# ent

id: cord-009820-fi54s0x7
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  ZUSAMMENFASSUNG Die Pathogenität von hämagglutinierendem Enzephalomyelitis Virus Kümmern und Erbrechen bei Shweinen


id: cord-009820-fi54s0x7
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  nicht erkrankten mit Ausnahme eines Ferkels bildeten jedoch Antikörper Der Ort der Virusvermehrung mit dem


id: cord-009820-fi54s0x7
type: CHEMICAL
entity:
  wurden übegr verschiedene Inokulationswege mit dem VW 572 Isolat des hämagglutinierendtn Enzephalomyelitis


id: cord-009820-fi54s0x7
type: CHEMICAL
entity:
  nicht erkrankten mit Ausnahme eines Ferkels bildeten jedoch Antikörper Der Ort der Virusvermehrung mit dem das


id: cord-013174-whg64w0w
type: DNA
entity:
  H3N2 human like swIAV 24 In addition to the subtypes mentioned above introductions of human seasonal IAV


id: cord-013174-whg64w0w
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  Pasteurella multocida Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae Haemophilus parasuis Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae porcine circovirus type 2


id: cord-260840-tudl9k1g
type: GGP
entity:
  PRRSV I 06 3 5 2 99 AE 1 26 C 4 5 4 82 AE 1 47 C 5 5 6 00 AE 0 92 B 5 5 6 25 AE 0 02 B B3 PRRSV I 92 4 5 4 52 AE 1 14 5 5 7 47 AE 0 12 5 5 7 43 AE 0 14 5 5 7 28 AE 0 09 B3 PRRSV I 06 4 4 3 84 AE 0 63 3 4 4 57 AE 1 53 4 4 6 12 AE 1 33 4 4 7 13 AE 0 44 Different superscripts A B C D


id: cord-288101-pij16jaa
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  cytoplasmic lipoprotein particles 2 3 triglyceride rich lipoprotein particles 1 9 serosa 2 8 platelet alpha particles 2 8


id: cord-288101-pij16jaa
type: GO
entity:
  endoplasmic reticulum 7 9 protein lipid complexes 2 3 cytoplasmic lipoprotein particles 2 3 triglyceride


id: cord-288101-pij16jaa
type: GGP
entity:
  lipoprotein particles 1 9 serosa 2 8 platelet alpha particles 2 8 endoplasmic reticulum inherent 1 9 extracellular matrix 4 2 chromatin 2 3 pigment granules 5 6 extracellular space 2 3 serosa integrity 2 3 neuronal processes 10 7 secretory granules 5 1 cytoplasmic vesicles 15 4 and cytoskeleton 13 3 Fig 2 Gene


id: cord-266199-smlq11y9
type: DISEASE
entity:
  influenza A virus in swine Assessing production parameters and economic impact of swine influenza PRRS


id: cord-283545-vu8lt3w6
type: CELL_LINE
entity:
  mouse and rat colonies PVM Reovirus Sendai virus LCMV and to identify infections that are zoonotic LCMV PIV 3 The viral taxonomy used follows the recommendations of the VIIIth International Committee


id: cord-325433-a2fynm75
type: GGP
entity:
  midazolam 0 2 0 5 mg kg and butorphanol 0 2 0 5 mg kg has been used with success The administration of premedications


id: cord-281309-c9y7m5do
type: CELL_TYPE
entity:
  lung tracheobronchial lymph node trachea thymus heart tonsil spleen iliac lymph node mesenteric lymph nodes ileum bone marrow kidneys liver inguinal lymph node cerebrum brainstem cerebellum and ventral midbrain


id: cord-285585-tigj7fhc
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  Guidelines for the Euthanasia of Animals edition AVMA Schaumburn IL Exposure of feral swine Sus scrofa


id: cord-285585-tigj7fhc
type: CHEMICAL
entity:
  pseudorabies virus n 65 porcine reproductive respiratory syndrome virus n 16 Brucella spp n 66 Leptospira spp n 52 swine influenza virus n 61


id: cord-003640-psnec2qp
type: ORG
entity:
  Healthy Development World Health Organization Report on Infectious Diseases Evidence of Airborne Transmission of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Virus Role


id: cord-003640-psnec2qp
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  Factors That Structure Microbial Communities A Fortran Computer Program for Permutational Multivariate Analysis


id: cord-332049-geh9aaf5
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  PRRS VR 2332 specific primers MLV F1 5 0 GCAGCTCCCATCTACAGCTGATT 3 0 and MLV R1 5 0 AGACAATGTGAGTCA AAACGGGAAAGAT 3 0


id: cord-332049-geh9aaf5
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae DAKO M hyo ELISA Oxoid APP Cypress Diagnostics swine influenza virus SIV IDEXX transmissible gastroenteritis virus TGEV SVANOVA


id: cord-302155-hksmt48i
type: DISEASE
entity:
  neurological signs trembles neuralgic twitches muscle fasciculation tetanic spasms incoordination rear leg weakness


# bib

id: cord-002272-c7f1l13s
author: Sauter, Kristin A.
date: 2016-07-21
txt: ./txt/cord-002272-c7f1l13s.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-002272-c7f1l13s.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5076001/
doi: 10.1152/ajpgi.00116.2016
summary:
  title: Macrophage colony-stimulating factor (CSF1) controls monocyte production and maturation and the steady-state size of the liver in pigs Combined with earlier data from the mouse, this study supports the existence of a CSF1-dependent feedback loop, linking macrophages of the liver with bone marrow and blood monocytes, to mediate homeostatic control of the size of the liver. The expected increase in half-life was confirmed, and CSF1-Fc administration to mice produced substantial increases in circulating monocyte and tissue macrophage numbers, at much lower doses than the native protein. Cluster 2 (Fig. 9B) , the set of genes reduced in the CSF1-Fc-treated pigs, most likely reflects the functional zonation of the liver between periportal and perivenous regions of liver lobules (8, 19, 48) and the selective proliferation of cells derived from portal progenitors that has been observed in regenerating liver (15, 34, 36) .

title:
  Macrophage colony-stimulating factor (CSF1) controls monocyte production and maturation and the steady-state size of the liver in pigs

abstract:
  Macrophage colony-stimulating factor (CSF1) is an essential growth and differentiation factor for cells of the macrophage lineage. To explore the role of CSF1 in steady-state control of monocyte production and differentiation and tissue repair, we previously developed a bioactive protein with a longer half-life in circulation by fusing pig CSF1 with the Fc region of pig IgG1a. CSF1-Fc administration to pigs expanded progenitor pools in the marrow and selectively increased monocyte numbers and their expression of the maturation marker CD163. There was a rapid increase in the size of the liver, and extensive proliferation of hepatocytes associated with increased macrophage infiltration. Despite the large influx of macrophages, there was no evidence of liver injury and no increase in circulating liver enzymes. Microarray expression profiling of livers identified increased expression of macrophage markers, i.e., cytokines such as TNF, IL1, and IL6 known to influence hepatocyte proliferation, alongside cell cycle genes. The analysis also revealed selective enrichment of genes associated with portal, as opposed to centrilobular regions, as seen in hepatic regeneration. Combined with earlier data from the mouse, this study supports the existence of a CSF1-dependent feedback loop, linking macrophages of the liver with bone marrow and blood monocytes, to mediate homeostatic control of the size of the liver. The results also provide evidence of safety and efficacy for possible clinical applications of CSF1-Fc.


id: cord-003447-kbpvt5on
title: Analysis of pig trading networks and practices in Uganda
author: Atherstone, C.
date: 2018-08-02
txt: ./txt/cord-003447-kbpvt5on.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-003447-kbpvt5on.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6347582/
doi: 10.1007/s11250-018-1668-6
summary:
  This study interviewed pig traders operating at Uganda''s only registered pork abattoir to describe their characteristics, business practices, biosecurity practices, and pig health management and reporting practices. Given pig traders'' important role in supplying pork for a rapidly expanding consumer base and linking farmers with consistent markets, a better understanding of their practices and motivations around purchasing, transportation, and pig health management is needed. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to (1) describe pig trader characteristics, trading practices, biosecurity practices, pig health management, and reporting practices and (2) map source locations of pigs purchased to supply pork through the major abattoir in Uganda. Furthermore, we observed trader brands on pigs at slaughter (e.g., number or letter carved on the animal at the time of purchase) and asked participants who had completed the interview if they could identify the trader who supplied the pig.

abstract:
  East Africa is undergoing rapid expansion of pig rearing, driven by increasing pork consumption. Introduction and expansion of pig production systems in this biodiverse landscape may create new risks, including zoonotic pathogen transmission. Historically, biosecurity measures have primarily been focused at farm level, ignoring the important function pig traders fulfill between farmers and consumers. This study interviewed pig traders operating at Uganda’s only registered pork abattoir to describe their characteristics, business practices, biosecurity practices, and pig health management and reporting practices. All the traders were male, and nearly all (90.5%) relied on pig trading as their primary source of income. Most of the pigs brought for processing at the slaughterhouse were purchased from smallholder farms (87.3%). In addition, there was a significant difference in the high price paid per kilogram at farm gate by region (P = 0.005). High prices paid at farm gate were associated with holiday periods (P < 0.001), harvest season (P < 0.001), and drought (P < 0.001). Traders preferred buying live pigs from male farmers (88.9%) because they were considered the final decision makers and owned the pigs being sold. All pig traders were aware of clinical signs indicating a pig was sick. This study has provided baseline information on pig trader practices in Uganda. Improvements in local pork slaughterhouses and markets will benefit not only pig traders in accessing consistent customers but also individual pig farmers by increasing their market access. Finally, given their role as a link between farmers and consumers, traders would benefit from targeted inclusion in disease control and prevention strategies. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL: The online version of this article (10.1007/s11250-018-1668-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.


