# pos

id: cord-241146-j0qperwz
pos: ADD
token:
  https://www.bloomberg.com/opinion/articles/2020-05-01/coronavirus-trillions-in-aid-draws-scams-anddodgy-deals

lemma:
  https://www.bloomberg.com/opinion/articles/2020-05-01/coronavirus-trillions-in-aid-draws-scams-anddodgy-deals


id: cord-136421-hcj8jmbm
pos: NNP
token:
  https://www.thelily.com/women-academics-seem-to-be-submitting-fewer-papers-duringcoronavirus-never-seen-anything-like-it-says-one-editor/

lemma:
  https://www.thelily.com/women-academics-seem-to-be-submitting-fewer-papers-duringcoronavirus-never-seen-anything-like-it-says-one-editor/


id: cord-136421-hcj8jmbm
pos: .
token:
  ..........................................................................................................................

lemma:
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id: cord-136421-hcj8jmbm
pos: .
token:
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lemma:
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id: cord-136421-hcj8jmbm
pos: .
token:
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lemma:
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id: cord-136421-hcj8jmbm
pos: .
token:
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lemma:
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id: cord-024134-ym7ce5ux
pos: NN
token:
  https://www.who.int/dg/speeches/detail/who-director-general-sopening-remarks-at-the-media-briefing-on-covid-19-11March2020

lemma:
  https://www.who.int/dg/speeches/detail/who-director-general-sopening-remarks-at-the-media-briefing-on-covid-19-11march2020


id: cord-024134-ym7ce5ux
pos: NNP
token:
  https://www.who.int/docs/defaultsource/coronaviruse/who-china-joint-mission-on-covid-19-final-report.pdf

lemma:
  https://www.who.int/docs/defaultsource/coronaviruse/who-china-joint-mission-on-covid-19-final-report.pdf


id: cord-024134-ym7ce5ux
pos: NNP
token:
  https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2020/03/coronavirus-caseshave-dropped-sharply-south-korea-whats-secret-its-success

lemma:
  https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2020/03/coronavirus-caseshave-dropped-sharply-south-korea-whats-secret-its-success


id: cord-026371-5jrvkk60
pos: NNP
token:
  https://www.latimes.com/politics/story/2020-04-26/grocery-stores-masks-essentialworkers-shortages-federal-interference

lemma:
  https://www.latimes.com/politics/story/2020-04-26/grocery-stores-masks-essentialworkers-shortages-federal-interference


id: cord-264974-hspek930
pos: NNP
token:
  www.sixthtone.com/news/1005474/i-spent-seven-weeksin-a-wuhan-icu.-heres-what-i-learned?utm_source=sfmc

lemma:
  www.sixthtone.com/news/1005474/i-spent-seven-weeksin-a-wuhan-icu.-heres-what-i-learned?utm_source=sfmc


id: cord-299613-5ju5fcf4
pos: ADD
token:
  https://www.cnn.com/2020/04/23/opinions/struggle-between-people-and-microscopic-pathogens-mokyr/index.html

lemma:
  https://www.cnn.com/2020/04/23/opinions/struggle-between-people-and-microscopic-pathogens-mokyr/index.html


id: cord-299613-5ju5fcf4
pos: NNP
token:
  https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/covid-data/investigations-discovery/hospitalizationdeath-by-age.html

lemma:
  https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/covid-data/investigations-discovery/hospitalizationdeath-by-age.html


id: cord-299613-5ju5fcf4
pos: NNP
token:
  https://www.eeoc.gov/statistics/employment/jobpatterns/eeo1/2018/national-naics3/table?naics=311&state=&cbsa=

lemma:
  https://www.eeoc.gov/statistics/employment/jobpatterns/eeo1/2018/national-naics3/table?naics=311&state=&cbsa=


id: cord-330880-6lx66w8h
pos: NNP
token:
  https://uk.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-britain-supermarke/panic-buying-forces-british-supermarketsto-ration-food-idUKKBN21511

lemma:
  https://uk.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-britain-supermarke/panic-buying-forces-british-supermarketsto-ration-food-idUKKBN21511


id: cord-339376-2dczotbh
pos: NNP
token:
  who.int/en/what-we-do/health-topics/diseases-and-conditions/influenza/pandemicinfluenza/about-pandemic-phases

lemma:
  who.int/en/what-we-do/health-topics/diseases-and-conditions/influenza/pandemicinfluenza/about-pandemic-phases


# ent

id: cord-017733-xofwk88a
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  Panicked Investigating the Problematisation of the Australian General Public in Pandemic Influenza Control


id: cord-017733-xofwk88a
type: DATE
entity:
  the Twenty First Century Public Perceptions Anxiety and Behaviour Change in Relation to the Swine Flu Outbreak Cross Sectional Telephone Survey Mobilising Vulnerability in


id: cord-000161-hxjxczyr
type: ORG
entity:
  Ancukiewicz M National Heart Lung and Blood Institute Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome ARDS Clinical Trials Network Efficacy


id: cord-000161-hxjxczyr
type: DISEASE
entity:
  influenza A H1N1 virus after vaccination with seasonal influenza vaccine WHO Rapid Pandemic Assessment Collaboration Pandemic


id: cord-017857-fdn8c4hx
type: ORG
entity:
  the Fishermen of St Brieuc Bay Pandemic Influenza Preparedness Response and Recovery Guide for Critical Infrastructure and Key Resources European Centre for Disease Prevention


id: cord-017857-fdn8c4hx
type: ORG
entity:
  a Common Wealth Ecclesiasticall and Civil The Scientific Background of the International Sanitary Conferences


id: cord-000916-b22s00es
type: DISEASE
entity:
  influenza A H5N1 in poultry in South East Asia 14 and recent experimental results which have shown that the A H5N1 virus


id: cord-000916-b22s00es
type: DISEASE
entity:
  influenza A H5N1 virus between ferrets Experimental adaptation of an influenza H5 HA confers respiratory droplet transmission


id: cord-001634-mi5gcfcw
type: ORG
entity:
  The Guardian Australian Government Department of Health and Ageing Review of Australia s Health Sector Response


id: cord-241146-j0qperwz
type: CELL_LINE
entity:
  Fake COVID 19 Related Products UK Medicines and Medical Devices Regulator Investigating 14 Cases of Fake or Unlicensed COVID 19 Medical Products


id: cord-013275-n7sf5ude
type: DISEASE
entity:
  H1N1 swine influenza strain of 2009 have pushed pandemic influenza up the public health policy agenda


id: cord-275257-upj8mvzn
type: DNA
entity:
  CNGOF COVID 19 Pandemic Surgical Oncology Patient Care Management of cancer surgery cases during the COVID 19 pandemic considerations American College of Surgeons COVID 19 guidelines


id: cord-019057-3j2fl358
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  H1n1 Influenza Pandemic P 196 148 Stephen Holland Public Health Ethics Polity Press 2007 Pp 51 55 149 pursuance


id: cord-019057-3j2fl358
type: LAW
entity:
  Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the 1966 International Covenant on Economic Social and Cultural Rights


id: cord-019057-3j2fl358
type: ORG
entity:
  Individual Participant Data Influenza Virus Resistance to Neuraminidase Inhibitors Containing Pandemic Influenza


id: cord-019057-3j2fl358
type: GPE
entity:
  the United States Priorities for Intervention The Signature Features of Influenza Pandemics Implications for Policy


id: cord-019057-3j2fl358
type: FAC
entity:
  Africa Developing a Global Human Rights Framework for Tuberculosis Control and Prevention Africa A Practical Guide for Global Health Workers Public Ethics of Care a General Public Ethics


id: cord-000262-4owsb0bg
type: DISEASE
entity:
  influenza A H1N1 2009 monovalent vaccine United States Preparing for the next pandemic Pandemic influenza A H1N1 2009


id: cord-024134-ym7ce5ux
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  Preparing for the Perpetual Challenges of Pandemics of Coronavirus Infections with Special Focus on SARS CoV 2 date 2020 04 30


id: cord-143246-f97v2cih
type: ORG
entity:
  MERS CoV Endemic Country Occurrence Prevention and Management of the Psychological Effects of Emerging Virus Outbreaks


id: cord-143246-f97v2cih
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  The Effect of Travel Restrictions on the Spread of the 2019 Novel Coronavirus COVID 19 Outbreak The Moment to See the Poor


id: cord-160526-27kmder5
type: ORG
entity:
  methods European Medicines Agency Committee For Medicinal Products For Human Use EMA CHMP Guidance to Sponsors


id: cord-160526-27kmder5
type: ORG
entity:
  Missing Data A General Statistical Principle for Changing a Design Any Time During the Course of a Trial Robust Inference


id: cord-199156-7yxzj7tw
type: ORG
entity:
  United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs Population Division Database on Household Size and Composition


id: cord-011757-11r3dnse
type: DATE
entity:
  the 19th century 1913 1918 1908 1913 1903 1908 1898 1903 1893 1898 1883 1893 1873 1883 1863 1873 1853 1863 1843 1853 1833 1843 and 1833


id: cord-030909-6if3qquj
type: DNA
entity:
  ECLAC Santiago 38 p Encinas F Truffello R Urquiza A Valdés M 2020 Covid 19 pobreza energética y contaminación


id: cord-030909-6if3qquj
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  European ETS 32 Sachs et al 2020 The Sustainable Development Goals and Covid 19 Sustainable Development Report 2020 Cambridge Cambridge University Press 33 1 education gender


id: cord-030909-6if3qquj
type: GGP
entity:
  Investigación e Información Periodística https ciper chile cl 2020 05 15 covid 19pobre za energ etica y conta


id: cord-256432-53l24le2
type: ORG
entity:
  Applications Beijing Beijing Medical University Peking Union Medical College Joint Publishing House Research on Monitoring and Evaluation Index System of National Essential Medicine System


id: cord-007784-fq2urilg
type: DISEASE
entity:
  influenza A H1N1 viruses Genetic relatedness between the new 1977 epidemic strains H1N1 of influenza and human influenza strains isolated between 1947 and 1957 H1N1


id: cord-007784-fq2urilg
type: DISEASE
entity:
  influenza A H3N2 viruses isolated worldwide from 1994 to 2005 a cause for concern The Lancet Virulence


id: cord-007784-fq2urilg
type: DISEASE
entity:
  influenza A H1N1 virus Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications Targeting pandemic influenza a primer on influenza antivirals and drug resistance Neuraminidase inhibitors


id: cord-286288-gduhterq
type: ORG
entity:
  the International Conference of Harmonization the International Organization for Standardization and the International Medical Device Regulators Forum


id: cord-032256-7yrh16ab
type: EVENT
entity:
  Fight COVID 19 IMF Blog Business in Times of Crisis Adaptive Targeted Infectious Disease Testing Evidence Mounts


id: cord-276428-oy8e2cpx
type: ORG
entity:
  Budget to Reduce and Ultimately Eliminate Health Disparities Examining the Health Disparities Research Plan


id: cord-269958-nj0ub9in
type: DISEASE
entity:
  independence movements to xenophobic and antiimmigrant expressions within an existing state The current form of nationalist governance


id: cord-278554-rg92gcc6
type: ORG
entity:
  World Health Organization Pandemic Influenza Preparedness and Response A WHO Guidance Document Geneva World Health Organization America s Forgotten Pandemic Estimating


id: cord-278554-rg92gcc6
type: ORG
entity:
  influenza WHO Regional Office for Europe Recommendations for Good Practice in Pandemic Preparedness Identified Through Evaluation of the Response to Pandemic


id: cord-008695-y7il3hyb
type: DISEASE
entity:
  ischaemic heart disease Chronic renal disease Nephrotic syndrome chronic renal failure renal transplantation Chronic liver disease Cirrhosis inflammatory bowel disease Diabetes


id: cord-279214-7vna4uyo
type: GGP
entity:
  Rev Neurosci DOI 10 1038 s41583 020 00388 7 sha 0bd4a7bfde1adc350e1098c808d149aa9bf8004d doc_id 279214 cord_uid 7vna4uyo The COVID 19 pandemic represents a worldwide stressor Considering the influence of stress on research


id: cord-264974-hspek930
type: ORG
entity:
  CEPI Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations and GAVI Global Alliance for Vaccines and Immunizations


id: cord-289919-iqa5pxda
type: ORG
entity:
  the Ministry of Education of the People s Republic of China 19YJC630027 Shanghai Foundation of Philosophy and Social Science


id: cord-278900-3rfb1b71
type: GGP
entity:
  Soc Sci DOI 10 1016 j erss 2020 101646 sha e556a4cf39d2eeb69258e96ae820c1ff28a688fa doc_id 278900 cord_uid 3rfb1b71 Measures


id: cord-277801-auq3msc6
type: DNA
entity:
  Coronavirus Disease 2019 COVID 19 Pandemic and Beyond World Neurosurg Information for Laboratories about Coronavirus COVID 19 Telemedicine


id: cord-277801-auq3msc6
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  Neurosurgical Practice During the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 SARS CoV 2 Pandemic A Worldwide Survey World Neurosurg Impact


id: cord-277801-auq3msc6
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  A World of Opportunities for the Neurosurgeons Telemedicine in Neurosurgery Lessons Learned and Transformation of Care


id: cord-293822-axr9qu58
type: DNA
entity:
  Coronavirus Disease 2019 COVID 19 Outbreak and Mental Health Current Risks and Recommended Actions For older people despair


id: cord-293822-axr9qu58
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  The Coronavirus Disease 2019 COVID 19 Outbreak and Mental Health Current Risks and Recommended Actions


id: cord-300396-kea01a27
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  RSNA COVID 19 Task Force The Short and Long Term Financial Impact of the COVID 19 Pandemic on Private Radiology Practices date 2020 07 17 journal Radiology DOI 10 1148 radiol 2020202517 sha 76396a3a7cddc0468b68692dfd9321a669a195aa doc_id 300396 cord_uid kea01a27


id: cord-300396-kea01a27
type: CELL_LINE
entity:
  Radia Imaging Center Coronavirus Update 3 30 2020 Skagit Radiology Incorporated Professional Services Services Update Covid 19 Inslee


id: cord-307673-ekajojon
type: EVENT
entity:
  A New Covid 19 Crisis Domestic Abuse Rises Worldwide Violence Against Women and Girls Data Collection


id: cord-301264-lkfhtb1w
type: ORG
entity:
  Tourism Geographies International Journal of Infection Diseases and Journal of Tourism and Hospitality Education


id: cord-296992-2vp35fwv
type: DISEASE
entity:
  influenza A H1N1 pandemic in the Netherlands Optimizing the precision of case fatality ratio estimates under the surveillance pyramid


id: cord-299613-5ju5fcf4
type: CELL_LINE
entity:
  U S Urban Populations 1929 1937 Job Displacement and Mortality An Analysis Using Administrative Data


id: cord-299613-5ju5fcf4
type: EVENT
entity:
  the Developing World Fetal and Infant Origins of Adult Disease Papers Out of Work and Into School Labor Market Policies and College Enrollment During the Great Recession Smoke and Death Bituminous Coal


id: cord-299613-5ju5fcf4
type: ORG
entity:
  Wales Spatial Patterns in Transmissibility and Mortality Impact Proceedings Biological Sciences A Farewell


id: cord-299613-5ju5fcf4
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  Fear Lockdown and Diversion Comparing Divers of Pandemic Economic Decline 2020 NBER Working Paper 27432


id: cord-299613-5ju5fcf4
type: EVENT
entity:
  The Great Depression of Income Historical Estimates of the Longer Run Impact of Entering the Labor Market


id: cord-299613-5ju5fcf4
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  The Long Run Effects of Pandemic Influenza on the Development of Children from Elite Backgrounds Evidence


id: cord-299613-5ju5fcf4
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  The Lost Generation Scarring after the Great Recession Are Recessions Good for Your Health Healthy Living in Hard Times


id: cord-298156-d0pb1kik
type: EVENT
entity:
  Brussels COVID 19 Outbreak Rights Roles and Responsibilities of Health Workers Including Key Considerations for Occupational Safety and Health


id: cord-307690-1qqyixun
type: DISEASE
entity:
  Università degli Studi di Milano Bicocca within the CRUI CARE Agreement Conflict of Interest The authors declare that they have no competing interests Human and Animal Rights and Informed Consent This article does not contain any studies with human or animal subjects performed by any of the authors Open Access This article


id: cord-301463-jzke8fop
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  Reducing the Impact of the Next Influenza Pandemic Using Household Based Public Health Interventions Strategies


id: cord-001521-l36f1gp7
type: DNA
entity:
  Mongolian pandemic isolates 3 gene segments I PB2 2 gene segments II PB1 3 gene segments III PA 9 gene segments IV HA 3 gene segments V NP 4 gene segments VI NA 7 gene segments VII M and 3 gene segments


id: cord-001521-l36f1gp7
type: DNA
entity:
  CY050844 CY0533648 CY050846 CY050845 CY065987 CY065989 CY065990 CY 065988 CY065991 CY065985 CY065984 CY065986 CY052366 CY053365 CY054546 CY054547 CY055169 CY 055170 CY055171 CY056363 CY055308 CY057191 CY057083 CY065995 CY065997 CY065998 CY065996 CY 065999 CY065993 CY065992 CY065994 CY054548 CY054549 CY073448 All 8 genes


id: cord-001521-l36f1gp7
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  TAT 600 nm MUS_TLR4R AGGCCCCAGAGTTTTGTTC T 900 nm MUS_TLR5F CTGGGGACCCAGTATGCTAA 600 nm MUS_TLR5R ACAGCCGAAGTTCCAAGAGA 900 nm MUS_TLR7F GGAGCTCTGTCCTTGAGTGG 900 nm MUS_TLR7R CAAGGCATGTCCTAGGTGGT 600


id: cord-001521-l36f1gp7
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  NF kappaB nuclear factor kappaB TNFa tumor necrosis factor alpha TGFb transforming growth factor beta HO 1 heme oxygenase 1


id: cord-001521-l36f1gp7
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  Janus kinase signal transducers and activators of transcription signaling pathways 3 10 11 12 The in vivo experiments presented here showed that NF jB and AP 1 inhibitors


id: cord-001521-l36f1gp7
type: GGP
entity:
  Space 7 SVT 5 CF 9 BellKor 10 PF 11 and FWLS 12 Eventually the team BellKor s Pragmatic Chaos won this contest Their methods combines nonlinear probe blending


id: cord-001521-l36f1gp7
type: ORG
entity:
  World Health Organization WHO Influenza Collaboration Centers Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Atlanta


id: cord-001521-l36f1gp7
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  Manual of Diagnostic Tests and Vaccines For Terrestrial Animals Mammals Birds and Bees An avian influenza virus


id: cord-001521-l36f1gp7
type: ORG
entity:
  New Pharmaceutical Substances Moscow Ministry of Public Health Department of Quality Effectiveness and Safety


id: cord-001521-l36f1gp7
type: ORG
entity:
  USSR Ministry of Health Planning and Performance of Clinical Study of Medicines Federal Pharmaceutical Substances


id: cord-001521-l36f1gp7
type: GPE
entity:
  the Republic of Kazakhstan National Pharmacopoeia of the Republic of Kazakhstan Planning and Performance of Clinical Study of Medicines Federal


id: cord-001521-l36f1gp7
type: ORG
entity:
  a State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Control and Prevention National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention


id: cord-001521-l36f1gp7
type: ORG
entity:
  the Special Coordination Funds for Promoting Science and Technology of Ministry of Education Science Sports and Culture of Japan


id: cord-001521-l36f1gp7
type: ORG
entity:
  the Ministry of Education Culture Sports Science and Technology Japan Takeda Science Foundation Terumo Life Science Foundation


id: cord-001521-l36f1gp7
type: DISEASE
entity:
  influenza A H1N1 hemagglutinins 5 The recombinant protein was used as the antigen attached through histidine


id: cord-001521-l36f1gp7
type: DISEASE
entity:
  influenza A H1N1 2009 Specificity and clinical sensitivity of the two one step RT PCRs Fast Set InfA InfB


id: cord-001521-l36f1gp7
type: DISEASE
entity:
  influenza A H3N2 vaccinations 76 of which were given to adults over 55 years of age Consequently vaccine administration


id: cord-001521-l36f1gp7
type: DISEASE
entity:
  H5N1 infected primary human macrophages and that it played a regulatory role in the H5N1hyperinduced host pro inflammatory responses 1


id: cord-001521-l36f1gp7
type: DISEASE
entity:
  influenza A viral genotypes system 13 The work presented here is one of the first steps towards the development of a nomenclature system for influenza A virus lineages


id: cord-001521-l36f1gp7
type: DISEASE
entity:
  influenza A H1N1 pandemic 2009 positive by real time PCR Detection of influenza virus in respiratory samples was much lower with the ResPlex II


id: cord-001521-l36f1gp7
type: DISEASE
entity:
  influenza A virus NS1 protein A NS1 Figure 2A The splicing of influenza A virus M gene specific mRNA was also increased by co expression with C NS1 though it was inhibited by co expression with A NS1 Figure 2B


id: cord-001521-l36f1gp7
type: DISEASE
entity:
  influenza A H3N2 viruses isolated worldwide from 1994 to 2005 a cause for concern Surveillance of resistance to adamantanes


id: cord-001521-l36f1gp7
type: DISEASE
entity:
  influenza A H1N1 virus in the United States Isolation of oseltamivirresistant influenza A H1N1 virus of different origins


id: cord-001521-l36f1gp7
type: DISEASE
entity:
  influenza A H1N1 virus and its age specificity in Japan The transmissibility and control of pandemic influenza A H1N1 virus Effect of clinical and virological parameters on the level of neutralizing antibody against pandemic influenza A virus H1N1


id: cord-001521-l36f1gp7
type: DISEASE
entity:
  influenza A H5N1 viruses in primary human alveolar and bronchial epithelial cells Differential onset of apoptosis


id: cord-300183-z3fwtwqb
type: LAW
entity:
  COVID 19 Delayed Presentation of Acute ST Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction Complicated with Heart Failure


id: cord-314092-ph5vrba6
type: ORG
entity:
  Society for Information Management and The Management Information Systems BabyVeillance Expecting Parents Online Surveillance


id: cord-295391-e5it7nxl
type: PERSON
entity:
  Hatlan M Bin Helayel Halah Khandekar Rajiv Al Habash Ahmed Al Shahwan Sami title Residents Perceived Impact of COVID


id: cord-306259-vi997dms
type: ORG
entity:
  Global Public Health Meeting the Challenge of Influenza Pandemic Preparedness in Developing Countries Coordination of avian


id: cord-306259-vi997dms
type: ORG
entity:
  London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine World Health Organization Guide to Rapid Assessment and Response TG


id: cord-306227-63qvvkvk
type: DNA
entity:
  77752 fbcli d IwAR0 OanMR goiRz OMt2a fHrle Xytyh 49Utc 0I8J9 YOcFj v0dBa wApgS 3mFjM COVID 19 pandemic socioeconomic crisis


id: cord-324366-x3djkzqn
type: FAC
entity:
  the Rejuvenation Rebirth 2020 China Cultural Tourism and Hospitality Industry Digital Summit SARS Lessons


id: cord-324366-x3djkzqn
type: FAC
entity:
  the Rejuvenation Rebirth 2020 China Cultural Tourism and Hospitality Industry Digital Summit Coronavirus China


id: cord-324366-x3djkzqn
type: FAC
entity:
  the Rejuvenation Rebirth 2020 China Cultural Tourism and Hospitality Industry Digital Summit Perspective


id: cord-316317-5oehzarg
type: ORG
entity:
  ESNCH European Academy of Neurology Scientific Panel on Neurosonology and Neurosonology Speciality Group


id: cord-329460-wl09mlk1
type: ORG
entity:
  Pandemic European Association of Urology Guidelines Office Rapid Reaction Group An Organisation wide Collaborative Effort


id: cord-329460-wl09mlk1
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  Deferring Treatment for Genitourinary Cancers A Collaborative Review to Aid Triage and Management During the COVID 19 Pandemic Delaying


id: cord-322082-80ym2rsq
type: DISEASE
entity:
  influenza A H1N1 viruses 53 The previous prevailing dogma was that pandemic influenza was the result of the emergence of a new virus subtype However the subsequent global spread indicates that a pandemic is better defined by the global population s immunological susceptibility and antigenic distance of the new virus from other influenza viruses rather than rigid applications of virologic rules involving antigenic shift 54 The 2009 A H1N1 virus


id: cord-322082-80ym2rsq
type: DISEASE
entity:
  influenza A H1N1 virus strains Nonpharmaceutical influenza mitigation strategies US communities 1918 1920 pandemic The unidentified pandemic disease


id: cord-312094-czuw4t7i
type: CELL_LINE
entity:
  Pacific North West United States Fear and Trembling Penguin Classics London Waking up to the importance of sleep Why


id: cord-312094-czuw4t7i
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  Power Talk Communication Styles Vocalization Rates and Dominance Social Isolation Depression and Psychological Distress


id: cord-312094-czuw4t7i
type: ORG
entity:
  Time Dependent Effects of Psychosocial Stress on Fear Contextualization and Generalization A Randomized Controlled Study With Healthy Participants


id: cord-322233-1i6zj9b3
type: PROTEIN
entity:
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entity:
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id: cord-322233-1i6zj9b3
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  pandemic stressors the secondary consequences of the pandemic lockdown including lifestyle and economic disruption


id: cord-330512-nu8q72l9
type: ORG
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  the Association of State and Territorial Health Officials the National Association of County and City Health Officials NACCHO


id: cord-326851-0jxdnm1l
type: ORG
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  the Emergency Department A Theory of Cognitive Dissonance Psychological Contracts in Organizations Understanding Written and Unwritten Agreements


id: cord-316963-2ex4c7tj
type: WORK_OF_ART
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  Monitoring of Risk Perceptions and Correlates of Precautionary Behaviour Related to Human Avian Influenza


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type: ORG
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  German Federal Ministry of Education and Research BMBF Verbundprojekt Frühdetektion von Schmerzchronifizierung NoChro


id: cord-332145-rw16o02g
type: GGP
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  Parkinson s disease neurorehabilitation and providing a hotline to curb isolation in the elderly and disabled Proponents of telemedicine highlight its role in the 4 Cs better


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type: CELL_LINE
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  United States New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene Swine Infl uenza Investigation Team Monitoring the severe acute respiratory syndrome epidemic and assessing effectiveness of interventions in Hong Kong Special Administrative Region Public health measures


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  also infected with seasonal infl uenza Fifth some of the remaining pandemic infl uenza case patients


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  Center for Disease Control and Prevention CDC Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome SARS SARS Basic Fact Sheet Case


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  A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing R Foundation for Statistical Computing Cumulative


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  Paleomicrobiology Past Human Infections Health Impacts of Globalization Towards Global Governance World Health Organization Managing


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  the COVID 19 outbreak Information for Rhinologists on COVID 19 Guidance for ENT During the COVID 19 Pandemic Managing


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  China COVID 19 pandemic and mental health consequences Systematic review of the current evidence Diakogiannis I Insomnia


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type: ORG
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  Home Association of Self Perceptions of Aging Personal and Family Resources and Loneliness With Psychological Distress


id: cord-344075-ucd6ooob
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  the Covid 19 Pandemic Implications for Gerontological Social Work Using Telehealth Groups to Combat Loneliness in Older Adults Through COVID 19 COVID 19


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  Distraction Active Coping Denial Substance Use Use of Emotional Support Use of Instrumental Support Behavioural Disengagement Venting


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  Analysis of the Scientific Production of the Effect of COVID 19 on the Environment A Bibliometric Study date 2020


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  Brazil Science of the Total Environment National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration NOAA 2020 Global Monitoring Laboratory Trends


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  increase social distancing Perform an ongoing assessment of risks from the interaction of all potential hazards Take proactive


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  RSNA COVID 19 Task Force The Short and Long Term Financial Impact of the COVID 19 Pandemic on Private Radiology Practices The coronavirus claims two Georgia health care workers Risk of COVID 19 among front line health care workers and the general community a prospective cohort study Safety


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  The Impact of the COVID 19 Pandemic on the Radiology Research Enterprise Radiology Scientific Expert Panel Preserving


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  The Navy Eyes Replacing Its Hospital Ships With A Fleet of Smaller Medical Vessels Megacities and Large Urban Agglomerations


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  COVID COVID COVID COVID 19 pandemic in 19 pandemic in 19 pandemic in 19 pandemic in the the Middle East the the Middle East the the Middle East Introduction Introduction Introduction Introduction The World Health Organisation officially announced the coronavirus disease 2019 COVID 19 outbreak as a pandemic in March 2020 1


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  the American Association for Public Opinion Research NSW Population Health Survey Review of Weighting Procedures Australian Bureau of Statistics Census of Population and Housing Effects


# bib

id: cord-000042-9mma6rva
title: Science into policy: preparing for pandemic influenza
author: Harper, D. R.
date: 2008-07-04
txt: ./txt/cord-000042-9mma6rva.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-000042-9mma6rva.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2638901/
doi: 10.1093/pubmed/fdn049
summary:
  Under the auspices of the UK Scientific Advisory Group on Pandemic Influenza, five scientific papers dealing with the main clinical countermeasures (antivirals, pre-pandemic and pandemic specific vaccines, antibiotics and facemasks) and the risk of a pandemic originating from an H5N1 virus were developed. Revised papers were then submitted to the Scientific Advisory Group for final endorsement as reflecting an accurate and comprehensive summary of the state of knowledge in June 2007. 1 Papers reviewing the scientific evidence base in the following areas are available at: http://www.advisorybodies.doh.gov.uk/ spi/evidence.htm (i) The use of antiviral drugs in a pandemic; (ii) pre-pandemic and pandemic specific influenza vaccines; (iii) the use of antibiotics for pandemic influenza; (iv) the use of face masks during a pandemic; and (v) the risk of a pandemic originating from H5N1. Scientific Advisory Group on Pandemic Influenza, review of the evidence base underpinning clinical countermeasures and risk from H5N1

abstract:
  Authoratative government pandemic preparedness requires an evidence-based approach. The scientific advisory process that has informed the current UK pandemic preparedness plans is described. The final endorsed scientific papers are now publicly available.


id: cord-000161-hxjxczyr
title: Clinical review: Primary influenza viral pneumonia
author: Rello, Jordi
date: 2009-12-21
txt: ./txt/cord-000161-hxjxczyr.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-000161-hxjxczyr.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2811908/
doi: 10.1186/cc8183
summary:
  Primary influenza pneumonia has a high mortality rate during pandemics, not only in immunocompromised individuals and patients with underlying comorbid conditions, but also in young healthy adults. Pneumonia and the acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) account for the majority of severe morbidity and mortality that accompany pandemic influenza infection [14] . A recent analysis of lung specimens from 77 fatal cases of pandemic H1N1v 2009 infection found a prevalence of concurrent bacterial pneumonia in 29% of these patients [31] . A recent World Health Organization treatment guideline for pharmacological management of 2009 pandemic H1N1v influenza A recommends the consideration of higher doses of oseltamivir (150 mg twice a day) and longer duration of treatment for patients with severe influenza pneumonia or clinical deterioration [44] . The rapid progression from initial typical influenza symptoms to extensive pulmonary involvement, with acute lung injury, can occur both in patients with underlying respiratory or cardiac morbidities and in young healthy adults, especially if obese or pregnant.

abstract:
  Primary influenza pneumonia has a high mortality rate during pandemics, not only in immunocompromised individuals and patients with underlying comorbid conditions, but also in young healthy adults. Clinicians should maintain a high index of suspicion for this diagnosis in patients presenting with influenza-like symptoms that progress quickly (2 to 5 days) to respiratory distress and extensive pulmonary involvement. The sensitivity of rapid diagnostic techniques in identifying infections with the pandemic 2009 H1N1v influenza strain is currently suboptimal. The most reliable real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction molecular testing is available in limited clinical settings. Despite 6 months of pandemic circulation, most novel H1N1v pandemic strains remain susceptible to oseltamivir. Ensuring an appropriate oxygenation and ventilation strategy, as well as prompt initiation of antiviral therapy, is essential in management.


id: cord-000262-4owsb0bg
title: Reflections on Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 and the International Response
author: Leung, Gabriel M.
date: 2010-10-05
txt: ./txt/cord-000262-4owsb0bg.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-000262-4owsb0bg.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2950129/
doi: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1000346
summary:
  In settings like Hong Kong, with the infrastructure and resources to implement such measures and N Decisions regarding pandemic response during the exigencies of a public health emergency must be judged according to the best evidence available at the time. Reduce and delay community spread somewhat at the earliest stage to allow better preparation for mitigation response [15] Completely prevent entry of infected individuals due to suboptimal sensitivity and asymptomatic (including infected and within incubation period) or subclinical presentation [16] Many countries did not attempt these measures because of logistics, stage of pandemic [22] or other cost-benefit considerations [16] China Hong Kong SAR Japan Personal protective measures (e.g., face masks, hand hygiene, cough etiquette, early self-isolation when ill) Reduce risk of infection to self and close contacts (if self is ill and infected) [27, 28] Have not been evaluated whether they can provide significant populationlevel protection

abstract:
  Gabriel Leung and Angus Nicoll provide their reflections on the international response to the 2009 H1N1 influenza pandemic, including what went well and what changes need to be made in anticipation of future flu pandemics.


id: cord-000916-b22s00es
title: Economic analysis of pandemic influenza mitigation strategies for five pandemic severity categories
author: Kelso, Joel K
date: 2013-03-08
txt: ./txt/cord-000916-b22s00es.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-000916-b22s00es.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3606600/
doi: 10.1186/1471-2458-13-211
summary:
  This study estimates the effectiveness and total cost (from a societal perspective, with a lifespan time horizon) of a comprehensive range of social distancing and antiviral drug strategies, under a range of pandemic severity categories. For severe pandemics of category 3 (CFR 0.75%) and greater, a strategy combining antiviral treatment and prophylaxis, extended school closure and community contact reduction resulted in the lowest total cost of any strategy, costing $1,584 per person at category 5. For severe pandemics of category 3 (CFR 0.75%) and greater, a strategy combining antiviral treatment and prophylaxis, extended school closure and community contact reduction resulted in the lowest total cost of any strategy, costing $1,584 per person at category 5. Keywords: Pandemic influenza, Economic analysis, Antiviral medication, Social distancing, Pandemic severity, Case fatality ratio Background While the H1N1 2009 virus spread world-wide and was classed as a pandemic, the severity of resulting symptoms, as quantified by morbidity and mortality rates, was lower than that which had previously occurred in many seasonal epidemics [1] [2] [3] .

abstract:
  BACKGROUND: The threat of emergence of a human-to-human transmissible strain of highly pathogenic influenza A(H5N1) is very real, and is reinforced by recent results showing that genetically modified A(H5N1) may be readily transmitted between ferrets. Public health authorities are hesitant in introducing social distancing interventions due to societal disruption and productivity losses. This study estimates the effectiveness and total cost (from a societal perspective, with a lifespan time horizon) of a comprehensive range of social distancing and antiviral drug strategies, under a range of pandemic severity categories. METHODS: An economic analysis was conducted using a simulation model of a community of ~30,000 in Australia. Data from the 2009 pandemic was used to derive relationships between the Case Fatality Rate (CFR) and hospitalization rates for each of five pandemic severity categories, with CFR ranging from 0.1% to 2.5%. RESULTS: For a pandemic with basic reproduction number R(0) = 1.8, adopting no interventions resulted in total costs ranging from $441 per person for a pandemic at category 1 (CFR 0.1%) to $8,550 per person at category 5 (CFR 2.5%). For severe pandemics of category 3 (CFR 0.75%) and greater, a strategy combining antiviral treatment and prophylaxis, extended school closure and community contact reduction resulted in the lowest total cost of any strategy, costing $1,584 per person at category 5. This strategy was highly effective, reducing the attack rate to 5%. With low severity pandemics costs are dominated by productivity losses due to illness and social distancing interventions, whereas higher severity pandemic costs are dominated by healthcare costs and costs arising from productivity losses due to death. CONCLUSIONS: For pandemics in high severity categories the strategies with the lowest total cost to society involve rigorous, sustained social distancing, which are considered unacceptable for low severity pandemics due to societal disruption and cost.


id: cord-001521-l36f1gp7
title: Oral and Poster Manuscripts
author: nan
date: 2011-04-08
txt: ./txt/cord-001521-l36f1gp7.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-001521-l36f1gp7.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4313891/
doi: 10.1111/j.1750-2659.2011.00209.x
abstract: nan
summary:
  The IC 50 values determined in functional NI assays provide valuable information for detection of resistant viruses, but should not be used to draw direct correlations with drug concentrations needed to inhibit virus replication in the infected human host, as clinical data to support such inferences are inadequate. • Standardized reagents and protocols • Choice of detection technology • Simple instrumentation requirements • High sensitivity for use with low virus concentrations • Compatibility with batch-mode processing and largescale assay throughput • Broad specificity of influenza detection • Flexibility in assay format • Additional NA assay applications -cell-based viral assays, screening for new NIs, detection of NA from other organisms Functional neuraminidase inhibition assays enable detection of any resistance mutation and are extremely important in conjunction with sequence-based screening assays for global monitoring of virus isolates for NI resistance mutations, including known and new mutations. Such new assays need to include methods to measure local antibodies and virus-specific lymphocytes, especially in the case of live attenuated influenza vaccines, because of their potential to induce such broad-based immune responses.


id: cord-001634-mi5gcfcw
title: Beyond resistance: social factors in the general public response to pandemic influenza
author: Davis, Mark D M
date: 2015-04-29
txt: ./txt/cord-001634-mi5gcfcw.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-001634-mi5gcfcw.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4419473/
doi: 10.1186/s12889-015-1756-8
summary:
  In relation to pandemic influenza, public communications feature in preparedness and response planning which requires that members of the general public adopt measures during a public health emergency, including: hygiene (e.g., covering the mouth and nose when sneezing or coughing, washing hands, keeping surfaces clean, avoiding sharing personal items) and the avoidance of close contact with others [4] . This paper, therefore, uses inductive, qualitative research methods to develop new knowledge on how members of the general population respond to pandemic influenza, set against the backdrop of the assumed resistance on the part of the general public and related critiques, including, health risk fatigue, the risk communication dilemma and individualism. The research aimed to identify how members of the general public respond to pandemic influenza so that public health communications can be designed to engage with how its audiences respond to risk messages and how they enact hygiene, social isolation and related measures.

abstract:
  BACKGROUND: Influencing the general public response to pandemics is a public health priority. There is a prevailing view, however, that the general public is resistant to communications on pandemic influenza and that behavioural responses to the 2009/10 H1N1 pandemic were not sufficient. Using qualitative methods, this paper investigates how members of the general public respond to pandemic influenza and the hygiene, social isolation and other measures proposed by public health. Going beyond the commonly deployed notion that the general public is resistant to public health communications, this paper examines how health individualism, gender and real world constraints enable and limit individual action. METHODS: In-depth interviews (n = 57) and focus groups (ten focus groups; 59 individuals) were conducted with community samples in Melbourne, Sydney and Glasgow. Participants were selected according to maximum variation sampling using purposive criteria, including: 1) pregnancy in 2009/2010; 2) chronic illness; 3) aged 70 years and over; 4) no disclosed health problems. Verbatim transcripts were subjected to inductive, thematic analysis. RESULTS: Respondents did not express resistance to public health communications, but gave insight into how they interpreted and implemented guidance. An individualistic approach to pandemic risk predominated. The uptake of hygiene, social isolation and vaccine strategies was constrained by seeing oneself ‘at risk’ but not ‘a risk’ to others. Gender norms shape how members of the general public enact hygiene and social isolation. Other challenges pertained to over-reliance on perceived remoteness from risk, expectation of recovery from infection and practical constraints on the uptake of vaccination. CONCLUSIONS: Overall, respondents were engaged with public health advice regarding pandemic influenza, indicating that the idea of public resistance has limited explanatory power. Public communications are endorsed, but challenges persist. Individualistic approaches to pandemic risk inhibit acting for the benefit of others and may deepen divisions in the community according to health status. Public communications on pandemics are mediated by gender norms that may overburden women and limit the action of men. Social research on the public response to pandemics needs to focus on the social structures and real world settings and relationships that shape the action of individuals.


