al., 2009; Sexton et al., 2006) . However the four well-known HIV-1 neutralising antibodies, namely, 2G12, 4E10, 2F5 and b12 have been well researched in terms of structure, interaction with the virus, protection in animal models and safety in clinical trials and were produced in various plant platforms. coli produced and native GRFT respectively, demonstrating the potential of plant expression approaches as viable alternatives for the production of the lectin for use as a candidate microbicide. We reviewed here the progress made with the production of HIV neutralising antibodies and peptide lectins in plant systems. Although several anti-HIV neutralising antibodies and peptide lectins have been produced in plants, only two have entered clinical trials .

abstract:
  Abstract HIV remains a significant global burden and without an effective vaccine, it is crucial to develop microbicides to halt the initial transmission of the virus. Several microbicides have been researched with various levels of success. Amongst these, the broadly neutralising antibodies and peptide lectins are promising in that they can immediately act on the virus and have proven efficacious in in vitro and in vivo protection studies. For the purpose of development and access by the relevant population groups, it is crucial that these microbicides be produced at low cost. For the promising protein and peptide candidate molecules, it appears that current production systems are overburdened and expensive to establish and maintain. With recent developments in vector systems for protein expression coupled with downstream protein purification technologies, plants are rapidly gaining credibility as alternative production systems. Here we evaluate the advances made in host and vector system development for plant expression as well as the progress made in expressing HIV neutralising antibodies and peptide lectins using plant-based platforms.


id: cord-255018-dhkz23co
author: Chamorro, Melina Fernanda
date: 2020-05-24
txt: ./txt/cord-255018-dhkz23co.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-255018-dhkz23co.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32448223/
doi: 10.1186/s12906-020-02952-1
summary:
  In this study we focus on native and exotic plants with edible fleshy fruits (PEFF) that grow in Patagonia; that is, species that may be wild, cultivated or in an intermediate state of domestication, which bear fruit that is distinguished by its flavor, preferably sweet, and its use principally as a food resource. In this study we propose a cross-sectional approach which enables exotic and native species richness, local foods, medicines and their use patterns to be evaluated, and which will also help us understand in greater depth, from an ethnobotanical perspective, that diet and health are linked concepts. The principal functional species according to the CIF values were the native Aristotelia chilensis, Ribes magellanicum, Ephedra ochreata, Berberis microphylla, Fragaria chiloensis, Luma apiculata and Amomyrtus luma, and the exotic Sambucus nigra, Rosa rubiginosa and Prunus cerasus ( Table 2) .

title:
  Native and exotic plants with edible fleshy fruits utilized in Patagonia and their role as sources of local functional foods

abstract:
  BACKGROUND: Traditionally part of the human diet, plants with edible fleshy fruits (PEFF) contain bioactive components that may exert physiological effects beyond nutrition, promoting human health and well-being. Focusing on their food-medicine functionality, different ways of using PEFF were studied in a cross-sectional way using two approaches: a bibliographical survey and an ethnobotanical case study in a rural community of Patagonia, Argentina. METHODS: A total of 42 studies were selected for the bibliographical review. The case study was carried out with 80% of the families inhabiting the rural community of Cuyín Manzano, using free listing, interviews, and participant observation. In both cases we analyzed species richness and use patterns through the edible consensus and functional consensus indices. Local foods, ailments, medicines and drug plants were also registered. RESULTS: The review identified 73 PEFF, the majority of which (78%) were native species, some with the highest use consensus. PEFF were used in 162 different local foods, but mainly as fresh fruit. Of the total, 42% were used in a functional way, in 54 different medicines. The principal functional native species identified in the review were Aristotelia chilensis and Berberis microphylla. In the case study 20 PEFF were in current use (50% were native), and consensus values were similar for native and exotic species. These were used in 44 different local foods, mainly as fresh fruit. Only 30% were recognized for their functional value by inhabitants (mainly as gastrointestinal and respiratory treatments). The species with the highest functional consensus were the exotic Sambucus nigra and Rosa rubiginosa, followed by the native A. chilensis, Ribes magellanicum and B. microphylla. Infusions also constituted important local functional foods. CONCLUSIONS: This survey highlights the importance of studying the different local functional foods to depict the biocultural diversity of a human society. The preparation of different beverages and herbal medicines was relevant, and would be a promising subject to investigate in the future. The living heritage of PEFF appears to have undergone hybridization processes, such that exotic species play an increasingly significant role.


id: cord-258489-pyfc7jde
title: Viral vectors for production of recombinant proteins in plants
author: Lico, Chiara
date: 2008-03-10
txt: ./txt/cord-258489-pyfc7jde.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-258489-pyfc7jde.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18330886/
doi: 10.1002/jcp.21423
summary:
  In this review, we will focus on transient production strategies using plant viral expression systems, with a particular focus on the variety of proteins produced, and their applications. The unique properties of viruses such as ease of manipulation, high level amplification, site specific recombination, strong infectivity, enhanced translation and compact and repetitive morphological structure have enabled their broad application, from basic research to product development, including the generation of robust expression systems. From the discovery of viruses in 1898 (tobacco mosaic virus, TMV) (Bos, 1999) , to the first demonstration of RNAs role in virus replication by turnip yellow mosaic virus (TYMV) (Matthews, 1989) , to the very recent discovery of gene silencing and its implication in host response to infection, gene regulation and transgene expression (Baulcombe, 1999; Lu et al., 2003; Waterhouse and Helliwell, 2003) , plant virology has played a crucial role in the understanding of the most fundamental concepts of modern biology. Thanks to the recent improvements of viral-based vectors, mAbs have been produced with transient expression systems to quickly achieve much higher production levels along with other complex proteins.

abstract:
  Global demand for recombinant proteins has steadily accelerated for the last 20 years. These recombinant proteins have a wide range of important applications, including vaccines and therapeutics for human and animal health, industrial enzymes, new materials and components of novel nano‐particles for various applications. The majority of recombinant proteins are produced by traditional biological “factories,” that is, predominantly mammalian and microbial cell cultures along with yeast and insect cells. However, these traditional technologies cannot satisfy the increasing market demand due to prohibitive capital investment requirements. During the last two decades, plants have been under intensive investigation to provide an alternative system for cost‐effective, highly scalable, and safe production of recombinant proteins. Although the genetic engineering of plant viral vectors for heterologous gene expression can be dated back to the early 1980s, recent understanding of plant virology and technical progress in molecular biology have allowed for significant improvements and fine tuning of these vectors. These breakthroughs enable the flourishing of a variety of new viral‐based expression systems and their wide application by academic and industry groups. In this review, we describe the principal plant viral‐based production strategies and the latest plant viral expression systems, with a particular focus on the variety of proteins produced and their applications. We will summarize the recent progress in the downstream processing of plant materials for efficient extraction and purification of recombinant proteins. J. Cell. Physiol. 216: 366–377, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.


id: cord-258927-masvn1gu
author: Soria-Guerra, Ruth Elena
date: 2009-03-21
txt: ./txt/cord-258927-masvn1gu.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-258927-masvn1gu.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19306020/
doi: 10.1007/s00425-009-0918-2
summary:
  title: Expression of a multi-epitope DPT fusion protein in transplastomic tobacco plants retains both antigenicity and immunogenicity of all three components of the functional oligomer We report the introduction and expression of a fusion DPT protein containing immunoprotective exotoxin epitopes of Corynebacterium diphtheriae, Bordetella pertussis, and Clostridium tetani in tobacco chloroplasts. Recently in our laboratory, a fusion protein of the heat labile toxin B subunit (LTB) of the enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli along with the heat stable toxin (ST) fusion protein (LTB-ST) has been expressed in transplastomic tobacco plants, and demonstrated its immunogenic characteristic in tested mice (Rosales-Mendoza et al. Recently, a novel polypeptide containing the DPT immunoprotective exotoxin epitopes has been designed and used to demonstrate expression of this fusion protein in transgenic tomato plants ). Western blots and ELISA assays conWrmed that the tobacco-derived DPT protein was recognized by speciWc antibodies against each of diphtheria, pertussis, and tetanus toxins.

title:
  Expression of a multi-epitope DPT fusion protein in transplastomic tobacco plants retains both antigenicity and immunogenicity of all three components of the functional oligomer

abstract:
  Expression of genes in plant chloroplasts provides an opportunity for enhanced production of target proteins. We report the introduction and expression of a fusion DPT protein containing immunoprotective exotoxin epitopes of Corynebacterium diphtheriae, Bordetella pertussis, and Clostridium tetani in tobacco chloroplasts. Using biolistic-mediated transformation, a plant-optimized synthetic DPT gene was successfully transferred to tobacco plastomes. Putative transplastomic T0 plants were identified by PCR, and Southern blot analysis confirmed homoplasmy in T1 progeny. ELISA assays demonstrated that the DPT protein retained antigenicity of the three components of the fusion protein. The highest level of expression in these transplastomic plants reached 0.8% of total soluble protein. To assess whether the functional recombinant protein expressed in tobacco plants would induce specific antibodies in test animals, a mice feeding experiment was conducted. For mice orally immunized with freeze-dried transplastomic leaves, production of IgG and IgA antibodies specific to each toxin were detected in serum and mucosal tissues.


