key: cord-279101-c763gzq2
authors: Xu, Sen; Jing, Ming; Liu, Wen-Ying; Dong, He; Kong, De-Min; Wang, Ya-Ru; Zhang, Han-Han; Yue, Zhen; Li, You-Jie; Jiao, Fei; Xie, Shu-Yang
title: Identification and characterization of a novel L-type lectin (MjLTL2) from kuruma shrimp (Marsupenaeus japonicus)
date: 2020-01-13
journal: Fish Shellfish Immunol
DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2020.01.022
sha: 
doc_id: 279101
cord_uid: c763gzq2

L-type lectins (LTLs) belong to the lectin family and are characterized by a conserved structural motif in their carbohydrate recognition domain. LTLs are homologous to leguminous lectins. In this study, we identified and functionally characterized an LTL from kuruma shrimp Marsupenaeus japonicus. We designated this LTL as MjLTL2. MjLTL2 contains a signal peptide, a Lectin_leg domain, a coiled coil, and transmembrane domain. MjLTL2 is distributed in hemocytes, heart, hepatopancreas, gill, stomach, and intestine; higher expression levels are seen in hemocytes and the hepatopancreas than in other tissues. MjLTL2 was upregulated following challenge of shrimp with Vibrio anguillarum and white spot syndrome virus (WSSV). MjLTL2 can agglutinate several bacteria without Ca(2+). In addition, MjLTL2 could bind to several Gram-positive and -negative bacteria by binding to their lipopolysaccharide and peptidoglycan. However, MjLTL2 could not enhance the clearance of V. anguillarum in vivo. In the presence of WSSV infection, MjLTL2 knockdown by RNA interference resulted in a 7-day lower cumulative mortality of M. japonicus. Moreover, less VP19, VP24, VP26, and VP28 mRNAs were extracted from the hemocytes of MjLTL2 knockdown shrimp than from the control. These results suggest that MjLTL2 is involved in immune responses in shrimp.

Lectins have a carbohydrate recognition domain and exist in nearly all living organisms, ranging from viruses to animals [1] . Based on their conserved structure and functions, lectins can be categorized into 13 families, including chitinase-like, P-type, C-type, I-type, calnexin/calreticulin, L-type, R-type, F-box lectins, ficolins, intelectins, galectins, Mtype, and F-type lectins [2] . The L-type lectin (LTL) family was the earliest lectin family to be discovered from the seeds of leguminous plants, which contain LTL-like domain] [3] . Four kinds of LTLs have been found in mammals: 36 kDa vesicular integral membrane protein (VIP36), ER-Golgi intermediate compartment 53 kDa protein (ERGIC-53), ERGIC-53-like (ERGL) LTL, and VIP36-like (VIPL) LTL [4] . ERGIC-53 is a cargo receptor for the transport of glycoproteins from the ER to the ERGIC [5] . In this study, we characterized a novel LTL, a homolog of ERGIC-53, from shrimp Marsupenaeus japonicus.

Lectins participate in numerous life processes, including protein synthesis and transport, cell communication, signal transduction, and pathogen recognition [6] . Pathogen recognition is the first reaction of immunity; lectins consistently function as pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), which can identify pathogen-associated molecular patterns located on the cell surface of pathogens [7] . LTL functions as a PRR in the immune response of Macrobrachium nipponense [8] . The LTL from M. japonicus plays a vital role as an opsonin in antibacterial immune responses [9] . ERGIC-53 functions as a PRR in the immune system of Eriocheir sinensis [10] . Conversely, ERGIC-53 helps in the replication of infectious arenavirus, coronavirus, and filovirus particles [11] . A novel L-type lectin is required for the multiplication of white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) in red swamp crayfish Procambarus clakii [12] .