id: cord-003302-vxk7uqlc
title: Influenza, evolution, and the next pandemic
author: Fedson, David S
date: 2018-10-03
txt: ./txt/cord-003302-vxk7uqlc.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-003302-vxk7uqlc.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6234328/
doi: 10.1093/emph/eoy027
summary:
  These studies help explain the lower mortality in children compared with adults seen in the 1918 influenza pandemic and in many other types of acute illness. They agree with Worobey et al that early life antigenic imprinting might have led to a dysregulated T-cell response that increased the risk of death following infection in 1918 with a new and antigenically dissimilar influenza virus. In trying to understand the ''mystery'' of greater mortality among young adults during the 1918 pandemic, scientists have studied influenza viruses and the human response to previous infection. Considered with evidence from endotoxemic mice [28] and other studies [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] , their findings suggest that the mortality impact of pandemic and seasonal influenza and other forms of acute critical illness might be reduced by treating the host response.

abstract:
  Mortality rates in influenza appear to have been shaped by evolution. During the 1918 pandemic, mortality rates were lower in children compared with adults. This mortality difference occurs in a wide variety of infectious diseases. It has been replicated in mice and might be due to greater tolerance of infection, not greater resistance. Importantly, combination treatment with inexpensive and widely available generic drugs (e.g. statins and angiotensin receptor blockers) might change the damaging host response in adults to a more tolerant response in children. These drugs might work by modifying endothelial dysfunction, mitochondrial biogenesis and immunometabolism. Treating the host response might be the only practical way to reduce global mortality during the next influenza pandemic. It might also help reduce mortality due to seasonal influenza and other forms of acute critical illness. To realize these benefits, we need laboratory and clinical studies of host response treatment before and after puberty.


id: cord-003340-nqc1pduk
author: Dahal, Sushma
date: 2018-07-26
txt: ./txt/cord-003340-nqc1pduk.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-003340-nqc1pduk.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6269250/
doi: 10.1093/aje/kwy146
summary:
  title: Natality Decline and Spatial Variation in Excess Death Rates During the 1918–1920 Influenza Pandemic in Arizona, United States Moreover, excess mortality rates were highest in northern Arizona counties, where Native Americans were historically concentrated, suggesting a link between ethnic and/or sociodemographic factors and risk of pandemic-related death. Moreover, excess mortality rates were highest in northern Arizona counties, where Native Americans were historically concentrated, suggesting a link between ethnic and/or sociodemographic factors and risk of pandemic-related death. We also analyzed 21,334 individual birth certificates to quantify the impact of the 1918-1920 influenza pandemic on natality fluctuations in Maricopa county, the most populous county in Arizona state. Likewise, our results suggest that northern counties in Arizona with high Native American population density (e.g., Apache, Coconino, and Navajo) experienced higher excess pandemic death rates compared with other counties in the state.

title:
  Natality Decline and Spatial Variation in Excess Death Rates During the 1918–1920 Influenza Pandemic in Arizona, United States

abstract:
  A large body of epidemiologic research has concentrated on the 1918 influenza pandemic, but more work is needed to understand spatial variation in pandemic mortality and its effects on natality. We collected and analyzed 35,151 death records from Arizona for 1915–1921 and 21,334 birth records from Maricopa county for 1915–1925. We estimated the number of excess deaths and births before, during, and after the pandemic period, and we found a significant decline in the number of births occurring 9–11 months after peak pandemic mortality. Moreover, excess mortality rates were highest in northern Arizona counties, where Native Americans were historically concentrated, suggesting a link between ethnic and/or sociodemographic factors and risk of pandemic-related death. The relationship between birth patterns and pandemic mortality risk should be further studied at different spatial scales and in different ethnic groups.


id: cord-003466-599x0euj
author: Nickol, Michaela E.
date: 2019-02-06
txt: ./txt/cord-003466-599x0euj.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-003466-599x0euj.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6364422/
doi: 10.1186/s12879-019-3750-8
summary:
  MAIN TEXT: The 1918 H1N1 pandemic virus spread across Europe, North America, and Asia over a 12-month period resulting in an estimated 500 million infections and 50–100 million deaths worldwide, of which ~ 50% of these occurred within the fall of 1918 (Emerg Infect Dis 12:15-22, 2006, Bull Hist Med 76:105-115, 2002). Influenza viruses have posed a continual threat to global public health since at least as early as the Middle Ages, resulting in an estimated 3-5 million cases of severe illness and 291,243-645,832 deaths annually worldwide, according to a recent estimate [1] . To be considered a pandemic, an influenza virus must: i) spread globally from a distinct location with high rates of infectivity resulting in increased mortality; and ii) the hemagglutinin (HA) cannot be related to influenza strains circulating prior to the outbreak nor have resulted from mutation [14, 15] .

title:
  A year of terror and a century of reflection: perspectives on the great influenza pandemic of 1918–1919

abstract:
  BACKGROUND: In the spring of 1918, the “War to End All Wars”, which would ultimately claim more than 37 million lives, had entered into its final year and would change the global political and economic landscape forever. At the same time, a new global threat was emerging and would become one of the most devastating global health crises in recorded history. MAIN TEXT: The 1918 H1N1 pandemic virus spread across Europe, North America, and Asia over a 12-month period resulting in an estimated 500 million infections and 50–100 million deaths worldwide, of which ~ 50% of these occurred within the fall of 1918 (Emerg Infect Dis 12:15-22, 2006, Bull Hist Med 76:105-115, 2002). However, the molecular factors that contributed to the emergence of, and subsequent public health catastrophe associated with, the 1918 pandemic virus remained largely unknown until 2005, when the characterization of the reconstructed pandemic virus was announced heralding a new era of advanced molecular investigations (Science 310:77-80, 2005). In the century following the emergence of the 1918 pandemic virus we have landed on the Moon, developed the electronic computer (and a global internet), and have eradicated smallpox. In contrast, we have a largely remedial knowledge and understanding of one of the greatest scourges in recorded history. CONCLUSION: Here, we reflect on the 1918 influenza pandemic, including its emergence and subsequent rapid global spread. In addition, we discuss the pathophysiology associated with the 1918 virus and its predilection for the young and healthy, the rise of influenza therapeutic research following the pandemic, and, finally, our level of preparedness for future pandemics.


id: cord-003571-upogtny6
title: The 1918 Influenza Pandemic: Looking Back, Looking Forward
author: Viboud, Cécile
date: 2018-10-20
txt: ./txt/cord-003571-upogtny6.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-003571-upogtny6.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6454441/
doi: 10.1093/aje/kwy207
summary:
  In the present commentary, we place these 12 articles in the context of a growing body of work on the archeo-epidemiology of past pandemics, the socioeconomic and geographic drivers of influenza mortality and natality impact, and renewed interest in immune imprinting mechanisms and the development of novel influenza vaccines. In the present commentary, we place these 12 articles in the context of a growing body of work on the archeo-epidemiology of past pandemics, the socioeconomic and geographic drivers of influenza mortality and natality impact, and renewed interest in immune imprinting mechanisms and the development of novel influenza vaccines. age patterns; history of epidemiology; influenza; mortality; pandemic; prior immunity One hundred years after the fact, the 1918 influenza pandemic remains one of the most important epidemics of the modern medical era; it was significant for its impact on both human health and the development of epidemiology and other medical sciences.

abstract:
  In commemoration of the centennial of the 1918 influenza pandemic, the American Journal of Epidemiology has convened a collection of 12 articles that further illuminate the epidemiology of that pandemic and consider whether we would be more prepared if an equally deadly influenza virus were to emerge again. In the present commentary, we place these 12 articles in the context of a growing body of work on the archeo-epidemiology of past pandemics, the socioeconomic and geographic drivers of influenza mortality and natality impact, and renewed interest in immune imprinting mechanisms and the development of novel influenza vaccines. We also highlight persisting mysteries in the origins and severity of the 1918 pandemic and the need to preserve rapidly decaying information that may provide treasure troves for future generations.


id: cord-006100-zvb7bxix
author: Connolly, John
date: 2015-06-01
txt: ./txt/cord-006100-zvb7bxix.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-006100-zvb7bxix.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7098008/
doi: 10.1108/dpm-09-2014-0196
summary:
  The paper also serves to identify that although contingencies management for epidemiological issues require technical and scientific considerations to feature in governance arrangements, equally there are key "wicked problems" in the context public policy that pervade the health security sector. There are studies which consider crisis management, resilience and risk in the context of UK public policy (e.g. McConnell, 2003; Drennan and McConnell, 2006; Brassett et al., 2013) , however, there are very few case-based research studies which illustrate crisis and disaster governance challenges from the perspective of those institutions and policy actors that are responsible for managing such "wicked problems" from a macro-level policy position. The wicked problem of UK territorial governance UK policy actors (i.e. in Scottish and UK governments) in the area of health security have highlighted the domestic state-level challenges of managing planning for pandemic disease within UK borders and the political dimensions to this process.

title:
  The “wicked problems” of governing UK health security disaster prevention: The case of pandemic influenza

abstract:
  PURPOSE: The purpose of this paper is to examine the governance and policy-making challenges in the context of “wicked problems” based on the case of pandemic influenza. DESIGN/METHODOLOGY/APPROACH: The case study research is based on an analysis of official documentation and interviews with policy elites at multiple levels of UK governance. FINDINGS: Results of this study show that policy actors regard risk communication, the dynamics of international public policy and UK territorial governance as the main governance challenges in the management of influenza at a macro-level. The paper also serves to identify that although contingencies management for epidemiological issues require technical and scientific considerations to feature in governance arrangements, equally there are key “wicked problems” in the context public policy that pervade the health security sector. PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS: The study indicates the need to build in resources at a national level to plan for policy coordination challenges in areas that might at first be seen as devoid of political machinations (such as technical areas of public policy that might be underpinned by epidemiological processes). The identification of the major governance challenges that emerge from the pandemic influenza case study is a springboard for a research agenda in relation to the analysis of the parallels and paradoxes of governance challenges for health security across EU member states. ORIGINALITY/VALUE: This paper provides a novel interrogation of the pandemic influenza case study in the context of UK governance and public policy by providing a strategic policy lens from perspective of elites.


id: cord-006130-x8kl9bx4
title: Ethics, Pandemic Planning and Communications
author: Lee, Connal
date: 2014-05-27
txt: ./txt/cord-006130-x8kl9bx4.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-006130-x8kl9bx4.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7099310/
doi: 10.1007/bf03351458
summary:
  In the following sections, we argue for ethical pandemic communications that overcome barriers to accessing information and avoid inequalities imposed by current media arrangements. Addressing inequalities in access therefore requires making information directly accessible for the public and ensuring that information is sensitive to the varying needs and interests of different individuals and groups in society so that it is information that people have the capacity to act on. This is inadequate communication from an ethical point of view, as it places the burden of responsibility on individuals to access information.P In planning for a public health crisis such as a pandemic, there needs to be more than a formal capacity to access necessary information. 22 Given the potential for increased burden of disease amongst the disadvantaged, it may be particularly harmful for the effective implementation of pandemic plans if less well-off sections of the community and vulnerable groups are not given a voice through the media.

abstract:
  In this article we examine the role and ethics of communications in planning for an influenza pandemic. We argue that ethical communication must not only he effective, so that pandemic plans can be successfully implemented, communications should also take specific account of the needs of the disadvantaged, so that they are not further disenfranchised. This will require particular attention to the role of the mainstream media which may disadvantage the vulnerable through misrepresentation and exclusion.


id: cord-007681-vhghhvnu
title: Prioritization of Pandemic Influenza Vaccine: Rationale and Strategy for Decision Making
author: Schwartz, Benjamin
date: 2009-06-15
txt: ./txt/cord-007681-vhghhvnu.txt
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url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7120171/
doi: 10.1007/978-3-540-92165-3_24
summary:
  Factors contributing to the decision to reassess the recommendations included a shift in national pandemic planning assumptions to a more severe pandemic scenario extrapolated from the 1918 pandemic (Table 1 ); recognition that the HHS guidance did not include groups that could be considered for prioritization such as border protection personnel or the military; a broader understanding of the risk to essential services stimulated by the NIAC report; and a series of public engagement meetings convened by the CDC, where participants identified protecting essential community services as the most important goal for pandemic vaccination rather than protecting those who are at highest risk (Public Engagement Pilot Project on Pandemic Influenza 2005). Reflecting the similar value placed by the public on protecting persons who provide pandemic healthcare, who maintain essential community services or are at high occupational risk, and protecting children, each of the highest vaccination tiers for a severe pandemic includes groups from each category (Table 4) .

abstract:
  Few catastrophes can compare with the global impact of a severe influenza pandemic. The 1918–1919 pandemic was associated with more than 500,000 deaths in the USA and an estimated 20–40 million deaths worldwide, though some place the global total much higher. In an era when infectious disease mortality had been steadily decreasing, the 1918–1919 pandemic caused a large spike in overall population mortality, temporarily reversing decades of progress. The US Department of Health and Human Services, extrapolating from the 1918–1919 pandemic to the current US population size and demographics, has estimated that a comparable pandemic today would result in almost two million deaths. Vaccination is an important component of a pandemic response. Public health measures such as reduction of close contacts with others, improved hygiene, and respiratory protection with facemasks or respirators can reduce the risk of exposure and illness (Germann et al. 2006; Ferguson et al. 2006), but would not reduce susceptibility among the population. Prophylaxis with antiviral medications also may prevent illness but depends on the availability of large antiviral drug stockpiles and also does not provide long-term immunity. By contrast, immunization with a well-matched pandemic vaccine would provide active immunity and represent the most durable pandemic response. However, given current timelines for the development of a pandemic influenza vaccine and its production capacity, vaccine is likely not to be available in sufficient quantities to protect the entire population before pandemic outbreaks occur, and thus potentially limited stocks may need to be prioritized. This chapter reviews information on influenza vaccine production capacity, describes approaches used in the USA to set priorities for vaccination in the setting of limited supply, and presents a proposed strategy for prioritization.


id: cord-007784-fq2urilg
title: Influenza Pandemics
author: Elderfield, Ruth
date: 2011-09-22
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7123151/
doi: 10.1007/978-1-4614-0204-6_8
abstract:
  The recent H1N1 pandemic that emerged in 2009 has illustrated how swiftly a new influenza virus can circulate the globe. Here we explain the origins of the 2009 pandemic virus, and other twentieth century pandemics. We also consider the impact of the 2009 pandemic in the human population and the use of vaccines and antiviral drugs. Thankfully this outbreak was much less severe than that associated with Spanish flu in 1918. We describe the viral factors that affect virulence of influenza and speculate on the future course of this virus in humans and animals.


id: cord-007897-evz3gwac
title: Influenza pandemic planning: One organization''s experience
author: Amirov, Chingiz
date: 2010-06-25
txt: ./txt/cord-007897-evz3gwac.txt
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mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7126562/
doi: 10.1016/s0840-4704(10)60253-0
summary:
  This article highlights influenza pandemic planning by a geriatric facility in order to ensure preparedness for staff, clients and families. This article highlights influenza pandemic planning by a geriatric facility in order to ensure preparedness for staff, clients and families. The key driver for getting started stemmed from our participation on the Toronto Academic Health Sciences Network (TAHSN) Pandemic Planning Committee. Representation on the facility pandemic planning committee included medicine, nursing, infection prevention and control, occupational health and safety, allied health, pharmacy, purchasing, public affairs, information management, human resources, education and bioethics. Our approach was to develop a high-level plan for each area represented on the committee, followed by a detailed tactical plan, culminating in a table-top simulation exercise to test our plans and identify gaps. Meetings were held with the facilitators to familiarize them with both the organization and the facility''s influenza pandemic plan, and finalize the script for the simulation.

abstract:
  This article highlights influenza pandemic planning by a geriatric facility in order to ensure preparedness for staff, clients and families. By describing our experience, we hope that other facilities that provide geriatric, long-term care services are able to advance their own pandemic plans.


id: cord-008695-y7il3hyb
author: nan
date: 2007-01-25
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7133687/
doi: 10.1016/s0163-4453(07)60001-2
abstract: nan
title:
  Pandemic Flu: Clinical management of patients with an influenza-like illness during an influenza pandemic


id: cord-011757-11r3dnse
author: van Wijhe, Maarten
date: 2018-09-06
txt: ./txt/cord-011757-11r3dnse.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-011757-11r3dnse.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7314280/
doi: 10.1093/aje/kwy148
summary:
  We address the hypothesis of "original antigenic sin" (1)-that early childhood exposure may determine death risk during influenza pandemics encountered later in life-which may explain why some age cohorts fared differently in this pandemic. This hypothesis has brewed for some time (2) , and detailed analyses of 1918 data from Kentucky (3) as well as analysis of the dramatically different age patterns among victims of avian H5N1 and H7N9 influenza who were born before and after the 1968 pandemic (4-6) have brought new steam to this old question. To further investigate the age-related patterns of death rates and risk change points in 1918, we analyzed monthly all-cause and age-stratified mortality data from Copenhagen to address the antigenic sin hypothesis. So far, the observation that adults older than 45 years suffered no excess mortality in cities like New York City and in Copenhagen has been interpreted as evidence of "recycling" of the H1 antigen that age group had encountered during their childhood some 50 years earlier (18, 20) .

title:
  Loose Ends in the Epidemiology of the 1918 Pandemic: Explaining the Extreme Mortality Risk in Young Adults

abstract:
  In the century since the 1918 influenza pandemic, insights have been sought to explain the pandemic’s signature pattern of high death rates in young adults and low death rates in the elderly and infants. Our understanding of the origin and evolution of the pandemic has shifted considerably. We review evidence of the characteristic age-related pattern of death during the 1918 pandemic relative to the “original antigenic sin” hypothesis. We analyze age-stratified mortality data from Copenhagen around 1918 to identify break points associated with unusual death risk. Whereas infants had no meaningful risk elevation, death risk gradually increased, peaking for young adults 20–34 years of age before dropping sharply for adults ages 35–44 years, suggesting break points for birth cohorts around 1908 and 1878. Taken together with data from previous studies, there is strong evidence that those born before 1878 or after 1908 were not at increased risk of dying of 1918 pandemic influenza. Although the peak death risk coincided with the 1889–1892 pandemic, the 1908 and 1878 break points do not correspond with known pandemics. An increasing number of interdisciplinary studies covering fields such as virology, phylogenetics, death, and serology offer exciting insights into patterns and reasons for the unusual extreme 1918 pandemic mortality risk in young adults.


id: cord-013275-n7sf5ude
author: Drake, Tom
date: 2013-12-24
txt: ./txt/cord-013275-n7sf5ude.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-013275-n7sf5ude.txt
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mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7574603/
doi: 10.1093/heapol/czt101
summary:
  We therefore use multivariate Monte Carlo simulation to sample parameter values from uniform distributions of six model parameters (time-to-pandemic, case fatality proportion, hospitalization proportion, discount rate, intervention cost and intervention effectiveness), repeating 20 000 times to produce results from a wide range of parameter combinations. The purpose of this study is to determine whether uncertainty in the number of years before a pandemic occurs (time-topandemic) is important in cost-effectiveness analysis. Using elasticity to measure parameter importance is a logical step from routine sensitivity analysis of economic evaluation, which commonly presents a change in ICER given fixed univariate changes in an input parameter. simulations cost effective at a willingness-to-pay of US$900 per DALY averted does not differ substantially with different timeto-pandemic sampling distributions and the contribution of time-to-pandemic to uncertainty in the ICER remains high compared with other model parameters as measured by the MI. Mathematical models to assess the cost effectiveness of pandemic preparedness options should include probabilistic sensitivity or uncertainty analysis of time-to-pandemic.

title:
  Buy now, saved later? The critical impact of time-to-pandemic uncertainty on pandemic cost-effectiveness analyses

abstract:
  Background Investment in pandemic preparedness is a long-term gamble, with the return on investment coming at an unknown point in the future. Many countries have chosen to stockpile key resources, and the number of pandemic economic evaluations has risen sharply since 2009. We assess the importance of uncertainty in time-to-pandemic (and associated discounting) in pandemic economic evaluation, a factor frequently neglected in the literature to-date. Methods We use a probability tree model and Monte Carlo parameter sampling to consider the cost effectiveness of antiviral stockpiling in Cambodia under parameter uncertainty. Mean elasticity and mutual information (MI) are used to assess the importance of time-to-pandemic compared with other parameters. We also consider the sensitivity to choice of sampling distribution used to model time-to-pandemic uncertainty. Results Time-to-pandemic and discount rate are the primary drivers of sensitivity and uncertainty in pandemic cost effectiveness models. Base case cost effectiveness of antiviral stockpiling ranged between is US$112 and US$3599 per DALY averted using historical pandemic intervals for time-to-pandemic. The mean elasticities for time-to-pandemic and discount rate were greater than all other parameters. Similarly, the MI scores for time to pandemic and discount rate were greater than other parameters. Time-to-pandemic and discount rate were key drivers of uncertainty in cost-effectiveness results regardless of time-to-pandemic sampling distribution choice. Conclusions Time-to-pandemic assumptions can “substantially” affect cost-effectiveness results and, in our model, is a greater contributor to uncertainty in cost-effectiveness results than any other parameter. We strongly recommend that cost-effectiveness models include probabilistic analysis of time-to-pandemic uncertainty.


id: cord-015646-tt2p9uue
title: Global Strategies and Response Measures to the Influenza A (H1N1) Pandemic
author: Xue, Lan
date: 2018-11-24
txt: ./txt/cord-015646-tt2p9uue.txt
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url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7114975/
doi: 10.1007/978-981-13-0644-0_2
summary:
  20 In response to the ongoing global pandemic, the WHO stressed the importance for countries to carry out inoculations and to set forth three goals for their vaccination strategies, i.e. ensuring the normal operation of national healthcare systems, lowering morbidity and mortality, and minimizing possibilities of community-level outbreaks. In Australia, funds for prevention and control against Influenza A (H1N1) originated mainly from the federal government, which was used specifically for monitoring pandemic development, stockpiling and distributing antiviral drugs, training medical personnel, providing free vaccinations for citizens, and assisting developing countries with prevention and control efforts. The federal government spent 43 million USD on antiviral drugs, 1.4 million USD on the purchasing of automatic detection equipment for the National Influenza Center and other public health laboratories, 4 million USD on training general practitioners across the country, and 3 million USD on a donation to the WHO which was used in aiding developing countries, especially those neighboring Australia, with pandemic monitoring, detection, preparation and response.

abstract:
  As an infectious respiratory disease, influenza is prone to cause pandemics for its fast mutation, easy dissemination, susceptibility to humans, and its elusive nature in terms of treatment. Three influenza pandemics occurred in the 20th century which caused huge losses worldwide.


id: cord-017008-c7skxte0
title: Emerging Disease and the Evolution of Virulence: The Case of the 1918–1919 Influenza Pandemic
author: Méthot, Pierre-Olivier
date: 2014-08-22
txt: ./txt/cord-017008-c7skxte0.txt
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extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7121464/
doi: 10.1007/978-94-017-8887-8_5
summary:
  Next, we describe the biology of infl uenza viruses with a focus on the 1918-19 pandemics and we move on to the ecological-evolutionary explanations of its exceptional virulence, paying attention to the trade-off model, before turning to molecular 4 On the history, epistemology, and social aspects of the concept of emerging disease see Grmek ( 1993 ); Farmer ( 1996 ) , King ( 2004 ) ; and Weir and Mykhalovski ( 2010 ) . 6 Whereas the ecological (or exogenous) style focuses on processes (e.g. selective pressures, population density, within and between host competition, and so on) acting on the hosts and the pathogen, the molecular (or endogenous) style traces the evolutionary pathway, or patterns, of the infl uenza virus from animal(s) to man, and, by constructing molecular phylogenies, identifi es particular genes for pathogenesis and mutation sites within lineages.

abstract:
  “Why do parasites harm their host?” is a recurrent question in evolutionary biology and ecology, and has several implications for the biomedical sciences, particularly public health and epidemiology. Contrasting the meaning(s) of the concept of “virulence” in molecular pathology and evolutionary ecology, we review different explanations proposed as to why, and under what conditions, parasites cause harm to their host: whereas the former uses molecular techniques and concepts to explain changes and the nature of virulence seen as a categorical trait, the latter conceptualizes virulence as a phenotypic quantitative trait (usually related to a reduction in the host’s fitness). After describing the biology of emerging influenza viruses we illustrate how the ecological and the molecular approaches provide distinct (but incomplete) explanations of the 1918–19 influenza pandemic. We suggest that an evolutionary approach is necessary to understand the dynamics of disease transmission but that a broader understanding of virulence will ultimately benefit from articulating and integrating the ecological dynamics with cellular mechanisms of virulence. Both ecological and functional perspectives on host-pathogens’ interactions are required to answer the opening question but also to devise appropriate health-care measures in order to prevent (and predict?) future influenza pandemics and other emerging threats. Finally, the difficult co-existence of distinct explanatory frameworks reflects the fact that scientists can work on a same problem using various methodologies but it also highlights the enduring tension between two scientific styles of practice in biomedicine.


id: cord-017249-la5sum39
title: Seasonal and Pandemic Influenza Surveillance and Disease Severity
author: Feldblyum, Tamara V.
date: 2015-05-12
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7121762/
doi: 10.1007/978-1-4939-2410-3_29
abstract:
  Continuous investments in influenza research, surveillance, and prevention efforts are critical to mitigate the consequences of annual influenza epidemics and pandemics. New influenza viruses emerge due to antigenic drift and antigenic shift evading human immune system and causing annual epidemics and pandemics. Three pandemics with varying disease severity occurred in the last 100 years. The disease burden and determinants of influenza severity depend on circulating viral strains and individual demographic and clinical factors. Surveillance is the most effective strategy for appropriate public health response. Active and passive surveillance methods are utilized to monitor influenza epidemics and emergence of novel viruses. Meaningful use of electronic health records could be a cost-effective approach to improved influenza surveillance


id: cord-017733-xofwk88a
title: Uncertainty and Immunity in Public Communications on Pandemics
author: Davis, Mark
date: 2018-11-04
txt: ./txt/cord-017733-xofwk88a.txt
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mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7122379/
doi: 10.1007/978-981-13-2802-2_3
summary:
  The chapter draws on research conducted in Australia and Scotland on public engagements with the 2009 influenza (swine flu) pandemic and discusses implications for communications on more recent infectious disease outbreaks, including Ebola and Zika. Like the "swine flu affair" of the 1970s in the United States (Fineberg 2008) , the 2009 pandemic raised questions for the public health system of how to shape public action in light of the significant uncertainties which are particular to influenza, and without jeopardizing trust in government and the scientific knowledge on which is built public policy. Appeals to the collective good and altruistic vaccination on which depend public health efforts concerning pandemics, may miss the point that individuals are led to think of their personal immunity as an arena within which they can sustain themselves in the face of deeply uncertain threats which arise in communal life. Individualized ideas of immunity in connection with uncertainties may limit the effectiveness of public health communications on influenza pandemics and other contagious threats.

abstract:
  This chapter examines uncertainty in the expert advice on pandemics given to members of the general public. The chapter draws on research conducted in Australia and Scotland on public engagements with the 2009 influenza (swine flu) pandemic and discusses implications for communications on more recent infectious disease outbreaks, including Ebola and Zika. It shows how public health messages aim to achieve a workable balance of warning and reassurance and deflect problems of trust in experts and science. The chapter considers how uncertainties which prevail in pandemics reinforce the personalization of responses to pandemic risk, in ways that undermine the cooperation and collective action which are also needed to respond effectively to pandemics.


id: cord-017857-fdn8c4hx
title: The Darkened Horizon: Two Modes of Organizing Pandemics
author: Leanza, Matthias
date: 2018-02-06
txt: ./txt/cord-017857-fdn8c4hx.txt
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mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7122534/
doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-74506-0_11
summary:
  Since roughly the year 2000, the World Health Organization has collaborated with a large number of local actors and made a concentrated effort to protect the world''s population against emerging infectious diseases, such as severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), swine flu, Ebola and Zika. Without the capacity of organizations to produce binding decisions for their members, which makes planning for an uncertain future possible, pandemic preparedness would not be feasible—especially not on a global scale. Around the year 2000, the World Health Organization (WHO) started collaborating with a large number of local actors and made a concentrated effort to protect the world''s population against emerging infectious diseases such as severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), swine flu, Ebola and Zika. With regard to the WHO, which was established in 1948, I will discuss the question of how supranational coordination and planning for the future is rendered possible by building formal organizations and organizational networks at a global level.

abstract:
  This chapter deals with the recent darkening of the future horizon in the global fight against pandemics. Since roughly the year 2000, the World Health Organization has collaborated with a large number of local actors and made a concentrated effort to protect the world’s population against emerging infectious diseases, such as severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), swine flu, Ebola and Zika. Although efforts have been made so that the spread of future infectious diseases will be contained through early intervention, the actors in charge anticipate that the extant measures will fail to some degree. They believe it is simply impossible to prevent all pandemics from happening. But steps can and should be taken to lessen the impact of an unavoidable pandemic through emergency preparation. This chapter deals with organizations and organizational networks as key actors in these processes of emergency planning. Without the capacity of organizations to produce binding decisions for their members, which makes planning for an uncertain future possible, pandemic preparedness would not be feasible—especially not on a global scale.


id: cord-018646-fqy82sm6
title: Brief History of Pandemics (Pandemics Throughout History)
author: Huremović, Damir
date: 2019-05-16
txt: ./txt/cord-018646-fqy82sm6.txt
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mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7123574/
doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-15346-5_2
summary:
  Starting with religious texts, which heavily reference plagues, this chapter establishes the fundamentals for our understanding of the scope, social, medical, and psychological impact that some pandemics effected on civilization, including the Black Death (a plague outbreak from the fourteenth century), the Spanish Flu of 1918, and the more recent outbreaks in the twenty-first century, including SARS, Ebola, and Zika. This includes the unexamined ways pandemic outbreaks might have shaped the specialty of psychiatry; psychoanalysis was gaining recognition as an established treatment within medical community at the time the last great pandemic was making global rounds a century ago. Stemming from Doric Greek word plaga (strike, blow), the word plague is a polyseme, used interchangeably to describe a particular, virulent contagious febrile disease caused by Yersinia pestis, as a general term for any epidemic disease causing a high rate of mortality, or more widely, as a metaphor for any sudden outbreak of a disastrous evil or affliction [4] .

abstract:
  Intermittent outbreaks of infectious diseases have had profound and lasting effects on societies throughout history. Those events have powerfully shaped the economic, political, and social aspects of human civilization, with their effects often lasting for centuries. Epidemic outbreaks have defined some of the basic tenets of modern medicine, pushing the scientific community to develop principles of epidemiology, prevention, immunization, and antimicrobial treatments. This chapter outlines some of the most notable outbreaks that took place in human history and are relevant for a better understanding of the rest of the material. Starting with religious texts, which heavily reference plagues, this chapter establishes the fundamentals for our understanding of the scope, social, medical, and psychological impact that some pandemics effected on civilization, including the Black Death (a plague outbreak from the fourteenth century), the Spanish Flu of 1918, and the more recent outbreaks in the twenty-first century, including SARS, Ebola, and Zika.


id: cord-019057-3j2fl358
title: Pandemic Influenza: A Comparative Ethical Approach
author: Afolabi, Michael Olusegun
date: 2018-08-28
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7124108/
doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-92765-7_3
abstract:
  Community-networks such as families and schools may foster and propagate some types of public health disasters. For such disasters, a communitarian-oriented ethical lens offers useful perspectives into the underlying relational nexus that favors the spread of infection. This chapter compares two traditional bioethical lenses—the communitarian and care ethics framework—vis-à-vis their capacities to engage the moral quandaries elicited by pandemic influenza. It argues that these quandaries preclude the analytical lens of ethical prisms that are individual-oriented but warrant a people-oriented approach. Adopting this dual approach offers both a contrastive and a complementary way of rethinking the underlying socioethical tensions elicited by pandemic influenza in particular and other public health disasters generally.


id: cord-021146-wdnnjlcw
title: Postdigital Research in the Time of Covid-19
author: Jandrić, Petar
date: 2020-03-21
txt: ./txt/cord-021146-wdnnjlcw.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-021146-wdnnjlcw.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7149072/
doi: 10.1007/s42438-020-00113-8
abstract: nan
summary:
  Writing these words from home isolation in the midst of the Covid-19 pandemic, it is hard not to overstate the viral nature of, and viral perspective to, our postdigital reality. Postdigital viral modernity is equally about biology, culture, and society; in the long run, humanity cannot defend itself from Covid-19 and create a better future without engaging all strata of the society. Therefore, it is crucial that academic researchers working in the humanities and social sciences immediately join the struggle against the pandemic. Instead, we should look into the strengths of our disciplinary knowledges and research methods to try and create opportunities to contribute to humanity''s collective struggle against the Covid-19 pandemic and point towards more sustainable futures. Wearing my academic researcher hat, I am not ashamed of naivety of this paper-it honestly represents my current thoughts and feelings about the Covid-19 pandemic on 16 March 2020.


id: cord-021175-0ikkl3hk
author: Wilson, Christopher
date: 2018-05-30
txt: ./txt/cord-021175-0ikkl3hk.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-021175-0ikkl3hk.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7149122/
doi: 10.1186/s41018-018-0036-5
summary:
  This model distinguishes between the use of digital communication tools for diagnostic, risk communication, and coordination activities and highlights how the influx of novel actors and tendencies towards digital and operational convergence risks focusing humanitarian action and decision-making outside national authorities'' spheres of influence in pandemic response. Digital communications in Fast and Waugaman''s case studies are leveraged to determine the way in which Ebola was spreading and the nature of risks posed by the pandemic, in order to coordinate activity among different types of response actors, including national authorities, international humanitarian aid workers and front-line health care providers, and in order to communicate with the general public regarding health risks and appropriate behavior to mitigate those risks. Firstly, social media and big data introduce promising new sources of information on which to base decision-making in pandemic response, but for whose meaningful use humanitarian organizations tend to lack the institutional and technical capacity, and national authorities even more so (Harvard Humanitarian Initiative 2011; Odugleh-Kolev 2014; Smith 2015; Read et al.

title:
  The new informatics of pandemic response: humanitarian technology, efficiency, and the subtle retreat of national agency

abstract:
  Digital communication technologies play an increasingly prominent role in humanitarian operations and in response to international pandemics specifically. A burgeoning body of scholarship on the topic displays high expectations for such tools to increase the efficiency of pandemic response. This article reviews empirical uses of communications technology in humanitarian and pandemic response, and the 2014 Ebola response in particular, in order to propose a three-part conceptual model for the new informatics of pandemic response. This model distinguishes between the use of digital communication tools for diagnostic, risk communication, and coordination activities and highlights how the influx of novel actors and tendencies towards digital and operational convergence risks focusing humanitarian action and decision-making outside national authorities’ spheres of influence in pandemic response. This risk exacerbates a fundamental tension between the humanitarian promise of new technologies and the fundamental norm that international humanitarian response should complement and give primacy to the role of national authorities when possible. The article closes with recommendations for ensuring the inclusion of roles and agency for national authorities in technology-supported communication processes for pandemic response.


id: cord-024134-ym7ce5ux
author: Chawla, Sonam
date: 2020-04-30
txt: ./txt/cord-024134-ym7ce5ux.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-024134-ym7ce5ux.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7189398/
doi: 10.1007/978-981-15-4814-7_14
summary:
  From a bird''s eye view, the COVID-19 pandemic management relies on revolutionizing the disease surveillance by incorporating artificial intelligence and data analytics, boosting the response strategies—extensive testing, case isolation, contact tracing, and social distancing—and promoting awareness and access to pharmaceutical and non-pharmaceutical interventions, which are discussed in the present chapter. MeSH database defines pandemics as-"Epidemics of infectious disease that have spread to many countries, often more than one continent, and usually affecting a large number of people." Such emergencies compromise human health, society, economics, and politics-a case in point: the COVID-19 pandemic is forecasted to cost the global economy one trillion US dollars (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/? • Healthcare workers and essential service providers • Groups at high risk of death and severe complications requiring hospitalization • Individuals (adults and children aged more than 6 months) in the community who have chronic cardiovascular, pulmonary, metabolic or renal disease, or are immunocompromised • Persons without risk factors for complications (https://www.who.int/csr/ resources/publications/influenza/11_29_01_A.pdf)

title:
  Preparing for the Perpetual Challenges of Pandemics of Coronavirus Infections with Special Focus on SARS-CoV-2

abstract:
  COVID-19, arising from novel, zoonotic coronavirus-2, has gripped the world in a pandemic. The present chapter discusses the current internationally implemented pandemic preparedness strategies succeeding/recommended to curb the COVID-19 threat to humankind. The updated phase-wise categorization of a pandemic as recommended by the WHO is described, and associated innovations in surveillance, response, and medical measures/advisory in practice across the globe are elaborated. From a bird’s eye view, the COVID-19 pandemic management relies on revolutionizing the disease surveillance by incorporating artificial intelligence and data analytics, boosting the response strategies—extensive testing, case isolation, contact tracing, and social distancing—and promoting awareness and access to pharmaceutical and non-pharmaceutical interventions, which are discussed in the present chapter. We also preview the economic bearing of the COVID-19 pandemic.


id: cord-026371-5jrvkk60
title: Pandemics and Supply Chain Management Research: Toward a Theoretical Toolbox
author: Craighead, Christopher W.
date: 2020-05-20
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7276808/
doi: 10.1111/deci.12468
abstract:
  The COVID‐19 pandemic paralyzed the world and revealed the critical importance of supply chain management – perhaps more so than any other event in modern history – in navigating crises. The extensive scope of disruption, massive spillover of effects across countries and industries, and extreme shifts in demand and supply that occurred during the COVID‐19 pandemic illustrate that pandemics are qualitatively different from typical disruptions. As such, pandemics require scholars to take a fresh look at what lenses offer understanding of supply chain phenomena in order to help supply chain managers better prepare for the next pandemic and foster transiliency (i.e., the ability to simultaneously restore some processes and change – often radically – others). To help scholars and managers achieve these aims, we offer an agenda for supply chain management research on pandemics by considering how the key tenets of well‐known and emergent theories can illuminate challenges and potential solutions. Specifically, we consider how resource dependence theory, institutional theory, resource orchestration theory, structural inertia, game theory, real options theory, event systems theory, awareness‐motivation‐capability framework, prospect theory, and tournament theory offer ideas that can help scholars build knowledge about pandemics’ effects on supply chains as well as help managers formulate responses. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved


id: cord-027641-0ufwlw87
title: COVID-19 and social distancing
author: nan
date: 2020-06-03
txt: ./txt/cord-027641-0ufwlw87.txt
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mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7309640/
doi: 10.1097/cxa.0000000000000081
abstract: nan
summary:
  In North America, the "apex" of the epidemic curve is still nowhere in sight but people draw solace from the fact that drastic public health measures in China and South Korea appear to have abated the escalation of number of cases and eventually signifi cantly reduced the incidence of new ones. Spurred by these experiences, Canada, like other countries, adopted social distancing as its most visible public health measure. This pandemic demonstrated once more that an essential target of our practices is to rebuild our patients'' positive social connectedness with peer groups, families, worksites, and communities in general. 2 www.canadianjournalofaddiction.org 5 EDITORIAL (2) Isolation and testing-Every pandemic has its own characteristics and predictions can be diffi cult at the onset. In a few short weeks, we experienced a number of changes in the criteria for entering or leaving isolation, but the relative absence of screening tests and results awaiting 5 to 10 days led to a loss of valuable healthcare resources.


