Summary of your 'study carrel' ============================== This is a summary of your Distant Reader 'study carrel'. The Distant Reader harvested & cached your content into a collection/corpus. It then applied sets of natural language processing and text mining against the collection. The results of this process was reduced to a database file -- a 'study carrel'. The study carrel can then be queried, thus bringing light specific characteristics for your collection. These characteristics can help you summarize the collection as well as enumerate things you might want to investigate more closely. This report is a terse narrative report, and when processing is complete you will be linked to a more complete narrative report. Eric Lease Morgan Number of items in the collection; 'How big is my corpus?' ---------------------------------------------------------- 169 Average length of all items measured in words; "More or less, how big is each item?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 4491 Average readability score of all items (0 = difficult; 100 = easy) ------------------------------------------------------------------ 53 Top 50 statistically significant keywords; "What is my collection about?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 169 PEDV 15 TGEV 12 Vero 11 PCR 10 porcine 10 cell 10 RNA 9 virus 9 Fig 8 protein 8 IFN 8 ELISA 6 PID 5 figure 4 epidemic 4 ORF3 4 Korea 4 IPEC 3 ped 3 korean 3 SARS 3 PRRSV 3 Lee 3 INDEL 3 China 3 APN 2 strain 2 pig 2 mouse 2 feed 2 United 2 Taiwan 2 Table 2 SDPP 2 Ontario 2 Jung 2 Japan 2 IRF3 2 IHC 2 ICA 2 DR13 2 CV777 2 COE 1 western 1 viperin 1 vaccine 1 vac 1 type 1 tomatidine 1 surfactin Top 50 lemmatized nouns; "What is discussed?" --------------------------------------------- 7220 virus 6803 cell 4368 protein 3495 diarrhea 3358 strain 3202 epidemic 3159 pig 3006 infection 2818 % 2275 gene 2181 piglet 2045 study 1837 sample 1767 antibody 1748 group 1597 sequence 1392 coronavirus 1368 vaccine 1279 analysis 1227 time 1181 result 1138 c 1073 swine 1044 expression 1013 type 1008 day 993 disease 971 assay 958 response 953 genome 943 h 933 ° 910 serum 886 outbreak 878 acid 872 level 872 control 854 detection 804 culture 804 animal 793 ml 793 activity 785 spike 742 effect 740 receptor 738 replication 704 min 700 farm 697 datum 689 sow Top 50 proper nouns; "What are the names of persons or places?" -------------------------------------------------------------- 11489 PEDV 2959 al 2623 . 2303 et 1890 S 1280 RNA 1211 Vero 1208 PCR 1188 Fig 1034 TGEV 954 IFN 937 N 910 RT 831 China 647 USA 633 US 610 S1 557 C 536 M 508 ELISA 464 PBS 426 PED 416 Korea 389 ORF3 386 United 362 States 339 INDEL 338 SARS 324 Table 323 CoV 312 APN 293 CV777 268 sera 263 TCID 262 PID 261 Japan 261 IgA 259 Porcine 256 COE 249 CH 243 IPEC 238 hpi 234 pH 228 PRRSV 220 IgG 219 Europe 209 IRF3 200 Figure 197 aa 196 Jung Top 50 personal pronouns nouns; "To whom are things referred?" ------------------------------------------------------------- 1366 we 1065 it 435 i 348 they 99 them 45 us 28 nsp15 18 itself 18 he 14 you 5 one 5 ch/ 4 themselves 4 nsp10 3 ypk30 3 nsp1 3 isgf3 3 egfp 1 λr1 1 veroe6-pedv 1 tomatidine 1 thee 1 she 1 mrnas 1 mg 1 me 1 interleukin-15 1 illinois139/2006 1 icpc22a 1 em 1 e10e-1–10 1 cord-279813-mrei5kih 1 3,3'-diaminodbenzidine Top 50 lemmatized verbs; "What do things do?" --------------------------------------------- 25392 be 3475 use 3077 have 1896 show 1381 infect 975 detect 933 induce 906 indicate 830 base 805 compare 795 contain 771 determine 744 observe 737 include 715 cause 697 inoculate 671 follow 671 describe 632 identify 629 collect 621 perform 603 report 603 isolate 587 find 566 express 561 do 551 associate 535 incubate 527 bind 519 suggest 489 test 474 demonstrate 462 neutralize 447 suckle 443 provide 436 treat 433 confirm 432 result 428 inhibit 428 increase 414 obtain 408 develop 402 strain 390 reduce 379 mediate 373 analyze 352 produce 344 occur 342 wean 338 add Top 50 lemmatized adjectives and adverbs; "How are things described?" --------------------------------------------------------------------- 4471 porcine 1945 viral 1900 - 1789 not 1414 high 1145 positive 1132 also 1111 other 927 different 828 specific 779 then 766 however 726 clinical 724 anti 722 intestinal 661 more 646 low 638 new 636 first 603 only 595 immune 593 respectively 587 negative 568 severe 567 recombinant 555 similar 552 further 547 infected 531 well 512 respiratory 499 antiviral 487 previously 485 large 483 small 483 enteric 476 significantly 471 molecular 468 infectious 464 fecal 450 such 448 significant 447 non 446 transmissible 436 virulent 427 acute 423 like 418 human 413 highly 410 old 404 same Top 50 lemmatized superlative adjectives; "How are things described to the extreme?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 170 high 138 most 72 least 63 good 32 low 26 large 22 Most 14 great 11 close 10 strong 8 early 3 long 2 ® 2 tremeGENE 2 small 2 short 2 near 2 late 2 deadly 2 big 2 bad 2 MOST 2 AuNPs 2 /animal 1 wtPEDV 1 wide 1 weak 1 steep 1 safe 1 rich 1 ontario_lowtemplow 1 ontario_highhumidhigh 1 oncogene"(LYN 1 old 1 fast 1 V5-tag 1 Pro229 1 PBS-0.1 1 GST)-pull 1 CHGD-01 1 CCL-23 1 AF488-Tf 1 -randomfor 1 -I 1 -9.6 Top 50 lemmatized superlative adverbs; "How do things do to the extreme?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 256 most 61 least 11 well 1 worst 1 highest 1 early 1 -cccctc Top 50 Internet domains; "What Webbed places are alluded to in this corpus?" ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 14 doi.org 6 dx.doi.org 5 www.mdpi.com 5 www.cbs.dtu.dk 4 www.kegg.jp 4 www 4 creativecommons.org 3 www.uhnresearch.ca 3 www.megasoftware.net 3 orcid.org 2 www.targetscan 2 www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov 2 www.maff.go.jp 2 www.geneious.com 2 www.frontiersin.org 2 www.aasv.org 1 www.wikipathways.org 1 www.thepigsite.com 1 www.targetscan.org 1 www.swissmodel.expasy.org 1 www.string-db 1 www.rcsb.org 1 www.ncbi 1 www.mbio.ncsu.edu 1 www.gesetze-im-internet.de 1 www.genenames.org 1 www.genecards.org 1 www.ensembl.org 1 www.cgl 1 www.cbs 1 www.animalgenome.org 1 www.aasv 1 swissmodel.expasy.org 1 swissmodel.expasy 1 primer3.ut.ee 1 myhits.isb-sib.ch 1 kinasephos.mbc 1 journal.frontiersin.org 1 itol.e 1 imagej.nih 1 ictvonline.org 1 github.com 1 eng.nvri.gov.tw 1 earth 1 data.trendeconomy.com 1 ctdbase.org 1 cbrg.inf.ethz.ch 1 blast.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov 1 biogps.org Top 50 URLs; "What is hyperlinked from this corpus?" ---------------------------------------------------- 4 http://www 4 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ 3 http://www.uhnresearch.ca/facilities/wcif/imagej/ 3 http://www.megasoftware.net/ 3 http://doi.org/10 2 http://www.targetscan 2 http://www.maff.go.jp 2 http://www.geneious.com 2 http://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fimmu 2 http://www.cbs.dtu.dk/services/ 2 http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5930-5461 1 http://www.wikipathways.org/index.php/Pathway:WP516 1 http://www.thepigsite.com/swinenews/36693/mexico-reports-83-outbreaks-of-pedv-to-oie/ 1 http://www.targetscan.org 1 http://www.swissmodel.expasy.org/ 1 http://www.string-db 1 http://www.rcsb.org 1 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/ 1 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ 1 http://www.ncbi 1 http://www.mdpi.com/2076-2615/9/9/627/s1 1 http://www.mdpi.com/2076-2615/10/ 1 http://www.mdpi.com/2073-4425/11/1/44/s1 1 http://www.mdpi.com/2073-4409/7/11/222/s1 1 http://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/11/8/743/ 1 http://www.mbio.ncsu.edu/BioEdit/bioedit.html 1 http://www.kegg.jp/keggbin/show_pathway?hsa00340+4128 1 http://www.kegg.jp/kegg-bin/show_pathway?hsa04924+1907 1 http://www.kegg.jp/kegg-bin/show_pathway?hsa04740+57101 1 http://www.kegg.jp/kegg-bin/show_pathway?hsa04614+5972 1 http://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/schhalthygv/ 1 http://www.genenames.org 1 http://www.genecards.org/ 1 http://www.ensembl.org/ 1 http://www.cgl 1 http://www.cbs.dtu.dk/services/SignalP-4.1 1 http://www.cbs.dtu.dk/services/NetPhos 1 http://www.cbs.dtu.dk/services/BepiPred/ 1 http://www.cbs 1 http://www.animalgenome.org/repository/ 1 http://www.aasv.org/pedv/PEDv 1 http://www.aasv.org/pedv 1 http://www.aasv 1 http://swissmodel.expasy.org/ 1 http://swissmodel.expasy 1 http://primer3.ut.ee/ 1 http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3394-3702 1 http://myhits.isb-sib.ch 1 http://kinasephos.mbc 1 http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fmicb Top 50 email addresses; "Who are you gonna call?" ------------------------------------------------- 1 yzhang@agri.ohio.gov 1 parkx026@snu.ac.kr 1 huilil@163.com 1 dhkwon@kribb.re.kr Top 50 positive assertions; "What sentences are in the shape of noun-verb-noun?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 53 cells were then 28 pedv was first 26 cells were co 21 cells were pre 15 pigs had significantly 15 pigs inoculated orally 13 pedv infected cells 13 samples were positive 12 pedv was not 12 pigs following consumption 11 cells did not 10 cells were cultured 10 cells were further 10 pedv is still 10 study are available 9 piglets were not 9 virus is essential 8 group was significantly 8 piglets were orally 8 piglets were randomly 8 pigs were randomly 8 protein is responsible 8 study did not 7 pedv has not 7 pedv was also 7 pigs did not 7 pigs were negative 7 protein causes endoplasmic 7 protein induces antibodies 7 protein is important 7 samples were also 7 samples were negative 7 virus was then 6 cells were subsequently 6 infection induces nf 6 pedv did not 6 pedv is not 6 pigs had similar 6 pigs were positive 6 samples were infectious 6 samples were then 6 virus infected cells 5 cells was also 5 diarrhea found in 5 genes were also 5 group was higher 5 groups were significantly 5 infection did not 5 infection induces dramatic 5 pedv does not Top 50 negative assertions; "What sentences are in the shape of noun-verb-no|not-noun?" --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 5 infection had no effect 3 genes are not essential 3 piglets were not significantly 3 pigs had no detectable 2 antibodies was not significant 2 cells did not robustly 2 cells had no effect 2 genes were not significantly 2 pedv has not yet 2 pedv was not infectious 2 piglets is not well 2 vaccines were not effective 2 virus did not efficiently 2 virus indicating no significant 1 analysis was not available 1 antibodies were not present 1 cell is not well 1 cells are not physically 1 cells is not completely 1 cells is not due 1 cells was not due 1 cells was not so 1 cells were not permissive 1 diarrhea is not completely 1 group was not statistically 1 group were not significant 1 groups are not significantly 1 groups were not significant 1 groups were not significantly 1 infection are not fully 1 infection did not significantly 1 infection had not yet 1 infection is not always 1 infection was not evident 1 pcr detected no notable 1 pcr is not adequately 1 pcr shows no noticeable 1 pedv had no effect 1 pedv had no replication 1 pedv had no tissue 1 pedv is no longer 1 pedv is not clear 1 pedv is not completely 1 pedv is not present 1 pedv is not well 1 pedv shows no haemagglutinating 1 piglets had no deaths 1 piglets were not available 1 piglets were not statistically 1 pigs are not probable A rudimentary bibliography -------------------------- id = cord-261043-f9w310tp author = Ajayi, Toluwalope title = Forecasting herd-level porcine epidemic diarrhea (PED) frequency trends in Ontario (Canada) date = 2019-03-01 keywords = Ontario; PEDV; ped; random summary = With recent advances in predictive analytics showing promise for health and disease forecasting, the primary objective of this study was to apply machine learning predictive methods (random forest, artificial neural networks, and classification and regression trees) to provincial PEDV incidence data, and in so doing determine their accuracy for predicting future PEDV trends. With 10-fold cross validation performed on the entire dataset, the overall accuracy was 0.68 (95% CI: 0.60 – 0.75), 0.57 (95% CI: 0.49 – 0.64), and 0.55 (0.47 – 0.63) for the random forest, artificial neural network, and classification and regression tree models, respectively. For the additional models constructed with random training and test sets (using 10-fold cross validation on the entire dataset), the summary confusion matrix in Table 3 indicates overall accuracy values of 68%, 57%, and 55% for random forest, neural nets, and classification trees respectively. doi = 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2019.01.005 id = cord-003328-vvle1q1e author = Altawaty, Tawfeek title = Lack of LTβR Increases Susceptibility of IPEC-J2 Cells to Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus date = 2018-11-21 keywords = IPEC; PEDV; cell summary = To examine whether CRISPR/Cas9-mediated gene editing could generate LTβR null alleles in IPEC-J2 cells, we randomly selected two biallelic mutation clones (1-10# and 1-22#) and compared their LTβR expression levels to those of wild-type IPEC-J2 cells (hereafter designated LTβR +/+ ) by real-time PCR. Since PEDV infection destroys epithelial barrier integrity [22] , and LTβR signaling was reported to limit mucosal damage through the IL-22-IL-23 pathway [10] , we examined the expression levels of LTβR downstream genes by semi-quantitative PCR, including VCAM1, IL-22 and IL-23, in PEDV-infected cells. We detected expression levels of IL-6 and IL-8 in infected cells, and the data showed that both genes were significantly decreased in infected LTβR −/− IPEC-J2 cells ( Figure 5C ). Since it has been demonstrated that PEDV infection destroys epithelial barrier integrity [22] and LTβR signaling limits mucosal damage through the IL-22-IL-23 pathway [10] , we detected expression levels of VCAM1, IL-22 and IL-23 in both cell types by semi-quantitative PCR. doi = 10.3390/cells7110222 id = cord-321992-lk2ao6m8 author = Annamalai, Thavamathi title = Age-dependent variation in innate immune responses to porcine epidemic diarrhea virus infection in suckling versus weaned pigs date = 2015-12-15 keywords = IFN; PEDV; PID summary = In the present study, we investigated the innate immune responses such as cytokine and NK cell activity as well as changes in frequencies of T cells to examine if differences coincide with the higher disease severity of suckling versus weaned pigs. The infected weaned pigs also had significantly higher NK cell frequencies in blood and ileum at PID 5 (P < 0.05) compared to infected suckling pigs ( Fig. 2A and B) . In infected suckling and weaned groups, peak IFN␣, IL-12 and TNF␣ levels coincided with onset of diarrhea and fecal PEDV RNA shedding and peak serum PEDV RNA titers (PIDs 1 and 3, respectively); and (4) Frequencies of CD3+CD4+ T cells were significantly higher in ileum of suckling pigs than in weaned pigs, whereas there was no difference in frequency of CD3+CD8+ T cells. doi = 10.1016/j.vetimm.2015.09.006 id = cord-282466-r2sjv9ih author = Antas, Marta title = Current Status of Porcine Epidemic Diarrhoea (PED) in European Pigs date = 2019-10-24 keywords = PEDV; USA; porcine summary = Porcine epidemic diarrhoea (PED) is a highly contagious and devastating enteric disease of pigs caused by porcine epidemic diarrhoea virus (PEDV), an enveloped, single-stranded RNA virus belonging to the Alphacoronavirus genus of the Coronaviridae family. Heavy economic losses in the pig-farming industry were sustained in the USA between 2013 and 2015 when PEDV spread very quickly and resulted in epidemics. The purpose of this review is a description of the current status of porcine epidemic diarrhoea in European pigs and the risk presented by the introduction of PEDV to Poland in comparison to the epidemics in the USA. Pathogenesis comparison between the United States porcine epidemic diarrhoea virus prototype and S-INDEL-variant strains in conventional neonatal piglets Isolation and characterization of porcine epidemic diarrhea viruses associated with the 2013 disease outbreak among swine in the United States Characterizing the rapid spread of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) through an animal food manufacturing facility doi = 10.2478/jvetres-2019-0064 id = cord-321953-yql6gpd3 author = Barrera, Maritza title = Tracking the Origin and Deciphering the Phylogenetic Relationship of Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus in Ecuador date = 2017-12-12 keywords = Ecuador; PEDV summary = Therefore, this report was conducted using the complete sequence of the S gene and powerful Bayesian phylogeographic reconstructions to clarify the putative origin of PEDV in Ecuador, revealing the wide expansion of the emergent PEDV strains, which caused the first PEDV outbreak in this country. To perform sequence comparison analyses and to establish the phylogenetic relationships of PEDV sequence from Ecuador, alignments using the consensus sequence of complete S gene available at GenBank database (Supplementary Information Table S1 ) were conducted by the algorithm ClustalW included in the program BioEdit Sequence Alignment Editor [33] . The phylogeographic study revealed the emergence of the Chinese PEDV strains followed by spreading to US in 2013 (Figures 3(a) and 3(b), Supplementary Material Video S1). Complete genome sequence of a porcine epidemic diarrhea S gene indel strain isolated in France in doi = 10.1155/2017/2978718 id = cord-348669-mizygp4j author = Beall, Anne title = Characterization of a Pathogenic Full-Length cDNA Clone and Transmission Model for Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus Strain PC22A date = 2016-01-05 keywords = ORF3-RFP; PEDV; RNA; pc22a; virus summary = doi = 10.1128/mbio.01451-15 id = cord-319460-n4ezxnjc author = Bertasio, Cristina title = Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus Shedding and Antibody Response in Swine Farms: A Longitudinal Study date = 2016-12-15 keywords = PCR; PEDV; Table summary = During summer 2014, animals on two farms displaying mild clinical signs were detected as positive for PEDV by PCR (Boniotti et al., 2016) , and at the beginning of 2015 a new severe epidemic wave occurred (Efsa Ahaw Panel, 2014) . We conducted a longitudinal study by sampling the feces and blood of piglet groups from each farm at fixed intervals during a 2-5 months period, and then we determined PEDV shedding and the antibody presence. The highest fecal PEDV RNA shedding titer was observed in 3-6 day-old piglets with mean values (among shedding animals) of 5.9, 5.6, 5.6, and 6.2 log 10 copies/mL on F1, F2, F3, and F4, respectively ( Figure 1B; Supplementary Table 3 ). Determining the viral loads and shedding rates of PEDV in real field situations during outbreaks is important in evaluating the virulence of a strain and in predicting the susceptibility of infected animals, at different ages and in the various farm units, within a herd. doi = 10.3389/fmicb.2016.02009 id = cord-009526-ghm1hvei author = Bertolini, F. title = Genomic investigation of piglet resilience following porcine epidemic diarrhea outbreaks date = 2016-12-12 keywords = PEDV; porcine summary = Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) belongs to the Coronaviridae family; this family includes a wide variety of viruses that affect humans and other animals, causing respiratory and gastroenteric diseases (Weiss & Navas-Martin 2005) . The degree to which the small percentage of na€ ıve suckling piglets recover during PED outbreaks in the wider industry is unknown, as is the biological mechanisms involved, but two main hypothesis can be suggested: (i) survival can be related to variation in the intestinal receptor used by PEDV to gain entry to intestinal epithelial cells (the ANPEP gene) or (ii) as summarized by Schneider & Ayres (2008) and Ayres & Schneider (2012) , survival and recovery can be related to particular host immune responses that enhance viral clearance, increase cell epithelial regeneration rate or reduce viral replication rate. In this study, our aim was to investigate genome-wide differences between dead and recovered suckling piglets from commercial farms during PED outbreaks. Table S1 Number of dead and recovered piglets from the PEDV outbreak in each considered farm. doi = 10.1111/age.12522 id = cord-294559-u0r7oh9z author = Bian, Hongfen title = A new immunochromatographic assay for on-site detection of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus based on monoclonal antibodies prepared by using cell surface fluorescence immunosorbent assay date = 2019-01-18 keywords = China; ICA; PEDV; new summary = title: A new immunochromatographic assay for on-site detection of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus based on monoclonal antibodies prepared by using cell surface fluorescence immunosorbent assay For rapid detection of PEDV, a new immunochromatographic assay (ICA) based on monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) was developed in this study. To compare its accuracy to other traditional detection methods, 27 swine stool samples from south of China were investigated with the new developed ICA, commercial strip and RT-PCR. Relying on signals emitted from gold nanoparticles labeled mAb (AuNPs-mAb), a new ICA was developed for sensitive, specific and on-site detection of PEDV in swine stool in China. They were capture and detection mAb, the size of gold nanoparticles, the type of sample pad, the type of conjugate pad, the type of Nitrocellulose membrane, the type of absorbent pad, the amount of tween-20 addition and the spray volume of AuNPs-mAb. The optimization methods are shown in the supplemental materials. doi = 10.1186/s12917-019-1773-4 id = cord-331509-p19dg1jw author = Bigault, Lionel title = Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus: Viral RNA detection and quantification using a validated one-step real time RT-PCR date = 2020-05-31 keywords = France; PEDV; RNA summary = title: Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus: Viral RNA detection and quantification using a validated one-step real time RT-PCR In this study we described the development and validation of a SYBR™ Green one-step RT-qPCR according to the French norm NF U47-600, for the detection and quantification of PEDV viral RNA. Specificity and sensitivity, limit of detection (LoD), limit of quantification (LQ), linearity, intra and inter assay variability were evaluated using transcribed RNA and fecal and jejunum matrices spiked with virus. For a rapid, accurate and reliable diagnosis of PED in the veterinary laboratory, a method for the detection of PEDV viral RNA has been developed and more importantly validated according to the "Association Francaise de NORmalisation" (AFNOR) French NF U47-600 norm entitled "requirement and recommendation for the implementation, development and validation of PCR in animal health" (AFNOR, 2015a; AFNOR, 2015b) . This method should help harmonize detection and quantification of viral RNA from PEDV belonging to both S-non-INDEL and S-INDEL strains in both field and experimental settings. doi = 10.1016/j.jviromet.2020.113906 id = cord-284322-synuzaxm author = Borel, Nicole title = Mixed infections with Chlamydia and porcine epidemic diarrhea virus - a new in vitro model of chlamydial persistence date = 2010-07-27 keywords = Chlamydia; PEDV; Vero; infection summary = To confirm these initial observations, we established a cell culture model of mixed infections with Chlamydia and a cell culture-adapted porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (ca-PEDV) and hypothesized that this would result in the generation of persistent chlamydial forms. In contrast, dual infections with ca-PEDV and Chlamydia pecorum resulted in the exclusive production of aberrant inclusions containing between 2-50 ABs. Chlamydial inclusions in viral syncytia grew even larger than in non-viral infected Vero cells. The changes of chlamydial inclusion size by subsequent virus addition to Chlamydia abortus are different to those we observed in the Chlamydia pecorum dual infection experiments. TEM examinations of mixed infections (ca-PEDV and Chlamydia abortus or Chlamydia pecorum) revealed aberrant chlamydial inclusions containing fewer bacteria than typical inclusions and were located in viral syncytia or single cells without viral infection. Enlarged chlamydial inclusions were described in that study in the ca-PEDV co-infection model with Chlamydia abortus and Chlamydia pecorum but no further ultrastructural analysis has been subsequently performed. doi = 10.1186/1471-2180-10-201 id = cord-321739-dnuu6jok author = Bowman, Andrew S title = Investigating the introduction of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus into an Ohio swine operation date = 2015-02-15 keywords = PCR; PEDV summary = The Ohio swine operation (Figure 1 ), consisting of 3 multi-site, farrow-to-finish production flows (referred to as flows A-C, each having two breed-wean sites) and a multiplier herd (referred to as D, with a single breedwean site) had no prior cases of PEDV and was determined to have effective biosecurity measures in place evidenced by the absence of Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus (PRRSV) during more than the prior seven years. Beyond the sow unit, a wean-to-finish barn in flow A that received pigs on January 10 th from both flow A breed-wean units (A1 and A2) reported loose stools on January 12 th and had confirmation of PEDV with RT-PCR positive fecal samples collected the same day. On that same day, an oral fluid sample from one of the nurseries in flow B that received pigs from both flow B breed-wean units (B1 and B2) on January 15 th , 17 th , and 20 th , 2014 tested PEDV PCR positive ( Figure 1B ). doi = 10.1186/s12917-015-0348-2 id = cord-305315-0qt7eth0 author = Cao, Liyan title = Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus inhibits dsRNA-induced interferon-β production in porcine intestinal epithelial cells by blockade of the RIG-I-mediated pathway date = 2015-08-18 keywords = IFN; IRF-3; PEDV summary = doi = 10.1186/s12985-015-0345-x id = cord-272031-o2hx667i author = Carvajal, Ana title = Porcine epidemic diarrhoea: new insights into an old disease date = 2015-09-29 keywords = PEDV; epidemic; ped; porcine summary = Mortality in piglets less than two weeks old varied from 0 to 100 %, but it was usually lower than that described in outbreaks of diarrhoea caused by transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) which is another porcine coronavirus classically recognized as a cause of diarrhoea disease in swine. Although some reports have suggested that they could be associated with differences in the virulence of PEDV isolates, exhaustive challenge studies using pig adapted virus (not cell culture adapted isolates) in suckling piglets are needed to elucidate the role of the strain. The detection of PEDV specific antibodies is very useful, not for the investigation of diarrhoea outbreaks, but to determine whether an animal or a herd has previously been infected by this virus. Genetic characterization of porcine epidemic diarrhoea virus (PEDV) isolates from southern Vietnam during 2009-2010 outbreaks doi = 10.1186/s40813-015-0007-9 id = cord-279598-xzionafe author = Chang, Chia-Yu title = Identification of Neutralizing Monoclonal Antibodies Targeting Novel Conformational Epitopes of the Porcine Epidemic Diarrhoea Virus Spike Protein date = 2019-02-21 keywords = PEDV; protein summary = title: Identification of Neutralizing Monoclonal Antibodies Targeting Novel Conformational Epitopes of the Porcine Epidemic Diarrhoea Virus Spike Protein However, E10E-1-10, which targets a novel neutralizing epitope as shown with ICC staining, was also capable of binding to the full-length PEDV spike protein as well as truncated PEDV proteins, S 1-639 , S 1-575 , S 1-509 , S 1-501 , and S 1-485 with appropriate dilution effects. Similar to the results obtained by ICC staining, E10E-1-10 showed no binding ability www.nature.com/scientificreports www.nature.com/scientificreports/ toward PEDV S 1-435 by ELISA and therefore, an NmAb targeting a novel epitope of the new variant of PEDV specifically at a.a. 435-485 in the S1 region was confirmed. To further determine whether the binding of neutralizing epitopes require conformational integrity, immunodot blotting was performed by denaturing the various truncated PEDV spike proteins. Cell Attachment Domains of the Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus Spike Protein Are Key Targets of Neutralizing Antibodies doi = 10.1038/s41598-019-39844-5 id = cord-343132-qqhivgkq author = Chang-Liao, Wan-Ping title = Isolation of a Leuconostoc mesenteroides Strain With Anti-Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus Activities From Kefir Grains date = 2020-07-15 keywords = PEDV; Vero; YPK30 summary = The results showed that the intracellular extracts of Ln. mesenteroides YPK30 possessed in vitro prophylactic, therapeutic, and direct-inhibitory effects against PEDV in the Vero cell model. As shown in Figure 3 , the metabolic activity of Vero cells pretreated with the intracellular extracts of Ln. mesenteroides, regardless of which strain, were similar to those pretreated with IFN-α2b (p > 0.05) but were significantly higher than the un-pretreated cells (p < 0.05), indicating that all the Ln. mesenteroides strains isolated from kefir grains possessed in vitro prophylactic effects against PEDV. durans, Lb. kefiri, Lc. lactis, and Ln. mesenteroides , were isolated from kefir grains, and the in vitro prophylactic effects of the intracellular extracts of these four species against PEDV infection in Vero cells were compared. Therefore, the in vitro prophylactic and therapeutic effects of the intracellular extracts of Ln. mesenteroides YPK30 against PEDV in Vero cells seem not be attributed to the direct interaction of bacterial components or metabolites with virus. doi = 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01578 id = cord-313126-7hrjzapj author = Chen, Fangzhou title = Decline of transmissible gastroenteritis virus and its complex evolutionary relationship with porcine respiratory coronavirus in the United States date = 2019-03-08 keywords = PEDV; PRCV; TGEV summary = Nineteen complete TGEV genomes and a single strain of porcine respiratory coronavirus (PRCV) from the US were generated and compared to historical strains to investigate the evolution of these endemic coronaviruses. The "variant" genotype shared similar unique deletions and amino acid changes with the recent PRCV strain identified in this study, suggesting a recombination event occurred between the ''''variant'''' TGEV and PRCV. Complete genomic sequences, a key residue in the spike protein and deletions in nonstructural protein 3b of US strains of the virulent and attenuated coronaviruses, transmissible gastroenteritis virus and porcine respiratory coronavirus doi = 10.1038/s41598-019-40564-z id = cord-278641-8lh5y7j0 author = Chen, Jianing title = Identification and characterization of PEDV infection in rat crypt epithelial cells date = 2020-09-17 keywords = IEC-6; PEDV; cell summary = doi = 10.1016/j.vetmic.2020.108848 id = cord-322475-i29t7ce8 author = Chen, Xi title = Molecular characterization and phylogenetic analysis of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) samples from field cases in Fujian, China date = 2012-07-29 keywords = P55; PEDV summary = title: Molecular characterization and phylogenetic analysis of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) samples from field cases in Fujian, China In this study, we investigated molecular diversity, phylogenetic relationships, and protein characterization of Fujian field samples with other PEDV reference strains. Phylogenetic analysis based on S1 or sM gene, which have high levels of variations, indicated that each sample was related to the specific reference strain, and this finding was consistent with the protein characterization prediction analysis. In order to analyze the phylogenetic relationships between the 3 Fujian samples and other PEDV strains isolated in various regions worldwide, we constructed 2 phylogenetic trees using the deduced amino acid sequences of S1 and sM, respectively (Fig. 3) . Molecular characterization and phylogenetic analysis of membrane protein genes of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus isolates in China Molecular characterization and phylogenetic analysis of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) field isolates in Korea doi = 10.1007/s11262-012-0794-x id = cord-001956-jpk854i3 author = Choe, Se-Eun title = Complete Genome Sequence of a Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus Strain from Vietnam, HUA-14PED96, with a Large Genomic Deletion date = 2016-02-18 keywords = PEDV summary = title: Complete Genome Sequence of a Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus Strain from Vietnam, HUA-14PED96, with a Large Genomic Deletion A highly virulent strain of Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) causing severe diarrhea has recently emerged in Vietnam. Genomic sequences from a novel strain, HUA-14PED96, isolated from a Vietnamese piglet with serious diarrhea show relatively high identity with U.S.-like PEDV strains, and have a 72-nt deletion in the open reading frame 1a (ORF1a) gene. In this study, we sequenced the complete genome of a Vietnamese strain of PEDV, HUA-14PED96, and analyzed it to understand the molecular characteristics and diversity of PEDVs in Vietnam. Phylogenetic analysis using the nucleotide sequences of the full-length genomes of PEDVs revealed that HUA-14PED96 belonged to the G2 group. The complete genome sequence of PEDV strain HUA-14PED96 has been deposited in GenBank under accession no. Complete genome characterization of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus in Vietnam A novel strain of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus in Vietnamese pigs doi = 10.1128/genomea.00002-16 id = cord-286831-ni7qfjk9 author = Choi, Hwa-Jung title = Antiviral activity of quercetin 7-rhamnoside against porcine epidemic diarrhea virus date = 2008-11-06 keywords = PEDV; q7r summary = Following this, 0.09 mL of diluted virus suspension of PEDV containing CCID 50 (50% cell culture infective dose) of the virus stock to produce a appropriate cytopathic effects within 2 days after infection and 0.01 mL of medium supplemented with typsin-EDTA containing an appropriate concentration of the compounds were added. Current antiviral drugs, natural compounds and flavonoids were further studied for their inhibitory effects on replication of the PEDV and cytotoxicity in Vero cells, among which ribavirin, tannic acid, coumarin and interferon-␣ exhibited the activities with IC 50 of 4.1, 47.4, 9 g/mL and 0.52 unit, respectively. A similar result was obtained in control infections with treated ribavirin (Fig. 1 ), but antiviral activity was shown to be lower than that of Q7R. Trials of ribavirin in this study showed that the drug had favorable effects on antiviral activity in Vero cells infected with PEDV. doi = 10.1016/j.antiviral.2008.10.002 id = cord-266660-0wq77k6y author = Choi, Jong-Chul title = Comparative genome analysis and molecular epidemiology of the reemerging porcine epidemic diarrhea virus strains isolated in Korea date = 2014-06-19 keywords = PEDV; korean summary = title: Comparative genome analysis and molecular epidemiology of the reemerging porcine epidemic diarrhea virus strains isolated in Korea We detected three PEDV strains from ten small intestine samples from piglets with acute diarrhea and we determined the complete genome sequences of the reemerging Korean PEDV field isolates, except for the noncoding regions from both ends. This study aimed to determine the complete genome sequence of the reemerging Korean PEDV strain and to investigate their genetic relationship with other strains using comparative genome analysis and phylogenetic analysis. In addition, all available complete genome sequences of PEDV isolates from Korea were included in the alignment to compare the recent Korean strains with previous endemic Korean PEDV strains. Multiple alignment with other PEDV complete genomes indicated that the reemerging Korean strains possess genome sequences, which are distinct from those of previous Korean field strains (Fig. 1) . doi = 10.1016/j.meegid.2014.06.005 id = cord-336517-v7z62tld author = Chu, Hsu-Feng title = Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus papain-like protease 2 can be noncompetitively inhibited by 6-thioguanine date = 2018-08-20 keywords = PEDV; PL2; SARS summary = Further studies suggest that PEDV PL2 pro exhibits much higher DUB activity than that of SARS-and MERS-CoV PL pro s and can be inhibited by the anti-leukemia drug 6-thioguanine (6TG). Previous studies suggested that the Ubl domain was not involved in the catalytic activity of SARS-and MERS-CoV PL pro s (Chou et al., 2012; Clasman et al., 2017) . Overall, the secondary, tertiary and quaternary structures of the PEDV PL2 pro catalytic core are similar to those of SARS-and MERS-CoV PL pro s, even though their sequence identity is only 22-25% (Fig. S1 ). In contrast, previous studies suggested that the binding site of 6TG for SARS-and MERS-CoV PL pro s may be near the catalytic triad''s cysteine residue due to its competitive pattern of inhibition Chou et al., 2008) . Structural and mutational analysis of the interaction between the Middle-East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) papain-like protease and human ubiquitin doi = 10.1016/j.antiviral.2018.08.011 id = cord-258546-1tf5ggfo author = Chung, Hee-Chun title = New emergence pattern with variant porcine epidemic diarrhea viruses, South Korea, 2012–2015 date = 2016-12-02 keywords = Korea; PEDV summary = Since outbreaks of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) in the United States in 2013, explosive outbreaks of PED in South Korea have infected all age groups of pigs in 2014–2015 year. PED outbreaks re-occurred in Korea in 2013, however, it was demonstrated that the emerging PEDVs were not variants of old Korean isolates or attenuated vaccine strains (Chung et al., 2015) . This study tested whether PEDV isolated recently was crossed neutralized by serum of pigs which were vaccinated with Korean PED oral vaccine (Attenuated DR13 strain, Green Cross Veterinary Product Co., Ltd., Yong-In, Korea). Comparative genome analysis and molecular epidemiology of the reemerging porcine epidemic diarrhea virus strains isolated in Korea ISolation of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus during outbreaks in South Korea Isolation of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) in Korea Heterogeneity in spike protein genes of porcine epidemic diarrhea viruses isolated in Korea doi = 10.1016/j.virusres.2016.06.013 id = cord-280564-kgoczioe author = Conceição-Neto, Nádia title = Identification of an enterovirus recombinant with a torovirus-like gene insertion during a diarrhea outbreak in fattening pigs date = 2017-09-08 keywords = Fig; PEDV; Porcine; virus summary = title: Identification of an enterovirus recombinant with a torovirus-like gene insertion during a diarrhea outbreak in fattening pigs In the sample, we observed the presence of a small Torovirus contig of 256 bp, which was included in the phylogenetic tree (Fig. 1A , Torovirus/BEL/2015), showing very low similarity with the gene insertion found in the recombinant virus. The enterovirus genome region before the torovirus insertion (VP1-VP4, 2 A, 2B, and 2 C) showed its highest similarity on the amino-acid level (94.5%) with EVG/Porcine/USA/Texas1/ 2014 (Fig. 1C) . In addition to confirming the presence of the enterovirus-torovirus recombinant using Sanger sequencing, we used proteomics to infer whether the protein of the insertion could be found in the sample. Taking the metagenomics data, the Sanger sequence confirmation and the proteomics results all together we can conclude that this recombinant virus is present in the sample and that the inserted protein is being expressed. doi = 10.1093/ve/vex024 id = cord-288058-oilurica author = Cui, Tingting title = Role of Porcine Aminopeptidase N and Sialic Acids in Porcine Coronavirus Infections in Primary Porcine Enterocytes date = 2020-04-05 keywords = APN; Miller; PEDV; TGEV summary = To determine the effect of APN on coronavirus replication, the enterocytes were precultured with 1µg/mL hydrocortisone, 50 µM spermidine, 1 µg/mL insulin, 0.1 µM Wnt agonist, or 1% intestinal contents for 24 h prior to inoculation with PEDV CV777 Vero adapted strain, CV777 fecal suspension, and TGEV Miller. To determine the effect of APN on coronavirus replication, the enterocytes were precultured with 1µg/mL hydrocortisone, 50 µM spermidine, 1 µg/mL insulin, 0.1 µM Wnt agonist, or 1% intestinal contents for 24 h prior to inoculation with PEDV CV777 Vero adapted strain, CV777 fecal suspension, and TGEV Miller. The results show that pretreatment of primary enterocytes with hydrocortisone, spermidine, porcine insulin, Wnt agonist, and intestinal contents could stimulate the expression of APN and enhance the infection of PEDV CV777 Vero adapted and non-adapted strains and the TGEV Miller in the enterocytes. doi = 10.3390/v12040402 id = cord-306502-jkqg1qal author = Dee, Scott title = An evaluation of contaminated complete feed as a vehicle for porcine epidemic diarrhea virus infection of naïve pigs following consumption via natural feeding behavior: proof of concept date = 2014-08-05 keywords = PCR; PEDV; feed summary = title: An evaluation of contaminated complete feed as a vehicle for porcine epidemic diarrhea virus infection of naïve pigs following consumption via natural feeding behavior: proof of concept Here we provide proof of concept of this risk by describing a novel means for recovering PEDV-contaminated complete feed material from commercial swine sites and conducting an in vivo experiment to prove its infectivity. Clinical signs of PEDV infection (vomiting and diarrhea) and viral shedding were observed in both the Positive control and Treatment group'' post-consumption with virus and microscopic lesions detected in intestinal samples No evidence of infection was observed in the Negative controls. As more data regarding the risk of PEDV transmission via complete feed are needed, we conducted a study to test the risk of PEDV-contaminated complete feed using a novel on-farm sampling method for virus detection in feed along with an in vivo experiment (swine bioassay) using at-risk feed material. doi = 10.1186/s12917-014-0176-9 id = cord-308170-uqezwbzn author = Dee, Scott title = An evaluation of a liquid antimicrobial (Sal CURB®) for reducing the risk of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus infection of naïve pigs during consumption of contaminated feed date = 2014-09-25 keywords = CURB; PEDV; Sal summary = title: An evaluation of a liquid antimicrobial (Sal CURB®) for reducing the risk of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus infection of naïve pigs during consumption of contaminated feed For the purpose of a positive control, a separate group of piglets was allowed to ingest non-treated (Sal CURB®-free) feed also spiked with stock PEDV (Ct = 25.22). Clinical signs of PEDV infection (vomiting and diarrhea) and viral shedding in feces were observed in the positive control group 2–3 days post-consumption of non-treated feed. Furthermore, the results from the positive control group provide additional proof of concept regarding the ability of contaminated feed to serve as a risk factor for PEDV infection of naïve piglets. The results of this study provide initial proof of concept that the application of a liquid antimicrobial product (Sal CURB®) reduced the risk of PEDV infection through contaminated feed. doi = 10.1186/s12917-014-0220-9 id = cord-308344-ao9z00t7 author = Diep, Nguyen Van title = Novel Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus (PEDV) Variants with Large Deletions in the Spike (S) Gene Coexist with PEDV Strains Possessing an Intact S Gene in Domestic Pigs in Japan: A New Disease Situation date = 2017-01-17 keywords = PCR; PEDV summary = title: Novel Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus (PEDV) Variants with Large Deletions in the Spike (S) Gene Coexist with PEDV Strains Possessing an Intact S Gene in Domestic Pigs in Japan: A New Disease Situation Among 17 PEDV samples isolated from individual pigs, all of them contained at least two distinct genotypes with large genomic deletions, and 94.1% of them were found to consist of strains with an intact S gene. In this study, variants with large deletions in the S gene were found in eight primary and nine recurrent outbreaks from 16 pig farms, and they mostly (94.1%) coexisted with PEDV strains with an intact S gene. Cell culture isolation and sequence analysis of genetically diverse US porcine epidemic diarrhea virus strains including a novel strain with a large deletion in the spike gene New porcine epidemic diarrhoea virus variant with a large deletion in the spike gene identified in domestic pigs doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0170126 id = cord-320559-up1q3k6q author = Dortmans, J.C.F.M. title = Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) introduction into a naive Dutch pig population in 2014 date = 2018-05-24 keywords = ELISA; Netherlands; PEDV summary = Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) is the highly contagious, causative agent of an economically important acute enteric disease in pigs of all ages. In total, 838 blood samples from sows from 267 farms and 101 samples from wild boars were collected from May till November 2014 and tested for antibodies against PEDV by ELISA. The number of required blood samples from animals and farms to estimate the seroprevalence of PEDV in Dutch sow herds was calculated based on the following assumptions: PEDV is highly contagious and no vaccination against this virus was carried out in the Netherlands. For the detection of PEDV antibodies in serum samples an in-house indirect ELISA based on the viral spike (S) protein S1-part of the G2b strain GDU (Non-S-INDEL, GenBank KU985230.1) was used, similar as the ELISA previously described (Gerber et al., 2014) . doi = 10.1016/j.vetmic.2018.05.014 id = cord-273705-0oyzg5tq author = Duffy, Mark A title = Impact of dietary spray-dried bovine plasma addition on pigs infected with porcine epidemic diarrhea virus date = 2018-08-29 keywords = PEDV; SDP; pig summary = title: Impact of dietary spray-dried bovine plasma addition on pigs infected with porcine epidemic diarrhea virus Experimental data suggest that the addition of spray-dried plasma (SDP) to pig feed may enhance antibody responses against certain pathogens and negatively impact virus survival. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of bovine SDP (BovSDP) in the pig diet on acute porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) infection. The results indicate that addition of BovSDP induced an earlier anti-PEDV antibody response in pigs experimentally infected with PEDV thereby reducing clinical disease and the amount and duration of viral shedding during acute PEDV infection. Starting with arrival in the research facility and for the duration of the study, all pigs were fed the same standard commercial corn-soybean meal-dried whey-based diet ( Table 2 ) except for the diet of the PEDV-BovSDP group, which was supplemented with 5% spray-dried commercial bovine plasma replacing soy protein concentrate on an equal total lysine basis ( Figure 1 ). doi = 10.1093/tas/txy088 id = cord-301355-9lswjro2 author = Fan, Jing-Hui title = Development of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the monitoring and surveillance of antibodies to porcine epidemic diarrhea virus based on a recombinant membrane protein date = 2015-12-01 keywords = ELISA; PEDV summary = title: Development of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the monitoring and surveillance of antibodies to porcine epidemic diarrhea virus based on a recombinant membrane protein Therefore, the accurate diagnosis, serological monitoring, and surveillance of specific antibodies in pigs resulting from porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) infection or vaccination would be essential in helping to control the spread of PED. To detect PEDV antibodies in eight herds, 382 serum samples were collected from sows that had been immunized with a PED vaccine, and screened using the developed ELISA in parallel with a serum neutralization (SN) assay. To determine the specificity of the developed ELISA, crossreactivity was assessed by determining the reactivity of the purified antigen with serum samples containing antibodies against TGEV, PRV, PRRSV, PCV2, CSFV and PEDV. Development and evaluation of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay based on recombinant nucleocapsid protein for detection of porcine epidemic diarrhea (PEDV) antibodies doi = 10.1016/j.jviromet.2015.07.021 id = cord-004713-gzts5h0y author = Fennestad, K. L. title = Pathogenetic observations on pleural effusion disease in rabbits date = 1985 keywords = PEDV summary = A pathogenetic study of pleural effusion disease (PED) in rabbits was made, using the virulent PED agent or virus (PEDV) and an avirulent derivate of this isolate. Support for this contention is the enhancement of virulence of PED virus (PEDV) observed in the "natural" disease and --after its isolation --by continued serial propagation in rabbits at intervals of 3---10 days (Fig. 1) . However, there is also evidence which might suggest that increasing time of persistence of virulent virus in the individual rabbit host may operate in the reverse direction by selecting a population of predominantly avirulent PEDV particles, which appear to be unable to cause disease unless undergoing new rabbit passages at short intervals (t, 6). After infection with the avirulent derivate, the isolates from serum obtained during the entire period of viraemia were demonstrable in serum dilution 10 -1 to 10 -a, but the primary rabbit inoculation of these dilutions never resulted in clinical signs of PED. doi = 10.1007/bf01378969 id = cord-004727-9sniu39j author = Fennestad, K. L. title = Pleural effusion disease in rabbits: Observations on viraemia, immunity and transmissibility date = 1981 keywords = PEDV; rabbit summary = Baby rabbits surviving infection with pleural effusion disease virus (PEDV) developed viraemia persisting for at least six months. The demonstration of pleural effusion disease (PED) virus as passenger of rabbit testicular suspensions of Treponema pallidum in several laboratories shows that this virus can be transmitted from rabbit to rabbit by testicular fluids at intervals of 7--14 days, i.e. the customary time between intratesticular inoculation and harvest of treponemes from the testes (3, 6, 7) . Infected and uninfected rabbits remained together in the same cage for a period of 90--180 days, and their blood was examined for PEDV at 30-day intervals from time of inoculation. To observe if the virus present in blood would retain inability to provoke clinical disease, serial rabbit passages of infectious serum from p.i. days 90, t20, 150 and 180 were carried out at 7-day intervals. doi = 10.1007/bf01320789 id = cord-302503-7s9f8wje author = Fu, Yuguang title = Rapid and efficient detection methods of pathogenic swine enteric coronaviruses date = 2020-05-19 keywords = PCR; PEDV; TGEV summary = In October 2010, a severe PED outbreak caused by a highly virulent PEDV variant emerged in southern China with high mortality ranging from 70 to 100%; the result was devastating damage to the pig farm industry and tremendous economic losses, and later, the PEDV variant spreads to other countries, e.g., USA, Canada, and Mexico ( For the early and rapid detection of PEDV, different types of PCR methods have been developed. A TaqMan probe-based real-time PCR to differentiate porcine epidemic diarrhea virus virulent strains from attenuated vaccine strains Development and evaluation of a duplex real-time RT-PCR for detection and differentiation of virulent and variant strains of porcine epidemic diarrhea viruses from the United States Development of a TaqMan-based real-time RT-PCR assay for the detection of SADS-CoV associated with severe diarrhea disease in pigs doi = 10.1007/s00253-020-10645-5 id = cord-305156-w6iqeayr author = Gallien, Sarah title = Limited shedding of an S-InDel strain of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) in semen and questions regarding the infectivity of the detected virus date = 2018-10-11 keywords = DPI; PEDV summary = doi = 10.1016/j.vetmic.2018.09.025 id = cord-287947-7kjxbd6t author = Gao, Ruyi title = Glycyrrhizin Inhibits PEDV Infection and Proinflammatory Cytokine Secretion via the HMGB1/TLR4-MAPK p38 Pathway date = 2020-04-23 keywords = HMGB1; MAPK; PEDV; TLR4 summary = Collectively, our data indicated that GLY inhibited PEDV infection and decreased proinflammatory cytokine secretion via the HMGB1/TLR4-mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) p38 pathway. Western blotting showed that TAK induced moderately decreased porcine epidemic diarrhea virus nucleocapsid (PEDV-N) protein expression in a dose-dependent manner, and about 73% PEDV-N protein decreased when treating with 10 μM concentration of TAK (Figure 2A) , demonstrating the fact that TLR4 might regulate PEDV infection. Western blotting showed that TAK induced moderately decreased porcine epidemic diarrhea virus nucleocapsid (PEDV-N) protein expression in a dose-dependent manner, and about 73% PEDV-N protein decreased when treating with 10 μM concentration of TAK (Figure 2A) , demonstrating the fact that TLR4 might regulate PEDV infection. In this study, we explored GLY-inhibited PEDV infection and decreased proinflammatory cytokine production through effects on the HMGB1/TLR4-p38 pathway. In this study, we explored GLY-inhibited PEDV infection and decreased proinflammatory cytokine production through effects on the HMGB1/TLR4-p38 pathway. doi = 10.3390/ijms21082961 id = cord-293458-jb7u9xn6 author = Gerdts, Volker title = Vaccines for porcine epidemic diarrhea virus and other swine coronaviruses date = 2016-12-02 keywords = PEDV; TGEV; porcine summary = doi = 10.1016/j.vetmic.2016.11.029 id = cord-279794-hn5vmic0 author = Guo, Jiahui title = Evolutionary and genotypic analyses of global porcine epidemic diarrhea virus strains date = 2018-08-27 keywords = GII; PEDV summary = Molecular clock analysis showed that divergence of the GII‐c subgroup spike gene occurred in April 2010, suggesting that the subgroup originated from recombination events before the PEDV re‐emergence outbreaks. Consistent with our previous research (Wang, Fang, & Xiao, 2016a) , the phylogenetic tree indicated that the complete PEDV genomes evolved into two separate genogroups, GI (classical) and GII (variant), as presented in Figure 1a . Genetic variation of nucleocapsid genes of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus field strains in China Detection and molecular diversity of spike gene of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus in China Genome sequencing and analysis of a novel recombinant porcine epidemic diarrhea virus strain from Henan, China Complete genome sequence of a recombinant porcine epidemic diarrhea virus strain Evolutionary and epidemiological analyses based on spike genes of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus circulating in Thailand doi = 10.1111/tbed.12991 id = cord-265679-7gzont7l author = Guo, Nan title = Caerin1.1 Suppresses the Growth of Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus In Vitro via Direct Binding to the Virus date = 2018-09-18 keywords = Caerin1.1; PEDV; cell; figure summary = In this study, the antiviral activity of a cationic amphibian antimicrobial peptide Caerin1.1 against porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) was evaluated by an in vitro system using Vero cells. Vero cells cultured in 24-well plates were washed with PBS for 3 times and inoculated respectively with single medium, or single PEDV, or PEDV pre-incubated with different concentrations of Caerin1.1. PEDV suspensions containing different concentrations of Caerin1.1 were pre-incubated for 1 h at 37 • C, and were serially diluted before they were inoculated on the 80% confluent Vero cell monolayers grown in the 96-well plates, followed by washing 3 times with PBS. As shown in Figure 4 , Vero cells were infected with PEDV (200 pfu) pre-incubated with different concentrations of Caerin1.1. As shown in Figure 4 , Vero cells were infected with PEDV (200 pfu) pre-incubated with different concentrations of Caerin1.1. doi = 10.3390/v10090507 id = cord-280183-fxhkfjl6 author = Have, P. title = Coronavirus infection in mink (Mustela vision). Serological evidence of infection with a coronavirus related to transmissible gastroenteritis virus and porcine epidemic diarrhea virus date = 1992-04-30 keywords = PEDV; TGEV summary = doi = 10.1016/0378-1135(92)90135-g id = cord-033488-du8heorx author = Ho, Thuong Thi title = Plant-Derived Trimeric CO-26K-Equivalent Epitope Induced Neutralizing Antibodies Against Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus date = 2020-09-16 keywords = COE; PEDV; western summary = (A) Sera from five mice from each group immunized with a negative control (wild-type crude extract, G1) or a positive control (commercial vaccine, G2) or the crude extract containing COE-GCN4pII (G3) were mixed, diluted 200 times and used as a primary antibody for detecting 1 µg of purified PEDV antigen. Different levels of PEDV-specific IgG (B), IgA (C), and IgM (D) antibodies in each mouse sera group were calculated as the reciprocal of the geometric mean titer of the five mice of each group vaccinated with the negative control (wild-type crude extract, G1) or the positive control (commercial vaccine, G2) or the crude extract containing COE-GCN4pII (G3). Therefore, plant crude extract containing the trimeric COE protein had the level of IgG antibodies similar to that of commercial vaccines against the PEDV DR13 strain after the third injection. Therefore, we concluded that plant crude extract containing the trimeric COE protein had a strong immunogenicity and induced a neutralizing antibody titer similar to that of the commercial vaccine against the attenuated PEDV DR13 strain. doi = 10.3389/fimmu.2020.02152 id = cord-315885-iu5wg5ik author = Hoang, Hai title = Full-Length Genome Sequence of a Plaque-Cloned Virulent Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus Isolate (USA/Iowa/18984/2013) from a Midwestern U.S. Swine Herd date = 2013-12-19 keywords = PEDV; epidemic summary = title: Full-Length Genome Sequence of a Plaque-Cloned Virulent Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus Isolate (USA/Iowa/18984/2013) from a Midwestern U.S. Swine Herd The complete genome sequence of PEDV strain USA/Iowa/18984/2013 was submitted to GenBank under the accession no. Complete genome sequence of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus strain USA/Colorado/2013 from the United States Complete genome sequence of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus strain AJ1102 isolated from a suckling piglet with acute diarrhea in China Complete genome sequence of a Chinese virulent porcine epidemic diarrhea virus strain Complete genome sequence of a recombinant porcine epidemic diarrhea virus strain from eastern China Complete genome sequence of a highly prevalent isolate of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus in south China Complete genome sequence of a variant porcine epidemic diarrhea virus strain isolated in central China Complete genome sequence of novel porcine epidemic diarrhea virus strain GD-1 in China doi = 10.1128/genomea.01049-13 id = cord-339012-4juhmjaj author = Hou, Wei title = Rapid host response to an infection with Coronavirus. Study of transcriptional responses with Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus date = 2020-07-28 keywords = MRV; PEDV; SARS; Vero; cell; gene summary = Instead, PEDV down-regulated the expression of a set of zinc finger proteins with putative antiviral activity and enhanced the expression of the transmembrane serine protease gene TMPRSS13 (alias MSPL) to support its own infection by virus-cell membrane fusion (Shi et al, 2017, Viruses, 9(5):114). Furthermore, by comprehensive datamining in biological and chemical databases and consulting related literature we identified sets of PEDV-response genes with potential to influence i) the metabolism of biogenic amines (e.g. histamine), ii) the formation of cilia and "synaptic clefts" between cells, iii) epithelial mucus production, iv) platelets activation, and v) physiological processes in the body regulated by androgenic hormones (like blood pressure, salt/water balance and energy homeostasis). The detected sets of differential expressed genes (DEGs) for PEDV and MRV were analyzed by gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) using functional bioinformatic programs to retrieve biological processes (pathways and Gene Ontology terms [GO-term]) and associations with chemical compounds, including drugs. doi = 10.1101/2020.07.28.224576 id = cord-329227-sqetz7h6 author = Hou, Yixuan title = Deletion of both the Tyrosine-Based Endocytosis Signal and the Endoplasmic Reticulum Retrieval Signal in the Cytoplasmic Tail of Spike Protein Attenuates Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus in Pigs date = 2018-11-07 keywords = Fig; KVHVQ; PEDV; Yxx summary = The amounts of PEDV S proteins in the ERGIC, in other organelles, or on the cell surface are likely regulated by two nearby motifs in its cytoplasmic tail (CT): a tyrosine-based motif, Yxx⌽ (x is any residue and ⌽ is a bulky hydrophobic residue: F, M, I, L, or V), and an ER retrieval signal (ERRS), KVHVQ (10) (11) (12) (13) , as well as other viral and cellular proteins. One study demonstrated that a single amino acid substitution in this motif (KVHVQ to KVRVQ) weakens the intracellular retention function of the S proteins of the 10th passage of a murine-adapted PEDV variant, MK-P10 (18) , resulting in enhanced syncytium formation in Vero cells. In this study, we evaluated the phenotypes of transiently expressed S mutants containing mutations or deletions in these two motifs in mammalian cells and the virulence of three representative recombinant PEDVs in gnotobiotic piglets. doi = 10.1128/jvi.01758-18 id = cord-343780-084lq92r author = Hsu, Tien-Huan title = Detection, sequence analysis, and antibody prevalence of porcine deltacoronavirus in Taiwan date = 2018-07-26 keywords = PEDV; Taiwan summary = title: Detection, sequence analysis, and antibody prevalence of porcine deltacoronavirus in Taiwan To investigate if PDCoV is also present in Taiwan, three swine coronaviruses—PDCoV, porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), and transmissible gastroenteritis coronavirus (TGEV)—were tested using real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR) in 172 rectal swab samples from piglets exhibiting diarrhea between January 2016 and May 2017 on 68 pig farms in Taiwan. Currently, there are at least three members of the family Coronaviridae that can cause diarrhea in pigs: transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV), porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), and porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV) [8] . Based on the real-time RT-PCR (rRT-PCR) detection results, the percentage of pig farms that were positive for at least of one of the coronaviruses was 25% for PDCoV (17/68), 22.1% for PEDV (15/68), and 2.9% for TGEV (2/68). Phylogeny analysis of PDCoV-N genes showed that PDCoVs found in Taiwan were highly similar in their nucleotide sequences to isolates from the United States, mainland China, and other countries (Fig. 1) . doi = 10.1007/s00705-018-3964-x id = cord-354729-dpaz01np author = Huan, Changchao title = Characterization and evolution of the coronavirus porcine epidemic diarrhoea virus HLJBY isolated in China date = 2019-08-22 keywords = HLJBY; PEDV summary = title: Characterization and evolution of the coronavirus porcine epidemic diarrhoea virus HLJBY isolated in China A strain of porcine epidemic diarrhoea virus (PEDV), namely HLJBY, was isolated in Heilongjiang province, China. To investigate the molecular characteristics of PEDV HLJBY strain, UTR (5'' and 3'') and the nucleotide and predicted amino acid sequences of the nonstructural and structural proteins (replicase ORF1a/1b, S, ORF3, E, M, N) of PEDV HLJBY strain were compared with CV777. 399 nt deletions exhibited in ORF3 of PEDV HLJBY (Figure 2d ), and nucleotide sequence identity was 91.7%, and the amino acid sequence identity was 90.1% (Table 3 ). To investigate the evolution of PEDV, phylogenetic analysis based on the entire genomic nucleotide sequences of PEDV HLJBY strain The group Ⅲ was further divided into subgroup Ⅲa and Ⅲb. Characterization and evolution of the coronavirus porcine epidemic diarrhoea virus HLJBY isolated in China doi = 10.1111/tbed.13321 id = cord-257136-zpeh8pmc author = Huang, Xin title = A TaqMan-probe-based multiplex real-time RT-qPCR for simultaneous detection of porcine enteric coronaviruses date = 2019-04-26 keywords = PEDV; TGEV summary = To develop a simple, rapid, accurate, and high-throughput detection method for diagnosis and differential diagnosis on swine enteric coronaviruses, specific primers and probes were designed based on the highly conserved regions of transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) N, porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) M, porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV) M, and porcine enteric alphacoronavirus (PEAV) N genes respectively. To develop a simple, rapid, accurate, and high-throughput detection method for diagnosis and differential diagnosis on swine enteric coronaviruses, a TaqMan-probe-based multiplex real-time RT-qPCR assay was established to simultaneously detect TGEV, PEDV, PEAV, and PDCoV from the same reaction vial. To establish a high-specific multiplex real-time RT-qPCR for the detection and differential diagnosis of swine enteric coronaviruses, primer sets, and TaqMan probes were designed targeting the highly conserved regions of PEDV or PDCoV M genes and TGEV or PEAV N genes, based on bioinformatics analysis of each virus. doi = 10.1007/s00253-019-09835-7 id = cord-003973-pnareltx author = Hulst, M.M. title = Study on inactivation of porcine epidemic diarrhoea virus, porcine sapelovirus 1 and adenovirus in the production and storage of laboratory spray‐dried porcine plasma date = 2019-04-01 keywords = LRF; PCV2; PEDV; SDPP summary = doi = 10.1111/jam.14235 id = cord-301347-22lt6h40 author = Jarvis, Matthew C. title = Genomic and evolutionary inferences between American and global strains of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus date = 2016-01-01 keywords = PEDV; RBD; strain summary = Phylogenetic analysis of the complete genome sequence data revealed high rates of recombination, resulting in differing evolutionary patterns in phylogenies inferred for the spike region versus whole genomes. Despite excising a large portion of the genome prior to analysis, the Bayesian trees illustrate two distinct entries of PEDV into the US and characterize the evolution of PEDV compared to other CoVs. Modeling of the pAPN RBD region has revealed that Asian strains have increasing diversity compared to previously developed vaccines, and the variability in both the American and Asian strains needs to be considered for future vaccine development. Phylogenetic analysis of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) field strains in central China based on the ORF3 gene and the main neutralization epitopes Complete genome sequence of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus strain USA/Colorado/2013 from the United States Cell culture isolation and sequence analysis of genetically diverse US porcine epidemic diarrhea virus strains including a novel strain with a large deletion in the spike gene doi = 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2015.10.020 id = cord-330035-0d6w8xyd author = Jeon, Ji Hyun title = Cellular cholesterol is required for porcine nidovirus infection date = 2017-09-07 keywords = PEDV; PRRSV; cell; cholesterol summary = The addition of exogenous cholesterol to MβCD-treated cells moderately restored the infectivity of porcine nidoviruses, indicating that the presence of cholesterol in the target cell membrane is critical for viral replication. The addition of exogenous cholesterol to MβCD-treated cells moderately restored the infectivity of porcine nidoviruses, indicating that the presence of cholesterol in the target cell membrane is critical for viral replication. Furthermore, pharmacological sequestration of cellular cholesterol efficiently blocked both virus attachment and internalization and, accordingly, markedly affected subsequent post-entry steps of the replication cycle, including viral RNA and protein biosynthesis and progeny virus production. Further experiments revealed that pharmacological depletion of cellular cholesterol primarily interferes with virus binding and penetration and subsequently influences post-entry stages of the PRRSV and PEDV replication cycle, including viral genomic and sg RNA synthesis, viral protein expression, and virus production. doi = 10.1007/s00705-017-3545-4 id = cord-254405-yc1q20fz author = Jie, Tao title = Preparation and characterization of an attenuated porcine epidemic diarrhea virus strain by serial passaging date = 2018-07-31 keywords = DR13; JS-2/2014; PEDV summary = Furthermore, we cultured the virus and screened for attenuated PEDV strains by analyzing the genovariations that occurred during passaging -confirming the results in animal experiments. [27] analyzed a cell culture-adapted PEDV (passage 100) strain with a smaller ORF3 gene and found it to have lower virulence relative to the wild-type virus. Molecular characterization of the ORF3 and S1 genes of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus non S-INDEL strains in seven regions of China Comparative genomic analysis of classical and variant virulent parental/attenuated strains of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus Isolation and identification of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus strain HBMC2012 and its pathogenicity in piglet Cloning and further sequence analysis of the spike gene of attenuated porcine epidemic diarrhea virus DR13 Genome