WSSV is a member of genus Whispovirus, which belongs to the Nimaviridae family. WSSV can infect more than 93 species of shrimp and prawn [13] , including Litopenaeus vannamei, Penaeus monodon, and M. japonicas [14] . The cumulative mortality of shrimp could approach 100% in 7-10 days after WSSV infection. WSSV causes massive economic damage to shrimp farming worldwide [15] . WSSV is a capsulecoated virus; its four major envelope proteins, namely, VP24, VP28, VP26, and VP19, can form a protein complex [16] [17] [18] [19] . VP24, as a chitin-binding protein and the most abundant among the envelope proteins of WSSV, acts as a core protein interacting with other structure proteins and plays an important role in virus assembly and infection https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsi.2020.01.022 Received 5 July 2019; Received in revised form 8 January 2020; Accepted 12 January 2020 [20] . The absence of VP24 in WSSV-CN04, a new WSSV strain, can attenuate WSSV's peroral infectivity [21] . LvAMP13.4, a cuticle protein gene, helps WSSV invade cells by interacting with VP24 [22] . VP28 is another important structural protein in claw crayfish Cherax quadricarinatus. Laminin receptor could bind to VP28 and help WSSV enter the host cell. Loss-of-function of the CqLR-like gene can result in strong inhibition of WSSV entry and viral replication [23] .

In this study, we obtained a homolog of LTL from kuruma shrimp, M. japonicus, by transcriptome sequencing. This LTL was designated as MjLTL2 (GenBank Accession No. MH094749). MjLTL2 was constitutively expressed in hemocytes, heart, hepatopancreas, gills, stomach, and intestine. MjLTL2 can bind to several Gram-positive (G + ) and Gram-negative(G -) bacteria by binding to their lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and peptidoglycan (PGN). MjLTL2 knockdown can result in lower cumulative mortality and slower WSSV replication. Indeed, this paper is the first to report an L-type lectin from M. japonicus that participates in WSSV replication and, thus, provides a new approach to understand the multiplication of WSSV.

Healthy shrimps, approximately 6 cm in length and 7 g in weight, were purchased from Hong-li Seafood Market in Zhifu District, Yantai, Shandong Province, China. The shrimps were cultured in air-pumped artificial seawater at 24°C for 1 week prior to the experiments. Three shrimps were selected randomly for tissue (hemocytes, heart, hepatopancreas, gill, stomach, and intestine) collection to extract RNA. Hemolymph was extracted from the ventral sinus of shrimp using a 5 ml syringe containing 1 ml of anticoagulant (450 mM NaCl, 10 mM KCl, 10 mM EDTA, and 10 mM HEPEs, pH 7.0) and centrifuged at 800×g for 5 min at 4°C for hemocyte collection. Subsequently, the supernatant was discarded and 1 ml of Trizol was added to resuspend the hemocytes. The five other tissue samples, namely, heart, hepatopancreas, gills, stomach, and intestine, were dissected using a forfex and tweezers, ground using a homogenizer with 1 ml of Trizol, and transferred to five 1.5 ml RNase-free centrifuge tubes. In total, six centrifuge tubes were marked and centrifuged at 12,000×g for 10 min at 4°C to remove impurities. Afterward, the supernatant was transferred into new 1.5 ml RNase-free centrifuge tubes, and phenol/chloroform (v/v = 1:1) was added. The solution was shaken, stand still for 5 min, and then centrifuged at 12,000×g for 10 min at 4°C. The supernatant was carefully transferred into new RNase-free centrifuge tubes, added with 800 μl of isopropyl alcohol, shaken, stand still for 20 min, and then centrifuged at 12,000×g for 10 min at 4°C. The supernatant was discarded, and 1 ml of 75% ethanol was added to the tube. The sediment was resuspended and centrifuged at 7500×g for 10 min at 4°C. The resultant supernatant was discarded, and the remaining sediment was air dried and added with 20 μl of RNase-free water.

M. japonicus individuals used for the WSSV challenge were randomly divided into the challenge group and the control group. The WSSV inoculum was acquired according to previous publications [24] . All tissues of WSSV-infected shrimp were homogenized in sterile phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) (137 mM NaCl, 2.7 mM KCl, 2 mM KH 2 PO 4 , 10 mM Na 2 HPO 4 , pH 7.4) at a ratio of 10% (w/v). The supernatant was filtered through a 0.45 nm filter after centrifugation at 3000×g for 5 min at 4°C. The virus titer was determined by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) [25] . Each shrimp in the challenge group was injected with 30 μl of WSSV inoculum (1 × 10 5 virions), and shrimps in the control group were injected with 20 μl of PBS. M. japonicus individuals used for the V. anguillarum challenge were randomly divided into two groups similar to the WSSV challenge. Shrimps in the challenge group were injected with 10 7 CFU of V. anguillarum in 50 μl of PBS, while shrimps in the control group were injected with 50 μl of PBS. The V. anguillarum titer was determined according to previous publications [26] . Hemocytes and hepatopancreas were collected from at least three individuals randomly selected from both groups 12, 24, 36, and 48 h after injection of WSSV and 6, 12, and 24 h after injection of V. anguillarum for RNA extraction. Total RNA was extracted using Unizol reagent (Biostar, Shanghai, China) according to the method described above. cDNA was reverse transcribed using the SMART cDNA kit (Clontech, Santa Clara, CA, USA) with primers Oligo-anchor R and Smart F (Table 1) following the manufacturer's instructions.