id: cord-003640-psnec2qp
title: Bioaerosols Play a Major Role in the Nasopharyngeal Microbiota Content in Agricultural Environment
author: Mbareche, Hamza
date: 2019-04-16
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6518280/
doi: 10.3390/ijerph16081375
abstract:
  Background: Bioaerosols are a major concern for public health and sampling for exposure assessment purposes is challenging. The nasopharyngeal region could be a potent carrier of long-term bioaerosol exposure agents. This study aimed to evaluate the correlation between nasopharyngeal bacterial flora of swine workers and the swine barns bioaerosol biodiversity. Methods: Air samples from eight swine barns as well as nasopharyngeal swabs from pig workers (n = 25) and from a non-exposed control group (n = 29) were sequenced using 16S rRNA gene high-throughput sequencing. Wastewater treatment plants were used as the industrial, low-dust, non-agricultural environment control to validate the microbial link between the bioaerosol content (air) and the nasopharynxes of workers. Results: A multivariate analysis showed air samples and nasopharyngeal flora of pig workers cluster together, compared to the non-exposed control group. The significance was confirmed with the PERMANOVA statistical test (p-value of 0.0001). Unlike the farm environment, nasopharynx samples from wastewater workers did not cluster with air samples from wastewater treatment plants. The difference in the microbial community of nasopharynx of swine workers and a control group suggest that swine workers are carriers of germs found in bioaerosols. Conclusion: Nasopharynx sampling and microbiota could be used as a proxy of air sampling for exposure assessment studies or for the determination of exposure markers in highly contaminated agricultural environments.


id: cord-009820-fi54s0x7
author: Andries, K.
date: 2010-05-13
txt: ./txt/cord-009820-fi54s0x7.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-009820-fi54s0x7.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7165786/
doi: 10.1111/j.1439-0450.1978.tb00754.x
summary:
  SUMMARY: Forty‐eight pigs were inoculated by different routes with the VW 572 isolate of the hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis (vomiting and wasting disease) virus. The present studies were primarily designed to determine whether a virus isolate, obtained from pigs with the vomiting and wasting syndrome only, could produce clinical signs after inoculation by different routes. When sick, pigs were killed at time intervals varying from one to five days after the appearance of clinical signs and different tissues were collected for virus isolation. From the pigs killed at different time intervals after inoculation, the following tissues were collected for virus isolation : nasal mucosa, tonsils, lungs (apical and cardiac lobes), pyloric region of the stomach, pons and medulla combined, cerebrum, cerebellum and blood clot. Forty-eight pigs were inoculated by different routes with the VW 572 isolate of the hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis (vomiting and wasting disease) virus.

title:
  Pathogenicity of Hemagglutinating Encephalomyelitis (Vomiting and Wasting Disease) Virus of Pigs, using Different Routes of Inoculation

abstract:
  SUMMARY: Forty‐eight pigs were inoculated by different routes with the VW 572 isolate of the hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis (vomiting and wasting disease) virus. All piglets inoculated by the combined oral — nasal route (16) or into the infraorbital nerve (3) became sick after an incubation period of 5 days. Six of the 7 pigs inoculated into the stomach wall, 6 of the 8 pigs inoculated intramuscularly and 3 of the 5 pigs inoculated intracerebrally became ill after an incubation period of 3–3.5 days. None of the pigs inoculated either intravenously or into the abdominal cavity or into the stomach lumen became sick. All diseased pigs showed the vomiting and wasting syndrome. In oronasally inoculated pigs, killed during the early stages of disease, the virus was reisolated consistently from the tonsils and respiratory tract but irregularly from the pons + medulla and the stomach wall. Pigs inoculated by other routes were positive for virus when sick. All except one of the pigs which remained healthy had seroconverted. The site of virus replication which gives rise to the vomition could not be determined. It was concluded from the present studies that virus spread within the body occurs along nerve pathways. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG: Die Pathogenität von hämagglutinierendem Enzephalomyelitis‐Virus (Kümmern und Erbrechen) bei Shweinen nach Infektion über vershiedene Inokulationswege Achtundvierzig Schweine wurden übegr verschiedene Inokulationswege mit dem VW 572‐Isolat des hämagglutinierendtn Enzephalomyelitis‐Virus (Kümmern und Erbrechen) infiziert. Alle Schweine, die entweder kombiniert oro‐nasal (16) oder über den Infraorbitalnerv (3) infiziert wurden, erkrankten nach einer Inkubationszeit von 5 Tagen. Sechs der sieben über die Magenwand inokulierten, 6 oder 8 intramuskulär und 3 der 5 intrazerebral infizierten Tiere wurden nach einer Inkubationszeit von 3–3,5 Tagen krank. Bei den Schweinen, die intravenös oder in die Bauchhöhle bzw. direkt in den Magen inokuliert wurden, kamen Erkrankungsfälle nicht vor. Alle erkrankten Schweine zeigten das Syndrom des Kümmerns und Erbrechens. Von oro‐nasal infizierten Schweinen, die während des Frühstadiums der Erkrankung getötet wurden, konnte das Virus regelmäßig von den Tonsillen und dem Respirationstrakt und gelegentlich vom Gewebe des Pons‐Medulla‐Bereiches sowie aus der Magenwand reisoliert werden. Von Schweinen, die nach Infektion über andere Routen erkrankten, ließ sich immer Virus isolieren. Alle Tiere, die nicht erkrankten (mit Ausnahme eines Ferkels) bildeten jedoch Antikörper. Der Ort der Virusvermehrung, mit dem das Erbrechen zusammenhängt, ließ sich nicht ermitteln. Die Ergebnisse der vorgelegten Untersuchungen lassen den Schluß zu, daß die Virusausbreitung im Körper über die Nervenbahnen erfolgt. RÉSUMÉ: Pathogénicité du virus hémagglutinant de l'encéphalomyélite du porc (dépérissement et vomissement) après infection par différents modes d'inoculation 48 porcs ont été infectés selon différents procédés d'inoculation avec l'isolement VW 572 du virus hémagglutinant de l'encéphalomyélite (dépérissement et vomissement). Tous les porcs infectés soit par la voie combinée oronasale (16) soit par le nerf infraorbital (3) tombèrent malades après une incubation de 5 jours. 6 des 7 animaux infectés par la paroi stomacale, 6 des 8 par voie intramusculaire et 3 des 5 intracérébralement tombèrent malades après un temps d'incubation de 3–3,5 jours. Il n'y a pas eu de maladie chez les porcs inoculés par voie intraveineuse, dans l'abdomen ou directement dans l'estomac. Tous les porcs malades ont présenté le syndrome de dépérissement et de vomissement. Chez les animaux infectés par voie oro‐nasale et sacrifiés au début de la maladie, on a pu régulièrement réisoler le virus à partir des amygdales et de l'appareil respiratoire, parfois du tissu de la région «Pons‐Medulla» et de la paroi stomacale. Le virus a toujours été isolé chez les porcs tombés malades après un mode d'infection différent. Tous les animaux qui ne furent pas malades (à l'exception d'un porcelet) formèrent des anticorps. L'endroit de multiplication du virus lié au syndrome de vomissement n'a pas été déterminé. Les résultats de ces essais permettent de conclure que la propagation du virus dans le corps se fait par voie nerveuse. RESUMEN: La patogeneidad del virus hemoaglutinante de la encéfalomielitis (hipotrepsia y vómitos) en el cerdo tras infección a través de vías diversas de inoculación Se infectaron cuarenta y ocho cerdos a través de diferentes vías de inoculación con el aislamiento VW 572 del virus hemoaglutinante de la encéfalomielitis (hipotrepsia y vómitos). Todos los cerdos infectados bien con arreglo al procedimiento combinado buco‐nasal (16) o bien a través del nervio infraorbitario (3) enfermaron tras un tiempo de incubación de 5 días. Seis de siete animales inoculados a través de la pared gástrica, 6 de 8 por vía intramuscular y 3 de 5 por vía intracerebral enfermaron tras un tiempo de incubación de 3–3,5 días. No se registraron casos de enfermedad en los cerdos inoculados por vía intravenosa o en la cavidad abdominal resp. directamente en el estómago. Todos los cerdos que enfermaron presentaban el síndrome de hipotrepsia y vómitos. De los cerdos infectados por vía buco‐nasal, que se sacrificaron durante el estadio precoz de la enfermedad, se pudo reaislar el virus con regularidad de las tonsilas y del tracto respiratorio y, en ocasiones, del tejido correspondiente al ámbito puente de Varolio‐medula, así como de la pared gástrica. Se logró siempre aislar virus de cerdos que enfermaron tras infección por otras vías. Sin embargo, todos los animales que no enfermaron (excepción hecha por un lechón) produjeron anticuerpos. No se logró descubrir el lugar en donde se multiplicaba el virus, hecho relacionado con los vómitos. Los resultados de los estudios presentados permiten llegar a la conclusión de que la propagación del virus en el organismo acontece a través de las vías nerviosas.


id: cord-013174-whg64w0w
author: Bhatta, Tarka Raj
date: 2020-09-10
txt: ./txt/cord-013174-whg64w0w.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-013174-whg64w0w.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7551734/
doi: 10.3390/v12091013
summary:
  In addition, next generation sequencing (NGS) was used to identify and characterize the complete genome of swIAV circulating in the herd, and to examine the antigenic variability in the antigenic sites of the virus hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) proteins. In pigs, circulation of IAV, so-called swine influenza A virus (swIAV), is currently mainly limited to three different subtypes including H1N1, H1N2 and H3N2 [5] [6] [7] . In the phylogenetic analysis, the HA sequences of pig ID 250, obtained at weeks 4 and 8 were located in the same cluster and were~0.5% (9/1701) divergent at the nucleotide level and < 1% (5/566) divergent at the amino acid level. Comparison of amino acid sequences of neuraminidase (NA) antigenic sites of pig ID 380 sampled at week 5 and week 22 from the pig herd.