id: cord-029245-ay15ybcm
title: Pandemics and the consequences of COVID‐19
author: Davies, Stephen
date: 2020-06-29
txt: ./txt/cord-029245-ay15ybcm.txt
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mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7361832/
doi: 10.1111/ecaf.12415
abstract: nan
summary:
  There is also an inescapable economic aspect to pandemics, in terms of both their dynamics (the way they spread and the reasons why they appear when and where they do), and their consequences, among which economic impacts loom large. (In 1918-19 the time it took Spanish flu to travel from one part of the world to another was measured in months.) All this leads to the conclusion that several features of the world we live in, such as high levels of economic integration and trade, widespread mass travel, and rapid modes of transport, make it much more vulnerable to a true pandemic. These and other features of the modern world also mean that the economic impact of an extensive epidemic is going to be much greater than was the case in, for example, 1968-69. Moreover, the early signs are that lockdowns may not have had such a dramatic effect on rates of infection and rapidity of spread during the first phase of this pandemic.


id: cord-029434-9spglmzf
author: Polšek, Dora
date: 2020-06-17
txt: ./txt/cord-029434-9spglmzf.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-029434-9spglmzf.txt
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mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7358695/
doi: 10.3325/cmj.2020.61.306
abstract: nan
summary:
  Psychiatry of Pandemics: a Mental Health Response to Infection Outbreak: Springer International Publishing 2019; 185 pages; ISBN978-3-030-15346-5 (e-book), ISBN978-3-030-15345-8 (softcover) This book, dealing with a specific and so far underdeveloped field of psychiatry, is intended for a general audience interested in the overall mental health implications of a pandemic. The series of chapters was envisaged as an all-encompassing review of the available research in the narrow niche of psychiatric consequences of a pandemic. The book starts off by giving a brief historical background of the most widely known pandemics, so as to underline the limited information that has been available to science today. Several key reasons for knowing so little about mental health consequences of witnessing and surviving a pandemic are listed. However, this book provides a good review of different approaches necessary to deal with psychologic issues arising amid and in the aftermath of a pandemic and could be a compelling read for the interested audience. Pandemics: Health Care Emergencies

title:
  Huremović D, editor. Psychiatry of Pandemics: a Mental Health Response to Infection Outbreak: Springer International Publishing 2019; 185 pages; ISBN978-3-030-15346-5 (e-book), ISBN978-3-030-15345-8 (softcover)


id: cord-029887-bnxczi9t
title: Hayek on complexity, uncertainty and pandemic response
author: Pennington, Mark
date: 2020-07-29
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7391024/
doi: 10.1007/s11138-020-00522-9
abstract:
  This paper draws on Hayek’s distinction between simple and complex phenomena to understand the nature of the challenge facing policymakers in responding to the new coronavirus pandemic. It shows that while government action is justifiable there may be few systemic mechanisms that enable policymakers to distinguish better from worse policy responses, or to make such distinctions in sufficient time. It then argues that this may be a more general characteristic of large-scale public policy making procedures and illustrates the importance of returning to a market-based political economy at the earliest convenience.


id: cord-030018-sabmw7wf
author: El-Shabrawi, Mortada
date: 2020-08-04
txt: ./txt/cord-030018-sabmw7wf.txt
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extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7400748/
doi: 10.1186/s43054-020-00039-7
summary:
  BACKGROUND: The novel corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19) current pandemic is an unpreceded global health crisis. COVID-19 pandemic proved rapidly to be a major international medical problem that has many sequences on infants, children, and adolescents. There is an urging challenge of how to provide the required healthcare needed by infants and children in due time and place avoiding the possibility to catch SARS-CoV-2 infection if they go to seek medical advice at hospitals or healthcare facilities. The mandatory lockdown and inevitable social distancing measures due to the COVID-19 pandemic has forced the governments in many countries to close nurseries, child care centers, schools, training centers, and higher education facilities as universities and institutions. So far, the COVID-19 crisis has had a great impact on child health and healthcare all over the world, not only from the medical aspect, but also from the social, psychologic, economic, and educational aspects.

title:
  Infant and child health and healthcare before and after COVID-19 pandemic: will it be the same ever?

abstract:
  BACKGROUND: The novel corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19) current pandemic is an unpreceded global health crisis. Not only infection of infants, children, and adolescents is a concern for their families and pediatricians, but there are also other serious challenges that should be properly identified and managed as well. MAIN BODY: We have to identify and assess the different factors that have either direct or indirect effects on child health and healthcare due to COVID-19 pandemic and focus on the serious effects. It is easily realized that there are many challenging problems associated with COVID-19 with short-term effects that already appeared and need urgent solutions and long-term effects that are not yet well apparent and have to be searched for and properly addressed. CONCLUSIONS: COVID-19 crisis has lots of impacts on child health and child healthcare, not only from the medical aspect but also from the social, psychological, economic, and educational facets. All these adverse implications have to be identified and dealt with on individual bases approach in the short and long term.


id: cord-030407-w4bl5fer
title: Reply to letter to the editor
author: Kvasnovsky, Charlotte
date: 2020-08-12
txt: ./txt/cord-030407-w4bl5fer.txt
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mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7421302/
doi: 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2020.08.002
abstract: nan
summary:
  key: cord-030407-w4bl5fer authors: Kvasnovsky, Charlotte title: Reply to letter to the editor date: 2020-08-12 journal: J Pediatr Surg DOI: 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2020.08.002 sha: doc_id: 30407 cord_uid: w4bl5fer nan To the Editor, We thank Dr. Ayesha Saleem and associates for sharing their experience. Unlike your findings, we and other researchers 1 did not find an increase in patients presenting with complicated appendicitis during the height of the pandemic, although these are admittedly all small studies. We agree that this pandemic has forced us all to be flexible and re-think our previous workflows. The long-term impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on patient care and research remains to be seen. Pre-existing disparities in access to quality care are being amplified by this pandemic. The resilience of our social safety nets will be tested in the months and years to come. The Decreasing Incidence of Acute Appendicitis During COVID-19: A Retrospective Multi-centre Study


id: cord-030622-5wlpvmv4
title: Pandemic paradigm shift
author: Rubinić, Ivan
date: 2020-08-03
txt: ./txt/cord-030622-5wlpvmv4.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-030622-5wlpvmv4.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7436549/
doi: 10.1111/wusa.12486
summary:
  To that end, through the use of a narrative method, this study aims to furnish content to the premise that from both the heterodox and radical economic viewpoints: (a) the coronavirus pandemic must be considered a market failure, (b) the ongoing pandemic has the potential to beget a three-layer economic crisis, starting at a point of production, (c) the solution for the existing state calls for sizable supranational and/or national economic interventionism, and (d) the pandemic necessitates a shift from the profit-centered neoliberal paradigm toward the society focused on efficient, sustainable, and equitable development. The remainder of this exposition is structured as follows: the Section 2 positions the current health crisis within the well-defined economic analytical framework of market failure; the Section 3 explains the nature and the dynamics of the threefold economic crises, resulting from the expected spillover effects induced by the coronavirus; the Section 4 offers a number of remedies; the Section 5 endeavors to locate the sources for financing the expenses of an effective pandemic response plan; the Section 6 provides arguments in support of the claim that the current state of affairs necessities a fundamental paradigm shift; the Section 7 concludes.

abstract:
  The surprising outbreak of an anticipated virus has exposed that the profit‐centered mode of production renders a dysfunctional society, with a high incidence of pandemic‐prone diseases. Consequently, the global health crisis and subsequent economic collapse threatening the existence of billions reveal the ultimate market failure from both heterodox and radical theoretical viewpoints. The demise of markets and capitalist systems calls for a straightforward economic intervention and radical transformation of the way societal production is conceptualized. This paradigm shift must deprioritize economic growth driven by the omnipresent commodification of all social relations and must furnish a viable alternative provided by the political economy. The starting point for such fundamental change in the dominant discourse must be rooted in balancing between the needs and wants, and in creating an environment in which properly understood self‐interest would bring about a sustainable and equitable increase in societal well‐being.


id: cord-030909-6if3qquj
title: Perspectives on the Economics of the Environment in the Shadow of Coronavirus
author: nan
date: 2020-08-27
txt: ./txt/cord-030909-6if3qquj.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-030909-6if3qquj.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7450147/
doi: 10.1007/s10640-020-00493-2
abstract: nan
summary:
  Based on these points, it becomes clear that a green recovery plan with resources directed towards achieving the combined objective of both providing the necessary economic stimuli for recovery and also promoting the transition to a low-carbon economy and adaptation to climate change along with investment in natural capital and increase in comprehensive savings could be a feasible and efficient plan. The current global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions trajectory indicates that the world is likely to experience catastrophic consequences due to climate change, unless swift action is taken towards funding green solutions and the defunding of fossil fuel activities ( Given the ambition of the European Union to become a net zero-carbon economy by 2050 and the numerous calls to avoid the bailout and stimulus packages towards fossil fuel companies , we examine whether the features of the European Central Bank''s (ECB) €1350 billion Pandemic Emergency Purchase Programme (PEPP) encourages the resilience of the incumbent fossil fuel sector, or whether it promotes the growth of the emerging low-carbon energy sector during the COVID-19 pandemic and beyond.


id: cord-031100-ih1ci5cl
title: Calling for a United Action to defeat COVID-19
author: Overby, Madison
date: 2020-08-06
txt: ./txt/cord-031100-ih1ci5cl.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-031100-ih1ci5cl.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7454840/
doi: 10.1093/pcmedi/pbaa027
summary:
  The widespread and lingering pandemic of COVID-19 is partly due to disjointed international countermeasures and policies enforced by different countries. To effectively deal with this and future devastating pandemics, we as human beings must work together to coordinate a concerted, cooperative international policy to reduce or possibly avoid unnecessary health crisis, life and economic losses. As a result of early widespread testing and an extremely fast social distancing response put in place by the government in Korea, the basic reproductive rate was able to be kept to less than half of the international average. Challenges to the system of reserve medical supplies for public health emergencies: reflections on the outbreak of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) epidemic in China

abstract:
  The widespread and lingering pandemic of COVID-19 is partly due to disjointed international countermeasures and policies enforced by different countries. And we have been witnessing disparity in policies and measures in different countries or regions, some in much better control. To effectively deal with this and future devastating pandemics, we as human beings must work together to coordinate a concerted, cooperative international policy to reduce or possibly avoid unnecessary health crisis, life and economic losses.


id: cord-031840-k9l91unc
title: Forum: COVID-19 Dispatches
author: Lu, Li
date: 2020-09-11
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7488168/
doi: 10.1177/1532708620953190
abstract:
  COVID-19 pandemic is the first truly global crisis in the digital age. With death count worldwide reaching 586,000 merely 7 months after its first outbreak in China in late December 2019 and 13.6 million cases reported in 188 countries and territories as of July 2020, this ongoing pandemic has spread far beyond domain of world health problem to become an unprecedented challenge facing humanity at every level. In addition to causing social and economic disruptions on a scale unseen before, it has turned the world into a site of biopolitical agon where science and reason are forced to betray their impotence against cultish thinking in the planetary endgame depicted in so many dystopian science fictions. It is in this context that this forum offers a set of modest reflections on the current impacts incurred by the COVID-19 virus. Blending ethnographic observations with theory-driven reflections, the five authors address issues made manifest by the crisis across different regions, while keeping their sight on the sociopolitical problems plaguing our life both individually and collectively. Taken together, they provide a grounded documentary for the archive that the COVID-19 virus is making us to construct.


id: cord-032256-7yrh16ab
title: The economics of the COVID-19 pandemic: an assessment
author: Susskind, Daniel
date: 2020-08-29
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7499690/
doi: 10.1093/oxrep/graa036
abstract:
  The COVID-19 pandemic has created both a medical crisis and an economic crisis. As others have noted, we face challenges just as big as those in the Spanish Flu Pandemic and the Great Depression—all at once. The tasks facing policy-makers are extraordinary. Many new kinds of intervention are urgently required. This issue of the Oxford Review of Economic Policy has two objectives. The first is to explore these new interventions: evaluating their use, suggesting how they might be improved, and proposing alternatives. The second is to show that the challenges facing us are global and will require international cooperation if they are to be dealt with effectively. This short introductory essay positions the papers in the issue within an overall conceptual framework, with the aim of telling an overarching story about the pandemic.


id: cord-032261-no2mojz3
author: Gaddy, Sarah
date: 2020-09-08
txt: ./txt/cord-032261-no2mojz3.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-032261-no2mojz3.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7499708/
doi: 10.1093/mtp/miaa018
summary:
  The purpose of this study was to determine the impact of the pandemic on the employment, service delivery, stress, and hope of music therapy professionals in the United States. The purpose of this study was to determine the impact of the pandemic on the employment, service delivery, stress, and hope of music therapy professionals in the United States. The rapid changes required in response to the pandemic, combined with uncertainty about the future of employment and/or service delivery, may have impacted the perception of stress and feelings of hope in music therapy professionals. This is the first known study on the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on music therapy professionals'' employment, service delivery, stress, and hope. The results of this survey provide an overview of changes in employment, service delivery, perceived stress, and level of hope in MT professionals as of April 2020, during the COVID-19 pandemic.

title:
  COVID-19 and Music Therapists’ Employment, Service Delivery, Perceived Stress, and Hope: A Descriptive Study

abstract:
  In early 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic was declared, which impacted music therapists in terms of employment, service delivery, and mental health. However, the extent of changes within the profession was unknown. The purpose of this study was to determine the impact of the pandemic on the employment, service delivery, stress, and hope of music therapy professionals in the United States. Music therapists (N = 1,196) responded to a 51-item survey including questions related to employment and service delivery. The study also included the Adult Hope Scale and the Perceived Stress Scale-10 (PSS-10). Results indicated that many music therapists experienced changes in their positions, including a decrease in client contact hours and an increase in using alternative services, such as telehealth. Changes in service hours and delivery were higher for individuals who worked in private practice than for other settings. Primary respondent concerns included being a carrier of COVID-19, being isolated from loved ones, and income loss. Compared with prior general population samples from the United States, respondents reported higher levels of hope, with a majority of respondents also reporting a high level of hope for the profession. Respondents also indicated a moderate level of perceived stress on the PSS-10. Open response comments provided additional insights into the situational stressors and feelings of hope at this time in the pandemic. The results of this study indicate that music therapists adapted to service delivery changes and continued to provide services to clients, despite the many difficulties faced during the pandemic.


id: cord-033481-3kxi7fd9
title: Religion in the Age of Social Distancing: How COVID-19 Presents New Directions for Research
author: Baker, Joseph O
date: 2020-09-16
txt: ./txt/cord-033481-3kxi7fd9.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-033481-3kxi7fd9.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7543648/
doi: 10.1093/socrel/sraa039
summary:
  In this brief note written during a global pandemic, we consider some of the important ways this historical moment is altering the religious landscape, aiming our investigative lens at how religious institutions, congregations, and individuals are affected by the social changes produced by COVID-19. The centrality of intensive interactive rituals for producing the communal benefits of religion (e.g., social support, emotional catharsis, perceived healing) ensures that there will be persistent tension between many religious groups'' desire for in-person gatherings and the social distancing requirements necessary to limit the spread of COVID-19. Thinking about religion as the object of analysis and its role in disease transmission, a clear and consequential way that the pandemic has changed religion is the suspension of in-person religious gatherings, and the corresponding need to engage in "socially distanced" forms of interactive religious services and rituals.

abstract:
  In this brief note written during a global pandemic, we consider some of the important ways this historical moment is altering the religious landscape, aiming our investigative lens at how religious institutions, congregations, and individuals are affected by the social changes produced by COVID-19. This unprecedented time prompts scholars of religion to reflect on how to strategically approach the study of religion in the time of “social distancing,” as well as moving forward. Particularly important considerations include developing heuristic, innovative approaches for revealing ongoing changes to religion, as well as how religion continues to structure social life across a wide range of contexts, from the most intimate and personal to the most public and global. Although our note can only be indicative rather than exhaustive, we do suggest that the initial groundwork for reconsiderations might productively focus on several key analytical themes, including: Epidemiology, Ideology, Religious Practice, Religious Organizations and Institutions, as well as Epistemology and Methodology. In offering these considerations as a starting point, we remain aware (and hopeful) that inventive and unanticipated approaches will also emerge.


id: cord-102269-lfdvl78a
author: Singer, B. J.
date: 2020-10-05
txt: ./txt/cord-102269-lfdvl78a.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-102269-lfdvl78a.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: http://medrxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.10.02.20205682v1?rss=1
doi: 10.1101/2020.10.02.20205682
summary:
  title: The effect of the definition of ''pandemic'' on quantitative assessments of infectious disease outbreak risk Critically, we show that using different definitions alters the projected effects on the pandemic risk of key parameters such as inter-regional travel rates, degree of pre-existing immunity, and heterogeneity of transmission rates between regions. In this study, we examine how alternative definitions of ''pandemic'' affect 24 quantitative estimates of pandemic risk assessed early in an infectious disease outbreak. This : Pandemic probability for a range of between-region transmission rates and a range of pandemic definitions in terms of number of regions experiencing epidemics. The third question was "How is the risk of a pandemic affected by differences between regions?" In figure is the author/funder, who has granted medRxiv a license to display the preprint in (which was not certified by peer review) preprint

title:
  The effect of the definition of ''pandemic'' on quantitative assessments of infectious disease outbreak risk

abstract:
  In the early stages of an outbreak, the term 'pandemic' can be used to communicate about infectious disease risk, particularly by those who wish to encourage a large-scale public health response. However, the term lacks a widely accepted quantitative definition. We show that, under alternative quantitative definitions of 'pandemic', an epidemiological metapopulation model produces different estimates of the probability of a pandemic. Critically, we show that using different definitions alters the projected effects on the pandemic risk of key parameters such as inter-regional travel rates, degree of pre-existing immunity, and heterogeneity of transmission rates between regions. Our analysis provides a foundation for understanding the scientific importance of precise language when discussing pandemic risk, illustrating how alternate definitions affect the conclusions of modelling studies. This serves to highlight that those working on pandemic preparedness must remain alert to the variability in the use of the term 'pandemic', and provide specific quantitative of analysis that we show to be sensitive to the pandemic definition.


id: cord-104486-syirijql
title: Data-driven modeling for different stages of pandemic response
author: Adiga, Aniruddha
date: 2020-09-21
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7523119/
doi: nan
abstract:
  Some of the key questions of interest during the COVID-19 pandemic (and all outbreaks) include: where did the disease start, how is it spreading, who is at risk, and how to control the spread. There are a large number of complex factors driving the spread of pandemics, and, as a result, multiple modeling techniques play an increasingly important role in shaping public policy and decision making. As different countries and regions go through phases of the pandemic, the questions and data availability also changes. Especially of interest is aligning model development and data collection to support response efforts at each stage of the pandemic. The COVID-19 pandemic has been unprecedented in terms of real-time collection and dissemination of a number of diverse datasets, ranging from disease outcomes, to mobility, behaviors, and socio-economic factors. The data sets have been critical from the perspective of disease modeling and analytics to support policymakers in real-time. In this overview article, we survey the data landscape around COVID-19, with a focus on how such datasets have aided modeling and response through different stages so far in the pandemic. We also discuss some of the current challenges and the needs that will arise as we plan our way out of the pandemic.


id: cord-136421-hcj8jmbm
title: Quantifying the Immediate Effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Scientists
author: Myers, Kyle R.
date: 2020-05-22
txt: ./txt/cord-136421-hcj8jmbm.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-136421-hcj8jmbm.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://arxiv.org/pdf/2005.11358v2.pdf
doi: nan
summary:
  Distributed in mid-April 2020, the survey solicited information about how scientists'' work changed from the onset of the pandemic, how their research output might be affected in the near future, and a wide range of individuals'' characteristics. Motivated by prior research on scientific productivity [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] , the survey solicited information about scientists'' working hours, how this time is allocated across different tasks, and how these time allocations have changed since the onset of the pandemic. To decompose these changes, we compare scientists'' reported time allocations across four broad categories of work: research (e.g., planning experiments, collecting or analyzing data, writing), fundraising (e.g., writing grant proposals), teaching, and all other tasks (e.g., administrative, editorial, or clinical duties). To untangle these factors, we use a Lasso regression approach to select amongst (1) a vector of field indicator variables, and (2) a vector of flexible transformations of demographic controls and pre-pandemic features (e.g., research funding level, time allocations before the pandemic).

abstract:
  The COVID-19 pandemic has undoubtedly disrupted the scientific enterprise, but we lack empirical evidence on the nature and magnitude of these disruptions. Here we report the results of a survey of approximately 4,500 Principal Investigators (PIs) at U.S.- and Europe-based research institutions. Distributed in mid-April 2020, the survey solicited information about how scientists' work changed from the onset of the pandemic, how their research output might be affected in the near future, and a wide range of individuals' characteristics. Scientists report a sharp decline in time spent on research on average, but there is substantial heterogeneity with a significant share reporting no change or even increases. Some of this heterogeneity is due to field-specific differences, with laboratory-based fields being the most negatively affected, and some is due to gender, with female scientists reporting larger declines. However, among the individuals' characteristics examined, the largest disruptions are connected to a usually unobserved dimension: childcare. Reporting a young dependent is associated with declines similar in magnitude to those reported by the laboratory-based fields and can account for a significant fraction of gender differences. Amidst scarce evidence about the role of parenting in scientists' work, these results highlight the fundamental and heterogeneous ways this pandemic is affecting the scientific workforce, and may have broad relevance for shaping responses to the pandemic's effect on science and beyond.


id: cord-143246-f97v2cih
title: Multifaceted COVID-19 Outbreak
author: Paul, Aneesh Mathews
date: 2020-08-26
txt: ./txt/cord-143246-f97v2cih.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-143246-f97v2cih.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://arxiv.org/pdf/2008.12127v1.pdf
doi: nan
summary:
  The time when everyone is struggling in the cruel hands of COVID19, we present the holistic view on the effects of this pandemic in certain aspects of life. Suicide rate has increased during the pandemic time [32] , [33] .The situation of COVID-19 has diverse effects in India [34] . Section II highlights the overall change in the education system during the COVID-19 season, and discusses the social and psychological impacts of the pandemic. Online learning is a new strategy embraced by the education system in this time of pandemic. We see a lot of unprecedented collaborative work globally among the educators [40] during this pandemic leading to a loss in the travel economy. The pandemic spread in various countries was sparked by religious gatherings as shown in Fig. 12 Religion and politics are a crucial part of life and COVID-19 has acquainted the human life without these jargon words. Online Learning during the COVID-19 Pandemic

abstract:
  The time when everyone is struggling in the cruel hands of COVID19, we present the holistic view on the effects of this pandemic in certain aspects of life. A lot of literature exists in COVID-19, but most of them talk about the social and psychological side of the COVID problems. COVID-19 has affected our day-to-day life and its effects are extensive. Most of the literature presents the adverse effect of the pandemic, but there are very few state-of-the-art approaches that discuss its beneficial effects. We see the multiple faces of the pandemic in this paper. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first review that presents the pros and cons of the pandemic. We present a survey that surrounds over effects on education, environment, and religion. The positive side of COVID-19 raises an alarm for us to wake up and work in that direction.


id: cord-160526-27kmder5
title: Statistical Issues and Recommendations for Clinical Trials Conducted During the COVID-19 Pandemic
author: Meyer, R. Daniel
date: 2020-05-21
url: https://arxiv.org/pdf/2005.10248v1.pdf
doi: nan
abstract:
  The COVID-19 pandemic has had and continues to have major impacts on planned and ongoing clinical trials. Its effects on trial data create multiple potential statistical issues. The scale of impact is unprecedented, but when viewed individually, many of the issues are well defined and feasible to address. A number of strategies and recommendations are put forward to assess and address issues related to estimands, missing data, validity and modifications of statistical analysis methods, need for additional analyses, ability to meet objectives and overall trial interpretability.


id: cord-199156-7yxzj7tw
title: Risk Attitudes and Human Mobility during the COVID-19 Pandemic
author: Chan, Ho Fai
date: 2020-06-10
url: https://arxiv.org/pdf/2006.06078v1.pdf
doi: nan
abstract:
  Behavioral responses to pandemics are less shaped by actual mortality or hospitalization risks than they are by risk attitudes. We explore human mobility patterns as a measure of behavioral responses during the COVID-19 pandemic. Our results indicate that risk-taking attitude is a critical factor in predicting reduction in human mobility and increase social confinement around the globe. We find that the sharp decline in movement after the WHO (World Health Organization) declared COVID-19 to be a pandemic can be attributed to risk attitudes. Our results suggest that regions with risk-averse attitudes are more likely to adjust their behavioral activity in response to the declaration of a pandemic even before most official government lockdowns. Further understanding of the basis of responses to epidemics, e.g., precautionary behavior, will help improve the containment of the spread of the virus.


id: cord-208698-gm0b8u52
title: Statistical Analytics and Regional Representation Learning for COVID-19 Pandemic Understanding
author: Fazeli, Shayan
date: 2020-08-08
txt: ./txt/cord-208698-gm0b8u52.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-208698-gm0b8u52.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://arxiv.org/pdf/2008.07342v1.pdf
doi: nan
summary:
  • Evaluation of the informativeness of individual features in distinguishing between regions • Correlation analyses and investigating monotonic and non-monotonic relationships between several key features and the pandemic outcomes • Proposing a neural architecture for accurate short-term predictive modeling of the COVID-19 pandemic with minimal use of historical data by leveraging the automatically learned region representations Given the importance of open-research in dealing with the COVID-19 pandemic, we have also designed OLIVIA [5] . This work is distinguished from the mentioned projects and the majority of statistical works in this area in the sense that it is targeting the role of region-based features in the Spatio-temporal analysis of the pandemic with minimal use of historical data on the outbreak events. Our approach then used various statistical techniques and machine learning to measure the relationship between these regional representations and the pandemic time-series events and perform predictive modeling with minimal use of historical data on the epidemic.

abstract:
  The rapid spread of the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) has severely impacted almost all countries around the world. It not only has caused a tremendous burden on health-care providers to bear, but it has also brought severe impacts on the economy and social life. The presence of reliable data and the results of in-depth statistical analyses provide researchers and policymakers with invaluable information to understand this pandemic and its growth pattern more clearly. This paper combines and processes an extensive collection of publicly available datasets to provide a unified information source for representing geographical regions with regards to their pandemic-related behavior. The features are grouped into various categories to account for their impact based on the higher-level concepts associated with them. This work uses several correlation analysis techniques to observe value and order relationships between features, feature groups, and COVID-19 occurrences. Dimensionality reduction techniques and projection methodologies are used to elaborate on individual and group importance of these representative features. A specific RNN-based inference pipeline called DoubleWindowLSTM-CP is proposed in this work for predictive event modeling. It utilizes sequential patterns and enables concise record representation while using but a minimal amount of historical data. The quantitative results of our statistical analytics indicated critical patterns reflecting on many of the expected collective behavior and their associated outcomes. Predictive modeling with DoubleWindowLSTM-CP instance exhibits efficient performance in quantitative and qualitative assessments while reducing the need for extended and reliable historical information on the pandemic.


id: cord-241146-j0qperwz
author: Lallie, Harjinder Singh
date: 2020-06-21
txt: ./txt/cord-241146-j0qperwz.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-241146-j0qperwz.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://arxiv.org/pdf/2006.11929v1.pdf
doi: nan
summary:
  To increase likelihood of success, these attacks target sale of goods in high demand (e.g., Personal Protection Equipment (PPE) and coronavirus testing kits and drugs), potentially highly profitable in-vestments in stocks related to COVID-19, and impersonations of representatives of public authorities like WHO and aid scams [6, 37] . Information presented in the timeline includes the date China alerted the WHO about the virus, the date the pandemic was officially declared, and cyber-attacks which specifically relate to hospitals or medicine. By early May (07-05-20), more than 160,000 ''suspect'' emails had been reported to the National Cyber Security Centre [103] and by the end of May (29-05-20), £4.6m had been lost to COVID-19 related scams with around 11,206 victims of phishing and / or smishing campaigns [104] . To further increase the likely success of phishing attacks cyber-criminals have been identified registering large numbers of website domains containing the words ''covid'' and ''coronavirus'' [112] .

title:
  Cyber Security in the Age of COVID-19: A Timeline and Analysis of Cyber-Crime and Cyber-Attacks during the Pandemic

abstract:
  The COVID-19 pandemic was a remarkable unprecedented event which altered the lives of billions of citizens globally resulting in what became commonly referred to as the new-normal in terms of societal norms and the way we live and work. Aside from the extraordinary impact on society and business as a whole, the pandemic generated a set of unique cyber-crime related circumstances which also affected society and business. The increased anxiety caused by the pandemic heightened the likelihood of cyber-attacks succeeding corresponding with an increase in the number and range of cyber-attacks. This paper analyses the COVID-19 pandemic from a cyber-crime perspective and highlights the range of cyber-attacks experienced globally during the pandemic. Cyber-attacks are analysed and considered within the context of key global events to reveal the modus-operandi of cyber-attack campaigns. The analysis shows how following what appeared to be large gaps between the initial outbreak of the pandemic in China and the first COVID-19 related cyber-attack, attacks steadily became much more prevalent to the point that on some days, 3 or 4 unique cyber-attacks were being reported. The analysis proceeds to utilise the UK as a case study to demonstrate how cyber-criminals leveraged key events and governmental announcements to carefully craft and design cyber-crime campaigns.


id: cord-252675-axio9zna
author: Van, Debbie
date: 2010-03-14
txt: ./txt/cord-252675-axio9zna.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-252675-axio9zna.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20226093/
doi: 10.1186/1471-2458-10-130
summary:
  Through the use of an online survey, we aimed to measure the perceptions and responses of staff and students towards pandemic (H1N1) 2009 at a major university in Sydney, Australia. In Australia, the median age of confirmed cases is 21 years [2] Universities therefore have the potential to become explosive, centrifugal outbreak centres due to their large young adult population, high levels of close social contact and permeable boundaries. This survey was conducted to examine the understanding of and attitudes towards pandemic (H1N1) 2009 amongst students and staff at the University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, Australia and their behavioural intentions during this pandemic. However in our study, few respondents had adopted the use of online teaching or learning resources as a result of pandemic influenza (H1N1). Of the participants surveyed, Asian-born respondents were the most likely to be anxious about the Australian pandemic situation, rate the situation as serious, undertake specific behavioural changes and comply with public health measures.

title:
  University life and pandemic influenza: Attitudes and intended behaviour of staff and students towards pandemic (H1N1) 2009

abstract:
  BACKGROUND: In a pandemic young adults are more likely to be infected, increasing the potential for Universities to be explosive disease outbreak centres. Outbreak management is essential to reduce the impact in both the institution and the surrounding community. Through the use of an online survey, we aimed to measure the perceptions and responses of staff and students towards pandemic (H1N1) 2009 at a major university in Sydney, Australia. METHODS: The survey was available online from 29 June to 30 September 2009. The sample included academic staff, general staff and students of the University. RESULTS: A total of 2882 surveys were completed. Nearly all respondents (99.6%, 2870/2882) were aware of the Australian pandemic situation and 64.2% (1851/2882) reported either "no anxiety" or "disinterest." Asian-born respondents were significantly (p < 0.001) more likely to believe that the pandemic was serious compared to respondents from other regions. 75.9% (2188/2882) of respondents had not made any lifestyle changes as a result of the pandemic. Most respondents had not adopted any specific behaviour change, and only 20.8% (600/2882) had adopted the simplest health behaviour, i.e. hand hygiene. Adoption of a specific behaviour change was linked to anxiety and Asian origin. Students were more likely to attend the university if unwell compared with staff members. Positive responses from students strongly indicate the potential for expanding online teaching and learning resources for continuing education in disaster settings. Willingness to receive the pandemic vaccine was associated with seasonal influenza vaccination uptake over the previous 3 years. CONCLUSIONS: Responses to a pandemic are subject to change in its pre-, early and mid-outbreak stages. Lessons for these institutions in preparation for a second wave and future disease outbreaks include the need to promote positive public health behaviours amongst young people and students.


id: cord-252833-0lb60y12
title: The American College of Surgeons Responds to COVID-19
author: Rusch, Valerie W.
date: 2020-07-14
txt: ./txt/cord-252833-0lb60y12.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-252833-0lb60y12.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32673759/
doi: 10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2020.06.020
abstract: nan
summary:
  infections escalated exponentially across many areas of the US, the Centers for Disease Control (CDC), the Surgeon General and the American College of Surgeons (ACS) recommended that hospitals and surgeons postpone non-urgent operations in order to provide care to COVID-19 patients. One of the first and most important ACS initiatives was the creation of guidelines for the selection of patients needing urgent operations (including some cancer procedures) during the immediate, temporary suspension of non-urgent surgery. Modeled on experience in South Texas and Washington state, the COT developed a guidance document for setting up a regional medical operations center and worked closely with the FEMA (Federal Emergency Management Agency) Healthcare Resilience Task Force to promote this approach and identify potential sources for funding. 23 Conclusions Through an intensive and cohesive group effort by ACS staff, leadership and Fellows, the College has successfully managed the unprecedented challenges of the COVID-19 pandemic and supported its members in continuing to provide high quality patient care.


id: cord-253102-z15j8izi
title: Planning for the Next Global Pandemic
author: Ross, Allen G.P.
date: 2015-08-04
txt: ./txt/cord-253102-z15j8izi.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-253102-z15j8izi.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S1201971215001836
doi: 10.1016/j.ijid.2015.07.016
summary:
  The West African Ebola virus pandemic has shown us yet again that the world is ill prepared to respond to a global health emergency. The national health systems in West Africa, and for most low and middle income countries (LMICs), would not meet IHR standards (despite claims by some member WHA nations) and it is unlikely that following the Ebola pandemic much will change. This editorial discusses many issues including priority emerging and reemerging infectious diseases; the challenges of meeting international health regulations; the strengthening of global health systems; global pandemic funding; and the One Health approach to future pandemic planning. The PEF would 22 If the WHO contingency fund (100 million US dollars) and the World Bank pandemic emergency facility cannot be utilised to strengthen national health systems in LMICs in order to meet IHRs core capabilities, then how can this be achieved?

abstract:
  In order to mitigate human and financial losses as a result of future global pandemics, we must plan now. As the Ebola virus pandemic declines, we must reflect on how we have mismanaged this recent international crisis and how we can better prepare for the next global pandemic. Of great concern is the increasing frequency of pandemics occurring over the last few decades. Clearly, the window of opportunity to act is closing. This editorial discusses many issues including priority emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases; the challenges of meeting international health regulations; the strengthening of global health systems; global pandemic funding; and the One Health approach to future pandemic planning. We recommend that the global health community unites to urgently address these issues in order to avoid the next humanitarian crisis.


id: cord-253161-oz1eziy1
title: MY COVID‐19 DIARY
author: Munyikwa, Michelle
date: 2020-06-04
url: https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8322.12575
doi: 10.1111/1467-8322.12575
abstract:
  Written in weekly instalments, Michelle Munyikwa's Covid‐19 diary reflects upon the experience of an unfolding pandemic from her dual role as a medical trainee and anthropologist living in the United States. Her observations centre on everyday encounters with scenes or objects that reflect the growing crisis, from the absence of masks outside patient rooms to emergent forms of care through telemedicine. The diary follows the author as she experiences grief, ambivalence and disorientation in the first weeks of the pandemic.


id: cord-254621-ub7ynjai
title: Decreased utilization of mental health emergency service during the COVID-19 pandemic
author: Hoyer, Carolin
date: 2020-06-09
txt: ./txt/cord-254621-ub7ynjai.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-254621-ub7ynjai.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00406-020-01151-w
doi: 10.1007/s00406-020-01151-w
summary:
  We present an early study from a German psychiatric hospital to assess the dynamics of mental health emergency service utilization rates during the COVID-19 pandemic. Our results show that the numbers of emergency presentations decreased, and a positive correlation between these numbers and mobility of the general public suggests an impact of extended measures of social distancing. This retrospective study aimed to quantify the dynamics of mental health emergency service utilization during the COVID-19 pandemic and to assess a potential impact of the partial lockdown in Germany. This study identified a decrease of mental health emergency service utilization during the COVID-19 pandemic and for the first time extends observations made in other specialties [2, 3] to psychiatry. The correlation of lower service utilization rates and decreased population mobility moreover suggests an impact of extended measures of social distancing on patients'' willingness to seek help for mental health problems through in-hospital consultations.

abstract:
  During the rapid rise of the COVID-19 pandemic, a reduction of the numbers of patients presenting to emergency departments has been observed. We present an early study from a German psychiatric hospital to assess the dynamics of mental health emergency service utilization rates during the COVID-19 pandemic. Our results show that the numbers of emergency presentations decreased, and a positive correlation between these numbers and mobility of the general public suggests an impact of extended measures of social distancing. This finding underscores the necessity of raising and sustaining awareness regarding the threat to mental health in the context of the pandemic.


id: cord-254771-698gl09v
author: Ferriss, J. Stuart
date: 2020-10-17
txt: ./txt/cord-254771-698gl09v.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-254771-698gl09v.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0090825820340178
doi: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2020.10.009
summary:
  title: Society of Gynecologic Oncology recommendations for fellowship education during the COVID-19 pandemic and beyond: Innovating programs to optimize trainee success Fellowship education programs in gynecologic oncology have quickly adapted to the "new normal" of social distancing using video conferencing platforms to continue clinical and didactic teaching. Fellowship education programs in gynecologic oncology have quickly adapted to the "new normal" of social distancing using video conferencing platforms to continue clinical and didactic teaching. This paper summarizes the changes that have taken place in fellowship education at the beginning of the pandemic and provides resources and recommendations for fellows, faculty, and program directors moving forward. These realities create new challenges in gynecologic oncology training, yet programs have an opportunity to design and implement competence-based assessment of surgical milestones. GYOEDU (www.gyoedu.org) is a free, collaborative effort to pool fellowship program resources and has resulted in a robust and evolving educational repository, including live and pre-recorded video-based lectures, study summaries, and clinical trial timelines, as well as a planned question bank.

