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lemma:
  https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/britishcolumbia/trans-mountain-pipeline-expansion-support-cost-survey-1


id: cord-289846-i7xg1tpp
pos: ADD
token:
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lemma:
  https://opiac.org.co/en-riesgo-la-autonomia-y-gobierno-propio-del-pueblo-indigena-andoque-con-zona-minera-indigena-en-eldepartameno-del-amazonas/


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  H1n1 Influenza Pandemic P 196 148 Stephen Holland Public Health Ethics Polity Press 2007 Pp 51 55 149 pursuance


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  Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the 1966 International Covenant on Economic Social and Cultural Rights


id: cord-019057-3j2fl358
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  Individual Participant Data Influenza Virus Resistance to Neuraminidase Inhibitors Containing Pandemic Influenza


id: cord-019057-3j2fl358
type: GPE
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  the United States Priorities for Intervention The Signature Features of Influenza Pandemics Implications for Policy


id: cord-019057-3j2fl358
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entity:
  Africa Developing a Global Human Rights Framework for Tuberculosis Control and Prevention Africa A Practical Guide for Global Health Workers Public Ethics of Care a General Public Ethics


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  Article 49 of the Law of the People s Republic of China on the Protection of Consumer Rights and Interests 1993


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  China Economics and Management Academy See the Declaration of Alma Ata Privatization and Its Discontents The Evolving Chinese Health Care System


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  Article 19 University of Pennsylvania Press London Philadelphia Committee on Economic Social and Cultural Rights Twentieth Session 1999


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  Mental Health Care Landscapes of Despair From Deinstitutionalization to Homelessness Place Matters Metropolitics


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  Corona COVID 19 Pandemic date 2020 04 06 journal nan DOI 10 1101 2020 04 01 20050229 sha 1107150765aca0f01b971697f813e05e7400f125 doc_id 259745 cord_uid 69wk591l


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  s Secret Auto Insurance Algorithm Squeezes Big Spenders Algorithmic Injustices Towards a Relational Ethics Social Biases


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  Should We Aim to Create a Perfect Healthy Utopia Discussions of Ethical Issues Surrounding the World of Project


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  the Research Institute of Science and Technology for Society RISTEX Japan Science and Technology Agency


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  Hu Jintao Era New Leaders New Challenges The People s Republic of Amnesia Tiananmen Revisited Chinese Foreign Policy


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  The Struggle for Survival Social and Political Development in Post Reform China Age of Ambition Chasing Fortune Truth and Faith


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  the Brazilian Department of Science Technology and Scientific Writing Lab Medicine School Universidade Federal of Cariri UFCA


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  municipal CDCs δ 54 9yuan σ 210 0 yuan For county level CDCs δ 62 5yuan σ 404 3yuan 1 U S dollar 6 6


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  Beijing National Health and Family Planning Commission of PRC National Health and Family Planning Commission


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id: cord-288392-khjo6j8u
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  World Health Organisation A Conceptual Framework for Action on the Social Determinants of Health Social Determinants of Health Discussion Paper 2 World Health Organisation


id: cord-288392-khjo6j8u
type: ORG
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  International Multi Site Study Connecting at Local Level Exploring Opportunities for Future Design of Technology to Support Social Connections


id: cord-288392-khjo6j8u
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  Oxford Essential Quotations Lessons Learned from the History of Social Indicators Redefining Progress Disappointments


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  the International Association for the Scientific Study of Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities 2020


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type: ORG
entity:
  Wuhan International Association for the Scientific Study of Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities


id: cord-322660-bis2arbu
type: ORG
entity:
  London National Institute for Health and Care Excellence National Institute for Health and Care Excellence


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type: WORK_OF_ART
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  The Divine Farmer s Materia Medica a Translation of the Shen Nong Ben Cao Jing Chinese Pharmacopoeia Commission


id: cord-300452-dqb6em7g
type: ORG
entity:
  the Chinese Pharmacopoeia Commission Xinhua News Agency National Conference on Hygiene and Health State Council of the People s Republic of China


id: cord-300452-dqb6em7g
type: ORG
entity:
  the Development of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine Implementation Opinions on Improving the Development of the State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine


id: cord-300452-dqb6em7g
type: ORG
entity:
  the Standardization of Traditional Chinese Medicine State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of the People s Republic of China


id: cord-300452-dqb6em7g
type: WORK_OF_ART
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  The Outline of the Strategic Plan on the Development of Plan of Developing Traditional Chinese Medicine State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine and National Development and Reform Commission of the People s Republic of China Several Opinions on Further Reform and Improvement of Drug Production Circulation and Use Policies General Office of the State Council of the People s Republic of China


id: cord-300452-dqb6em7g
type: ORG
entity:
  National Drug Safety State Council of the People s Republic of China Guiding Opinions on Improving Science and Technology Innovation


id: cord-300452-dqb6em7g
type: ORG
entity:
  Traditional Chinese Medicine State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine Ministry of Science and Technology Ministry of Industry and Information Technology


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  influenza 14 15 16 17 18 Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus SARS CoV 19 and Middle East Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus MERS CoV 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 Covid 19


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type: CELL_LINE
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  WHO Line List Diabetes Mellitus Hypertension and Death among 32 Patients with MERS CoV Infection Saudi Arabia Impact of Comorbidity on Fatality Rate of Patients with Middle East Respiratory Syndrome A Comparative Study of Clinical Presentation and Risk Factors


id: cord-289846-i7xg1tpp
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  The Body Multiple Ontology in Medical Practice Terras Pretas de Índio of the Caquetá Japurá River Colombian Amazonia Phytoliths


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type: GGP
entity:
  Australas J Ageing DOI 10 1111 ajag 12845 sha 725c554e64fa575f9410e3632cf5a635f1f81669 doc_id 311757 cord_uid qbk4aapf nan


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type: LAW
entity:
  Article 12 of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities UNCRPD Situations of Risk and Humanitarian Emergencies


id: cord-269343-qwgmn06t
type: GGP
entity:
  Alzheimer s disease individualised cogni tive rehabilitation mild or moderate dementia two studies 257 cognitive reserve intervention groups and 255 controls and in home


id: cord-269343-qwgmn06t
type: GGP
entity:
  Alzheimer s disease and related dementia Dementia Assessment management and support for people living with dementia and their carers London National Institute for Health and Care Excellence Donepezil for dementia due to Alzheimer s disease France removes state


id: cord-269343-qwgmn06t
type: GGP
entity:
  Alzheimer s disease Nilvadipine in mild to moderate Alzheimer disease a randomised controlled trial 5HT6 antagonists in the treatment of Alzheimer s


id: cord-269343-qwgmn06t
type: ORG
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  the University College London Hospitals National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre


id: cord-269343-qwgmn06t
type: CHEMICAL
entity:
  Alistair Cohen Mansfield Jiska Cooper Claudia Costafreda Sergi G Dias Amit Fox Nick Gitlin Laura N Howard Robert Kales Helen C Kivimäki


# url

id: cord-256366-9qb1zrzh
domain: www.cbc.ca
url:
  http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/britishcolumbia/trans-mountain-pipeline-expansion-support-cost-survey-1


id: cord-289846-i7xg1tpp
domain: opiac.org.co
url:
  http://opiac.org.co/en-riesgo-la-autonomia-y-gobierno-propio-del-pueblo-indigena-andoque-con-zona-minera-indigena-en-eldepartameno-del-amazonas/


# bib

id: cord-012922-w9ue7wo3
author: Enns, Emily E.
date: 2010-03-05
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2832890/
doi: 10.1007/s10897-009-9272-6
title:
  Examining the Relationship Between Genetic Counselors’ Attitudes Toward Deaf People and the Genetic Counseling Session

abstract:
  Given the medical and cultural perspectives on deafness it is important to determine if genetic counselors’ attitudes toward deaf people can affect counseling sessions for deafness genes. One hundred fifty-eight genetic counselors recruited through the National Society of Genetic Counselors Listserv completed an online survey assessing attitudes toward deaf people and scenario-specific comfort levels discussing and offering genetic testing for deafness. Respondents with deaf/Deaf friends or who work in prenatal or pediatric settings had more positive attitudes toward deaf people than those without deaf/Deaf friends or those working in ‘other’ settings. More positive attitudes toward deaf people correlated with higher comfort level talking about genetic testing for the two scenarios involving culturally Deaf clients; and correlated with higher comfort level offering genetic testing to culturally Deaf clients wishing to have a deaf child. Attitudes and comfort level were not correlated in the scenarios involving hearing or non-culturally deaf clients. These results suggest that genetic counselors’ attitudes could affect information provision and the decision making process of culturally Deaf clients. Cultural sensitivity workshops in genetic counseling training programs that incorporate personal interactions with culturally Deaf individuals are recommended. Additional suggestions for fostering personal interactions are provided.