title:
  Infection Dynamics of Swine Influenza Virus in a Danish Pig Herd Reveals Recurrent Infections with Different Variants of the H1N2 Swine Influenza A Virus Subtype

abstract:
  Influenza A virus (IAV) in swine, so-called swine influenza A virus (swIAV), causes respiratory illness in pigs around the globe. In Danish pig herds, a H1N2 subtype named H1N2dk is one of the main circulating swIAV. In this cohort study, the infection dynamic of swIAV was evaluated in a Danish pig herd by sampling and PCR testing of pigs from two weeks of age until slaughter at 22 weeks of age. In addition, next generation sequencing (NGS) was used to identify and characterize the complete genome of swIAV circulating in the herd, and to examine the antigenic variability in the antigenic sites of the virus hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) proteins. Overall, 76.6% of the pigs became PCR positive for swIAV during the study, with the highest prevalence at four weeks of age. Detailed analysis of the virus sequences obtained showed that the majority of mutations occurred at antigenic sites in the HA and NA proteins of the virus. At least two different H1N2 variants were found to be circulating in the herd; one H1N2 variant was circulating at the sow and nursery sites, while another H1N2 variant was circulating at the finisher site. Furthermore, it was demonstrated that individual pigs had recurrent swIAV infections with the two different H1N2 variants, but re-infection with the same H1N2 variant was also observed. Better understandings of the epidemiology, genetic and antigenic diversity of swIAV may help to design better health interventions for the prevention and control of swIAV infections in the herds.


id: cord-257922-tbkitz7m
author: Sookhoo, Jamie R. V.
date: 2017-05-18
txt: ./txt/cord-257922-tbkitz7m.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-257922-tbkitz7m.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28523387/
doi: 10.1007/s11250-017-1299-3
summary:
  The objective of this study was to evaluate the seroprevalence and identify the strains of swine influenza virus (SwIV), as well as the seroprevalence of porcine parvovirus (PPV), transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV), porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), porcine respiratory coronavirus (PRCV), porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV-2), and classical swine fever virus (CSFV) in pigs in Trinidad and Tobago (T&T). The objectives of this study were to assess the prevalence of selected viruses, namely porcine parvovirus (PPV), transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV), porcine respiratory coronavirus (PRCV), CSFV, PCV-2, PRRSV, and SwIV in the pig populations of T&T and to identify the strains of SwIV that are circulating in T&T pigs. It is, however, very important to note that some pig farms in Trinidad, and all the pigs sampled on Tobago, tested negative for PPV antibodies.

title:
  Seroprevalence of economically important viral pathogens in swine populations of Trinidad and Tobago, West Indies

abstract:
  The objective of this study was to evaluate the seroprevalence and identify the strains of swine influenza virus (SwIV), as well as the seroprevalence of porcine parvovirus (PPV), transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV), porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), porcine respiratory coronavirus (PRCV), porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV-2), and classical swine fever virus (CSFV) in pigs in Trinidad and Tobago (T&T). Blood samples (309) were randomly collected from pigs at farms throughout T&T. Serum samples were tested for the presence of antibodies to the aforementioned viruses using commercial ELISA kits, and the circulating strains of SwIV were identified by the hemagglutination inhibition test (HIT). Antibodies against SwIV were detected in 114 out of the 309 samples (37%). Out of a total of 26 farms, 14 tested positive for SwIV antibodies. HI testing revealed high titers against the A/sw/Minnesota/593/99 H3N2 strain and the pH1N1 2009 pandemic strain. Antibodies against PPV were detected in 87 out of the 309 samples (28%), with 11 out of 26 farms testing positive for PPV antibodies. Antibodies against PCV-2 were detected in 205 out of the 309 samples tested (66%), with 25 out of the 26 farms testing positive for PCV-2 antibodies. No antibodies were detected in any of the tested pigs to PRRSV, TGEV, PRCV, or CSFV.


id: cord-260840-tudl9k1g
author: Opriessnig, Tanja
date: 2012-07-06
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22406346/
doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2012.02.010
title:
  Effect of porcine circovirus type 2a or 2b on infection kinetics and pathogenicity of two genetically divergent strains of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus in the conventional pig model

abstract:
  To determine differences in infection kinetics of two temporally and genetically different type 2 porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) isolates in vivo with and without concurrent porcine circovirus (PCV) type 2a or 2b infection, 62 pigs were randomly assigned to one of seven groups: negative controls (n = 8); pigs coinfected with a 1992 PRRSV strain (VR-2385) and PCV2a (CoI-92-2a; n = 9), pigs coinfected with VR-2385 and PCV2b (CoI-92-2b; n = 9), pigs coinfected with a 2006 PRRSV strain (NC16845b) and PCV2a (CoI-06-2a; n = 9), pigs coinfected with NC16845b and PCV2b (CoI-06-2b; n = 9), pigs infected with VR-2385 (n = 9), and pigs infected with NC16845b (n = 9). Blood samples were collected before inoculation and at day post-inoculation (dpi) 3, 6, 9 and 12 and tested for the presence of PRRSV antibody and RNA, PCV2 antibody and DNA, complete blood counts, and interferon gamma (IFN-γ) levels. Regardless of concurrent PCV2 infection, VR-2385 initially replicated at higher levels and reached peak replication levels at dpi 6. Pigs infected with VR-2385 had significantly higher amounts of viral RNA in serum on both dpi 3 and dpi 6, compared to pigs infected with NC16845b. The peak of NC16845b virus replication occurred between dpi 9 and dpi 12 and was associated with a delayed anti-PRRSV antibody response in these pigs. PCV2 coinfection resulted in significantly more severe macroscopic and microscopic lung lesions and a stronger anti-PRRSV IgG response compared to pigs infected with PRRSV alone. This work further emphasizes in vivo replication differences among PRRSV strains and the importance of coinfecting pathogens.


id: cord-261925-nsq837z1
title: Preventing transfer of infectious agents
author: Denner, Joachim
date: 2015-08-24
txt: ./txt/cord-261925-nsq837z1.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-261925-nsq837z1.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsu.2015.08.032
doi: 10.1016/j.ijsu.2015.08.032
summary:
  Xenotransplantation using pig cells, tissues and organs may be associated with the transfer of porcine infectious agents, which may infect the human recipient and in the worst case induce a disease (zoonosis). To prevent this, a broad screening program of the donor animals for putative zoonotic microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses, fungi and others, using sensitive and specific detection methods has to be performed. In the case of porcine endogenous retroviruses (PERVs) which are integrated in the genome of all pigs and which cannot be eliminated this way, selection of animals with low virus expression and generation of genetically modified pigs suppressing PERV expressions may be performed. At the moment hepatitis E virus (HEV), porcine cytomegalovirus (PCMV), porcine circoviruses (PCV), porcine lymphotropic herpes viruses (PLHV), and porcine endogenous retroviruses (PERVs) are thought to pose the main risk for reasons to be discussed below and therefore these microorganisms will be analysed in the next chapters in more details.

abstract:
  Xenotransplantation using pig cells, tissues and organs may be associated with the transfer of porcine infectious agents, which may infect the human recipient and in the worst case induce a disease (zoonosis). To prevent this, a broad screening program of the donor animals for putative zoonotic microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses, fungi and others, using sensitive and specific detection methods has to be performed. As long as it is still unknown, which microorganism represents a real risk for the recipient, experience from allotransplantation should be brought in. Due to the fact that pigs can be screened long before the date of transplantation, xenotransplantation will become eventually safer compared with allotransplantation. Screening and selection of animals free of potential zoonotic microorganisms, Caesarean section, vaccination and/or treatment with chemotherapeutics are the strategies of choice to obtain donor animals not transmitting microorganisms. In the case of porcine endogenous retroviruses (PERVs) which are integrated in the genome of all pigs and which cannot be eliminated this way, selection of animals with low virus expression and generation of genetically modified pigs suppressing PERV expressions may be performed.


id: cord-266199-smlq11y9
title: Nanoparticle-based vaccine development and evaluation against viral infections in pigs
author: Dhakal, Santosh
date: 2019-11-06
txt: ./txt/cord-266199-smlq11y9.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-266199-smlq11y9.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31694705/
doi: 10.1186/s13567-019-0712-5
summary:
  The economic burden caused by virus infections such as Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus, Swine influenza virus, Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus, Porcine Circovirus 2, Foot and Mouth Disease Virus and many others are associated with severe morbidity, mortality, loss of production, trade restrictions and investments in control and prevention practices. Likewise, DCs targeted chitosan NPs loading plasmid DNA encoding nucleocapsid protein of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (SARS-CoV) induced better nucleocapsid protein-specific mucosal IgA antibody response compared to soluble unentrapped antigens after nasal immunization in mice [57] . In this review, only studies conducted in pigs related to the development and evaluation of NPs-based vaccine candidates by using virus-like particles (VLPs), biodegradable polymers, polysaccharides and liposomes against porcine viral infections are included (Table 3) . Chitosan-based NPs are used in pigs to deliver adjuvants such as bee venom and plasmid encoding porcine IL-2 and IL-4/IL-6 genes, which improved induction of better virus-specific immune responses of respective vaccines against PRRSV and PCV2 [103, 104] .

abstract:
  Virus infections possess persistent health challenges in swine industry leading to severe economic losses worldwide. The economic burden caused by virus infections such as Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus, Swine influenza virus, Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus, Porcine Circovirus 2, Foot and Mouth Disease Virus and many others are associated with severe morbidity, mortality, loss of production, trade restrictions and investments in control and prevention practices. Pigs can also have a role in zoonotic transmission of some viral infections to humans. Inactivated and modified-live virus vaccines are available against porcine viral infections with variable efficacy under field conditions. Thus, improvements over existing vaccines are necessary to: (1) Increase the breadth of protection against evolving viral strains and subtypes; (2) Control of emerging and re-emerging viruses; (3) Eradicate viruses localized in different geographic areas; and (4) Differentiate infected from vaccinated animals to improve disease control programs. Nanoparticles (NPs) generated from virus-like particles, biodegradable and biocompatible polymers and liposomes offer many advantages as vaccine delivery platform due to their unique physicochemical properties. NPs help in efficient antigen internalization and processing by antigen presenting cells and activate them to elicit innate and adaptive immunity. Some of the NPs-based vaccines could be delivered through both parenteral and mucosal routes to trigger efficient mucosal and systemic immune responses and could be used to target specific immune cells such as mucosal microfold (M) cells and dendritic cells (DCs). In conclusion, NPs-based vaccines can serve as novel candidate vaccines against several porcine viral infections with the potential to enhance the broader protective efficacy under field conditions. This review highlights the recent developments in NPs-based vaccines against porcine viral pathogens and how the NPs-based vaccine delivery system induces innate and adaptive immune responses resulting in varied level of protective efficacy.


