id	author	title	date	pages	extension	mime	words	sentences	flesch	summary	cache	txt
cord-324798-qh0cxp10	Tanaka, Miho	Forgoing life-sustaining treatment – a comparative analysis of regulations in Japan, Korea, Taiwan, and England	2020-10-16		.txt	text/plain	12033	550	52	There should be reflection on: (1) the definition of – and reasons for defining – the 'terminal stage' and associated criteria for making such judgements; Korea and Taiwan limit forgoing LST to patients in this stage, but there are risks associated with defining this too narrowly or broadly; (2) foregoing LST for patients who are not in this stage, as is allowed in Japan and England, because here too there are areas of controversy, including (in England) whether the law in this area does enough to respect the autonomy of (now) incapacitated patients; (3) whether 'foregoing' LST should encompass withholding and withdrawing treatment; this is also an ethically disputed area, particularly in the Asian countries we examine; (4) the family's role in end-of-life decision-making, particularly as, compared with England, the three Asian countries traditionally place a greater emphasis on families and communities than on individuals; and (5) decision-making with and for those incapacitated patients who lack families, surrogate decision-makers or ADs. CONCLUSION: Comparison of, and reflection on, the different legal positions that obtain in Japan, Korea, Taiwan, and England should prove informative and we particularly invite reflection on five areas, in the hope the ensuing discussions will help to establish better end-of-life regulatory frameworks in these countries and elsewhere.	./cache/cord-324798-qh0cxp10.txt	./txt/cord-324798-qh0cxp10.txt