id: cord-263470-vmqvropy
author: Rukavtsova, E. B.
date: 2007
txt: ./txt/cord-263470-vmqvropy.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-263470-vmqvropy.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1134/s1021443707060088
doi: 10.1134/s1021443707060088
summary:
  The level of HBs-antigen in plants carrying the HBsAg gene controlled by (Aocs)(3)AmasPmas, the hybrid agrobacterium-derived promoter, was the highest in roots and made up to 0.01% of total amount of soluble protein. Earlier we have obtained the tobacco plants expressing the synthetic gene of the hepatitis B surface antigen ( HBsAg ) controlled by single and dual 35S RNA cauliflower mosaic virus promoters (CaMV 35S and CaMV 35SS, respectively) [10, 11] . The objective of this study was to obtain transgenic tobacco plants synthesizing the hepatitis B surface antigen controlled by ( Aocs ) 3 AmasPmas promoters and regulated by the elements of agrobacterial octopine synthase and mannopine synthase genes and also to analyze the expression profile of the HBsAg gene in different cells of the whole plant as well as that in callus and hairy root tissue cultures.

title:
  Tissue specific expression of hepatitis B virus surface antigen in transgenic plant cells and tissue culture

abstract:
  The tobacco plants (Nicotiana tabacum L.) carrying the HBsAg gene controlled by (Aocs)(3)AmasPmas, the hybrid promoter that includes regulatory elements of the agrobacterial octopine and mannopine synthase genes, as well as plants controlled by the same promoter and adh1, maize alcohol dehydrogenase gene intron were obtained. The presence of the adh1 gene intron did not significantly change the level of expression of the HBsAg gene in plants. The analysis of expression of hepatitis B virus surface antigen (HBs-antigen) in transformed plants expressing the HBsAg under the control of different promoters was made. The level of HBs-antigen in plants carrying the HBsAg gene controlled by (Aocs)(3)AmasPmas, the hybrid agrobacterium-derived promoter, was the highest in roots and made up to 0.01% of total amount of soluble protein. The level of HBs-antigen in plants carrying the HBsAg gene controlled by the dual 35S RNA cauliflower mosaic virus promoter was the same in all organs of the plant and made up to 0.06% of the total amount of soluble protein. Hairy root and callus cultures of plants carrying the HBsAg gene and expressing the HBs-antigen were obtained.


id: cord-264571-rtac6hh2
title: Chapter 9 Edible Vaccines
author: Bhatia, Saurabh
date: 2015-12-31
txt: ./txt/cord-264571-rtac6hh2.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-264571-rtac6hh2.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128022214000091
doi: 10.1016/b978-0-12-802221-4.00009-1
summary:
  Research under way is dedicated to solving these limitations by finding ways to produce oral (edible) vaccines from transgenic plants. In the last decade, it was found that green plants can also be used as the "surrogate production organism" to produce antigens of human pathogens (including HB-sAg). The introduction of selected desired genes into plants and then inducing these altered plants to produce the encoded proteins is the primary condition for the development of edible vaccines. Edible vaccine development has been challenged by low expression levels of foreign proteins in transgenic plants. Selection of strong plant-specific super promoters to improve expression levels is another key factor that can determine the success of edible vaccines [4] . Using transgenic plants as bioreactors to produce edible vaccines Expression of chimeric HCV peptide in transgenic tobacco plants infected with recombinant alfalfa mosaic virus for development of a plantderived vaccine against HCV

abstract:
  Abstract Vaccines are considered primary tools for health intervention in both humans and animals. Vaccines can be used more widely, especially in developing countries, if their cost of production can be reduced and they can be preserved without refrigeration. In developing countries certain limitations, like vaccine affordability, the need for “cold chains” from the producer to the site of use of the vaccine, and the dependence on injection, are barriers to health care services. Plant-derived vaccines do not face such limitations. Research under way is dedicated to solving these limitations by finding ways to produce oral (edible) vaccines from transgenic plants. Plant-derived vaccines offer increased safety, envisage low-cost programs for mass vaccination, and propose a wider use of vaccination for veterinary use.


id: cord-268149-narre5e7
author: Aziz, Muhammad Abdul
date: 2018-01-29
txt: ./txt/cord-268149-narre5e7.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-268149-narre5e7.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13002-018-0212-0
doi: 10.1186/s13002-018-0212-0
summary:
  title: Traditional uses of medicinal plants used by Indigenous communities for veterinary practices at Bajaur Agency, Pakistan Most widely used medicinal plants with maximum use reports (URs) were Visnaga daucoides Gaertn., Foeniculum vulgare Mill., Solanum virginianum L., Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal, Glycyrrhiza glabra L., and Curcuma longa L. It has been recognized that plants have the capacity to combat several types of diseases ethnoveterinary medicines, a term generally used for folk skills, beliefs, knowledge, practices, methods related to animals'' health, and cure of various ailments in the rural areas [1] . Indigenous people of the study area are rich in traditional knowledge on veterinary medicines, which may be due to their close observation on domestic animals being considered as an important part of traditional lifestyle. Medicinal plants with high URs strengthen the concept that such species are more significant to the local population and useful in sharing the traditional knowledge with one another in the area.

title:
  Traditional uses of medicinal plants used by Indigenous communities for veterinary practices at Bajaur Agency, Pakistan

abstract:
  BACKGROUND: The pastoral lifestyle of Indigenous communities of Bajaur Agency is bringing them close to natural remedies for treating their domestic animals. Several studies have been conducted across the globe describing the importance of traditional knowledge in veterinary care. Therefore, this study was planned with the aim to record knowledge on ethnoveterinary practices from the remote areas and share sit with other communities through published literature. METHODS: Data was gathered from community members through semi-structured interviews and analyzed through informant consensus factor (Fic) to evaluate the consent of current ethnoveterinary practices among the local people. RESULTS: In total, 73 medicinal plants were recorded under the ethnoveterinary practices. Most widely used medicinal plants with maximum use reports (URs) were Visnaga daucoides Gaertn., Foeniculum vulgare Mill., Solanum virginianum L., Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal, Glycyrrhiza glabra L., and Curcuma longa L. New medicinal values were found with confidential level of citations for species including Heracleum candicans and Glycerhiza glabra. Family Apiaceae was the utmost family with high number (7 species) of medicinal plants. Maximum number of medicinal plants (32) was used for gastric problems. High Fic was recorded for dermatological (0.97) followed by reproductive (0.93) and gastrointestinal disorders (0.92). The main route of remedies administration was oral. CONCLUSIONS: Current study revealed that the study area has sufficient knowledge on ethnoveterinary medicinal plants. This knowledge is in the custody of nomadic grazers, herders, and aged community members. Plants with new medicinal uses need to be validated phytochemically and pharmacologically for the development of new alternative drugs for veterinary purposes.


id: cord-268590-3e1tb64o
title: Germplasm Acquisition and Distribution by CGIAR Genebanks
author: Halewood, Michael
date: 2020-10-01
txt: ./txt/cord-268590-3e1tb64o.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-268590-3e1tb64o.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.3390/plants9101296
doi: 10.3390/plants9101296
summary:
  The respondents/informants provided expert knowledge concerning genebanks'' performance targets and quality management standards, methods for identifying and prioritizing gaps in collections to be addressed through new collecting expeditions, Centers'' efforts to ensure healthy, quarantine organism-free genetic materials, and international crop conservation strategies. The respondents/informants provided expert knowledge concerning genebanks'' performance targets and quality management standards, methods for identifying and prioritizing gaps in collections to be addressed through new collecting expeditions, Centers'' efforts to ensure healthy, quarantine organism-free genetic materials, and international crop conservation strategies. On the positive side, there is evidence that the Plant Treaty''s multilateral system of access and benefit sharing is contributing positively to the willingness of many countries, national genebanks, and other providers to make PGRFA available and to safety-duplicate material in the CGIAR Center-hosted international collections.

abstract:
  The international collections of plant genetic resources for food and agriculture (PGRFA) hosted by 11 CGIAR Centers are important components of the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization’s global system of conservation and use of PGRFA. They also play an important supportive role in realizing Target 2.5 of the Sustainable Development Goals. This paper analyzes CGIAR genebanks’ trends in acquiring and distributing PGRFA over the last 35 years, with a particular focus on the last decade. The paper highlights a number of factors influencing the Centers’ acquisition of new PGRFA to include in the international collections, including increased capacity to analyze gaps in those collections and precisely target new collecting missions, availability of financial resources, and the state of international and national access and benefit-sharing laws and phytosanitary regulations. Factors contributing to Centers’ distributions of PGRFA included the extent of accession-level information, users’ capacity to identify the materials they want, and policies. The genebanks’ rates of both acquisition and distribution increased over the last decade. The paper ends on a cautionary note concerning the potential of unresolved tensions regarding access and benefit sharing and digital genomic sequence information to undermine international cooperation to conserve and use PGRFA.