title:
  Society of Gynecologic Oncology recommendations for fellowship education during the COVID-19 pandemic and beyond: Innovating programs to optimize trainee success

abstract:
  In approximately ten months' time, the novel coronavirus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has infected over 34 million people and caused over one million deaths worldwide. The impact of this virus on our health, relationships, and careers is difficult to overstate. As the economic realities for academic medical centers come into focus, we must recommit to our core missions of patient care, education, and research. Fellowship education programs in gynecologic oncology have quickly adapted to the “new normal” of social distancing using video conferencing platforms to continue clinical and didactic teaching. United in a time of crisis, we have embraced systemic change by developing and delivering collaborative educational content, overcoming the limitations imposed by institutional silos. Additional innovations are needed in order to overcome the losses in program surgical volume and research opportunities. With the end of the viral pandemic nowhere in sight, program directors can rethink how education is best delivered and potentially overhaul aspects of fellowship curriculum and content. Similarly, restrictions on travel and the need for social distancing has transformed the 2020 fellowship interview season from an in-person to a virtual experience. During this time of unprecedented and rapid change, program directors should be particularly mindful of the needs and health of their trainees and consider tailoring their educational experiences accordingly.


id: cord-255360-yjn24sja
author: O''Connor, Daryl B.
date: 2020-07-19
txt: ./txt/cord-255360-yjn24sja.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-255360-yjn24sja.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1111/bjop.12468
doi: 10.1111/bjop.12468
summary:
  The most pressing need is to research the negative biopsychosocial impacts of the COVID‐19 pandemic to facilitate immediate and longer‐term recovery, not only in relation to mental health, but also in relation to behaviour change and adherence, work, education, children and families, physical health and the brain, and social cohesion and connectedness. Specifically, we have identified the shorter-and longerterm priorities around mental health, behaviour change and adherence, work, education, children and families, physical health and the brain, and social cohesion and connectedness in order to (1) frame the breadth and scope of potential contributions from across the discipline, (2) assist psychological scientists in focusing their resources on gaps in the literature, and (3) help funders and policymakers make informed decisions about the shorter-and longer-term COVID-19 research priorities to meet the needs of societies as they emerge from the acute phase of the crisis.

title:
  Research priorities for the COVID‐19 pandemic and beyond: A call to action for psychological science

abstract:
  The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus‐2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) that has caused the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) pandemic represents the greatest international biopsychosocial emergency the world has faced for a century, and psychological science has an integral role to offer in helping societies recover. The aim of this paper is to set out the shorter‐ and longer‐term priorities for research in psychological science that will (a) frame the breadth and scope of potential contributions from across the discipline; (b) enable researchers to focus their resources on gaps in knowledge; and (c) help funders and policymakers make informed decisions about future research priorities in order to best meet the needs of societies as they emerge from the acute phase of the pandemic. The research priorities were informed by an expert panel convened by the British Psychological Society that reflects the breadth of the discipline; a wider advisory panel with international input; and a survey of 539 psychological scientists conducted early in May 2020. The most pressing need is to research the negative biopsychosocial impacts of the COVID‐19 pandemic to facilitate immediate and longer‐term recovery, not only in relation to mental health, but also in relation to behaviour change and adherence, work, education, children and families, physical health and the brain, and social cohesion and connectedness. We call on psychological scientists to work collaboratively with other scientists and stakeholders, establish consortia, and develop innovative research methods while maintaining high‐quality, open, and rigorous research standards.


id: cord-256042-1yq7kf7d
author: McDonnell, Sarah
date: 2020-10-12
txt: ./txt/cord-256042-1yq7kf7d.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-256042-1yq7kf7d.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S0301211520306539
doi: 10.1016/j.ejogrb.2020.10.023
summary:
  The rate of preterm birth was significantly less common in January-July 2020 compared to January-July in 2018/2019 (7.4% v 8,6%, chi-sq 4.53, P = 0.03) CONCLUSION: The was no evidence of a negative impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on maternity services, as demonstrated by maternal and neonatal outcomes. In summary, there is no correlation between Covid deaths (representing the pandemic peak) and preterm births, perinatal mortality, mode of delivery or maternity complications across the months of January to July 2020. There has been a wealth of data published on Covid-19 infection in pregnancy and our knowledge of the effects of SARS-CoV2 on maternal and neonatal outcomes has rapidly evolved, with reports of perinatal transmission increasing 8, 9 . However, a regional maternity unit in Ireland has described a reduction in preterm deliveries of very low birth weight infants during the Covid-19 pandemic in their population.

title:
  The impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on maternity services: a review of maternal and neonatal outcomes before, during and after the pandemic

abstract:
  OBJECTIVE: To explore any apparent trends in maternal or neonatal outcomes during the Covid-19 pandemic by comparing the maternity outcomes before, during and after the pandemic. STUDY DESIGN: A retrospective review was performed of maternity statistics recorded on the hospital database of a large tertiary referral centre in Dublin with over 8,000 deliveries per annum from 1 st January to 31 st July 2020. This time period represented the months prior to, during the peak and following the pandemic in Ireland. RESULTS: There was no correlation between the monthly number of Covid deaths and the monthly number of perinatal deaths (r = 0.465, NS), preterm births (r = 0.339, NS) or hypertensive pregnancies (r = 0.48, NS). Compared to the combined numbers for the same month in 2018 and 2019, there were no significant changes in perinatal deaths or preterm births in the months when Covid deaths were at their height. The rate of preterm birth was significantly less common in January-July 2020 compared to January-July in 2018/2019 (7.4% v 8,6%, chi-sq 4.53, P = 0.03) CONCLUSION: The was no evidence of a negative impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on maternity services, as demonstrated by maternal and neonatal outcomes.


id: cord-256086-8qfeoayb
author: Lin, Leesa
date: 2016-04-15
url: https://doi.org/10.1093/pubmed/fdw028
doi: 10.1093/pubmed/fdw028
title:
  Tuning in and catching on? Examining the relationship between pandemic communication and awareness and knowledge of MERS in the USA

abstract:
  BACKGROUND: Large-scale influenza outbreaks over the last decade, such as SARS and H1N1, have brought to global attention the importance of emergency risk communication and prompted the international community to develop communication responses. Since pandemic outbreaks are relatively infrequent, there is a dearth of evidence addressing the following questions: (i) Have the resources invested in strategic and routine communication for past pandemic outbreaks yielded public health preparedness benefits? (ii) Have past efforts sensitized people to pay attention to new pandemic threats? The Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) that was followed closely by major media outlets in the USA provides an opportunity to examine the relationship between exposure to public communication about epidemics and public awareness and knowledge about new risks. METHODS: In December, 2013, we surveyed a nationally representative sample of 627 American adults and examined the associations between people's awareness to prior pandemics and their awareness of and knowledge about MERS. RESULTS: Awareness of prior pandemics was significantly associated with awareness and knowledge of MERS. The most common sources from which people first heard about MERS were also identified. CONCLUSIONS: Communication inequalities were observed between racial/ethnic and socioeconomic positions, suggesting a need for more effective pandemic communication.


id: cord-256432-53l24le2
author: Yang, Honglin
date: 2020-09-04
url: https://doi.org/10.2147/rmhp.s251733
doi: 10.2147/rmhp.s251733
title:
  A Strategy Study on Risk Communication of Pandemic Influenza: A Mental Model Study of College Students in Beijing

abstract:
  PURPOSE: To understand the characteristics of risk perception of influenza pandemic in college students with prominent frequency and the differences between these risk perceptions and professionals. Then, offering a proposal for the government to improve the efficiency of risk communication and health education. METHODS: According to the mental model theory, researchers first draw a framework of key risk factors, and then they ask these students about the understanding of the framework with questionnaire and then making concept statistics and content analysis on the respondents’ answers. RESULTS: Researchers find some students’ misunderstanding of pandemic including excessive optimism to the consequences of a pandemic, a lack of detailed understanding of mitigation measures, and negative attitudes towards health education and vaccination. Most students showed incomplete and incorrect views about concepts related to the development and exposure factors, impact and mitigation measures. Once threatened, it may lead to the failure of decision-making. The majority of students we interviewed had positive attitudes towards personal emergency preparedness for a pandemic influenza and specialized health education in the future. CONCLUSION: Researchers suggest that the government should make a specific pandemic guidance plan by referring to the risk cognitive characteristics of college students shown in the research results, and update the methods of health education to college students.


id: cord-257684-4b66lenw
title: The Surge after the Surge: Cardiac Surgery post-COVID-19
author: Salenger, Rawn
date: 2020-05-04
txt: ./txt/cord-257684-4b66lenw.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-257684-4b66lenw.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0003497520306937?v=s5
doi: 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2020.04.018
summary:
  ABSTRACT Background The COVID-19 pandemic has dramatically reduced adult cardiac surgery case volumes as institutions and surgeons curtail non-urgent operations. We investigated the impact of various levels of increased post-pandemic hospital operating capacity on the time to clear the backlog of deferred cases. Conclusions Cardiac surgical operating capacity during the COVID-19 recovery period will have a dramatic impact on the time to clear the deferred cases backlog. We investigated the impact of various levels of increased postpandemic hospital operating capacity on the time to clear the backlog of deferred cases. Cardiac surgical operating capacity during the COVID-19 recovery period will have a dramatic impact on the time to clear the deferred cases backlog. Next, we used our mathematical model to predict the number of cardiac surgery cases deferred during the pandemic, and the length of time required to operate on the backlog, dependent on the amount of increased operating capacity institutions could achieve.

abstract:
  ABSTRACT Background The COVID-19 pandemic has dramatically reduced adult cardiac surgery case volumes as institutions and surgeons curtail non-urgent operations. There will be a progressive increase in deferred cases during the pandemic that will require completion within a limited time frame once restrictions ease. We investigated the impact of various levels of increased post-pandemic hospital operating capacity on the time to clear the backlog of deferred cases. Methods We collected data from four cardiac surgery programs across two health systems. We recorded case rates at baseline and during the COVID-19 pandemic. We created a mathematical model to quantify the cumulative surgical backlog based on the projected pandemic duration. We then used our model to predict the time required to clear the backlog depending on the level of increased operating capacity. Results Cardiac surgery volumes fell to 54% of baseline after restrictions were implemented. Assuming a service restoration date of either June 1 or July 1, we calculated the need to perform 216% or 263% of monthly baseline volume, respectively, to clear the backlog in one month. The actual duration required to clear the backlog is highly dependent on hospital capacity in the post-COVID time period, and ranges from one to eight months depending on when services are restored and degree of increased capacity. Conclusions Cardiac surgical operating capacity during the COVID-19 recovery period will have a dramatic impact on the time to clear the deferred cases backlog. Inadequate operating capacity may cause substantial delays and increase morbidity and mortality. If only pre-pandemic capacity is available, the backlog will never clear.


id: cord-257706-as5yhroz
title: Mental health and the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic
author: Crespo-Facorro, Benedicto
date: 2020-05-12
txt: ./txt/cord-257706-as5yhroz.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-257706-as5yhroz.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S1888989120300355
doi: 10.1016/j.rpsm.2020.04.010
abstract: nan
summary:
  That is how long the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic gave us to adapt individually, socially and professionally to a context never before experienced or even imagined, a scenario of high stress that has already changed our way of life and that of future generations. 1 describe, with historic and international vision of this and other pandemics, the experiences and action plans related to mental health services involved in responding to the diversity of needs generated. The term stress was first used to describe situations in which aggressive external factors trigger a physiological response and behavior to prepare the individual to cope with these E-mail address: benedicto.crespo.sspa@juntadeandalucia.es stimuli 2 . As individuals and society, we need to seek solutions to the external problem, but it is also fundamental to our mental health to be able to manage our distress and emotions in coping with this polyhedral stressor (even if we cannot do anything to change the situation) 5 .


id: cord-258410-ggrrbq5u
title: Teleconsultations and Shared Care in Pediatric Oncology During COVID-19
author: Ganguly, Shuvadeep
date: 2020-09-22
txt: ./txt/cord-258410-ggrrbq5u.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-258410-ggrrbq5u.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12098-020-03499-2
doi: 10.1007/s12098-020-03499-2
abstract: nan
summary:
  Still, keeping in mind the immunosuppressive nature of anti-neoplastic therapy and our evolving understanding of the disease, pediatric oncology services have to tread carefully between treating cancer and limiting COVID-19 in this vulnerable population. With healthcare centres throughout the world grappling with COVID-19 pandemic with resource optimization, all aspects of cancer treatment were adversely affected, including ancillary services like blood product availability [2] . Over the course of last four months of this pandemic (April to July 2020), even with curtailing of healthcare services at our centre, 80 new cases (age ≤ 21 years) were registered and 39 children with acute leukemia and lymphoma were started on therapy. Managing pediatric cancer patients in COVID19 pandemic Chemotherapy adaptations in a referral tertiary care center in India for ongoing therapy of pediatric patients with solid tumors during COVID19 pandemic and lockdown.


id: cord-259793-pue0mv99
title: How is COVID-19 reshaping activity-travel behavior? Evidence from a comprehensive survey in Chicago
author: Shamshiripour, Ali
date: 2020-09-06
txt: ./txt/cord-259793-pue0mv99.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-259793-pue0mv99.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S2590198220301275
doi: 10.1016/j.trip.2020.100216
summary:
  Combining stated preference (SP) and revealed preference (RP) methods, the survey was structured to collect information in three major categories: 1) socio-demographic details such as residential location, age, gender, race, as well as the economic factors including individual job categories and annual household income; 2) health-related factors such as weight and height, and physical exercise habits, as well as COVID-19 exposure risk factors such as having pre-existing medical conditions and being in close contact with a confirmed case; and 3) an extensive set of questions about people''s attitudes and perceptions, habits, and daily activity-travel behavior. The previous sections discussed the dynamics of various aspects of activity-travel behavior and perceptions impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic, and this section seeks to put the results into perspective for transportation planning and offer insights for future research.

abstract:
  The novel COVID-19 pandemic has caused upheaval around the world and has led to drastic changes in our daily routines. Long-established routines such as commuting to workplace and in-store shopping are being replaced by telecommuting and online shopping. Many of these shifts were already underway for a long time, but the pandemic has accelerated them remarkably. This research is an effort to investigate how and to what extent people's mobility-styles and habitual travel behaviors have changed during the COVID-19 pandemic and to explore whether these changes will persist afterward or will bounce back to the pre-pandemic situation. To do so, a stated preference-revealed preference (SP-RP) survey is designed and implemented in the Chicago metropolitan area. The survey incorporates a comprehensive set of questions associated with individuals' travel behaviors, habits, and perceptions before and during the pandemic, as well as their expectations about the future. Analysis of the collected data reveals significant changes in various aspects of people's travel behavior. We also provide several insights for policymakers to be able to proactively plan for more equitable, sustainable, and resilient cities.


id: cord-260585-ovmko655
author: Sherman, Allen C.
date: 2020-09-24
txt: ./txt/cord-260585-ovmko655.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-260585-ovmko655.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S0165178120331371
doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113476
summary:
  In separate multivariable analyses that accounted for a number of demographic and pandemic-related covariates, individuals who reported greater pandemic-related disruption in daily life, and those with a prior history of mental health concerns, were more likely to screen positive for depressive, anxiety and trauma-related symptoms. We anticipated that heightened levels of anxiety, depression, and posttraumatic stress would be associated with specific situational factors, including perceived viral exposure or infection, food and financial insecurity, reduced access to routine medical care, greater disruption in daily life, more stringent social distancing, and diminished daily structure. Preliminary bivariate analyses evaluated associations of elevated scores on the primary outcomes (i.e., scores above thresholds for depression, anxiety, and trauma) with demographic variables (e.g., age, ethnicity, gender, comorbidities) and situational risk factors (e.g., perceived exposure and infection, COVID-19 symptoms, food and financial insecurity, access to routine medical care, pandemic-related employment changes, illness or loss of loved ones, reduced daily structure, social activity, and disruption in daily activities,), using t-tests, or chi-square or Fisher Exact tests, as appropriate.

title:
  Mental Health Outcomes Associated with the COVID-19 Pandemic: Prevalence and Risk Factors in a Southern US State

abstract:
  The COVID-19 pandemic has had a dramatic effect on the functioning of individuals and institutions around the world. This cross-sectional registry-based study examined some of the burdens of the pandemic, the prevalence of mental health difficulties, and risk factors for psychosocial morbidity among community residents in Arkansas. The study focused on a period of gradual reopening but rising infection rates. The investigation included validated screening measures of depressive symptoms (PHQ-9), generalized anxiety (GAD-7), trauma-related symptoms (PCL-5), and alcohol use (AUDIT-C). A notable percentage of participants reported elevated symptoms on each of these outcomes. In separate multivariable analyses that accounted for a number of demographic and pandemic-related covariates, individuals who reported greater pandemic-related disruption in daily life, and those with a prior history of mental health concerns, were more likely to screen positive for depressive, anxiety and trauma-related symptoms. Findings illuminate burdens experienced by community residents during a period of phased reopening, and offer a foundation for future screening and intervention initiatives.


id: cord-261711-nmmz9tke
author: Verma, Surabhi
date: 2020-07-02
url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S014829632030432X?v=s5
doi: 10.1016/j.jbusres.2020.06.057
title:
  Investigating the Emerging COVID-19 Research Trends in the Field of Business and Management: A Bibliometric Analysis Approach

abstract:
  The COVID-19 pandemic has been labeled as a black swan event that caused a ripple effect on every aspect of human life. Despite the short time span of the pandemic—only four and half months so far—a rather large volume of research pertaining to COVID-19 has been published (107 articles indexed in Scopus and the Web of Science). This article presents the findings of a bibliometric study of COVID-19 literature in the business and management domain to identify current areas of research and propose a way forward. The analysis of the published literature identified four main research themes and 18 sub-themes. The findings and propositions of this study suggest that COVID-19 will be the catalyst of several long- and short-term policy changes and requires the theoretical and empirical attention of researchers. The offered propositions will act as a roadmap to potential research opportunities.


id: cord-264974-hspek930
author: Timmis, Kenneth
date: 2020-05-03
txt: ./txt/cord-264974-hspek930.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-264974-hspek930.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32319151/
doi: 10.1111/1462-2920.15029
abstract: nan
summary:
  If, despite the explicit warning of the World Health Organization in 2011 that ''The world is ill-prepared to respond to a severe influenza pandemic or to any similarly global, sustained and threatening public-health emergency'' (https://apps.who.int/gb/ebwha/pdf_files/WHA64/A64_10en.pdf), it was not apparent to those in charge, and to the general public-i.e., those suffering from COVID-19 infections and the funders of health services (tax/insurance payers)-that existing health systems had inherent vulnerabilities which could prove to be devastating when seriously stressed, the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic (e.g., see Brüssow, 2020 ) has brutally exposed it now. International benchmarking is mandatory, because it has become clear that there is a wide range of effectiveness in the ability of different countries with developed economies to respond to this crisis (and probably others), and the tax-paying public has no compelling reason to tolerate perpetuation of factors underlying poor responses to crises.

title:
  The COVID‐19 pandemic: some lessons learned about crisis preparedness and management, and the need for international benchmarking to reduce deficits


id: cord-266440-69l9c3my
title: Misinformation During the Coronavirus Disease 2019 Outbreak: How Knowledge Emerges From Noise
author: Rochwerg, Bram
date: 2020-04-29
txt: ./txt/cord-266440-69l9c3my.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-266440-69l9c3my.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32426740/
doi: 10.1097/cce.0000000000000098
summary:
  This review summaries the many potential sources of information that clinicians turn to during pandemic illness, the challenges associated with performing methodologically sound research in this setting and potential approaching to conducting well done research during a health crisis. CONCLUSIONS: Pandemics and healthcare crises provide extraordinary opportunities for the rapid generation of reliable scientific information but also for misinformation, especially in the early phases, which may contribute to public hysteria. Major contributors to research delays include competing interests of investigators, regulatory barriers, time taken for protocol development, ethics approval, peer review and delays related to the publication process. Given the rapidity of new research data associated with the COVID-19 pandemic, the next question for bedside practitioners becomes which data are of sufficient quality and trustworthiness that it should inform clinical practice ( Table 1) . Pandemics and healthcare crises provide extraordinary opportunities for the rapid generation of reliable scientific information but also for misinformation, especially in the early phases, which may contribute to public hysteria.

abstract:
  Although the amount of information generated during this most recent coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic is enormous, much is of uncertain trustworthiness. This review summaries the many potential sources of information that clinicians turn to during pandemic illness, the challenges associated with performing methodologically sound research in this setting and potential approaching to conducting well done research during a health crisis. DATA SOURCES: Not applicable. STUDY SELECTION: Not applicable. DATA EXTRACTION: Not applicable. DATA SYNTHESIS: Not applicable. CONCLUSIONS: Pandemics and healthcare crises provide extraordinary opportunities for the rapid generation of reliable scientific information but also for misinformation, especially in the early phases, which may contribute to public hysteria. The best way to combat misinformation is with trustworthy data produced by healthcare researchers. Although challenging, research can occur during pandemics and crises and is facilitated by advance planning, governmental support, targeted funding opportunities, and collaboration with industry partners. The coronavirus disease 2019 research response has highlighted both the dangers of misinformation as well as the benefits and possibilities of performing rigorous research during challenging times.


id: cord-269498-q63ce5pi
title: Pandemic planning in pediatric care: A website policy review and national survey data
author: Nicholas, David
date: 2010-07-31
txt: ./txt/cord-269498-q63ce5pi.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-269498-q63ce5pi.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0168851010000229
doi: 10.1016/j.healthpol.2010.01.007
summary:
  Methods Online pandemic plans from national, provincial and territorial government websites were reviewed to identify: plans for children and families, and psychosocial and ethical issues. For example, there is still a need to address ethical concerns during a pandemic, for instance, governments may be required to infringe upon civil liberties to ensure infection control, and policy makers need to establish frameworks for decisionmaking to allocate scarce health care resources [6] . Survey participants included individuals with expertise in pediatric care and pandemic planning, including: (1) members of national, provincial and territorial pandemic influenza committees; (2) professionals working in infection control and pandemic planning; and (3) professionals working with children, youth and families in crisis. A review of the pandemic plans of the Public Health Agency of Canada, provincial and territorial governments has identified needs in pediatric planning.

abstract:
  Abstract Objectives This study investigates current policies, key issues, and needs for pandemic planning in pediatrics in Canada. Methods Online pandemic plans from national, provincial and territorial government websites were reviewed to identify: plans for children and families, and psychosocial and ethical issues. A survey was administered to gather participants’ perspectives on the needs in pediatric planning, as well as important elements of their organizations’ and regions’ pandemic plans. A thematic analysis was conducted on qualitative survey responses. Results The majority of existing plans did not adequately address the unique needs of pediatric populations, and mainly focused on medical and policy concerns. Several gaps in plans were identified, including the need for psychosocial supports and ethical decision-making frameworks for children and families. Similarly, survey respondents identified parallel gaps, in their organization's or region's plans. Conclusions Although many plans provide guidelines for medical and policy issues in pediatrics, much more work remains in psychosocial and ethical planning. A focus on children and families is needed for pandemic planning in pediatrics to ensure best outcomes for children and families.


id: cord-269958-nj0ub9in
title: COVID‐19, nationalism, and the politics of crisis: A scholarly exchange
author: Woods, Eric Taylor
date: 2020-07-19
url: https://doi.org/10.1111/nana.12644
doi: 10.1111/nana.12644
abstract:
  In this article, several scholars of nationalism discuss the potential for the COVID‐19 pandemic to impact the development of nationalism and world politics. To structure the discussion, the contributors respond to three questions: (1) how should we understand the relationship between nationalism and COVID‐19; (2) will COVID‐19 fuel ethnic and nationalist conflict; and (3) will COVID‐19 reinforce or erode the nation‐state in the long run? The contributors formulated their responses to these questions near to the outset of the pandemic, amid intense uncertainty. This made it acutely difficult, if not impossible, to make predictions. Nevertheless, it was felt that a historically and theoretically informed discussion would shed light on the types of political processes that could be triggered by the COVID‐19 pandemic. In doing so, the aim is to help orient researchers and policy‐makers as they grapple with what has rapidly become the most urgent issue of our times.


id: cord-271362-qn5i6cdj
author: Zheng, Lei
date: 2020-09-21
txt: ./txt/cord-271362-qn5i6cdj.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-271362-qn5i6cdj.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32955170/
doi: 10.1111/aphw.12232
summary:
  According to the literature, high perceived control increases the psychological distance from a negative target (Han et al., 2018) , which may in turn help individuals in coping with the COVID-19 pandemic and further lead to high levels of perceived general health and life satisfaction. Next, the results of the mediation model showed that regional pandemic severity had a negative effect on the psychological distance from COVID-19 (B = À0.54, SE = 0.12, p < .001), which subsequently led to low levels of perceived general health (B = 0.06, SE = 0.01, p < .001) and life satisfaction (B = 0.15, SE = 0.02, p < .001). In particular, the regional pandemic severity adversely affects psychological distance when people have low perceived control, which in turn can lead to low levels of both life satisfaction and perceived general health.

title:
  Perceived Control Buffers the Effects of the COVID‐19 Pandemic on General Health and Life Satisfaction: The Mediating Role of Psychological Distance

abstract:
  BACKGROUND: Ways to maintain good health during a pandemic are very important for the general population; however, little is known about the impact of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) on individuals’ life satisfaction and perceived general health. This study aimed to examine the effects of COVID‐19 on life satisfaction and perceived general health and reveal the buffering effect of perceived control on coping with COVID‐19. METHODS: We collected 1,847 participants’ data from 31 pandemic‐affected provinces in China and obtained regional epidemic data of the same provinces. We employed a moderated mediation model with both individuals’ self‐report data and regional epidemic data to verify the hypotheses. RESULTS: Psychological distance mediated the relationships of regional pandemic severity with perceived general health and life satisfaction. Perceived control moderated the detrimental effects of regional pandemic severity through the moderating effects of regional pandemic severity on psychological distance, as well as the moderating effects of psychological distance on life satisfaction. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings indicate that perceived control may act as a protective factor buffering the psychological impact of the pandemic on general health and life satisfaction. Psychological distance can serve as a mediator that explains how the COVID‐19 pandemic impacts perceived general health and life satisfaction.


id: cord-272653-01wck9f3
title: Apocalypse perhaps
author: Isaacs, David
date: 2020-08-24
txt: ./txt/cord-272653-01wck9f3.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-272653-01wck9f3.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1111/jpc.15011
doi: 10.1111/jpc.15011
abstract: nan
summary:
  The exact starting date of the novel coronavirus pandemic COVID-19 will never be known, but China informed the World Health Organization (WHO) about the disease on New Year''s Eve, 31 December 2019. Transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19, was accelerated by traditional travel of 3 billion people for 40 days before the Chinese New Year on 25 January 2020. 2,3 When the Australian Chief Medical Officer activated the pandemic emergency response plan, weeks before the World Health Organization declared a pandemic, the Government was legally obliged to act. 12 The authors conclude that staff were being infected through community transmission and that PPE was effective in protecting front-line health-care workers. At a time when world leaders want to blame each other for aspects of the COVID-19 pandemic, the war metaphor is particularly menacing. Managing mental health challenges faced by healthcare workers during covid=19 pandemic


id: cord-274163-yxl9a9u7
author: Yadav, Uday Narayan
date: 2020-09-25
url: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2020.00508
doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2020.00508
title:
  A Syndemic Perspective on the Management of Non-communicable Diseases Amid the COVID-19 Pandemic in Low- and Middle-Income Countries

abstract:
  The global coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic has greatly affected the lives of people living with non-communicable diseases (PLWNCDs). The health of PLWNCDs worsens when synergistic epidemics or “syndemics” occur due to the interaction between socioecological and biological factors, resulting in adverse outcomes. These interactions can affect the physical, emotional, and social well-being of PLWNCDs. In this paper, we discuss the effects of the COVID-19 syndemic on PLWNCDs, particularly how it has exposed them to NCD risk factors and disrupted essential public health services. We conclude by reflecting on strategies and policies that deal with the COVID-19 syndemic among PLWNCDs in low- and middle-income countries.


id: cord-274544-mxkputbd
title: 2019-nCoV pandemic: A disruptive and stressful atmosphere for Indian academic fraternity
author: Gautam, Ritu
date: 2020-04-11
txt: ./txt/cord-274544-mxkputbd.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-274544-mxkputbd.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32289366/
doi: 10.1016/j.bbi.2020.04.025
abstract: nan
summary:
  title: 2019-nCoV pandemic: A disruptive and stressful atmosphere for Indian academic fraternity The sharp pang of this pandemic (2019-nCoV) is exponentially sweeping across the world and is triggering chaos, fear, anxiety, and stress among the people (Montemurro, 2020) . During this pandemic, it is very tough to prepare and deliver the quality lectures to the students and the situation gets worse when the teaching is online as most of the teachers have not been trained for the effective use of web resources for teaching. Due to the lockdown of colleges, universities the teachers and students (particularly Science faculty) are not able to use the facilities of their laboratories. The long prevalence of this pandemic may create different types of psychological disorders among teachers and students. Finally, this pandemic has taught us that the subject of online teaching needs to be incorporated at the primary and higher level of education.


id: cord-274694-kdsv7v8e
title: The Kerala Model in the time of COVID19: rethinking State, Society and Democracy
author: Chathukulam, Jos
date: 2020-09-23
txt: ./txt/cord-274694-kdsv7v8e.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-274694-kdsv7v8e.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S0305750X2030334X
doi: 10.1016/j.worlddev.2020.105207
summary:
  On the other hand, there are some relatively poor, so-called under-developed countries and regions, such as Vietnam (The Economist, 2020), Cambodia and the small state of Kerala in India (a state within a state) which have emerged as success stories with a record of early and effective interventions, of controlling the spread of the virus, healing the infected and reducing the death rate. We will especially focus on the state and Kerala''s model of an effective and vibrant democracy and "public action" in the words of Dreze and Sen. We argue that while Kerala was blessed with good and efficient leaders during this crisis, the more important factors behind Kerala''s success have been robust institutions of state and governance built over many years with the capacity to take timely and effective measures in handling the crisis.

abstract:
  Kerala, a small state in South India, has been celebrated as a development model by scholars across the world for its exemplary achievements in human development and poverty reduction despite relatively low GDP growth. It was no surprise, then, that the Covid 19 pandemic that hit Kerala before any other part of India, became a test case for the Kerala model in dealing with such a crisis. Kerala was lauded across the world once again as a success story in containing this unprecedented pandemic, in treating those infected, and in making needed provisions for those adversely affected by the lockdown. But as it turned out, this celebration was premature as Kerala soon faced a third wave of Covid 19 infections. The objective of this paper is to examine Kerala’s trajectory in achieving the success and then confronting the unanticipated reversal. It will examine the legacy of the Kerala model such as robust and decentralized institutions and provisions for healthcare, welfare and safety nets, and especially the capacity of a democratic state working in synergy with civil society and enjoying a high degree of consensus and public trust. It will then examine the new surge of the virus and attempts to establish if this was due to any mistakes made by the state or some deficits in its model of “public action” that includes adversarial politics having a disruptive tenor about it. We will conclude by arguing that the Kerala model is still relevant, and that it is still a model in motion.


id: cord-275257-upj8mvzn
author: Hwang, E. Shelley
date: 2020-06-14
txt: ./txt/cord-275257-upj8mvzn.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-275257-upj8mvzn.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1245/s10434-020-08673-6
doi: 10.1245/s10434-020-08673-6
summary:
  Perspectives are provided on: (1) maintaining a safe environment for surgical oncology care; (2) redirecting the multidisciplinary model to guide surgical decisions; (3) harnessing telemedicine to accommodate requisite physical distancing; (4) understanding interactions between SARS CoV-2 and cancer therapy; (5) considering the ethical impact of professional guidelines for surgery prioritization; and (6) advocating for our patients who require oncologic surgery in the midst of the COVID-19 pandemic. The panel provides perspectives on: (1) creating a safe environment for surgical oncology care, (2) redirecting the multidisciplinary model to guide surgical decisions, (3) harnessing telemedicine to accommodate requisite physical distancing, (4) understanding interactions between SARS CoV-2 and cancer therapy, (5) considering the ethical impact of professional guidelines for surgery prioritization, and (6) advocating for our patients who require oncologic surgery in the midst of the COVID-19 pandemic.

title:
  Surgical Oncologists and the COVID-19 Pandemic: Guiding Cancer Patients Effectively through Turbulence and Change

abstract:
  BACKGROUND: The COVID-19 pandemic has posed extraordinary demands from patients, providers, and health care systems. Despite this, surgical oncologists must maintain focus on providing high-quality, empathetic care for the almost 2 million patients nationally who will be diagnosed with operable cancer this year. The focus of hospitals is transitioning from initial COVID-19 preparedness activities to a more sustained approach to cancer care. METHODS: Editorial Board members provided observations of the implications of the pandemic on providing care to surgical oncology patients. RESULTS: Strategies are presented that have allowed institutions to successfully prepare for cancer care during COVID-19, as well as other strategies that will help hospitals and surgical oncologists manage anticipated challenges in the near term. Perspectives are provided on: (1) maintaining a safe environment for surgical oncology care; (2) redirecting the multidisciplinary model to guide surgical decisions; (3) harnessing telemedicine to accommodate requisite physical distancing; (4) understanding interactions between SARS CoV-2 and cancer therapy; (5) considering the ethical impact of professional guidelines for surgery prioritization; and (6) advocating for our patients who require oncologic surgery in the midst of the COVID-19 pandemic. CONCLUSIONS: Until an effective vaccine becomes available for widespread use, it is imperative that surgical oncologists remain focused on providing optimal care for our cancer patients while managing the demands that the COVID-19 pandemic will continue to impose on all of us.


id: cord-275462-7a55odok
title: Pandemic influenza: implications for occupational medicine
author: Journeay, W Shane
date: 2009-06-23
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19549302/
doi: 10.1186/1745-6673-4-15
abstract:
  This article reviews the biological and occupational medicine literature related to H5N1 pandemic influenza and its impact on infection control, cost and business continuity in settings outside the health care community. The literature on H5N1 biology is reviewed including the treatment and infection control mechanisms as they pertain to occupational medicine. Planning activity for the potential arrival of pandemic avian influenza is growing rapidly. Much has been published on the molecular biology of H5N1 but there remains a paucity of literature on the occupational medicine impacts to organizations. This review summarizes some of the basic science surrounding H5N1 influenza and raises some key concerns in pandemic planning for the occupational medicine professional. Workplaces other than health care settings will be impacted greatly by an H5N1 pandemic and the occupational physician will play an essential role in corporate preparation, response, and business continuity strategies.


id: cord-275622-v5o4uayk
title: The COVID-19 pandemic as disjuncture: Lifelong learning in a context of fear
author: Bjursell, Cecilia
date: 2020-10-30
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33144741/
doi: 10.1007/s11159-020-09863-w
abstract:
  The COVID-19 pandemic has caused a number of fundamental changes in different societies, and can therefore be understood as creating “disjuncture” in our lives. Disjuncture is a concept proposed by adult educator Peter Jarvis to describe the phenomenon of what happens when an individual is confronted with an experience that conflicts with her/his previous understanding of the world. Faced with a situation that creates disjuncture, the person is compelled to find new knowledge and new ways of doing things; i.e., he/she must embark on a learning process. The recent introduction of social distancing as a measure aiming to reduce transmission of the COVID-19 virus has dramatically changed people’s behaviour, but this measure does not only have preventive and desirable effects. There is an associated risk for increased isolation among the older generations of the population, as well as a change in intergenerational relationships. Although the current pandemic (as disjuncture) may potentially initiate major learning processes in the human collective, we should remember that disjuncture is often theorised within neutral, or even positive, contexts. In a context of fear, however, learning may result in a narrowing of mindsets and a rejection of collective efforts and solidarity between generations. In terms of the types of learning triggered by the current pandemic (as disjuncture), one problem is non-reflective learning, which primarily occurs on a behavioural level. We need to recognise this and engage in reflective learning if we are to make the choices that will lead to a society that is worth living in for all generations. Our goal must be to learn to be a person in a post-pandemic society.


id: cord-276428-oy8e2cpx
author: Krishnan, Lakshmi
date: 2020-06-05
url: https://doi.org/10.7326/m20-2223
doi: 10.7326/m20-2223
title:
  Historical Insights on Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), the 1918 Influenza Pandemic, and Racial Disparities: Illuminating a Path Forward

abstract:
  The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is exacting a disproportionate toll on ethnic minority communities and magnifying existing disparities in health care access and treatment. To understand this crisis, physicians and public health researchers have searched history for insights, especially from a great outbreak approximately a century ago: the 1918 influenza pandemic. However, of the accounts examining the 1918 influenza pandemic and COVID-19, only a notable few discuss race. Yet, a rich, broader scholarship on race and epidemic disease as a “sampling device for social analysis” exists. This commentary examines the historical arc of the 1918 influenza pandemic, focusing on black Americans and showing the complex and sometimes surprising ways it operated, triggering particular responses both within a minority community and in wider racial, sociopolitical, and public health structures. This analysis reveals that critical structural inequities and health care gaps have historically contributed to and continue to compound disparate health outcomes among communities of color. Shifting from this context to the present, this article frames a discussion of racial health disparities through a resilience approach rather than a deficit approach and offers a blueprint for approaching the COVID-19 crisis and its afterlives through the lens of health equity.


id: cord-276881-ms2wz8bz
title: The law of regression to the tail: How to survive Covid-19, the climate crisis, and other disasters
author: Flyvbjerg, Bent
date: 2020-10-05
url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1462901120308637
doi: 10.1016/j.envsci.2020.08.013
abstract:
  Regression to the mean is nice and reliable. Regression to the tail is reliably scary. We live in the age of regression to the tail. It is only a matter of time until a pandemic worse than covid-19 will hit us, and climate more extreme than any we have seen. What are the basic principles that generate such extreme risk, and for navigating it, for government, business, and the public?


id: cord-277107-gs7j6fxo
title: Counting the cost of COVID-19
author: Yamin, Mohammad
date: 2020-05-13
txt: ./txt/cord-277107-gs7j6fxo.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-277107-gs7j6fxo.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32412538/
doi: 10.1007/s41870-020-00466-0
summary:
  Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is the name given by the World Health Organization (WHO) to the highly contagious and infectious disease caused by the Novel Corona Virus or SARS-CoV-2, which was first reported on 31 December 2019 in Wuhan city of the capital of China''s Hubei province. In recent years we have witnessed an increased growth and spread of communicable and highly contagious viruses and diseases like EBOLA [3] , HIV Aids [4] , Swine Influenza (H1N1, H1N2) [5] , various strands of Flu [6] , Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) [7] and Middle Eastern Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) [8] in Africa, the Middle East and several other parts of the world. The coronavirus disease COVID-19 is a highly transmittable and pathogenic viral infection caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) ( Fig. 1) , which is resulting in a heavy toll on people''s lives and colossal economic damage.

abstract:
  Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is the name given by the World Health Organization (WHO) to the highly contagious and infectious disease caused by the Novel Corona Virus or SARS-CoV-2, which was first reported on 31 December 2019 in Wuhan city of the capital of China's Hubei province. Due to the rapid increase in the number of infections worldwide, the WHO in March 2020, declared COVID-19 as a pandemic. Historically, first coronavirus had surfaced in 1965 with symptoms of common cold. Since then five different strands of this virus have emerged, most lethal of them was the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS), which infected about eight thousand people, killing ten percent of them. The COVID-19 is not the most deadly pandemic world has ever witnessed as the Spanish influenza pandemic, during 1918–19, killed more than fifty million people. Indeed COVID-19 has turned out to be the most lethal of all coronaviruses as it has infected at least three million people killing more than two hundred thousands of them in the first 4 months of its spread. Many politicians and social scientists have dubbed the depression, being caused by COVID-19, worse than that caused by the Second World War. In this article, we shall analyze economic, social, cultural, educational and political impact of the COVID-19.