id: cord-016075-ind62t53
title: Homeless People
author: Hwang, Stephen W.
date: 2005
txt: ./txt/cord-016075-ind62t53.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-016075-ind62t53.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7120238/
doi: 10.1007/0-387-25822-1_2
abstract: nan
summary:
  The prevalence of serious dermatologic conditions, while probably quite high among street-dwellers, appears to be relatively low among homeless people living in shelters that provide adequate clothing, laundry facilities, bathing facilities, and medical care. As noted previously, homeless people in cities with few shelter beds are more likely to live on the street or other places not intended for human habitation, with potentially adverse health effects. Some cities have free-care clinics or community health centers that provide ambulatory services for homeless persons as well as other low-income residents. Efforts to displace street youth and homeless people rather than offer them any meaningful help might have negative effects on health and in fact increase high-risk behaviors such as survival sex and unsafe injection drug use practices (O''Grady and Greene, 2003; Wood, et al., 2004) .


id: cord-017225-6ofi6mg5
title: Human Rights Issues
author: Wei, Yuwa
date: 2018-12-10
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7121730/
doi: 10.1007/978-981-13-3699-7_8
abstract:
  Contemporary China is plagued by a wide range of human rights related issues and problems. In addition to those arising in the areas of religious toleration, judicial practice, treatment of labor and forced abortion, which were extensively reported by the media in the past, some newly emerged problems concerning human rights violation are much more alarming, due to the size of population affected and the degree of challenge caused to the public’s psychological endurance and confidence in the social ethnics and administration of the nation. Most of all, these problems concern nearly every Chinese citizen’s well-being and impact on their personal prosperity, as well as the prosperity of the nation as a whole. These problems are mainly associated with failures in environmental protection, food safety, and medical security.


id: cord-019032-vdiaexbw
title: China
author: Kshetri, Nir
date: 2020
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mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7124077/
doi: 10.1057/978-1-349-95940-2_49
abstract: nan
summary:
  Regarded as the steward of the Chinese economy, Li has aimed to focus on securing China''s long-term expansion and on the further provision of basic national health care, affordable housing, employment growth, regional development and cleaner energy. China is the world''s third largest exporter of arms after the USA and Russia, with 6Á2% of the global major weapons total over the period 2012-16. GDP growth declined to 6Á9% in 2015 (the slowest rate in 25 years) and fell again to 6Á7% in 2016 as China attempted to reduce its reliance on exports, increase domestic consumption and develop its service sector. China''s economy overheated in the early 1990s, leading to inflation rates of 14Á7% in 1993, 24Á1% in 1994 and 17Á1% in 1995 Of the total revenues in 2015 central government accounted for 6,926Á7bn.


id: cord-019040-lj1r8ptb
title: Human Security in Practice: The Chinese Experience
author: Xiao, Ren
date: 2018-12-07
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7124087/
doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-97247-3_3
abstract:
  This chapter elaborates on how the idea of human security is defined and understood by the government and various actors in China. As one of the permanent members of the United Nations (UN) Security Council, China, has been supportive of international norms advocated by the UN, and even though the term human security has not been frequently used, in effect it has been vigorously practiced. For both the government and the academic community in China, human security and national security are not necessarily in confrontation but rather can complement and strengthen one another. The purpose is to improve the quality of people’s everyday life and the government is expected to contribute to this end. Chinese people expect the government to extend a parental roof over the people.


id: cord-019057-3j2fl358
title: Pandemic Influenza: A Comparative Ethical Approach
author: Afolabi, Michael Olusegun
date: 2018-08-28
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7124108/
doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-92765-7_3
abstract:
  Community-networks such as families and schools may foster and propagate some types of public health disasters. For such disasters, a communitarian-oriented ethical lens offers useful perspectives into the underlying relational nexus that favors the spread of infection. This chapter compares two traditional bioethical lenses—the communitarian and care ethics framework—vis-à-vis their capacities to engage the moral quandaries elicited by pandemic influenza. It argues that these quandaries preclude the analytical lens of ethical prisms that are individual-oriented but warrant a people-oriented approach. Adopting this dual approach offers both a contrastive and a complementary way of rethinking the underlying socioethical tensions elicited by pandemic influenza in particular and other public health disasters generally.


id: cord-022141-yxttl3gh
title: Progressive Adaptation: The Key to Sustaining a Growing Global Population
author: Siegel, Frederic R.
date: 2014-08-23
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7153416/
doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-09686-5_9
abstract:
  Adaptation is an evolving long-term process during which a population of life forms adjusts to changes in its habitat and surrounding environments. Adaptation by the global community as a unit is vital to cope with the effects of increasing populations, global warming/climate change, the chemical, biological, and physical impacts on life-sustaining ecosystems, and competition for life sustaining and economically important natural resources. The latter include water, food, energy, metal ores, industrial minerals, and wood. Within this framework, it is necessary to adapt as well to changes in local and regional physical conditions brought on by natural and anthropogenic hazards, by health threats of epidemic or pandemic reach, by social conditions such as conflicts driven by religious and ethnic fanaticism, and by tribalism and clan ties.


id: cord-023837-kenstpja
title: China
author: nan
date: 2019
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mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7176183/
doi: 10.1007/978-1-349-95321-9_204
abstract: nan
summary:
  In foreign affairs, regional concerns over China''s territorial and military intentions were raised in Nov. 2013 by the government''s declaration of a new ''air defence identification zone'' over a swathe of the East China Sea including disputed islands claimed by Japan and South Korea. Regarded as the steward of the Chinese economy, Li was expected to focus on securing China''s long-term expansion and on the further provision of basic national healthcare, affordable housing, employment growth, regional development and cleaner energy. China is the world''s third largest exporter of arms after the USA and Russia, with 6·2% of the global major weapons total over the period 2012-16. GDP growth declined to 6·9% in 2015 (the slowest rate in 25 years) and fell again to 6·7% in 2016 as China attempted to reduce its reliance on exports, increase domestic consumption and develop its service sector.


id: cord-025556-oyfx3ij5
title: Testing for COVID-19: willful ignorance or selfless behavior?
author: THUNSTRÖM, LINDA
date: 2020-05-08
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7256418/
doi: 10.1017/bpp.2020.15
abstract:
  Widespread testing is key to controlling the spread of COVID-19. But should we worry about self-selection bias in the testing? The recent literature on willful ignorance says we should – people often avoid health information. In the context of COVID-19, such willful ignorance can bias testing data. Furthermore, willful ignorance often arises when selfish wants conflict with social benefits, which might be particularly likely for potential ‘super-spreaders’ – people with many social interactions – given people who test positive are urged to self-isolate for two weeks. We design a survey in which participants (n = 897) choose whether to take a costless COVID-19 test. We find that 70% would take a test. Surprisingly, the people most likely to widely spread COVID-19 – the extraverts, others who meet more people in their daily lives and younger people – are the most willing to take a test. People's ability to financially or emotionally sustain self-isolation does not matter to their decision. We conclude that people are selfless in their decision to test for COVID-19. Our results are encouraging – they imply that COVOD-19 testing may succeed in targeting those who generate the largest social benefits from self-isolation if infected, which strengthens the case for widespread testing.


id: cord-026130-ki7bn67o
title: Novel Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19)
author: Sharma, Anand Kumar
date: 2020-06-05
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7274062/
doi: 10.1007/s12045-020-0981-3
abstract:
  The present outbreak of the novel coronavirus initially called as “2019 novel coronavirus” or “2019-nCoV” by the World Health Organization (WHO), is also known as “Wuhan coronavirus” or “Wuhan pneumonia”, as it started in the Wuhan city of China in early December of 2019. This new coronavirus-associated acute respiratory deadly disease is now officially named as Corona Virus Disease-19 (COVID-19) by the WHO. From China, this epidemic has now spread to all over the world. On 11 March 2020, the WHO recognised COVID-19 as a pandemic. A pandemic refers to a disease that has spread to several countries, continents, if not worldwide. While the information available on this newly identified virus is limited and evolving, here is a quick run-down of what has been figured out so far.


id: cord-029863-f3bn550o
title: OCD and COVID-19: a new frontier
author: Jassi, Amita
date: 2020-07-14
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7387744/
doi: 10.1017/s1754470x20000318
abstract:
  People with obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) are likely to be more susceptible to the mental health impact of COVID-19. This paper shares the perspectives of expert clinicians working with OCD considering how to identify OCD in the context of COVID-19, changes in the presentation, and importantly what to consider when undertaking cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT) for OCD in the current climate. The expert consensus is that although the presentation of OCD and treatment may have become more difficult, CBT should still continue remotely unless there are specific reasons for it not to, e.g. increase in risk, no access to computer, or exposure tasks or behavioural experiments cannot be undertaken. The authors highlight some of the considerations to take in CBT in light of our current understanding of COVID-19, including therapists and clients taking calculated risks when developing behavioural experiments and exposure tasks, considering viral loading and vulnerability factors. Special considerations for young people and perinatal women are discussed, as well as foreseeing what life may be like for those with OCD after the pandemic is over. KEY LEARNING AIMS: (1).. To learn how to identify OCD in the context of COVID-19 and consider the differences between following government guidelines and OCD. (2).. To consider the presentation of OCD in context of COVID-19, with regard to cognitive and behavioural processes. (3).. Review factors to be considered when embarking on CBT for OCD during the pandemic. (4).. Considerations in CBT for OCD, including weighing up costs and benefits of behavioural experiments or exposure tasks in light of our current understanding of the risks associated with COVID-19.