id: cord-269992-ruf0vvz4
title: An edible vaccine development for coronavirus disease 2019: the concept
author: Sohrab, Sayed Sartaj
date: 2020-07-31
txt: ./txt/cord-269992-ruf0vvz4.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-269992-ruf0vvz4.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32864373/
doi: 10.7774/cevr.2020.9.2.164
summary:
  The development of an edible vaccine in a selected plant system has many significant advantages such as; easy and efficient oral delivery, low cost with higher scale production, avoidance of any trained medical personnel for delivery, lack of any pathogenic infection, multicomponent expression in a single plant, and so forth. Currently, the use of plant-based expression system platform have been extensively utilized for the expression and purification of vaccines, recombinant proteins, enzymes, and many bio-pharmaceuticals in a variety of plant species, including potato, corn, tomato, carrot, lettuce, and spinach and have reached at advanced stage of pre-clinical and clinical evaluation. The specific proteins can be expressed into desired plants with very less cost and can be grown to the required locations so that, an edible vaccine can be available to the needy population globally, especially in the developing countries. This novel technology provides the high and fast expression, purification, and better stability of desired proteins in to plant cells as well as their removal of refrigeration requirement and trained medical personnel for delivery.

abstract:
  A novel coronavirus was emerged in December 2019 from Wuhan city, China and has now become a global threat to human health. Currently, the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has spread to more than 34 countries with 2,445 deaths and 78,811 confirmed cases. Currently, there is no vaccine available against COVID-19. The traditional vaccines development requires more time and high cost and due to this, the disease outbreaks becomes more challenging. Now a days, plants have become more attractive platform for edible vaccine production than the other system. The development of an edible vaccine in a selected plant system has many significant advantages such as; easy and efficient oral delivery, low cost with higher scale production, avoidance of any trained medical personnel for delivery, lack of any pathogenic infection, multicomponent expression in a single plant, and so forth. In this manuscript, the concept, development, and importance of an edible vaccine have been discussed. By using this plant-based platform, an edible vaccines can be produced in many crops like banana, cucumber, carrot, lettuce, and tomato against various diseases. Due to increasing cases globally with COVID-19, there is an urgent requirement to develop an ideal vaccine and antiviral therapy against this virus to control the disease worldwide.


id: cord-288673-ku3tmjd3
title: Microbial and fungal protease inhibitors—current and potential applications
author: Sabotič, Jerica
date: 2012-01-05
txt: ./txt/cord-288673-ku3tmjd3.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-288673-ku3tmjd3.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-011-3834-x
doi: 10.1007/s00253-011-3834-x
summary:
  Because proteases play essential roles in life and death processes in all living organisms and because peptide bond hydrolysis is irreversible, anomalies in proteolytic activities lead to numerous pathological conditions, including cancer, neurodegenerative disorders and inflammatory and cardiovascular diseases, as well as bacterial, viral and parasitic diseases (Lopez-Otin and Bond 2008; Turk 2006) . Another important oral cavity pathogen involved in periodontal disease, Porphyromonas gingivalis, in addition to a few cysteine proteases (discussed further in the following), produces a serine protease, a prolyl tripeptidyl peptidase PtpA (family S9), which is involved in degrading host connective tissue, providing nutrients for bacterial growth (Banbula et al. Several proteases of the serine catalytic type have also been targeted for the design of specific protease inhibitors for use in cancer treatment, including the urokinase plasminogen activator and matriptase (Abbenante and Fairlie 2005; Bialas and Kafarski 2009; Ulisse et al.

abstract:
  Proteolytic enzymes play essential metabolic and regulatory functions in many biological processes and also offer a wide range of biotechnological applications. Because of their essential roles, their proteolytic activity needs to be tightly regulated. Therefore, small molecules and proteins that inhibit proteases can be versatile tools in the fields of medicine, agriculture and biotechnology. In medicine, protease inhibitors can be used as diagnostic or therapeutic agents for viral, bacterial, fungal and parasitic diseases as well as for treating cancer and immunological, neurodegenerative and cardiovascular diseases. They can be involved in crop protection against plant pathogens and herbivorous pests as well as against abiotic stress such as drought. Furthermore, protease inhibitors are indispensable in protein purification procedures to prevent undesired proteolysis during heterologous expression or protein extraction. They are also valuable tools for simple and effective purification of proteases, using affinity chromatography. Because there are such a large number and diversity of proteases in prokaryotes, yeasts, filamentous fungi and mushrooms, we can expect them to be a rich source of protease inhibitors as well.


id: cord-290088-g9559ux3
author: Loh, Hwei-San
date: 2017-08-08
txt: ./txt/cord-290088-g9559ux3.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-290088-g9559ux3.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28800551/
doi: 10.1016/j.coviro.2017.07.019
summary:
  A major milestone for plant-based protein production for use in human health was achieved when Protalix BioTherapeutics produced taliglucerase alfa (Elelyso 1 ) in suspension cultures of a transgenic carrot cell line for the treatment of patients with Gaucher''s disease, was approved by the USA Food and Drug Administration in 2012. A major milestone for plant-based protein production for use in human health was achieved when Protalix BioTherapeutics produced taliglucerase alfa (Elelyso 1 ) in suspension cultures of a transgenic carrot cell line for the treatment of patients with Gaucher''s disease, was approved by the USA Food and Drug Administration in 2012. In this review, we are highlighting various approaches for plant-based production of proteins and recent progress in the development of plant-made therapeutics and biologics for the prevention and treatment of human diseases. In this review, we are highlighting various approaches for plant-based production of proteins and recent progress in the development of plant-made therapeutics and biologics for the prevention and treatment of human diseases.

title:
  Using transgenic plants and modified plant viruses for the development of treatments for human diseases

abstract:
  Production of proteins in plants for human health applications has become an attractive strategy attributed by their potentials for low-cost production, increased safety due to the lack of human or animal pathogens, scalability and ability to produce complex proteins. A major milestone for plant-based protein production for use in human health was achieved when Protalix BioTherapeutics produced taliglucerase alfa (Elelyso(®)) in suspension cultures of a transgenic carrot cell line for the treatment of patients with Gaucher's disease, was approved by the USA Food and Drug Administration in 2012. In this review, we are highlighting various approaches for plant-based production of proteins and recent progress in the development of plant-made therapeutics and biologics for the prevention and treatment of human diseases.


id: cord-292019-rfu0bkag
author: Gómez, N.
date: 1998-09-30
txt: ./txt/cord-292019-rfu0bkag.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-292019-rfu0bkag.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9791026/
doi: 10.1006/viro.1998.9315
summary:
  We report on the immunological response elicited by two recombinant versions of the glycoprotein S from the swine-transmissible gastroenteritis coronavirus (TGEV) expressed in transgenic plants. Arabidoposis plants were genetically transformed with cDNAs constructs encoding either the N-terminal domain (amino acid residues 1–750) or the full-length glycoprotein S of TGEV, responsible for the neutralizing antibody induction against the virus, under the control of the cauliflower mosaic virus 35S (CaMV 35S) promoter. Mice immunized with leaf extracts from transgenic plants developed antibodies that reacted specifically with TGEV in ELISA, immunoprecipitated the virus-induced protein, and neutralized the virus infectivity. In this report, we show that full-length or the globular part (N-terminal domain) of TGEV spike protein (glycoprotein S) expressed in transgenic plants retained the antigenic properties and elicited neutralizing antibodies when used to immunize animals.

title:
  Expression of Immunogenic Glycoprotein S Polypeptides from Transmissible Gastroenteritis Coronavirus in Transgenic Plants

abstract:
  Abstract The use of transgenic plants as vaccine production systems was described recently. We report on the immunological response elicited by two recombinant versions of the glycoprotein S from the swine-transmissible gastroenteritis coronavirus (TGEV) expressed in transgenic plants. Arabidoposis plants were genetically transformed with cDNAs constructs encoding either the N-terminal domain (amino acid residues 1–750) or the full-length glycoprotein S of TGEV, responsible for the neutralizing antibody induction against the virus, under the control of the cauliflower mosaic virus 35S (CaMV 35S) promoter. Genomic DNA and mRNA analyses of leaf extracts from transformed plants demonstrated the incorporation of the foreign cDNA into the arabidopsis genome, as well as their transcription. Expression of recombinant polypeptides were observed in most transgenic plants by ELISA using specific antibodies. Mice immunized with leaf extracts from transgenic plants developed antibodies that reacted specifically with TGEV in ELISA, immunoprecipitated the virus-induced protein, and neutralized the virus infectivity. From these results, we conclude that transgenic plants expressing glycoprotein S polypeptides may possibly be used as a source of recombinant antigen for vaccine production.


id: cord-294945-hcf7gsv8
title: Comparative proteomic analysis of cauliflower under high temperature and flooding stresses
author: Lin, K.H.
date: 2015-02-12
txt: ./txt/cord-294945-hcf7gsv8.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-294945-hcf7gsv8.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2014.12.013
doi: 10.1016/j.scienta.2014.12.013
summary:
  The objectives of this study were to identify the proteins that were differentially regulated and the physiological changes that occurred during different time periods in ''H41'', ''H69'', and ''H71'' when responding to treatments of flooding, 40 °C, and both stresses combined. By the comparative proteomic analysis, 85 protein peaks that were differentially expressed in response to combination treatments at 0, 6, and 24 h, 69 (33 in ''H41'', 29 in ''H69'', and 9 in ''H71'') were identified, of which were cultivar specific. Compared to NFC treatment at 0 h, NFH treatment for 6 h showed that the abundances of peaks 271 (phosphoserine aminotransferase), 272 (imidazole glycerol phosphate synthase subunit hisF), Table 6 Identification of differentially expressed proteins found in cauliflower ''H71'' plants by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) in comparison to combination treatments for 0 and 6 h.