Putative amino acid sequences of MjLTL2 were generated and protein domain was predicted using the online programs of ExPASy (http://www.au.expasy.org/) and SMART (http://smart.emblheidelberg.de/index2.cgi), respectively. LTLs were retrieved and selected in the NCBI GenBank database to analyze the evolutionary relationship of MjLTL2 with other LTLs. Sequence alignment was conducted based on amino acid sequences using MEGA 5.1 and GENEDOC, and a phylogenetic tree was thereby constructed using MEGA 5.1. Phylogenetic analysis was conducted according to previous publications [27] . One thousand bootstraps were performed for the neighborjoining (NJ) trees to evaluate the reproducibility of the results.

Transcriptional levels of MjLTL2 in hemocytes, heart, hepatopancreas, gills, stomach, and intestine were detected by qRT-PCR using the primer pair MjPLTL2-RTF/MjLTL2-RTR (Table 1) . Here, β-actin was used as the internal control for primers actin F and actin R (Table 1) . PCR was conducted under the following conditions: one cycle at 94°C for 3 min; 28 cycles each at 94°C for 30 s, at 59°C for 30 s, and at 72°C for 30 s; and one cycle at 72°C for 5 min MjLTL2 expression levels were examined by the comparative CT method, and qRT-PCR data were analyzed by the 2 −ΔΔCT method. Unpaired Student's t-test was used for statistical analysis. 

The expression profiles of MjLTL2 after immune challenge were determined by qRT-PCR using a C1000TM thermal cycler (Bio-Rad, Hercules, USA) with β-actin as internal control. The total volume was 10 μl, including 5 μl of 2 × Premix Ex Taq, 1 μl of cDNA template (diluted to 1:50), and 2 μl of the forward and reverse primers (1 μM).

The amplification conditions were as follows: 95°C for 3 min; 40 cycles each at 95°C for 30 s, at 59°C for 15 s, and at 72°C for 15 s; template reading at 76°C for 2 s; and a final melting curve from 60°C to 95°C. Amplification was repeated thrice for qPCR analysis. qRT-PCR data were analyzed by the 2 −ΔΔCT method [28] , and statistical analysis was conducted using unpaired Student's t-test. A difference of p < 0.05 was considered statically significant. (caption on next page) Recombinant proteins were expressed as inclusion bodies and purified as previously described [29] . The PET30A (with His-tag) protein was also expressed and purified for control experiments. The empty pET30a vector was transformed into E. coli BL21 (DE3), and its expression was induced by 0.4 mM IPTG at 37°C. The expressed soluble PET30A was then purified by His-Bind resin chromatography.

The purified recombinant MjLTL2 protein was used as an antigen for antiserum preparation in accordance with the protocol described by [31].

G + bacteria (Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus megaterium, Bacillus thuringiensis, Micrococcus luteus, and Staphylococcus aureus) and Gbacteria (E. coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and V. anguillarum) were used in this assay. Agglutination assay was performed following a previously described method [32] . In brief, bacteria in mid-logarithmic phase were collected by centrifugation at 6000×g for 5 min and resuspended in Tris-buffered saline (TBS) (0.15 M NaCl, 0.01 M Tris-HCl, pH 7.5). The bacteria were then washed thrice with TBS, and the bacterial concentration used for agglutination assay was adjusted to 0.4 OD600 using TBS. The original concentration of the recombinant MjLTL2 (rMjLTL2) was 1.6 mg/ml and serially diluted twice. Microorganisms were incubated with rMjLTL2 in 10 mM CaCl 2 at room temperature for 1 h, and agglutinating reactions were observed under a microscope (Nikon ECLIPSE TE2000-U, Japan). PET30A was used as control.