id: cord-034296-8cl1jll8
author: Stanley, Phiona
date: 2020-09-14
txt: ./txt/cord-034296-8cl1jll8.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-034296-8cl1jll8.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7588673/
doi: 10.1177/1940844720948066
summary:
  title: Problematizing "Activism": Medical Volunteer Tourism in Central America, Local Resistance, and Academic Activism Second, the paper considers and critiques local norms (e.g., widespread homophobia) and materials (e.g., the use of short-handled agricultural hoes) that may be discursively constructed as resistance to western imperialism. Three years of ethnographic research inform the paper (2013–2015, predominantly in Guatemala and Nicaragua), including hundreds of hours of interviews and participant observational fieldwork, in Spanish and English, with local stakeholders (e.g., teachers and homestay hosts) and Western volunteer tourists. Against a potent, recent, and very bloody history of U.S. cultural imperialism in Guatemala, western sojourners and their local hosts array themselves along a continuum of positions, from wishing to invite/impose U.S. norms and practices (under rubrics of "helping" and "expertise") to subscribing to (agri)cultural relativism and not wishing to exacerbate axiological violence through the adoption/ imposition of foreign ways.

title:
  Problematizing “Activism”: Medical Volunteer Tourism in Central America, Local Resistance, and Academic Activism

abstract:
  This paper critically examines epistemological, ontological, and axiological tensions of activism in three related contexts. These are, first, (primarily medical) volunteer tourism ideologies and practices in Central America, including U.S.-American teenagers volunteering in medical centers where, entirely untrained, they do sutures and injections, deliver babies, and help with amputations. Second, the paper considers and critiques local norms (e.g., widespread homophobia) and materials (e.g., the use of short-handled agricultural hoes) that may be discursively constructed as resistance to western imperialism. Finally, the critique turns back on the researcher gaze itself, problematizing the notion of academic activism in spaces, like these, where criticality itself is an imported—arguably luxurious—folly. Local people, it is apparent, do not want convoluted theorizing or Western hand-wringing; they want proper medical care. The paper therefore considers the extent to which academic work in such spaces can call itself activism at all. Three years of ethnographic research inform the paper (2013–2015, predominantly in Guatemala and Nicaragua), including hundreds of hours of interviews and participant observational fieldwork, in Spanish and English, with local stakeholders (e.g., teachers and homestay hosts) and Western volunteer tourists. The paper is theorized with reference to postcolonial theory, critical medical ethics, and liberation theology.


id: cord-034561-ko7pmtig
author: Amagasa, Shiho
date: 2020-07-08
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7590391/
doi: 10.31662/jmaj.2020-0031
abstract: nan
title:
  Mobility Trends Reports Revealed “Self-isolation Fatigue” in Japan: Use of Mobility Data for Coronavirus Disease Control


id: cord-125722-maclu8gh
title: Tracing Contacts to Control the COVID-19 Pandemic
author: Gunther, Christoph
date: 2020-04-01
url: https://arxiv.org/pdf/2004.00517v1.pdf
doi: nan
abstract:
  The control of the COVID-19 pandemic requires a considerable reduction of contacts mostly achieved by imposing movement control up to the level of enforced quarantine. This has lead to a collapse of substantial parts of the economy. Carriers of the disease are infectious roughly 3 days after exposure to the virus. First symptoms occur later or not at all. As a consequence tracing the contacts of people identified as carriers is essential for controlling the pandemic. This tracing must work everywhere, in particular indoors, where people are closest to each other. Furthermore, it should respect people's privacy. The present paper presents a method to enable a thorough traceability with very little risk on privacy. In our opinion, the latter capabilities are necessary to control the pandemic during a future relaunch of our economy.


id: cord-128544-y8flcu8h
title: A Time Delay Dynamic System with External Source for the Local Outbreak of 2019-nCoV
author: Chen, Yu
date: 2020-02-07
txt: ./txt/cord-128544-y8flcu8h.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-128544-y8flcu8h.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://arxiv.org/pdf/2002.02590v1.pdf
doi: nan
summary:
  In this paper, we propose a novel time delay dynamic system with external source to describe the trend of local outbreak for the 2019-nCoV. The numerical simulations exhibit the dynamic system with the external source is more reliable than the one without it, and the rate of isolation is extremely important for controlling the increase of cumulative confirmed people of 2019-nCoV. In order to determine the impact of prevention and control of infection in different positions (i.e. provinces and cities), the strength and duration of isolation, the value for the rate of recovery, we propose a novel dynamic system with time delay and external source in this paper. The rest of paper is organized as follows: in section 2, we shall propose the notations, the assumptions and the corresponding novel time delay dynamic system with external source. In this section, we shall state a novel dynamic system with time delay and external source to describe the local outbreak of 2019-nCoV in China.

abstract:
  How to model the 2019 CoronaVirus (2019-nCov) spread in China is one of the most urgent and interesting problems in applied mathematics. In this paper, we propose a novel time delay dynamic system with external source to describe the trend of local outbreak for the 2019-nCoV. The external source is introduced in the newly proposed dynamic system, which can be considered as the suspected people travel to different areas. The numerical simulations exhibit the dynamic system with the external source is more reliable than the one without it, and the rate of isolation is extremely important for controlling the increase of cumulative confirmed people of 2019-nCoV. Based on our numerical simulation results with the public data, we suggest that the local government should have some more strict measures to maintain the rate of isolation. Otherwise the local cumulative confirmed people of 2019-nCoV might be out of control.


id: cord-146850-5x6qs2i4
title: The State of AI Ethics Report (June 2020)
author: Gupta, Abhishek
date: 2020-06-25
txt: ./txt/cord-146850-5x6qs2i4.txt
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extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://arxiv.org/pdf/2006.14662v1.pdf
doi: nan
summary:
  Another point brought up in the article is that social media companies might themselves be unwilling to tolerate scraping of their users'' data to do this sort of vetting which against their terms of use for access to the APIs. Borrowing from the credit reporting world, the Fair Credit Reporting Act in the US offers some insights when it mentions that people need to be provided with a recourse to correct information that is used about them in making a decision and that due consent needs to be obtained prior to utilizing such tools to do a background check. Given that AI systems operate in a larger socio-technical ecosystem, we need to tap into fields like law and policy making to come up with effective ways of integrating ethics into AI systems, part of which can involve creating binding legal agreements that tie in with economic incentives.While policy making and law are often seen as slow to adapt to fast changing technology, there are a variety of benefits to be had, for example higher customer trust for services that have adherence to stringent regulations regarding privacy and data protection.

abstract:
  These past few months have been especially challenging, and the deployment of technology in ways hitherto untested at an unrivalled pace has left the internet and technology watchers aghast. Artificial intelligence has become the byword for technological progress and is being used in everything from helping us combat the COVID-19 pandemic to nudging our attention in different directions as we all spend increasingly larger amounts of time online. It has never been more important that we keep a sharp eye out on the development of this field and how it is shaping our society and interactions with each other. With this inaugural edition of the State of AI Ethics we hope to bring forward the most important developments that caught our attention at the Montreal AI Ethics Institute this past quarter. Our goal is to help you navigate this ever-evolving field swiftly and allow you and your organization to make informed decisions. This pulse-check for the state of discourse, research, and development is geared towards researchers and practitioners alike who are making decisions on behalf of their organizations in considering the societal impacts of AI-enabled solutions. We cover a wide set of areas in this report spanning Agency and Responsibility, Security and Risk, Disinformation, Jobs and Labor, the Future of AI Ethics, and more. Our staff has worked tirelessly over the past quarter surfacing signal from the noise so that you are equipped with the right tools and knowledge to confidently tread this complex yet consequential domain.


id: cord-223560-ppu6idl2
author: Russo, Daniel
date: 2020-07-24
txt: ./txt/cord-223560-ppu6idl2.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-223560-ppu6idl2.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://arxiv.org/pdf/2007.12580v1.pdf
doi: nan
summary:
  Results include (1) the quality of social contacts predicted positively, and stress predicted an individual''s well-being negatively when controlling for other variables consistently across both waves; (2) boredom and distractions predicted productivity negatively; (3) productivity was less strongly associated with all predictor variables at time two compared to time one, suggesting that software engineers adapted to the lockdown situation over time; and (4) the longitudinal study did not provide evidence that any predictor variable causal explained variance in well-being and productivity. Therefore, there is a compelling need for longitudinal applied research that draws on theories and findings from various scientific fields to identify variables that uniquely predict the well-being and productivity of software professionals during the 2020 quarantine, for both the current and potential future lockdowns. Second, this approach simultaneously allows us to test whether models developed in an organizational context such as the two-factor theory [48] can also predict people''s well-being in general and whether variables that were associated with well-being for people being quarantined also explain productivity.

title:
  Predictors of Well-being and Productivity among Software Professionals during the COVID-19 Pandemic -- A Longitudinal Study

abstract:
  The COVID-19 pandemic has forced governments worldwide to impose movement restrictions on their citizens. Although critical to reducing the virus' reproduction rate, these restrictions come with far-reaching social and economic consequences. In this paper, we investigate the impact of these restrictions on an individual level among software engineers currently working from home. Although software professionals are accustomed to working with digital tools, but not all of them remotely, in their day-to-day work, the abrupt and enforced work-from-home context has resulted in an unprecedented scenario for the software engineering community. In a two-wave longitudinal study ($N~=~192$), we covered over 50 psychological, social, situational, and physiological factors that have previously been associated with well-being or productivity. Examples include anxiety, distractions, psychological and physical needs, office set-up, stress, and work motivation. This design allowed us to identify those variables that explain unique variance in well-being and productivity. Results include (1) the quality of social contacts predicted positively, and stress predicted an individual's well-being negatively when controlling for other variables consistently across both waves; (2) boredom and distractions predicted productivity negatively; (3) productivity was less strongly associated with all predictor variables at time two compared to time one, suggesting that software engineers adapted to the lockdown situation over time; and (4) the longitudinal study did not provide evidence that any predictor variable causal explained variance in well-being and productivity. Our study can assess the effectiveness of current work-from-home and general well-being and productivity support guidelines and provide tailored insights for software professionals.