sequencing and analysis of a novel recombinant porcine epidemic diarrhea virus strain from Henan, China Genome sequencing and analysis of a novel recombinant porcine epidemic diarrhea virus strain from Henan, China doi = 10.1007/s00705-018-3968-6 id = cord-272973-kzaowysv author = Joshi, Lok R. title = Passive immunity to porcine epidemic diarrhea virus following immunization of pregnant gilts with a recombinant orf virus vector expressing the spike protein date = 2018-05-03 keywords = ORFV; PEDV summary = doi = 10.1007/s00705-018-3855-1 id = cord-016858-pbjj50bx author = Jung, Kwonil title = Immunohistochemical Staining for Detection of Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus in Tissues date = 2015-09-10 keywords = IHC; PEDV summary = PEDV antigens in frozen tissues are visualized as green staining in the cytoplasm of infected cells by fluorescent dyes conjugated with antibodies when activated by exciting light of a specific wavelength under a fluorescence microscope. In FFPE tissues, PEDV antigens are visualized as red staining in the cytoplasm of infected cells by the deposition of the substrate chromogen, Fast Red. 2013 to present, has led to a substantial loss of piglets (more than 10 % of US swine population). Viral antigens in frozen, fi xed cells, or tissues can be detected by immunohistochemistry (IHC) (or immunohistochemical staining) using specifi c antibodies labeled with fl uorescent dyes, such as Alexa Fluor ® 488 and fl uorescein isothiocyanate (FITC), or enzymes, such as alkaline phosphatase (AP) and peroxidase. Monoclonal antibody-based immunohistochemical detection of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus antigen in formalin-fi xed, paraffi n-embedded intestinal tissues doi = 10.1007/978-1-4939-3414-0_2 id = cord-268010-1m5h3krw author = Jung, Kwonil title = Porcine deltacoronavirus infection: Etiology, cell culture for virus isolation and propagation, molecular epidemiology and pathogenesis date = 2016-12-02 keywords = Jung; PEDV; PID summary = doi = 10.1016/j.virusres.2016.04.009 id = cord-272728-inndwa61 author = Jung, Kwonil title = Immunohistochemical detection of the vomiting-inducing monoamine neurotransmitter serotonin and enterochromaffin cells in the intestines of conventional or gnotobiotic (Gn) pigs infected with porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) and serum cytokine responses of Gn pigs to acute PEDV infection date = 2018-08-31 keywords = PEDV; PIH summary = At PID 3 when vomiting had ceased, mean numbers of serotonin-positive EC cells per microscopic area (×250) were significantly (P < .05) increased in duodenum but reduced in ileum of the PEDV-inoculated pigs, compared with the corresponding negative controls, but they did not differ in mid-jejunum and colon (Table 1) . Histologic lesions and the distribution based on Table 1 Mean numbers ( ± SDM) of serotonin-positive enterochromaffin cells by immunohistochemistry in the crypt layers and entire or lower half of villi of duodenum, mid-jejunum, ileum, and colon per microscopic area, at ×250 magnification, of conventional 9-day-old nursing pigs inoculated with virulent US PEDV strain PC21A or mock at post-inoculation days (PIDs) 1, 3, and 5. doi = 10.1016/j.rvsc.2018.06.009 id = cord-287913-pe6ot11q author = Jung, Kwonil title = Effects of epidermal growth factor on atrophic enteritis in piglets induced by experimental porcine epidemic diarrhoea virus date = 2007-06-18 keywords = EGF; PEDV summary = title: Effects of epidermal growth factor on atrophic enteritis in piglets induced by experimental porcine epidemic diarrhoea virus Epidermal growth factor (EGF) promotes gastrointestinal mucosal recovery by stimulating the mitogenic activity of intestinal crypt epithelial cells. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of EGF on atrophic enteritis induced in piglets by experimental infection with porcine epidemic diarrhoea virus (PEDV) strain Dr13. EGF stimulates proliferation of intestinal crypt epithelial cells and promotes recovery from atrophic enteritis in PEDV-infected piglets. Most PEDV + EGF piglets had moderate diarrhoea from 24 to 36 hpi and severe diarrhoea Table 1 Mean ratio of villous height to crypt depth (VH:CD) in piglets infected with porcine epidemic diarrhoea virus with (PEDV + EGF) or without (PEDV only) epidermal growth factor relative to uninfected piglets (control) This study has shown that EGF enhances proliferation of intestinal crypt epithelial cells and promotes the recovery of damaged villi in piglets infected with PEDV. doi = 10.1016/j.tvjl.2007.04.018 id = cord-292101-lnap47kp author = Jung, Kwonil title = Structural alteration of tight and adherens junctions in villous and crypt epithelium of the small and large intestine of conventional nursing piglets infected with porcine epidemic diarrhea virus date = 2015-06-12 keywords = Cadherin; PEDV; PID summary = doi = 10.1016/j.vetmic.2015.03.022 id = cord-292734-2g2ym81n author = Jung, Kwonil title = Impact of porcine group A rotavirus co-infection on porcine epidemic diarrhea virus pathogenicity in piglets date = 2008-06-30 keywords = PEDV; PGAR summary = The piglets were euthanized at 1, 2, or 3 days post-inoculation (DPI) to measure the villous height:crypt depth (VH:CD) ratio and to collect fecal samples for RT-PCR and virus isolation. No significant differences in mean VH:CD ratio and clinical symptoms (diarrhea, vomiting, dehydration, and anorexia) were observed between the PEDV/PGAR-infected and PEDV-infected groups of piglets at 1, 2 and 3 DPI; however, at 2 and 3 DPI, PGAR was detected in all fecal samples by RT-PCR and virus isolation. The aim of this study was to determine the impact of PGAR co-infection on PEDV pathogenicity by subjecting piglets experimentally co-infected by PEDV and PGAR to evaluation of clinical signs (severity in diarrhea, dehydration, and dehydration) and histological morphometric analysis (villous height: crypt depth) in mid-jejunum where PEDV lesions were evident. doi = 10.1016/j.rvsc.2007.07.004 id = cord-295534-bwa4wz94 author = Jung, Kwonil title = Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus infection: Etiology, epidemiology, pathogenesis and immunoprophylaxis date = 2015-02-26 keywords = PEDV; epidemic; porcine summary = doi = 10.1016/j.tvjl.2015.02.017 id = cord-302083-9q1i20o6 author = Jung, Kwonil title = Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV): An update on etiology, transmission, pathogenesis, and prevention and control date = 2020-06-02 keywords = INDEL; Jung; PEDV; PID summary = doi = 10.1016/j.virusres.2020.198045 id = cord-305859-vt8vwo3y author = Jung, Kwonil title = Calves are susceptible to infection with the newly emerged porcine deltacoronavirus, but not with the swine enteric alphacoronavirus, porcine epidemic diarrhea virus date = 2017-04-03 keywords = PEDV; PID; RNA summary = Fecal virus shedding, seroconversion and histopathology were evaluated in 3-7-year-old gnotobiotic calves orally inoculated with porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV) (9.0-9.6 log(10) genomic equivalents [GE] of OH-FD22-P5; n=4) or porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) (10.2-12.5 log(10) GE of PC21A; n=3). In PDCoV-inoculated calves, an acute but persisting fecal viral RNA shedding and PDCoV-specific serum IgG antibody responses were observed, but without lesions or clinical disease. Our study demonstrated that Gn calves orally inoculated with the PDCoV strain OH-FD22 (ICs of cell-culture grown PDCoV from infected Gn pigs) develop an acute infection with persistent fecal PDCoV RNA shedding and PDCoVspecific serum IgG antibody responses, but show no signs of significant intestinal lesions or clinical disease [8] . In our study, there were no detectable fecal viral RNA shedding, virus-specific serum IgG antibody responses, histological lesions, and clinical disease in Gn calves orally inoculated with the PEDV strain PC21A (ICs of wild-type PEDV-infected Gn pigs) [6] . doi = 10.1007/s00705-017-3351-z id = cord-339924-tsmnkuhw author = Jung, Kwonil title = Pathology of US Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus Strain PC21A in Gnotobiotic Pigs date = 2014-04-17 keywords = PEDV; pig summary = title: Pathology of US Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus Strain PC21A in Gnotobiotic Pigs To understand the progression of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus infection, we inoculated gnotobiotic pigs with a newly emerged US strain, PC21A, of the virus. For the pig-passaged PC21A strain, RT-PCR/PCR results were negative for transmissible gastroenteritis virus/porcine respiratory coronavirus (7), rotavirus groups A-C (8), caliciviruses (13, 14) , astroviruses (15) , circoviruses, enterovirus, kobuvirus, and bocavirus. Electron micrograph of a US porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) particle detected in a field fecal sample collected during a 2013 outbreak of PED on a farm in Ohio, USA; the fecal sample from which PEDV strain PC21A in this study was obtained was from a pig on the same farm during the same outbreak. Emergence of Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus in the United States: clinical signs, lesions, and viral genomic sequences doi = 10.3201/eid2004.131685 id = cord-296791-h8ftslps author = Junwei, Ge title = Cloning and sequence analysis of the N gene of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus LJB/03 date = 2006-10-01 keywords = PEDV summary = doi = 10.1007/s11262-005-0059-z id = cord-260835-ck9z5xsd author = Kamau, Anthony Ndirangu title = Porcine amino peptidase N domain VII has critical role in binding and entry of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus date = 2017-01-02 keywords = NIH3T3; PEDV; cell summary = Results showed PEDV infection was restricted to pAPN and pAPN domain VII expressing NIH3T3 cells. Also, PEDV harvested from pAPN or domain VII expressing NIH3T3 cells was induced indirect plaques in Vero cells confirming successful entry and replication. In the current study, by constitutive expression of pAPN in non-susceptible NIH3T3 cells, we have sought to annotate the previous findings stipulating pAPN receptor function for PEDV. Susceptibility assays showed infection in pAPN domain-VII expressing cells but virus entry was abrogated in absence of seventh domain (pAPN DI-VI ) as shown in (Fig. 5A) . PEDV was also reported to interact with pAPN in porcine enterocytes (Li et al., 2009) , and is capable of infecting MDCK and ST cells expressing the pAPN receptor (Oh et al., 2003; Nam and Lee, 2010) . In our study, to determine the specific interactive point of pAPN wt with PEDV, domain mutants were expressed stably in NIH3T3 cells. doi = 10.1016/j.virusres.2016.10.004 id = cord-299988-jaekryq5 author = Karte, Claudia title = Re-emergence of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus in a piglet-producing farm in northwestern Germany in 2019 date = 2020-09-10 keywords = Germany; PEDV; porcine summary = title: Re-emergence of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus in a piglet-producing farm in northwestern Germany in 2019 After initial confirmation of PEDV by real-time RT-PCR, fecal material and small intestine samples from affected pigs were subjected to metagenomic analyses employing next-generation sequencing. Phylogenetic analyses showed high identities among the PEDV sequences obtained from samples of different animals and a close relation to recent strains from Hungary and France. After reports from Asia, that a new PEDV variant caused considerable losses [12, 13] , that highly virulent PEDV variant emerged also in the United States (US) in 2013, with swine farms experiencing explosive epidemics affecting all age classes of animals, with up to 95% mortality in suckling pigs [2, 14] . Emergence of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus in the United States: clinical signs, lesions, and viral genomic sequences doi = 10.1186/s12917-020-02548-4 id = cord-255862-84u3c33m author = Kim, Ji Won title = Antiviral escin derivatives from the seeds of Aesculus turbinata Blume (Japanese horse chestnut) date = 2017-07-01 keywords = PEDV; compound summary = In this research, we investigated whether escin derivatives 1–7 (including new compounds 2, 3, 5 and 6), without the angeloyl or tigloyl groups and with modified glycosidic linkages by hydrolysis, have PEDV inhibitory effects with less cytotoxicity. Interestingly, compounds 1-7 isolated from the fraction with the two-step hydrolysis were evaluated to have much lower cytotoxic effects than compounds 8-10 from the n-BuOH part at concentration of 20 lM (Fig. S22) . As compounds 8-10 showed strong cytotoxic effects on Vero cells at 20 lM, their PEDV inhibitory activities were evaluated at a concentration of 2 lM. 33 To measure the expression level of viral RNA encoding nucleocapsid and spike proteins, compounds 4 and 6 were treated in Vero cells at a concentration of 40 lM and total RNA was extracted for reverse transcription followed by polymerase chain reaction using the primers for PEDV (STable 1 ). doi = 10.1016/j.bmcl.2017.05.022 id = cord-310579-tnxokfwu author = Kim, Sung-Jae title = Molecular Characterization of Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus and Its New Genetic Classification Based on the Nucleocapsid Gene date = 2020-07-23 keywords = PEDV summary = title: Molecular Characterization of Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus and Its New Genetic Classification Based on the Nucleocapsid Gene In the phylogenetic trees inferred from the D1-D2 datasets of the S gene ( Figure 2 , Supplementary Figures S1 and S2) , the PEDV strains were classified into five sub-genogroups (G1a, G1b, G2a, G2b, and G2c), which were previously designated [8] . In the phylogenetic trees inferred from the D1-D2 datasets of the S gene ( Figure 2 , Supplementary Figures S1 and S2) , the PEDV strains were classified into five sub-genogroups (G1a, G1b, G2a, G2b, and G2c), which were previously designated [8] . Supported by high posterior probability values (0.90-1), the phylogenetic trees inferred from the D3-D4 datasets of the N gene (Figure 3, Supplementary Figures S3 and S4) suggested that the classification of PEDV strains into four S gene-based sub-genogroups G1a, G1b, G2b, G2a/G2c was more reliable. Sequence and phylogenetic analysis of nucleocapsid genes of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) strains in China doi = 10.3390/v12080790 id = cord-261993-u2a26brw author = Kim, Yonghyan title = Stability of Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus on Fomite Materials at Different Temperatures date = 2018-02-13 keywords = PEDV summary = A more sensitive immunoplaque assay was able to detect virus from Styrofoam, metal, and plastic at 20 days post application, representing a 3-log loss of input virus on fomite materials. Virus recovery from surfaces of Styrofoam, nitrile gloves, aluminum foil, Tyvek ® coverall, metal, rubber, plastic, cardboard, and cloth showed no significant differences between the materials at RT, suggesting that storage temperature had a substantial influence on virus survival. Quantifiable viral RNA was detected in Styrofoam, Tyvek, and cardboard materials, although infectious PEDV titer decreased by 3 to 4 logs at 4 °C after 20 days. Quantifiable viral RNA was detected in Styrofoam, Tyvek, and cardboard materials, although infectious PEDV titer decreased by 3 to 4 logs at 4 °C after 20 days. Survivability of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv) in bovine plasma submitted to spray drying processing and held at different time by temperature storage conditions doi = 10.3390/vetsci5010021 id = cord-272729-nbgdmavr author = Kim, Youngnam title = Ribavirin efficiently suppresses porcine nidovirus replication date = 2012-10-27 keywords = PEDV; PRRSV; RNA; Vero; ribavirin summary = doi = 10.1016/j.virusres.2012.10.018 id = cord-311255-zaa8i9vh author = Kim, Youngnam title = Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus induces caspase-independent apoptosis through activation of mitochondrial apoptosis-inducing factor date = 2014-07-31 keywords = AIF; Fig; PEDV; VAD; cell summary = Abstract The present study sought to investigate whether porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) induces apoptosis and to elucidate the mechanisms associated with apoptotic cell death after PEDV infection. Interestingly, mitochondrial apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF) was found to translocate to the nucleus during PEDV infection, and AIF relocalization was completely abrogated by the presence of cyclosporin A (CsA), an inhibitor of cyclophilin D (CypD) that is an essential component of the mitochondrial permeabilization transition pore (mPTP) complex. Altogether, our results indicate that a caspase-independent mitochondrial AIF-mediated pathway plays a central role in PEDV-induced apoptosis to facilitate viral replication and pathogenesis. Therefore, in this study, we aimed to determine if PEDV induces apoptosis following infection in vitro and in vivo and to define the specific pathways involved in apoptotic death of virus-infected cells. doi = 10.1016/j.virol.2014.04.040 id = cord-259324-g8kv4pvq author = Ko, Suk-Min title = Expression of the protective antigen for PEDV in transgenic duckweed, Lemna minor date = 2011-10-28 keywords = Lemna; PCR; PEDV summary = In this study, we assessed the feasibility of producing a protective antigen for the PEDV spike protein 1 using duckweed, Lemna minor. Transgene integration and expression of the PEDV spike protein 1 gene were confirmed by genomic PCR and RT-PCR and western blot analysis of transgenic Lemna, respectively. In this study, we report the stable transformation and expression of a protective antigen for PEDV in Lemna minor with potential for use as an effective complement to the diets of animals. Fronds were then blotted onto sterile filter paper, and co-cultivated with Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain EHA105 harboring the PEDV spike protein 1 gene fused to a c-myc tag for 72 h on antibiotic-free ½MS1BA medium. PCR products of the expected size (330 bp) corresponding to primers designed on the internal PEDV spike protein 1 gene were detected from kanamycin-resistant Lemna, whereas no DNA band corresponding to the target gene was detected in untransformed wild-type Lemna. doi = 10.1007/s13580-011-0007-x id = cord-344558-1jgqofbr author = Kocherhans, Rolf title = Completion of the Porcine Epidemic Diarrhoea Coronavirus (PEDV) Genome Sequence date = 2001 keywords = PEDV; TGEV summary = A cloning strategy, which involves primers based on conserved regions in the predicted ORF1 products from other coronaviruses whose genome sequence has been determined, was used to amplify the equivalent, but as yet unknown, sequence of PEDV. Comparative amino acid sequence alignments revealed that PEDV is most closely related to human coronavirus (HCoV)-229E and transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) and less related to murine hepatitis virus (MHV) and infectious bronchitis virus (IBV). The alignment of the deduced amino acid sequences indicated that PEDV occupies an interesting intermediate position between the two well-characterized members of the group I coronaviruses, transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) and human coronavirus (HCoV)-229E. In order to obtain the first partial PEDV specific sequences, the predicted amino acid sequences of the HCoV-229E and TGEV polymerase ORFs were aligned and homologous regions identified. The deduced amino acid sequences of ORF1a and ORF1b from PEDV were aligned with the corresponding sequences of HCoV-229E, TGEV, MHV-A59, and IBV using PILEUP. doi = 10.1023/a:1011831902219 id = cord-331542-wy068c6o author = Kong, Ning title = Identification of a novel B-cell epitope in the spike protein of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus date = 2020-04-03 keywords = PEDV summary = The antisera titers were determined by indirect ELISA, western blot and IFA after four immunizations to find the important immunodominant region of S1, and then purified the immunodominant region of S1 protein and immunized mice to generate the special antibodies, and then used recombinant peptides to determine the B-cell epitopes of monoclonal antibodies. To accurately identify the immunodominant region of S1, the purified truncated S1 proteins (SA, SB, SC, SD and SE) were used to immunize BALB/c mice to prepare Fig. 1 Detection of recombinant proteins'' antigenicity for polyclonal antisera (PcAbs) by indirect ELISA, western blot and IFA. The indirect ELISA and western blot analysis showed that the SE polyclonal antisera had the highest antibody titers against PEDV S1 protein ( Fig. 1a and b) , suggesting that SE protein was the important immunodominant region of S1. doi = 10.1186/s12985-020-01305-1 id = cord-274765-3wzht843 author = Kweon, Chang-Hee title = Derivation of attenuated porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) as vaccine candidate date = 1999-06-04 keywords = PEDV; virus summary = The field isolate of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) was serially passaged in Vero cells. The cell passaged PEDV, designated KPEDV-9, was tested for its pathogenicity in the neonatal pigs, immunogenicity and safety in the pregnant sows. The results of this study supported that the attenuated virus derived from serial passage could be applied as vaccine for protecting suckling piglets against PEDV infection. In this study, we investigated the attenuation of PEDV through serial passages in Vero cell cultures and its prophylactic eect in pregnant sows. Nevertheless, when compared with the wild PEDV, the animals inoculated with the high passage level of virus did not show any severe signs of diarrhea or death in piglets, supporting attenuation. Development of an Elispot for the detection of antibody secreting cells against the porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) in dierent tissues doi = 10.1016/s0264-410x(99)00059-6 id = cord-332811-kjgah8ts author = Lee, Do Hyun title = Immunoprophylactic effect of chicken egg yolk antibody (IgY) against a recombinant S1 domain of the porcine epidemic diarrhea virus spike protein in piglets date = 2015-06-23 keywords = Korea; PEDV; protein summary = title: Immunoprophylactic effect of chicken egg yolk antibody (IgY) against a recombinant S1 domain of the porcine epidemic diarrhea virus spike protein in piglets A codon-optimized PEDV S1 gene consisting of amino acid residues 25–749 was synthesized and used to establish a stable porcine cell line constitutively expressing a recombinant PEDV S1 protein containing the chicken immunoglobulin Fc fragment at its C-terminus. Moreover, oral passive immunization using chicken IgY raised against the PEDV S1 protein was found to control and prevent PED post-challenge in suckling piglets. All neonatal piglets except for animals in the control group were inoculated orally with 1 ml of the small-intestine homogenate containing 10 4 TCID 50 /ml PEDV field virus determined using real-time RT-PCR as described previously [10] . Immunoprophylactic effect of chicken egg yolk immunoglobulin (IgY) against porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) in piglets doi = 10.1007/s00705-015-2494-z id = cord-010053-kniq2mbw author = Lee, Sunhee title = Molecular characteristics and pathogenic assessment of porcine epidemic diarrhoea virus isolates from the 2018 endemic outbreaks on Jeju Island, South Korea date = 2019-05-20 keywords = DEL; Lee; PEDV summary = title: Molecular characteristics and pathogenic assessment of porcine epidemic diarrhoea virus isolates from the 2018 endemic outbreaks on Jeju Island, South Korea Genetic and phylogenetic analyses revealed that the re-emergent Jeju Island PEDV isolates were most closely related to the pandemic genogroup 2b (G2b) strains that were responsible for the 2013-2014 global outbreaks, suggesting a direct introduction of the virus from the mainland of South Korea via unknown contaminating sources . In this study, we determined the complete genome sequences of field isolates on Jeju Island to investigate the diversity of the PEDVs responsible for the ongoing endemic outbreaks. Attenuation of an original US porcine epidemic diarrhea virus strain PC22A via serial cell culture passage Cell culture isolation and sequence analysis of genetically diverse US porcine epidemic diarrhea virus strains including a novel strain with a large deletion in the spike gene doi = 10.1111/tbed.13219 id = cord-260107-gqbtkf0x author = Lee, Sunhee title = Isolation and characterization of a Korean porcine epidemic diarrhea virus strain KNU-141112 date = 2015-10-02 keywords = KNU-141112; Lee; PEDV; Vero; korean summary = In the present study, one Korean PEDV strain, KOR/KNU-141112/2014, was successfully isolated and serially propagated in Vero cells for over 30 passages. Our genomic analyses indicated that the Korean isolate KNU-141112 is genetically stable during the first 30 passages in cell culture and is grouped within subgroup G2b together with the recent re-emergent Korean strains. Our data indicated that KNU-141112 isolate is relatively stable during the first 30 passages in cell culture and is classified into subgroup G2b that includes PEDV strains responsible for recent severe outbreaks in Korea and the US. Although virus isolation in cell culture from clinical samples of naturally or experimentally infected pigs is fastidious, recent studies reported the successful isolation and propagation of several US original PEDV strains using Vero cells (Chen et al., 2014; Oka et al., 2014) . Cell culture isolation and sequence analysis of genetically diverse US porcine epidemic diarrhea virus strains including a novel strain with a large deletion in the spike gene doi = 10.1016/j.virusres.2015.07.010 id = cord-339871-jso21mbx author = Lee, Sunhee title = Genomic and antigenic characterization of porcine epidemic diarrhoea virus strains isolated from South Korea, 2017 date = 2018-05-16 keywords = Korea; Lee; PEDV summary = To investigate the diversity of PEDVs responsible for the ongoing outbreaks in South Korea, in this study, we determined the full-length sequences of the S proteins of field isolates and complete genome sequences of representative strains identified throughout 2017. Based on the S gene sequences, therefore, PEDV can be genetically separated into two genogroup clusters, genogroup 1 (G1, classical and recombinant: low-pathogenic) and genogroup 2 (G2, field epizootic or panzootic: high-pathogenic), which are further divided into subgroups 1a and F I G U R E 1 Phylogenetic analysis based on nucleotide sequences of the spike genes (a) and full-length genomes (b) of porcine epidemic diarrhoea virus strains. Molecular characterization and phylogenetic analysis of membrane protein genes of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus isolates in China Full-genome sequence analysis of a variant strain of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus in South Korea Genomic and antigenic characterization of Porcine epidemic diarrhoea virus strains isolated from South Korea doi = 10.1111/tbed.12904 id = cord-301655-6nxhvvm4 author = Lei, Xi-Mei title = Specific recombinant proteins of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus are immunogenic, revealing their potential use as diagnostic markers date = 2019-08-10 keywords = ELISA; Fig; ORF3C; PEDV summary = In order to determine and compare which of the viral proteins may be useful as diagnostic antigens, whole virus (WV) particles and a panel of structural and nonstructural PEDV proteins [spike subunit 1 (S1), the C-terminal part of ORF3 (ORF3C), envelope (E), nonstructural protein 1 (Nsp1), Nsp2, Ac (acidic domain of Nsp3), and ADRP (ADP-ribose-1-monophosphatase domain of Nsp3), expressed individually in bacterial and/or mammalian cells] were tested for reactivity with sera from PEDV-infected pigs by ELISA and/or western blot analysis. In this study, a panel of recombinant PEDV ORFs encoding structural and nonstructural proteins were expressed in mammalian and/or bacterial cells and screened for reactivity with porcine sera from seven provinces of China by ELISA and/or western blot analysis, in order to determine which antigen is most suitable as a diagnostic marker for PEDV infection. doi = 10.1016/j.vetmic.2019.108387 id = cord-306517-tls0849i author = Leidenberger, S. title = Virulence of current German PEDV strains in suckling pigs and investigation of protective effects of maternally derived antibodies date = 2017-09-07 keywords = MDA; PEDV summary = To characterize the Central European PEDV strains regarding their virulence in suckling piglets, and to assess the protective effect of maternally derived antibodies (MDA), four trial groups were randomly assigned, each consisting of two pregnant sows and their litter. To induce MDA in a subset of piglets, two sows received a cell culture-adapted PEDV strain, and another two sows were inoculated with field material from German PED outbreaks. Subsequently, all piglets were inoculated with the corresponding PEDV strains at an age of 3 to 6 days, and virus shedding, clinical signs and occurrence of specific antibodies were assessed. Piglets without MDA and inoculated with the cell culture-adapted virus (PEDV EU, group A2) started vomiting 24 hours post inoculation (hpi), and showed diarrhea from 36 hpi. All sows, which were inoculated with PEDV prior to farrowing (groups A1 and B1), showed IgG isotype antibodies in blood and colostrum samples at the day of farrowing using the ELISA assays mentioned above. doi = 10.1038/s41598-017-11160-w id = cord-354052-x4ckzw64 author = Li, Chunhua title = Manipulation of the Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus Genome Using Targeted RNA Recombination date = 2013-08-02 keywords = GFP; ORF3; PEDV summary = doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0069997 id = cord-014932-web2tdef author = Li, Jian-qiang title = Cloning the structure genes and expression the N gene of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus DX date = 2009-05-28 keywords = PEDV summary = The structure genes spike (S), nucleocapsid (N), membrane (M), small membrane (sM) of a porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) strain DX isolated in Gansu province, North-west of China, were cloned, sequenced and compared with published sequences of PEDV strains. The N gene was cloned using two primers which contained Nco I and BamH I restriction enzyme sites and subcloned into expression vector pET30a. Cloning and sequence analysis of the N gene of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus LJB/03 Cloning and sequence analysis of the N gene of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus LJB/03 Cloning and sequence analysis of the Korean strain of spike gene of Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus and expression of its neutralizing epitope in plants Cloning and Sequence Analysis of the Nucleocapsid Gene of Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus Chinju99 Cloning and sequence analysis of the spike gene of Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus Chiju99 doi = 10.1007/s12250-009-2982-y id = cord-254192-86ksgl5t author = Li, Liang title = IFN-Lambda 3 Mediates Antiviral Protection Against Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus by Inducing a Distinct Antiviral Transcript Profile in Porcine Intestinal Epithelia date = 2019-10-17 keywords = IFN; IPEC; PEDV; RNA summary = Here, to resolve the mechanism responsible for the disparity between IFN-λ3 and type I IFN in anti-mucosal virus infection, we compared the transcription profiles induced by the two IFNs in porcine intestinal epithelial (IPEC-J2) cells by RNA-Seq. Our results showed that the pretreatment of IPEC-J2 cells with IFN-λ3 resulted in the differential expression of 983 genes. Here, to resolve the mechanism responsible for the disparity between IFN-λ3 and type I IFN in anti-mucosal virus infection, we compared the transcription profiles induced by the two IFNs in porcine intestinal epithelial (IPEC-J2) cells by RNA-Seq. Our results showed that the pretreatment of IPEC-J2 cells with IFN-λ3 resulted in the differential expression of 983 genes. In this study, we comprehensively compared the transcriptional profiling of IFN-λ3-and IFN-α-induced genes in a porcine intestinal epithelial cell line (IPEC-J2) and verified the RNA-Seq results by reverse transcriptase quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) in vitro, and further confirmed the transcriptional profile difference in crypt-derived porcine enteroids. doi = 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02394 id = cord-307408-6wfx0wey author = Li, Renfeng title = Phylogenetic analysis of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) field strains in central China based on the ORF3 gene and the main neutralization epitopes date = 2013-11-30 keywords = PEDV summary = title: Phylogenetic analysis of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) field strains in central China based on the ORF3 gene and the main neutralization epitopes In this study, we aimed to investigate the molecular epidemiology and antigenic variability of PEDV field strains based on analysis of ORF3 and a portion of the S gene encoding three neutralizing epitopes (aa 499-638, 748-755, and 764-771) of the S protein. To further investigate the molecular epidemiology of this virus, we chose the ORF3 gene and a partial S gene encoding a region including three neutralization epitopes for studying the evolutionary characteristic and antigenic variation of PEDV. Based on the sequence analysis of ORF3 and partial S genes of PEDV, molecular epidemiology was conducted using 14 field strains from central China. Sequence and phylogenetic analysis of nucleocapsid genes of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) strains in China doi = 10.1007/s00705-013-1929-7 id = cord-327000-oyg3oyx1 author = Li, Shasha title = Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus and the Host Innate Immune Response date = 2020-05-11 keywords = IFN; PEDV; RNA; SARS; protein; rig; virus summary = doi = 10.3390/pathogens9050367 id = cord-342923-prgorr3d author = Li, Zhonghua title = Cellular hnRNP A1 Interacts with Nucleocapsid Protein of Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus and Impairs Viral Replication date = 2018-03-13 keywords = PEDV summary = title: Cellular hnRNP A1 Interacts with Nucleocapsid Protein of Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus and Impairs Viral Replication Replication of PEDV was inhibited by silencing the expression of hnRNP A1 in CCL-81 cells, suggesting the positive effect of hnRNP A1 on PEDV infection. Previous studies have demonstrated hnRNP A1 could interact with N proteins of SARS Coronavirus and mouse hepatitis virus (MHV) [14, 19] . Our previous work has proved that hnRNP A1 underwent different regulations in jejunum tissues of piglets infected with PEDV virulent strain and its attenuated strain [20] . The beads were then washed with IP lysis buffer five times and boiled in sample buffer, and the proteins were subjected to SDS-PAGE, followed by immunoblotting analysis with anti-Flag PAb or anti-hnRNP A1 PAb. CCL-81 cells grown on coverslips were infected with PEDV YN144 strain, YN13 strain and CV777 strain, respectively, at a multiplicity of infection (MOI) 0.001. doi = 10.3390/v10030127 id = cord-344309-6c2wttxg author = Lin, Huixing title = Development and application of an indirect ELISA for the detection of antibodies to porcine epidemic diarrhea virus based on a recombinant spike protein date = 2018-08-20 keywords = ELISA; PEDV summary = doi = 10.1186/s12917-018-1570-5 id = cord-355119-sdg9zdc1 author = Lin, Huixing title = Epidemic strain YC2014 of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus could provide piglets against homologous challenge date = 2016-04-22 keywords = PEDV; YC2014; strain summary = doi = 10.1186/s12985-016-0529-z id = cord-334218-bkjfy66e author = Lin, Jung-Da title = Impact of Mated Female Nonproductive Days in Breeding Herd after Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus Outbreak date = 2016-01-15 keywords = January; PEDV summary = title: Impact of Mated Female Nonproductive Days in Breeding Herd after Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus Outbreak The objectives of the present study were to investigate the effects between a 1-year period before and after PEDV outbreak on a sow''s reproductive traits on a commercial pig farm in Taiwan. The average number of mated females, average parity of farrowed sows, number of matings, number of farrowings, FR, RR, number of abortions, LMFY, percentage of sows mated by 7 days after weaning, WFSI, FI, NPDs, replacement rates of sows and sow culling rates of preand post-PEDV outbreak periods were compared using a Mann-Whitney test. In the present study, we compared the productivity index of gilts and sows between 1 year pre-and post-PEDV outbreak in a Taiwanese breeding herd. Impact of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus infection at different periods of pregnancy on subsequent reproductive performance in gilts and sows doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0147316 id = cord-276989-441aclcc author = Liu, Jianbo title = Development of a rapid immunochromatographic strip test for the detection of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus specific SIgA in colostrum date = 2020-03-12 keywords = ELISA; PEDV; SIgA summary = title: Development of a rapid immunochromatographic strip test for the detection of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus specific SIgA in colostrum On the strip, a gold-labeled anti-SIgA SC mAb was applied to a conjugate pad; purified PEDV particles and goat anti-mouse antibodies were blotted onto a nitrocellulose membrane to form the test and control lines, respectively. Therefore, the aim of this study was to develop a simple and rapid immunochromatographic test strip incorporating a colloidal gold-labeled anti-SIgA SC mAb probe for the detection of anti-PEDV-specific SIgA in swine, and to compare its performance with an indirect SIgA ELISA based on the whole PEDV virus (Cong et al., 2019) . To test for colostrum, we diluted the samples 1: 20 in sample buffer and mixed thoroughly then, 100 μL of the solution was dispensed onto the sample pad well of the strip apparatus to determine the presence of PEDV specific SIgA, as described above. doi = 10.1016/j.jviromet.2020.113855 id = cord-252121-s1zxu5vo author = Lowe, James title = Role of Transportation in Spread of Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus Infection, United States date = 2014-05-17 keywords = PEDV; United summary = doi = 10.3201/eid2005.131628 id = cord-341521-dntkdwkj author = Luo, Yi-Ran title = Porcine Epidemic Diarrhoea Virus Induces Cell-cycle Arrest through the DNA Damage-signalling Pathway date = 2020-03-24 keywords = PEDV; cell; dna summary = MATERIAL AND METHODS: We observed the effect of the PEDV SHpd/2012 strain on an infected Vero cell cycle through flow cytometry and Western blot, investigating the interrelationships of cell-cycle arrest, the DNA damage–signalling pathway caused by PEDV and the phosphorylation levels of the key molecules Chk.2 and H2A.X involved upstream and downstream in this pathway. We used inhibitors of ATM and Chk.2 to block the DNA damage-signalling pathway and to confirm whether PEDV infection can lead to cell-cycle arrest. We also treated cells with chemical inhibitors of ATM and Chk.2 to determine if cell-cycle arrest after PEDV infection was linked with activation of the DNA damage-signalling pathway. These results revealed that cell-cycle arrest after infection of Vero cells with PEDV was caused by activation of the DNA damage-signalling pathway. doi = 10.2478/jvetres-2020-0024 id = cord-298401-4szmu1dh author = Lyoo, Kwang-Soo title = Development of rapid immunochromatographic strip test for the detection of porcine epidemic diarrhoea virus date = 2017-12-02 keywords = ICA; PCR; PEDV summary = doi = 10.1136/vr.103959 id = cord-273745-mwjh5se7 author = Meng, Fandan title = A phage-displayed peptide recognizing porcine aminopeptidase N is a potent small molecule inhibitor of PEDV entry date = 2014-03-25 keywords = PEDV; Vero summary = Three phage-displayed peptides designated H, S and F that recognize porcine aminopeptidase N (pAPN), the cellular receptor of porcine transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) were able to inhibit cell infection by TGEV. When Vero cells were pre-treated with peptide (cell pretreatment assay) prior to virus infection (Fig. 1B) , little changes in virus titers were observed between the control and peptide treatment groups; some small effects were observed with the rabbit anti-PEDV neutralizing antibodies. Finally, in the virus pretreatment assays where PEDV was incubated with peptides prior to cell infection (Fig. 1C) , the results indicated that both peptides H and S inhibited PEDV infectivity where EC 50 values were approximately 1 μg/ml and 62.5 μg/ml, respectively. Results clearly show that peptide H had no demonstrable effects on TGEV or PrV even at very high peptide concentrations (1 mM/ml) (Fig. 3) suggesting that a non-specific reactivity with virus envelopes is unlikely to be the cause for attenuating PEDV infectivity. doi = 10.1016/j.virol.2014.01.010 id = cord-347475-ttmactz0 author = Mesquita, J. R. title = Outbreak of Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus in Portugal, 2015 date = 2015-09-07 keywords = PEDV; Portugal summary = doi = 10.1111/tbed.12409 id = cord-299345-2i48ld8d author = Nefedeva, Mariia title = Molecular characteristics of a novel recombinant of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus date = 2019-02-06 keywords = Belgorod; PEDV summary = Pairwise identity analysis of the whole genome sequences revealed that PEDV/Belgorod/dom/2008 is an intermediate between PEDV and transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) strains. Based on the phylogenetic analysis of the M gene, the PEDV/Belgorod/ dom/2008 isolate belongs to the same clade as other virulent Russian PEDV strains, indicating a high degree of sequence homogeneity in the M gene (Fig. 3a) isolate is genetically distinct and does not belong to any group (Fig. 3b ). The identification of recombinant regions in PEDV/Belgorod/dom/2008 can be useful for further analysis of evolutionary variability, epidemiology, and development of a new diagnostic gene-based assay for porcine epidemic diarrhea virus. Cell culture isolation and sequence analysis of genetically diverse US porcine epidemic diarrhea virus strains including a novel strain with a large deletion in the spike gene Genome sequencing and analysis of a novel recombinant porcine epidemic diarrhea virus strain from Henan, China doi = 10.1007/s00705-019-04166-4 id = cord-314751-i9rxesrg author = Oh, Jongsuk title = Immunogenicity and protective efficacy of recombinant S1 domain of the porcine epidemic diarrhea virus spike protein date = 2014-07-10 keywords = PEDV; protein summary = In this study, a codon-optimized PEDV S1 gene containing amino acid residues 25–738 was synthesized based on a multiple alignment of the S amino acid sequences of PEDV field isolates and used to establish a stable porcine cell line constitutively expressing the PEDV S1 protein. In the present study, therefore, we first synthesized a full-length, codon-optimized PEDV S1 gene and then generated a stable porcine-origin cell line constitutively expressing the recombinant S1 protein. These results were coincident with the rabbit study described above, since the rabbit antisera generated by immunization with the recombinant S1 protein also contained low levels of neutralizing antibodies to the heterologous PEDV vaccine strain. In the present study, the first aim was to stably express the full-length, codon-optimized S1 gene of PEDV in porcine-origin cells and to evaluate the immunogenicity and efficacy of the recombinant S1 protein. doi = 10.1007/s00705-014-2163-7 id = cord-301175-6alsigxk author = Okda, Faten title = Development of an indirect ELISA, blocking ELISA, fluorescent microsphere immunoassay and fluorescent focus neutralization assay for serologic evaluation of exposure to North American strains of Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus date = 2015-08-01 keywords = ELISA; FFN; FMIA; PEDV summary = doi = 10.1186/s12917-015-0500-z id = cord-344845-52rehsd5 author = Opriessnig, Tanja title = Evaluation of the efficacy of a commercial inactivated genogroup 2b-based porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) vaccine and experimental live genogroup 1b exposure against 2b challenge date = 2017-10-26 keywords = EXP; PEDV; vac summary = title: Evaluation of the efficacy of a commercial inactivated genogroup 2b-based porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) vaccine and experimental live genogroup 1b exposure against 2b challenge The aim of this study was to compare the ability of G1b-based live virus exposure against use of a commercial G2b–based inactivated vaccine to protect growing pigs against G2b challenge. Under the study conditions a commercial inactivated G2b-based vaccine protected pigs against G2b challenge, as evidenced by reduction of PEDV RNA in feces for 3–4 logs during peak shedding and a shorter viral shedding duration. The oral, but not the intramuscular, experimental G1b-based live virus exposure induced a high anti-PEDV IgA response prior to challenge, which apparently did not impact PEDV shedding compared to POS-CONTROL pigs. Anti-PEDV IgA antibodies in serum samples were first detected in 8/8 EXP-ORAL-1b pigs at dpv 14 ( Figure 3 ). doi = 10.1186/s13567-017-0472-z id = cord-255238-adpn5fb9 author = Pan, Yongfei title = Discovery of a novel swine enteric alphacoronavirus (SeACoV) in southern China date = 2017-09-28 keywords = HKU2; PEDV; TGEV summary = Isolation and propagation of the pathogen in cell culture resulted in discovery of a novel swine enteric alphacoronavirus (tentatively named SeACoV) related to the bat coronavirus HKU2 identified in the same region a decade ago. Most recently, several chimeric SeCoV strains with a TGEV genomic backbone replaced by a PEDV spike (S) gene were identified from swine fecal samples in Europe (Akimkin et al., 2016; Belsham et al., 2016; Boniotti et al., 2016) , implying that novel SeCoV pathogens could emerge by inter-CoV recombination under co-infection. In this study, we report the isolation and genetic characterization of a novel swine enteric alphacoronavirus (tentatively named SeACoV), related to a bat enteric coronavirus, from a pig farm that reported newborn-piglet diarrhea in southern China in 2017. doi = 10.1016/j.vetmic.2017.09.020 id = cord-321814-vt6yio6x author = Pan, Yongfei title = Isolation and characterization of a variant porcine epidemic diarrhea virus in China date = 2012-09-12 keywords = CHGD-01; ORF3; PEDV summary = In this study, we isolated