abstract:
  High-temperature and waterlogging are major abiotic stresses that affect the yield and quality of cauliflower. Cauliflower cultivars ‘H41’ and ‘H69’ are tolerant to high temperature and flooding, respectively; however, ‘H71’ is sensitive to both stresses. The objectives of this study were to identify the proteins that were differentially regulated and the physiological changes that occurred during different time periods in ‘H41’, ‘H69’, and ‘H71’ when responding to treatments of flooding, 40 °C, and both stresses combined. Changes in the leaf proteome were analyzed by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS) and identified by Mascot peptide mass fingerprint (PMF) and database searching. Stress treatments caused significant reductions in electrolyte leakage, chlorophyll fluorescence Fv/Fm, chlorophyll content, and water potential as stress times were prolonged. By the comparative proteomic analysis, 85 protein peaks that were differentially expressed in response to combination treatments at 0, 6, and 24 h, 69 (33 in ‘H41’, 29 in ‘H69’, and 9 in ‘H71’) were identified, of which were cultivar specific. Differentially regulated proteins predominantly functioned in photosynthesis and to a lesser extent in energy metabolism, cellular homeostasis, transcription and translation, signal transduction, and protein biosynthesis. This is the first report that utilizes proteomics to discover changes in the protein expression profile of cauliflower in response to heat and flooding.


id: cord-306733-df36w6l7
title: What Does Plant-Based Vaccine Technology Offer to the Fight against COVID-19?
author: Rosales-Mendoza, Sergio
date: 2020-04-14
txt: ./txt/cord-306733-df36w6l7.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-306733-df36w6l7.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32295153/
doi: 10.3390/vaccines8020183
summary:
  Transient nuclear genome transformation Rapid production; high productivity; implemented at the industrial level Seed bank cannot be generated; requires purification of the antigen to eliminate toxic compounds from the host and ag-robacteria residues S protein; multiepitope vaccines A chimeric protein of GFP and amino acids 1-658 of the SARS-CoV-1 S protein (S1:GFP) was transiently expressed in tobacco leaves and stably transformed in tobacco and lettuce. No immunization assays were performed The SARS-CoV-1 N protein was transiently expressed in Nicotiana benthamiana, which induced in mice high levels of IgG1 and IgG2a and up regulation of IFN-γ and IL-10 in splenocytes. The precedents of SARS-CoV-1 and MERS antigens expressed in recombinant systems leading to the formation of VLPs constitute important guides for the topic of COVID-19 vaccine development. Thus, VLPs based on the main SARS-CoV-2 structural proteins is an attractive approach for vaccine development against coronavirus infections.

abstract:
  The emergence of new pathogenic viral strains is a constant threat to global health, with the new coronavirus strain COVID-19 as the latest example. COVID-19, caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus has quickly spread around the globe. This pandemic demands rapid development of drugs and vaccines. Plant-based vaccines are a technology with proven viability, which have led to promising results for candidates evaluated at the clinical level, meaning this technology could contribute towards the fight against COVID-19. Herein, a perspective in how plant-based vaccines can be developed against COVID-19 is presented. Injectable vaccines could be generated by using transient expression systems, which offer the highest protein yields and are already adopted at the industrial level to produce VLPs-vaccines and other biopharmaceuticals under GMPC-processes. Stably-transformed plants are another option, but this approach requires more time for the development of antigen-producing lines. Nonetheless, this approach offers the possibility of developing oral vaccines in which the plant cell could act as the antigen delivery agent. Therefore, this is the most attractive approach in terms of cost, easy delivery, and mucosal immunity induction. The development of multiepitope, rationally-designed vaccines is also discussed regarding the experience gained in expression of chimeric immunogenic proteins in plant systems.


id: cord-307607-8xn9jtmh
title: Potential anti-influenza effective plants used in Turkish folk medicine: A review
author: Sargin, Seyid Ahmet
date: 2020-08-31
txt: ./txt/cord-307607-8xn9jtmh.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-307607-8xn9jtmh.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2020.113319
doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2020.113319
summary:
  After obtaining the total list of plants with anti-influenza potential in Turkish folk medicine, a comparison was made to determine the similarity percentages in similar studies conducted in neighboring and nearby countries (Table 2) . The reason why the studies conducted in the Mediterranean and Eastern Anatolia regions were highly cited may be due to the fact that there are more plant options, which is the result of having a higher rate of biodiversity and endemism in these regions (Güner et al., 2012) compared to others, that the locals can use in the treatment of influenza. Based on the data to be obtained, we believe that the future extension of anti-influenza studies, including plant taxa that are frequently used in Turkish folk medicine, would be a more effective option.

abstract:
  ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Due to the outbreaks such as SARS, bird flu and swine flu, which we frequently encounter in our century, we need fast solutions with no side effects today more than ever. Due to having vast ethnomedical experience and the richest flora (34% endemic) of Europe and the Middle East, Turkey has a high potential for research on this topic. Plants that locals have been using for centuries for the prevention and treatment of influenza can offer effective alternatives to combat this problem. In this context, 224 herbal taxa belonging to 45 families were identified among the selected 81 studies conducted in the seven regions of Turkey. However, only 35 (15.6%) of them were found to be subjected to worldwide in vitro and in vivo research conducted on anti-influenza activity. Quercetin and chlorogenic acid, the effectiveness of which has been proven many times in this context, have been recorded as the most common (7.1%) active ingredients among the other 56 active substances identified. AIM OF THE STUDY: This study has been carried out to reveal the inventory of plant species that have been used in flu treatment for centuries in Turkish folk medicine, which could be used in the treatment of flu or flu-like pandemics, such as COVID 19, that humanity has been suffering with, and also compare them with experimental studies in the literature. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The investigation was conducted in two stages on the subject above by using electronic databases, such as Web of Science, Scopus, ScienceDirect, ProQuest, Medline, Cochrane Library, EBSCO, HighWire Press, PubMed and Google Scholar. The results of both scans are presented in separate tables, together with their regional comparative analysis. RESULTS: Data obtained on taxa are presented in a table, including anti-influenza mechanism of actions and the active substances. Rosa canina (58.7%) and Mentha x piperita (22.2%) were identified as the most common plants used in Turkey. Also, Sambucus nigra (11.6%), Olea europaea (9.3%), Eucalyptus spp., Melissa officinalis, and Origanum vulgare (7.0%) emerged as the most investigated taxa. CONCLUSION: This is the first nationwide ethnomedical screening work conducted on flu treatment with plants in Turkey. Thirty-nine plants have been confirmed in the recent experimental anti-influenza research, which strongly shows that these plants are a rich pharmacological source. Also, with 189 (84.4%) taxa, detections that have not been investigated yet, they are an essential resource for both national and international pharmacological researchers in terms of new natural medicine searches. Considering that the production of antimalarial drugs and their successful use against COVID-19 has begun, this correlation was actually a positive and remarkable piece of data, since there are 15 plants, including Centaurea drabifolia subsp. Phlocosa (an endemic taxon), that were found to be used in the treatment of both flu and malaria.


id: cord-309052-3h0g7s9v
title: Psoralea corylifolia L: Ethnobotanical, biological, and chemical aspects: A review
author: Alam, Fiaz
date: 2017-12-15
txt: ./txt/cord-309052-3h0g7s9v.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-309052-3h0g7s9v.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.6006
doi: 10.1002/ptr.6006
summary:
  The Lymphangiogenesis inhibition (Jeong et al., 2013) Anti-Alzheimer (Chen et al., 2013) Carboxylesterase inhibitors 33 Isobavachin Flavonoid Seed/fruit Osteoblast (Li et al., 2014) 34 Isopsoralen Furanocoumarin Whole plant Antiprotozoal 35 Neobavaisoflavone Seeds Antibacterial (Khatune et al., 2004) 36 Psoralen Furanocoumarin Whole plant/root Leucoderma, psoriasis Anticancer (Hao et al., 2014) , antioxidant , anti-Alzheimer (Somani et al., 2015) , Collagengenesis 37 Psoralidin Coumarin Whole plant/seed Estrogen receptor modulator (Liu et al., 2014; Lim et al., 2011) Antioxidant (Wang, Yin, Zhang, Peng, & Kang, 2013b) , antibacterial (Khatune et al., 2004) Anti-diabetic (Behloul & Wu, 2013) , antiprotozoal Anticancer (Hao et al., 2014; Limper et al., 2013; Yang et al., 1996) , anti-depressent (Farahani et al., 2015) 38 Psoracorylifol D Flavonoid Seed Lymphangiogenesis inhibition (Jeong et al., 2013) Psoracoumestan Coumestans Seeds essential oil Anti-cancer (Limper et al., 2013) 39 Xanthoangelol Chalcone Seeds Anticancer (Limper et al., 2013) FIGURE 2 Structures of important compounds isolated from Psoralea corylifolia psoralester is a 10-membered lactone compound and the latter is an isomer of already known compound bayachromene (Tewari & Bhakuni, 2010) .