The bacteria used in this assay were identical to the bacteria used in the agglutination assay. Exactly 4 μl of the purified rMjLTL2 (2 μg/μl) was incubated with the aforementioned microorganisms for 30 min at room temperature with rotation. Microorganisms were collected by centrifugation (6000×g for 5 min), washed four times with TBS, and eluted with 10% sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS). The supernatant from different bacteria was used for SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and immunoblotting analysis with anti-MjLTL2 as the first antibody.

Several carbohydrates, LPS, PGN, lipoteichoic acids (LTAs), trehalose, D-mannose, glucose, and N-acetyl galactosamine were used to 

Bacterial clearance assay was performed to analyze the function of MjLTL2 in vivo. rMjLTL2 (20 μg) was incubated with V. anguillarum (2 × 10 8 CFU/ml) at 37°C for 0.5 h in the presence or absence of Ca 2+ (5 mM), and PET30A with or without Ca 2+ were used as controls. After incubation, bacteria (50 μl) were injected into the shrimp. Hemolymph was extracted 2, 5, and 30 min post-injection and diluted 10,000 × . The diluted hemolymph (50 μl) was loaded on lysogeny-broth agar plates. The plates were incubated at 37°C for 12 h, and the number of bacterial colonies was counted. For each group, three shrimp were used. After qRT-PCR analysis, the data obtained were presented as the mean ± SD of three independent experiments and statistically analyzed using Student's t-test. Significant differences were accepted at p < 0.05.

RNAi assay was performed for functional analysis of MjLTL2 in WSSV duplication with dsGFP and PBS serving as controls. MjLTL2 dsRNA was synthesized as follows. Specific primers, namely, MjLTL2-RiF and MjLTL2-RiR (Table 1) , were used to amplify the template cDNA; these primers were approximately 500 bp and located within the open reading frame (ORF) of MjLTL2. A total weight of 2.5 μg of the templates was added to each tube for RNA synthesis; each tube also contained 0.24 μM nucleoside triphosphate (Fermentas), 80 U of T7 polymerase (Fermentas), 10 μl 5 × transcription buffer (Fermentas), 80 U of RiboLock (Thermo Scientific), and 13 μl of RNase-free water. The tubes were incubated in a water bath for at least 7 h at 37°C for RNA synthesis, followed by addition of 8 U of DNase1 (Fermentas) and 32 μl of 10 × reaction buffer supplemented with MgCl 2 and RNase-free water. Tubes with a total volume of 100 μl were incubated in a water bath for approximately 1 h at 37°C for DNA template digestion. Afterward, the synthesized dsRNA was extracted using phenol and chloroform, precipitated with ethanol, air dried, and dissolved in RNase-free water. dsRNA concentrations were detected by a NanoDrop® ND-1000 instrument (NanoDrop, USA). dsGFP was synthesized using primers GFPiF and GFPiR (Table 1) according to the aforementioned method with GFP cDNA as the template.

A total of 45 healthy M. japonicus measuring 4-5 cm and weighing 3.5-4.5 g were randomly divided into three groups, namely, the dsMjLTL2, dsGFP, and PBS groups. All shrimps in the dsMjLTL2 and dsGFP groups were injected with 10 μg of dsRNA, while those in the PBS group were injected with 10 μl of PBS. A second injection was performed 24 h later. The efficiency of MjLTL2 was detected through qRT-PCR with the primer pairs MjLTL2-RTF/MjLTL2-RTR.

After MjLTL2 knockdown, shrimps in the challenge group were injected with WSSV at a dose of 3.0 × 10 7 in 20 μl PBS, while those in the control group were injected with 20 μl of PBS. Mortality was recorded at 8:00 p.m. every day for 1 week starting from the day after injection. Shrimps were injected with WSSV after MjLTL2 silencing, and mortality was calculated on days 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7; dsGFP and PBS injection were used as controls. *, p < 0.05, **, p < 0.01. Error bars represent the SD of three replicates.

After MjLTL2 knockdown and WSSV injection, hemocytes were collected 36 and 48 h post-injection (hpi) from at least three shrimp for RNA extraction. The expression profiles of VP19, VP24, VP26, and VP28 were detected by qRT-PCR.