id: cord-277558-w2srv5em
title: The Impact of COVID-19 on the Insurance Industry
author: Babuna, Pius
date: 2020-08-10
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32784978/
doi: 10.3390/ijerph17165766
abstract:
  This study investigated the impact of COVID-19 on the insurance industry by studying the case of Ghana from March to June 2020. With a parallel comparison to previous pandemics such as SARS-CoV, H1N1 and MERS, we developed outlines for simulating the impact of the pandemic on the insurance industry. The study used qualitative and quantitative interviews to estimate the impact of the pandemic. Presently, the trend is an economic recession with decreasing profits but increasing claims. Due to the cancellation of travels, events and other economic losses, the Ghanaian insurance industry witnessed a loss currently estimated at GH Ȼ112 million. Our comparison and forecast predicts a normalization of economic indicators from January 2021. In the meantime, while the pandemic persists, insurers should adapt to working from remote locations, train and equip staff to work under social distancing regulations, enhance cybersecurity protocols and simplify claims/premium processing using e-payment channels. It will require the collaboration of the Ghana Ministry of Health, Banking Sector, Police Department, Customs Excise and Preventive Service, other relevant Ministries and the international community to bring the pandemic to a stop.


id: cord-277801-auq3msc6
title: Adapting Neurosurgery Practice During The Covid-19 Pandemic In The Indian Subcontinent
author: Deora, Harsh
date: 2020-07-15
url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wneu.2020.07.038
doi: 10.1016/j.wneu.2020.07.038
abstract:
  ABSTRACT Background The COVID-19 pandemic has changed the practice of neurosurgery. Significant resources have been dedicated to it. The pandemic in the Indian subcontinent, when compared to the rest of the world, is relatively delayed. The neurosurgical practice cannot remain unaffected by hugely disruptive measures such as a lockdown. The inevitable rise in covid infections with its gradual relaxation continues to pose a risk for health care providers. Therefore, it is imperative to evaluate whether the pandemic has had a discernible effect on the same especially in terms of practice modifications in private establishments and publicly funded hospitals, the emotional impact on the surgeon, and the influence of social media on the psyche of the surgeon. Material and Methods An online questionnaire-based survey was prepared, with questions related to the COVID specific themes of precautions taken in outpatient services and operation theaters, the influence of social media, the economic loss incurred, and the perceptible impact of telemedicine and webinars. The links to the survey were mailed to neurosurgeons in private and public practice all over the country. The responses were anonymized to ensure free and unbiased answers to the survey questions. Results A total of 176 responses were received from all over the Indian Sub-Continent. The median age of respondents was 39years (range 32-70 yrs) and the post-residency experience was 7years (range 0-34 yrs). Respondents were an equitable mix of public and private practitioners. 46% of the respondents were practicing restricted outpatient services, more in public institutions (p=0.22) which also had a higher incidence of tele-outpatient services(26% vs 17%). Wearing surgical masks, N-95 masks, and gloves were the most commonly practised precautionary measures in outpatient services(>60%). While private practitioners were continuing elective cases(40%), public institutes were more cautious with only emergencies being operated(29%). The greatest fear among all practitioners was passing the infection to the family (75%). Social media was helpful for brainstorming queries and updating practice modifications, but some surgeons admitted to receiving threats upon social media platforms(37.5%). Depression and economic losses were palpable for approximately 30% neurosurgeons. Conclusion The survey highlights the perception of the neurosurgeons towards the pandemic and the difference in public-private practice. Suspension of elective procedures, severe curtailment of the regular outpatient appointments, drastic modifications of the normal OPD/OR practices and apprehensions related to inadequacy of safety provided by PPE usage and financial losses of private establishments were some of the visible themes in our survey results. Though telemedicine has not been as widely adopted as expected, yet online education has been favourably received.


id: cord-278554-rg92gcc6
author: Aoyagi, Yumiko
date: 2015-04-23
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25807865/
doi: 10.1111/irv.12310
title:
  Healthcare workers' willingness to work during an influenza pandemic: a systematic review and meta-analysis

abstract:
  To estimate the proportion of healthcare workers (HCWs) willing to work during an influenza pandemic and identify associated risk factors, we undertook a systematic review and meta-analysis compliant with PRISMA guidance. Databases and grey literature were searched to April 2013, and records were screened against protocol eligibility criteria. Data extraction and risk of bias assessments were undertaken using a piloted form. Random-effects meta-analyses estimated (i) pooled proportion of HCWs willing to work and (ii) pooled odds ratios of risk factors associated with willingness to work. Heterogeneity was quantified using the I(2) statistic, and publication bias was assessed using funnel plots and Egger's test. Data were synthesized narratively where meta-analyses were not possible. Forty-three studies met our inclusion criteria. Meta-analysis of the proportion of HCWs willing to work was abandoned due to excessive heterogeneity (I(2) = 99·2%). Narrative synthesis showed study estimates ranged from 23·1% to 95·8% willingness to work, depending on context. Meta-analyses of specific factors showed that male HCWs, physicians and nurses, full-time employment, perceived personal safety, awareness of pandemic risk and clinical knowledge of influenza pandemics, role-specific knowledge, pandemic response training, and confidence in personal skills were statistically significantly associated with increased willingness. Childcare obligations were significantly associated with decreased willingness. HCWs' willingness to work during an influenza pandemic was moderately high, albeit highly variable. Numerous risk factors showed a statistically significant association with willingness to work despite significant heterogeneity between studies. None of the included studies were based on appropriate theoretical constructs of population behaviour.


id: cord-278900-3rfb1b71
author: Fell, Michael J.
date: 2020-06-13
url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S2214629620302218
doi: 10.1016/j.erss.2020.101646
title:
  Validity of energy social research during and after COVID-19: challenges, considerations, and responses

abstract:
  Measures to control the spread of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) are having unprecedented impacts on people’s lives around the world. In this paper, we argue that those conducting social research in the energy domain should give special consideration to the internal and external validity of their work conducted during this pandemic period. We set out a number of principles that researchers can consider to give themselves and research users greater confidence that findings and recommendations will still be applicable in years to come. Largely grounded in existing good practice guidance, our recommendations include collecting and reporting additional supporting contextual data, reviewing aspects of research design for vulnerability to validity challenges, and building in longitudinal elements where feasible. We suggest that these approaches also bring a number of opportunities to generate new insights. However, we caution that a more systemic challenge to validity of knowledge produced during this period may result from changes in the kinds of social research that it is practicable to pursue.


id: cord-279214-7vna4uyo
title: Participant stress in the COVID-19 era and beyond
author: Goldfarb, Elizabeth V.
date: 2020-09-25
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32978609/
doi: 10.1038/s41583-020-00388-7
abstract:
  The COVID-19 pandemic represents a worldwide stressor. Considering the influence of stress on research participants during this time and beyond may provide new insights and benefit the broader field of human neuroscience.


id: cord-284573-w0sk622m
title: What Went Wrong: Corona and the World after the Full Stop
author: Caduff, Carlo
date: 2020-07-21
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32692890/
doi: 10.1111/maq.12599
abstract:
  This article examines the global response to the Covid‐19 pandemic. It argues that we urgently need to look beyond the virus if we want to understand the real seriousness of what is happening today. How did we end up in a space of thinking, acting, and feeling that has normalized extremes and is based on the assumption that biological life is an absolute value separate from politics? The author suggests that today's fear is fueled by mathematical disease modeling, neoliberal health policies, nervous media reporting, and authoritarian longings.


id: cord-286288-gduhterq
title: Cardiovascular Clinical Trials in a Pandemic: Immediate Implications of Coronavirus Disease 2019
author: Spitzer, Ernest
date: 2020-05-01
url: https://doi.org/10.15420/cfr.2020.07
doi: 10.15420/cfr.2020.07
abstract:
  The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic started in Wuhan, Hubei Province, China, in December 2019, and by 24 April 2020, it had affected >2.73 million people in 185 countries and caused >192,000 deaths. Despite diverse societal measures to reduce transmission of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, such as implementing social distancing, quarantine, curfews and total lockdowns, its control remains challenging. Healthcare practitioners are at the frontline of defence against the virus, with increasing institutional and governmental supports. Nevertheless, new or ongoing clinical trials, not related to the disease itself, remain important for the development of new therapies, and require interactions among patients, clinicians and research personnel, which is challenging, given isolation measures. In this article, the authors summarise the acute effects and consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic on current cardiovascular trials.


id: cord-288818-6uvb4qsk
title: Ethics, pandemic and environment; looking at the future of low middle income countries
author: Tanveer, Faouzia
date: 2020-10-15
txt: ./txt/cord-288818-6uvb4qsk.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-288818-6uvb4qsk.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33059674/
doi: 10.1186/s12939-020-01296-z
summary:
  From the restrictions on public freedom and burgeoning socio-economic impacts to the rationing of scarce medical resources, the spread of COVID-19 is an extraordinary ethical dilemma for resource constrained nations with less developed health and research systems. International regimes are on high alert to stop its spread, however, as far as the global scenario is concerned, countries and governments are clueless in stopping the expanding pandemic as not much is known about SARS-CoV-2, while left only with implementing nationwide lock downs and curfews which opened new economic fronts and social challenges. COVID-19 has presented itself as a test case for the humanity in terms of global fraternity, decision making, technology and expertise sharing, rapid pandemic response mechanisms, stability, crises management and policy making.

abstract:
  COVID-19 which started in Wuhan, China and swiftly expanded geographically worldwide, including to Low to Middle Income Countries (LMICs). This in turn raised numerous ethical concerns in preparedness, knowledge sharing, intellectual property rights, environmental health together with the serious constraints regarding readiness of health care systems in LMICs to respond to this enormous public health crisis. From the restrictions on public freedom and burgeoning socio-economic impacts to the rationing of scarce medical resources, the spread of COVID-19 is an extraordinary ethical dilemma for resource constrained nations with less developed health and research systems. In the current crisis, scientific knowledge and technology has an important role to play in effective response. Emergency preparedness is a shared responsibility of all countries with a moral obligation to support each other. This review discusses the ethical concerns regarding the national capacities and response strategies in LMICs to deal with the COVID-19 pandemic as well as the deep link between the environment and the increasing risk of pandemics.


id: cord-289067-ptqzvsdw
author: Bansal, Priya
date: 2020-04-04
url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2213219820303275
doi: 10.1016/j.jaip.2020.04.001
title:
  Clinician Wellness During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Extraordinary Times and Unusual Challenges for the Allergist/Immunologist

abstract:
  The global spread of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has caused sudden and dramatic societal changes. The allergy/immunology community has quickly responded by mobilizing practice adjustments and embracing new paradigms of care to protect patients and staff from severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 exposure. Social distancing is key to slowing contagion but adds to complexity of care and increases isolation and anxiety. Uncertainty exists across a new COVID-19 reality, and clinician well-being may be an underappreciated priority. Wellness incorporates mental, physical, and spiritual health to protect against burnout, which impairs both coping and caregiving abilities. Understanding the stressors that COVID-19 is placing on clinicians can assist in recognizing what is needed to return to a point of wellness. Clinicians can leverage easily accessible tools, including the Strength-Focused and Meaning-Oriented Approach to Resilience and Transformation approach, wellness apps, mindfulness, and gratitude. Realizing early warning signs of anxiety, depression, substance abuse, and posttraumatic stress disorder is important to access safe and confidential resources. Implementing wellness strategies can improve flexibility, resilience, and outlook. Historical parallels demonstrate that perseverance is as inevitable as pandemics and that we need not navigate this unprecedented time alone.


id: cord-289919-iqa5pxda
author: Deng, Shichang
date: 2020-09-16
txt: ./txt/cord-289919-iqa5pxda.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-289919-iqa5pxda.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.567784
doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.567784
summary:
  Study 1 surveyed 1464 Chinese people in March 2020, found the perceived severity of COVID-19 during the pandemic significantly increased the willingness to consume post-pandemic, and boredom stemming from limited activities and sensation-seeking expressions mediated this effect. We suggest that after the COVID-19 pandemic is effectively controlled, people are highly likely to engage in a variety of consumption activities precisely because shopping is a complex stimulus that can relieve consumers'' boredom state (Sundström et al., 2019) and satisfy their sensation-seeking needs (Punj, 2011; Deng and Gao, 2015) . Study 1 aims to use the questionnaire modeling method to test H1 and H2 (i.e., whether perceived severity of COVID-19 increased ones'' post-pandemic consumption willingness through the mediating roles of boredom from limited activities and sensation-seeking expressions).

title:
  Perceived Severity of COVID-19 and Post-pandemic Consumption Willingness: The Roles of Boredom and Sensation-Seeking

abstract:
  The COVID-19 pandemic restricts people’s activities and makes consumer businesses suffered. This study explored the relationship between the perceived severity of COVID-19 and the post-pandemic consumption willingness. Study 1 surveyed 1464 Chinese people in March 2020, found the perceived severity of COVID-19 during the pandemic significantly increased the willingness to consume post-pandemic, and boredom stemming from limited activities and sensation-seeking expressions mediated this effect. Study 2 conducted an experiment with 174 participants in August 2020, found a high level of perceived severity of COVID-19 and the experience of life tedium during the pandemic significantly increased individuals’ impulsive buying tendencies after the pandemic. The results suggested the level of perceived severity of COVID-19 may influence people’s post-pandemic consumption patterns.


id: cord-290012-jh1gkpiz
title: COVID-19 and ethical preparedness?
author: Druml, Christiane
date: 2020-07-08
url: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00508-020-01709-7
doi: 10.1007/s00508-020-01709-7
abstract:
  Mankind has to prepare for a pandemic with respect to medical and practical aspects, but also with respect to ethical issues. There are various ethical guidelines for managing infectious disease outbreaks, but they do not apply to the specific aspects of the COVID-19 pandemic, since they were formulated after the different kinds of outbreaks of avian influenza and Ebola. Today we are confronted with completely new issues endangering our fundamental human rights. As COVID-19 is spreading all over the world, we are in a desperate situation to find treatment solutions; however, despite the urgency, scientific rules have to be applied as bad science is unethical since it might be harmful for patients. Fake news and alternative facts might not be easily recognized and are also threatening scientific values. Pandemics might be leading to a meltdown of the health system if no measures are being taken constraining fundamental human rights. Tracking of persons is violating human rights as well if not accepted on a voluntary basis. A failure to have safeguards for times of crisis leads to a scarcity of medicinal products and goods resulting in a nationalistic approach and ignorance of international solidarity. And last but not least selective measures and triage in intensive care have to be taught to young physicians and nursing staff in medical schools in order to be prepared in times of an infectious disease outbreak and scarcity of resources.


id: cord-290471-xg9d4dex
author: Coleman, Brian C
date: 2020-09-04
txt: ./txt/cord-290471-xg9d4dex.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-290471-xg9d4dex.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1093/tbm/ibaa074
doi: 10.1093/tbm/ibaa074
summary:
  Sudden changes in the delivery of pain management interventions will probably alter treatment effects measured via PMC PCTs. Through the use of harmonized instruments and surveys, we are capturing these changes and plan to monitor the impact on research practices, as well as on health outcomes. The National Institutes of Health (NIH) Department of Defense (DoD) Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) Pain Management Collaboratory (PMC) is currently supporting 11 large-scale, multisite, embedded pragmatic clinical trials (PCTs) in military and veteran health systems to evaluate nonpharmacological approaches and integrated pain care models to manage pain and important comorbidities [12] . The rapidly evolving pandemic brought heightened focus of frequent PMC Work Group discussions, which unearthed both immediate and longer-term issues related to effects of the pandemic on the management of chronic pain and our ability to test and deliver integrated care solutions to individuals in at-risk military and veteran populations.

title:
  Adapting to disruption of research during the COVID-19 pandemic while testing nonpharmacological approaches to pain management

abstract:
  The COVID-19 pandemic has slowed research progress, with particularly disruptive effects on investigations of addressing urgent public health challenges, such as chronic pain. The National Institutes of Health (NIH) Department of Defense (DoD) Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) Pain Management Collaboratory (PMC) supports 11 large-scale, multisite, embedded pragmatic clinical trials (PCTs) in military and veteran health systems. The PMC rapidly developed and enacted a plan to address key issues in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. The PMC tracked and collaborated in developing plans for addressing COVID-19 impacts across multiple domains and characterized the impact of COVID-19 on PCT operations, including delays in recruitment and revisions of study protocols. A harmonized participant questionnaire will facilitate later meta-analyses and cross-study comparisons of the impact of COVID-19 across all 11 PCTs. The pandemic has affected intervention delivery, outcomes, regulatory and ethics issues, participant recruitment, and study design. The PMC took concrete steps to ensure scientific rigor while encouraging flexibility in the PCTs, while paying close attention to minimizing the burden on research participants, investigators, and clinical care teams. Sudden changes in the delivery of pain management interventions will probably alter treatment effects measured via PMC PCTs. Through the use of harmonized instruments and surveys, we are capturing these changes and plan to monitor the impact on research practices, as well as on health outcomes. Analyses of patient-reported measures over time will inform potential relationships between chronic pain, mental health, and various socioeconomic stressors common among Americans during the COVID-19 pandemic.


id: cord-291234-rozpps6v
author: Faye, C.
date: 2020-05-22
url: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.05.17.20104687
doi: 10.1101/2020.05.17.20104687
title:
  A DISSYMMETRY IN THE FIGURES RELATED TO THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC IN THE WORLD: WHAT FACTORS EXPLAIN THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN AFRICA AND THE REST OF THE WORLD?

abstract:
  Humanity has experienced outbreaks for millennia, from epidemics limited to pandemics that have claimed many victims and changed the course of civilizations. The advent of vaccines has eradicated some of the serious pathogens and reduced many others. However, pandemics are still part of our modern world, as we continue to have pandemics as devastating as HIV and as alarming as severe acute respiratory syndrome, Ebola and the Middle East respiratory syndrome. The Covid-19 epidemic with 0-exponential contamination curves reaching 3 million confirmed cases should not have come as a surprise, nor should it have been the last pandemic in the world. In this article, we try to summarize the lost opportunities as well as the lessons learned, hoping that we can do better in the future. The objective of this study is to relate the situation of Covid-19 in African countries with those of the countries most affected by the pandemic. It also allows us to verify how, according to the observed situation, the African ecosystem seems to be much more resilient compared to that of other continents where the number of deaths is in the thousands. To verify this, the diagnosed morbidity and mortality reported for different states of the world are compared to the ages of life and the average annual temperature of these states. The results show that the less dramatic balance of the African continent compared to other continents is partly linked to the relatively high temperatures on the continent but also to the relatively young character of its population.


id: cord-292502-m76rne1l
title: The COVID-19 pandemic: the public health reality
author: Cheema, S.
date: 2020-09-22
txt: ./txt/cord-292502-m76rne1l.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-292502-m76rne1l.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1017/s0950268820002216
doi: 10.1017/s0950268820002216
summary:
  Undeniably, the COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in loss of human life; it has wreaked havoc on healthcare systems worldwide, highlighting inequities in healthcare availability and access; it has resulted in drastic public health measures in most countries of the world. Here, we present data that pose questions on the magnitude of attention that the COVID-19 pandemic has garnered compared to other public health issues that are in dire need of prevention and response. The loss of income is likely to result in an increase of adverse health outcomes for many of the individuals affected, and the overall economic crisis will negatively impact the ability of entire countries to provide effective healthcare to their citizens. Hence, we believe that the mortality and disease burden during and after the COVID-19 pandemic due to the social and economic consequences of the preventive measures and other factors can be substantially high.

abstract:
  The coronavirus disease (COVID-19), while mild in most cases, has nevertheless caused significant mortality. The measures adopted in most countries to contain it have led to colossal social and economic disruptions, which will impact the medium- and long-term health outcomes for many communities. In this paper, we deliberate on the reality and facts surrounding the disease. For comparison, we present data from past pandemics, some of which claimed more lives than COVID-19. Mortality data on road traffic crashes and other non-communicable diseases, which cause more deaths each year than COVID-19 has so far, is also provided. The indirect, serious health and social effects are briefly discussed. We also deliberate on how misinformation, confusion stemming from contrasting expert statements, and lack of international coordination may have influenced the public perception of the illness and increased fear and uncertainty. With pandemics and similar problems likely to re-occur, we call for evidence-based decisions, the restoration of responsible journalism and communication built on a solid scientific foundation.


id: cord-292929-s8pnm9wv
title: The indirect impact of COVID-19 on child health
author: Ashikalli, Louicia
date: 2020-09-16
txt: ./txt/cord-292929-s8pnm9wv.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-292929-s8pnm9wv.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32959000/
doi: 10.1016/j.paed.2020.09.004
summary:
  It explores the physical and psychological effects, discusses the role of parenting and education, offering practical advice about how best to provide support as a health care professional. Whilst initial data does not suggest that children with comorbidities are at particularly increased risk of severe COVID-19 disease (12) (13) (14) , the challenge of maintaining a good continuity of care for existing patients and adequate diagnostic care for children presenting for the first time remains. At the start of this pandemic in the UK the advice given to the families with children with many chronic diseases was to shield the whole household to prevent the risk of severe illness. The absence of mental health services during previous pandemics increased the risk of psychological distress to those affected (30) . Large organisations such as UNICEF have provided online documents to help teenagers protect their mental health during the pandemic.

abstract:
  Since the detection of COVID-19 in December 2019, the rapid spread of the disease worldwide has led to a new pandemic, with the number of infected individuals and deaths rising daily. Early experience shows that it predominantly affects older age groups with children and young adults being generally more resilient to more severe disease (1–3). From a health standpoint, children and young people are less directly affected than adults and presentation of the disease has shown different characteristics. Nonetheless, COVID-19 has had severe repercussions on children and young people. These indirect, downstream implications should not be ignored. An understanding of the issues is essential for those who hope to advocate effectively for children to prevent irreversible damage to the adults of the future. This article reviews some of the evidence of harm to children that may accrue indirectly as a result of pandemics. It explores the physical and psychological effects, discusses the role of parenting and education, offering practical advice about how best to provide support as a health care professional.


id: cord-293722-3b1hijhv
title: What Might Your Practice Look Like Post-Peak COVID-19?
author: Moriarty, Andrew K.
date: 2020-06-15
txt: ./txt/cord-293722-3b1hijhv.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-293722-3b1hijhv.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacr.2020.06.009
doi: 10.1016/j.jacr.2020.06.009
abstract: nan
summary:
  The ACR Commission on General, Small, Emergency and/or Rural Practice (GSER) organized a panel to discuss the response of several different types of radiology practices to the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic and planning for the resumption of services across multiple practice settings [ 1 ]. The presenters share their unique practice responses and future outlooks based on the most currently available knowledge at the time while planning initial stages of recovery during the rapidly evolving COVID-19 pandemic. Initial response, recruitment, and future imaging volumes Multiple panelists commented that current recruitment efforts and service expansion plans would be paused or significantly reconsidered as practices tried to model future volumes and different scenarios for staged recovery. Leaders representing a diverse group of practices in the general, small and rural community, critical access hospitals, a community division of a large academic institution, a national radiology practice, and a teleradiology practice provide different perspectives on the immediate post-recovery phase for radiology.


id: cord-293822-axr9qu58
title: COVID‐19 Pandemic: Applying a Multi‐Systemic Lens
author: Rolland, John S.
date: 2020-07-17
txt: ./txt/cord-293822-axr9qu58.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-293822-axr9qu58.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32677711/
doi: 10.1111/famp.12584
summary:
  Highlighting the pattern of psychosocial issues of COVID‐19 over time, discussion emphasizes the evolving interplay of larger systems public health pandemic challenges and mitigation strategies with individual and family processes. The paper addresses issues of coping with myriad Covid‐19 uncertainties in the initial crisis wave and evolving phases of the pandemic in the context of individual and family development, pre‐existing illness or disability, and racial and socioeconomic disparities. In addition to communication processes and organizational/structural patterns, particular emphasis includes: family and individual life course development in relation to the time phases of a disorder; multigenerational legacies related to illness and loss; and belief systems (including influences of culture, ethnicity, race, spirituality, and gender) (Figure 1 ). As the pandemic continues to evolve, these discussions will need to be revisited -relating to new COVID-19 data and to changing family circumstances, such as life cycle transitions or altered economic and health status.

abstract:
  The COVID‐19 pandemic has a pervasive effect on all aspects of family life. We can distinguish the collective societal and community effects of the global pandemic and the risk and disease impact for individuals and families. This paper draws on Rolland’s Family Systems Illness (FSI) model to describe some of the unique challenges through a multi‐systemic lens. Highlighting the pattern of psychosocial issues of COVID‐19 over time, discussion emphasizes the evolving interplay of larger systems public health pandemic challenges and mitigation strategies with individual and family processes. The paper addresses issues of coping with myriad Covid‐19 uncertainties in the initial crisis wave and evolving phases of the pandemic in the context of individual and family development, pre‐existing illness or disability, and racial and socioeconomic disparities. The discussion offers recommendations for timely family oriented consultation and psychoeducation, and for healthcare clinician self‐care.


id: cord-294636-xes8g0x4
title: Approaching Surgical Triage During the COVID-19 Pandemic
author: Brindle, Mary E.
date: 2020-05-07
txt: ./txt/cord-294636-xes8g0x4.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-294636-xes8g0x4.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32675489/
doi: 10.1097/sla.0000000000003992
abstract: nan
summary:
  The harm caused by failure to modify the surgery schedule has been clearly demonstrated in countries like China where ongoing elective operations and nonessential clinic visits contributed to early rates of in-hospital COVID-19 transmission 2 ; and from Italy where resources consumed through elective surgery including personal protective equipment left health care workers vulnerable when the pandemic crested. Although nonoperative care of appendicitis may have a failure rate between 14 and 30%, the majority of patients will get out of hospital without surgery and will not consume the human and material resources that are most needed in COVID-19 management. 9. COVID-19 surgical care pathways and a COVID-19 Operating room will need to be maintained after the peak of the pandemic has passed as patients with COVID-19 will continue to present with conditions requiring surgery.


id: cord-294772-nma7w7of
title: COVID-19 pandemic and pediatric dentistry: fear, eating habits and parent’s oral health perceptions
author: de Oliveira Collet, Giulia
date: 2020-09-15
txt: ./txt/cord-294772-nma7w7of.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-294772-nma7w7of.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32952248/
doi: 10.1016/j.childyouth.2020.105469
summary:
  title: COVID-19 pandemic and pediatric dentistry: fear, eating habits and parent''s oral health perceptions The questions addressed topics regarding changes in daily routine, dietary habits, fear level, oral health, and variation of income during the pandemic. The changes in diet, economic issues, general concerns, fear, added to the lack of preventive dental care, could impact the oral health of children during the enforced stay-at-home orders. Thus, this study aimed to assess the fear level, dietary choices and parent''s oral health perceptions during the stay-at-home orders period in Brazil. Regarding oral health, 24.4% of parents/caregivers reported their children were undergoing dental treatment before the pandemic. Association was found among parents/caregivers'' willingness to take their children to dental appointments, fear level (p<0.001), and the local number of COVID-19 cases (p<0.001) ( Table 4) . The present study concluded that the COVID-19 pandemic has negatively impacted the eating habits and dental care of children in Brazil.

abstract:
  BACKGROUND: Severe measures have been implemented around the world to reduce COVID-19 spread with a significant impact on family dynamics. AIM: To assess the impact of the pandemic on fear, dietary choices and oral health perceptions of parents. DESIGN: questionnaire containing 19 questions was remotely applied to 1,003 parents of children aged 0-12 years. The questions addressed topics regarding changes in daily routine, dietary habits, fear level, oral health, and variation of income during the pandemic. Data analysis included the description of the relative and absolute frequencies of the variables. Association tests were performed using Fisher's exact and Kruskal-Wallis tests. RESULTS: 73% of respondents reported income loss. Five hundred sixty-eight people denied seeking medical or dental care. 61.5% of respondents revealed changes in the dietary pattern; most of them mentioned an increase in food intake. Most parents (66.6%) would only seek urgent dental care. There was an association between parents’ willingness to take their children to dental appointments with the fear level (p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Most families have experienced changes in daily routine and eating habits during the pandemic. Parents fear COVID-19 and it impacts their behavior regarding seeking dental care for their children.


id: cord-295391-e5it7nxl
title: Residents'' Perceived Impact of COVID-19 on Saudi Ophthalmology Training Programs-A Survey
author: Alahmadi, Adel Salah
date: 2020-11-03
txt: ./txt/cord-295391-e5it7nxl.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-295391-e5it7nxl.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33173273/
doi: 10.2147/opth.s283073
summary:
  title: Residents'' Perceived Impact of COVID-19 on Saudi Ophthalmology Training Programs-A Survey PURPOSE: To evaluate the impact of the current pandemic on ophthalmology residency training in Saudi Arabia, focusing on its effects on clinical education, training, and the mental well-being of the trainees. CONCLUSION: COVID-19 pandemic has disrupted residents'' clinical and surgical training in the Saudi ophthalmology training programs. 6, 7 In addition to disruption in clinical and surgical teaching, didactic teaching programs such as grand rounds and lectures were administered through virtual platforms such as Zoom, Microsoft Teams, and Cisco WebEx. We believed that ophthalmology residents had experienced remarkable limitations in their clinical training and surgical exposure due to these dramatic changes. The current cross-sectional study aimed to explore COVID-19 related experiences and perceptions of ophthalmology residents in various Saudi programs. We believe that COVID-19 had significantly impacted trainees'' mental health currently enrolled in the Saudi ophthalmology residency programs.

abstract:
  PURPOSE: To evaluate the impact of the current pandemic on ophthalmology residency training in Saudi Arabia, focusing on its effects on clinical education, training, and the mental well-being of the trainees. METHODS: An online self-administered questionnaire was distributed among residents in the Saudi ophthalmology training programs between July 7 and 14, 2020. In this study, we explored residents’ opinions regarding training disruption and virtual education. The patient health questionnaire (PHQ-9) was used to assess the COVID-19 pandemic’s impact on their mental health. We used descriptive statistics for data analysis. RESULTS: Out of 183 registered ophthalmology residents, 142 participated in this study. Ninety-six participants (35.4%) were rotated at a specialized eye hospital during the COVID-19 pandemic, while 52 (19.2%) had rotations in the ophthalmology department at general hospitals. Those who rotated in both types of hospitals were 123 (45.4%). According to the participants, there was a significant decline in exposure to surgical and office-based procedures compared to emergency eye consultations (Friedman P <0.001). The COVID-19 pandemic’s effect on mental health was reported by 100 (70.5%) participants. Eighty-five (55.4%) respondents were satisfied with the virtual method of education. CONCLUSION: COVID-19 pandemic has disrupted residents’ clinical and surgical training in the Saudi ophthalmology training programs. Additionally, we believe that COVID-19 may have a negative impact on trainees’ mental health. Fortunately, the current pandemic provided an innovative education method that will likely be used even after the pandemic.


id: cord-296493-l437zwvt
title: Pandemic Best Regulatory Practices: An Urgent Need in the Covid‐19 Pandemic
author: Lumpkin, Murray M
date: 2020-06-04
txt: ./txt/cord-296493-l437zwvt.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-296493-l437zwvt.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32498131/
doi: 10.1002/cpt.1932
summary:
  As large numbers of candidate drugs and vaccines for potential use in the Covid‐19 pandemic are investigated, medicines regulators globally must now make urgent, informed, contextually risk‐based decisions regarding clinical trials and marketing authorizations. As large numbers of candidate drugs and vaccines for potential use in the Covid-19 pandemic are investigated, medicines regulators globally must now make urgent, informed, contextually riskbased decisions regarding clinical trials and marketing authorizations. We lay out the critical role of regulators in the current crisis and offer eight "pandemic best regulatory practices." These should support both the regulatory public heath imperative and assure timely patient access to effective, safe, quality products worldwide during this emergencythus contributing to ending this pandemic as quickly, effectively, and safely as possible. There is pressure on the world''s leading national regulatory authorities (NRAs) for medicines and medical devices to take urgent, informed, contextually risk-based decisions regarding clinical trials authorizations, emergency use authorizations, site inspections, and post-authorization commitments.

abstract:
  As large numbers of candidate drugs and vaccines for potential use in the Covid‐19 pandemic are investigated, medicines regulators globally must now make urgent, informed, contextually risk‐based decisions regarding clinical trials and marketing authorizations. They must do this with the flexibility demanded by the pandemic while maintaining their core risk assessment and public safety functions. We lay out the critical role of regulators in the current crisis and offer eight “pandemic best regulatory practices.”


id: cord-296992-2vp35fwv
title: Using Clinical Research Networks to Assess Severity of an Emerging Influenza Pandemic
author: Simonsen, Lone
date: 2018-05-08
txt: ./txt/cord-296992-2vp35fwv.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-296992-2vp35fwv.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://academic.oup.com/cid/article-pdf/67/3/341/25156461/ciy088.pdf
doi: 10.1093/cid/ciy088
summary:
  We retrospectively investigated how to use data from the International Network for Strategic Initiatives in Global HIV Trials, a global clinical influenza research network, to make more accurate case fatality ratio (CFR) estimates early in a future pandemic, an essential part of pandemic response. Since 2009, INSIGHT has undertaken 2 cohort studies-1 outpatient (FLU002) and 1 inpatient (FLU003)-specifically to address gaps in clinical research on the emerging influenza pandemic, including factors linked to disease progression and severe outcomes [24] . To underscore the importance of having baseline data, we compared the estimated pH1N1 clinical severity to that of seasonal influenza types and subtypes and noninfluenza respiratory patients in the post-pandemic period (2012) (2013) (2014) (2015) . Our analysis combining data from inpatient and outpatient INSIGHT cohorts demonstrates how preestablished global research networks could immediately begin rigorous studies to estimate the CFR, a key parameter of clinical severity of an emerging pandemic.

abstract:
  BACKGROUND: Early clinical severity assessments during the 2009 influenza A H1N1 pandemic (pH1N1) overestimated clinical severity due to selection bias and other factors. We retrospectively investigated how to use data from the International Network for Strategic Initiatives in Global HIV Trials, a global clinical influenza research network, to make more accurate case fatality ratio (CFR) estimates early in a future pandemic, an essential part of pandemic response. METHODS: We estimated the CFR of medically attended influenza (CFR(MA)) as the product of probability of hospitalization given confirmed outpatient influenza and the probability of death given hospitalization with confirmed influenza for the pandemic (2009–2011) and post-pandemic (2012–2015) periods. We used literature survey results on health-seeking behavior to convert that estimate to CFR among all infected persons (CFR(AR)). RESULTS: During the pandemic period, 5.0% (3.1%–6.9%) of 561 pH1N1-positive outpatients were hospitalized. Of 282 pH1N1-positive inpatients, 8.5% (5.7%–12.6%) died. CFR(MA) for pH1N1 was 0.4% (0.2%–0.6%) in the pandemic period 2009–2011 but declined 5-fold in young adults during the post-pandemic period compared to the level of seasonal influenza in the post-pandemic period 2012–2015. CFR for influenza-negative patients did not change over time. We estimated the 2009 pandemic CFR(AR) to be 0.025%, 16-fold lower than CFR(MA). CONCLUSIONS: Data from a clinical research network yielded accurate pandemic severity estimates, including increased severity among younger people. Going forward, clinical research networks with a global presence and standardized protocols would substantially aid rapid assessment of clinical severity. CLINICAL TRIALS REGISTRATION: NCT01056354 and NCT010561.


id: cord-298156-d0pb1kik
title: Observed and Potential Impacts of the COVID-19 Pandemic on the Environment
author: Cheval, Sorin
date: 2020-06-10
txt: ./txt/cord-298156-d0pb1kik.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-298156-d0pb1kik.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17114140
doi: 10.3390/ijerph17114140
summary:
  Consequently, by the end of April 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic has led to numerous environmental impacts, both positive such as enhanced air and water quality in urban areas, and negative, such as shoreline pollution due to the disposal of sanitary consumables. The concept of disaster has evolved over time, and here we use an adapted Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) definition: a disaster is an event, which severely alters the functioning of a community due to hazardous physical, biological or human related impacts leading to widespread adverse effects on multiple scales and systems (environment, economic, social). While negative impacts on the economy and society in general are probably huge, it is very likely that the global-scale reduction of economic activities due to the COVID-19 crisis triggers a lot of sensible improvements in environmental quality and climatic systems.

abstract:
  Various environmental factors influence the outbreak and spread of epidemic or even pandemic events which, in turn, may cause feedbacks on the environment. The novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) was declared a pandemic on 13 March 2020 and its rapid onset, spatial extent and complex consequences make it a once-in-a-century global disaster. Most countries responded by social distancing measures and severely diminished economic and other activities. Consequently, by the end of April 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic has led to numerous environmental impacts, both positive such as enhanced air and water quality in urban areas, and negative, such as shoreline pollution due to the disposal of sanitary consumables. This study presents an early overview of the observed and potential impacts of the COVID-19 on the environment. We argue that the effects of COVID-19 are determined mainly by anthropogenic factors which are becoming obvious as human activity diminishes across the planet, and the impacts on cities and public health will be continued in the coming years.


id: cord-298475-3bhiattk
title: Impacts of Covid-19 on peer-to-peer accommodation platforms: Host perceptions and responses
author: Farmaki, Anna
date: 2020-09-03
txt: ./txt/cord-298475-3bhiattk.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-298475-3bhiattk.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2020.102663
doi: 10.1016/j.ijhm.2020.102663
summary:
  The peer-to-peer (P2P) accommodation sector has attempted to follow suit, with platforms such as Airbnb and Booking.com responding to the effects of Covid-19 in numerous ways. In recent years changes have been observed in the P2P accommodation sector as the growth of certain platforms (i.e. Airbnb) and the competition among hosts has led to the adoption of professional hospitality standards (Farmaki and Kaniadakis, 2020; . Within this type of hosts, we also identified participants that were previously involved in long-term renting; yet, they decided to switch to short-term rentals via P2P accommodation platforms as their popularity grew, allowing them to earn more money. Overall, five types of hosts were identified and categorised on a continuum (figure 1) according to their long-term perspective (i.e. decision to continue hosting on P2P accommodation platforms) and level of practice adjustment.

abstract:
  The Covid-19 pandemic has brought international tourism at a standstill. Peer-to-peer (P2P) accommodation, in particular, has been greatly affected with platforms being heavily criticised for lacking a strategic response to users’ needs. Drawing from semi-structured interviews with P2P accommodation hosts, this study aims to explore: a) their perceptions of the short-term impacts of the pandemic on their hosting practice, b) their responses to the pandemic and c) their perceptions of the long-term impacts of the pandemic on the P2P accommodation sector. The study offers a continuum of host pandemic responses which illustrates different types of hosts in relation to their market perspective and intention to continue hosting on P2P platforms. The continuum carries theoretical implications as it offers insights to academics exploring crisis impacts on P2P accommodation. It is also of practical value to platforms and practitioners as it may lead to improved crisis management strategies.


id: cord-299613-5ju5fcf4
title: Disease, downturns, and wellbeing: Economic history and the long-run impacts of COVID-19
author: Arthi, Vellore
date: 2020-11-03
txt: ./txt/cord-299613-5ju5fcf4.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-299613-5ju5fcf4.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S0014498320300838
doi: 10.1016/j.eeh.2020.101381
summary:
  In this paper, we review the evidence on the long-run effects on health, labor, and human capital of both historical pandemics (with a focus on the 1918 Influenza Pandemic) and historical recessions (with a focus on the Great Depression). Thus, a historical perspective allows us to use rich data to look at not only the short-term effects of crises like COVID-19 on health, labor, and human capital, but also the long-term and intergenerational impacts along these dimensions for both individuals and the wider economy. To examine how history can inform our view of the coronavirus pandemic and associated policy responses as they relate to long-run wellbeing, we begin in Section II by reviewing the features of COVID-19 that will determine its potential health and economic impacts, and placing these features in historical context.