abstract:
  Psoralea corylifolia L. (Leguminosae) is a well‐known traditional medicinal plant used from ancient times for treatment of various ailments. It is widely distributed and an important part of therapeutics in Ayurveda and in Chinese medicines. The aim of this review is to present comprehensive and most up to date report on its ethnobotanical, ethnopharmacological, clinical, phytochemical, and side effects. Studies on the ethnobotanical, ethnopharmacological, clinical, phytochemical, and side effects of P. corylifolia were published until year 2017 and were searched using various scientific databases. The scientific literature searched revealed that these plant species has been extensively investigated in vivo and in vitro for various biological and phytochemical studies. It has cardiotonic, vasodilator, pigmentor, antitumor, antibacterial, cytotoxic, and anti‐helminthic properties and locally used for alopecia, inflammation, leukoderma, leprosy, psoriasis, and eczema. So far, about a hundred bioactive compounds have been isolated from seeds and fruits, and most important compounds identified belongs to coumarins, flavonoids, and meroterpenes groups. This review article summarized the most updated scientific literature on bioactive phytochemical and biological activities of P. corylifolia. This article will be a useful addition to providing information for future research, and more standard clinical trials are needed for the plant to be used as therapeutic agent.


id: cord-310439-z0bxsjug
title: Pathogen-Tested Planting Material
author: Martin, R. R.
date: 2014-12-31
txt: ./txt/cord-310439-z0bxsjug.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-310439-z0bxsjug.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/B978044452512300173X
doi: 10.1016/b978-0-444-52512-3.00173-x
summary:
  Buffer zone An area surrounding or adjacent to an area for production of plants in a certification scheme designed to minimize the probability of spread of the target pathogens, pollen, or seed into or out of the block, to meet phytosanitary or other control measures as defined in a certification standard. Many certification programs are based on a published standard that defines site selection and preparation, isolation distances from plants of the same species and other vegetation, number of inspections, record keeping on plant traceability so that tracebacks or traceforwards can be done if a problem should arise, a pest and disease management plan, records of all pest management activities, the conditions and protocols to be followed during plant or seed production, and types and amount of testing that needs to be done at each level in the propagation cycle.

abstract:
  Abstract Certification programs have been developed to provide plant material that meets a predetermined level of plant health. The primary objectives of these programs are to limit pathogen incidence in plant material in order to minimize losses by growers and prevent movement of harmful pests and pathogens that may harm the environment. For many fruit and nut crops, orchards are expected to remain productive for years or decades; thus, starting with plants of high health status is essential. The components of certification programs in terms of plant health will be outlined, along with the benefits of harmonizing these programs where possible to facilitate plant movement without increasing trade in plant pathogens.


id: cord-315918-12rbbe8c
title: Antiviral Evaluation of Herbal Drugs
author: Mukherjee, Pulok K.
date: 2019-06-21
txt: ./txt/cord-315918-12rbbe8c.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-315918-12rbbe8c.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/B9780128133743000168
doi: 10.1016/b978-0-12-813374-3.00016-8
summary:
  To test the inhibitory activity of a new antiviral agent, it is first necessary to select the host cell system(s) in which the virus replication can be measured. (d) Assay systems based on the measurement of specialized functions and viral products; a number of viruses do not produce plaques nor do they cause CPE readily, but they may be quantified by certain specialized functions based on their unique properties, for example, hemagglutination and hemadsorption tests used to study the antiviral activity against myxoviruses and ELISA, used to determine the extent of virus replication and, thus, obtain a measure of the inhibitory effect of various antiviral agents on virus replication, etc. On the other hand, the antiviral activity is determined by comparing the virus titers of infected cells, which have been cultured with a maintenance medium containing plant extracts or test substances and a maintenance medium without test material (Colegate and Molyneux, 1993) .

abstract:
  The viral infection and resistance to the existing antiviral drugs are alarming, which is a serious public health concern. Medicinal plants are valuable resources for treatment of viral infections and can be used for the management of infections like herpes simplex virus (HSV), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), influenza, etc. The antiviral screening of plant extracts should be highly selective, specific, and sensitive for bioactivity guided isolation of the active compounds from the plant extracts. The antiviral screening system should be validated for accuracy, reproducibility, simplicity, and cost effectiveness. This chapter highlights on various aspects for screening and evaluation of antiviral natural components including factors affecting antiviral in vivo studies, host cells, organisms, and culture media followed by different virus-specific assays for antiviral screening of natural products.


id: cord-322100-zkuj22oc
title: Plant-Derived Antigens as Mucosal Vaccines
author: Mason, H. S.
date: 2011-08-03
txt: ./txt/cord-322100-zkuj22oc.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-322100-zkuj22oc.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1007/82_2011_158
doi: 10.1007/82_2011_158
summary:
  The initial goal to immunize orally by ingestion of plant-derived antigens has proven difficult to attain, although many studies have demonstrated antibody production in both humans and animals, and in a few cases, protection against pathogen challenge. 2010 studies with mice, we have found that nasal co-delivery of t-rNV and a Toll-like receptor (TLR) agonist can produce robust systemic and mucosal antigen-specific antibody responses. Fig. 2 Induction of antigen-specific IgA at distal mucosal sites following intranasal, but not oral administration of tobacco-derived Norwalk virus-like particles (t-rNV). The first plant-derived vaccine immunogen to be tested in humans was the B subunit protein of the enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli heat-labile toxin (LT) expressed in transgenic potatoes Tacket et al. Induction of a protective antibody response to foot and mouth disease virus in mice following oral or parenteral immunization with alfalfa transgenic plants expressing the viral structural protein VP1

abstract:
  During the last two decades, researchers have developed robust systems for recombinant subunit vaccine production in plants. Stably and transiently transformed plants have particular advantages that enable immunization of humans and animals via mucosal delivery. The initial goal to immunize orally by ingestion of plant-derived antigens has proven difficult to attain, although many studies have demonstrated antibody production in both humans and animals, and in a few cases, protection against pathogen challenge. Substantial hurdles for this strategy are low-antigen content in crudely processed plant material and limited antigen stability in the gut. An alternative is intranasal delivery of purified plant-derived antigens expressed with robust viral vectors, especially virus-like particles. The use of pattern recognition receptor agonists as adjuvants for mucosal delivery of plant-derived antigens can substantially enhance serum and mucosal antibody responses. In this chapter, we briefly review the methods for recombinant protein expression in plants, and describe progress with human and animal vaccines that use mucosal delivery routes. We do not attempt to compile a comprehensive list, but focus on studies that progressed to clinical trials or those that showed strong indications of efficacy in animals. Finally, we discuss some regulatory concerns regarding plant-based vaccines.


id: cord-322926-xlwsj3v2
title: Plant Molecular Farming: A Viable Platform for Recombinant Biopharmaceutical Production
author: Shanmugaraj, Balamurugan
date: 2020-07-04
txt: ./txt/cord-322926-xlwsj3v2.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-322926-xlwsj3v2.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32635427/
doi: 10.3390/plants9070842
summary:
  Given the speed advantages, and proven viability of the plant production platform, the transient expression system in particular could be employed to produce recombinant proteins at high levels to meet the sudden demand for production of viral antigens or antiviral proteins that could be used as research reagents, emergency vaccines (SARS-CoV-2 subunit and virus-like particle vaccines), or other biopharmaceuticals to fight against COVID-19 [25, 124] . Given the speed advantages, and proven viability of the plant production platform, the transient expression system in particular could be employed to produce recombinant proteins at high levels to meet the sudden demand for production of viral antigens or antiviral proteins that could be used as research reagents, emergency vaccines (SARS-CoV-2 subunit and virus-like particle vaccines), or other biopharmaceuticals to fight against COVID-19 [25, 124] .

abstract:
  The demand for recombinant proteins in terms of quality, quantity, and diversity is increasing steadily, which is attracting global attention for the development of new recombinant protein production technologies and the engineering of conventional established expression systems based on bacteria or mammalian cell cultures. Since the advancements of plant genetic engineering in the 1980s, plants have been used for the production of economically valuable, biologically active non-native proteins or biopharmaceuticals, the concept termed as plant molecular farming (PMF). PMF is considered as a cost-effective technology that has grown and advanced tremendously over the past two decades. The development and improvement of the transient expression system has significantly reduced the protein production timeline and greatly improved the protein yield in plants. The major factors that drive the plant-based platform towards potential competitors for the conventional expression system are cost-effectiveness, scalability, flexibility, versatility, and robustness of the system. Many biopharmaceuticals including recombinant vaccine antigens, monoclonal antibodies, and other commercially viable proteins are produced in plants, some of which are in the pre-clinical and clinical pipeline. In this review, we consider the importance of a plant- based production system for recombinant protein production, and its potential to produce biopharmaceuticals is discussed.