id: cord-255360-yjn24sja
author: O''Connor, Daryl B.
date: 2020-07-19
txt: ./txt/cord-255360-yjn24sja.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-255360-yjn24sja.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1111/bjop.12468
doi: 10.1111/bjop.12468
summary:
  The most pressing need is to research the negative biopsychosocial impacts of the COVID‐19 pandemic to facilitate immediate and longer‐term recovery, not only in relation to mental health, but also in relation to behaviour change and adherence, work, education, children and families, physical health and the brain, and social cohesion and connectedness. Specifically, we have identified the shorter-and longerterm priorities around mental health, behaviour change and adherence, work, education, children and families, physical health and the brain, and social cohesion and connectedness in order to (1) frame the breadth and scope of potential contributions from across the discipline, (2) assist psychological scientists in focusing their resources on gaps in the literature, and (3) help funders and policymakers make informed decisions about the shorter-and longer-term COVID-19 research priorities to meet the needs of societies as they emerge from the acute phase of the crisis.

title:
  Research priorities for the COVID‐19 pandemic and beyond: A call to action for psychological science

abstract:
  The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus‐2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) that has caused the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) pandemic represents the greatest international biopsychosocial emergency the world has faced for a century, and psychological science has an integral role to offer in helping societies recover. The aim of this paper is to set out the shorter‐ and longer‐term priorities for research in psychological science that will (a) frame the breadth and scope of potential contributions from across the discipline; (b) enable researchers to focus their resources on gaps in knowledge; and (c) help funders and policymakers make informed decisions about future research priorities in order to best meet the needs of societies as they emerge from the acute phase of the pandemic. The research priorities were informed by an expert panel convened by the British Psychological Society that reflects the breadth of the discipline; a wider advisory panel with international input; and a survey of 539 psychological scientists conducted early in May 2020. The most pressing need is to research the negative biopsychosocial impacts of the COVID‐19 pandemic to facilitate immediate and longer‐term recovery, not only in relation to mental health, but also in relation to behaviour change and adherence, work, education, children and families, physical health and the brain, and social cohesion and connectedness. We call on psychological scientists to work collaboratively with other scientists and stakeholders, establish consortia, and develop innovative research methods while maintaining high‐quality, open, and rigorous research standards.


id: cord-256366-9qb1zrzh
author: Spiegel, Samuel J.
date: 2020-10-08
txt: ./txt/cord-256366-9qb1zrzh.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-256366-9qb1zrzh.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33052177/
doi: 10.1016/j.polgeo.2020.102298
summary:
  Reflecting on a courtroom ethnography and debates spanning legal geography, political ecology and social movements studies, this article explores embodied struggles around oil, ''justice'' and geographies of caring – discussing how Indigenous youth, grandmothers in their eighties and others were convicted of ''criminal contempt'' for being on a road near an oil pipeline expansion project. On August 15th, 2018, as part of a research programme on intergenerational environmental justice, I sat in this gallery with other courtroom observers as a seventeen-year old Indigenous boy was sentenced by a white male judge for violating an injunction against impeding construction of an oil pipeline expansion project on his ancestral territory. The elder argued that the boy should not be deemed "guilty" of anything, that forced appearance at nine court proceedings, causing repeated sleepless nights and anxiety, was already more than enough punishment, and that the "criminal contempt" label needed to be appealed, with the pipeline violating Indigenous people''s rights on land never ceded to the British colonisers before the creation of Canada nor to any Canadian government thereafter.

title:
  Climate injustice, criminalisation of land protection and anti-colonial solidarity: Courtroom ethnography in an age of fossil fuel violence

abstract:
  As plans for expanding fossil fuel infrastructure continue to ramp up despite threats to the planet, how are geographers to address the criminalisation and prosecution of peaceful acts of defending earth, water and land? Reflecting on a courtroom ethnography and debates spanning legal geography, political ecology and social movements studies, this article explores embodied struggles around oil, ‘justice’ and geographies of caring – discussing how Indigenous youth, grandmothers in their eighties and others were convicted of ‘criminal contempt’ for being on a road near an oil pipeline expansion project. The project (“Trans Mountain Pipeline Expansion”) was created to transport unprecedented levels of heavy oil (bitumen) across hundreds of kilometres of Indigenous peoples' territory that was never ceded to settler-colonial authorities in Canada. Focusing on a controversial injunction designed to protect oil industry expansion, the discussion explores the performativity of a judge's exercise of power, including in denying the necessity to act defence, side-lining Indigenous jurisdiction, and escalating prison sentences. Courtroom ethnography offers a unique vantage point for witnessing power at work and vast resources used by state actors to suppress issues fundamental to the United Nations Declaration on Rights of Indigenous Peoples and the Paris Climate Accord. It also provides a lens into the intersectional solidarity and ethics of care among those who dare to challenge colonialism and hyper-extractivism, inviting engagement with multiple meanings of ‘irreparable harm’ at various scales. The article calls for more attention to power relations, values and affects shaping courtroom dynamics in an age in which fossil fuel interests, climate crisis and settler-colonial control over courts are entwined in evermore-complex violent entanglements.


id: cord-257903-rnuslepe
title: Political and Administrative Systems
author: Guo, Rongxing
date: 2012-07-12
url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780123978264000056
doi: 10.1016/b978-0-12-397826-4.00005-6
abstract:
  China’s political and administrative systems are mysteries to many Westerners. At one level, China is a one-party state that has been ruled by the Chinese Communist Party since 1949. In the late 1950s, the same authoritarian regime was waging a massive campaign under the name of the ‘Great Leap Forward’, which resulted in the loss of a large number of lives. From 1966 to 1976, the same regime was launching a so-called ‘Great Cultural Revolution’, causing serious cultural and economic damages to this nation. Furthermore, influential theories of the political economy of the former socialist systems emphasize that unless the one-party monopoly is abolished, reforms are doomed to fail. Obviously, the achievements of China’s modernization defy conventional explanations. Consequently, this will lead to the asking of questions such as: How has the Chinese political system worked during the past decades? Can it be sustained in the long run? Keywords Political system, Chinese Communist Party (CCP), Chinese characteristics, authoritarianism, governance, administrative efficiency, legal system, corruption control


id: cord-258915-lgee3ers
author: Liddle, Jennifer
date: 2020-07-31
txt: ./txt/cord-258915-lgee3ers.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-258915-lgee3ers.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32751898/
doi: 10.3390/ijerph17155544
summary:
  In drawing together participants'' ideas about spaces, processes and mechanisms that might address these local challenges, we conclude the paper with implications that offer scope for further exploration and consideration in terms of how technology might support the operationalisation of local people''s ideas for improving face-to-face connections in age-friendly community settings. As described earlier, the interview data were coded to explore (a) opportunities to improve connections at a local level, i.e., factors that had the potential to impact negatively on people''s geographically proximate social relationships in terms of quality, quantity or satisfaction; and (b) participants'' engagement with technology in relation to their social lives generally. As described earlier, the interview data were coded to explore (a) opportunities to improve connections at a local level, i.e., factors that had the potential to impact negatively on people''s geographically proximate social relationships in terms of quality, quantity or satisfaction; and (b) participants'' engagement with technology in relation to their social lives generally.

title:
  Connecting at Local Level: Exploring Opportunities for Future Design of Technology to Support Social Connections in Age-friendly Communities

abstract:
  Social connectedness in later life is an important dimension of an age-friendly community, with associated implications for individual health and wellbeing. In contrast with prior efforts focusing on connections at a distance or online communities where the digital technology is the interface, we explore the design opportunities and role of technology for connectedness within a geographically local community context. We present findings from interviews with 22 older adults and a linked ideation workshop. Our analysis identified shared concerns and negative perceptions around local relationships, connections and characteristics of the geographical area. However, local connectedness through technology was largely absent from day-to-day life and even perceived as contributing to disconnection. By uncovering how older adults use and perceive technology in their social lives and combining these findings with their ideas for improving local connections, we highlight the need for thoughtful consideration of the role of technology in optimising social connections within communities. Our research highlights a need for design work to understand the specifics of the local context and reduce emphasis on technology as the interface between people. We introduce an amended definition—‘underpinned by a commitment to respect and social inclusion, an age-friendly community is engaged in a strategic and ongoing process to facilitate active ageing by optimising the community’s physical, social and digital environments and its supporting infrastructure’—to conceptualise our approach. We conclude by suggesting areas for future work in developing digitally connected age-friendly communities.