abstract:
  How might COVID-19 affect human capital and wellbeing in the long run? The COVID-19 pandemic has already imposed a heavy human cost—taken together, this public health crisis and its attendant economic downturn appear poised to dwarf the scope, scale, and disruptiveness of most modern pandemics. What evidence we do have about other modern pandemics is largely limited to short-run impacts. Consequently, recent experience can do little to help us anticipate and respond to COVID-19’s potential long-run impact on individuals over decades and even generations. History, however, offers a solution. Historical crises offer closer analogues to COVID-19 in each of its key dimensions—as a global pandemic, as a global recession—and offer the runway necessary to study the life-course and intergenerational outcomes. In this paper, we review the evidence on the long-run effects on health, labor, and human capital of both historical pandemics (with a focus on the 1918 Influenza Pandemic) and historical recessions (with a focus on the Great Depression). We conclude by discussing how past crises can inform our approach to COVID-19—helping tell us what to look for, what to prepare for, and what data we ought to collect now.


id: cord-300183-z3fwtwqb
author: Ahmed, Taha
date: 2020-08-25
txt: ./txt/cord-300183-z3fwtwqb.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-300183-z3fwtwqb.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32843473/
doi: 10.1136/bcr-2020-237817
summary:
  Moreover, a comprehensive review of literature is performed to illustrate the potential factors delaying and decreasing timely presentations and interventions for time-dependent medical emergencies like ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). Moreover, a comprehensive review of literature is performed to illustrate the potential factors delaying and decreasing timely presentations and interventions for time-dependent medical emergencies like ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). There is a delay and decrease in presentations and timely interventions for medical emergencies like STEMI during the current era of COVID-19 crisis. ► Several community and healthcare-system-related factors delay and decrease the presentation and intervention for time-dependent non-communicable diseases such as STsegment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) in the era of COVID-19 crisis. Delayed Presentation of Acute ST Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction Complicated with Heart Failure in the Period of COVID-19 Pandemic -Case Report Complication of late presenting STEMI due to avoidance of medical care during the COVID-19 pandemic

title:
  Community and healthcare system-related factors feeding the phenomenon of evading medical attention for time-dependent emergencies during COVID-19 crisis

abstract:
  The current COVID-19 crisis has significantly impacted healthcare systems worldwide. There has been a palpable increase in public avoidance of hospitals, which has interfered in timely care of critical cardiovascular conditions. Complications from late presentation of myocardial infarction, which had become a rarity, resurfaced during the pandemic. We present two such encounters that occurred due to delay in seeking medical care following myocardial infarction due to the fear of contracting COVID-19 in the hospital. Moreover, a comprehensive review of literature is performed to illustrate the potential factors delaying and decreasing timely presentations and interventions for time-dependent medical emergencies like ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). We emphasise that clinicians should remain vigilant of encountering rare and catastrophic complications of STEMI during this current era of COVID-19 pandemic.


id: cord-300396-kea01a27
author: Sharpe, Richard E
date: 2020-07-17
txt: ./txt/cord-300396-kea01a27.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-300396-kea01a27.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32677874/
doi: 10.1148/radiol.2020202517
summary:
  The resulting reduction in demand for imaging services had an abrupt and substantial impact on private radiology practices, which are heavily dependent on examination volumes for practice revenues. The goal of this article is to describe the specific experiences of radiologists working in various types of private radiology practices during the initial peak of the COVID-19 pandemic. Private practices have crafted tiered strategies to respond to the impact of the pandemic by pulling various cost levers to adjust service availability, staffing, compensation, benefits, time off, and expense reductions. Private practice radiology groups were especially vulnerable to abrupt financial losses as demand for imaging services greatly declined during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID19) pandemic. After reflecting on their values and priorities, private radiology practices crafted tiered strategies to respond to the impact of the pandemic by pulling various cost levers to adjust service availability, staffing, compensation, benefits, time off, and expense reductions.

title:
  Special Report of the RSNA COVID-19 Task Force: The Short- and Long-Term Financial Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Private Radiology Practices

abstract:
  The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic resulted in widespread disruption to the global economy, including demand for imaging services. The resulting reduction in demand for imaging services had an abrupt and substantial impact on private radiology practices, which are heavily dependent on examination volumes for practice revenues. The goal of this article is to describe the specific experiences of radiologists working in various types of private radiology practices during the initial peak of the COVID-19 pandemic. Herein, the authors describe factors determining the impact of the pandemic on private practices, the challenges these practices have faced, the cost levers leaders adjusted, and the government subsidies sought. In addition, the authors describe adjustments practices are making to their mid- and long-term strategic plans to pivot for long-term success while managing the COVID-19 pandemic. Private practices have crafted tiered strategies to respond to the impact of the pandemic by pulling various cost levers to adjust service availability, staffing, compensation, benefits, time off, and expense reductions. In addition, they have sought additional revenues, within the boundaries of their practice, to mitigate ongoing financial losses. The longer-term impact of the pandemic will alter existing practices, making some of them more likely than others to succeed in the years ahead. This report synthesizes the collective experience of private practice radiologists shared with members of the Radiological Society of North America (RSNA) COVID-19 Task Force, including discussions with colleagues and leaders of private practice radiology groups from across the United States.


id: cord-301264-lkfhtb1w
title: The Hospitality Industry in the Face of the COVID-19 Pandemic: Current Topics and Research Methods
author: Davahli, Mohammad Reza
date: 2020-10-09
txt: ./txt/cord-301264-lkfhtb1w.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-301264-lkfhtb1w.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33050203/
doi: 10.3390/ijerph17207366
summary:
  The reviewed articles focused on different aspects of the hospitality industry, including hospitality workers'' issues, loss of jobs, revenue impact, the COVID-19 spreading patterns in the industry, market demand, prospects for recovery of the hospitality industry, safety and health, travel behavior, and preference of customers. The reported approaches include simulation and scenario modeling for discovering the COVID-19 spreading patterns, field surveys, secondary data analysis, discussing the resumption of activities during and after the pandemic, comparing the COVID-19 pandemic with previous public health crises, and measuring the impact of the pandemic in terms of economics. The studies reported impacts of the pandemic on different aspects of the hospitality industry, including job loss, revenue losses, access to loans, market demand, emerging new markets, hostile behaviors towards foreigners, and issues of hospitality workers and hotel cleaners.

abstract:
  This study reports on a systematic review of the published literature used to reveal the current research investigating the hospitality industry in the face of the COVID-19 pandemic. The presented review identified relevant papers using Google Scholar, Web of Science, and Science Direct databases. Of the 175 articles found, 50 papers met the predefined inclusion criteria. The included papers were classified concerning the following dimensions: the source of publication, hospitality industry domain, and methodology. The reviewed articles focused on different aspects of the hospitality industry, including hospitality workers’ issues, loss of jobs, revenue impact, the COVID-19 spreading patterns in the industry, market demand, prospects for recovery of the hospitality industry, safety and health, travel behavior, and preference of customers. The results revealed a variety of research approaches that have been used to investigate the hospitality industry at the time of the pandemic. The reported approaches include simulation and scenario modeling for discovering the COVID-19 spreading patterns, field surveys, secondary data analysis, discussing the resumption of activities during and after the pandemic, comparing the COVID-19 pandemic with previous public health crises, and measuring the impact of the pandemic in terms of economics.


id: cord-301463-jzke8fop
title: Mitigation Strategies for Pandemic Influenza A: Balancing Conflicting Policy Objectives
author: Hollingsworth, T. Déirdre
date: 2011-02-10
txt: ./txt/cord-301463-jzke8fop.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-301463-jzke8fop.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21347316/
doi: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1001076
summary:
  National pandemic influenza plans rarely contain clear statements of policy objectives or prioritization of potentially conflicting aims, such as minimizing mortality (depending on the severity of a pandemic) or peak prevalence or limiting the socio-economic burden of contact-reducing interventions. We use epidemiological models of influenza A to investigate how contact-reducing interventions and availability of antiviral drugs or pre-pandemic vaccines contribute to achieving particular policy objectives. Studies have shown that during the 1918-19 influenza pandemic public health control strategies and changes in population contact rates lowered transmission rates and reduced mortality and case numbers [22, 23] . In this paper we consider the effectiveness of contact-reducing interventions during the first six months after the initial cases, before a pandemic vaccine is available, and evaluate optimum interventions for a range of policy objectives or constraints, such as a limited stockpile of treatments or non-specific vaccine.

abstract:
  Mitigation of a severe influenza pandemic can be achieved using a range of interventions to reduce transmission. Interventions can reduce the impact of an outbreak and buy time until vaccines are developed, but they may have high social and economic costs. The non-linear effect on the epidemic dynamics means that suitable strategies crucially depend on the precise aim of the intervention. National pandemic influenza plans rarely contain clear statements of policy objectives or prioritization of potentially conflicting aims, such as minimizing mortality (depending on the severity of a pandemic) or peak prevalence or limiting the socio-economic burden of contact-reducing interventions. We use epidemiological models of influenza A to investigate how contact-reducing interventions and availability of antiviral drugs or pre-pandemic vaccines contribute to achieving particular policy objectives. Our analyses show that the ideal strategy depends on the aim of an intervention and that the achievement of one policy objective may preclude success with others, e.g., constraining peak demand for public health resources may lengthen the duration of the epidemic and hence its economic and social impact. Constraining total case numbers can be achieved by a range of strategies, whereas strategies which additionally constrain peak demand for services require a more sophisticated intervention. If, for example, there are multiple objectives which must be achieved prior to the availability of a pandemic vaccine (i.e., a time-limited intervention), our analysis shows that interventions should be implemented several weeks into the epidemic, not at the very start. This observation is shown to be robust across a range of constraints and for uncertainty in estimates of both R(0) and the timing of vaccine availability. These analyses highlight the need for more precise statements of policy objectives and their assumed consequences when planning and implementing strategies to mitigate the impact of an influenza pandemic.


id: cord-302421-tvy7uo7u
title: Family Science in the Context of the COVID‐19 Pandemic: Solutions and New Directions
author: Brock, Rebecca L.
date: 2020-07-14
txt: ./txt/cord-302421-tvy7uo7u.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-302421-tvy7uo7u.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1111/famp.12582
doi: 10.1111/famp.12582
summary:
  The primary aims of this article were to (a) present a range of potential solutions to problems threatening the rigor of ongoing research and (b) propose new directions in family science aimed at understanding how families adapt to change and adversity arising from the pandemic. An example with particular relevance to family science is the Two-Method Missing Design, an approach used when there is a gold standard measure of a construct (e.g., behavioral observations of family interactions) that cannot be administered to all participants due to time, money, resources, or, in the case of COVID-19, social distancing guidelines. Drawing on past research and theory, we can investigate the specific impact of the stress and adversity arising from COVID-19 on individual mental health and family functioning and identify modifiable risk and resiliency factors to target in interventions. In the absence of ongoing longitudinal studies, the COVID-19 pandemic presents another avenue for family scientists to pursue new research on the impact of stress and adversity on family functioning.

abstract:
  The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) pandemic has precipitated substantial global disruption and will continue to pose major challenges. In recognition of the challenges currently faced by family scientists, we share our perspectives about conducting family research in the context of the COVID‐19 pandemic. There are two primary issues we address in this article. First, we present a range of potential solutions to challenges in research, resulting from the pandemic, and discuss strategies for preserving ongoing research efforts. We discuss approaches to scaling back existing protocols, share ideas for adapting lab‐based measures for online administration (e.g., using video chat platforms), and suggest strategies for addressing missing data and reduced sample size due to lower participation rates and funding restrictions. We also discuss the importance of measuring COVID‐19 relevant factors to use as controls or explore as moderators of primary hypotheses. Second, we discuss how the COVID‐19 pandemic represents a scientifically important context for understanding how families adjust and adapt to change and adversity. Increased stress precipitated by the pandemic, varying from acute stress associated with job loss to more chronic and enduring stress, will undoubtedly take a toll. We discuss ways that family scientists can contribute to pandemic‐related research to promote optimal family functioning and protect the health of family members.


id: cord-302859-dc26tyu2
author: Zahid, Marij
date: 2020-06-25
txt: ./txt/cord-302859-dc26tyu2.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-302859-dc26tyu2.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S2049080120301655
doi: 10.1016/j.amsu.2020.06.026
summary:
  title: Effects of coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic on orthopedic residency program in the seventh largest city of the world: Recommendations from a resource-constrained setting In this article we share our experience of effect of COVID-19 pandemic 10 on our orthopedic residency program and how we coped along with it. In this article we share our experience of effect of COVID-19 pandemic 10 on our orthopedic residency program and how we coped along with it. We also discussed some 11 way forwards in the article 12 Keywords: 13 Coronavirus; quarantine; orthopedic surgeons; pandemics; medical education 14 2 Introduction: 15 Since the inception of novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China, the global situation has changed 16 dramatically in every sector of life. We in this 50 article share our experience of orthopedic residency program in an urban tertiary care center and 51 delineate our division of work force during this pandemic and propose few recommendations.

title:
  Effects of coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic on orthopedic residency program in the seventh largest city of the world: Recommendations from a resource-constrained setting

abstract:
  The coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic has hit the entire world hard. Since its inception from Wuhan China the whole world is affected now. Health care facilities and workers are overwhelmed and the situation is changing on daily basis. With the changes in the dynamics of the hospitals, residency and fellowships training programs have also suffered undoubtedly. Due to decreased elective cases and outpatient clinics surgical training gets compromised, however on the other side this physical distancing and isolation have proven to be effective measures in controlling the disease. In this article we share our experience of effect of COVID-19 pandemic on our orthopedic residency program and how we coped along with it. We also discussed some way forwards in the article.


id: cord-304802-44m7u1oz
title: Understanding the Effects of COVID-19 Through a Life Course Lens
author: Settersten, Richard A.
date: 2020-07-22
txt: ./txt/cord-304802-44m7u1oz.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-304802-44m7u1oz.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S1040260820300393
doi: 10.1016/j.alcr.2020.100360
summary:
  We explore the pandemic''s implications for the organization and experience of life transitions and trajectories within and across central domains: health, personal control and planning, social relationships and family, education, work and careers, and migration and mobility. Because Covid-19 is a viral pandemic, we begin with its implications for health and then turn to matters of personal control and planning, social relationships and family, education, work and careers, and migration and mobility. In many countries, there have been increases in volunteering or helping others, especially The greater uncertainty created by the pandemic over the short and long term is likely to have somewhat different effects by age, social class, gender, and race/ethnicity and be modified by a country''s welfare system and the emergency interventions of its institutions.

abstract:
  Abstract The Covid-19 pandemic is shaking fundamental assumptions about the human life course in societies around the world. In this essay, we draw on our collective expertise to illustrate how a life course perspective can make critical contributions to understanding the pandemic’s effects on individuals, families, and populations. We explore the pandemic’s implications for the organization and experience of life transitions and trajectories within and across central domains: health, personal control and planning, social relationships and family, education, work and careers, and migration and mobility. We consider both the life course implications of being infected by the Covid-19 virus or attached to someone who has; and being affected by the pandemic’s social, economic, cultural, and psychological consequences. It is our goal to offer some programmatic observations on which life course research and policies can build as the pandemic’s short- and long-term consequences unfold.


id: cord-304838-r9w8milu
title: Psychological distress experiences of Nigerians during Covid-19 pandemic; the gender difference
author: Olaseni, Abayomi O.
date: 2020-12-31
txt: ./txt/cord-304838-r9w8milu.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-304838-r9w8milu.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S2590291120300413
doi: 10.1016/j.ssaho.2020.100052
summary:
  From March 20, 2020, to April 12, 2020, this descriptive survey used a snowballing sampling technique to select 502-Nigerians with an online semi-structured questionnaire detailing the impact of Event Scale-Revised, Generalized Anxiety Disorder – 7 item scale, Patient Health Questionnaire and Insomnia Severity Index. However, prevalence estimates analysis revealed that majority of the male respondents (65.1%) had no clinical insomnia, 20.8% of the male participants reported sub-threshold level of insomnia, 8.2% of the respondents had moderate insomnia symptoms, while 5.9% of the male respondents presented severe clinical insomnia during the COVID-19 pandemic. Though this study recorded no significant difference between the gender (male and female) experiences of insomnia, depression, posttraumatic stress symptoms and anxiety, the study result reported a relevant prevalence of outcomes of psychological distress among the general public in Nigeria.

abstract:
  This study examine the psychological distress experience of Nigerians during the COVID-19 pandemic, across gender. From March 20, 2020, to April 12, 2020, this descriptive survey used a snowballing sampling technique to select 502-Nigerians with an online semi-structured questionnaire detailing the impact of Event Scale-Revised, Generalized Anxiety Disorder – 7 item scale, Patient Health Questionnaire and Insomnia Severity Index. Gender had an insignificant difference in the level of insomnia (χ2 ​= ​04.93; df ​= ​3; p ​> ​0.05), however, 20.8% of males had sub-threshold of insomnia, 8.2% experienced moderate insomnia and 5.9% had severe insomnia; 32% females reported sub-threshold of insomnia, 12.4% had moderate insomnia while 3.6% had severe insomnia. Also, gender had an insignificant difference in the measures of depression (χ2 ​= ​01.94; df ​= ​4; p ​> ​0.05); 55.4% males reported minimal depression, 22.3% had mild depression, 11.9% had moderate depression; 6.7%–3.7% males had moderate to severe depression while, 49.3% of the females had minimal depression, 26.7% reported mild depression, 14.29% had moderate depression, 4.4%–5.3% had moderate to severe depressive symptoms. Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms (PTSS) has no gender difference among respondents (χ2 ​= ​02.51; df ​= ​3; p ​> ​0.05); 23% of males reported partial PTSS, 17.5% presented clinical PTSS, and 21.6% males had severe PTSS; while 29.3% of females had severe PTSS, 24% reported partial PTSS and 18.7% had clinical PTSS. Respondents reported insignificant gender differences on anxiety (χ2 ​= ​0.08; df ​= ​1; p ​> ​0.05), while 51% reported moderate anxiety and 49% exhibited severe anxiety during the COVID-19 pandemic in Nigeria. Findings revealed that Nigerians experienced psychological distress during COVID-19 pandemic. The government and stakeholders should initiate tele-mental health services to serve as alternative to traditional treatment to manage present and future pandemic psychological implications among Nigerians.


id: cord-305327-hayhbs5u
title: Global Spread of Hemorrhagic Fever Viruses: Predicting Pandemics
author: Gonzalez, Jean-Paul
date: 2017-09-19
txt: ./txt/cord-305327-hayhbs5u.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-305327-hayhbs5u.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-6981-4_1
doi: 10.1007/978-1-4939-6981-4_1
summary:
  Other pathogens that are remarkable for their epidemic expansions include the arenavirus hemorrhagic fevers and hantavirus diseases carried by rodents over great geographic distances and the arthropod-borne viruses (West Nile, chikungunya and Zika) enabled by ecology and vector adaptations. Emergence from a sporadic case to an outbreak, to an epidemic, and ultimately to a pandemic depends upon effective transmission among nonimmune hosts, host availability (density), characteristics of the vector (natural or human made) that would enable it to circumvent distances, and the pathogen infectiousness. Although MARV expansion appears to be limited to a few countries in Africa, the recent emergence (estimated at a few decades ago) of a second human pathogenic marburgvirus known as Ravn virus, and the widely distributed Old World rousette fruit bats (Rousettus spp.) serving as reservoir for both viruses [45] , are two factors that favor pandemic risk.

abstract:
  As successive epidemics have swept the world, the scientific community has quickly learned from them about the emergence and transmission of communicable diseases. Epidemics usually occur when health systems are unprepared. During an unexpected epidemic, health authorities engage in damage control, fear drives action, and the desire to understand the threat is greatest. As humanity recovers, policy-makers seek scientific expertise to improve their “preparedness” to face future events. Global spread of disease is exemplified by the spread of yellow fever from Africa to the Americas, by the spread of dengue fever through transcontinental migration of mosquitos, by the relentless influenza virus pandemics, and, most recently, by the unexpected emergence of Ebola virus, spread by motorbike and long haul carriers. Other pathogens that are remarkable for their epidemic expansions include the arenavirus hemorrhagic fevers and hantavirus diseases carried by rodents over great geographic distances and the arthropod-borne viruses (West Nile, chikungunya and Zika) enabled by ecology and vector adaptations. Did we learn from the past epidemics? Are we prepared for the worst? The ultimate goal is to develop a resilient global health infrastructure. Besides acquiring treatments, vaccines, and other preventive medicine, bio-surveillance is critical to preventing disease emergence and to counteracting its spread. So far, only the western hemisphere has a large and established monitoring system; however, diseases continue to emerge sporadically, in particular in Southeast Asia and South America, illuminating the imperfections of our surveillance. Epidemics destabilize fragile governments, ravage the most vulnerable populations, and threaten the global community. Pandemic risk calculations employ new technologies like computerized maintenance of geographical and historical datasets, Geographic Information Systems (GIS), Next Generation sequencing, and Metagenomics to trace the molecular changes in pathogens during their emergence, and mathematical models to assess risk. Predictions help to pinpoint the hot spots of emergence, the populations at risk, and the pathogens under genetic evolution. Preparedness anticipates the risks, the needs of the population, the capacities of infrastructure, the sources of emergency funding, and finally, the international partnerships needed to manage a disaster before it occurs. At present, the world is in an intermediate phase of trying to reduce health disparities despite exponential population growth, political conflicts, migration, global trade, urbanization, and major environmental changes due to global warming. For the sake of humanity, we must focus on developing the necessary capacities for health surveillance, epidemic preparedness, and pandemic response.


id: cord-306227-63qvvkvk
author: Shammi, Mashura
date: 2020-07-18
txt: ./txt/cord-306227-63qvvkvk.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-306227-63qvvkvk.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-020-00867-y
doi: 10.1007/s10668-020-00867-y
summary:
  This article, therefore, focuses on the public perception of comparative lockdown scenario analysis and how they may affect the sustainable development goals (SDGs) and the strategic management regime of COVID-19 pandemic in Bangladesh socio-economically as well as the implications of the withdrawal of partial lockdown plan. First of all, the government should come up with a comprehensive strategic plan accompanied by non-governmental and social organizations and law enforcement to analyse the spread of the virus, identifying the most vulnerable hosts, properly tracked the movement of general people, precise estimation of economic losses from different financial and industrial sectors, educational diminutions and professional and informal employment disruption to picture an integrated scenario of the current situation and future predictions by which the revival of the negative aspects of the country could be managed.

title:
  Strategic assessment of COVID-19 pandemic in Bangladesh: comparative lockdown scenario analysis, public perception, and management for sustainability

abstract:
  ABSTRACT: Community transmission of COVID-19 is happening in Bangladesh—the country which did not have a noteworthy health policy and legislative structures to combat a pandemic like COVID-19. Early strategic planning and groundwork for evolving and established challenges are crucial to assemble resources and react in an appropriate timely manner. This article, therefore, focuses on the public perception of comparative lockdown scenario analysis and how they may affect the sustainable development goals (SDGs) and the strategic management regime of COVID-19 pandemic in Bangladesh socio-economically as well as the implications of the withdrawal of partial lockdown plan. Scenario-based public perceptions were collected via a purposive sampling survey method through a questionnaire. Datasets were analysed through a set of statistical techniques including classical test theory, principal component analysis, hierarchical cluster analysis, Pearson’s correlation matrix and linear regression analysis. There were good associations among the lockdown scenarios and response strategies to be formulated. Scenario 1 describes how the death and infection rate will increase if the Bangladesh Government withdraws the existing partial lockdown. Scenario 2 outlines that limited people’s movement will enable low-level community transmission of COVID-19 with the infection and death rate will increase slowly (r = 0.540, p < 0.01). Moreover, there will be less supply of necessities of daily use with a price hike (r = 0.680, p < 0.01). In scenario 3, full lockdown will reduce community transmission and death from COVID-19 (r = 0.545, p < 0.01). However, along with the other problems gender discrimination and gender-based violence will increase rapidly (r = 0.661, p < 0.01). Due to full lockdown, the formal and informal business, economy, and education sector will be hampered severely (R = 0.695). Subsequently, there was a strong association between the loss of livelihood and the unemployment rate which will increase due to business shutdown (p < 0.01). This will lead to the severe sufferings of poor and vulnerable communities in both urban and rural areas (p < 0.01). All these will further aggravate the humanitarian needs of the most vulnerable groups in the country in the coming months to be followed which will undoubtedly affect the Bangladesh targets to achieve the SDGs of 2030 and other development plans that need to be adjusted. From our analysis, it was apparent that maintaining partial lockdown with business and economic activities with social distancing and public health guidelines is the best strategy to maintain. However, as the government withdrew the partial lockdown, inclusive and transparent risk communication towards the public should be followed. Recovery and strengthening of the health sector, economy, industry, agriculture, and food security should be focused on under the “new normal standard of life” following health guidelines and social distancing. Proper response plans and strategic management are necessary for the sustainability of the nation. GRAPHIC ABSTRACT: [Image: see text] ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL: The online version of this article (10.1007/s10668-020-00867-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.


id: cord-306259-vi997dms
author: Hanvoravongchai, Piya
date: 2010-06-08
txt: ./txt/cord-306259-vi997dms.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-306259-vi997dms.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20529345/
doi: 10.1186/1471-2458-10-322
summary:
  The objective of this study is to understand the pandemic preparedness programmes, the health systems context, and challenges and constraints specific to the six Asian countries namely Cambodia, Indonesia, Lao PDR, Taiwan, Thailand, and Viet Nam in the prepandemic phase before the start of H1N1/2009. At the same time, investment in pandemic preparation in the six Asian countries has contributed to improvement in health system surveillance, laboratory capacity, monitoring and evaluation and public communications. The level of economic development based on World Bank''s classification ranges from low income with high agricultural share (Lao PDR, Cambodia, and Viet Nam), middle income (Thailand and Indonesia) to industrialized and high income (Taiwan). In Cambodia, Lao PDR, Taiwan, Thailand, where resource allocation decisions are centralized, the budget allocation towards AHI and pandemic preparedness programmes was also decided mostly at central level.

title:
  Pandemic influenza preparedness and health systems challenges in Asia: results from rapid analyses in 6 Asian countries

abstract:
  BACKGROUND: Since 2003, Asia-Pacific, particularly Southeast Asia, has received substantial attention because of the anticipation that it could be the epicentre of the next pandemic. There has been active investment but earlier review of pandemic preparedness plans in the region reveals that the translation of these strategic plans into operational plans is still lacking in some countries particularly those with low resources. The objective of this study is to understand the pandemic preparedness programmes, the health systems context, and challenges and constraints specific to the six Asian countries namely Cambodia, Indonesia, Lao PDR, Taiwan, Thailand, and Viet Nam in the prepandemic phase before the start of H1N1/2009. METHODS: The study relied on the Systemic Rapid Assessment (SYSRA) toolkit, which evaluates priority disease programmes by taking into account the programmes, the general health system, and the wider socio-cultural and political context. The components under review were: external context; stewardship and organisational arrangements; financing, resource generation and allocation; healthcare provision; and information systems. Qualitative and quantitative data were collected in the second half of 2008 based on a review of published data and interviews with key informants, exploring past and current patterns of health programme and pandemic response. RESULTS: The study shows that health systems in the six countries varied in regard to the epidemiological context, health care financing, and health service provision patterns. For pandemic preparation, all six countries have developed national governance on pandemic preparedness as well as national pandemic influenza preparedness plans and Avian and Human Influenza (AHI) response plans. However, the governance arrangements and the nature of the plans differed. In the five developing countries, the focus was on surveillance and rapid containment of poultry related transmission while preparation for later pandemic stages was limited. The interfaces and linkages between health system contexts and pandemic preparedness programmes in these countries were explored. CONCLUSION: Health system context influences how the six countries have been preparing themselves for a pandemic. At the same time, investment in pandemic preparation in the six Asian countries has contributed to improvement in health system surveillance, laboratory capacity, monitoring and evaluation and public communications. A number of suggestions for improvement were presented to strengthen the pandemic preparation and mitigation as well as to overcome some of the underlying health system constraints.


id: cord-306958-8bx8kxxh
author: Christensen, Sarah R.
date: 2020-09-24
txt: ./txt/cord-306958-8bx8kxxh.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-306958-8bx8kxxh.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0239693
doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0239693
summary:
  This study examines individual attitudes, behaviors, anxieties, mental health impacts, and knowledge early in the pandemic response, as well as those outcomes by sociodemographic characteristics and political ideology. Four items asked respondents to indicate agreement on a 7-point scale that "events related to COVID-19 had interrupted" their social life, home life, work or vocational life, and/or hurt their mental health. Chi-square, t, and F tests were used to examine the influence of demographic characteristics, political ideology, and mental health on attitudes, knowledge, anxieties, behavior change, and impact variables. Initial covariate selection included all variables that were significant (p <0.05) in bivariate tests, including: political ideology, bias score for consumed news media, attitudes toward global warming and vaccination, sex, race, poverty level, and education. In the adjusted logistic regression model ( Table 2 ) liberals had 5.7 (95%CI: 3.3-9.7) and moderates had 2.5 (95%CI 1.5-4.3) times the odds of responding that the government had not done enough in response to COVID-19 compared to conservatives.

title:
  Political and personal reactions to COVID-19 during initial weeks of social distancing in the United States

abstract:
  OBJECTIVE: To examine perceptions, behaviors, and impacts surrounding COVID-19 early in the pandemic response. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A cross-sectional survey of 1,030 U.S. adults was administered on March 31st, 2020. This survey examined attitudes toward media, government, and community responses to COVID-19 by political ideology and sociodemographic factors. Knowledge, anxieties, and impacts of COVID-19 were also assessed. RESULTS: Conservatives were more likely to report that COVID-19 was receiving too much media coverage and people were generally overreacting; liberals were more likely to report the government had not done enough in response to the pandemic. Females and those with lower income experienced more COVID-19 related economic anxieties. Those working and with children at home reported higher social, home, and work disruption. Social distancing behaviors were more common among liberals and were associated with increases in depressive symptoms. General knowledge about COVID-19 was widely exhibited across the sample, however, Black and Hispanic respondents were less likely to correctly answer questions about the availability of a vaccine and modes of transmission. CONCLUSIONS: Public health experts should consider the political climate in crafting messaging that appeals to the values of those across the political spectrum. Research on the COVID-19 pandemic should continue to monitor the effects of social distancing on mental health and among vulnerable populations.


id: cord-307673-ekajojon
author: Kaukinen, Catherine
date: 2020-06-06
txt: ./txt/cord-307673-ekajojon.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-307673-ekajojon.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12103-020-09533-5
doi: 10.1007/s12103-020-09533-5
summary:
  The short-and longterm health consequences of COVID-19, stay-at-home orders and social distancing measures, family isolation, and the economic impacts of the pandemic are likely to impact both women''s experience of IPV and their ability to navigate ending these violent relationships, and potentially reverse the declining trend in IPV. Mazza, Maranoa, Laib, Janiria, and Sania (2020) have suggested that COVID-19 stay-at-home orders and social distancing will likely lead to a woman''s home becoming one of the most dangerous places for IPV victims due in large part to the requirement to quarantine day-after-day with their violent and abusive partner with limited access to those that might provide care and assistance. In looking at the way in which the COVID-19 pandemic is likely to shape the incidence, prevalence, and impact of IPV it is important to note that scholars have explored how past natural disasters and epidemics have shaped trends in rates of violence, impacted the health and well-being of IPV victims, but also exacerbated the factors associated with violent behaviors and victimization.

title:
  When Stay-at-Home Orders Leave Victims Unsafe at Home: Exploring the Risk and Consequences of Intimate Partner Violence during the COVID-19 Pandemic

abstract:
  The novel coronavirus pandemic (hereafter COVID-19) is likely to have unprecedented impacts on the incidence and impacts of crime and violence globally. This includes impacts to the risk, consequences, and decision-making of women experiencing violence by an intimate partner (hereafter IPV). Most importantly, the COVID-19 pandemic, and its impact on the risk of IPV is likely to differentially impact vulnerable populations, including minority women and those with long histories of victimization and mental health issues. This review paper explores the potential short- and long-term implications of COVID-19 on the risk of IPV, highlighting some of the most recent preliminary data. The economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, record levels of male unemployment, added stressors in the home, including the care and home schooling of children, and the social distancing measures required by the epidemiological response, may serve to undermine the decades of progress made in keeping women and children safe at home. Victim police reporting, help-seeking decisions, and social service utilization during the pandemic are likely to be impacted by stay-at-home orders and social distancing requirements. The paper concludes with a discussion of the implications for providing safety planning and self-care for victims and their children.


id: cord-307690-1qqyixun
title: Personality Disorders in Time of Pandemic
author: Preti, Emanuele
date: 2020-11-10
txt: ./txt/cord-307690-1qqyixun.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-307690-1qqyixun.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11920-020-01204-w
doi: 10.1007/s11920-020-01204-w
summary:
  Considering the paucity of studies on this topic, after a description of the main features of PDs, on the basis of the current literature on pandemic and quarantine mental health impact, we aim at tracing some clinical hypotheses on the negative psychological effects of pandemic situations in people with PDs. Furthermore, we aim at investigating the role of personality pathology in compliance with mitigation-related behaviors. Considering the paucity of studies on this topic, we adopted the following steps in the description of results: (1) we provided a description of the main features of PDs for each cluster; (2) we mentioned the main literature investigating the association between PDs of each cluster and other psychiatric disorders; (3) on the basis of the literature on pandemic (e.g., [4••] ) and quarantine (e.g., [1••] ) mental health impact, we hypothesized a plausible relation between PDs of each cluster and specific psychological/psychiatric outcomes, as well as problems in compliance with mitigation measures.

abstract:
  PURPOSE OF REVIEW: We report evidence on the negative psychological effects of pandemics in people with personality disorders (PDs) and on the role of personality pathology in compliance with mitigation-related behaviors. Considering the paucity of studies, after a description of the main features of PDs, on the basis of the current literature on pandemic and quarantine mental health impact, we trace some clinical hypotheses. RECENT FINDINGS: Paranoid traits and detachment (cluster A) might lead to worse psychological outcomes. Cluster B patients may show more intense stress-related reactions and react strongly to social distancing, especially considering borderline personality disorder. Cluster C patients might be particularly prone to anxiety and stress due to fear of contagion and may be less flexible in adaptation to new routines. Evidence on compliance with mitigation measures is mixed, with lower compliance in cluster B patients and higher in cluster C ones. SUMMARY: We suggest that PD patients might be particularly affected by pandemics. Furthermore, they might react differently, according to their main diagnosis. Similarly, compliance with mitigation measures may differ according to specific PDs. Our results should be considered as a starting point to reflect on therapeutic strategies to be adopted in the post-COVID-19 situation.


id: cord-309751-7elnvjk3
title: COVID-19. An update for orthopedic surgeons
author: Abdelnasser, Mohammad Kamal
date: 2020-07-01
txt: ./txt/cord-309751-7elnvjk3.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-309751-7elnvjk3.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1051/sicotj/2020022
doi: 10.1051/sicotj/2020022
summary:
  The resultant information was organized under 5 main headings; the impact of pandemic on the orthopedic practice, COVID-19 and the trauma patient, elective and emergency surgeries during the pandemic, peri-operative management of the patient with COVID-19, Miscellaneous effects of the pandemic such as those on training programs and the evolution of telemedicine. Relevant information was digested and organized under 5 main headings; the impact of COVID-19 pandemic on the orthopedic practice, COVID-19 and the trauma patient, elective and emergency surgeries during the pandemic, perioperative management of the patient with COVID-19, Miscellaneous effects of the pandemic such as those on training programs and the evolution of telemedicine. Guidelines for ambulatory surgery centers for the care of surgically necessary/time-sensitive orthopaedic cases during the COVID-19 pandemic Perioperative considerations in urgent surgical care of suspected and confirmed COVID-19 orthopedic patients: Operating rooms protocols and recommendations in the current COVID-19 pandemic

abstract:
  The COVID-19 pandemic has affected our world in a short period of time, and the orthopedic surgery practice was not an exclusion. Elective care was deferred in most health care facilities and emergency care was continued with strict precautions. With rapid progression of the pandemic, the response of the medical community is also rapidly changing in all aspects of delivering care. This led to a large number of publications with reports, guidelines, measures, ways to react to the crisis, and post-pandemic predictions and speculations. In this review we aimed at summarizing all the relevant information to the orthopedic surgery community. To do this, a comprehensive search was performed with all related terms on two scientific search engines, PubMed and SCOPUS, and the results were filtered by the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) method. The result was 72 articles that were further reduced to 33 articles after full text reading. The resultant information was organized under 5 main headings; the impact of pandemic on the orthopedic practice, COVID-19 and the trauma patient, elective and emergency surgeries during the pandemic, peri-operative management of the patient with COVID-19, Miscellaneous effects of the pandemic such as those on training programs and the evolution of telemedicine. This review represents the most up to date information published in the literature that is a must-know to every orthopedic surgeon.


id: cord-310182-muybvyqa
title: Pandemic risk: how large are the expected losses?
author: Fan, Victoria Y
date: 2018-02-01
txt: ./txt/cord-310182-muybvyqa.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-310182-muybvyqa.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29403116/
doi: 10.2471/blt.17.199588
summary:
  Most previous economic studies on global influenza pandemics have focused on income losses, through reductions in the size of the labour force and productivity, increases in absenteeism and, importantly, as the result of individual and social measures that interrupt transmission, but disrupt economic activity. 2, 27 Beyond influenza, the value of mortality risks has been included in estimating the costs of vaccine-preventable diseases 28 and in evaluating the economic burdens posed by rheumatic heart disease. Given the uncertain nature of an influenza pandemic, in terms of both when it may occur and how large the mortality risks will be, we applied an expected-loss framework that accounts for the uncertainty over a long period of time. 46, 48 As in many previous attempts to estimate the economic losses associated with a pandemic, many previous attempts to estimate the social costs of carbon have focused on national income accounts, without any explicit valuation of the increases in mortality resulting from climate change.

abstract:
  There is an unmet need for greater investment in preparedness against major epidemics and pandemics. The arguments in favour of such investment have been largely based on estimates of the losses in national incomes that might occur as the result of a major epidemic or pandemic. Recently, we extended the estimate to include the valuation of the lives lost as a result of pandemic-related increases in mortality. This produced markedly higher estimates of the full value of loss that might occur as the result of a future pandemic. We parametrized an exceedance probability function for a global influenza pandemic and estimated that the expected number of influenza-pandemic-related deaths is about 720 000 per year. We calculated that the expected annual losses from pandemic risk to be about 500 billion United States dollars – or 0.6% of global income – per year. This estimate falls within – but towards the lower end of – the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change’s estimates of the value of the losses from global warming, which range from 0.2% to 2% of global income. The estimated percentage of annual national income represented by the expected value of losses varied by country income grouping: from a little over 0.3% in high-income countries to 1.6% in lower-middle-income countries. Most of the losses from influenza pandemics come from rare, severe events.