id: cord-273705-0oyzg5tq
author: Duffy, Mark A
date: 2018-08-29
txt: ./txt/cord-273705-0oyzg5tq.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-273705-0oyzg5tq.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32289108/
doi: 10.1093/tas/txy088
summary:
  title: Impact of dietary spray-dried bovine plasma addition on pigs infected with porcine epidemic diarrhea virus Experimental data suggest that the addition of spray-dried plasma (SDP) to pig feed may enhance antibody responses against certain pathogens and negatively impact virus survival. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of bovine SDP (BovSDP) in the pig diet on acute porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) infection. The results indicate that addition of BovSDP induced an earlier anti-PEDV antibody response in pigs experimentally infected with PEDV thereby reducing clinical disease and the amount and duration of viral shedding during acute PEDV infection. Starting with arrival in the research facility and for the duration of the study, all pigs were fed the same standard commercial corn-soybean meal-dried whey-based diet ( Table 2 ) except for the diet of the PEDV-BovSDP group, which was supplemented with 5% spray-dried commercial bovine plasma replacing soy protein concentrate on an equal total lysine basis ( Figure 1 ).

title:
  Impact of dietary spray-dried bovine plasma addition on pigs infected with porcine epidemic diarrhea virus

abstract:
  Experimental data suggest that the addition of spray-dried plasma (SDP) to pig feed may enhance antibody responses against certain pathogens and negatively impact virus survival. The benefit of SDP on Escherichia coli infection is well documented. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of bovine SDP (BovSDP) in the pig diet on acute porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) infection. A total of 16 3-wk-old conventional crossbred pigs were used and divided into three groups. Treatments included 1) a negative control group fed a commercial diet and sham inoculated with commercial liquid porcine plasma (n = 3), 2) a positive control group fed a commercial diet and inoculated with PEDV-spiked porcine plasma (PEDV; n = 8), and 3) a third group of pigs fed the commercial diet with inclusion of 5% spray-dried bovine plasma and inoculated with PEDV-spiked porcine plasma (BovSDP; n = 5). Although clinical signs associated with PEDV infection were mild in the BovSDP group, two of eight pigs in the PEDV group developed moderate clinical disease and had to be euthanized. The PEDV IgG and IgA antibody levels and prevalence rates were significantly (P < 0.05) higher in the PEDV–BovSDP group compared with the PEDV group at 7 d postinoculation. The average fecal PEDV RNA shedding time was 7.2 ± 1.0 d for the PEDV–BovSDP group and 9.3 ± 1.1 d for the PEDV group with an overall time to clearance of PEDV shedding of 11 d for PEDV–BovSDP pigs and at least 14 d for PEDV pigs, which was not different (P = 0.215). The results indicate that addition of BovSDP induced an earlier anti-PEDV antibody response in pigs experimentally infected with PEDV thereby reducing clinical disease and the amount and duration of viral shedding during acute PEDV infection.


id: cord-277487-jgbjxgh1
author: Graham, Simon P.
date: 2020-06-20
txt: ./txt/cord-277487-jgbjxgh1.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-277487-jgbjxgh1.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.06.20.159715
doi: 10.1101/2020.06.20.159715
summary:
  Clinical development of the COVID-19 vaccine candidate ChAdOx1 nCoV-19, a replication-deficient simian adenoviral vector expressing the full-length SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) protein was initiated in April 2020 following non-human primate studies using a single immunisation. Whilst a single dose induced antigen-specific antibody and T cells responses, a booster immunisation enhanced antibody responses, particularly in pigs, with a significant increase in SARS-CoV-2 neutralising titres. Analysis of SARS-CoV-2 S protein-specific murine splenocyte responses by IFNγ ELISpot assay showed no statistically significant difference between the prime-only and primeboost vaccination regimens, in either strain of mouse ( Figure 1A ). IFN-γ ELISpot analysis of porcine peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) showed responses on 42 dpv (2 weeks after boost) that were significantly greater in the prime-boost pigs compared to prime-only animals (p < 0.05; Figure 1C ). : SARS-CoV-2 S protein-specific antibody responses following ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 primeonly and prime-boost vaccination regimens in mice and pigs.

title:
  Evaluation of the immunogenicity of prime-boost vaccination with the replication-deficient viral vectored COVID-19 vaccine candidate ChAdOx1 nCoV-19

abstract:
  Clinical development of the COVID-19 vaccine candidate ChAdOx1 nCoV-19, a replication-deficient simian adenoviral vector expressing the full-length SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) protein was initiated in April 2020 following non-human primate studies using a single immunisation. Here, we compared the immunogenicity of one or two doses of ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 in both mice and pigs. Whilst a single dose induced antigen-specific antibody and T cells responses, a booster immunisation enhanced antibody responses, particularly in pigs, with a significant increase in SARS-CoV-2 neutralising titres.


id: cord-279863-5kxgu4t9
title: Phylogenetic analysis of bovine astrovirus in Korean cattle
author: Oem, Jae-Ku
date: 2013-11-23
txt: ./txt/cord-279863-5kxgu4t9.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-279863-5kxgu4t9.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11262-013-1013-0
doi: 10.1007/s11262-013-1013-0
summary:
  Eleven BAstVs, four porcine astroviruses, and two deer astroviruses (DAstVs; CcAstV-1 and -2) belonged to group 1; group 2 contained two BAstVs (BAstK08–51 and BAstK10–96) with another two in group 3 (BAstK08–2 and BAstK08–53); and group 4 comprised the BAstV-NeuroS1 strain derived from a cattle brain tissue sample and an ovine astrovirus. Recently, the complete genome of a novel BAstV associated with neurological disease in cattle was sequenced, i.e., BoAstV-NeuroS1, which was phylogenetically related to an ovine astrovirus (OAstV). In the present study, nine Korean BAstVs were associated with clinical diarrhea in cattle where calves aged \1 month accounted for 77.8 % of cases (Table 1) . Recently, the BoAstV-NeuroS1 strain was detected in the brain tissues of cattle and the analysis of its genetic diversity showed that it was most closely related to the OAstV prototype, which was identified in 1977 [3] , whereas it was phylogenetically distant from a recently reported OAstV [33] and the Hong Kong BAstVs [20] .

abstract:
  Bovine astrovirus (BAstV) belongs to a genetically divergent lineage within the genus Mamastrovirus. The present study showed that BAstV was associated with the gastroenteric tracts of cattle in nine positive fecal samples from 115 cattle, whereas no positive samples were found in the brain tissues of 14 downer cattle. Interestingly, the positive diarrheal samples were obtained mainly from calves aged 14 days–3 months. Bayesian inference tree analysis of the partial ORF1ab and capsid (ORF2) gene sequences of BAstVs identified four divergent groups. Eleven BAstVs, four porcine astroviruses, and two deer astroviruses (DAstVs; CcAstV-1 and -2) belonged to group 1; group 2 contained two BAstVs (BAstK08–51 and BAstK10–96) with another two in group 3 (BAstK08–2 and BAstK08–53); and group 4 comprised the BAstV-NeuroS1 strain derived from a cattle brain tissue sample and an ovine astrovirus. The same divergent groups were obtained when the pairwise alignments were produced using both amino acid and nucleotide sequences. The Korean BAstVs isolated from infected cattle had a nationwide distribution and they belonged to groups 1, 2, and 3. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL: The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s11262-013-1013-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.


id: cord-281309-c9y7m5do
author: Guo, Baoqing
date: 2013-01-20
txt: ./txt/cord-281309-c9y7m5do.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-281309-c9y7m5do.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0042682212004540
doi: 10.1016/j.virol.2012.09.013
summary:
  We found that this HP-PRRSV strain caused extreme morbidity, as was seen in Asia, but novel to this study, resulted in up to 100x higher abundance of circulating virus when compared to VR-2332, caused extremely exacerbated thymic atrophy such that the thymus was often difficult to discern, and the host response was assessed in comparison to animals infected with strain VR-2332 for the first time by a swine protein array including 5 innate and 5 adaptive cytokines in serum, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and lymph nodes. It was demonstrated that infection with a highly pathogenic strain of PRRSV elicited a significant elevation of all adaptive immunity cytokines measured in BALF, as well as a majority of these cytokines in serum and TBLN homogenates of the same groups of pigs.

title:
  Experimental infection of United States swine with a Chinese highly pathogenic strain of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus

abstract:
  The pathogenesis of Type 2 highly pathogenic porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (HP-PRRSV) in 10-week old swine in the United States was investigated. rJXwn06, rescued from an infectious clone of Chinese HP-PRRSV, replicated in swine with at least 100-fold increased kinetics over U.S. strain VR-2332. rJXwn06 caused significant weight loss, exacerbated disease due to bacterial sepsis and more severe histopathological lung lesions in pigs exposed to HP-PRRSV than to those infected with VR-2332. Novel findings include identification of bacterial species present, the degree of thymic atrophy seen, and the inclusion of contact animals that highlighted the ability of HP-PRRSV to rapidly transmit between animals. Furthermore, comprehensive detailed cytokine analysis of serum, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, and tracheobronchial lymph node tissue homogenate revealed a striking elevation in levels of cytokines associated with both innate and adaptive immunity in HP-PRRSV infected swine, and showed that contact swine differed in the degree of cytokine response.