id: cord-259745-69wk591l
title: A Contribution to the Mathematical Modeling of the Corona/COVID-19 Pandemic
author: Baerwolff, Guenter K.F.
date: 2020-04-06
url: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.04.01.20050229
doi: 10.1101/2020.04.01.20050229
abstract:
  The responsible estimation of parameters is a main issue of mathematical pandemic models. Especially a good choice of β as the number of others that one infected person encounters per unit time (per day) influences the adequateness of the results of the model. For the example of the actual COVID-19 pandemic some aspects of the parameter choice will be discussed. Because of the incompatibility of the data of the Johns-Hopkins-University to the data of the German Robert-Koch-Institut we use the COVID-19 data of the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) as a base for the parameter estimation. Two different mathematical methods for the data analysis will be discussed in this paper and possible sources of trouble will be shown. Parameters for several countries like UK, USA, Italy, Spain, Germany and China will be estimated and used in W.O. Kermack and A.G. McKendrick's SIR model. Strategies for the commencing and ending of social and economic shutdown measures are discussed. The numerical solution of the ordinary differential equation system of the modified SIR model is being done with a Runge-Kutta integration method of fourth order. At the end the applicability of the SIR model could be shown. Suggestions about appropriate points in time at which to commence with lockdown measures based on the acceleration rate of infections conclude the paper.


id: cord-262085-y90w53xo
author: Neto, Modesto Leite Rolim
date: 2020-04-13
txt: ./txt/cord-262085-y90w53xo.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-262085-y90w53xo.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32304928/
doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2020.112939
summary:
  BACKGROUND: Homeless experts and some federal housing officials are sounding the alarm that the patchwork of government efforts to address the coronavirus outbreak risks leaving out one group of acutely vulnerable people: the homeless. METHOD: The studies were identified using large-sized newspapers with international circulation RESULTS: With more cities suspecting community transmission of the novel coronavirus, people who sleep in shelters or hunker down outside already have a lower life expectancy and often have underlying health conditions that put them at greater risk if they develop COVID-19 (Global News, 2020). With more cities suspecting community transmission of the novel coronavirus, people who sleep in shelters or hunker down outside have a lower life expectancy and often have underlying health conditions that put them at greater risk if they develop COVID-19 (Global News, 2020) .

title:
  When basic supplies are missing, what to do? Specific demands of the local street population in times of coronavirus – a concern of social psychiatry

abstract:
  BACKGROUND: Homeless experts and some federal housing officials are sounding the alarm that the patchwork of government efforts to address the coronavirus outbreak risks leaving out one group of acutely vulnerable people: the homeless. In terms of isolation, it is too unclear what that looks like if you normally sleep on the streets. In this tough moment, when people should be turned away, not only it feels inhumane, but it is also a big public health risk, because where are they going to go? METHOD: The studies were identified using large-sized newspapers with international circulation RESULTS: With more cities suspecting community transmission of the novel coronavirus, people who sleep in shelters or hunker down outside already have a lower life expectancy and often have underlying health conditions that put them at greater risk if they develop COVID-19 (Global News, 2020). These people face lack of sleep, malnutrition, and “extreme stress levels just to meet their daily needs”, all of which weakens the immune system. Along with mental illness or substance abuse disorders, they are “incredibly vulnerable to this virus”. CONCLUSIONS: Health organizations are well aware of the risks involved in mental health. A large population of homeless people experience their pain and psychological distress intermittently. For low-income patients, the various borderline situations related to health/illness involve growing expectations regarding the basic needs. This is a serious concern when linked to the pandemic.


id: cord-269343-qwgmn06t
title: Dementia prevention, intervention, and care: 2020 report of the Lancet Commission
author: Livingston, Gill
date: 2020-07-30
txt: ./txt/cord-269343-qwgmn06t.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-269343-qwgmn06t.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S0140673620303676
doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(20)30367-6
abstract: nan
summary:
  Overall, a growing body of evidence supports the nine potentially modifiable risk factors for dementia modelled by the 2017 Lancet Commission on dementia prevention, intervention, and care: less education, hypertension, hearing impairment, smoking, obesity, depression, physical inactivity, diabetes, and low social contact. 90 An individual-level meta-analysis of 19 observational studies of relatively younger adults included 404 840 participants'' data (mean baseline age 45·5 years; mean follow-up duration 14·9 years), reporting an increased incidence of all-cause dementia (HR 1·4, 95% CI 1·2-1·7) and clinically diagnosed Alzheimer''s disease (1·4, 1·1-1·7) in those who were physically inactive in the 10-year period before diagnosis. Little evidence of the effects of social interventions on dementia exists but a systematic review of low quality RCTs of 576 adults aged 60 or more years with normal cognition found facilitated meeting and discussion groups were associated with improved global cognition and increased brain volume at follow-up.


id: cord-274459-781by93r
title: Comprehensive Overview on Multiple Strategies Fighting COVID-19
author: Khalifa, Shaden A. M.
date: 2020-08-11
url: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17165813
doi: 10.3390/ijerph17165813
abstract:
  Lately, myriad of novel viruses have emerged causing epidemics such as SARS, MERS, and SARS-CoV-2, leading to high mortality rates worldwide. Thus, these viruses represented a challenging threat to mankind, especially considering the miniscule data available at our disposal regarding these novel viruses. The entire world established coordinative relations in research projects regarding drug and vaccine development on the external range, whereas on the internal range, all countries declared it an emergency case through imposing different restrictions related to their border control, large gatherings, school attendance, and most social activities. Pandemic combating plans prioritized all sectors including normal people, medical staff politicians, and scientists collectively shouldered the burden. Through planning and learning the previous lessons from SARS and MERS, healthcare systems could succeed in combating the viral spread and implications of these new pandemics. Different management strategies including social distance, social awareness and isolation represented successful ways to slow down the spread of the pandemic. Furthermore, pre-preparedness of some countries for emergencies is crucial to minimize the consequences of the crisis.


id: cord-284972-61ayjej8
title: Catastrophe Compassion: Understanding and Extending Prosociality Under Crisis
author: Zaki, Jamil
date: 2020-05-14
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32410822/
doi: 10.1016/j.tics.2020.05.006
abstract:
  ABSTRACT How do people behave when disasters strike? Popular media accounts depict panic and cruelty, but in fact, individuals often cooperate with and care for one another during crises. I summarize evidence for such “catastrophe compassion,” discuss its roots, and consider how it might be cultivated in more mundane times.


id: cord-286705-biundkbv
title: Protests in Hong Kong (2019–2020): a Perspective Based on Quality of Life and Well-Being
author: Shek, Daniel T. L.
date: 2020-03-13
url: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11482-020-09825-2
doi: 10.1007/s11482-020-09825-2
abstract:
  Triggered by the Fugitive Offenders and Mutual Legal Assistance in Criminal Matters Legislation (Amendment) Bill 2019 in Hong Kong (Extradition Bill), many protests have taken place in Hong Kong in 2019–2020. Using a perspective based on quality of life and well-being in different ecological systems, it is argued that the process of introducing the Bill is the “heat” which has ignited the “fuels” represented by 12 pre-existing and new issues in quality of life and well-being. These issues included distrust in the Central Government, lack of national identity, political dissatisfaction, economic strains, mental health threats, drop in family quality of life, lack of life skills education, lack of evidence-based national education in the formal curriculum, slow response of the Government, and alleged excessive use of force by the police. The fire has been intensified by “four strong winds”, including disinformation and misinformation, anonymity of the protesters, public support for the students, and support given by parties outside Hong Kong. Possible solutions in terms of promotion of quality of life and well-being with reference to the fire triangle are discussed.


id: cord-288392-khjo6j8u
author: Davern, Melanie
date: 2020-10-21
url: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17207685
doi: 10.3390/ijerph17207685
title:
  How Can the Lived Environment Support Healthy Ageing? A Spatial Indicators Framework for the Assessment of Age-Friendly Communities

abstract:
  The Age-Friendly Cities and Communities Guide was released by the World Health Organization over a decade ago with the aim of creating environments that support healthy ageing. The comprehensive framework includes the domains of outdoor spaces and buildings, transportation, housing, social participation, respect and inclusion, civic participation and employment, communication and information, and community and health services. A major critique of the age-friendly community movement has argued for a more clearly defined scope of actions, the need to measure or quantify results and increase the connections to policy and funding levers. This paper provides a quantifiable spatial indicators framework to assess local lived environments according to each Age-Friendly Cities and Communities (AFC) domain. The selection of these AFC spatial indicators can be applied within local neighbourhoods, census tracts, suburbs, municipalities, or cities with minimal resource requirements other than applied spatial analysis, which addresses past critiques of the Age-Friendly Community movement. The framework has great potential for applications within local, national, and international policy and planning contexts in the future.