a PEDV strain designated CHGD-01 from piglet intestines using Vero cell cultures, and its specific cytopathic effects were confirmed in susceptible cells by direct immunofluorescence testing and electron microscopy. Amino acid sequence analysis based on individual virus genes indicated a close relationship between the spike protein gene of CHGD-01 and the field strain KNU0802 in Korea. Phylogenetic analyses of the S protein amino acid sequences revealed that all PEDV strains in this study could be separated into two groups: CHGD-01 belonged to Group 2, which also contained the two Japanese isolates Kawahira and NK, eight Korean field strains (Chinju99, KNU-0801, KNU-0802, and KNU-0901-KNU-0905) and two Chinese strains (BJ-2011-1 and CH/FJND-3/2011), which were deposited in GenBank in 2011 ( Figure 3b ). Molecular characterization and phylogenetic analysis of membrane protein genes of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus isolates in China doi = 10.1186/1743-422x-9-195 id = cord-276542-lxwls664 author = Pan, Zhongzhou title = Development of a TaqMan-probe-based multiplex real-time PCR for the simultaneous detection of emerging and reemerging swine coronaviruses date = 2020-06-03 keywords = PCR; PEDV; SADS summary = doi = 10.1080/21505594.2020.1771980 id = cord-330825-apfcql4m author = Paraguison-Alili, Rubigilda title = Phylogenetic tracking of current porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) strains in the Philippines date = 2016-06-28 keywords = PEDV; Pampanga; Tarlac summary = title: Phylogenetic tracking of current porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) strains in the Philippines Since the receptor-binding sites and majority of the neutralization epitopes are located in the S1 portion, this region has been subjected to sequencing and molecular analysis to determine the genetic relatedness of different PEDV viruses [1] [2] [3] . Using data from swine farms in these provinces and diagnosis data from the College of Veterinary Science and Medicine in Central Luzon State University, the incidence is 67 % in Pampanga, 79 % in Tarlac, 61 % in Batangas, and 90 to 100 % in Agusan. This is the first report of PEDV S1 gene sequences from the provincial PEDV hotspots of the Philippines, which include Batangas, Pampanga, Tarlac and Agusan. Phylogenetic analysis of the spike (S) gene of the new variants of porcine epidemic diarrhoea virus in Taiwan Molecular characterization of the spike and ORF3 genes of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus in the Philippines doi = 10.1007/s00705-016-2938-0 id = cord-263439-oquk4t96 author = Park, Jung-Eun title = Clathrin- and serine proteases-dependent uptake of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus into Vero cells date = 2014-10-13 keywords = PEDV; Vero; cell summary = Similar to other coronaviruses, PEDV spike protein mediates its cell entry by binding to cellular receptors and inducing membrane fusion between viral envelopes and cellular membranes. Taken together, our findings reveal that PEDV enters Vero cells via clathrin-mediated endocytosis and requires serine proteolysis during infection. Based on these observations, we concluded that an exogenous protease, like trypsin, was necessary to induce cell-cell fusion in PEDV-infected Vero cells but not essentially required for virus-cell entry. So, we hypothesized that PEDV entry into Vero cells under the trypsin-free condition most likely occurred inside endosomal compartments where cellular proteases might operate similar to trypsin, facilitating S-mediated fusion of PEDV with the endosomal membrane. The infection inhibition assay using various substrates that interfere with endocytosis or lysosomotropic agents revealed that PEDV enters Vero cells via clathrin-mediated endocytic uptake and delivery of virus to an acidic intracellular compartment. doi = 10.1016/j.virusres.2014.07.022 id = cord-267446-rpv19oy6 author = Park, Jung-Eun title = Receptor-bound porcine epidemic diarrhea virus spike protein cleaved by trypsin induces membrane fusion date = 2011-06-12 keywords = PEDV; Vero summary = doi = 10.1007/s00705-011-1044-6 id = cord-288253-wqrhiq08 author = Park, Jung-Eun title = Development of transgenic mouse model expressing porcine aminopeptidase N and its susceptibility to porcine epidemic diarrhea virus date = 2015-02-02 keywords = APN; PCR; PEDV; mouse; porcine summary = doi = 10.1016/j.virusres.2014.12.024 id = cord-341469-7guojyay author = Park, Seong-Jun title = Molecular characterization and phylogenetic analysis of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) field isolates in Korea date = 2011-01-06 keywords = ORF3; PEDV; korean summary = Especially, ORF3 gene analysis can be used for discrimination between vaccine and wild-type PEDVs. Sequence and phylogenetic analysis showed that recent, prevalent Korean PEDV field isolates have close relationships to Chinese field strains and differ genetically from European strains and vaccine strains used in Korea. Sequence analysis of the complete ORF3 genes showed that all PEDVs, including the Korean field isolates, fell into three groups, and group 3 had two subgroups (3-1 and 3-2), as can be seen in the phylogenetic tree (Fig. 2) . Genetic analysis based on complete M and ORF3 genes showed that each PEDV group had several unique characteristics, and these results indicated that specific groups of PEDVs may be differentiated from other PEDVs, including Korean field isolates, by specific nucleotide differences, but more PEDVs need to be analyzed for more accurate analysis. doi = 10.1007/s00705-010-0892-9 id = cord-317496-6o2upns3 author = Pascual-Iglesias, Alejandro title = Recombinant Chimeric Transmissible Gastroenteritis Virus (TGEV)—Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus (PEDV) Virus Provides Protection against Virulent PEDV date = 2019-07-25 keywords = PEDV; TGEV; figure; virus summary = In this line, we engineered an attenuated virus based on the transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) genome, expressing a chimeric spike protein from a virulent United States (US) PEDV strain. The rTGEV-RS-SPEDV vaccine candidate was also attenuated in three-week-old animals that were used to evaluate the protection conferred by this virus, compared with the protection induced by infection with a virulent PEDV US strain (PEDV-NVSL). Interestingly, Viruses 2019, 11, 682 9 of 18 when viral RNA was isolated from feces of 21-day-old piglets at seven days post-vaccination (see below) and rTGEV-RS-SPEDV virus was sequenced, the same modifications were observed. An attenuated chimeric rTGEV virus expressing the ectodomain of a virulent US PEDV S protein (rTGEV-RS-SPEDV) was engineered as vaccine candidate for PEDV and evaluated in a young piglet model system. An attenuated chimeric rTGEV virus expressing the ectodomain of a virulent US PEDV S protein (rTGEV-RS-SPEDV) was engineered as vaccine candidate for PEDV and evaluated in a young piglet model system. doi = 10.3390/v11080682 id = cord-302819-oj33i2ma author = Pasick, J title = Investigation into the Role of Potentially Contaminated Feed as a Source of the First-Detected Outbreaks of Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea in Canada date = 2014-08-07 keywords = PCR; PEDV; SDPP; piglet summary = On the SDPP sample that was tested, the following N gene rRT-PCR results were observed: C t of 35.84 for PBS supernatant after 10 000 g, C t of 36.74 for the PBS pellet after 10 000 g, C t of 38.83 for the PBS + Nonidet P-40 Comparison of S protein gene sequences obtained from bioassay piglets versus those of field cases. No significant difference was observed in the kinetics of N gene rRT-PCR positivity in animals that were inoculated with the three SDPP samples that were tested, suggesting that each contained infectious virus. Negative contrast staining electron microscopy of fecal samples collected at 4 dpi from the SDPP-inoculated piglets and the positive control group piglets showed the presence of virus-like particles consistent with coronavirus virions. Similar virus-like particles were also found in the content of the small intestine of a SDPP-inoculated piglet at 7 dpi and a positive control group contact piglet at 5 days post-contact. doi = 10.1111/tbed.12269 id = cord-330772-i7cfmw9x author = Peng, Ju-Yi title = Evaluation of antiviral activity of Bacillus licheniformis-fermented products against porcine epidemic diarrhea virus date = 2019-12-03 keywords = BLFP; PEDV; Vero summary = The in vitro toxicity and antiviral ability of the surfactin-like peptide in the BLFP crude extract against PEDV were evaluated using the Vero cells. To study the antiviral activity of BLFP crude extract against PEDV, the biosurfactants were added at different time points during the viral infection. No statically significant difference in the average daily gain was noted among all groups each week BLFP crude extract with PEDV-infected cells during the whole study. Similarly, extracellular viral RNA levels in PEDV-infected cells cultured with biosurfactants were significantly lower than those without BLFP crude extract 24 and 48 HPI (Fig. 8b) . b Extracellular viral RNA levels in the supernatants of PEDV-infected Vero cells treated with or without BLFP crude extract were determined by real-time reverse transcription (RT)-PCR. d Intracellular viral RNA levels in the supernatants of PEDV-infected Vero cells treated with or without BLFP crude extract were determined by real-time RT-PCR. doi = 10.1186/s13568-019-0916-0 id = cord-298685-qxkxjxsz author = Pensaert, Maurice B. title = Porcine epidemic diarrhea: A retrospect from Europe and matters of debate date = 2016-12-02 keywords = Europe; PEDV; TGEV summary = Pathogenesis studies with the prototype strain CV777 showed severe villous atrophy in neonatal pigs and the virus-animal interactions showed many similarities with transmissible gastro-enteritis virus (TGEV), another porcine coronavirus. Also, after a first epidemic phase of the new PEDV, the virus often persisted on breeding-finishing farms in weaned and feeder pigs (endemic PED). Results of pathogenesis studies obtained in caesarean derived, colostrum deprived neonatal pigs upon inoculation with the European prototype strain CV777 of the seventies, were practically identical to those observed more recently in Asia and in the USA epidemics with the so-called "original US PEDV strains" Stevenson et al., 2013; Kim and Chae, 2003) . In a serological study in Belgium in 1986, PEDV was associated with diarrhea in 13 out of 16 groups of feeder pigs after arrival in fattening farms (Callebaut et al., 1986) But, the virus remained prevalent in the swine populations of Western Europe during the eighties. doi = 10.1016/j.virusres.2016.05.030 id = cord-277194-mj85mpo2 author = Perri, Amanda M. title = Factors Associated With Time to Elimination of Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus in Individual Ontario Swine Herds Based on Surveillance Data date = 2019-05-08 keywords = DCP; Ontario; PEDV summary = title: Factors Associated With Time to Elimination of Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus in Individual Ontario Swine Herds Based on Surveillance Data Factors associated with time to elimination are likely reflective of the complexity of infection control practices applied in herds with different demographics and population structures, seasonal variability in the pathogen transmissibility, and the availability of resources to manage an emerging production-limiting disease. Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine time to PEDV elimination in Ontario swine herds infected between 2014 and 2017, on the basis of records from the DCP database; and to identify factors associated with the likelihood of elimination. A Cox''s proportional hazard model was constructed to investigate the effect of explanatory variables including herd type, season of diagnosis and year of diagnosis on the time to eliminate PEDV from the premises. doi = 10.3389/fvets.2019.00139 id = cord-355991-4zu69e0y author = Piñeyro, Pablo Enrique title = First retrospective studies with etiological confirmation of porcine transmissible gastroenteritis virus infection in Argentina date = 2018-09-24 keywords = Fig; IHC; PEDV; TGEV summary = doi = 10.1186/s12917-018-1615-9 id = cord-319712-3dikelw6 author = Pujols, Joan title = Survivability of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) in bovine plasma submitted to spray drying processing and held at different time by temperature storage conditions date = 2014-12-05 keywords = PEDV summary = title: Survivability of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) in bovine plasma submitted to spray drying processing and held at different time by temperature storage conditions Bovine plasma was inoculated with porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) at an average final titer of 4.2 log10 TCID(50)/mL to determine the effect of spray drying on viral inactivation. Furthermore, and since April 2013, very similar PEDV strains to the Chinese variants have been Veterinary Microbiology 174 (2014) [427] [428] [429] [430] [431] [432] Bovine plasma was inoculated with porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) at an average final titer of 4.2 log10 TCID 50 /mL to determine the effect of spray drying on viral inactivation. A second objective was to determine survival time of PEDV inoculated on spray-dried bovine plasma when stored under different temperatures (4, 12 and 22 8C) for different periods of time (0, 7, 14 and 21 days). doi = 10.1016/j.vetmic.2014.10.021 id = cord-292958-k5d5fo3i author = Sekhon, Simranjeet Singh title = Porcine epidemic diarrhea (PED) infection, diagnosis and vaccination: A mini review date = 2017-01-04 keywords = PCR; PEDV; ped; porcine; protein summary = doi = 10.1007/s13530-016-0287-8 id = cord-259794-6qoksn00 author = Shi, Da title = Nucleocapsid Interacts with NPM1 and Protects it from Proteolytic Cleavage, Enhancing Cell Survival, and is Involved in PEDV Growth date = 2017-01-03 keywords = Fig; NPM1; PEDV summary = Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) replicates in the cytoplasm of infected cells, but its nucleocapsid (N) protein localizes specifically to the nucleolus. The results suggest potential linkages among viral strategies for the regulation of cell survival activities, possibly through an interaction of N protein with NPM1 which prevents its proteolytic cleavage and enhances cell survival, thus ultimately promoting the replication of PEDV. In this study, to determine the intracellular distribution of N protein at the protein level, PEDV-infected Vero E6 cells were lysed, separated into nuclear and cytoplasmic fractions, and analyzed by western blotting. This study was based on different lines of evidence, reflecting both in vivo and in vitro situations, and demonstrated that PEDV N protein is able to associate with the major nucleolar protein NPM1 of Vero E6 cells (Fig. 2) ; we failed to detect an interaction with the fibrillarin or nucleolin (See Supplementary Fig. S2 ). doi = 10.1038/srep39700 id = cord-302890-eenijt7f author = Shi, Da title = Significant Interference with Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus Pandemic and Classical Strain Replication in Small-Intestine Epithelial Cells Using an shRNA Expression Vector date = 2019-11-02 keywords = IEC; N307; PEDV summary = To examine the inhibitory effects of shRNAs against N on target gene expression during PEDV replication, IEC cells were transfected with or without 1 µg, 2 µg, or 4 of µg shR-N307, shR-N463, and shR-N1071 or 4 µg of shR-NC for 24 h and infected with 100 TCID 50 /mL PEDV strain CV777 or LNCT2. To examine the inhibitory effects of shRNAs against N on target gene expression during CV777 and LNCT2 replication, IEC cells were transfected with indicated plasmids for 24 h and then infected with PEDV CV777 orLNCT2 strain (100 TCID 50 /mL). To examine the inhibitory effects of shRNAs against N on target gene expression during CV777 and LNCT2 replication, IEC cells were transfected with indicated plasmids for 24 h and then infected with PEDV CV777 orLNCT2 strain (100 TCID 50 /mL). doi = 10.3390/vaccines7040173 id = cord-330475-mameyzih author = Shi, Da title = Molecular Characterizations of Subcellular Localization Signals in the Nucleocapsid Protein of Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus date = 2014-03-13 keywords = NES; PEDV; protein summary = Furthermore, by utilizing fusion proteins with green fluorescent protein (GFP), deletion mutations or site-directed mutagenesis of PEDV N protein, coupled with live cell imaging and confocal microscopy, it was revealed that, a region spanning amino acids (aa), 71–90 in region 1 of the N protein was sufficient for nucleolar localization and R87 and R89 were critical for its function. The B23.1-DsRed fusion protein was used to tag the nucleolus, so we could analyze nucleolar localization properties and colocalization in cotransfected cells by live cell imaging (direct fluorescence) or confocal microscopy. These expression plasmids were transfected into Vero E6 cells, the nuclear was stained with DAPI at 24 h post-transfection indicated that amino acids 148-220 directed AcGFP to the cytoplasm and nucleus and had a subcellular localization similar to AcGFP. doi = 10.3390/v6031253 id = cord-261036-zdhg4axx author = Shirato, Kazuya title = Enhanced cell fusion activity in porcine epidemic diarrhea virus adapted to suckling mice date = 2010-09-09 keywords = PEDV; mouse summary = PEDV obtained after ten passages through the brains (MK-p10) had increased virulence for mice, and its fusion activity in cultured cells exceeded that of the original strain. One of these (an H-to-R substitution at residue 1,381) was first detected in PEDV isolated after eight passages, and both this virus (MK-p8) and MK-p10 showed enhanced syncytium formation relative to the original MK strain and viruses isolated after two, four, and six passages, suggesting the possibility that the H-to-R mutation was responsible for this activity. Expression of the receptor protein for mouse hepatitis virus (MHV) and severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-associated coronavirus (SARS-CoV) in cultured cells confers susceptibility to each of these viruses [2, 4, 25] . In the present study, we isolated a strain of PEDV that was more virulent than the original tissue-culture-adapted virus after passage through mouse brain cells. To investigate viral virulence and replication in mouse brains, 0-day-old mice were infected i.c. with 5,000 PFU of PEDV and monitored daily for clinical features; they were also weighed daily. doi = 10.1007/s00705-010-0790-1 id = cord-349249-jwvz1ux2 author = Singh, Gagandeep title = A Minimally Replicative Vaccine Protects Vaccinated Piglets Against Challenge With the Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus date = 2019-10-22 keywords = PEDV; RNA; figure; vaccine; virus summary = To combine the safety and efficacy advantages of inactivated and attenuated PEDV vaccines, respectively, in this study, we tested the hypothesis that subjecting PEDV virions to heat treatment at 44°C for 10 min to reversibly unfold structural proteins, followed by exposure to RNAse to fragment the genome, would result in a vaccine preparation with intact viral structure/antigenicity but highly diminished replicative abilities. to that of the spike protein-specific Abs. Strong virus neutralizing Ab responses, were detected in animals vaccinated with the heat and RNAse treated virions but not in the pigs which received the irradiated viral vaccine. Although the heat and RNAse treated virus culture was amplified after 3 passages in cell culture (Figure 2) , the absence its detection by RT-qPCR (Figure 4) , or immunohistochemistry (Table 1 and Figure 5 ) and the lack of strong Ab responses to the non-structural NP (Figure 3) , in vaccinated pigs prior to challenge indicates that active vaccine viral replication was absent in the host or was undetectable by the techniques used. doi = 10.3389/fvets.2019.00347 id = cord-302286-wu6csxve author = Song, D. S. title = Oral efficacy of Vero cell attenuated porcine epidemic diarrhea virus DR13 strain date = 2007-02-28 keywords = DR13; PEDV summary = doi = 10.1016/j.rvsc.2006.03.007 id = cord-309359-85xiqz2w author = Song, Daesub title = Porcine epidemic diarrhea: a review of current epidemiology and available vaccines date = 2015-07-29 keywords = Korea; PEDV; epidemic; porcine summary = Continuous emergence of multiple mutant strains from several regions has aggravated porcine epidemic diarrhea endemic conditions and highlighted the need for new vaccines based on the current circulating PEDV. Genetic variabil ity and phylogeny of current Chinese porcine epidemic diarrhea virus strains based on spike, ORF3, and mem brane genes Molecular characteriza tion and phylogenetic analysis of membrane protein genes of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus isolates in China Isolation and characterization of porcine epidemic diarrhea viruses associated with the 2013 disease outbreak among swine in the United States Molecular epidemiology and phylogenetic analysis of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) field isolates in Korea Cell culture isolation and sequence analysis of genetically diverse US porcine epi demic diarrhea virus strains including a novel strain with a large deletion in the spike gene Genetic characterization of porcine epidemic diarrhea vi rus (PEDV) isolates from southern Vietnam during 2009 2010 outbreaks doi = 10.7774/cevr.2015.4.2.166 id = cord-331919-6kistim2 author = Song, Daesub title = Porcine epidemic diarrhoea virus: a comprehensive review of molecular epidemiology, diagnosis, and vaccines date = 2012-01-22 keywords = PEDV summary = Another report revealed that PEDV has caused enteric disease with devastating impact since the first identification of PEDV in 1992 in Korea, and recent, prevalent Korean PEDV field isolates are closely related to Chinese field strains but differ genetically from European strains and vaccine strains [45] . For instance, it is possible to estimate the potential transmission of PEDV by comparing viral shedding load with a standard internal control DNA curve [72] , as well as to perform multiplex RT-PCR to detect PEDV in the presence of various viruses [73] -a technique that is particularly useful for rapid, sensitive, and cost-effective diagnosis of acute swine viral gastroenteritis). Shorter periods of virus shedding, as well as reduced severity and duration of diarrhoea in piglets, result from higher titres of serum antibodies; complete protection from PEDV infection prevents shedding after exposure to viral challenge [90] . Development of an ELISA for the detection fo antibody isotypes against porcine epidemic diarrhoea virus (PEDV) in sow''s milk doi = 10.1007/s11262-012-0713-1 id = cord-311561-eiys4mbf author = Song, Deping title = Full-Length Genome Sequence of a Variant Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus Strain, CH/GDZQ/2014, Responsible for a Severe Outbreak of Diarrhea in Piglets in Guangdong, China, 2014 date = 2014-12-04 keywords = PEDV summary = title: Full-Length Genome Sequence of a Variant Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus Strain, CH/GDZQ/2014, Responsible for a Severe Outbreak of Diarrhea in Piglets in Guangdong, China, 2014 The full-length genome sequence of a variant porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) strain, CH/GDZQ/2014, was determined. Here, we report the full-length genome sequence of a variant PEDV isolate, CH/GDZQ/2014, which is responsible for a severe outbreak of diarrhea in Guangdong, southern China, in March 2014. CH/GDZQ/2014 was a very virulent field PEDV strain isolated from Guangdong Province in southern China. Complete genome sequence of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus strain AJ1102 isolated from a suckling piglet with acute diarrhea in China Complete genome sequence of a Chinese virulent porcine epidemic diarrhea virus strain Complete genome sequence of a very virulent porcine epidemic diarrhea virus strain, CH/ GDGZ/2012, isolated in Southern China Complete genome sequence of novel porcine epidemic diarrhea virus strain GD-1 in China doi = 10.1128/genomea.01239-14 id = cord-353245-es7b1rs0 author = Song, Deping title = Molecular Characterization and Phylogenetic Analysis of Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Viruses Associated with Outbreaks of Severe Diarrhea in Piglets in Jiangxi, China 2013 date = 2015-03-19 keywords = JX-1/2013; PEDV summary = Compared to the PEDV CV777 strain, CH/JX-1/2013 and CH/JX-2/2013 had some unique genetic characteristics in the proximal region of the 5''-UTRs. Phylogenetic analysis of the complete genomes and the structural proteins revealed that CH/JX-1/2013 and CH/JX-2/2013 had a close relationship with post-2010 Chinese PEDV strains and US strains identified in 2013. Genetic characteristics were observed between the two groups: 1) compared to genome sequences of the members in G1, four insertions, 20803G, 20810CAGGGTGTCAA20820, 20830G, 21042AAT21044 and two deletions, 20842A, 21097CGTGAT21102, existed in the N-terminal domain (NTD) of the S protein in G 2 members; 2) the three field PEDV strains of JS2008, JS2008new and SD-M together with two attenuated PEDV strains, DR13 and vaccine_KC189944, were clustered into subgroup 1b. Notably, an amino acid substitution was found in the middle of one neutralizing epitope Phylogenetic trees based on the complete genome, aa sequences of structural proteins and ORF3 of PEDV strains. Sequence and phylogenetic analysis of nucleocapsid genes of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) strains in China doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0120310 id = cord-261372-xjbs09gi author = Sozzi, Enrica title = Comparison of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and RT-PCR for the detection of porcine epidemic diarrhoea virus date = 2010-02-28 keywords = ELISA; PEDV summary = A double antibody sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (DAS-ELISA) based on the use of monoclonal antibodies was developed for the detection of porcine epidemic diarrhoea virus (PEDV). The objective of the present study was to develop a double antibody sandwich (DAS) ELISA, based on the use of monoclonal antibodies for PEDV detection in swine intestinal and faecal samples useful for routine examinations of field samples. It is already known that ELISA results depend on the clinical and pathological data: in intestinal contents and faecal specimens obtained from experimentally infected PEDV piglets, the virus shedding is detected with high consistency during the acute phase of disease, but much less frequently during the incubation period and the recovery phase (Callebaut et al., 1982) . Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the detection of the coronavirus-like agent and its antibodies in pigs with porcine epidemic diarrhea doi = 10.1016/j.rvsc.2009.05.009 id = cord-293512-rcwwx7qw author = Steinbach, Falko title = A retrospective study detects a novel variant of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus in England in archived material from the year 2000 date = 2016-10-27 keywords = England; PEDV summary = doi = 10.7717/peerj.2564 id = cord-254317-n2knqj4z author = Su, Yunfang title = The enhanced replication of an S-intact PEDV during coinfection with an S1 NTD-del PEDV in piglets date = 2018-11-27 keywords = PEDV; Vero; s1δ197 summary = Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) variants having a large deletion in the N-terminal domain of the S1 subunit of spike (S) protein were designated as S1 NTD-del PEDVs. They replicate well in experimentally infected pigs. Effect of mucin, bile and bile acids on the infection of PEDV icPC22A and icPC22A-S1Δ197 in Vero and IPEC-DQ cells Viruses (icPC22A or icPC22A-S1Δ197) were mixed with different concentrations of BM (0, 0.1, 0.3, 0.5 mg/mL) or PGM (0, 0.5, 1.0, 2.5, 5.0 mg/mL). Compared with the peak fecal PEDV N gene shedding titer (11.6 ± 0.2 log 10 copies/mL) of piglets in the icPC22A group (1 dpi), pigs in the coinfection group had a significantly higher peak titer (13.6 ± 0.7 log 10 copies/mL) ( Fig. 1B and Table 2 ) at a delayed time point (1.5 dpi). S1 NTD-del PEDV replicated to a lower peak titer in coinfection than that in single virus infection in both Vero cells and IPEC-DQ cells. doi = 10.1016/j.vetmic.2018.11.025 id = cord-298922-k568hlf4 author = Sun, Dongbo title = Analysis of protein expression changes of the Vero E6 cells infected with classic PEDV strain CV777 by using quantitative proteomic technique date = 2015-06-15 keywords = PEDV; Vero; protein summary = Among the disease-related functions, certain anti-viral pathways and proteins, such as the RIG-I-like receptor, Rap1, autophagy, mitogen-activated protein kinase, PI3K-Akt and Jak-STAT signaling pathways, and integrin β2/β3 and cystatin-C proteins, represented potential factors in PEDV infection. In our current study, we used a quantitative proteomics approach based on an iTRAQ tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) technique to identify proteins differentially expressed between PEDV-infected and mock-infected Vero E6 cells. To verify the differential expression of the selected DEPs, equivalent volumes of the cell lysate replicates from the PEDV-infected (V1-V3) and mock-infected (C1-C3) Vero E6 cells were pooled into the V and C samples, respectively, and western blotting was performed as described above, with the following exceptions: a 1:1000 dilution of the polyclonal antibodies anti-␤ tubulin, anti-integrin-␤3, anti-cystatin-C, anti-protein S100-A2, anti-apolipoprotein E4, and anti-centrin from rabbit (Beijing Biosynthesis Biotechnology, Beijing, China) was used as the primary antibody, and a 1:5000 dilution of the HRP-conjugated goat anti-rabbit IgG (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, USA) was used as the secondary antibody. doi = 10.1016/j.jviromet.2015.03.002 id = cord-000699-2mfbqs8i author = Sun, Rui-Qin title = Outbreak of Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea in Suckling Piglets, China date = 2012-01-17 keywords = China; PEDV summary = To the Editor: Beginning in October 2010, porcine epidemic diarrhea (PED), caused by a coronaviral infection affecting pigs, emerged in China in an outbreak characterized by high mortality rates among suckling piglets. The partial S gene deduced amino acid sequences were compared and also showed a high degree of homology (98.0%-100.0%); they had 85.3%-98.7% identity with all reference strains listed in online Technical Appendix Table 2 , 98.0%-98.7% with Thailand strains, and 93.3%-94.7% with vaccine strain CV777 (data not shown). These results showed that PEDV was present in sow milk (online Technical Appendix Table 3 ), but the detection rate was lower for these samples (40.8%) than for the fecal samples (82.0%). Our fi ndings show that PEDV was identifi ed not only in fecal samples from sick piglets, as expected, but also in the milk of the sow, which suggests vertical transmission of the virus. doi = 10.3201/eid1801.111259 id = cord-289026-v09m2fzw author = Sun, Yan-gang title = Characterization of the interaction between recombinant porcine aminopeptidase N and spike glycoprotein of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus date = 2018-10-01 keywords = Fig; PEDV; protein summary = doi = 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.05.167 id = cord-003503-t6cnjwpd author = Sung, Ming-Hua title = Phylogeographic investigation of 2014 porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) transmission in Taiwan date = 2019-03-06 keywords = PEDV; Taiwan; virus summary = Acknowledging the absence of a thorough investigation at the geographic level, we used 2014 outbreak sequence information from the Taiwan government''s open access databases plus GenBank records to analyze PEDV dissemination among Taiwanese pig farms. The data indicate that the 2014 Taiwan PEDV epidemic resulted from the spread of multiple strains, with strong correlations identified with pig farm numbers and sizes (measured as animal concentrations), feed mill numbers, and the number of slaughterhouses in a specifically defined geographic area. To determine specific temporal and geographic relationships associated with PEDV strain transmission, we used phylogenetic, phylodynamic and phylogeographic methods to systematically evaluate potential temporal and spatial transmission routes among Taiwanese swine farms during the 2014 outbreak. However, to date very few research efforts in Asia have utilized full genome sequencing for determining geographic structures due to the high costs and enormous amounts of computational time Phylogeographic investigation of 2014 porcine epidemic diarrhea virus transmission in Taiwan required for analyses [33, 34] . doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0213153 id = cord-316134-lkd2mj27 author = Sungsuwan, Suttipun title = Nucleocapsid proteins from other swine enteric coronaviruses differentially modulate PEDV replication date = 2020-01-15 keywords = Fig; PEDV; RNA; TGEV summary = Investigation of possible molecular interactions between components of PEDV, PDCoV and TGEV and their influence on replication of each virus would provide a crucial insight into comprehensive understanding of these CoVs. Of all viral proteins, we have chosen to start with the N protein, as it is among the most abundant and ubiquitous structural proteins in infected cells. For viral infection in the transient CoV N expression experiment, VeroE6 cells were transfected with 1 or 2 μg of pCAGGS-PEDV N-Myc, pCAGGS-PDCoV N-HA, pCAGGS-TGEV N-FLAG, or the empty pCAGGS vector and were incubated for 24 h to allow for protein expression. To investigate how this protein-protein interaction might affect PEDV replication, we transiently transfected VeroE6 cells with varying amounts of the pCAGGS plasmid expressing N proteins from either PDCoV or TGEV for 24 h before infection with PEDV-mCherry (MOI = 0.0001) and followed the course of viral replication for each condition. doi = 10.1016/j.virol.2019.11.007 id = cord-275499-25dp6u68 author = Tan, Zhen title = Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Altered Colonic Microbiota Communities in Suckling Piglets date = 2019-12-30 keywords = PEDV; figure; group summary = In this study, we successfully demonstrated that the microbial community structure of colonic mucosa and content differed significantly between healthy and PEDV-infected piglets. Likewise, previous research has shown that the proportions of Escherichia-Shigella, Enterococcus, Fusobacterium, and Veillonella increased significantly in PEDV-infected piglets, while those of short-chain fatty acid (SCFA)-producing bacteria (e.g., Rikenellaceae_RC9_gut_group, Butyricimonas, and Alistipes) underwent a decrease [21] . Some bacteria from Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes were enriched in healthy piglets, while some from Proteobacteria and Fusobacteria were more abundant in PEDV-infected groups. To better characterize the intestinal microbiomes of healthy versus PEDV-infected piglets, we recommend that future studies fully examine virome diversity using a larger sample size and metagenomic de novo sequencing of the gut microbial genome. Dynamic change of gut microbiota during porcine epidemic diarrhea virus infection in suckling piglets Changes in cecal microbiota community of suckling piglets infected with porcine epidemic diarrhea virus doi = 10.3390/genes11010044 id = cord-279813-mrei5kih author = Temeeyasen, G. title = Differential gene modulation of pattern-recognition receptor TLR and RIG-I-like and downstream mediators on intestinal mucosa of pigs infected with PEDV non S-INDEL and PEDV S-INDEL strains date = 2017-12-14 keywords = INDEL; PEDV summary = doi = 10.1016/j.virol.2017.11.024 id = cord-001658-algzczs8 author = Theuns, Sebastiaan title = Complete Genome Sequence of a Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus from a Novel Outbreak in Belgium, January 2015 date = 2015-05-21 keywords = PEDV summary = title: Complete Genome Sequence of a Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus from a Novel Outbreak in Belgium, January 2015 Here, we report the complete genome sequence (28,028 nt) of a PEDV strain isolated during a novel outbreak in Belgium. Therefore, the complete genome of this novel isolate, BEL/15V010/2015, was unraveled by next-generation sequencing, in order to assess its genetic relation to other PEDV isolates circulating around the globe. Complete genome sequence of a highly prevalent isolate of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus in South China Complete genome sequence of a novel porcine epidemic diarrhea virus in south China Complete genome sequence of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus strain USA/Colorado/2013 from the United States Emergence of Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus in the United States: clinical signs, lesions, and viral genomic sequences Isolation and characterization of porcine epidemic diarrhea viruses associated with the 2013 disease outbreak among swine in the United States doi = 10.1128/genomea.00506-15 id = cord-344421-rmnck42f author = Theuns, Sebastiaan title = Nanopore sequencing as a revolutionary diagnostic tool for porcine viral enteric disease complexes identifies porcine kobuvirus as an important enteric virus date = 2018-06-29 keywords = PEDV; RNA; RVA; belgian; porcine summary = Suckling piglets shed kobuvirus from one week of age, but an association between peak of viral shedding (10(6.42)–10(7.01) copies/swab) and diarrheic signs was not observed during a follow-up study. Third-generation sequencing using MinION (Oxford Nanopore Technologies, ONT) might be a useful and affordable diagnostic tool for swine veterinary medicine as it allows rapid sample preparation and real-time sequence analysis. The shedding of porcine kobuvirus, RVA and rotavirus C (RVC) was quantitatively investigated in 5 suckling pigs of the same farm from which the diarrheic feces originated. The third-generation sequencing device MinION (ONT), holds promise as a diagnostic platform, as it allows real-time sequencing and analyses of all DNA/RNA in a sample, theoretically without needing pre-amplification of viral nucleic acids. In the present study, a novel RT-qPCR assay, targeting the conserved 3D gene encoding the RNA-dependent-RNA-polymerase, was developed and used to assess, for the first time, longitudinal quantitative shedding kinetics of porcine kobuvirus in pigs under field conditions. doi = 10.1038/s41598-018-28180-9 id = cord-273610-cfoq3r3i author = Tian, Peng-Fei title = Evidence of Recombinant Strains of Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus, United States, 2013 date = 2014-10-17 keywords = PEDV; United summary = To investigate the evolutionary process by which porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) in the United States hypothetically descended from strains in China, we analyzed PEDV-positive samples collected in China during January 2012–July 2013. To investigate the evolutionary process by which porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) in the United States hypothetically descended from strains in China, we analyzed PEDV-positive samples collected in China during January 2012-July 2013. The exception is the N gene-based tree, in which the AH2012 was grouped more closely to the sublineage associated with the United States than the strains in the designated ZMDZY sublineage (online Technical Appendix Figure 1 ). It is possible that replacement of a region within the partial S-ORF3-E-M-partial N region of the AH2012 strain with a corresponding fragment close to the ZMDZY sublineage (including several newly identified strains) resulted in a recombinant strain related to emergence of this virus in swine in the United States. Complete genome sequence of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus strain USA/Colorado/2013 from the United States doi = 10.3201/eid2010.140338 id = cord-331652-oc5s1if2 author = Trudeau, Michaela P. title = Comparison of Thermal and Non-Thermal Processing of Swine Feed and the Use of Selected Feed Additives on Inactivation of Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus (PEDV) date = 2016-06-24 keywords = PEDV; feed; virus summary = doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0158128 id = cord-340202-ikptxviu author = Van Diep, Nguyen title = US-like isolates of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus from Japanese outbreaks between 2013 and 2014 date = 2015-12-02 keywords = Japan; ORF3; PEDV summary = Sequencing and phylogenic analyses of the partial spike gene and ORF3 of PEDV demonstrated that all prevailing Japanese PEDV isolates belonged to novel genotypes that differed from previously reported strains and the two PEDV vaccine strains currently being used in Japan. Unlike vaccine strains, all prevailing field PEDV isolates in Japan were found to have a number of amino acid differences in the neutralizing epitope domain, COE, which may affect antigenicity and vaccine efficacy. This study aimed to evaluate the genetic characteristics and molecular epidemiology of the emergent Japanese PEDV isolates using genome analysis and phylogenetic analysis of the partial S gene and ORF3. To investigate the heterogeneity of the recent Japanese isolates and their genetic relationship with modified live vaccines, in addition to 2 PEDV vaccine strains (P5-V and 96-P4C6) used in Japan, representative isolates were selected for sequencing of the partial S gene and full ORF3 gene. doi = 10.1186/s40064-015-1552-z id = cord-355465-qjtifwhd author = Van Diep, Nguyen title = Molecular characterization of US-like and Asian non-S INDEL strains of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) that circulated in Japan during 2013–2016 and PEDVs collected from recurrent outbreaks date = 2018-03-14 keywords = Japan; PEDV; japanese summary = doi = 10.1186/s12917-018-1409-0 id = cord-269013-ge7nmgsa author = Vui, Dam Thi title = Complete Genome Sequence of Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus in Vietnam date = 2014-08-14 keywords = PEDV summary = title: Complete Genome Sequence of Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus in Vietnam Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) has emerged in Vietnam since 2009. Herein, full-length genome sequences are reported for three PEDV isolates from pigs displaying severe diarrhea from farms located in northern and southern provinces of Vietnam. The full-length genome sequence suggests that PEDV variants circulating in Vietnam swine farms are novel variants with changes in the spike structure. Completion of the porcine epidemic diarrhoea coronavirus (PEDV) genome sequence Sequence analysis of the partial spike glycoprotein gene of porcine epidemic diarrhea viruses isolated in Korea Molecular characterization and phylogenetic analysis of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) field isolates in Korea Molecular characterization and phylogenetic analysis of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) field strains in south China Phylogenetic analysis of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus field strains prevailing recently in China Genetic diversity of ORF3 and spike genes of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus in Thailand doi = 10.1128/genomea.00753-14 id = cord-252772-f3fctcru author = Wang, Changlin title = The Coronavirus PEDV Evades Type III Interferon Response Through the miR-30c-5p/SOCS1 Axis date = 2020-05-22 keywords = IFN; PEDV; SOCS1 summary = Moreover, we demonstrated that PEDV escaped IFN-λ responses by substantially upregulating the suppressor of cytokine signaling protein 1 (SOCS1) expression, which impaired the induction of IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs) and dampened the IFN-λ antiviral response and facilitated PEDV replication in Vero E6 cells. Compared with a mock uninfected control, PEDV did not increase the expression of IFNλ transcripts as observed until 12 hpi, and then gradually induced IFN-λ expression, indicating that PEDV infection elicits type III IFN expression at the late stage of infection instead of the early stage of infection in the Vero E6 cells (Figure 1A) , which was consistent with the results in porcine enteroids (Li et al., 2019) . In the current study, we observed that PEDV elicited substantially increased IFN-λ expression in Vero E6 cells only after 24 hpi (Figure 1A) , which is consistent with the results observed in porcine enteroids following PEDV infection (Li et al., 2019) , indicating that PEDV has evolved mechanisms to escape IFN-λ antiviral response instead of IFN-λ production at the late stage of infection. doi = 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01180 id = cord-273712-r2akpce8 author = Wang, Jingjing title = Comparison of lentiviruses pseudotyped with S proteins from coronaviruses and cell tropisms of porcine coronaviruses date = 2016-02-19 keywords = PEDV; TGEV summary = In the same beta group, the receptors for mouse hepatitis virus (MHV) and bovine coronavirus (BCoV) are carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule 1 (CEACAM1) and a sugar, respectively, despite their high sequence homology Peng et al., 2012) . In our study, we compared the efficiency of pseudotyped viruses with S proteins from different groups of CoVs. Furthermore, the cell tropisms of TGEV and PEDV were characterized by live and pseudotyped viruses. Therefore, we compared the S protein amino acid sequences of CoVs from different groups, including SARS-CoV, MHV, HCoV-229E, TGEV, PEDV, HCoV-OC43, BCoV, and IBV (Gen-Bank accession numbers ABD72982.1, AAR92025.1, NP_073551.1, ABG89335.1, NP_598310.1, AAT84362.1, ABM66810.1, and NP_040831.1, respectively) using ClustalW ( Figure 1B ). Lentiviruses pseudotyped with SARS-CoV S protein could efficiently infect 293T cells expressing ACE2, and the pseudovirus level after entry reached 10 6 relative light units (RLU) ( Figure 2B ). To further study the cellular entry of CoVs, we used live PEDV and TGEV to infect different cell lines. doi = 10.1007/s12250-015-3690-4 id = cord-279903-z0wf1wli author = Wang, Leyi title = Development and evaluation of a duplex real-time RT-PCR for detection and differentiation of virulent and variant strains of porcine epidemic diarrhea viruses from the United States date = 2014-07-12 keywords = PEDV summary = title: Development and evaluation of a duplex real-time RT-PCR for detection and differentiation of virulent and variant strains of porcine epidemic diarrhea viruses from the United States In this study, the development and validation of a duplex real-time RT-PCR assay for detection and differentiation of the variant and the virulent strains of PEDV currently circulating in the US was reported. However, since the M gene is highly conserved between the virulent and the