id: cord-323768-r7jbm1et
title: Legume Lectins: Proteins with Diverse Applications
author: Lagarda-Diaz, Irlanda
date: 2017-06-12
txt: ./txt/cord-323768-r7jbm1et.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-323768-r7jbm1et.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28604616/
doi: 10.3390/ijms18061242
summary:
  Because lectins recognize and bind to specific glycoconjugates present on the surface of cells and intracellular structures; they can serve as potential target molecules for developing practical applications in the fields of food; agriculture; health and pharmaceutical research. This review presents the current knowledge of the main structural characteristics of legume lectins and the relationship of structure to the exhibited specificities; provides an overview of their particular antimicrobial; insecticidal and antitumor biological activities and describes possible applications based on the pattern of recognized glyco-targets. The isolation and purification of lectins from seeds of native plants such as Parkinsonia aculeata, Olneya tesota, Acacia constricta, Prosopis juliflora, Cercidium praecox, Caesalpinia caladenia and Phaseolus acutifolius has been described. Purification and characterization of complex carbohydrate specific isolectins from wild legume seeds: Acacia constricta is (vinorama) highly homologous to Phaseolus Vulgaris lectins

abstract:
  Lectins are a diverse class of proteins distributed extensively in nature. Among these proteins; legume lectins display a variety of interesting features including antimicrobial; insecticidal and antitumor activities. Because lectins recognize and bind to specific glycoconjugates present on the surface of cells and intracellular structures; they can serve as potential target molecules for developing practical applications in the fields of food; agriculture; health and pharmaceutical research. This review presents the current knowledge of the main structural characteristics of legume lectins and the relationship of structure to the exhibited specificities; provides an overview of their particular antimicrobial; insecticidal and antitumor biological activities and describes possible applications based on the pattern of recognized glyco-targets.


id: cord-324335-eoabmyg7
title: New solutions using natural products
author: Nicoletti, Marcello
date: 2020-08-21
txt: ./txt/cord-324335-eoabmyg7.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-324335-eoabmyg7.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128187067000073
doi: 10.1016/b978-0-12-818706-7.00007-3
summary:
  Considering the enormous quantity of results and scientific data concerning the validation of medicinal and biological properties, the international scientific community included neem on the list of the top 10 plants to investigate and use for the sustainable development of the planet and the health of mankind (Tewari, 1992; Foster and Moser, 2000) . The plant drug is usually utilized exsiccated, or as a derived product, like an extract, resin or oil, which can be obtained as such, or be enriched in one or more constituents, which are considered responsible for the activity. In particular, considering insect-borne diseases, in vivo activity of neem seed oil (NSO) against malaria Plasmodium has also been reported (Dahiya et al., 2016; Trapanelli et al., 2016) .

abstract:
  Most antibiotics are derived from natural products, like penicillin, as well as recent insecticides, like pyrethroids. Secondary metabolites are produced by plants as ecological chemical mediators, and can therefore possess intrinsic physiological properties against other organisms. These benefits are far from being fully explored. In particular, attention is here focused on the multipurpose neem tree (Azadirachta indica), reporting several experiments of applications in the field of seed oil and neem cake. The latter product seems to be promising because of the low cost, the possible production on a large scale, and the selection of effects in favor of beneficial organisms. Neem cake is able to act on different sites, as required by integrated pest management. Several utilizations of neem products are reported and their potentiality evidenced. Some considerations in this chapter may appear distant from the title of the book, but only by applying the general natural rules can the reason of the single phenomenon be understood. Other studies on resistance mechanisms of Plasmodium are enabling new possible methods of control always based on natural products activity.


id: cord-329881-9vnz5zzg
title: Pandemics and Traditional Plant-Based Remedies. A Historical-Botanical Review in the Era of COVID19
author: Garcia, Sònia
date: 2020-08-28
txt: ./txt/cord-329881-9vnz5zzg.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-329881-9vnz5zzg.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2020.571042
doi: 10.3389/fpls.2020.571042
summary:
  I will revisit the Middle Ages black death, in which a plant-based lotion (the four thieves vinegar) showed some effectiveness; the smallpox, a viral disease that lead to the discovery of vaccination but for which the native Americans had a plant ally, an interesting carnivorous plant species; tuberculosis and the use of garlic; the Spanish flu and the widespread recommendation of eating onions, among other plant-based treatments; and malaria, whose first effective treatment, quinine, came from the bark of a Peruvian tree, properties already known by the Quechua people. Here I present a non-systematic review with a historical-botanical perspective on some of the most important pandemics that humanity has faced, and in some cases is still facing, and how certain plants or plantbased remedies have been used, and may continue being used, to treat these diseases, possibly including COVID19.

abstract:
  Pandemics are as old as humanity and since ancient times we have turned to plants to find solutions to health-related problems. Traditional medicines based mostly on plants are still the only therapeutic possibility in many developing countries, but even in the richest ones, herbal formulation currently receives increased attention. Plants are natural laboratories whose complex secondary metabolism produces a wealth of chemical compounds, leading to drug discovery – 25% of widespread use drugs are indeed of plant origin. Their therapeutic potential is even bigger: although many plant-based compounds show inhibitory effects against a myriad of pathogens, few reach the stage of clinical trials. Their mechanism of action is often unknown, yet traditional plant-based remedies have the advantage of a long-term experience in their use, usually of hundreds to thousands of years, and thus a precious experience on their safety and effects. Here I am providing a non-systematic historical-botanical review of some of the most devastating pandemics that humanity has faced, with a focus on plant therapeutic uses. I will revisit the Middle Ages black death, in which a plant-based lotion (the four thieves vinegar) showed some effectiveness; the smallpox, a viral disease that lead to the discovery of vaccination but for which the native Americans had a plant ally, an interesting carnivorous plant species; tuberculosis and the use of garlic; the Spanish flu and the widespread recommendation of eating onions, among other plant-based treatments; and malaria, whose first effective treatment, quinine, came from the bark of a Peruvian tree, properties already known by the Quechua people. Synthetic analogues of quinine such as chloroquine or hydroxychloroquine are now being revisited for the treatment of COVID19 symptoms, as they are artemisinin and derivatives, other plant-based compounds effective against malaria. Finally, I will give some hints on another facet of plants to aid us in the prevention of infectious diseases: the production of biotechnological plant-based vaccines. Altogether, my aim is to stress the significant role of plants in global health (past, present and future) and the need of enhancing and protecting the botanical knowledge, from systematics to conservation, from ecology to ethnobotany.


id: cord-330827-gu2mt6zp
title: Emergence of Novel Coronavirus 2019-nCoV: Need for Rapid Vaccine and Biologics Development
author: Shanmugaraj, Balamurugan
date: 2020-02-22
txt: ./txt/cord-330827-gu2mt6zp.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-330827-gu2mt6zp.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens9020148
doi: 10.3390/pathogens9020148
summary:
  The emergence of the 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) has recently added to the list of problematic emerging pathogens in the 21st century, which was suspected to originate from the persons exposed to a seafood or wet market in Wuhan, Hubei Province, China, suggesting animal-to-human transmission [2, 3] . Several reports in the last two decades have enough evidence to prove that the plant produced biopharmaceuticals are as effective as the mammalian cell-based proteins and also elicit potent neutralizing antibodies, or shown therapeutic effects against the particular pathogen or infection [17] [18] [19] . Many reports reviewed the importance of plant expression system for the rapid production of candidate vaccines and therapeutic antibodies against infectious diseases [22] [23] [24] [25] [26] [27] . As plant-made biopharmaceuticals provide efficacious and cost-effective strategies to protect against emerging infectious diseases, plant expression systems can be employed for the development of vaccines against nCoV.

abstract:
  Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) is an emerging pathogen that was first identified in Wuhan, China in late December 2019. This virus is responsible for the ongoing outbreak that causes severe respiratory illness and pneumonia-like infection in humans. Due to the increasing number of cases in China and outside China, the WHO declared coronavirus as a global health emergency. Nearly 35,000 cases were reported and at least 24 other countries or territories have reported coronavirus cases as early on as February. Inter-human transmission was reported in a few countries, including the United States. Neither an effective anti-viral nor a vaccine is currently available to treat this infection. As the virus is a newly emerging pathogen, many questions remain unanswered regarding the virus’s reservoirs, pathogenesis, transmissibility, and much more is unknown. The collaborative efforts of researchers are needed to fill the knowledge gaps about this new virus, to develop the proper diagnostic tools, and effective treatment to combat this infection. Recent advancements in plant biotechnology proved that plants have the ability to produce vaccines or biopharmaceuticals rapidly in a short time. In this review, the outbreak of 2019-nCoV in China, the need for rapid vaccine development, and the potential of a plant system for biopharmaceutical development are discussed.