id: cord-281679-xmbnpawj
title: Susceptibility of swine cells and domestic pigs to SARS-CoV-2
author: Meekins, David A.
date: 2020-08-16
url: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.08.15.252395
doi: 10.1101/2020.08.15.252395
abstract:
  The emergence of SARS-CoV-2 has resulted in an ongoing global pandemic with significant morbidity, mortality, and economic consequences. The susceptibility of different animal species to SARS-CoV-2 is of concern due to the potential for interspecies transmission, and the requirement for pre-clinical animal models to develop effective countermeasures. In the current study, we determined the ability of SARS-CoV-2 to (i) replicate in porcine cell lines, (ii) establish infection in domestic pigs via experimental oral/intranasal/intratracheal inoculation, and (iii) transmit to co-housed naive sentinel pigs. SARS-CoV-2 was able to replicate in two different porcine cell lines with cytopathic effects. Interestingly, none of the SARS-CoV-2-inoculated pigs showed evidence of clinical signs, viral replication or SARS-CoV-2-specific antibody responses. Moreover, none of the sentinel pigs displayed markers of SARS-CoV-2 infection. These data indicate that although different porcine cell lines are permissive to SARS-CoV-2, five-week old pigs are not susceptible to infection via oral/intranasal/intratracheal challenge. Pigs are therefore unlikely to be significant carriers of SARS-CoV-2 and are not a suitable pre-clinical animal model to study SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis or efficacy of respective vaccines or therapeutics.


id: cord-282849-ve8krq78
author: Stebler, Rosa
date: 2019-09-20
txt: ./txt/cord-282849-ve8krq78.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-282849-ve8krq78.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2019.00318
doi: 10.3389/fvets.2019.00318
summary:
  We converted sales data to the number of potential treatments of calves and pigs in Switzerland for the years 2011 to 2015 using animal course doses (ACD). We converted sales data to the number of potential treatments of calves and pigs in Switzerland for the years 2011 to 2015 using animal course doses (ACD). We then defined ACD for each product containing antimicrobials authorized in Switzerland for use in either pigs or calves and combined this information with national antibiotic sales data to extrapolate the number of potentially treated animals during the years 2011 to 2015. Using the number of animals in different production stages presents some challenges, the most prominent one for pigs being the lack Number of ACDs = total quantity of active ingredient sold in one year (mg) daily dose mg kg × duration of tratment days × weight at treatment (kg)

title:
  Extrapolating Antibiotic Sales to Number of Treated Animals: Treatments in Pigs and Calves in Switzerland, 2011–2015

abstract:
  To evaluate the contribution of antimicrobial use in human and veterinary medicine to the emergence and spread of resistant bacteria, the use of these substances has to be accurately monitored in each setting. Currently, various initiatives collect sales data of veterinary antimicrobials, thereby providing an overview of quantities on the market. However, sales data collected at the level of wholesalers or marketing authorization holders are of limited use to associate with the prevalence of bacterial resistances at species level. We converted sales data to the number of potential treatments of calves and pigs in Switzerland for the years 2011 to 2015 using animal course doses (ACD). For each authorized product, the number of potential therapies was derived from the sales at wholesaler's level and the ACD in mg per kg. For products registered for use in multiple species, a percentage of the sales was attributed to each authorized species according to their biomass distribution. We estimated a total of 5,914,349 therapies for pigs and 1,407,450 for calves in 2015. Using the number of slaughtered animals for that year as denominator, we calculated a treatment intensity of 2.15 therapies per pig and 5.96 per calf. Between 2011 and 2015, sales of veterinary antimicrobials decreased by 30%. The calculated number of potential therapies decreased by 30% for pigs and 15% for calves. An analysis of treatment intensity at antimicrobial class level showed a decrease of 64% for colistin used in pigs, and of 7% for macrolides used in both pigs and calves. Whereas the use of 3rd and 4th generation cephalosporins in calves decreased by 15.8%, usage of fluoroquinolones increased by 10.8% in the same period. Corresponding values for pigs were −16.4 and +0.7%. This is the first extrapolation of antimicrobial usage at product level for pigs and calves in Switzerland. It shows that calves were more frequently treated than pigs with a decreasing trend for both number of therapies and use of colistin, macrolides and cephalosporins 3rd and 4th generations. Nonetheless, we calculated an increase in the usage of fluoroquinolones. Altogether, this study's outcomes allow for trend analysis and can be used to assess the relationship between antimicrobial use and resistance at the national level.


id: cord-283545-vu8lt3w6
title: Infectious Diseases
author: Brabb, Thea
date: 2011-12-16
txt: ./txt/cord-283545-vu8lt3w6.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-283545-vu8lt3w6.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780123809209000237
doi: 10.1016/b978-0-12-380920-9.00023-7
summary:
  Although guinea pigs are sensitive and susceptible to the development of lesions from a wide range of viruses, bacteria, protozoa, and parasites, only a small number of organisms cause natural infection and only a portion of that group cause clinical disease. Although guinea pigs are sensitive and susceptible to the development of lesions from a wide range of viruses, bacteria, protozoa, and parasites, only a small number of organisms cause natural infection and only a portion of that group cause clinical disease. The efficacy of canine, porcine, human, and autogenous Bordetella vaccines and bacterins has been evaluated by several individuals; reports suggest that these vaccines do not completely protect guinea pigs from infection, but a decrease in the incidence and severity of clinical disease has been noted in experimentally challenged animals (Matherne et al., 1987; Stephenson et al., 1989) .

abstract:
  Although guinea pigs are sensitive and susceptible to the development of lesions from a wide range of viruses, bacteria, protozoa, and parasites, only a small number of organisms cause natural infection and only a portion of that group cause clinical disease. This chapter discusses naturally occurring diseases of guinea pigs, although some data from experimental infections have also been covered as they relate to the pathogenesis of the disease. The material presented includes background, etiology, epizootiology/pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, pathology, diagnosis, prevention, and therapy. The diseases are discussed in an alphabetical order based on the taxonomic groups to which the organisms belong and are independent of the order of perceived importance of the various diseases. The Federation of European Laboratory Animal Science Associations recommends monitoring for guinea pig adenovirus, guinea pig cytomegalovirus, Sendai virus, ectoparasites, endoparasites, E. cunniculi, and a variety of bacteria including Bordetella bronchiseptica, Chlamydia psittaci, Corynebacterium kutscheri, dermatophytes, Pasteurellaceae, Salmonella, Streptobacillus moniliformis, Streptococcus, Yersinia pseudotuberculosis, and Clostridium piliforme. Virus-associated necrotizing ronchopneumonia in guinea pigs is a spontaneous multifactorial disease that has low morbidity, high mortality, and a worldwide distribution.


id: cord-285585-tigj7fhc
title: Survey for selected pathogens in wild pigs (Sus scrofa) from Guam, Marianna Islands, USA
author: Cleveland, Christopher A.
date: 2017-05-03
txt: ./txt/cord-285585-tigj7fhc.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-285585-tigj7fhc.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetmic.2017.05.001
doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2017.05.001
summary:
  Exposure to porcine parvovirus, transmissible gastroenteritis, and Leptospira interrogans has been documented in domestic swine but data from wild pigs are lacking. In contrast to the previous domestic swine survey, we found evidence of numerous pathogens in wild pigs including new reports of pseudorabies virus, PRRS virus, Brucella, and Leptospira in pigs on Guam. Recent reports of leptospirosis in residents and tourists is one concern and although rodents tend be considered the most common reservoir of Leptospira, there is evidence of Leptospira in domestic swine on Guam (Dugies et al., 2000) , and wild pigs in numerous countries have antibodies to leptospires (Jansen et al., 2007; Corn et al., 1986) . Samples collected from these animals were used to conduct a comprehensive surveillance project on pathogen exposure of wild pigs on Guam. No evidence of exposure to Trichinella spp., IAV, or coronaviruses associated with enteric and respiratory disease was found; one pig had antibodies to porcine epidemic diarrhea virus.

abstract:
  Pigs (Sus scrofa) were introduced to Guam in the 1600’s and are now present in high densities throughout the island. Wild pigs are reservoirs for pathogens of concern to domestic animals and humans. Exposure to porcine parvovirus, transmissible gastroenteritis, and Leptospira interrogans has been documented in domestic swine but data from wild pigs are lacking. The close proximity of humans, domestic animals, and wild pigs, combined with the liberal hunting of wild pigs, results in frequent opportunities for pathogen transmission. From February–March 2015, blood, tissue and ectoparasite samples were collected from 47 wild pigs. Serologic testing found exposure to Brucella spp. (2%), Toxoplasma gondii (11%), porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) virus (13%), porcine circovirus type 2 (36%), pseudorabies virus (64%), Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae (93%), Lawsonia intracellularis (93%), and porcine parvovirus (94%). Eleven (24%) samples had low titers (1:100) to Leptospira interrogans serovars Bratislava (n = 6), Icterohaemorrhagiae (n = 6), Pomona (n = 2), and Hardjo (n = 1). Kidney samples from nine pigs with Leptospira antibodies were negative for Leptospira antigens. Numerous pigs had Metastrongylus lungworms and three had Stephanurus dentatus. Lice (Hematopinus suis) and ticks (Amblyomma breviscutatum) were also detected. No antibodies to Influenza A viruses were detected. In contrast to the previous domestic swine survey, we found evidence of numerous pathogens in wild pigs including new reports of pseudorabies virus, PRRS virus, Brucella, and Leptospira in pigs on Guam. These findings highlight that domestic swine-wild pig interactions should be prevented and precautions are needed when handling wild pigs to minimize the risk of pathogen transmission.