id: cord-289846-i7xg1tpp
author: Torres, Camilo
date: 2020-10-15
url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2020.09.013
doi: 10.1016/j.geoforum.2020.09.013
title:
  Re-imagining environmental governance: Gold dredge mining vs Territorial Health in the Colombian Amazon

abstract:
  This article describes and analyses an encounter in the Colombian Amazon between Indigenous practices and arrangements to manage their environment and the conservation policies of the State. Indigenous peoples understand their world as populated by powerful human and nonhuman beings; for them, the moral duty of achieving happiness and abundance for all implies sustaining reciprocal and respectful relations with these beings (including the State). In contrast Colombian environmental policy distinguishes between nature and culture, seeking to safeguard landscapes from human interference so that natural processes can unfold unhindered. In practice these partially connected, yet incommensurable worldviews make for a ‘perfect storm’ - opening opportunities for illegal mining. Drawing on recent fieldwork among the Andoke, an ethnic group well acquainted with extractivism in its different historical modalities and presently affronting the fallout of gold dredge mining we narrate how a parallel, non-state governance system makes it difficult for them to care for their land and entertain mutual and respectful relations with human and nonhuman beings (which we translate as ‘territorial health’). We conclude by arguing for the need to re-imagine environmental governance in ways that more closely engage with what we call pluriversal governance: a form of (environmental) governance that does ontological justice to those involved in the environmental conflict – including, crucially, Indigenous people.


id: cord-291924-1s1e6457
title: The public health emergency management system in China: trends from 2002 to 2012
author: Sun, Mei
date: 2018-04-11
txt: ./txt/cord-291924-1s1e6457.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-291924-1s1e6457.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-018-5284-1
doi: 10.1186/s12889-018-5284-1
summary:
  CONCLUSIONS: Due to forceful leadership, sounder regulations, and intensive resources, China''s PHEMS has been improved at the preparation, readiness, and response stages; however, the recovery stage was still weak and could not meet the requirements of crisis management and preventive governance. We conducted a multistage sampling to select CDCs at different administration levels, selected all 32 provincial CDCs and used systematic random sampling to select municipal and county CDCs. As governmental funding is the most critical control point of public health emergency management for the CDCs [15] ,we used "governmental funding to CDCs per thousand people" as a basis to determine sample size [16] . In 2012, there were 3092 public health emergencies directly reported via the Disease Surveillance Information Management System, which accounted for 98.8%.The percentage of timely reporting by county CDCs emergency levels in 2012 was presented in Table 4 .

abstract:
  BACKGROUND: Public health emergencies have challenged the public health emergency management systems (PHEMSs) of many countries critically and frequently since this century. As the world’s most populated country and the second biggest economy in the world, China used to have a fragile PHEMS; however, the government took forceful actions to build PHEMS after the 2003 SARS outbreak. After more than one decade’s efforts, we tried to assess the improvements and problems of China’s PHEMS between 2002 and 2012. METHODS: We conducted two rounds of national surveys and collected the data of the year 2002 and 2012, including all 32 provincial, 139 municipal, and 489 county CDCs. The municipal and county CDCs were selected by systematic random sampling. Twenty-one indicators of four stages (preparation, readiness, response and recovery) from the National Assessment Criteria for CDC Performance were chosen to assess the ten-year trends. RESULTS: At the preparation stage, organization, mechanisms, workforce, and stockpile across all levels and regions were significantly improved after one decade’s efforts. At the readiness stage, the capability for formulating an emergency plan was also significantly improved during the same period. At the response stage, internet-based direct reporting was 98.8%, and coping scores were nearly full points of ten in 2012. At the recovery stage, the capabilities were generally lower than expected. CONCLUSIONS: Due to forceful leadership, sounder regulations, and intensive resources, China’s PHEMS has been improved at the preparation, readiness, and response stages; however, the recovery stage was still weak and could not meet the requirements of crisis management and preventive governance. In addition, CDCs in the Western region and counties lagged behind in performance on most indicators. Future priorities should include developing the recovery stage, establishing a closed feedback loop, and strengthening the capabilities of CDCs in Western region and counties.


id: cord-294966-3jolt83r
author: Joensen, L. E.
date: 2020-05-29
url: https://doi.org/10.1111/dme.14319
doi: 10.1111/dme.14319
title:
  Diabetes and COVID‐19: psychosocial consequences of the COVID‐19 pandemic in people with diabetes in Denmark—what characterizes people with high levels of COVID‐19‐related worries?

abstract:
  AIM: To map COVID‐19‐specific worries and overall psychosocial health among people with diabetes in the initial phase of the COVID‐19 pandemic in Denmark, and to explore characteristics of people with diabetes and high levels of worries related to the COVID‐19 pandemic. METHODS: A cross‐sectional survey was conducted by distributing online questionnaires to 2430 adult members (> 18 years) of two user panels consisting of people with diabetes who have volunteered to share information about their life with diabetes. The questionnaire included items on COVID‐19‐specific worries as well as such worries related to diabetes, sociodemographic and health status, social relations, diabetes‐specific social support, diabetes distress and changes in diabetes‐specific behaviours. Responses were analysed with descriptive statistics and logistic regressions. RESULTS: People with diabetes have COVID‐19‐specific worries related to their diabetes. More than half were worried about being overly affected due to diabetes if infected with COVID‐19, about one‐third about being characterized as a risk group due to diabetes and not being able to manage diabetes if infected. Logistic regressions showed that being female, having type 1 diabetes, diabetes complications and diabetes distress, feeling isolated and lonely, and having changed diabetes behaviours were associated with being more worried about COVID‐19 and diabetes. CONCLUSION: People with diabetes have COVID‐19‐specific worries related to their diabetes which is associated with poorer psychosocial health. These worries should be addressed through support targeting specific questions and needs of individuals with diabetes as well as frequent updates on new knowledge regarding COVID‐19 and diabetes.


id: cord-300452-dqb6em7g
title: Current Policies and Measures on the Development of Traditional Chinese Medicine in China
author: Wang, Wan-Ying
date: 2020-09-09
url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S104366182031495X
doi: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.105187
abstract:
  Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) is a medical science and cultural heritage empirically applied and reserved by Chinese people for thousands of years. With comprehensive prosperity of China and rapid elaboration of technology, healthcare status of Chinese people has become one of the most crucial concerns of the country. Nearly 30 policies and measures regarding TCM development have been issued since the 18(th) National Congress of the Communist Party of People’s Republic of China in 2012. This review introduced a detailed evolutionary course of TCM in China with an emphasis on understanding the roadmap of TCM related policies and measures in China.


id: cord-300763-3ateeei3
title: Novel Coronavirus COVID-19: Current Evidence and Evolving Strategies
author: Vannabouathong, Christopher
date: 2020-05-06
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32379112/
doi: 10.2106/jbjs.20.00396
abstract:
  COVID-19 is a global pandemic that has currently infected &gt;300,000 globally. Fever and cough are the most common symptoms of the disease, and it is important to remember that the virus can even be transmitted by individuals who test positive for the disease but do not have any symptoms. Currently reported mortality rates vary because of the rapid spread of the disease and different approaches to calculating this estimate, but it is clear that the risk of death is associated with age and the presence of underlying conditions. Risk mitigation techniques (i.e., hand washing, social distancing, and self-isolation) have already been emphasized across major news outlets. It is essential that we continue these practices, as the outbreak is currently expected to last for many more months and we must be mindful of the lessons learned from past pandemics to prevent a second wave from occurring.


id: cord-306227-63qvvkvk
author: Shammi, Mashura
date: 2020-07-18
url: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-020-00867-y
doi: 10.1007/s10668-020-00867-y
title:
  Strategic assessment of COVID-19 pandemic in Bangladesh: comparative lockdown scenario analysis, public perception, and management for sustainability

abstract:
  ABSTRACT: Community transmission of COVID-19 is happening in Bangladesh—the country which did not have a noteworthy health policy and legislative structures to combat a pandemic like COVID-19. Early strategic planning and groundwork for evolving and established challenges are crucial to assemble resources and react in an appropriate timely manner. This article, therefore, focuses on the public perception of comparative lockdown scenario analysis and how they may affect the sustainable development goals (SDGs) and the strategic management regime of COVID-19 pandemic in Bangladesh socio-economically as well as the implications of the withdrawal of partial lockdown plan. Scenario-based public perceptions were collected via a purposive sampling survey method through a questionnaire. Datasets were analysed through a set of statistical techniques including classical test theory, principal component analysis, hierarchical cluster analysis, Pearson’s correlation matrix and linear regression analysis. There were good associations among the lockdown scenarios and response strategies to be formulated. Scenario 1 describes how the death and infection rate will increase if the Bangladesh Government withdraws the existing partial lockdown. Scenario 2 outlines that limited people’s movement will enable low-level community transmission of COVID-19 with the infection and death rate will increase slowly (r = 0.540, p < 0.01). Moreover, there will be less supply of necessities of daily use with a price hike (r = 0.680, p < 0.01). In scenario 3, full lockdown will reduce community transmission and death from COVID-19 (r = 0.545, p < 0.01). However, along with the other problems gender discrimination and gender-based violence will increase rapidly (r = 0.661, p < 0.01). Due to full lockdown, the formal and informal business, economy, and education sector will be hampered severely (R = 0.695). Subsequently, there was a strong association between the loss of livelihood and the unemployment rate which will increase due to business shutdown (p < 0.01). This will lead to the severe sufferings of poor and vulnerable communities in both urban and rural areas (p < 0.01). All these will further aggravate the humanitarian needs of the most vulnerable groups in the country in the coming months to be followed which will undoubtedly affect the Bangladesh targets to achieve the SDGs of 2030 and other development plans that need to be adjusted. From our analysis, it was apparent that maintaining partial lockdown with business and economic activities with social distancing and public health guidelines is the best strategy to maintain. However, as the government withdrew the partial lockdown, inclusive and transparent risk communication towards the public should be followed. Recovery and strengthening of the health sector, economy, industry, agriculture, and food security should be focused on under the “new normal standard of life” following health guidelines and social distancing. Proper response plans and strategic management are necessary for the sustainability of the nation. GRAPHIC ABSTRACT: [Image: see text] ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL: The online version of this article (10.1007/s10668-020-00867-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.