id: cord-333518-67md81fq
author: Sofo, Adriano
date: 2020-04-22
txt: ./txt/cord-333518-67md81fq.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-333518-67md81fq.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32322132/
doi: 10.1007/s10745-020-00150-8
summary:
  title: Converting Home Spaces Into Food Gardens At the Time of Covid-19 Quarantine: All the Benefits of Plants in This Difficult and Unprecedented Period Home vegetable gardens could provide a small-scale approach to the sustainable use of natural resources, leading towards self-sufficiency, self-regulation, sustainability, and environmental protection. The selection of plant species to cultivate in outside home spaces should be based primarily on their ability to cope with the harsh conditions of the urban environment, such as high wind and irradiance, lack of organic material and nutrients, and intermittent drought (Pavao-Zuckerman 2008). In Mediterranean climates, the hot late spring/summer days can raise soil temperature in the pots to even reach 40-50°C and air temperature 30-35°C , so it is advisable to use shade cloth or shading vegetation on the scaffolding to avoid burning roots and shoots of the plants so laboriously cultivated.

title:
  Converting Home Spaces Into Food Gardens At the Time of Covid-19 Quarantine: All the Benefits of Plants in This Difficult and Unprecedented Period

abstract:
  People are facing uncertain and difficult times in the face of the Covid-19 pandemic. The benefits of plants (psychological, health, economic, productive) in this period of forced isolation can be of key importance. If many of us have to self-isolate in urban or suburban environments, we need something to do to keep our bodies and minds active and fed. In such a challenging scenario, a vegetable garden in home spaces can bring recreational, health, economic and environmental benefits. Regardless of the Covid-19 pandemic, there is untapped potential for this kind of garden to impact environmental outcomes, public awareness, and market trends. Home vegetable gardens could provide a small-scale approach to the sustainable use of natural resources, leading towards self-sufficiency, self-regulation, sustainability, and environmental protection.


id: cord-340497-8l3gw6sk
author: Avgoustaki, Dafni Despoina
date: 2020-09-25
txt: ./txt/cord-340497-8l3gw6sk.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-340497-8l3gw6sk.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S2452263520300021
doi: 10.1016/bs.af2s.2020.08.002
summary:
  This way, inside the greenhouses, farmers can develop and maintain the desired microclimate and create a more predictable environment that enhances the final plant yield, achieving higher quality and reduced water consumption compared to open field crops. Greenhouses is a type of farming that can provide the option to connect with renewable energy resources in order to increase the sustainability of such systems and the energy efficiency of the various treatments that are necessary for mass food production (Manos and Xydis, 2019) . Indoor vertical farming is an innovative type of closed plant production system that provides the opportunity of a controlled-environment agriculture, which can be controlled according to the crop regardless of the weather conditions. In addition to the hydroponic systems that recirculate the nutrient solution and benefit greenhouse cultivations, vertical farms use systems that condense and collect the water that is transpired by plants at the cooling panel of the air conditioners and continuously recycle and reuse it for irrigation.

title:
  How energy innovation in indoor vertical farming can improve food security, sustainability, and food safety?

abstract:
  Food safety is an important scientific field, but at the same time a discussion topic of modern society that occupies more and more space of our every day time, dealing with the preparation of food, with its nutritious value, and various transportation and storage ways aiming at preventing food-related sickness. This work compares traditional farming with greenhouses and indoor vertical farming focusing on the challenges and the opportunities for each category. The scope of this work was to stress the role of indoor vertical farming towards this direction. Indoor vertical farms can produce high quality and virus-free products that can be locally distributed, inside the urban environment that such investments take place, saving annually millions of tons CO2 emissions. Beyond that, in this work it was pointed out how energy plays a role in food safety in such systems. It was stressed that indoor vertical farms can act as a demand response aggregator. In large scale units it could play a role to adjust their production according to different electricity prices offered in different time zones throughout the day. This way, the owners under a multi-value business model will create the opportunity to the vertical farm owners not only to improve their production but at the same time absorb inexpensive electricity offered, by creating an additional profit mechanism (multiple revenue streams) under such an approach by entering into contracts with companies in a utility electric region.


id: cord-346053-mk1mzc5z
author: Morris, Cindy E.
date: 2009-12-24
txt: ./txt/cord-346053-mk1mzc5z.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-346053-mk1mzc5z.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20041212/
doi: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1000693
abstract: nan
summary:
  We present numerous examples of virulence traits in plant pathogenic microorganisms that also have a function in their survival and growth in nonagricultural and nonplant habitats. Adaptation to biotic and abiotic stresses, within or outside of agricultural habitats, likely plays as important a role in the evolution of parasitic fitness of plant pathogens as it does for human pathogens. As illustrated above, traits that confer fitness in response to biotic and abiotic environmental stress can have dual-use as virulence factors in human pathogens. In plant pathogens, the transport systems for toxins and antimicrobials can have broad spectrum activity, leading to resistance to agricultural fungicides and also contributing to virulence [12] . The examples listed above that describe traits that play roles in both environmental fitness and virulence to plants provide a compelling incentive to expand our paradigms concerning the forces that drive evolution of plant pathogenicity.

title:
  Expanding the Paradigms of Plant Pathogen Life History and Evolution of Parasitic Fitness beyond Agricultural Boundaries


id: cord-348812-lufg9w7n
title: Selenium biofortification in the 21(st) century: status and challenges for healthy human nutrition
author: Schiavon, Michela
date: 2020-07-16
txt: ./txt/cord-348812-lufg9w7n.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-348812-lufg9w7n.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32836404/
doi: 10.1007/s11104-020-04635-9
summary:
  A recent field experiment managed in six different countries (China, India, Mexico, Pakistan, South Africa, and Turkey) varying in soil type and environmental conditions, proved that foliar fertilization of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) plants with a blend of Se, Fe, I, and Zn, was effective in enriching grains with all four elements (Zou et al. Effects of Se-biofortification on Se-S crosstalk and accumulation of S-metabolites One common observation from biofortification studies is that the content of inorganic or organic Se species tendentially builds up in crops fertilized with Se, while the amount of S-containing phytochemicals with functional roles in plant defense mechanisms and human health, such as glucosinolates (GLS), glutathione and S amino acids, might undergo variation depending on Se dose and species to be used, plant species and genotype, and mode of Se fertilization (foliar fertilization or soil amendment with Se) (Bachiega et al.

abstract:
  BACKGROUND: Selenium (Se) is an essential element for mammals and its deficiency in the diet is a global problem. Plants accumulate Se and thus represent a major source of Se to consumers. Agronomic biofortification intends to enrich crops with Se in order to secure its adequate supply by people. SCOPE: The goal of this review is to report the present knowledge of the distribution and processes of Se in soil and at the plant-soil interface, and of Se behaviour inside the plant in terms of biofortification. It aims to unravel the Se metabolic pathways that affect the nutritional value of edible plant products, various Se biofortification strategies in challenging environments, as well as the impact of Se-enriched food on human health. CONCLUSIONS: Agronomic biofortification and breeding are prevalent strategies for battling Se deficiency. Future research addresses nanosized Se biofortification, crop enrichment with multiple micronutrients, microbial-integrated agronomic biofortification, and optimization of Se biofortification in adverse conditions. Biofortified food of superior nutritional quality may be created, enriched with healthy Se-compounds, as well as several other valuable phytochemicals. Whether such a food source might be used as nutritional intervention for recently emerged coronavirus infections is a relevant question that deserves investigation.


id: cord-348992-8su58m68
title: Technoeconomic Modeling of Plant-Based Griffithsin Manufacturing
author: Alam, Aatif
date: 2018-07-24
txt: ./txt/cord-348992-8su58m68.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-348992-8su58m68.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30087892/
doi: 10.3389/fbioe.2018.00102
summary:
  With an assumed commercial launch volume of 20 kg Griffithsin/year for 6.7 million doses of Griffithsin microbicide at 3 mg/dose, a transient vector expression yield of 0.52 g Griffithsin/kg leaf biomass, recovery efficiency of 70%, and purity of >99%, we calculated a manufacturing cost for the drug substance of $0.32/dose and estimated a bulk product cost of $0.38/dose assuming a 20% net fee for a contract manufacturing organization (CMO). The main analysis in this study was conducted using data available from pilot-scale manufacturing of Griffithsin in Nicotiana benthamiana plants using tobacco mosaic virus (TMV)-induced transient gene expression, and assuming that manufacturing would take place in an existing and fully equipped state-of-the-art plant-based biomanufacturing facility. Nicotiana benthamiana host plants are generated from seed and propagated indoors under controlled environmental conditions until sufficient biomass is obtained for inoculation with the TMV vector carrying the Griffithsin gene.