id: cord-288101-pij16jaa
title: Proteomic analysis of the response of porcine adrenal gland to heat stress
author: Li, Jun-Yu
date: 2019-02-28
txt: ./txt/cord-288101-pij16jaa.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-288101-pij16jaa.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S0034528818310993
doi: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2018.11.004
summary:
  The 226 DEPs from adrenal gland under heat stress, which correspond to 24 diseases and disorders (Fig. 4a) , included proteins that are related to neurological disease, psychological disease, metabolic disease, skeletal and muscular disorders, hereditary disorders, hematological disease, immunological disease, inflammatory disease, inflammatory response, respiratory disease, dermatological disease and conditions, connective tissue disorders, infectious disease, cardiovascular disease, cancer, and endocrine system disorders. IPA analysis software was used to analyze the cell localization, molecular function, signal pathway, regulatory network, and upstream regulators of these DEPs, which laid the foundation to elucidate mechanism of heat stress and stress-induced immunosuppression. β-tubulin was one of the DEPs identified in this study, and its expression was approximately 2.2-fold up-regulated in adrenal tissue under heat stress, suggesting that differentially expressed cytoskeletal proteins could promote stress response in the adrenal gland.

abstract:
  Abstract Heat stress (HS) and its associated pathologies are major challenges facing the pig industry in southern China, and are responsible for large economic losses. However, the molecular mechanisms governing the abnormal secretion of HS-responsive hormones, such as glucocorticoids, are not fully understood. The goal of this study was to investigate differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) in the adrenal glands of pigs, and to elucidate changes in the immune neuroendocrine system in pigs following HS. Through a functional proteomics approach, we identified 1202 peptides, corresponding to 415 proteins. Of these, we found 226 DEPs between heat-stressed and control porcine adrenal gland tissue; 99 of these were up-regulated and 127 were down-regulated in response to HS. These DEPs included proteins involved in substrate transport, cytoskeletal changes, and stress responses. Ingenuity Pathway Analysis was used to identify the subcellular characterization, functional pathway involvement, regulatory networks, and upstream regulators of the identified proteins. Functional network and pathway analyses may provide insights into the complexity and dynamics of HS-host interactions, and may accelerate our understanding of the mechanisms of HS.


id: cord-296441-682uop9z
title: Expression Dynamics of Innate Immunity in Influenza Virus-Infected Swine
author: Montoya, María
date: 2017-04-21
txt: ./txt/cord-296441-682uop9z.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-296441-682uop9z.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28484702/
doi: 10.3389/fvets.2017.00048
summary:
  Swine IV infection induced interferon (IFN)-alpha and interleukin-6 responses in bronchoalveolar fluids (BALF) at day 3 post infection, as opposed to the other non-swine-adapted virus strains. Swine IV infection induced interferon (IFN)-alpha and interleukin-6 responses in bronchoalveolar fluids (BALF) at day 3 post infection, as opposed to the other nonswine-adapted virus strains. In order to answer these questions, samples from pigs infected with a Swine (H3N2) and four different non-swine-adapted H3N8 IV strains circulating in different animal species (dogs, horses, wild aquatic birds, and seals) from our previous study (16) were analyzed and innate immune responses in the respiratory tract were thoroughly investigated. In order to check IV replication in the lower respiratory tract of pigs, BALF samples collected from pigs killed at day 3, 6, and 21 were tested for gene M of the influenza A virus using a quantitative real-time PCR procedure (17) .

abstract:
  The current circulating swine influenza virus (IV) subtypes in Europe (H1N1, H1N2, and H3N2) are associated with clinical outbreaks of disease. However, we showed that pigs could be susceptible to other IV strains that are able to cross the species barrier. In this work, we extended our investigations into whether different IV strains able to cross the species barrier might give rise to different innate immune responses that could be associated with pathological lesions. For this purpose, we used the same samples collected in a previous study of ours, in which healthy pigs had been infected with a H3N2 Swine IV and four different H3N8 IV strains circulating in different animal species. Pigs had been clinically inspected and four subjects/group were sacrificed at 3, 6, and 21 days post infection. In the present study, all groups but mock exhibited antibody responses to IV nucleoprotein protein. Pulmonary lesions and high-titered viral replication were observed in pigs infected with the swine-adapted virus. Interestingly, pigs infected with avian and seal H3N8 strains also showed moderate lesions and viral replication, whereas equine and canine IVs did not cause overt pathological signs, and replication was barely detectable. Swine IV infection induced interferon (IFN)-alpha and interleukin-6 responses in bronchoalveolar fluids (BALF) at day 3 post infection, as opposed to the other non-swine-adapted virus strains. However, IFN-alpha responses to the swine-adapted virus were not associated with an increase of the local, constitutive expression of IFN-alpha genes. Remarkably, the Equine strain gave rise to a Serum Amyloid A response in BALF despite little if any replication. Each virus strain could be associated with expression of cytokine genes and/or proteins after infection. These responses were observed well beyond the period of virus replication, suggesting a prolonged homeostatic imbalance of the innate immune system.


id: cord-297669-22fctxk4
title: Genome editing for disease resistance in pigs and chickens
author: Proudfoot, Chris
date: 2019-06-25
txt: ./txt/cord-297669-22fctxk4.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-297669-22fctxk4.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1093/af/vfz013
doi: 10.1093/af/vfz013
abstract: nan
summary:
  The virus was thought to attach to CD169 to be taken up into the cells; however, genome-edited pigs lacking CD169 were not resistant to PRRSV infection (Prather et al., 2013) . Chicken somatic cell lines have been edited to introduce changes to this gene-conferring resistance to avian leucosis virus in vitro (Lee et al., 2017) . However, as the example for avian influenza shows, host genes play an important role in other steps of the pathogen replication cycle and also provide editing targets for disease resilience or resistance. Genome editing allows integration of the disease-resistance trait into a wider selection of pigs, ensuring genetic variability and maintenance of desirable traits. (D) Resistance genes may be identified in laboratory research but not in highly bred lines, making integration into those productive animals only possible using genome editing. She employs genome editing and genetic selection to generate animals genetically resistant to viral disease.


id: cord-302155-hksmt48i
title: Vaccine Development for Nipah Virus Infection in Pigs
author: McLean, Rebecca K.
date: 2019-02-04
txt: ./txt/cord-302155-hksmt48i.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-302155-hksmt48i.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30778392/
doi: 10.3389/fvets.2019.00016
summary:
  Despite the importance of NiV as an emerging disease with the potential for pandemic, no vaccines, or therapeutics are currently approved for human or livestock use. Vaccine efficacy studies in animal models aim to identify specific vaccine-induced correlates of protection including neutralizing antibodies or cell-mediated responses (53) . On the other hand, pigs have been used successfully as models to study many human infectious diseases (57) (58) (59) (60) (61) (62) (63) , including NiV infection (64) . There is also a growing appreciation that pigs provide a superior animal model for influenza A virus infection and immunity and should play a more prominent role as a model for human influenza vaccine development (65) . The use of non-human animal models is crucial for vaccine development against diseases such as NiV since efficacy testing in humans is impossible. Case-control study of risk factors for human infection with a new zoonotic paramyxovirus, Nipah virus, during a 1998-1999 outbreak of severe encephalitis in Malaysia

abstract:
  Nipah virus (NiV) causes a severe and often fatal neurological disease in humans. Whilst fruit bats are considered the natural reservoir, NiV also infects pigs and may cause an unapparent or mild disease. Direct pig-to-human transmission was responsible for the first and still most devastating NiV outbreaks in Malaysia and Singapore in 1998–99, with nearly 300 human cases and over 100 fatalities. Pigs can therefore play a key role in the epidemiology of NiV by acting as an “amplifying” host. The outbreak in Singapore ended with the prohibition of pig imports from Malaysia and the Malaysian outbreak was ended by culling 45% of the country's pig population with costs exceeding US$500 million. Despite the importance of NiV as an emerging disease with the potential for pandemic, no vaccines, or therapeutics are currently approved for human or livestock use. In this mini-review, we will discuss current knowledge of NiV infection in pigs; our ongoing work to develop a NiV vaccine for use in pigs; and the pig as a model to support human vaccine development.


id: cord-302306-fudeixy2
author: Xu, Kui
date: 2020-09-02
txt: ./txt/cord-302306-fudeixy2.txt
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mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.7554/elife.57132
doi: 10.7554/elife.57132
summary:
  Here, we report generation of double-gene-knockout (DKO) pigs harboring edited knockout alleles for known receptor proteins CD163 and pAPN and show that DKO pigs are completely resistant to genotype 2 PRRSV and TGEV. Additional infection challenge experiments showed that DKO pigs exhibited decreased susceptibility to porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV), thus offering unprecedented in vivo evidence of pAPN as one of PDCoV receptors. Through viral challenge experiments, we found that these DKO pigs exhibit complete resistance to genotype 2 PRRSV and TGEV, and exhibit decreased susceptibility to PDCoV infection. Thus, in addition to demonstrating that our DKO pigs are robustly resistant to both PRRSV and TGEV without suffering deleterious effects for production performance, our study also provides insights into ongoing controversy about the pAPN protein as a potential receptor for PDCoV infection of pigs. pAPN protospacer PAM In order to generate more DKO pigs for viral challenge experiments, we collected ear tissue samples from three piglets (#1143, #1144, and #1145) and isolated ear-derived fibroblasts.

title:
  CD163 and pAPN double-knockout pigs are resistant to PRRSV and TGEV and exhibit decreased susceptibility to PDCoV while maintaining normal production performance

abstract:
  Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) and transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) are two highly infectious and lethal viruses causing major economic losses to pig production. Here, we report generation of double-gene-knockout (DKO) pigs harboring edited knockout alleles for known receptor proteins CD163 and pAPN and show that DKO pigs are completely resistant to genotype 2 PRRSV and TGEV. We found no differences in meat-production or reproductive-performance traits between wild-type and DKO pigs, but detected increased iron in DKO muscle. Additional infection challenge experiments showed that DKO pigs exhibited decreased susceptibility to porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV), thus offering unprecedented in vivo evidence of pAPN as one of PDCoV receptors. Beyond showing that multiple gene edits can be combined in a livestock animal to achieve simultaneous resistance to two major viruses, our study introduces a valuable model for investigating infection mechanisms of porcine pathogenic viruses that exploit pAPN or CD163 for entry.