variant strains of PEDV in the US, this real-time RT-PCR assay cannot differentiate between the two strains of PEDV. Therefore, the aim of this study was to develop a duplex real-time RT-PCR which would detect and differentiate the virulent strain from the variant strain of PEDV. In conclusion, we have developed a duplex real-time RT-PCR assay that reliably detects and differentiates the virulent strain and variant strain of PEDV. doi = 10.1016/j.jviromet.2014.07.005 id = cord-272480-276r1lh7 author = Wang, Peng title = Isolation and recombinant analysis of variants of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus strains from Beijing, China date = 2019-02-09 keywords = Beijing; PEDV summary = title: Isolation and recombinant analysis of variants of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus strains from Beijing, China The strains in this study are indicated by underline Isolation and recombinant analysis of variants of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus strains from… 297 Frequent mutation and recombination of genes may occur in epidemics of PEDV. The phylogenetic trees showed that, these PEDV isolates from the Beijing area belonged to group II, while the traditional vaccine strain, CV777, belonged to group I based on the comparison of several important genes in PEDV, such as ORF1a/1b, S, M, N, E, and ORF3. Molecular characterization and phylogenetic analysis of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) field strains in south China Sequence and phylogenetic analysis of nucleocapsid genes of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) strains in China Cell culture isolation and sequence analysis of genetically diverse US porcine epidemic diarrhea virus strains including a novel strain with a large deletion in the spike gene Molecular characterization and phylogenetic analysis of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) field isolates in Korea doi = 10.1007/s13337-019-00513-w id = cord-259296-qsaewje2 author = Wang, Pengcheng title = Tomatidine inhibits porcine epidemic diarrhea virus replication by targeting 3CL protease date = 2020-11-11 keywords = DMSO; PEDV; PRRSV; figure; tomatidine summary = doi = 10.1186/s13567-020-00865-y id = cord-302323-vvo8a4hp author = Wang, Xiaobo title = Immunogenicity and antigenic relationships among spike proteins of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus subtypes G1 and G2 date = 2015-11-26 keywords = CV777; LNCT2; PEDV summary = To determine whether these mutations lead to changes in antigenicity, as suggested by the failure of PEDV vaccines in China, we first optimized the codons of typical S genes of the CV777 vaccine strain (G1 subtype) and LNCT2 strain (G2 subtype) and expressed the recombinant full-length sequence of the S protein in a eukaryotic expression system. The findings of this study confirmed that the recombinant S protein was highly immunogenic in Cross serum neutralization (SN) between the S proteins of the two PEDV subtypes and anti-S PAbs. Reciprocals of PEDV neutralizing antibody titers were expressed as the dilution inhibiting PEDV infection by 50 %, which was calculated as follows: Log50 % neutralizing titer = L-d (s-0.5), where L is the log of the lowest dilution factor, d is the difference between the dilution factors, and s is the sum of the ratios of positive wells Variation between porcine epidemic diarrhea virus subtypes 545 mice and could effectively induce production of antibodies, especially neutralizing antibodies. doi = 10.1007/s00705-015-2694-6 id = cord-003587-zminzrov author = Wang, Xueyu title = Visual detection of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus using a novel reverse transcription polymerase spiral reaction method date = 2019-04-15 keywords = PEDV; PSR summary = title: Visual detection of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus using a novel reverse transcription polymerase spiral reaction method The aim of this study was to establish a novel reverse transcription polymerase spiral reaction (RT-PSR) assay for the rapid detection of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV). This new method for PEDV detection was 10 times more sensitive than the conventional reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay. To decrease the time required for PEDV detection, PCR-related methods focused on the amplification of viral nucleic acids have been developed, which have been shown to be more efficient, highly sensitive and specific, even at different stages of the disease, when compared to immunological diagnostic methods. The polymerase spiral reaction (PSR) [14] is a novel nucleic acid isothermal amplification method that has the advantages of simplicity, rapidity, accuracy, and low cost when compared to conventional PCR. doi = 10.1186/s12917-019-1851-7 id = cord-346457-2mq2aije author = Wang, Zhilin title = Rapid differentiation of PEDV wild-type strains and classical attenuated vaccine strains by fluorescent probe-based reverse transcription recombinase polymerase amplification assay date = 2020-06-22 keywords = PEDV; RPA summary = RESULTS: In the study, a differential one-step quantitative real-time fluorescent reverse transcription recombinase polymerase amplification (real-time RT-RPA) method based on the PEDV universal real-time RT-RPA assay was established according to the ORF1 deletion sequences of three classical attenuated vaccine strains (PEDV attenuated vaccine KC189944, attenuated CV777 and DR13) and five Vero cell-adapted isolates (JS2008, SDM, SQ2014, SC1402, HLJBY), which could effectively differentiate PEDV classical attenuated vaccine strains from wild-type strains (PEDV classical wild strains and variant strains). The detection limits of PEDV RNA in the both PEDV real-time RT-RPA assays were 300 copies within 20 min at 39 °C, and the detection limits of classical attenuated vaccine strain CV777, Vero-cell-adapted isolate JS2008, and PEDV wild-type strain DX were 10(0.5) TCID(50)/100 μL, 10(1.1) TCID(50)/100 μL, and 10(1.2) TCID(50)/100 μL, respectively. CONCLUSION: This RPA method we developed is simple, time-effective, and safe and provides a reliable technical tool for the differential diagnosis and clinical epidemic surveillance of PEDV classical attenuated vaccine strains and wild-type strains. doi = 10.1186/s12917-020-02424-1 id = cord-345940-adg264vb author = Wanitchang, Asawin title = Characterization of influenza A virus pseudotyped with the spike protein of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus date = 2018-08-22 keywords = PEDV; avct12 summary = doi = 10.1007/s00705-018-4001-9 id = cord-316908-8ti75mru author = Wei, Xiaona title = PEDV enters cells through clathrin-, caveolae-, and lipid raft-mediated endocytosis and traffics via the endo-/lysosome pathway date = 2020-02-10 keywords = IPEC; PEDV; Vero summary = Given that the differences in gene sequences and pathogenicity between classical and mutant strains of PEDV may lead to diverse invasion mechanisms, this study focused on the cellular entry pathways and cellular transport of the PEDV GI and GII subtype strains in Vero cells and IPEC-J2 cells. To clarify the specific endocytic pathways, systematic research methods were used and showed that PEDV enters cells via the clathrinand caveolae-mediated endocytosis pathways, in which dynamin II, clathrin heavy chain, Eps15, cholesterol, and caveolin-1 were indispensably involved. Our results showed that two the subtypes of PEDV utilized clathrin-, caveolae-, and lipid raft-mediated endocytosis to enter the Vero and IPEC-J2 cells, but the utilization efficiency of each endocytic pathway varied depending on the different genotypes and types of cells. We demonstrated that PEDV GI subtype GDS09 and GII subtype GDS01 strains could enter Vero and IPEC-J2 cells via the clathrin-, caveolae-, and lipid raft-mediated endocytosis pathways. doi = 10.1186/s13567-020-0739-7 id = cord-303186-2hxlx1j2 author = Won, Hokeun title = Generation and protective efficacy of a cold-adapted attenuated genotype 2b porcine epidemic diarrhea virus date = 2019-07-09 keywords = Aram; PEDV; TCID; virus summary = doi = 10.4142/jvs.2019.20.e32 id = cord-290819-zhywlf6r author = Wu, Jiaqi title = The antiviral protein viperin interacts with the viral N protein to inhibit proliferation of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus date = 2020-07-27 keywords = IPEC; PEDV; viperin summary = title: The antiviral protein viperin interacts with the viral N protein to inhibit proliferation of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus In the early stage of virus infection, the pattern recognition receptor (PRR) signaling pathway of the host cell is activated to induce interferon production, activating interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) that encode antiviral proteins that exert antiviral effects. Increased expression of interferon and viperin and decreased replication of PEDV with a clear reduction in the viral load were observed in PEDV-infected IPEC-J2 cells. After virus infection, pattern recognition receptors recognize released viral nucleic acids and activate downstream signaling pathways to promote the production of specific transcription factors and type I interferons [25] . These results indicate that PEDV infection upregulates the expression of interferon and viperin in IPEC-J2 cells. This study showed that the expression of type I interferon increases and that of viperin is also upregulated in IPEC-J2 cells infected with PEDV. doi = 10.1007/s00705-020-04747-8 id = cord-255607-dbexsugq author = Wu, Yang title = Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus nsp15 Antagonizes Interferon Signaling by RNA Degradation of TBK1 and IRF3 date = 2020-05-31 keywords = IFN; IRF3; PEDV; RNA; TBK1 summary = Our preliminary results revealed that endogenous TANK-binding kinase 1 (TBK1) and interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3), the key components in the IFN signaling pathway were downregulated in PEDV infected IPEC-J2 cells by iTRAQ analysis. Moreover, PEDV nsp15 can directly degrade the RNA levels of TBK1 and IRF3 dependent on its EndoU activity to suppress IFN production and constrain the induction of IFN stimulated genes (ISGs), by which PEDV antagonizes the host innate response to facilitate its replication. Previous studies suggest that PEDV can restrain host innate immune response by different strategies, such as by degradation or cleavage of key factors essential the IFN signaling pathway [25, 26] , competitive interaction between viral encoded proteins and modulators for IFN production [27, 28] , or localization changes of antiviral components [29] . doi = 10.3390/v12060599 id = cord-279784-o80x8nj7 author = Wu, Yu title = Characterization and pathogenicity of Vero cell-attenuated porcine epidemic diarrhea virus CT strain date = 2019-10-28 keywords = P10; P120; P64; PEDV summary = doi = 10.1186/s12985-019-1232-7 id = cord-003899-a4w2nnos author = Yang, Jiwen title = Dietary 25-Hydroxyvitamin D(3) Supplementation Alleviates Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus Infection by Improving Intestinal Structure and Immune Response in Weaned Pigs date = 2019-08-29 keywords = PEDV; Table; con summary = title: Dietary 25-Hydroxyvitamin D(3) Supplementation Alleviates Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus Infection by Improving Intestinal Structure and Immune Response in Weaned Pigs We found that high dose 25-hydroxyvitamin D(3) supplementation could ease intestinal injury and inhibit intestinal immune response induced by porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), suggesting that feeding a high dose of 25-hydroxyvitamin D(3) could be used as an approach against PEDV infection. ABSTRACT: We conducted this experiment to determine if feeding 25-hydroxyvitamin D(3) (25(OH)D(3)) to weaned pigs would alleviate porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) infection and immune response. Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) infection causes severe damage to the intestinal function and barrier integrity of pigs [1] , leading to diarrhea, vomiting, dehydration, and high mortality in piglets [2] . In summary, the results of the current study indicate that dietary supplementation of 155.5 µg/kg 25(OH)D 3 alleviated the severity of diarrhea of piglets infected with PEDV by improving the intestinal structure and immune response, and maintaining regular intestinal function. doi = 10.3390/ani9090627 id = cord-309693-f2htekhz author = Yu, Meiling title = Immunogenicity of eGFP-Marked Recombinant Lactobacillus casei against Transmissible Gastroenteritis Virus and Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus date = 2017-09-25 keywords = COE; PEDV; TGEV summary = To develop an effective bivalent oral vaccine against TGEV and PEDV infection, the D antigenic site of the TGEV spike (S) protein and the major antigen site (core neutralizing epitope—COE) of the PEDV S protein were used as immunogens, and the enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP) gene was used as a reporter to construct genetically engineered Lactobacillus casei rLpPG(F)-T7g10-eGFP-6D-COE. The results showed that levels of anti-PEDV and anti-TGEV serum immunoglobulin G (IgG) and mucosal secreted immunoglobulin A (sIgA) antibodies obtained from the mice immunized with rLpPG(F)-T7g10-eGFP-6D-COE, as well as the proliferation levels of lymphocytes, were significantly higher than those in mice orally administered phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) or rLpPG-T7g10. This was evidenced by significantly higher levels of virus-neutralizing antibodies, anti-PEDV/TGEV serum IgG, and mucosal sIgA in mice orally immunized with rLpPG F -T7g10-eGFP-6D-COE, compared to the levels for the rLpPG-T7g10 or PBS groups. doi = 10.3390/v9100274 id = cord-290833-m0wodqr3 author = Yuan, Lvfeng title = Synthetic surfactin analogues have improved anti-PEDV properties date = 2019-04-11 keywords = PEDV; SLP5; surfactin summary = In this study, 10 surfactin analogues were obtained by chemical synthesis and evaluated to determine their anti-PEDV activities, hemolytic activities, and critical micelle concentrations. The production of designer surfactins, made by changing the number and composition of amino acids and fatty acids has proven to be an effective strategy for screening large numbers of lipopeptides for biological activity, but most current research focuses on their anticancer [4] , antimicrobial [5] and insulin delivery [6] properties but not on their antiviral potential. Time of addition assays were performed to determine whether the SLP5 exerts its anti-PEDV effect at the same stage during infection as surfactin. As expected for a normal component of the cell membrane, DEPE did not affect PEDV replication at any stage, while SLP5 and surfactin exhibited antiviral activity at specific stages. SLP5 also has two fewer hydrophobic amino acids than surfactin, this reduces the cost of synthesis while having little effect on antiviral activity. doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0215227 id = cord-346872-k5d5793a author = Yuan, Peng title = Three Main Inducers of Alphacoronavirus Infection of Enterocytes: Sialic Acid, Proteases, and Low pH date = 2018-09-03 keywords = APN; PEDV; TGEV summary = doi = 10.1159/000492424 id = cord-292690-1p1gnpgf author = Zang, Yue title = Recombinant Lactobacillus acidophilus expressing S(1) and S(2) domains of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus could improve the humoral and mucosal immune levels in mice and sows inoculated orally date = 2020-08-16 keywords = China; PEDV summary = title: Recombinant Lactobacillus acidophilus expressing S(1) and S(2) domains of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus could improve the humoral and mucosal immune levels in mice and sows inoculated orally In order to develop a new effective vaccine for the current PEDV, oral vaccines were generated by transferring eukaryotic expression recombinant plasmids carrying the S(1) and S(2) (antigenic sites of the S protein) epitopes of PEDV into a swine-origin Lactobacillus acidophilus (L. The results showed that oral administration of the VP1 gene of foot-and-mouth disease virus using Lactobacillus as a carrier could produce a higher antibody titer than injection, and induce humoral and cellular immunity (Li et al., 2007) . High-level mucosal and systemic immune responses induced by oral administration with Lactobacillus-expressed porcine J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) doi = 10.1016/j.vetmic.2020.108827 id = cord-340438-9q3ic0ye author = Zhang, Jianqiang title = Identification of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus variant with a large spike gene deletion from a clinical swine sample in the United States date = 2018-02-21 keywords = INDEL; PEDV summary = doi = 10.1007/s11262-018-1542-7 id = cord-322683-wkrj6n1d author = Zhang, Pengfei title = Cellular Poly(C) Binding Protein 2 Interacts with porcine epidemic diarrhea virus Papain-Like Protease 1 and Supports Viral Replication date = 2020-07-13 keywords = IFN; PCBP2; PEDV; PLP1 summary = title: Cellular Poly(C) Binding Protein 2 Interacts with porcine epidemic diarrhea virus Papain-Like Protease 1 and Supports Viral Replication Taken together, these data demonstrated that PLP1 negatively regulated the production of type 1 interferon by interacting with PCBP2 and promoted PEDV replication. The PEDV N protein interacts with the TANK-binding kinase, blocking its association with interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3) and thus inhibiting IRF3 activation and type I IFN production (Ding et al., 2014; Hu et al., 2018) . PCBP2 expression is induced following viral infection and acts as a negative regulator of mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein (MAVS), triggering its degradation (You et al., 2009) . Although significant progress has been made in understanding PEDV evasion of innate immune responses, the mechanism of interaction between viral and host cell proteins remains unclear. In the present study, we demonstrated that PLP1 interacted with PCBP2 to inhibit IFN-β production and promote PEDV replication. doi = 10.1016/j.vetmic.2020.108793 id = cord-255773-b4re5bky author = Zhang, Qingzhan title = Suppression of type I interferon production by porcine epidemic diarrhea virus and degradation of CREB-binding protein by nsp1 date = 2016-01-14 keywords = CBP; Fig; IFN; IRF3; PEDV; cell summary = doi = 10.1016/j.virol.2015.12.010 id = cord-313691-6wq64h2b author = Zhang, Yuhan title = Evaluation of Cross-Protection between G1a- and G2a-Genotype Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Viruses in Suckling Piglets date = 2020-09-17 keywords = CV777; JX/01; PEDV summary = This study aimed to observe the comparative pathogenicity and cross-protection between G1a and G2a PEDVs, and thus find a new insight into the antigenicity and immunogenicity of PEDVs. The results of the present study demonstrated that the G2a-based inactivated vaccine could provide sterilizing immunity against both highly virulent homologous and heterologous PEDV challenges. The findings of this study might explain the underlying mechanism that severe PED and deaths still occurred among the neonatal piglets of which CV777-based PEDV vaccine were administered in China, and imply G2a-based PEDV vaccine used in this study might be a good vaccine candidate for PEDV which may provide solid protection against circulating highly virulent PEDVs. ABSTRACT: To date, two genotypes, i.e., genotype 1 (G1) and genotype 2 (G2), of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) have been identified in swine, while the cross protection between the G2a and G1a subgenotypes is undetermined. doi = 10.3390/ani10091674 id = cord-307110-eiobmxp2 author = Zhao, Shan title = Serological Screening for Coronavirus Infections in Cats date = 2019-08-13 keywords = ELISA; PEDV; type summary = In total 137 cat serum samples and 25 FCoV type 1 or type 2-specific antisera were screened for the presence of antibodies against the S1 receptor binding subunit of the CoV spike protein, which is immunogenic and possesses low amino acid sequence identity among coronavirus species. Synthetic sequences of 12 coronavirus spike S1 subunits (HCoV-HKU1 (GB: YP_173238.1), MERS-CoV (GB:YP_009047204.1), SARS-CoV (GB: AAX16192.1), HCoV-OC43 (GB: AAR01015.1), HCoV-229E (GB: NP_073551.1), HCoV-NL63 (GB: YP_003767.1), TGEV (GB: ABG89325.1), PEDV (GB: AOG30832.1), BCoV (GB: P15777.1), PDCoV (GB: AML40825.1), FCoV type 1 (GB: FJ938060.1), FCoV type 2 (GB: AY994055.1)) and different domains of PEDV S1 subunit (S1 0 and S1 A-D , as identified and described in [40] ) were cloned into pCAGGS expression plasmids as described previously [41] . doi = 10.3390/v11080743 id = cord-266571-qbskh1uu author = de Arriba, M.L title = Lymphoproliferative responses and protection in conventional piglets inoculated orally with virulent or attenuated porcine epidemic diarrhoea virus date = 2002-06-04 keywords = PEDV; day summary = Lymphocyte proliferative responses were evaluated in mucosal (mesenteric lymph nodes) and systemic (spleen and blood) lymphoid tissues of conventional piglets inoculated with the virulent or attenuated isolates of porcine epidemic diarrhoea virus (PEDV) strain CV-777 and challenged 21 days later with the virulent isolate of the same virus. Virus-specific lymphoproliferative responses of systemic tissues (spleen and blood) and mesenteric lymph nodes were studied in conventional piglets after primary inoculation with the virulent, wild type, strain CV-777 of PEDV or its cell culture attenuated form and after challenge, 3 weeks later, with a high dose of the virulent virus. Correlations between lymphocyte proliferative responses in mononuclear cells collected from mesenteric lymph nodes, blood and spleen from pigs inoculated with virulent or attenuated PEDV or mock-inoculated and protection against challenge 21 days later with virulent PEDV. doi = 10.1016/s0166-0934(02)00063-0 id = cord-339546-m7rqr886 author = de Arriba, M.L title = Isotype-specific antibody-secreting cells in systemic and mucosal associated lymphoid tissues and antibody responses in serum of conventional pigs inoculated with PEDV date = 2002-01-01 keywords = ASC; MNC; PEDV; PID summary = An enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISPOT) has been developed to detect porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV)-specific antibody secreting cells (ASC) in gut associated lymphoid tissues (duodenum and ileum lamina propria and mesenteric lymph nodes) and systemic locations (spleen and blood) of conventional pigs so as to characterise the mucosal and systemic antibody response generated by the infection with PEDV. Memory antibody response to the PEDV was also studied by secondary in vitro stimulation of the mononuclear cells (MNC) isolated from mesenteric lymph nodes, spleen and blood. In order to evaluate the distribution of PEDV-speci®c ASC, MNC from mesenteric lymph nodes, lamina propria of duodenum and ileum, spleen and blood were recovered at various PID from PEDV exposed pigs and tested for antibody production by ELISPOT. Table 1 Numbers of isotype-specific ASC to PEDV (per 5 Â 10 5 MNC) in duodenum and ileum lamina propria, mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN), spleen and blood from pigs experimentally exposed to the virulent isolate of the PEDV strain CV-777 and sacrificed on PID 4, 7, 14, 21, 25 doi = 10.1016/s0165-2427(01)00386-5