key: cord-305648-majanu8l
authors: Schountz, Tony; Calisher, Charles H.; Richens, Tiffany R.; Rich, Audrey A.; Doty, Jeffrey B.; Hughes, Mark T.; Beaty, Barry J.
title: Rapid Field Immunoassay for Detecting Antibody to Sin Nombre Virus in Deer Mice
date: 2007-10-17
journal: Emerg Infect Dis
DOI: 10.3201/eid1310.070383
sha: 
doc_id: 305648
cord_uid: majanu8l

We developed a 1-hour field enzyme immunoassay (EIA) for detecting antibody to Sin Nombre virus in deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus). The assay specificity and sensitivity were comparable to those of a standard EIA. This test will permit identification of rodents with antibody to this and perhaps other hantaviruses.

horseradish peroxidase enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (PAGEIA) to detect antibodies to SNV in deer mice (7) . The test can be completed in ≈1 hour under relatively primitive fi eld conditions. The assay has advantages over more laborious assays used for similar purposes and, because it is mammal-specifi c rather than species-specifi c, we expect this assay will be applicable to serologic tests of mammals of many other species.

A fragment of the S segment (nt 43-394) encoding part of the nuclecapsid was cloned into pET21b with a C-terminal His tag to produce a 15-kDa truncated antigen (8) for use in the assay. Deer mice were trapped near Fort Lewis, Colorado, and blood was collected as previously described (9) ; whole blood was diluted in (1:100) 1 mL of phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) in 96 deep-well plates (P-DW-11-C, Axygen, Union City, CA, USA) at time of collection to expedite sample loading. The remainder of the blood was frozen on dry ice and returned to the laboratory for additional testing.

Wells of 96-well polyvinyl chloride plates (Falcon 353912, BD Biosciences, San Jose, CA, USA) were coated with 100 μL of 2 μg/mL recombinant nucleocapsid in PBS and blocked (0.25% gelatin in PBS) a week in advance. Wells were washed in the fi eld 3× with 200 μL of PBS (pH 7.0) by using an 8-channel pipettor, and blood in PBS was added from the deep well plate; positive and negative (1:100) controls (diluted in PBS) were included. Plates then were incubated at ambient temperature (range ≈23°C-29°C) for 30 min. After 3 more washes with PBS/0.5% Tween-20, 100 μL of pretitrated staphylococcal protein-A/streptococcal protein-G horseradish peroxidase conjugate (Pierce Biotechnology, Inc., Rockford, IL, USA) diluted 1:1,000 in PBS was added for 30 min. Plates again were washed 3× with PBS-Tween-20, and 100 μL of activated ABTS substrate was added to each well. After 15 min of incubation at ambient temperature, wells were scored by using a 0-4+ system, with 0 indicating no reaction (i.e., clear, no color) and 4+ representing the strongest signal (i.e., dark green color). Samples deemed 1+, 2+, 3+, or 4+ were considered positive (very weak, weak, strong, very strong, respectively). Samples were retested under laboratory conditions with PAGEIA and standard Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) enzyme immunoassay (EIA) (5) .

Blood samples from 222 deer mice were collected during 3 trapping sessions in the summer of 2006, and 39 samples were scored as positive in the fi eld by PAGEIA; 183 were negative by the fi eld PAGEIA, repeat laboratory PAGEIA, and the standard EIA in the laboratory. One sample (HA-2564) was scored negative by fi eld and laboratory PAGEIA, but (low) positive (optical density [OD] of 0.327) by conventional EIA (Table) . Of the 39 samples that were scored positive in the fi eld, 5 discrepancies between these and laboratory tests were found (Table) . One sample (TS-0830-7) scored as 1+ in the fi eld was determined to be negative on subsequent laboratory testing by both PAGEIA and conventional EIA. The other 4 samples (HB-2628, HA-2609, HA-2616, HB-2710) were scored as positive by fi eld and laboratory PAGEIA but negative by conventional EIA. In the fi eld, each of these samples was scored as 1+ or 2+ and had ODs of 0.331-0.664 by laboratory PAGEIA. However, ODs ranged from 0.076 to 0.228 by conventional EIA. †Field scores were based upon visual inspection without instrumentation, with 0 as negative, 1+ as very weak, 2+ as weak, 3+ as strong, and 4+ as very strong, relative to positive and negative control samples. ‡Field-collected samples were retested by PAGEIA under laboratory conditions and the OD reported here. The instrument was blanked on the negative control sample. §OD >0.200 above the negative control was considered positive. ¶For laboratory EIA, OD was recorded for diluted (1:100) blood with both SNV antigen (numerator) and control antigen (denominator). #A sample tested with SNV antigen and having an OD >0.300 was considered positive if the OD of that sample with the control antigen was <0.150. In regard to sample HBV-2717, the OD of the laboratory EIA with antigen was 0.293, very near the acceptable minimum, and the background was 0.027, which is very low; this sample was considered provisionally positive.