id: cord-304720-0lgup7yj
title: Swine Diseases and Disorders
author: Robbins, R.C.
date: 2014-08-21
txt: ./txt/cord-304720-0lgup7yj.txt
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mime: text/plain
url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/B9780444525123001340
doi: 10.1016/b978-0-444-52512-3.00134-0
summary:
  The industry significance, etiology, epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical signs, postmortem and histpathologic lesions, diagnostic testing, and generic treatment, control, and prevention are described. Important history to understand from caretakers includes: age of pigs affected, duration of clinical signs, morbidity rate, mortality rate, treatments administered, response to treatments, and any other important information regarding previous diagnoses or disease in the affected group of animals. Records include but are not limited to: where the animals originated from; number in the herd; age; daily mortality; number treated; name of treatment, route of delivery and dose; feed and water usage; high-low temperatures; and vaccinations received or administered. Postweaning infections result in a high morbidity but low mortality; most significant economic losses at this time are caused by reduced average daily gain, market weights, and overall system efficiency. Postweaning infections result in a high morbidity but low mortality; most significant economic losses at this time are caused by reduced average daily gain, market weights, and overall system efficiency.

abstract:
  Swine diseases and disorders that are significant in modern, commercial swine production systems are organized by body system; the reader will need to know basic anatomy and physiology. The industry significance, etiology, epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical signs, postmortem and histpathologic lesions, diagnostic testing, and generic treatment, control, and prevention are described. Diseases of a particular system are summarized in a differential diagnosis table.


id: cord-308767-trwa5grl
title: Transgenic Organs and Xenotransplants
author: Costa Vallés, Cristina
date: 2012-03-20
txt: ./txt/cord-308767-trwa5grl.txt
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mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22457104/
doi: 10.1007/978-1-4614-2098-9_6
summary:
  13 Subsequent studies showed survival times of up to 11 days for kidneys of alpha1,3-GT knockout pigs transplanted in baboons, meaning that the organs of these transgenic pigs were also protected against HAR, 14 as occurred in animals transgenic for human complement regulatory proteins. Thus, recipients dying after long survival times due to causes not associated with rejection DUH IRXQG WR KDYH [HQRJUDIWV ZLWK PLQLPDO RU QRQH[LVWHQW SDWKRORJLFDO ¿QGLQJV )RU this reason, although it is not possible to completely rule out an effect of clotting incompatibilities between pigs and humans, as we will see in the following section that looks at the physiological barriers between these species, the control of the response mediated by anti-nonGal antibodies has become the biggest challenge for clinical xenotransplantation.

abstract:
  A dvances in immunosuppressive treatments reached in the last decades of the 20th century have made solid organ transplantation the treatment of choice for cases of irreversible organ failure. However, the availability of human cadaver organs is limited and the demand for transplants is still on the rise. Also, there is a recognised lack of cells and human tissues for generalised use in transplantation for the treatment of diseases that are characterised by failure of specialised cells (such as pancreatic cells to cure diabetes). Xenotransplantation, which is the transplant of cells, tissues or organs from other species, became the focus of attention in the nineteen-nineties as a solution to the lack of organs and tissues for transplantation. Previous clinical studies using nonhuman primates produced poor outcomes (survival from days to a few months) and confirmed the difficulty of obtaining organs from these species. Since then, progress in xenotransplantation has been slow and still now various immunological and non-immunological barriers need to be overcome. These barriers are reviewed in this chapter and the various approaches explored to date to overcome them, in particular those based on the genetic modification of pigs. Also, cell transplant studies such as those of pancreatic islets in monkeys have led to even more hopeful results. The range of possibilities offered by this technology will be unlimited, making it possible for xenotransplantation to be a clinical reality in a not very distant future.


id: cord-310844-7i92mk4x
title: Application of Genetically Engineered Pigs in Biomedical Research
author: Hryhorowicz, Magdalena
date: 2020-06-19
txt: ./txt/cord-310844-7i92mk4x.txt
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url: https://doi.org/10.3390/genes11060670
doi: 10.3390/genes11060670
summary:
  Animal studies are conducted to develop models used in gene function and regulation research and the genetic determinants of certain human diseases. Short pregnancy, short generation interval, and high litter size make the production of transgenic pigs less time-consuming in comparison with other livestock species This review describes genetically modified pigs used for biomedical research and the future challenges and perspectives for the use of the swine animal models. It was demonstrated that precise integration of the human CFTR gene at a porcine safe harbor locus through CRISPR/Cas9-induced HDR-mediated knock-in allowed the achievement of persistent in vitro expression of the transgene in transduced cells. The study showed that multiple genetically modified porcine hearts were protected from complement activation and myocardial natural killer cell infiltration in an ex vivo perfusion model with human blood [86] . Biomedical applications for which genetically engineered pigs are generated include modeling human diseases, production of pharmaceutical proteins, and xenotransplantation.

abstract:
  Progress in genetic engineering over the past few decades has made it possible to develop methods that have led to the production of transgenic animals. The development of transgenesis has created new directions in research and possibilities for its practical application. Generating transgenic animal species is not only aimed towards accelerating traditional breeding programs and improving animal health and the quality of animal products for consumption but can also be used in biomedicine. Animal studies are conducted to develop models used in gene function and regulation research and the genetic determinants of certain human diseases. Another direction of research, described in this review, focuses on the use of transgenic animals as a source of high-quality biopharmaceuticals, such as recombinant proteins. The further aspect discussed is the use of genetically modified animals as a source of cells, tissues, and organs for transplantation into human recipients, i.e., xenotransplantation. Numerous studies have shown that the pig (Sus scrofa domestica) is the most suitable species both as a research model for human diseases and as an optimal organ donor for xenotransplantation. Short pregnancy, short generation interval, and high litter size make the production of transgenic pigs less time-consuming in comparison with other livestock species This review describes genetically modified pigs used for biomedical research and the future challenges and perspectives for the use of the swine animal models.


id: cord-325433-a2fynm75
title: CHAPTER 17 GUINEA PIGS
author: Riggs, Shannon M.
date: 2009-12-31
url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/B9781416001195500202
doi: 10.1016/b978-141600119-5.50020-2
abstract:
  Publisher Summary This chapter deals with the health and medical care issues of guinea pigs. Guinea pigs have wide bodies with short limbs. They have a short, flat nose, laterally placed eyes, and hairless external pinnae. The dentition of the guinea pig is described as aradicular hypsodont. Guinea pigs are best housed in well-ventilated, wire-sided cages with solid bottoms. If housed indoors, guinea pig enclosures do not require a cover, as these animals do not typically jump or climb. Heavy food containers are recommended to make dumping of the receptacle more difficult. All food containers should be easy to disinfect and should be cleaned regularly, because guinea pigs have a habit of soiling their food bowls. These animals, native to the Andes Mountains, are very susceptible to hyperthermia and should never be housed in temperatures greater than 80°F. High humidity can also exacerbate a guinea pig's sensitivity to elevated temperatures by increasing the heat index. Guinea pigs often do not exhibit clinical signs early in a disease process. Therefore, a thorough physical examination can be extremely useful in determining the overall health status of the animal.


id: cord-332049-geh9aaf5
author: Wagner, Judith
date: 2010-01-20
txt: ./txt/cord-332049-geh9aaf5.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-332049-geh9aaf5.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S1090023309005115
doi: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2009.12.022
summary:
  Pulmonary dysfunction was evaluated in pigs infected with porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV, isolate VR-2332) and compared to clinical and pathological findings. A combination of impulse oscillometry and rebreathing of test gases can be used to evaluate lung ventilation, respiratory mechanics and pulmonary gas exchange in spontaneously breathing pigs. Pulmonary function tests (PFTs) were performed twice before challenge (À7 and À3 days) and seven times after challenge (2, 4, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18 and 21 dpi) in eight pigs exposed to PRRSV and in eight controls (Table 1) . M. hyopneumoniae, Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae; APP, Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae; PCV-2, porcine circovirus type 2; PRCV, porcine respiratory coronavirus; SIV, swine influenza virus; TGEV, transmissible gastroenteritis virus; PFT, pulmonary function tests (8 pigs per group examined postmortem at 21 dpi). Pulmonary function tests in PRRSV challenged pigs indicate both obstructive and restrictive disorders (confirmed by increased Rrs at frequencies 65 Hz and decreased Xrs), as well as disorders in gas exchange (confirmed by decreased TL CO Hb ).

title:
  Respiratory function and pulmonary lesions in pigs infected with porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus

abstract:
  Pulmonary dysfunction was evaluated in pigs infected with porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV, isolate VR-2332) and compared to clinical and pathological findings. Infected pigs developed fever, reduced appetite, respiratory distress and dullness at 9 days post-inoculation (dpi). Non-invasive pulmonary function tests using impulse oscillometry and rebreathing of test gases (He, CO) revealed peripheral airway obstruction, reduced lung compliance and reduced lung CO-transfer factor. PRRSV-induced pulmonary dysfunction was most marked at 9–18 dpi and was accompanied by a significantly increased respiratory rate and decreased tidal volume. Expiration was affected more than inspiration. On histopathological examination, multifocal areas of interstitial pneumonia (more severe and extensive at 10 dpi than 21 dpi) were identified as a possible structural basis for reduced lung compliance and gas exchange disturbances.