id: cord-311671-l02icp6w
author: Koonin, Lisa M.
date: 2020-04-01
url: https://doi.org/10.1089/hs.2020.0028
doi: 10.1089/hs.2020.0028
title:
  Strategies to Inform Allocation of Stockpiled Ventilators to Healthcare Facilities During a Pandemic

abstract:
  During a severe pandemic, especially one causing respiratory illness, many people may require mechanical ventilation. Depending on the extent of the outbreak, there may be insufficient capacity to provide ventilator support to all of those in need. As part of a larger conceptual framework for determining need for and allocation of ventilators during a public health emergency, this article focuses on the strategies to assist state and local planners to allocate stockpiled ventilators to healthcare facilities during a pandemic, accounting for critical factors in facilities' ability to make use of additional ventilators. These strategies include actions both in the pre-pandemic and intra-pandemic stages. As a part of pandemic preparedness, public health officials should identify and query healthcare facilities in their jurisdiction that currently care for critically ill patients on mechanical ventilation to determine existing inventory of these devices and facilities' ability to absorb additional ventilators. Facilities must have sufficient staff, space, equipment, and supplies to utilize allocated ventilators adequately. At the time of an event, jurisdictions will need to verify and update information on facilities' capacity prior to making allocation decisions. Allocation of scarce life-saving resources during a pandemic should consider ethical principles to inform state and local plans for allocation of ventilators. In addition to ethical principles, decisions should be informed by assessment of need, determination of facilities' ability to use additional ventilators, and facilities' capacity to ensure access to ventilators for vulnerable populations (eg, rural, inner city, and uninsured and underinsured individuals) or high-risk populations that may be more susceptible to illness.


id: cord-312094-czuw4t7i
title: Fear and Trembling of Cruise Ship Employees: Psychological Effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic
author: Radic, Aleksandar
date: 2020-09-16
txt: ./txt/cord-312094-czuw4t7i.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-312094-czuw4t7i.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17186741
doi: 10.3390/ijerph17186741
summary:
  The findings revealed that COVID-19 pandemic has managed to erase the feeling of joy from cruise ship employees who were stuck at sea while exposing weakness of cruise line companies such as poor human resource management leadership. The CDC''s No Sail Order in combination with poor liquidity of cruise line companies due to the COVID-19 cruise tourism crisis has created an unprecedented event leaving 100,000 cruise ship employees stuck at sea for months without any certainty when they will be repatriated to their homes [45] . In light of the COVID-19 pandemic, cruise ship employees that are stuck at sea are experiencing particularly high levels of stress that may develop mental health disorders such as anxiety and depression. Moreover, cruise line companies do not have a strategy for managing various negative psychological effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on cruise ship employees who are stuck at sea.

abstract:
  The current COVID-19 pandemic has evolved to unprecedented proportions. This research aimed to gain a deeper understanding of the psychological effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on cruise ship employees stuck at sea. Using an inductive qualitative approach, a synchronous online focus group was conducted with nine cruise ship employees who were stuck at sea during COVID-19 pandemic. The findings revealed that COVID-19 pandemic has managed to erase the feeling of joy from cruise ship employees who were stuck at sea while exposing weakness of cruise line companies such as poor human resource management leadership. Moreover, COVID-19 pandemic demonstrated that it is of paramount importance that cruise line companies create a comprehensive strategy in assisting their employees who are experiencing an anxiety disorder and depression. The managerial implications are outlined.


id: cord-312461-5qzpo6l1
title: Characteristics of Microbes Most Likely to Cause Pandemics and Global Catastrophes
author: Adalja, Amesh A.
date: 2019-08-30
txt: ./txt/cord-312461-5qzpo6l1.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-312461-5qzpo6l1.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31463536/
doi: 10.1007/82_2019_176
summary:
  A substantial proportion of pandemic and biological threat preparedness activities have focused on list-based approaches that were in part based on pandemic influenzas of the past, historical biological weapon development programs, or recent outbreaks of emerging infectious diseases (e.g., SARS, MERS, Ebola) (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 2017; Casadevall and Relman 2010) . Cultivating and maintaining expertise in the epidemiology, surveillance, and pathogenicity of all classes of microbes, with explicit incorporation of a One Health approach-which incorporates and integrates information from infectious diseases of plants, amphibians, and reptiles-will help foster the broad capacities needed for emerging pandemic and global catastrophic biological risks. Pathogen-based lists, both USA and global, based on influenza precedents, historical biological weapon programs, and emerging infectious diseases were responsible for galvanizing early activities in the field of pandemic preparedness and have helped drive many important contributions.

abstract:
  Predicting which pathogen will confer the highest global catastrophic biological risk (GCBR) of a pandemic is a difficult task. Many approaches are retrospective and premised on prior pandemics; however, such an approach may fail to appreciate novel threats that do not have exact historical precedent. In this paper, based on a study and project we undertook, a new paradigm for pandemic preparedness is presented. This paradigm seeks to root pandemic risk in actual attributes possessed by specific classes of microbial organisms and leads to specific recommendations to augment preparedness activities.


id: cord-314092-ph5vrba6
title: Impact of Digital Surge during Covid-19 Pandemic: A Viewpoint on Research and Practice
author: De’, Rahul
date: 2020-06-09
txt: ./txt/cord-314092-ph5vrba6.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-314092-ph5vrba6.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32836633/
doi: 10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2020.102171
summary:
  The Covid-19 pandemic has led to an inevitable surge in the use of digital technologies due to the social distancing norms and nationwide lockdowns. In the next section, we examine the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on the use of digital technologies where we discuss some possible scenarios and research issues of the post-pandemic world. With the substantial use of technology in accessing basic requirements like health and education, it is imperative to understand the impact of the digital divide on social equality. 6. Given the significant role which the Internet is about to play in times to come, Internet intermediaries will work with government and civil society to address privacy and surveillance issues for better adoption of technology. For the Covid-19 pandemic, we envisage a dramatic shift in digital usage with impacts on all aspects of work and life.

abstract:
  The Covid-19 pandemic has led to an inevitable surge in the use of digital technologies due to the social distancing norms and nationwide lockdowns. People and organizations all over the world have had to adjust to new ways of work and life. We explore possible scenarios of the digital surge and the research issues that arise. An increase in digitalization is leading firms and educational institutions to shift to work-from-home (WFH). Blockchain technology will become important and will entail research on design and regulations. Gig workers and the gig economy is likely to increase in scale, raising questions of work allocation, collaboration, motivation, and aspects of work overload and presenteeism. Workplace monitoring and technostress issues will become prominent with an increase in digital presence. Online fraud is likely to grow, along with research on managing security. The regulation of the internet, a key resource, will be crucial post-pandemic. Research may address the consequences and causes of the digital divide. Further, the issues of net neutrality and zero-rating plans will merit scrutiny. A key research issue will also be the impact and consequences of internet shutdowns, frequently resorted to by countries. Digital money, too, assumes importance in crisis situations and research will address their adoption, consequences, and mode. Aspects of surveillance and privacy gain importance with increase digital usage.


id: cord-314188-q8pxpw1f
title: On pandemics, pandemonium, and possibilities…
author: Bradshaw, Ralph A.
date: 2020-05-12
txt: ./txt/cord-314188-q8pxpw1f.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-314188-q8pxpw1f.txt
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url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32617518/
doi: 10.1096/fba.2020-00023
abstract: nan
summary:
  The possibilities that could emerge after the pandemic has wound down are truly unique-a potential watershed moment for science, sparked by a new focus on science teaching and training, and by investments in basic and applied research (including science policy), that could better prepare governments and the citizenry for existential threats in the future: pandemics, climate change, food production, etc. While the management of the 1918-19 flu was hampered by a complete lack of knowledge of the causative agent or how to test for it, 1 the identification and a complete structural analyses of the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus 2 occurred very rapidly after the onset of the pandemic in December 2019, and assays of different types for it were developed in just weeks, 3 albeit making these tests widely available has been a major challenge (but this is a political not a medical problem).


id: cord-314443-qeuvymu8
title: Pandemic and the planning of resilient cities and regions
author: Banai, Reza
date: 2020-09-15
txt: ./txt/cord-314443-qeuvymu8.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-314443-qeuvymu8.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0264275120312774
doi: 10.1016/j.cities.2020.102929
summary:
  Concomitantly, city and regional planning and design theories, concepts, regulations, and practices emerge historically in response to public health crises, including pandemics, pollution with rapid industrialization, congestion with urbanization, and loss of green space in cities. The holistic concept of the metropolitan region that highlights the functional links among urban and regional economies also reveals the strengths and limits of the urban system, and thereby informs the comprehensive city plan''s objectives of enhancing sustainability and resilience of the built and natural environments of climate change. The method of the approach and presentation of this paper is comparative by juxtaposing the pandemics of climate change and coronavirus, and through a historical and critical review and synthesis of the durable concepts of the urban system at the kernel of the theories and practices of urbanism expansively, from rooftop to the region, highlighted by place matters, cyberspace, density, access, and the city-region.

abstract:
  The emergence of the coronavirus pandemic motivated this paper, which revisits the nexus of public health and the city, itself a main source of a pandemic which similarly threatens the lives and properties of the world population gradually one glacier at a time: climate change. We argue that pandemics expose both the vulnerability and resilience of the urban system expansively, from rooftop to the region, but also serve as change agents for the planning of resilient cities and regions globally. The discussion of the urban system and the pandemic is comparative, with the recent coronavirus and climate change, a persistent, long-lasting pandemic. The historical and critical review and synthesis of the durable concepts of the urban system at the kernel of the theories and practices of urbanism is highlighted by place matters, cyberspace, density, access, and the city-region. We note the implications for reconfiguring the resilient urban system of the future effectively with pandemic as change agent and the comprehensive plan and its regulatory zoning ordinance as implementation tool.


id: cord-315619-gowtohr8
author: Cox, Rebecca C.
date: 2020-09-22
txt: ./txt/cord-315619-gowtohr8.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-315619-gowtohr8.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2020.102315
doi: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2020.102315
summary:
  Two moderation models were tested using the PROCESS macro (Hayes, 2017 ) to examine whether current stress level moderated the relation between pre-pandemic disgust proneness and coronavirus fear and safety behaviors, respectively, controlling for number of COVID-19 cases by state. Conditional effects analysis revealed that there was no significant relation between pre-pandemic disgust proneness and coronavirus fear at low and medium levels of current stress (p''s > .05). Conditional effects analysis revealed that there was no significant relation between pre-pandemic disgust proneness and coronavirus safety behaviors at low levels of current stress (p > .05). The present study examined the predictive effect of pre-pandemic disgust proneness on coronavirus anxiety and safety behaviors during the pandemic, as well as the moderating effect of current levels of perceived stress. In contrast, those reporting low current perceived stress did not demonstrate a significant relation between pre-pandemic disgust proneness and coronavirus safety behaviors.

title:
  Pre-pandemic disgust proneness predicts increased coronavirus anxiety and safety behaviors: Evidence for a diathesis-stress model

abstract:
  Although health anxiety and corresponding safety behaviors can facilitate disease transmission avoidance, they can be maladaptive in excess, including during the coronavirus pandemic. Disgust proneness (i.e., tendency to experience and be sensitive to disgust) is one factor that may predict elevated coronavirus anxiety and safety behaviors during the pandemic, given the role of disgust in avoiding disease transmission. The present study examined the relations between pre-pandemic disgust proneness and coronavirus anxiety and safety behaviors in community adults who completed a 2016 study and were re-contacted on 4/1/2020 (N = 360). Interactions between pre-pandemic disgust proneness and current perceived stress were tested to examine a diathesis-stress model of the role of disgust proneness in anxiety response to the pandemic. Increased pre-pandemic disgust proneness predicted increased coronavirus anxiety and safety behaviors, controlling for number of COVID-19 cases by state. Consistent with a diathesis-stress model, current perceived stress moderated this effect, such that highest coronavirus anxiety and safety behaviors were reported by those with high disgust proneness and high stress. Trait disgust proneness may be a vulnerability factor for anxiety responses to the coronavirus pandemic, particularly among individuals experiencing high stress. Assessing disgust proneness and current stress may facilitate targeted anxiety intervention during the pandemic.


id: cord-315963-hs70zo48
title: COVID-19 pandemic and addiction: Current problems and future concerns
author: Kar, Sujita Kumar
date: 2020-04-10
txt: ./txt/cord-315963-hs70zo48.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-315963-hs70zo48.txt
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mime: text/plain
url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1876201820301751
doi: 10.1016/j.ajp.2020.102064
abstract: nan
summary:
  People around the globe, during this crisis period, are expected to encounter several mental health challenges ranging from panic, phobia, health anxiety, sleep disturbances to dissociative like symptoms (Banerjee, 2020) . Hence, people who were addicted to any kind of substance use independence pattern are expected to experience withdrawal symptoms. As the impact of pandemic lasting for a long time, the binge-watching of television and electronic gadgets are also likely to persist; which may later result in behavioral addiction. Also, it is an accepted truth that the patients with substance use problems are vulnerable populations during the time of pandemic both for being infected or regarding complications (O''Sullivan and Bourgoin, 2010) . There is an urgent need to address the mental health issues of people during this pandemic. It is highly important to address mental health emergencies like severe and complicated withdrawal symptoms of substance use.


id: cord-316073-zm3ih55y
title: Potential Impact of Antiviral Drug Use during Influenza Pandemic
author: Gani, Raymond
date: 2005-09-17
txt: ./txt/cord-316073-zm3ih55y.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-316073-zm3ih55y.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16229762/
doi: 10.3201/eid1109.041344
summary:
  Our models focused on using NIs to treat different age and risk groups and the potential effects treatment might have on influenza hospitalizations. The effect of different treatment strategies on hospitalization rates was generated from the baseline scenario: treating all patients, only at-risk groups, only children and the elderly (1-14 and >65 years of age), and only the working population (15-64 years of age). The results ( Figure 3B) show that a 20%-25% antiviral stockpile would be sufficient to treat all patients during the first wave, a figure that is larger than that seen for the baseline scenario, as both the clinical and serologic clinical attack rates were higher. For the 1968 pandemic, the effects of the different antiviral targeting strategies were different than in the previous scenarios as a result of the different age-specific attack rates, which are shifted more towards the working population (Table 2) .

abstract:
  The recent spread of highly pathogenic strains of avian influenza has highlighted the threat posed by pandemic influenza. In the early phases of a pandemic, the only treatment available would be neuraminidase inhibitors, which many countries are considering stockpiling for pandemic use. We estimate the effect on hospitalization rates of using different antiviral stockpile sizes to treat infection. We estimate that stockpiles that cover 20%–25% of the population would be sufficient to treat most of the clinical cases and could lead to 50% to 77% reductions in hospitalizations. Substantial reductions in hospitalization could be achieved with smaller antiviral stockpiles if drugs are reserved for persons at high risk.


id: cord-316317-5oehzarg
author: Skoloudik, David
date: 2020-06-19
txt: ./txt/cord-316317-5oehzarg.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-316317-5oehzarg.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1111/ene.14410
doi: 10.1111/ene.14410
summary:
  The COVID‐19 pandemic is seriously affecting the lives of billions of people around the world, especially in the healthcare systems.(1) Although the impact of pandemic on health services are mostly negative, there is still a chance to use this situation as an opportunity for positive changes. The COVID-19 pandemic is seriously affecting the lives of billions of people around the world, especially in the healthcare systems. 1 Although the impact of pandemic on health services are mostly negative, there is still a chance to use this situation as an opportunity for positive changes. Major goal of all relevant recommendations of neurosonology societies or authorities is to protect both patients and sonographers but keeping a high attention on stroke as an emergency condition always strictly adhering to treatment guidelines for patients to ensure appropriate stroke care. World Health Organization Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic.

title:
  Neurosonology during the COVID‐19 pandemic (Editorial commentary from the chairs of the ultrasound panel of the EAN)

abstract:
  The COVID‐19 pandemic is seriously affecting the lives of billions of people around the world, especially in the healthcare systems.(1) Although the impact of pandemic on health services are mostly negative, there is still a chance to use this situation as an opportunity for positive changes. Neurosonological examination involves direct contact between the patient and the sonographer, often for several tens of minutes.


id: cord-316440-xt9tl7td
author: Severo, Eliana Andrea
date: 2020-11-05
url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S095965262034991X?v=s5
doi: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.124947
title:
  Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on environmental awareness, sustainable consumption and social responsibility: evidence from generations in Brazil and Portugal

abstract:
  The COVID-19 Pandemic has become a major public health concern worldwide, which can impact environmental sustainability and social responsibility, as well as people's quality of life. In this context, environmental awareness, sustainable consumption and social actions of people have been effectively changed, as a period of quarantine, social isolation and health crisis caused by Pandemic has been experienced. This study aims to analyze the impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on environmental awareness, sustainable consumption and social responsibility, in the perception of Baby Boomers, X and Y generations, residents in Brazil and Portugal. The method used was quantitative research, of a descriptive character, through a survey applied to 3236 people, which was analyzed with the use of Structural Equation Modeling. The results indicate that COVID-19 Pandemic is an important vector in people's behavioral change, which reflects on environmental sustainability and social responsibility. It It is noteworthy that the impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic had a greater influence on sustainable consumption, followed by environmental awareness, and to a lesser extent, on social responsibility. There was also greater relevance in Portugal, as well as the perception of the Baby Boomers generation. This study also provides a framework such as metrics to measure a transformational event, which is the COVID-19 Pandemic in socio-environmental aspects and conscious consumption.


id: cord-316799-sa5aeu9w
author: Mansuri, Farah Muhammad Asad
date: 2020-07-04
txt: ./txt/cord-316799-sa5aeu9w.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-316799-sa5aeu9w.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1658361220300901?v=s5
doi: 10.1016/j.jtumed.2020.06.003
summary:
  title: Estimation of population''s response to mitigation measures and self-perceived behaviours against COVID-19 Pandemic We conducted a short survey with a Saudi cohort to understand the awareness about COVID-19 and estimate the responses for mitigation strategies. The questionnaire comprised 27 items and was divided into three sections, namely demographic, awareness, and response to mitigation strategies and participants'' self-perceived behaviours regarding COVID-19. Conclusions We report better understanding and appropriate response to mitigation measures towards the COVID-19 pandemic among the general population in Saudi Arabia. 11 For the current pandemic, mitigation measures have been implemented from 27 The questionnaire comprised 27 questions and was divided into three sections, namely 30 demographic, awareness, and response to mitigation strategies and participants'' self-31 perceived behaviours regarding COVID-19. It was also 13 found that participants identified children younger than five years of age as the only high-risk 14 group, which was significantly associated with response to mitigation measures (p=0.03).

title:
  Estimation of population’s response to mitigation measures and self-perceived behaviours against COVID-19 Pandemic

abstract:
  Abstract Objectives Since March 2020, a rapid increase has been observed in the prevalence of the COVID-19 pandemic, which has essentially resulted from increased disease transmission and intensified testing and reporting. The international guidelines for the prevention and treatment of the COVID-19 pandemic have been frequently updated. Such guidelines assist the governmental regulatory bodies in taking optimal measures and safeguarding their citizens against the pandemic. We conducted a short survey with a Saudi cohort to understand the awareness about COVID-19 and estimate the responses for mitigation strategies. Methods An electronic survey was conducted, and the first 388 responses were analysed for publishing an initial report. The questionnaire comprised 27 items and was divided into three sections, namely demographic, awareness, and response to mitigation strategies and participants’ self-perceived behaviours regarding COVID-19. The perceptions of the participants were compared with their responses to mitigation measures. Results In our study, 89.7% understood the meaning of pandemic, while 82.2% correctly identified that the elderly belonged to a high-risk group for the COVID-19 infection. As many as 96.1% agreed that staying at home was one of the mitigation strategies. Nearly 35% preferred self-medication. Higher educational level (OR: 2.09, 95% CI: 1.02- 4.29) and longer working hours were found to be significantly associated with a positive response to mitigation measures with p<0.04 and p<.02, respectively. Conclusions We report better understanding and appropriate response to mitigation measures towards the COVID-19 pandemic among the general population in Saudi Arabia. Nevertheless, the tendency towards self-medication was reported by one-third of the responders.


id: cord-316963-2ex4c7tj
author: Dai, Bibing
date: 2020-05-19
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32836438/
doi: 10.1111/puar.13236
title:
  The effects of governmental and individual predictors on COVID‐19 protective behaviors in China: a path analysis model

abstract:
  The outbreak of the COVID‐19 pandemic has plunged the world into a crisis. To contain the crisis, it is essential to build full cooperation between the government and the public. However, it is unclear which governmental and individual factors are the determinants and how they interact on protective behaviors against COVID‐19. To resolve this issue, this study built a multiple mediation model and found government emergency public information as detailed pandemic information and positive risk communication had more important impacts on protective behaviors than rumor refutation and supplies. Moreover, governmental factors could indirectly affect protective behaviors through individual factors such as perceived efficacy, positive emotions, and risk perception. These findings suggest that systematic intervention programs for governmental factors need to be integrated with individual factors to finally achieve effective prevention and control of the COVID‐19 pandemic among the public. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.


id: cord-317437-65z4792h
author: Perea del Pozo, Eduardo
date: 2020-08-13
txt: ./txt/cord-317437-65z4792h.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-317437-65z4792h.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32790177/
doi: 10.1002/bjs.11918
abstract: nan
summary:
  title: A prospective cohort study of the impact of covid19 world pandemic on the management of emergency surgical pathology department for surgical pathology (n = 434), a significant decrease in the total number of its patients was observed during pandemic period (44,6% less than in 2019). The worse results during COVID-19 pandemic were founded in acute appendicitis with an increase in complicated appendicitis (55% vs 23⋅8%, p = 0⋅02), hospital stay (4 vs 2 days, p = 0⋅01) and surgical site infections (30% vs 5⋅1%, p = 0⋅01). This could be explained by the fact that these patients have received conservative management by primary care physicians, since no data exists that would cause one to believe that the real incidence of acute appendicitis is lower 4 . During the period of the pandemic some groups have proposed conservative management for this pathology to reduce the need for emergency room visits and operating rooms 5 . Global guidance for surgical care during the COVID-19 pandemic

title:
  A prospective cohort study of the impact of covid19 world pandemic on the management of emergency surgical pathology


id: cord-317594-5pm2pj0p
title: What If They Threw A Pandemic And Nobody Came?
author: Brooks, Oliver T.
date: 2020-05-22
txt: ./txt/cord-317594-5pm2pj0p.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-317594-5pm2pj0p.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32450991/
doi: 10.1016/j.jnma.2020.04.005
abstract: nan
summary:
  Author affiliation: Chief Medical Officer, Watts HealthCare Corporation, Los Angeles, CA, USA W e are at present in the throes of a SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, the coronaviruis that causes the disease process COVID-19, characterized by fever, cough and shortness of breath 1 that may lead to death. The message I would like to convey is that in times of high stress, in this case a pandemic, management of this, by we physicians, is what we were trained to do. Leaving treating illness behind, we have been forced to evolve with our training to understand that there is the next level; that is not just healing the sick and reducing comorbidities, but keeping the healthy well. We as physicians need to know more about COVID-19 than anyone else, as we pledged an oath (of Hippocrates or Imhotep) to be ready for anything related to health and wellness, e.g. a pandemic.


id: cord-319853-jr8x5emx
author: De Castro, Leonardo
date: 2020-09-23
txt: ./txt/cord-319853-jr8x5emx.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-319853-jr8x5emx.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32965788/
doi: 10.1111/dewb.12293
summary:
  . Indeed, health equity as a consideration has an enormously wide reach and relevance." 14 This approach considers the impact of how health-related resources have been allocated or distributed and looks at the issues over a period that precedes the onset of the COVID-19 emergency and extends beyond the expected end of the current pandemic. This paper discusses the fairness of allocation measures in relation to the dispensing of adequate information, the provision of isolation and quarantine facilities, the availability of healthcare services and providers, and the criteria for triage in the hospital setting. In this section of the paper, the neglect of these principles, especially the prioritization of the worst off, in public healthcare decision-making is examined in relation to three problems within the Philippines in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic: paternalistic decision-making complicated by false information, failure to be mindful of literacy levels, and failure to account for language and other barriers.

title:
  A fair allocation approach to the ethics of scarce resources in the context of a pandemic: The need to prioritize the worst‐off in the Philippines

abstract:
  Using a fair allocation approach, this paper identifies and examines important concerns arising from the Philippines’ COVID‐19 response while focusing on difficulties encountered by various sectors in gaining fair access to needed societal resources. The effectiveness of different response measures is anchored on addressing inequities that have permeated Philippine society for a long time. Since most measures that are in place as part of the COVID‐19 response are meant to be temporary, these are unable to resolve the inequities that have led to the magnitude of morbidity and mortality associated with the pandemic. These cannot improve the country’s readiness to deal with pandemics and other emergencies in the future. Transition to a new normal recognizes the possibility that other infectious diseases could come and endanger our health security. Our pandemic experiences are proving that having an egalitarian society will serve the interests not only of disadvantaged sectors but also of everybody else, including the privileged. Response measures should thus take the opportunity to promote equity by giving importance to the concerns of the underprivileged and vulnerable while giving preference to initiatives that can be sustained beyond the period of the current pandemic.


id: cord-322082-80ym2rsq
title: Lessons From Influenza Pandemics of the Last 100 Years
author: Monto, Arnold S
date: 2020-03-01
txt: ./txt/cord-322082-80ym2rsq.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-322082-80ym2rsq.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31420670/
doi: 10.1093/cid/ciz803
summary:
  Since this was the first true pandemic since 1918, there was immediate concern about its potential impact and great relief when it was found to resemble seasonal influenza with morbidity highest in children and mortality at the extremes of age [26, 27] (Figure 3 ). However, the new A(H3N2) virus completely replaced the previous subtype, and its variants, more than 50 years later, have been responsible for the greatest proportion of mortality from influenza viruses. In the United States, there was particular attention directed to nonpharmaceutical interventions, a result of the recognition that pandemic-specific vaccines would be available relatively late and that influenza-specific antiviral drugs, while important, would be limited in quantity. " The latter issue has been made worse by the repeated recognition of the pandemic potential of different avian influenza virus variants that have infected humans [63] [64] [65] .

abstract:
  Seasonal influenza is an annual occurrence, but it is the threat of pandemics that produces universal concern. Recurring reports of avian influenza viruses severely affecting humans have served as constant reminders of the potential for another pandemic. Review of features of the 1918 influenza pandemic and subsequent ones helps in identifying areas where attention in planning is critical. Key among such issues are likely risk groups and which interventions to employ. Past pandemics have repeatedly underscored, for example, the vulnerability of groups such as pregnant women and taught other lessons valuable for future preparedness. While a fundamental difficulty in planning for the next pandemic remains their unpredictability and infrequency, this uncertainty can be mitigated, in part, by optimizing the handling of the much more predictable occurrence of seasonal influenza. Improvements in antivirals and novel vaccine formulations are critical in lessening the impact of both pandemic and seasonal influenza.


id: cord-322099-mb17dnf2
author: Shanahan, Lilly
date: 2020-06-23
url: https://doi.org/10.1017/s003329172000241x
doi: 10.1017/s003329172000241x
title:
  Emotional distress in young adults during the COVID-19 pandemic: evidence of risk and resilience from a longitudinal cohort study

abstract:
  BACKGROUND: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic and associated lockdown could be considered a ‘perfect storm’ for increases in emotional distress. Such increases can only be identified by studies that use data collected before and during the pandemic. Longitudinal data are also needed to examine (1) the roles of previous distress and stressors in emotional distress during the pandemic and (2) how COVID-19-related stressors and coping strategies are associated with emotional distress when pre-pandemic distress is accounted for. METHODS: Data came from a cohort study (N = 768). Emotional distress (perceived stress, internalizing symptoms, and anger), COVID-19-related stressors, and coping strategies were measured during the pandemic/lockdown when participants were aged 22. Previous distress and stressors were measured before COVID-19 (at age 20). RESULTS: On average, participants showed increased levels of perceived stress and anger (but not internalizing symptoms) during the pandemic compared to before. Pre-COVID-19 emotional distress was the strongest predictor of during-pandemic emotional distress, followed by during-pandemic economic and psychosocial stressors (e.g. lifestyle and economic disruptions) and hopelessness, and pre-pandemic social stressors (e.g. bullying victimization and stressful life events). Most health risks to self or loved ones due to COVID-19 were not uniquely associated with emotional distress in final models. Coping strategies associated with reduced distress included keeping a daily routine, physical activity, and positive reappraisal/reframing. CONCLUSIONS: In our community sample, pre-pandemic distress, secondary consequences of the pandemic (e.g. lifestyle and economic disruptions), and pre-pandemic social stressors were more consistently associated with young adults' emotional distress than COVID-19-related health risk exposures.


id: cord-322233-1i6zj9b3
author: Khurana, Sonal
date: 2020-10-01
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33024355/
doi: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.124466
title:
  Now is the time to press the reset button: Helping India’s companies to become more resilient and effective in overcoming the impacts of COVID-19, climate changes and other crises

abstract:
  COVID-19 is the pandemic caused by one of the coronaviruses. This virus was not known before the outbreak in Wuhan, China, in December 2019. By January of 2020 it was declared to be a global human health crisis. The deaths and illnesses caused by the virus caused extensive fear and anxiety among people in all societies. The pandemic slowed economic activities nearly to a halt. The challenges of how companies should respond to the disruptions in their supply chains and how they can build more resilient systems, must be systematically addressed. The authors of this paper highlighted essential factors which can help companies to overcome this crisis and other types of crises, by learning from the approaches taken in India, which has a unique and diverse economic system. The Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) technique was used to identify the essential factors which can help companies to improve their resilience so they can recover during and after the COVID-19 pandemic era and potentially in other similar complex crises. The results of the AHP evaluation were prioritized by performing a sensitivity analysis to prioritize the essential factors. The “Role of governance” was found to be the most important factor that can be used to help in rebuilding industries and societies and in helping them to become more resilient to future severe shocks. The results of this research were used to develop recommendations for company managers, practitioners and policy-makers. The authors hope that this advice will help India to become a stronger nation with more resilient companies, which are better prepared to anticipate and to respond to future crises. We hope people in other nations will also benefit from the finding presented in this paper.


id: cord-322277-mbe9dt3v
title: COVID 19-Depression and Neurosurgeons
author: Sharif, Salman
date: 2020-06-06
txt: ./txt/cord-322277-mbe9dt3v.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-322277-mbe9dt3v.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1878875020312638?v=s5
doi: 10.1016/j.wneu.2020.06.007
abstract: nan
summary:
  The rapid increase in cases and evolving guidelines regarding protection and prevention of the spread of pandemic, with no confirmed treatment or approved vaccine has caused apprehension and anxiety among health care workers. The goal of this survey was to determine the prevalence and factors associated with anxiety and depression among neurosurgeons during the COVID-19 pandemic. Although, a recent Chinese study reported a much higher prevalence of depression (50.4%), anxiety (44.6%) and insomnia (34%) among frontline health care workers. Therefore a feeling of self-protection with provided PPE had a significant negative association with anxiety/depression while a positive COVID colleague increased the likelihood of depression among neurosurgeons. To our knowledge, this is the first study ever to determine the frequency and factors associated with anxiety and depression among 375 neurosurgeons from 52 countries. The prevalence of depression and anxiety among neurosurgeons was found to be lower than the frequency reported among other frontline workers during the COVID pandemic.


id: cord-322612-vlxewj5k
author: Hooker, Claire
date: 2020-11-09
txt: ./txt/cord-322612-vlxewj5k.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-322612-vlxewj5k.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33169264/
doi: 10.1007/s11673-020-10057-0
summary:
  The Australian Health Sector Emergency Response Plan for Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) was released on February 27 (Grattan 2020) but was accompanied by little transparent communication about what was being done or which elements of the plan were receiving attention. We recommend a commitment in pandemic planning documents to sharing sources, models, and evidence at the time of deliberation, and with it, the questions advisors are asking (such as, will the same number of deaths occur regardless of strategy over the long term?) Earlier public discussion of these questions might at least have somewhat disrupted simplistic framing and use of "herd immunity," by enabling early and public scientific challenge from epidemiologists, as occurred from mid-March (Armitage and Hawke 2020; Barr 2020; MacIntyre 2020). Values-based risk communication will enable a more effective pandemic response.

title:
  Risk Communication Should be Explicit About Values. A Perspective on Early Communication During COVID-19

abstract:
  This article explores the consequences of failure to communicate early, as recommended in risk communication scholarship, during the first stage of the COVID-19 pandemic in Australia and the United Kingdom. We begin by observing that the principles of risk communication are regarded as basic best practices rather than as moral rules. We argue firstly, that they nonetheless encapsulate value commitments, and secondly, that these values should more explicitly underpin communication practices in a pandemic. Our focus is to explore the values associated with the principle of communicating early and often and how use of this principle can signal respect for people’s self-determination whilst also conveying other values relevant to the circumstances. We suggest that doing this requires communication that explicitly acknowledges and addresses with empathy those who will be most directly impacted by any disease-control measures. We suggest further that communication in a pandemic should be more explicit about how values are expressed in response strategies and that doing so may improve the appraisal of new information as it becomes available.


id: cord-323137-8b06u7kt
title: Dissemination of Information During Public Health Crises: Early COVID‐19 Data From The Laryngoscope
author: Chern, Alexander
date: 2020-10-06
txt: ./txt/cord-323137-8b06u7kt.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-323137-8b06u7kt.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32964454/
doi: 10.1002/lary.29147
summary:
  CONCLUSIONS: The Laryngoscope rapidly disseminated quality publications during the COVID‐19 pandemic by upholding a robust peer‐review process while expediting editorial steps, highlighting relevant articles online, and providing open access to make COVID‐19‐related publications available as quickly as possible. During a public health crisis such as the COVID-19 pandemic, it is important for medical journals to share information in a timely manner while simultaneously maintaining a robust peerreview process. Comprehensive review of two databases (PubMed and The Laryngoscope journal website) was performed on July 8, 2020 to identify The Laryngoscope publications pertaining to the COVID-19 pandemic and historic respiratory pandemics of the 20th and 21st century. Publication data (e.g., number of submissions and acceptances, time from manuscript receipt to acceptance) of The Laryngoscope during historic pandemic years were not available for comparison to current COVID-19 publication data. During a public health crisis such as the COVID-19 pandemic, it is important for medical journals to share essential information in a timely manner while maintaining a robust peer-review process.

abstract:
  OBJECTIVES: During a public health crisis, it is important for medical journals to share information in a timely manner while maintaining a robust peer‐review process. This review reports and analyzes The Laryngoscope's publication trends and practices during the COVID‐19 pandemic, before the COVID‐19 pandemic, and during previous pandemics. METHODS: Comprehensive review of two databases (PubMed and The Laryngoscope) was performed. COVID‐19 manuscripts (published in The Laryngoscope during the first 4 months of the pandemic) were identified and compared to manuscripts pertaining to historic pandemics (published in The Laryngoscope during the first 2 years of each outbreak). Keywords included “Laryngoscope”, “flu”, “pandemic”, “influenza”, “SARS”, “severe acute respiratory syndrome”, “coronavirus”, “COVID‐19”, and “SARS‐CoV‐2”. Data were obtained from The Laryngoscope to characterize publication trends during and before the COVID‐19 pandemic. RESULTS: From March 1, 2020 to June 30, 2020, The Laryngoscope had 203 COVID‐19 submissions. As of July 8, 2020, 20 (9.9%) were accepted, 117 (57.6%) under review, and 66 (32.5%) rejected. During the first 4 months of the pandemic, 18 COVID‐19 manuscripts were published. The mean number of days from submission to online publication was 45, compared to 170 in 2018 and 196 in 2019. A total of 4 manuscripts concerning previous pandemics were published during the initial 2 years of each outbreak. CONCLUSIONS: The Laryngoscope rapidly disseminated quality publications during the COVID‐19 pandemic by upholding a robust peer‐review process while expediting editorial steps, highlighting relevant articles online, and providing open access to make COVID‐19‐related publications available as quickly as possible. Laryngoscope, 2020


id: cord-323200-xnr02xq3
title: Situation analysis and an insight into assessment of pandemic COVID-19
author: Mansuri, Farah M.A.
date: 2020-04-08
txt: ./txt/cord-323200-xnr02xq3.txt
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extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32292320/
doi: 10.1016/j.jtumed.2020.04.001
abstract: nan
summary:
  The world is seeing a catastrophic pandemic of SARS-CoV2 or of the disease COVID-19, in first quarter of 21st century with the emergence of novel corona virus. 1,2 Regional statistics of World health organization depicts that Eastern Mediterranean region (EMRO) stands fourth in the rank of prevalence of confirmed cases of COVID-19 after Europe, Americas and Western pacific, with a total number of 66 thousand cases and 3592 deaths. 4 The other indicator besides transmission rate, is severity of the pandemic, that can be studied by ratio of cases to hospitalization, ratio of deaths to hospitalization and ratio of Intensive care Unit admissions to total admissions. This disparity in fatality and pandemic severity index may be due to several factors such as higher virulence of virus and availability of better preventive or therapeutic health care services etc.


id: cord-324185-zt88o3co
author: Sovacool, Benjamin K.
date: 2020-10-31
url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2020.101701
doi: 10.1016/j.erss.2020.101701
title:
  Contextualizing the Covid-19 pandemic for a carbon-constrained world: Insights for sustainability transitions, energy justice, and research methodology

abstract:
  Abstract The global Covid-19 pandemic has rapidly overwhelmed our societies, shocked the global economy and overburdened struggling health care systems and other social institutions around the world. While such impacts of Covid-19 are becoming clearer, the implications of the disease for energy and climate policy are more prosaic. This Special Section seeks to offer more clarity on the emerging connections between Covid-19 and energy supply and demand, energy governance, future low-carbon transitions, social justice, and even the practice of research methodology. It features articles that ask, and answer: What are the known and anticipated impacts of Covid-19 on energy demand and climate change? How has the disease shaped institutional responses and varying energy policy frameworks, especially in Africa? How will the disease impact ongoing social practices, innovations and sustainability transitions, including not only renewable energy but also mobility? How might the disease, and social responses to it, exacerbate underlying patterns of energy poverty, energy vulnerability, and energy injustice? Lastly, what challenges and insights does the pandemic offer for the practice of research, and for future research methodology? We find that without careful guidance and consideration, the brave new age wrought by Covid-19 could very well collapse in on itself with bloated stimulus packages that counter sustainability goals, misaligned incentives that exacerbate climate change, the entrenchment of unsustainable practices, and acute and troubling consequences for vulnerable groups.


id: cord-324366-x3djkzqn
author: Hao, Fei
date: 2020-08-05
txt: ./txt/cord-324366-x3djkzqn.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-324366-x3djkzqn.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2020.102636
doi: 10.1016/j.ijhm.2020.102636
summary:
  title: COVID-19 and China''s Hotel Industry: Impacts, a Disaster Management Framework, and Post-Pandemic Agenda This study also suggests that COVID-19 will significantly and permanently affect four major aspects of China''s hotel industry—multi-business and multi-channels, product design and investment preference, digital and intelligent transformation, and market reshuffle. In this regard, to the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to explore the COVID-19 management framework in the context of China''s hotel industry; the framework addresses phases, principles, and strategies of the industry''s anti-pandemic journey. In addition to summarizing the overall impacts of COVID-19 on China''s hotel industry, the importance and originality of this study are that it develops a COVID-19 management framework comprising anti-pandemic phases, principles, strategies. It also offers original insights into major trends of China''s hotel industry during the post-pandemic era, including the emergence of multi-business and multi-channels, product design and investment preference, digital and intelligent transformation, and market reshuffle.