The PAGEIA results were similar to results of conventional EIA, with a specifi city of 82.9% (184 negatives/222 total rodents) versus 84.7% (188/222) for conventional EIA. The sensitivity of the PAGEIA was 97.1% (34 positive by PAGEIA/35 positive by conventional EIA).

We have modifi ed an existing serologic assay so that it is suitable for use in the fi eld. The assay relies on a staphylococcal protein-A and streptococcal protein-G horseradish peroxidase conjugate (10) . Each protein has the capacity to bind to the Fc portions of antibodies, including immunoglobulin M (IgM) and IgA for protein A (11, 12) , but has highest affi nity for IgG subclasses of many mammalian species.

All samples scored 3+ or 4+ were also positive in laboratory tests when results were read by using a spectrophotometer. Thus, we are confi dent that such samples in the fi eld will indicate seropositive animals. Because we are suggesting that this assay be used for identifying seropositive rodents and not for determining seroprevalence (although it appears to be adequate for those studies as well) and to be conservative, we considered only samples that appeared dark green (3+ and 4+) in the fi eld assay to be positive with relative certainty. To minimize the complexity of the PAGEIA under fi eld conditions, we did not use a negative control antigen to assess nonspecifi c reactivities of serum samples. Use of this test will allow deer mice with antibody to SNV to be identifi ed. Deer mice are the population most likely to be naturally infected with that virus, and those rodents can be retained for further testing and for studies of tissues, live cells, and body fl uids to be used for subsequent laboratory investigations, such as for determining cellular immunologic responses, viremia levels, viruria levels, and virus shedding in excreta and secreta.

Additional limitations of the PAGEIA are similar to those of other serologic tests. PAGEIA can detect only seropositivity, which is not necessarily indicative of current infection or of current shedding of virus. It also binds only with high affi nity to IgG; thus, it is not useful for discriminating other immunoglobulin classes, such as IgM, the presence of which usually indicates recent infection.

Because of the broad mammalian species specifi cities of a protein-A and protein-G conjugate, the rapid PAGEIA likely can be used to test for antibodies to other antigens in other mammals. Lee et al. (7) characterized the reactivities of protein A and protein G with IgG from rodents of several species. They found that serum specimens from both sigmodontine rodent species (deer mice and hispid cotton rats, Sigmodon hispidus) they tested were recognized by protein-A and/or protein-G conjugates. Similar laboratorybased PAGEIAs have also been used to detect antibody to antigens of agents causing other infectious diseases, including severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-like viruses and Nipah virus in bats (13) (14) (15) .

Hantaviruses: a global disease problem

Serologic and genetic identifi cation of Peromyscus maniculatus as the primary rodent reservoir for a new hantavirus in the southwestern United States

Experimental infection model for Sin Nombre hantavirus in the deer mouse (Peromyscus maniculatus)

Persistent Sin Nombre virus infection in the deer mouse (Peromyscus maniculatus) model: sites of replication and strand-specifi c expression

Utilization of autopsy RNA for the synthesis of the nucleocapsid antigen of a newly recognized virus associated with hantavirus pulmonary syndrome

Rapid and specifi c detection of Sin Nombre virus antibodies in patients with hantavirus pulmonary syndrome by a strip immunoblot assay suitable for fi eld diagnosis

Detection of antibody for the serodiagnosis of hantavirus infection in different rodent species

Purifi cation and characterization of the Sin Nombre virus nucleocapsid protein expressed in Escherichia coli

Natural history of Sin Nombre virus in western Colorado

Antibodies: a laboratory manual

Differential binding of IgA proteins of different subclasses and allotypes to Staphylococcal protein A

Crystal structure of a Staphylococcus aureus protein A domain complexed with the Fab fragment of a human IgM antibody: structural basis for recognition of B-cell receptors and superantigen activity

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-like virus in Chinese horseshoe bats

Fruit bats as reservoirs of Ebola virus

Nipah virus in Lyle's fl ying foxes

We thank Brian Hjelle for helpful discussions on the manuscript.Funding was provided by NIH contract AI25489 (to T.S., C.H.C., and B.J.B.) and grant AI054461 (to T.S.). C.H.C. was also partially funded by CDC, contract US3/CCU 813420-09. Beta Beta Beta Biological Honor Society and the University of Northern Colorado also provided support (to A.A.R. and T.S., respectively).Dr Schountz is an assistant professor of microbiology in the School of Biological Sciences at the University of Northern Colorado. His research interest is the immunologic basis of persistence of zoonotic agents.