A homolog of L-type lectin was identified from M. japonicus using genome sequencing. This homolog belongs to the lectin L-type super family. The obtained cDNA of MjLTL2 has a length of 1585 bp and an ORF of 1518 bp and encodes a protein of 505 amino acids (GenBank Accession No. MH 094749). MjLTL2 contained a signal peptide of 24 residues from amino acids 1-24 (Fig. 1) , a Lectin_leg-like domain from amino acids 29-254, a coiled coil from amino acids 261-293, and a transmembrane domain from amino acids 471-493. The theoretical isoelectric point and molecular mass of the mature MjLTL2 were 6.01 and 57044.32 Da, respectively.

Phylogenetic analysis of MjLTL2 with other selected LTLs (Fig. 2 ) revealed that LTLs from different organisms could be divided into two large groups: aquatic invertebrate LTLs and terrestrial invertebrate LTLs. MjLTL2 and Eriocheir sinensis LTL were grouped into one branch (see Fig. 2 ).

Multiple alignment of amino acid sequences of LTLs from M. japonicus and 58 other animals indicated that conserved amino acid residues are mainly located in the amino terminal of the chosen LTLs and MjLTL2, where the Lectin_leg-like domain is found (Fig. 3) .

Total RNA was extracted from six tissues, namely, hemocytes, heart, hepatopancreas, gill, stomach, and intestine, and detected by qRT-PCR to examine the distribution of MjLTL2 mRNA in M. japonicus; here, βactin was used as the control. The qRT-PCR results suggested that MjLTL2 is ubiquitously distributed in all tested tissues, with relatively higher expression in hemocytes and the hepatopancreas than in other tissues (Fig. 4A) .

The temporal expression profiles of MjLTL2 in hemocytes and the hepatopancreas of WSSV-or V. anguillarum-challenged shrimps were also analyzed, and results indicated that MjLTL2 expression is upregulated 24-48 h after WSSV injection in hemocytes and the hepatopancreas ( Fig. 4B and C) ; by comparison, MjLTL2 is upregulated 6-24 h after V. anguillarum injection (Fig. 4D and E) . These results reveal the potential role of MjLTL2 in the immunity of shrimp.

The L-type lectin domain of MjLTL2 was expressed in E. coli BL21 (DE3) (Fig. 5A) . We performed agglutination assay using G + and Gbacteria to test whether rMjLTL2 can agglutinate microorganisms. The results showed that rMjLTL2 can agglutinate several G + (S. aureus, B. megaterium, B. subtilis, B. thuringiensis, and M. luteus) and G -(E. coli, P. aeruginosa, and V. anguillarum) (Fig. 5B) bacteria. Moreover, the agglutinating activity of rMjLTL2 is not Ca-dependent.

The minimal agglutinating concentrations of rMjLTL2 are shown in Table 2 .

A bacterial binding assay was performed to test whether rMjLTL2 could bind to microorganisms. The results showed that rMjLTL2 could bind to several G -(P. aeruginosa, V. anguillarum, and E. coli) and G + (S. Fig. 8 . Relative changes in VP19, VP24, VP26, and VP28 expression. Shrimps were injected with WSSV after MjLTL2 silencing, followed by total RNA extraction from hemocytes at 36 and 48 hpi. The expression profiles of VP19, VP24, VP26, and VP28 were analyzed using qRT-PCR, with dsGFP injection as the control. PCR was normalized by β-actin expression. *, p < 0.05. Error bars represented the SD of three replicates.

aureus, B. thuringiensis, B. subtilis, B. megaterium, and M. luteus) bacteria (Fig. 6A) .

Direct binding assay to saccharides was performed. The results showed that rMjLTL2 could directly bind to LPS, PGN, and LTA with different binding affinities (Fig. 6C) .

Indirect binding assay to carbohydrates was performed. Eight saccharides, including monosaccharides (trehalose, D-mannose, glucose, N-Acetyl galactosamine, and sucrose) and polysaccharides (LTA, PGN, and LPS) were used for the inhibitory agglutination of B. subtilis cells. The results showed that LTA, LPS, and PGN could inhibit the agglutinating activity of rMjLTL2 at different concentrations and that no monosaccharide could inhibit the agglutinating activity of rMjLTL2 at a concentration of 800 mM (Table 3) .

Time-mortality assay was performed to test the significance of MjLTL2 to shrimp during WSSV infection. The cumulative mortality of the three batches of shrimps (dsMjLTL2, dsGFP, and PBS groups) presented different variation trends (Fig. 7B ) after MjLTL2 knockdown (Fig. 7A) . Specifically, cumulative shrimp mortality displayed distinct patterns among the three groups, which was elevated from 1 dpi to 7 dpi in the dsGFP and PBS groups compared with that in the dsMjLTL2 group. These results suggest that MjLTL2 may participate in WSSV proliferation [25] .