title:
  COVID-19 and China’s Hotel Industry: Impacts, a Disaster Management Framework, and Post-Pandemic Agenda

abstract:
  This exploratory study reviews the overall impacts of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic on China’s hotel industry. A COVID-19 management framework is proposed to address the anti-pandemic phases, principles, and strategies. This study also suggests that COVID-19 will significantly and permanently affect four major aspects of China’s hotel industry—multi-business and multi-channels, product design and investment preference, digital and intelligent transformation, and market reshuffle.


id: cord-325844-w0zqxwdh
author: Kanekar, Amar
date: 2020-09-12
txt: ./txt/cord-325844-w0zqxwdh.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-325844-w0zqxwdh.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32932613/
doi: 10.3390/healthcare8030336
summary:
  Although the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) have provided some guidelines to reduce stress and initiate coping [9] , the need of the hour seems to be planning and having resources and techniques for long-term mental health flourishing and better emotional health management. Although there is enough evidence-based literature on the application of positive mental health techniques at individual level for stress reduction or life fulfillment, its application in a pandemic scenario is minimally explored [17, 18] . There are several determinants of positive mental health such as hardiness, sense of coherence, social support, optimism, and self-esteem [36] that are important in the context of COVID-19.

title:
  COVID-19 and Mental Well-Being: Guidance on the Application of Behavioral and Positive Well-Being Strategies

abstract:
  The raging COVID-19 pandemic has been a great source of anxiety, distress, and stress among the population. Along with mandates for social distancing and infection control measures, the growing importance of managing and cultivating good mental well-being practices cannot be disregarded. The purpose of this commentary is to outline and discuss some research-proven positive well-being and stress reduction strategies to instill healthy coping mechanisms among individuals and community members. The authors anticipate that usage of these strategies at the individual and the community level should greatly benefit the mental well-being not only in the current COVID-19 pandemic but also in any future epidemics at the national level.


id: cord-326851-0jxdnm1l
title: Lessons Learned from Battling COVID-19: The Korean Experience
author: Lee, Sang M.
date: 2020-10-16
txt: ./txt/cord-326851-0jxdnm1l.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-326851-0jxdnm1l.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17207548
doi: 10.3390/ijerph17207548
summary:
  Results: Korea''s success rests on its readiness, with the capacity for massive testing and obtaining prompt test results, effective contact tracing based on its world-leading mobile technologies, timely provision of personal protective equipment (PPE) to first responders, effective treatment of infected patients, and invoking citizens'' community and civic conscience for the shared goal of defeating the pandemic. More specifically, this study has the following objectives: (1) To analyze Korean experiences with cases where healthcare facilities failed to prevent previous infectious diseases from spreading, and how these failures served the government in devising effective approaches to encounter the COVID-19 pandemic, (2) To dissect cases that showed innovative and successful response measures to deal with the COVID-19 pandemic, and (3) To elaborate on suggestions for crisis management based on the lessons learned from these COVID-19 response cases in Korea.

abstract:
  Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has swept the world like a gigantic tsunami, turning social and economic activities upside down. Methods: This paper presents some of the innovative response strategies implemented by the public health system, healthcare facilities, and government in South Korea, which has been hailed as the model country for its success in containing COVID-19. Korea reinvented its public health infrastructure with a sense of urgency. Results: Korea’s success rests on its readiness, with the capacity for massive testing and obtaining prompt test results, effective contact tracing based on its world-leading mobile technologies, timely provision of personal protective equipment (PPE) to first responders, effective treatment of infected patients, and invoking citizens’ community and civic conscience for the shared goal of defeating the pandemic. The lessons learned from Korea’s response in countering the onslaught of COVID-19 provide unique implications for public healthcare administrators and operations management practitioners. Conclusion: Since many epidemic experts warn of a second wave of COVID-19, the lessons learned from the first wave will be a valuable resource for responding to the resurgence of the virus.


id: cord-327180-yw8rzrb7
author: Prateepko, Tapanan
date: 2009-05-28
txt: ./txt/cord-327180-yw8rzrb7.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-327180-yw8rzrb7.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19473550/
doi: 10.1186/1471-2458-9-161
summary:
  title: Patterns of perception toward influenza pandemic among the front-line responsible health personnel in southern Thailand: a Q methodology approach Subjects were asked to rank 33 statements about various issues of influenza pandemic according to a pre-designed score sheet having a quasi-normal distribution on a continuous 9-point bipolar scale ranging from -4 for strongly disagree to +4 for strongly agree. The most conflicting area was vulnerability on the possible impacts of an influenza pandemic, having factor scores of high (3), low (-4), and neutral (0) for patterns I, II, and III, respectively. We identified three main patterns of health personnel in southern Thailand based on the perception toward a threat of an influenza pandemic. Perception of low level of severity and vulnerability or low levels of appraised threat of an influenza pandemic may inhibit motivation of health personnel to engage in protective behavior [27, 28] .

title:
  Patterns of perception toward influenza pandemic among the front-line responsible health personnel in southern Thailand: a Q methodology approach

abstract:
  BACKGROUND: Thailand has joined the World Health Organization effort to prepare against a threat of an influenza pandemic. Regular monitoring on preparedness of health facilities and assessment on perception of the front-line responsible health personnel has never been done. This study aimed to document the patterns of perception of health personnel toward the threat of an influenza pandemic. METHODS: Q methodology was applied to a set of 385 health personnel in charge of influenza pandemic preparedness in the three southernmost provinces of Thailand. Subjects were asked to rank 33 statements about various issues of influenza pandemic according to a pre-designed score sheet having a quasi-normal distribution on a continuous 9-point bipolar scale ranging from -4 for strongly disagree to +4 for strongly agree. The Q factor analysis method was employed to identify patterns based on the similarity and dissimilarity among health personnel. RESULTS: There were three main patterns of perception toward influenza pandemic with moderate correlation coefficients between patterns ranging from 0.37 to 0.55. Pattern I, health personnel, which we labeled pessimistic, perceived themselves as having a low self-efficacy. Pattern II, which we labeled optimistic, perceived the threat to be low severity and low vulnerability. Pattern III, which we labeled mixed, perceived low self-efficacy but low vulnerability. Across the three patterns, almost all the subjects had a high expectancy that execution of recommended measures can mitigate impacts of the threat of an influenza pandemic, particularly on multi-measures with high factor scores of 4 in all patterns. The most conflicting area was vulnerability on the possible impacts of an influenza pandemic, having factor scores of high (3), low (-4), and neutral (0) for patterns I, II, and III, respectively. CONCLUSION: Strong consistent perceptions of response efficacy against an influenza pandemic may suggest a low priority to convince health personnel on the efficacy of the recommended measures. Lack of self-efficacy in certain sub-groups indicates the need for program managers to improve self-confidence of health personnel to participate in an emergency response.


id: cord-327516-i25whxt2
title: Improving preparedness for the next flu pandemic
author: Horby, Peter
date: 2018-07-25
txt: ./txt/cord-327516-i25whxt2.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-327516-i25whxt2.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41564-018-0206-7
doi: 10.1038/s41564-018-0206-7
summary:
  Efforts to increase our preparedness, by improving predictions of viral emergence, spread and disease severity, by targeting reduced transmission and improved vaccination and by mitigating health impacts in lowand middle-income countries, should receive renewed urgency. However, there are limits to the predictive value of laboratory experiments and animal models, and when a new pandemic virus does emerge, which inevitably it will, the most important measure will be the disease severity per infected person. Any assessment of our ability to mitigate the health impact of the next influenza pandemic must consider what will be available for the large and vulnerable populations living in LMICs. The therapeutic efficacy of NAIs is a matter of some debate, but can probably be summarized as a proven but modest effect on the duration of symptoms in patients with mild influenza, and a probable but unproven small reduction in severe outcomes such as pneumonia and death.

abstract:
  Pandemic influenza remains the single greatest threat to global heath security. Efforts to increase our preparedness, by improving predictions of viral emergence, spread and disease severity, by targeting reduced transmission and improved vaccination and by mitigating health impacts in low- and middle-income countries, should receive renewed urgency.


id: cord-327818-1abweqko
author: Kersebaum, Dilara
date: 2020-10-14
txt: ./txt/cord-327818-1abweqko.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-327818-1abweqko.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1097/pr9.0000000000000858
doi: 10.1097/pr9.0000000000000858
summary:
  OBJECTIVES: This study aimed at examining the influence of the COVID-19 pandemic-associated regulations initiated by the German government on pain intensity and characteristics, emotional well-being, and everyday life of patients with painful polyneuropathy. METHODS: Forty-three patients (well assessed with questionnaires before the pandemic and without change of their health status between baseline and current assessment) were investigated with validated, self-reported questionnaires and COVID-19-specific items 2 weeks after the regulations came into effect. In case of consent, the patient information and agreement were sent along with a set of standardized questionnaires relating to pain, emotional well-being, sleep, and physical activity as well as pandemic-associated questions about changes in daily life due to the pandemic. Patient Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System depression, anxiety, pain interference, sleep, and fatigue scores, and quality of life did not differ between those with and without a change of social environment.

title:
  The early influence of COVID-19 pandemic-associated restrictions on pain, mood, and everyday life of patients with painful polyneuropathy

abstract:
  INTRODUCTION: The SARS-Cov-2 pandemic requires special attention on its psychological effects and the impact on patients with chronic pain. OBJECTIVES: This study aimed at examining the influence of the COVID-19 pandemic-associated regulations initiated by the German government on pain intensity and characteristics, emotional well-being, and everyday life of patients with painful polyneuropathy. METHODS: Forty-three patients (well assessed with questionnaires before the pandemic and without change of their health status between baseline and current assessment) were investigated with validated, self-reported questionnaires and COVID-19-specific items 2 weeks after the regulations came into effect. RESULTS: Pain intensity remained stable or even improved like the neuropathic pain symptom inventory total score (t0: 33.54 ± 20.48 vs t1: 27.38 ± 16.16, P = 0.008). Only 11.6% reported a pandemic-associated pain worsening. Rumination scores of the Pain Catastrophizing Scale were lower during t1 compared to before the pandemic regulations (t0: 7.81 ± 4.70, t1: 6.49 ± 4.39; P = 0.030). Interestingly, pain ratings for the last 7 days were higher in patients with a changed social life compared to those without (−1.63 ± 1.60 vs 0.31 ± 1.83; P = 0.01). Quality of life was decreased and helplessness increased in those with higher pain ratings. CONCLUSION: Results suggest a shift of attention from the chronic pain condition towards the imminent threat of a global pandemic. As the impacts of the pandemic are persistent and evolving, the development of the measured parameters in the forthcoming weeks will be of great interest.


id: cord-328748-ipv8awq7
author: Smith, Richard D
date: 2009-11-19
txt: ./txt/cord-328748-ipv8awq7.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-328748-ipv8awq7.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19926697/
doi: 10.1136/bmj.b4571
summary:
  We also consider the mitigation impact of school closure, which is estimated as 2% for a 34% clinical attack rate in the Ferguson paper and up to a maximum of between Glossary of terms Computable general equilibrium model--A mathematical model of the whole economy that includes the cost minimising and profit maximising behaviour of producers, the consumption and saving behaviour of households and government, taxation mechanisms, and the use of labour, capital, and other factors in order to produce goods for investment or consumption. In brief, schools closing for about 95% of the 15 weeks of the pandemic''s duration and assuming a mitigation equivalent to 2% if the clinical attack rate was 34%, as outlined by Ferguson et al, 10 produces a 2.5% further reduction in gross domestic product compared with our four week closure scenarios; it reduces the infection rates, but the dominance of the case fatality rate in determining the transition point is such that the degree of prophylactic absenteeism remains the same.

title:
  The economy-wide impact of pandemic influenza on the UK: a computable general equilibrium modelling experiment

abstract:
  Objectives To estimate the potential economic impact of pandemic influenza, associated behavioural responses, school closures, and vaccination on the United Kingdom. Design A computable general equilibrium model of the UK economy was specified for various combinations of mortality and morbidity from pandemic influenza, vaccine efficacy, school closures, and prophylactic absenteeism using published data. Setting The 2004 UK economy (the most up to date available with suitable economic data). Main outcome measures The economic impact of various scenarios with different pandemic severity, vaccination, school closure, and prophylactic absenteeism specified in terms of gross domestic product, output from different economic sectors, and equivalent variation. Results The costs related to illness alone ranged between 0.5% and 1.0% of gross domestic product (£8.4bn to £16.8bn) for low fatality scenarios, 3.3% and 4.3% (£55.5bn to £72.3bn) for high fatality scenarios, and larger still for an extreme pandemic. School closure increases the economic impact, particularly for mild pandemics. If widespread behavioural change takes place and there is large scale prophylactic absence from work, the economic impact would be notably increased with few health benefits. Vaccination with a pre-pandemic vaccine could save 0.13% to 2.3% of gross domestic product (£2.2bn to £38.6bn); a single dose of a matched vaccine could save 0.3% to 4.3% (£5.0bn to £72.3bn); and two doses of a matched vaccine could limit the overall economic impact to about 1% of gross domestic product for all disease scenarios. Conclusion Balancing school closure against “business as usual” and obtaining sufficient stocks of effective vaccine are more important factors in determining the economic impact of an influenza pandemic than is the disease itself. Prophylactic absence from work in response to fear of infection can add considerably to the economic impact.


id: cord-329273-upzxscux
author: Adeoti, Adekunle Olatayo
date: 2018-02-13
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29450202/
doi: 10.1183/23120541.00156-2017
abstract: Learn about the @ERStalk course on acute respiratory pandemics http://ow.ly/XGe430i7743
title:
  The European Respiratory Society course on acute respiratory pandemics: how to plan for and manage them


id: cord-329460-wl09mlk1
title: Nation‐wide analysis of the impact of Covid‐19 pandemic on daily urology practice in Turkey
author: Bozkurt, Ozan
date: 2020-09-30
txt: ./txt/cord-329460-wl09mlk1.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-329460-wl09mlk1.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1111/ijcp.13735
doi: 10.1111/ijcp.13735
summary:
  The number of outpatients, inpatients, urological surgeries and daily interventions were found to be dramatically decreased by the third week of pandemics in state hospitals and tertiary referral centers; however the daily urological practice were similar in private practice hospitals throughout the pandemic period. In a detailed analysis of the three groups of centers; a significant decrease was detected in outpatients, inpatients, daily interventions and urological surgeries in tertiary referral centers and state hospitals; however the decrease was not statistically significant in private practice hospital in terms of inpatients and daily interventions ( Although the total numbers of temporary measures like nephrostomy placement (539 to 223; -58.7%) and percutaneous cystostomy (661 to 253; -61.8%) for certain instances decreased; the rate of these procedures for emergent-trauma surgeries has been found to increase during pandemic period (15% to 22.7% and 18.4% to 25.7%; respectively).

abstract:
  OBJECTIVE: To present a nation‐wide analysis of the workload of urology departments in Turkey week‐by‐week during Covid‐19 pandemic. METHODOLOGY: The centers participating in the study were divided into three groups as tertiary referral centers, state hospitals and private practice hospitals. The number of outpatients, inpatients, daily interventions and urological surgeries were recorded prospectively between 9‐March‐2020 and 31‐May‐2020. All these variables were recorded for the same time interval of 2019 as well. The weekly change of the workload of urology during pandemic period was evaluated; also the workload of urology and the distributions of certain urological surgeries were compared between the pandemic period and the same time interval of the year 2019. RESULTS: A total of 51 centers participated in the study. The number of outpatients, inpatients, urological surgeries and daily interventions were found to be dramatically decreased by the third week of pandemics in state hospitals and tertiary referral centers; however the daily urological practice were similar in private practice hospitals throughout the pandemic period. When the workload of urology in pandemic period and the same time interval of the year 2019 were compared; a huge decrease was observed in all variables during pandemic period. However, temporary measures like ureteral stenting, nephrostomy placement and percutaneous cystostomy have been found to increase during Covid‐19 pandemic compared to normal life. CONCLUSIONS: Covid‐19 pandemic significantly effected the routine daily urological practice likewise other subspecialties and priority was given to emergent and non‐deferrable surgeries by urologists in concordance with published clinical guidelines.


id: cord-329653-5nkrrqqw
author: Patrick, Jennifer R.
date: 2011-04-08
url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aenj.2011.03.001
doi: 10.1016/j.aenj.2011.03.001
title:
  Influenza: Critique of the contemporary challenges for pandemic planning, prevention, control, and treatment in emergency health services

abstract:
  The 2009 H(1)N(1) influenza pandemic was a major challenge to health services around the world. Previous experiences with Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) and Avian Influenza A (H5N1) prompted initiation of formal pandemic planning. Essential and desirable features of pandemic plans include preparation for surveillance, investigation of cases, treatment modalities, prevention of community spread, maintenance of essential services, research and evaluation, and implementation, testing and revision of the plan. The experience of 2009 H(1)N(1) influenza pandemic for emergency departments and their staff was problematic. The pace of the pandemic, coupled with untested pandemic plans, presented a unique range of challenges. In this paper, the contemporary challenges with respect to pandemic influenza prevention, control, and treatment are examined. The lessons learned are critical to our response to future pandemics, which are inevitable.


id: cord-329704-vnazexhj
title: An Evaluation of Neurosurgical Practices During the COVID-19 Pandemic
author: Pelargos, Panayiotis E.
date: 2020-10-13
txt: ./txt/cord-329704-vnazexhj.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-329704-vnazexhj.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33065352/
doi: 10.1016/j.wneu.2020.10.025
summary:
  Methods A survey consisting of twenty-two questions assessing respondent''s operative experience, location, type of practice, subspecialty, changes in clinic and operative volumes, changes to staff, and changes to income since the pandemic began was distributed electronically to neurosurgeons throughout the United States and Puerto Rico. More senior neurosurgeons and those with a private practice, whether solo or as part of a group, were more likely to experience a decline in income as a result of the pandemic as compared to their colleagues. Neurosurgeons in practice less than 20 163 years were significantly more likely to be willing to provide non-neurosurgical care to COVID-164 19 patients than those in practice greater than 20 years (73.1% vs. Overall, nearly three-fourths of neurosurgeons experienced greater than 50% decline in 216 outpatient clinic volume with just over 5% of respondents closing their outpatient clinics during 217 the pandemic.

abstract:
  Objective To understand how the COVID-19 pandemic has affected the neurosurgical workforce. Methods A survey consisting of twenty-two questions assessing respondent’s operative experience, location, type of practice, subspecialty, changes in clinic and operative volumes, changes to staff, and changes to income since the pandemic began was distributed electronically to neurosurgeons throughout the United States and Puerto Rico. Results There were 457 respondents throughout the United States and Puerto Rico representing all practices types and subspecialties. Nearly all respondents reported hospital restrictions on elective surgeries. Most reported a decline in clinic and operative volume. Nearly 70% of respondents saw a decrease in the work hours of their ancillary providers, and almost half (49.1%) of respondents had to downsize their practice staff, office assistants, nurses, schedulers, etc. Overall, 43.6% of survey responders had experienced a decline in income, while 27.4% expected a decline in income in the upcoming billing cycle. More senior neurosurgeons and those with a private practice, whether solo or as part of a group, were more likely to experience a decline in income as a result of the pandemic as compared to their colleagues. Conclusion The COVID pandemic will likely have a lasting effect on the practice of medicine. Our survey results describe the early impact on the neurosurgical workforce. Nearly all neurosurgeons experienced a significant decline in clinical volume which leads to many downstream effects. Ultimately, analysis of the effects of such a pervasive pandemic will allow the neurosurgical workforce to be better prepared for similar events in the future.


id: cord-330512-nu8q72l9
title: Pandemic Influenza Planning, United States, 1978–2008
author: Iskander, John
date: 2013-06-17
txt: ./txt/cord-330512-nu8q72l9.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-330512-nu8q72l9.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23731839/
doi: 10.3201/eid1906.121478
summary:
  After the emergence of a novel influenza virus of swine origin in 1976, national, state, and local US public health authorities began planning efforts to respond to future pandemics. Several events have since stimulated progress in public health emergency planning: the 1997 avian influenza A(H5N1) outbreak in Hong Kong, China; the 2001 anthrax attacks in the United States; the 2003 outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome; and the 2003 reemergence of influenza A(H5N1) virus infection in humans. An influential policy review of the "swine flu affair" (i.e., the campaign to immunize the US population against a possible epidemic) identified several critical needs for future planning: 1) a more cautious approach to interpreting limited data and communicating risk to the public, 2) greater investment in research and preparedness, 3) clearer operational responsibilities within the federal government, 4) clear communication between planners at all levels of government, 5) strengthened local capacity for plan implementation, and 6) improved mechanisms for program evaluation (8) .

abstract:
  During the past century, 4 influenza pandemics occurred. After the emergence of a novel influenza virus of swine origin in 1976, national, state, and local US public health authorities began planning efforts to respond to future pandemics. Several events have since stimulated progress in public health emergency planning: the 1997 avian influenza A(H5N1) outbreak in Hong Kong, China; the 2001 anthrax attacks in the United States; the 2003 outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome; and the 2003 reemergence of influenza A(H5N1) virus infection in humans. We outline the evolution of US pandemic planning since the late 1970s, summarize planning accomplishments, and explain their ongoing importance. The public health community’s response to the 2009 influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 pandemic demonstrated the value of planning and provided insights into improving future plans and response efforts. Preparedness planning will enhance the collective, multilevel response to future public health crises.


id: cord-330837-pwwgmtjr
author: Lim, Zheng Jie
date: 2020-11-01
txt: ./txt/cord-330837-pwwgmtjr.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-330837-pwwgmtjr.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0300957220305335?v=s5
doi: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2020.10.025
summary:
  title: Incidence and outcome of out-of-hospital cardiac arrests in the COVID-19 era: A systematic review and meta-analysis For example, an increase in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) incidence has been reported since the very early phase of the COVID-19 epidemic [2] . A recent population-based crosssectional study reported that out-of-hospital cardiac arrests had increased 3-fold during the 2020 COVID-19 period when compared with during the comparison period in 2019 [3] . The study hypothesis was that the incidence of OHCA and the associated mortality was higher during the COVID-19 pandemic period when compared to an earlier period. In this systematic review and meta-analysis, the authors aimed to determine the influence of the COVID-19 pandemic on the incidence, processes of care and mortality among OHCA patients. J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f DISCUSSION Across the selected studies, we observed a more than two-fold increase in OHCA incidence during the COVID-19 pandemic, with an overall significant increase in mortality.

title:
  Incidence and outcome of out-of-hospital cardiac arrests in the COVID-19 era: A systematic review and meta-analysis

abstract:
  BACKGROUND: The impact of COVID-19 on pre-hospital and hospital services and hence on the prevalence and outcomes of out-of-hospital cardiac arrests (OHCA) remain unclear. The review aimed to evaluate the influence of the COVID-19 pandemic on the incidence, process, and outcomes of OHCA. METHODS: A systematic review of PubMed, EMBASE, and pre-print websites was performed. Studies reporting comparative data on OHCA within the same jurisdiction, before and during the COVID-19 pandemic were included. Study quality was assessed based on the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. RESULTS: Ten studies reporting data from 35,379 OHCA events were included. There was a 120% increase in OHCA events since the pandemic. Time from OHCA to ambulance arrival was longer during the pandemic (p = 0.036). While mortality (OR = 0.67, 95%-CI 0.49-0.91) and supraglottic airway use (OR = 0.36, 95%-CI 0.27-0.46) was higher during the pandemic, automated external defibrillator use (OR = 1.78 95%-CI 1.06-2.98), return of spontaneous circulation (OR = 1.63, 95%-CI 1.18-2.26) and intubation (OR = 1.87, 95%-CI 1.12-3.13) was more common before the pandemic. More patients survived to hospital admission (OR = 1.75, 95%-CI 1.42-2.17) and discharge (OR = 1.65, 95%-CI 1.28-2.12) before the pandemic. Bystander CPR (OR = 1.08, 95%-CI 0.86-1.35), unwitnessed OHCA (OR = 0.84, 95%-CI 0.66-1.07), paramedic-resuscitation attempts (OR = 1.19 95%-CI 1.00-1.42) and mechanical CPR device use (OR = 1.57 95%-CI 0.55-4.55) did not defer significantly. CONCLUSIONS: The incidence and mortality following OHCA was higher during the COVID-19 pandemic. There were significant variations in resuscitation practices during the pandemic. Research to define optimal processes of pre-hospital care during a pandemic is urgently required. REVIEW REGISTRATION: PROSPERO (CRD42020203371).


id: cord-330849-yt44k88m
title: Planning for Mental Health Needs During COVID-19
author: Han, Rachel H.
date: 2020-10-08
txt: ./txt/cord-330849-yt44k88m.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-330849-yt44k88m.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33030637/
doi: 10.1007/s11920-020-01189-6
summary:
  The purpose of this article, written from the perspective of military medical planners, is to present available data on the prevalence of specific mental health concerns and conditions from previous recent pandemics and COVID-19, as well as to provide data-informed recommendations for meeting the psychological needs of affected individuals. A combination of the following keywords in the title and/or abstract was used in searches of literature on the Southeast Asian Respiratory Syndrome (SARS), H1N1 influenza (H1N1), Middle Eastern Respiratory Syndrome (MERS), Ebola, and COVID-19 pandemics: mental health OR mental illness OR psychiatry OR psychology OR therapist OR PTSD OR posttraumatic OR post-traumatic stress disorder OR behavioral health OR anxiety [disorder] OR GAD OR depression/depressed OR complex grief AND data analysis OR statistic* OR prevalence OR percentage OR increase OR decrease.

abstract:
  PURPOSE OF REVIEW: The ability to effectively prepare for and respond to the psychological fallout from large-scale disasters is a core competency of military mental health providers, as well as civilian emergency response teams. Disaster planning should be situation specific and data driven; vague, broad-spectrum planning can contribute to unprepared mental health teams and underserved patient populations. Herein, we review data on mental health sequelae from the twenty-first century pandemics, including SARS-CoV2 (COVID-19), and offer explanations for observed trends, insights regarding anticipated needs, and recommendations for preliminary planning on how to best allocate limited mental health resources. RECENT FINDINGS: Anxiety and distress, often attributed to isolation, were the most prominent mental health complaints during previous pandemics and with COVID-19. Additionally, post-traumatic stress was surprisingly common and possibly more enduring than depression, insomnia, and alcohol misuse. Predictions regarding COVID-19’s economic impact suggest that depression and suicide rates may increase over time. SUMMARY: Available data suggest that the mental health sequelae of COVID-19 will mirror those of previous pandemics. Clinicians and mental health leaders should focus planning efforts on the negative effects of isolation, particularly anxiety and distress, as well as post-traumatic stress symptoms.


id: cord-330880-6lx66w8h
author: Nikolopoulos, Konstantinos
date: 2020-08-08
txt: ./txt/cord-330880-6lx66w8h.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-330880-6lx66w8h.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32836717/
doi: 10.1016/j.ejor.2020.08.001
summary:
  title: Forecasting and planning during a pandemic: COVID-19 growth rates, supply chain disruptions, and governmental decisions We further model and forecast the excess demand for products and services during the pandemic using auxiliary data (google trends) and simulating governmental decisions (lockdown). Due to these disruptions, shortterm real time forecasts (daily and weekly) about the pandemic and its effect on the supply chain have become a very important managerial and policy-making imperative. An accurate forecast of the evolution of new cases enables the more effective management of the resulting excess demand across the supply chain. To address this need, in this article we forecast the growth of the pandemic at the country-level and evaluate 52 time-series, epidemiological, machine-learning, and deep-learning techniques. We contribute to the latter, the field of SCM, by providing an input (the demand forecasts for the new cases and the selected products), which is essential to decision-making algorithms that involve stock-control, replenishment, advance purchasing, and even rationing 11 , i.e. situations that require a mean forecasted demand over the lead-time.

title:
  Forecasting and planning during a pandemic: COVID-19 growth rates, supply chain disruptions, and governmental decisions

abstract:
  Policymakers during COVID-19 operate in uncharted territory and must make tough decisions. Operational Research - the ubiquitous ‘science of better’ - plays a vital role in supporting this decision-making process. To that end, using data from the USA, India, UK, Germany, and Singapore up to mid-April 2020, we provide predictive analytics tools for forecasting and planning during a pandemic. We forecast COVID-19 growth rates with statistical, epidemiological, machine- and deep-learning models, and a new hybrid forecasting method based on nearest neighbors and clustering. We further model and forecast the excess demand for products and services during the pandemic using auxiliary data (google trends) and simulating governmental decisions (lockdown). Our empirical results can immediately help policymakers and planners make better decisions during the ongoing and future pandemics.


id: cord-331797-05kcygis
title: Burnout and PTSD in the COVID-19 Pandemic: Intersection, Impact and Interventions
author: Restauri, Nicole
date: 2020-05-27
txt: ./txt/cord-331797-05kcygis.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-331797-05kcygis.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1546144020305469?v=s5
doi: 10.1016/j.jacr.2020.05.021
summary:
  Summary sentence Individual physicians and hospital administration should take proactive steps to minimize the compounding effects of high baseline burnout and the acute stressors of the COVID-19 pandemic in order to promote wellness among health-care providers. As much as social distancing is being leveraged as a critical method of COVID-19 disease containment, both individual and system based practices will be required to reduce workplace stress and burnout and minimize the acute stress response and risk of subsequent PTSD. Support an infrastructure that allows radiologists and staff to work from home Decrease exposure and mitigate concerns about contracting the virus and promotes schedule flexibility Increase education treatment about burnout, ASD, and PTSD, via expert panel discussions and access to mental health Increase awareness and early intervention, reduce stigma Employ non-traditional methods of physician engagement (eg narrative medicine)

abstract:
  Summary sentence Individual physicians and hospital administration should take proactive steps to minimize the compounding effects of high baseline burnout and the acute stressors of the COVID-19 pandemic in order to promote wellness among health-care providers.


id: cord-332145-rw16o02g
title: Evolving Healthcare Delivery in Neurology During the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Pandemic
author: Chen, Patrick M.
date: 2020-05-29
txt: ./txt/cord-332145-rw16o02g.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-332145-rw16o02g.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2020.00578
doi: 10.3389/fneur.2020.00578
abstract: nan
summary:
  The pandemic changed the assumptions made by most developed health care system: ample supplies and an overwhelmingly safe environment for patients and healthcare providers. One key lesson from the COVID-19 experience internationally is the rapid depletion and scarcity of medical supplies [e.g., personal protective equipment (PPE) and mechanical ventilators], beds, and staff-an increasing occupational hazard for health care workers (2) (3) (4) . Similarly little is known about the impact of COVID-19 on the psychological health of our team members who face a number of stresses: occupational risk, evolving policy changes, and unprecedented ethical decisions. A key question remains of how we will prepare for the return of neurologic patients with delayed diagnosis because of COVID-19. Currently, the risk of exposure to COVID-19 in the hospital leads providers and patients to prefer outpatient workup, forgoing, or curtailing inpatient monitoring. Acute stroke care in the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic


id: cord-334522-gi7zj70m
title: Can a ‘second disaster’ during and after the COVID-19 pandemic be mitigated?
author: Gersons, Berthold P. R.
date: 2020-09-23
txt: ./txt/cord-334522-gi7zj70m.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-334522-gi7zj70m.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33062215/
doi: 10.1080/20008198.2020.1815283
summary:
  Lessons from past disasters suggest that communities and their leaders, as well as mental healthcare providers, need to pay attention to fear regarding the ongoing threat, as well as sadness and grief, and to provide hope to mitigate social disruption. For people experiencing the loss of loved ones or economic Needs of the population amid the pandemic Actions required by authorities and experts to mitigate the impact of COVID-19 Sense of safety Immediate actions of public health measures to limit the spread of the infection Delivery of reliable information for the general population and various groups about the disease Effective resourcing of required medical equipment Calming Active communication and constant explanation of the actions needed to contain the spread of the infection to the population Compassion of authorities towards victims and various groups affected by the pandemic Sense of self-and collective efficacy

abstract:
  In most disasters that have been studied, the underlying dangerous cause does not persist for very long. However, during the COVID-19 pandemic a progressively emerging life threat remains, exposing everyone to varying levels of risk of contracting the illness, dying, or infecting others. Distancing and avoiding company have a great impact on social life. Moreover, the COVID-19 pandemic has an enormous economic impact for many losing work and income, which is even affecting basic needs such as access to food and housing. In addition, loss of loved ones may compound the effects of fear and loss of resources. The aim of this paper is to distil, from a range of published literature, lessons from past disasters to assist in mitigating adverse psychosocial reactions to the COVID-19 pandemic. European, American, and Asian studies of disasters show that long-term social and psychological consequences of disasters may compromise initial solidarity. Psychosocial disruptions, practical and financial problems, and complex community and political issues may then result in a ‘second disaster’. Lessons from past disasters suggest that communities and their leaders, as well as mental healthcare providers, need to pay attention to fear regarding the ongoing threat, as well as sadness and grief, and to provide hope to mitigate social disruption.


id: cord-335005-ezp4mery
title: Pandemics and the future of human-landscape interactions
author: China, Anne
date: 2020-08-27
txt: ./txt/cord-335005-ezp4mery.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-335005-ezp4mery.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2213305420300229?v=s5
doi: 10.1016/j.ancene.2020.100256
summary:
  We highlight the link between rising pandemics and accelerating global human impacts on Earth, thereby suggesting that pandemics may be an emerging element of the "Anthropocene." Examples from Denver, Colorado, USA, show how policy responses to the COVID-19 pandemic changed human-environment interactions and created anomalous landscapes at the local scale in relation to the quality of air and patterns of acquiring and consuming food. Next, we present two examples from the city of Denver, Colorado (USA), showing how policy responses to the spread of the virus triggered exchanges that altered human-environment interactions and created emergent new landscapes-in relation to the quality of air and ways of obtaining and eating foods-with implications for managing the effects of pandemics at a local scale. Though the origins of pandemics are rooted in global-scale human impacts on environment, i.e., the Anthropocene, the COVID-19 case shows how their riveting effects can also alter humanlandscape interactions locally, with consequent cross-scale feedbacks.

abstract:
  Pandemics have accelerated in frequency in recent decades, with COVID-19 the latest to join the list. Emerging in late 2019 in Wuhan, China, the virus has spread quickly through the world, affecting billions of people through quarantine, and at the same time claiming more than 800,000 lives worldwide. While early reflections from the academic community have tended to target the microbiology, medicine, and animal science communities, this article articulates a viewpoint from a perspective of human interactions with Earth systems. We highlight the link between rising pandemics and accelerating global human impacts on Earth, thereby suggesting that pandemics may be an emerging element of the “Anthropocene.” Examples from Denver, Colorado, USA, show how policy responses to the COVID-19 pandemic changed human-environment interactions and created anomalous landscapes at the local scale in relation to the quality of air and patterns of acquiring and consuming food. In recognizing the significance of novel infectious diseases as part of understanding human-landscape interactions in the Anthropocene, as well as the multi-scale interconnectedness between environment and health, this viewpoint converges toward an urgent need for new paradigms for research and teaching. The program required extends well beyond the already broad interdisciplinary scholarship essential for addressing human-landscape interactions, by integrating the work of health scientists, disease specialists, immunologists, virologists, veterinarians, behavioral scientists, and health policy experts.


id: cord-336283-3q0ujnjq
title: The Nature and Treatment of Pandemic-Related Psychological Distress
author: Sanderson, William C.
date: 2020-06-27
txt: ./txt/cord-336283-3q0ujnjq.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-336283-3q0ujnjq.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10879-020-09463-7
doi: 10.1007/s10879-020-09463-7
summary:
  Scientific data are not available to fully understand the nature of the resulting mental health impact given the very recent onset of the pandemic, nevertheless, there is a need to act immediately to develop psychotherapeutic strategies that may alleviate pandemic-related distress. The psychological distress, in particular fear and sadness, is a function of the pandemic''s negative impact upon people''s ability to meet their most basic needs (e.g., physical safety, financial security, social connection, participation in meaningful activities). Once we created this list we developed strategies that would allow people to manage these negative emotional states using a self-help format (this guide can be accessed at www.psych rescu e-covid 19.com or at the permanent DOI address provided in the reference section). While there has been progress, as outlined above, in understanding the nature and interventions for COVID related psychological distress, an additional problem has emerged as a result: the already overburdened mental health system must now provide treatment for a substantial wave of persons in need.

abstract:
  The COVID-19 crisis has created a “mental health pandemic” throughout the world. Scientific data are not available to fully understand the nature of the resulting mental health impact given the very recent onset of the pandemic, nevertheless, there is a need to act immediately to develop psychotherapeutic strategies that may alleviate pandemic-related distress. The psychological distress, in particular fear and sadness, is a function of the pandemic’s negative impact upon people’s ability to meet their most basic needs (e.g., physical safety, financial security, social connection, participation in meaningful activities). This paper presents evidence-based cognitive behavioral strategies that should prove useful in reducing the emotional suffering associated with the COVID crisis.


id: cord-336447-hpnkou41
title: COVID-19 Compared to Other Pandemic Diseases
author: Pitlik, Silvio Daniel
date: 2020-07-31
txt: ./txt/cord-336447-hpnkou41.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-336447-hpnkou41.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.5041/rmmj.10418
doi: 10.5041/rmmj.10418
summary:
  Despite multiple publications and increasing knowledge regarding the biological secrets of SARS-CoV-2, as of the writing of this paper, there is neither an approved vaccine nor medication to prevent infection or cure for this highly infectious disease. 7, 8 This paper reviews the microbiological, clinical, and epidemiological characteristics of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, as well as its socio-economic impact. In the early days of the pandemic great effort was invested into understanding the life cycle of SARS-CoV-2, 9 so as to provide a basis for discovery of an effective vaccine to prevent COVID-19 and/or a safe and efficacious drug to cure it, or at the least, to ameliorate its symptoms, shorten its duration, and/ or block its mechanism of transmission. 59 Unfortunately, to date, no human genetic markers predisposing to SARS-CoV-2 infection, nor the severity of COVID-19, have been found-although recent isolated exceptions to this statement can be found.

abstract:
  In December 2019, the first cases of a new contagious disease were diagnosed in the city of Wuhan, the capital of Hubei province in China. Within a short period of time the outbreak developed exponentially into a pandemic that infected millions of people, with a global death toll of more than 500,000 during its first 6 months. Eventually, the novel disease was named coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), and the new virus was identified as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Similar to all known pandemics throughout history, COVID-19 has been accompanied by a large degree of fear, anxiety, uncertainty, and economic disaster worldwide. Despite multiple publications and increasing knowledge regarding the biological secrets of SARS-CoV-2, as of the writing of this paper, there is neither an approved vaccine nor medication to prevent infection or cure for this highly infectious disease. Past pandemics were caused by a wide range of microbes, primarily viruses, but also bacteria. Characteristically, a significant proportion of them originated in different animal species (zoonoses). Since an understanding of the microbial cause of these diseases was unveiled relatively late in human history, past pandemics were often attributed to strange causes including punishment from God, demonic activity, or volatile unspecified substances. Although a high case fatality ratio was common to all pandemic diseases, some striking clinical characteristics of each disease allowed contemporaneous people to clinically diagnose the infection despite null microbiological information. In comparison to past pandemics, SARS-CoV-2 has tricky and complex mechanisms that have facilitated its rapid and catastrophic spread worldwide.