id: cord-307709-o6biwypo
author: Asai, Atsushi
date: 2020-10-13
url: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11948-020-00269-3
doi: 10.1007/s11948-020-00269-3
title:
  Should We Aim to Create a Perfect Healthy Utopia? Discussions of Ethical Issues Surrounding the World of Project Itoh’s Harmony

abstract:
  To consider whether or not we should aim to create a perfect healthy utopia on Earth, we focus on the SF novel Harmony (2008), written by Japanese writer Project Ito, and analyze various issues in the world established in the novel from a bioethical standpoint. In the world depicted in Harmony, preserving health and life is a top priority. Super-medicine is realized through highly advanced medical technologies. Citizens in Harmony are required to strictly control themselves to achieve perfect health and must always disclose their health information to the public and continuously prove their health. From a bioethical standpoint, the world in Harmony is governed by a “healthy longevity supremacy” principle, with being healthy equated to being good and right. Privacy no longer exists, as it is perceived ethical for citizens to openly communicate health-related information to establish one’s credibility. Moreover, there is no room for self-determination concerning healthcare because medical interventions and care are completely routinized, automated, centralized, and instantly provided. This is a situation where the community exhibits extremely powerful and effective paternalism. One can argue that healthy longevity is highly preferred. But is it right to aim for a perfectly healthy society at all costs? Should we sacrifice freedom, privacy, vivid feelings, and personal dignity to achieve such a world? In our view, the answer is no, as this would require the loss of many essential values. We conclude by proposing an alternative governing principle for future healthcare, and refer to it as the “do-everything-in-moderation” principle.


id: cord-310556-ebh59adi
author: Flett, Gordon L.
date: 2020-06-15
txt: ./txt/cord-310556-ebh59adi.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-310556-ebh59adi.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32837430/
doi: 10.1007/s11469-020-00339-4
summary:
  This work has also resulted in the creation of the first measure of suicide ideation tailored specifically to the needs and lives of older people, the Geriatric Suicide Ideation Scale (Heisel and Flett 2006) , which assesses sociocultural and existential factors (i.e., its "Loss of Personal and Social Worth" and "Perceived Meaning in Life" subscales) in addition to thoughts and wishes to die and for suicide.

title:
  Aging and Feeling Valued Versus Expendable During the COVID-19 Pandemic and Beyond: a Review and Commentary of Why Mattering Is Fundamental to the Health and Well-Being of Older Adults

abstract:
  The current commentary and review examines the potentially protective role of feelings of mattering among elderly people during typical times and the current atypical times associated with the COVID-19 global pandemic. Mattering is the feeling of being important to others in ways that give people the sense that they are valued and other people care about them. We contrast this feeling with messages of not mattering and being expendable and disposable due to ageism, gaps in the provision of care, and apparently economically focused positions taken during the pandemic that disrespect the value, worth, and merits of older persons. We provide a comprehensive review of past research on individual differences in mattering among older adults and illustrate the unique role of mattering in potentially protecting older adults from mental health problems. Mattering is also discussed in terms of its links with loneliness and physical health. This article concludes with a discussion of initiatives and interventions that can be modified and enhanced to instill a sense of mattering among older adults. Key directions for future research are also highlighted along with ways to expand the mattering concept to more fully understand and appreciate the relevance of mattering among older adults.


id: cord-311398-uheb2cvg
title: Talking about colds and flu: The lay diagnosis of two common illnesses among older British people
author: Prior, Lindsay
date: 2010-11-24
url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2010.09.054
doi: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2010.09.054
abstract:
  This paper reports on a study of the ways in which 54 older people in South Wales (UK) talk about the symptoms and causes of cold and influenza (flu). The study was designed to understand why older people might reject or accept the offer of seasonal flu vaccine, and in the course of the interviews respondents were also asked to express their views about the nature and causes of the two key illnesses. The latter are among the most common infections in human beings. In terms of the biomedical paradigm the common cold is caused by numerous respiratory viruses, whilst flu is caused by the influenza virus. Medical diagnosis is usually made on clinical grounds without laboratory confirmation. Symptoms of flu include sudden onset of fever and cough, and colds are characterized by sneezing, sore throat, and runny nose, but in practice the symptoms often overlap. In this study we examine the degree by which the views of lay people with respect to both diagnosis and epidemiology diverge with that which is evident in biomedical discourse. Our results indicate that whilst most of the identified symptoms are common to lay and professional people, the former integrate symptoms into a markedly different observational frame from the latter. And as far as causation is concerned it is clear that lay people emphasize the role of ‘resistance’ and ‘immunity’ at least as much as ‘infection’ in accounting for the onset of colds and flu. The data are analyzed using novel methods that focus on the co-occurrence of concepts and are displayed as semantic networks. As well as reporting on its findings the authors draw out some implications of the study for social scientific and policy discussions concerning lay diagnosis, lay expertise and the concept of an expert patient.


id: cord-314084-gb7ggriv
author: Qi, Fei
date: 2020-10-30
url: https://doi.org/10.2147/rmhp.s273685
doi: 10.2147/rmhp.s273685
title:
  Guaranteeing the Health Rights of People with Disabilities in the COVID-19 Pandemic: Perspectives from China

abstract:
  The question of how to guarantee the health rights of people with disabilities, and their health equity in particular, is frequently neglected in infectious disease pandemics. The international response to the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic is no exception in this regard. This neglect is related to other forms of marginalization and exclusion, as people with disabilities are generally poorer and more vulnerable than their non-disabled counterparts. Sustainable Development Goal 3 lacks an appropriate human rights language that enshrines equality and inclusivity in pandemic prevention work and related policies and legislation; and, as a result, it does not sufficiently guarantee the health rights of people with disabilities. This paper draws on China’s pandemic prevention work to extract relevant lessons, and seeks to explain how decision-making systems and resource allocation mechanisms impact on the health rights of people with disabilities. It discusses the unique roles of justice and legislation in helping to guarantee the health rights of people with disabilities in an infectious disease pandemic, and concludes that future research should more closely consider how Sustainable Development Goal 16 can support Sustainable Development Goal 3.


id: cord-318977-4ng6gxpv
author: Zittoun, Tania
date: 2020-09-26
url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S2210656120301240
doi: 10.1016/j.lcsi.2020.100453
title:
  The relevance of a sociocultural perspective for understanding learning and development in older age

abstract:
  This paper proposes a sociocultural psychology approach to ageing in the lifecourse. It proposes to consider sociogenetic, microgenetic and ontogenetic transformations when studying older age. On this basis, it considers that older people's lives have two specificities: a longer life experience, and a unique view of historical transformation. The paper calls for a closer understanding of the specific and evolving conditions of ageing, and for more inclusion of older citizens in public debate and policy making.


id: cord-321642-efv9ovx9
title: On order and disorder during the COVID‐19 pandemic
author: Reicher, Stephen
date: 2020-07-01
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32609398/
doi: 10.1111/bjso.12398
abstract:
  In this paper, we analyse the conditions under which the COVID‐19 pandemic will lead either to social order (adherence to measures put in place by authorities to control the pandemic) or to social disorder (resistance to such measures and the emergence of open conflict). Using examples from different countries (principally the United Kingdom, the United States, and France), we first isolate three factors which determine whether people accept or reject control measures. These are the historical context of state‐public relations, the nature of leadership during the pandemic and procedural justice in the development and operation of these measures. Second, we analyse the way the crisis is policed and how forms of policing determine whether dissent will escalate into open conflict. We conclude by considering the prospects for order/disorder as the pandemic unfolds.


id: cord-322636-2vp32ffg
author: Morgon Banks, Lena
date: 2020-08-28
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32904300/
doi: 10.1016/j.worlddev.2020.105178
title:
  Disability-inclusive responses to COVID-19: Lessons learnt from research on social protection in low- and middle-income countries

abstract:
  The one billion people living with disabilities globally already face a heightened risk of poverty, which will likely be exacerbated by the COVID-19 pandemic unless interventions to address its economic impacts are disability-inclusive. This paper draws on the literature on disability, poverty and social protection in low- and middle-income countries to explore the pathways through which the current pandemic may increase the risk of poverty amongst people with disabilities, such as loss of income from disruptions to work, particularly in the informal sector, and higher future spending and productivity losses from disruptions to healthcare and other key services (e.g. rehabilitation, assistive devices). It also explores how social protection and other initiatives to mitigate the economic impacts of the pandemic should consider the needs of people with disabilities, with recommendations for disability-inclusive actions in the design and implementation of eligibility criteria and application procedures, as well as the delivery and content of benefits. Across recommendations, meaningful consultations with people with disabilities, leadership at the program and policy level, appropriate budgeting and monitoring of progress through routine collection of data on disability are key for improving access to and impact of economic responses for people with disabilities.