3.6. MjLTL2 is essential for the expression of VP19, VP24, VP26, VP28

The time-mortality change curves indicated that MjLTL2 may take part in WSSV replication. Thus, whether WSSV envelope protein expression is affected by MjLTL2 knockdown was directly assessed (Fig. 8) . Here, dsGFP injection was used as a mock control, and PCR was normalized by β-actin expression. Our results revealed lower VP19, VP24, VP26, and VP28 mRNA expression in the hemocytes of MjLTL2 knockdown shrimps than in the control. In addition, VP19, VP24, VP26, and VP28 expression increased continually from 36 hpi to 48 hpi.

In the present study, we cloned and characterized a novel ERGIC-53 lectin, named MjLTL2, from kuruma shrimp M. japonicus. Expression of MjLTL2 was upregulated by V. anguillarum challenge; the lectin could also agglutinate bacteria without the presence of Ca 2+ and bind to several bacteria by binding to LTA, PGN, and LPS. However, no evidence yet confirms that MjLTL2 is directly involved in antibacterial immunity (data of bacterial clearance assay are not shown). Although MjLTL2 is not directly involved in anti-bacterial immunity, it may participate in WSSV replication.

The results of this study revealed that expression of MjLTL2 was upregulated from 24 to 48 hpi in hemocytes and hepatopancreas after WSSV injection. In the presence of WSSV infection, MjLTL2 knockdown resulted in the 7-day lower cumulative mortality of M. japonicus compared with the control. We thus speculate that viral replication in the dsMjLTL2 injection group was slower than that in the control. Further research showed that less VP19, VP24, VP26, and VP28 mRNA could be extracted from hemocytes of MjLTL2 knockdown shrimp than from the control group. Taken together, these results suggest that MjLTL2 is important for WSSV replication.

The relationship between WSSV infection and the host's immune response hasn't been fully revealed yet. A suppression subtractive hybridization cDNA library was used to identify differentially expressed genes in WSSV-infected shrimp Penaeus monodon. Many genes either inhibit viral replication or facilitate viral pathogenesis [33] . Endonuclease-reverse transcriptase in M. japonicus promotes anti-WSSV immunity by regulating superoxide dismutase activity, apoptosis, and phenoloxidase activity [34] . The Lvc-Jun gene could upregulate the activity of the wsv249 promoter to facilitate viral replication [35] . WSSV can regulate host immunity and take advantage of miR-S5 to regulate hemocyte phagocytosis and apoptosis [36] . Wsv187, which is encoded by the WSSV immediate early gene, activates the host's JAK/ STAT pathway for replication [37] . Additionally, wsv249 encodes an E3 ubiquitin ligase that can mediate the ubiquitination of host immune effect molecules. ERGIC-53 is a type of lectin mainly located in the endoplasmic reticulum and golgi bodies.

The mechanism of MjLTL2 in WSSV replication may involve the unfolded protein response (UPR). UPR is activated to alleviate ER stress [38] and consists of three signaling pathways that contribute to reducing the accumulation of unfolded or misfolded proteins in the ER lumen [39] . One of the UPR signal pathways is the activating transcription factor 6 (ATF6) pathway. LvATF6 significantly upregulates the expression of many WSSV genes, such as wsv045 and wsv343, and could inhibit apoptosis for WSSV replication [40] . As indicated by a previous study, the homolog of ATFα from M. japonicus is vital for WSSV replication, and UPR in M. japonicus may facilitate WSSV infection [41] . ERGIC-53 is a target of the ATF6 pathway of UPR [42] . PcL-lectin, a homolog of ERGIC-53, may interact with VP24 and is required for the multiplication of WSSV [12] . As a homolog of ERGIC-53, MjLTL2 may be a target of MjATF6 in M. japonicus and participate in WSSV proliferation. The exact mechanism underlying MjLTL2-WSSV replication remains unclear and must be determined in future research.

This study is financially supported by the Medical and Health Technology of Shandong, China (2016WS0007), Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province (ZR2017PC008), Shandong Science and Technology Committee (grant no.2018GSF118056), Scientific Research Startup Project of Binzhou Medical University (BY2014KYQD24), and Shandong Province Taishan Scholar Project (ts201712067).