id: cord-339178-d6f6a5ds
title: A new coronavirus-like particle associated with diarrhea in swine
author: Pensaert, M. B.
date: 1978
txt: ./txt/cord-339178-d6f6a5ds.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-339178-d6f6a5ds.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/83132/
doi: 10.1007/bf01317606
summary:
  Coronavirus-like particles were detected by electron microscopy in the intestinal contents of pigs during a diarrheal outbreak on 4 swine breeding farms. Coronavirus-like particles were detected by electron microscopy in the intestinal contents of pigs during a diarrheal outbreak on 4 swine breeding farms. Diarrhea was reproduced in experimental pigs with one of the isolates, designated CV777, which was found to be distinct from the 2 known porcine coronaviruses, transmissible gastroenteritis virus and hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus. Diarrhea was reproduced in experimental pigs with one of the isolates, designated CV777, which was found to be distinct from the 2 known porcine coronaviruses, transmissible gastroenteritis virus and hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus. In a search for rotaviruses on Belgian swine breeding farms with diarrheal problems, a new coronavirus-like particle was detected b y electron microscopic examination of intestinal or fecal samples from sick pigs.

abstract:
  Coronavirus-like particles were detected by electron microscopy in the intestinal contents of pigs during a diarrheal outbreak on 4 swine breeding farms. Diarrhea was reproduced in experimental pigs with one of the isolates, designated CV777, which was found to be distinct from the 2 known porcine coronaviruses, transmissible gastroenteritis virus and hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus.


id: cord-339924-tsmnkuhw
title: Pathology of US Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus Strain PC21A in Gnotobiotic Pigs
author: Jung, Kwonil
date: 2014-04-17
txt: ./txt/cord-339924-tsmnkuhw.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-339924-tsmnkuhw.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24795932/
doi: 10.3201/eid2004.131685
summary:
  title: Pathology of US Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus Strain PC21A in Gnotobiotic Pigs To understand the progression of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus infection, we inoculated gnotobiotic pigs with a newly emerged US strain, PC21A, of the virus. For the pig-passaged PC21A strain, RT-PCR/PCR results were negative for transmissible gastroenteritis virus/porcine respiratory coronavirus (7), rotavirus groups A-C (8), caliciviruses (13, 14) , astroviruses (15) , circoviruses, enterovirus, kobuvirus, and bocavirus. Electron micrograph of a US porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) particle detected in a field fecal sample collected during a 2013 outbreak of PED on a farm in Ohio, USA; the fecal sample from which PEDV strain PC21A in this study was obtained was from a pig on the same farm during the same outbreak. Emergence of Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus in the United States: clinical signs, lesions, and viral genomic sequences

abstract:
  To understand the progression of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus infection, we inoculated gnotobiotic pigs with a newly emerged US strain, PC21A, of the virus. At 24–48 hours postinoculation, the pigs exhibited severe diarrhea and vomiting, fecal shedding, viremia, and severe atrophic enteritis. These findings confirm that strain PC21A is highly enteropathogenic.


id: cord-348522-r7ev9br6
title: The occurrence of Chlamydia spp. in pigs with and without clinical disease
author: Englund, Stina
date: 2012-01-26
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22280482/
doi: 10.1186/1746-6148-8-9
abstract:
  BACKGROUND: Within the genera Chlamydia, the development of refined diagnostic techniques has allowed the identification of four species that are capable of infecting pigs. The epidemiology, clinical, and zoonotic impacts of these species are however largely unknown. The study aimed to investigate the presence of Chlamydia spp. in the intestines of growing pigs and in conjunctival swabs from finisher pigs, and relate the findings to clinical signs. RESULTS: By histology, 20 of 48 pigs had intestinal lesions that may be consistent with chlamydial infection. By PCR, forty-six of the pigs were positive whereas two samples were inhibited. Sequencing of 19 DNA extracts identified these as Chlamydia suis. By immunohistochemistry, 32 of 44 samples were positive and a significant relationship was detected between macroscopically visible intestinal lesions and a high degree of infection. By real-time PCR, a significant difference was detected between pigs with and without conjunctivitis when a Ct value of 36 was employed but not when a Ct value of 38 was employed. CONCLUSIONS: Chlamydia suis was demonstrated in most samples and overall, no correlation to clinical signs was detected. However, a correlation was noted between samples with a high degree of infection and the presence of clinical signs. It is possible, that the intensive pig production systems studied might predispose for the transmission and maintenance of the infection thus increasing the infectious load and the risk for disease in the pig.


id: cord-350626-ov9fy10b
author: Nazki, Salik
date: 2020-05-13
txt: ./txt/cord-350626-ov9fy10b.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-350626-ov9fy10b.txt
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mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13567-020-00789-7
doi: 10.1186/s13567-020-00789-7
summary:
  At peak viremia, the frequencies of alveolar macrophages in infected pigs were significantly decreased, whereas the monocyte-derived DC/macrophage and conventional DC frequencies were increased, and these effects coincided with the early induction of local T-cell responses and the presence of proinflammatory cytokines/chemokines in the lungs, BAL, and BLN as early as 10 dpc. In this context, the present study aimed to investigate the trend of host immune responses against PRRSV infection during disease progression and to elucidate the innate and adaptive immunological mediators modulated by the PRRSV-JA142 strain both systemically in peripheral blood and locally in the bronchoalveolar lavage, lung parenchyma and bronchial lymph nodes (BLN) of infected pigs. To observe the activation of the local adaptive immune responses by innate immune cells at the sites of replication and the persistence of PRRSV, the T-cell phenotypes in the BLN, BAL and lung parenchyma of the euthanized control and infected pigs were analysed at 10, 21, 28 and 35 dpc.

title:
  Evaluation of local and systemic immune responses in pigs experimentally challenged with porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus

abstract:
  The host-associated defence system responsible for the clearance of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) from infected pigs is currently poorly understood. To better understand the dynamics of host–pathogen interactions, seventy-five of 100 pigs infected with PRRSV-JA142 and 25 control pigs were euthanized at 3, 10, 21, 28 and 35 days post-challenge (dpc). Blood, lung, bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) and bronchial lymph node (BLN) samples were collected to evaluate the cellular immune responses. The humoral responses were evaluated by measuring the levels of anti-PRRSV IgG and serum virus-neutralizing (SVN) antibodies. Consequently, the highest viral loads in the sera and lungs of the infected pigs were detected between 3 and 10 dpc, and these resulted in moderate to mild interstitial pneumonia, which resolved accompanied by the clearance of most of the virus by 28 dpc. At peak viremia, the frequencies of alveolar macrophages in infected pigs were significantly decreased, whereas the monocyte-derived DC/macrophage and conventional DC frequencies were increased, and these effects coincided with the early induction of local T-cell responses and the presence of proinflammatory cytokines/chemokines in the lungs, BAL, and BLN as early as 10 dpc. Conversely, the systemic T-cell responses measured in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells were delayed and significantly induced only after the peak viremic stage between 3 and 10 dpc. Taken together, our results suggest that activation of immune responses in the lung could be the key elements for restraining PRRSV through the early induction of T-cell responses at the sites of virus replication.


id: cord-351834-9pclxek0
title: A descriptive study of acute outbreaks of respiratory disease in Norwegian fattening pig herds
author: Cohen, Liza Miriam
date: 2020-06-24
txt: ./txt/cord-351834-9pclxek0.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-351834-9pclxek0.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32580726/
doi: 10.1186/s13028-020-00529-z
summary:
  title: A descriptive study of acute outbreaks of respiratory disease in Norwegian fattening pig herds The main objective of this study was to investigate acute outbreaks of respiratory disease in conventional Norwegian fattening pig herds. In seven herds with reported outbreaks of acute respiratory disease, data on clinical signs was recorded and samples for laboratory examination were collected. Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae serovar 8 was isolated from lungs and/or pleura from all tested pigs (n = 28) in the outbreak herds, and from 2 out of 24 pigs (8%) in the non-outbreak herds, one pig with an acute and another pig with a chronic infection. The main objective of this study was to investigate clinical outbreaks of acute respiratory disease in Norwegian fattening pig herds, using a group of non-outbreak herds to compare diagnostic procedures. The inclusion criteria for outbreak herds were; three or more pigs displaying acute signs of respiratory disease including fever and coughing and/or dyspnea, and/ or otherwise reduced general condition e.g. lethargy or inappetence.

abstract:
  BACKGROUND: Respiratory diseases are major health concerns in the pig production sector worldwide, contributing adversely to morbidity and mortality. Over the past years there was a rise in reported incidents of respiratory disease in pigs in Norway, despite population wide freedom from Aujeszky´s disease, porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome, porcine respiratory corona virus and enzootic pneumonia. The main objective of this study was to investigate acute outbreaks of respiratory disease in conventional Norwegian fattening pig herds. The study included 14 herds. In seven herds with reported outbreaks of acute respiratory disease, data on clinical signs was recorded and samples for laboratory examination were collected. Diagnostic protocols were compared by parallel analysis of clinically healthy pigs from seven non-outbreak herds. RESULTS: The most commonly reported clinical signs were sudden deaths and dyspnea. An average compartment morbidity of 60%, mortality of 4% and case fatality of 9% was recorded in the outbreak herds. Post-mortem examinations revealed acute lesions resembling porcine pleuropneumonia in all 28 pigs investigated from the outbreak herds and in 2 of the 24 (8%) pigs from the non-outbreak herds. Chronic lesions were recorded in another 2 pigs (8%) from the non-outbreak herds. Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae serovar 8 was isolated from lungs and/or pleura from all tested pigs (n = 28) in the outbreak herds, and from 2 out of 24 pigs (8%) in the non-outbreak herds, one pig with an acute and another pig with a chronic infection. No other significant bacterial findings were made. Seroconversion to A. pleuropneumoniae antibodies was detectable in all outbreak herds analyzed and in six out of seven non-outbreak herds, but the risk ratio for seroconversion of individual pigs was higher (risk ratio 2.3 [1.50- 3.43 95% CI; P < 0.001]) in the outbreak herds. All herds tested positive for porcine circovirus type 2 and negative for influenza A viruses on oral fluid RT-qPCR. CONCLUSION: The main etiological pathogen found during acute outbreaks of respiratory disease was A. pleuropneumoniae serovar 8. All pigs from outbreak herds had typical lesions of acute porcine pleuropneumonia, and only A. pleuropneumoniae serovar 8 was identified. Co-infections were not found to impact disease development.