id: cord-322660-bis2arbu
title: Guidance for the Treatment and Management of COVID‐19 Among People with Intellectual Disabilities
author: Alexander, Regi
date: 2020-06-10
txt: ./txt/cord-322660-bis2arbu.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-322660-bis2arbu.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32837529/
doi: 10.1111/jppi.12352
summary:
  The guidelines cover specific issues associated with hospital passports, individual COVID‐19 care plans, the important role of families and carers, capacity to make decisions, issues associated with social distancing, ceiling of care/treatment escalation plans, mental health and challenging behavior, and caring for someone suspected of contracting or who has contracted SARS‐CoV‐2 within community or inpatient psychiatric settings. These teams provide a range of care and support to people with IDs, while during the current pandemic there will be an increased focus upon providing TABLE 1 Group at risk because they are clinically vulnerable due to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection who need particularly stringent social distancing measures Issues associated with diagnostic overshadowing, the views of parents, family members and carers, the required reasonable adjustments, communication needs, specialist mental health support, anticipatory care plans, any end-of-life or do not attempt cardiopulmonary resuscitation (DNACPR) discussions should be reported.

abstract:
  The current COVID‐19 pandemic is a pressing world crisis and people with intellectual disabilities (IDs) are vulnerable due to disparity in healthcare provision and physical and mental health multimorbidity. While most people will develop mild symptoms upon contracting severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus‐2 (SARS‐CoV‐2), some will develop serious complications. The aim of this study is to present guidelines for the care and treatment of people with IDs during the COVID‐19 pandemic for both community teams providing care to people with IDs and inpatient psychiatric settings. The guidelines cover specific issues associated with hospital passports, individual COVID‐19 care plans, the important role of families and carers, capacity to make decisions, issues associated with social distancing, ceiling of care/treatment escalation plans, mental health and challenging behavior, and caring for someone suspected of contracting or who has contracted SARS‐CoV‐2 within community or inpatient psychiatric settings. We have proposed that the included conditions recommended by Public Health England to categorize someone as high risk of severe illness due to COVID‐19 should also include mental health and challenging behavior. There are specific issues associated with providing care to people with IDs and appropriate action must be taken by care providers to ensure that disparity of healthcare is addressed during the COVID‐19 pandemic. We recognize that our guidance is focused upon healthcare delivery in England and invite others to augment our guidance for use in other jurisdictions.


id: cord-328045-12xr4mj4
author: Chan, Fong
date: 2020-11-02
url: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10926-020-09941-8
doi: 10.1007/s10926-020-09941-8
title:
  Company Characteristics, Disability Inclusion Practices, and Employment of People with Disabilities in the Post COVID-19 Job Economy: A Cross Sectional Survey Study

abstract:
  Purpose In the post coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) recession economy, rehabilitation counselors, transition specialists, and other disability service providers must redouble their efforts to connect with employers to create employment opportunities for people with physical and mental impairments. The purpose of the present study was to investigate company characteristics and effective disability inclusion practices that are related to employment of people with disabilities. Methods Four hundred sixty-six employers completed a demographic questionnaire and the Disability Inclusion Profiler. Results Results indicated company characteristics and disability practices were positively related to employment of people with disabilities. Conclusions Findings of the present study can be used by transition specialists, rehabilitation counselors, and other disability service providers to engage and connect with employers to increase employment opportunity for people with disabilities in the post COVID-19 economy. Future research and practice implications are provided.


id: cord-330956-692irru4
title: A control approach to the Covid-19 disease using a SEIHRD dynamical model
author: Pazos, F. A.
date: 2020-05-30
url: http://medrxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.05.27.20115295v1?rss=1
doi: 10.1101/2020.05.27.20115295
abstract:
  The recent worldwide epidemic of Covid-19 disease, for which there is no vaccine or medications to prevent or cure it, led to the adoption of public health measures by governments and populations in most of the affected countries to avoid the contagion and its spread. These measures are known as nonpharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) and their implementation clearly produces social unrest as well as greatly affects the economy. Frequently, NPIs are implemented with an intensity quantified in an ad hoc manner. Control theory offers a worthwhile tool for determining the optimal intensity of the NPIs in order to avoid the collapse of the healthcare system while keeping them as low as possible, yielding in a policymakers concrete guidance. We propose here the use of a simple proportional controller that is robust to large parametric uncertainties in the model used.


id: cord-337889-90q4py0j
title: Comorbidity and its impact on 1590 patients with Covid-19 in China: A Nationwide Analysis
author: Guan, Wei-jie
date: 2020-03-26
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32217650/
doi: 10.1183/13993003.00547-2020
abstract:
  BACKGROUND: The coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) outbreak is evolving rapidly worldwide. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the risk of serious adverse outcomes in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) by stratifying the comorbidity status. METHODS: We analysed the data from 1590 laboratory-confirmed hospitalised patients 575 hospitals in 31 province/autonomous regions/provincial municipalities across mainland China between December 11(th), 2019 and January 31(st), 2020. We analyse the composite endpoints, which consisted of admission to intensive care unit, or invasive ventilation, or death. The risk of reaching to the composite endpoints was compared according to the presence and number of comorbidities. RESULTS: The mean age was 48.9 years. 686 patients (42.7%) were females. Severe cases accounted for 16.0% of the study population. 131 (8.2%) patients reached to the composite endpoints. 399 (25.1%) reported having at least one comorbidity. The most prevalent comorbidity was hypertension (16.9%), followed by diabetes (8.2%). 130 (8.2%) patients reported having two or more comorbidities. After adjusting for age and smoking status, COPD [hazards ratio (HR) 2.681, 95% confidence interval (95%CI) 1.424–5.048], diabetes (HR 1.59, 95%CI 1.03–2.45), hypertension (HR 1.58, 95%CI 1.07–2.32) and malignancy (HR 3.50, 95%CI 1.60–7.64) were risk factors of reaching to the composite endpoints. The HR was 1.79 (95%CI 1.16–2.77) among patients with at least one comorbidity and 2.59 (95%CI 1.61–4.17) among patients with two or more comorbidities. CONCLUSION: Among laboratory-confirmed cases of Covid-19, patients with any comorbidity yielded poorer clinical outcomes than those without. A greater number of comorbidities also correlated with poorer clinical outcomes.


id: cord-338189-j4hnldk4
title: Environmental perspective of COVID-19
author: Saadat, Saeida
date: 2020-08-01
txt: ./txt/cord-338189-j4hnldk4.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-338189-j4hnldk4.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969720323871
doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138870
summary:
  The easy spread of this virus made people to wear a mask as precautionary route, use gloves and hand sanitizer on a daily basis that resulted in generation of a massive amount of medical wastes in the environment. However, the lock down of the COVID-19 pandemic caused the air quality in many cities across the globe to improve and drop in water pollutions in some parts of the world. There are some factors that contribute to the risk of COVID-19 but they are probably felt differently by different socioeconomic groups (Lipsitch et al., 2020) -People who have had medical problems of diabetes, chronic respiratory disease, cardiovascular disease, or even high blood pressure and cancer are at higher risk from coronavirus (Giannis et al., 2020; Fang et al., 2020; Zheng et al., 2020) . The major death cases of coronavirus outbreak are happening mainly in old people probably because of a poor immune system that allows rapid growth of viral infections.

abstract:
  The outbreak of COVID-19 has caused concerns globally. On 30 January WHO has declared it as a global health emergency. The easy spread of this virus made people to wear a mask as precautionary route, use gloves and hand sanitizer on a daily basis that resulted in generation of a massive amount of medical wastes in the environment. Millions of people have been put on lockdown in order to reduce the transmission of the virus. This epidemic has also changed the people's life style; caused extensive job losses and threatened the sustenance of millions of people, as businesses have shut down to control the spread of virus. All over the world, flights have been canceled and transport systems have been closed. Overall, the economic activities have been stopped and stock markets dropped along with the falling carbon emission. However, the lock down of the COVID-19 pandemic caused the air quality in many cities across the globe to improve and drop in water pollutions in some parts of the world.


id: cord-356353-e6jb0sex
title: Loops, ladders and links: the recursivity of social and machine learning
author: Fourcade, Marion
date: 2020-08-26
txt: ./txt/cord-356353-e6jb0sex.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-356353-e6jb0sex.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11186-020-09409-x
doi: 10.1007/s11186-020-09409-x
summary:
  Both practices rely upon and reinforce a pervasive appetite for digital input or feedback that we characterize as "data hunger." They also share a propensity to assemble insight and make meaning accretively-a propensity that we denote here as "world or meaning accretion." Throughout this article, we probe the dynamic interaction of social and machine learning by drawing examples from one genre of online social contention and connection in which the pervasive influence of machine learning is evident: namely, that which occurs across social media channels and platforms. In such settings, the data accretion upon which machine learning depends for the development of granular insights-and, on social media platforms, associated auctioning and targeting of advertising-compounds the cumulative, sedimentary effect of social data, making negative impressions generated by "revenge porn," or by one''s online identity having been fraudulently coopted, hard to displace or renew.

abstract:
  Machine learning algorithms reshape how people communicate, exchange, and associate; how institutions sort them and slot them into social positions; and how they experience life, down to the most ordinary and intimate aspects. In this article, we draw on examples from the field of social media to review the commonalities, interactions, and contradictions between the dispositions of people and those of machines as they learn from and make sense of each other.