Lectins of living organisms. The overview

Diversity and multiple functions of lectins in shrimp immunity

History of lectins: from hemagglutinins to biological recognition molecules

Targeting of protein ERGIC-53 to the ER/ERGIC/ cis-Golgi recycling pathway

C-type lectins and phagocytosis

Divergent roles for C-type lectins expressed by cells of the innate immune system

Lectins as pattern recognition molecules: the effects of epitope density in innate immunity

Molecular cloning, characterization, and expression analysis of two different types of lectins from the oriental river prawn, Macrobrachium nipponense

L-Type lectin from the kuruma shrimp Marsupenaeus japonicus promotes hemocyte phagocytosis

Cloning and characterization of two different L-type lectin genes from the Chinese mitten crab Eriocheir sinensis

The intracellular cargo receptor ERGIC-53 is required for the production of infectious arenavirus, coronavirus, and filovirus particles

A novel L-type lectin was required for the multiplication of WSSV in red swamp crayfish (Procambarus clakii)

White spot syndrome virus: an overview on an emergent concern

Experimental inoculation of oriental river prawn Macrobrachium nipponense with white spot syndrome virus (WSSV)

Maternal transmission of immunity to white spot syndrome associated virus (WSSV) in shrimp (Penaeus monodon)

A 3D model of the membrane protein complex formed by the white spot syndrome virus structural proteins

Identification of the nucleocapsid, tegument, and envelope proteins of the shrimp white spot syndrome virus virion

Proteomic analysis of the major envelope and nucleocapsid proteins of white spot syndrome virus

Four major envelope proteins of white spot syndrome virus bind to form a complex

Crystal structure of major envelope protein VP24 from white spot syndrome virus

A VP24-truncated isolate of white spot syndrome virus is inefficient in per os infection

Jianhai Xiang A cuticle protein from the Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei involved in WSSV infection

A laminin-receptorlike protein regulates white spot syndrome virus infection by binding to the viral envelope protein VP28 in red claw crayfish Cherax quadricarinatus

Molecular cloning and characterization of the translationally controlled tumor protein from Fenneropenaeus chinensis

Collaboration between a soluble C-type lectin and calreticulin facilitates white spot syndrome virus infection in shrimp

A galectin from the kuruma shrimp (Marsupenaeus japonicus) functions as an opsonin and promotes bacterial clearance from hemolymph

MEGA4: molecular evolutionary genetics analysis (MEGA) software version 4.0

Analysis of relative gene expression data using realtime quantitative PCR and the 2(-Delta Delta C(T)) Method

Identification and molecular characterization of a peritrophin-like protein from fleshy prawn (Fenneropenaeus chinensis)

Molecular cloning and characterization of a lipopolysaccharide and beta-1,3-glucan binding protein from fleshy prawn (Fenneropenaeus chinensis)

Profile-based data base scanning for animal L-type lectins and characterization of VIPL, a novel VIP36-like endoplasmic reticulum protein

A novel C-type lectin (FcLec4) facilitates the clearance of Vibrio anguillarum in vivo in Chinese white shrimp

Effect of immune gene silencing in WSSV infected tiger shrimp Penaeus monodon

Molecular cloning of Kuruma shrimp Marsupenaeus japonicus endonuclease-reverse transcriptase and its positive role in white spot syndrome virus and Vibrio alginolyticus infection

Characterization of the promoter of white spot syndrome virus immediate-early gene wsv249

Different roles of a novel shrimp microRNA in white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) and Vibrio alginolyticus infection

The immediate early protein WSV187 can influence viral replication via regulation of JAK/STAT pathway in Drosophila

The mammalian unfolded protein response

Unfolded protein response

Litopenaeus vannamei activating transcription factor 6 alpha gene involvement in ER-stress response and white spot symptom virus infection

Identification and functional characterization of unfolded protein response transcription factor ATF6 gene in kuruma shrimp Marsupenaeus japonicus

Carbohydrate-and conformation-dependent cargo capture for ER-exit

This study is financially supported by the Medical and Health Technology of Shandong, China (2016WS0007), Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province (ZR2017PC008), Shandong Science and Technology Committee (grant no.2018GSF118056), Scientific Research Startup Project of Binzhou Medical University (BY2014KYQD24), and Shandong Province Taishan Scholar Project (ts201712067).