abstract:
  Griffithsin is a marine algal lectin that exhibits broad-spectrum antiviral activity by binding oligomannose glycans on viral envelope glycoproteins, including those found in HIV-1, HSV-2, SARS, HCV and other enveloped viruses. An efficient, scalable and cost-effective manufacturing process for Griffithsin is essential for the adoption of this drug in human antiviral prophylaxis and therapy, particularly in cost-sensitive indications such as topical microbicides for HIV-1 prevention. The production of certain classes of recombinant biologics in plants can offer scalability, cost and environmental impact advantages over traditional biomanufacturing platforms. Previously, we showed the technical viability of producing recombinant Griffithsin in plants. In this study, we conducted a technoeconomic analysis (TEA) of plant-produced Griffithsin manufactured at commercial launch volumes for use in HIV microbicides. Data derived from multiple non-sequential manufacturing batches conducted at pilot scale and existing facility designs were used to build a technoeconomic model using SuperPro Designer(®) modeling software. With an assumed commercial launch volume of 20 kg Griffithsin/year for 6.7 million doses of Griffithsin microbicide at 3 mg/dose, a transient vector expression yield of 0.52 g Griffithsin/kg leaf biomass, recovery efficiency of 70%, and purity of >99%, we calculated a manufacturing cost for the drug substance of $0.32/dose and estimated a bulk product cost of $0.38/dose assuming a 20% net fee for a contract manufacturing organization (CMO). This is the first report modeling the manufacturing economics of Griffithsin. The process analyzed is readily scalable and subject to efficiency improvements and could provide the needed market volumes of the lectin within an acceptable range of costs, even for cost-constrained products such as microbicides. The manufacturing process was also assessed for environmental, health and safety impact and found to have a highly favorable environmental output index with negligible risks to health and safety. The results of this study help validate the plant-based manufacturing platform and should assist in selecting preferred indications for Griffithsin as a novel drug.


id: cord-350846-8gxkwi9n
title: Clinical Aromatherapy
author: Farrar, Ashley J.
date: 2020-09-28
txt: ./txt/cord-350846-8gxkwi9n.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-350846-8gxkwi9n.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0029646520300475
doi: 10.1016/j.cnur.2020.06.015
summary:
  Clinical aromatherapy is an alternative medicine therapy that can be beneficial in the inpatient or outpatient setting for symptom management for pain, nausea, general well-being, anxiety, depression, stress, and insomnia. Aromatherapy regulation of guidelines, plant sources for aromatic oils, and safe use of essential oils in symptom management in clinical aromatherapy is reviewed. Essential oils come from seeds, stems, leaves, needles, petals, flowers, rinds and fruits, woods and resins, roots and rhizomes, and grasses. Cher Kaufman, a certified aromatherapist, wrote a book with a series of chapters on plant sources for aromatic essential oils-seeds, petals and flowers, rinds and fruits, woods and resins, roots and rhizomes, and grass. Three common examples of essential oils that come from seeds from plants are Uses for this oil include an anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antifungal, antispasmodic, detoxifier, and digestive and for relieving gas.

abstract:
  Clinical aromatherapy is an alternative medicine therapy that can be beneficial in the inpatient or outpatient setting for symptom management for pain, nausea, general well-being, anxiety, depression, stress, and insomnia. It is beneficial for preoperative anxiety, oncology, palliative care, hospice, and end of life. Essential oils can be dangerous and toxic, with some being flammable, causing skin dermatitis, being phototoxic with risk of a chemical burn, or causing oral toxicity or death. The article investigates history, supporting theories, guidelines, plant sources, safety, pathophysiologic responses, and clinical nursing aromatherapy. Recommendations for developing a best practice clinical nursing aromatherapy program are provided.


id: cord-353454-zq51hpjs
title: Endophytes: A Treasure House of Bioactive Compounds of Medicinal Importance
author: Gouda, Sushanto
date: 2016-09-29
txt: ./txt/cord-353454-zq51hpjs.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-353454-zq51hpjs.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27746767/
doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.01538
summary:
  While plant sources are being extensively explored for the discovery of new chemical entities for various therapeutic purposes, endophytic microorganisms play an important role in this search for natural bioactive compounds, with potential use in the health sector and in drug discovery (Lam, 2007) . Bacterial endophytes are diverse in nature and are known to produce different bioactive metabolites that act as antimicrobial and anticancer compounds, for example, with 76% of them reported from the single genus, Streptomyces (Berdy, 2012) . Endophytes are reported to produce a number of bioactive metabolites in a single plant or microbe which served as an excellent source of drugs for treatment against various diseases and with potential applications in agriculture, medicine, food and cosmetics industries (Strobel and Daisy, 2003; Jalgaonwala et al., 2011; Godstime et al., 2014; Shukla et al., 2014) .

abstract:
  Endophytes are an endosymbiotic group of microorganisms that colonize in plants and microbes that can be readily isolated from any microbial or plant growth medium. They act as reservoirs of novel bioactive secondary metabolites, such as alkaloids, phenolic acids, quinones, steroids, saponins, tannins, and terpenoids that serve as a potential candidate for antimicrobial, anti-insect, anticancer and many more properties. While plant sources are being extensively explored for new chemical entities for therapeutic purposes, endophytic microbes also constitute an important source for drug discovery. This review aims to comprehend the contribution and uses of endophytes as an impending source of drugs against various forms of diseases and other possible medicinal use.


id: cord-354950-kmpbdvof
title: Antigen Production in Plant to Tackle Infectious Diseases Flare Up: The Case of SARS
author: Demurtas, Olivia C.
date: 2016-02-05
txt: ./txt/cord-354950-kmpbdvof.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-354950-kmpbdvof.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26904039/
doi: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00054
summary:
  Here we demonstrate the transient expression in Nicotiana benthamiana of two important antigenic determinants of the SARS-CoV, the nucleocapsid protein (N) and the membrane protein (M) using a virus-derived vector or agro-infiltration, respectively. Here we demonstrate the transient expression in Nicotiana benthamiana of two important antigenic determinants of the SARS-CoV, the nucleocapsid protein (N) and the membrane protein (M) using a virus-derived vector or agro-infiltration, respectively. In addition, the WHO guidelines for SARS diagnosis, developed during the outbreak in 2003, suggested the use of N-based ELISA for specific IgG detection as confirmatory test of SARS-CoV infection (World Health Organization [WHO] , 2003 SARS: Laboratory diagnostic tests) due to the ability of the host to mount an early antibody response against the N protein (Che et al., 2004) . As the plant-derived recombinant M protein, the M RLV was also specifically recognized by the mouse anti-M pAb ( Figure 6C ) that had previously validated by Immunofluorescence Antibody Assay (IFA) in SARS CoV infected Vero cells (Carattoli et al., 2005) .

abstract:
  Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is a dangerous infection with pandemic potential. It emerged in 2002 and its aetiological agent, the SARS Coronavirus (SARS-CoV), crossed the species barrier to infect humans, showing high morbidity and mortality rates. No vaccines are currently licensed for SARS-CoV and important efforts have been performed during the first outbreak to develop diagnostic tools. Here we demonstrate the transient expression in Nicotiana benthamiana of two important antigenic determinants of the SARS-CoV, the nucleocapsid protein (N) and the membrane protein (M) using a virus-derived vector or agro-infiltration, respectively. For the M protein, this is the first description of production in plants, while for plant-derived N protein we demonstrate that it is recognized by sera of patients from the SARS outbreak in Hong Kong in 2003. The availability of recombinant N and M proteins from plants opens the way to further evaluation of their potential utility for the development of diagnostic and protection/therapy tools to be quickly manufactured, at low cost and with minimal risk, to face potential new highly infectious SARS-CoV outbreaks.


id: cord-356019-k7gs1ohp
author: Makhzoum, Abdullah
date: 2013-08-20
txt: ./txt/cord-356019-k7gs1ohp.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-356019-k7gs1ohp.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40259-013-0062-1
doi: 10.1007/s40259-013-0062-1
summary:
  As molecular pharming platforms, plants are excellent biofactories for the production of drugs, antibodies, and vaccines in various host systems such as whole transgenic plants, cell suspension culture, hairy roots, and hydroponic culture [1] [2] [3] . Here, we review these aspects and report recent advances in the improvements of plant molecular pharming to increase protein yield and accumulation based on upstream and downstream processing studies and empirical essays. In addition to the importance of promoter architecture for gene expression in molecular pharming, other strategies based on using specific peptides at N-and C-termini have been employed to enhance the transcript level of recombinant proteins. For example, the production and accumulation of the recombinant human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor was significantly increased in transgenic rice suspension culture by an RNAi approach designed to suppress the cysteine proteinase gene expression or by the inhibition of proteinase [104, 105] .

title:
  Recent advances on host plants and expression cassettes'' structure and function in plant molecular pharming

abstract:
  Plant molecular pharming is a promising system to produce important recombinant proteins such as therapeutic antibodies, pharmaceuticals, enzymes, growth factors, and vaccines. The system provides an interesting alternative method to the direct extraction of proteins from inappropriate source material while offering the possibility to overcome problems related to product safety and source availability. Multiple factors including plant hosts, genes of interest, expression vector cassettes, and extraction and purification techniques play important roles in the plant molecular pharming. Plant species, as a biosynthesis platform, are a crucial factor in achieving high yields of recombinant protein in plant. The choice of recombinant gene and its expression strategy is also of great importance in ensuring a high amount of the recombinant proteins. Many studies have been conducted to improve expression, accumulation, and purification of the recombinant protein from molecular pharming systems. Re-engineered vectors and expression cassettes are also pivotal tools in enhancing gene expression at the transcription and translation level, and increasing protein accumulation, stability, retention and targeting of specific organelles. In this review, we report recent advances and strategies of plant molecular pharming while focusing on the choice of plant hosts and the role of some molecular pharming elements and approaches: promoters, codon optimization, signal sequences, and peptides used for upstream design, purification and downstream processing.


