cord-000042-9mma6rva	2008	Under the auspices of the UK Scientific Advisory Group on Pandemic Influenza, five scientific papers dealing with the main clinical countermeasures (antivirals, pre-pandemic and pandemic specific vaccines, antibiotics and facemasks) and the risk of a pandemic originating from an H5N1 virus were developed. Revised papers were then submitted to the Scientific Advisory Group for final endorsement as reflecting an accurate and comprehensive summary of the state of knowledge in June 2007. 1 Papers reviewing the scientific evidence base in the following areas are available at: http://www.advisorybodies.doh.gov.uk/ spi/evidence.htm (i) The use of antiviral drugs in a pandemic; (ii) pre-pandemic and pandemic specific influenza vaccines; (iii) the use of antibiotics for pandemic influenza; (iv) the use of face masks during a pandemic; and (v) the risk of a pandemic originating from H5N1. Scientific Advisory Group on Pandemic Influenza, review of the evidence base underpinning clinical countermeasures and risk from H5N1
cord-000161-hxjxczyr	2009	Primary influenza pneumonia has a high mortality rate during pandemics, not only in immunocompromised individuals and patients with underlying comorbid conditions, but also in young healthy adults. Pneumonia and the acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) account for the majority of severe morbidity and mortality that accompany pandemic influenza infection [14] . A recent analysis of lung specimens from 77 fatal cases of pandemic H1N1v 2009 infection found a prevalence of concurrent bacterial pneumonia in 29% of these patients [31] . A recent World Health Organization treatment guideline for pharmacological management of 2009 pandemic H1N1v influenza A recommends the consideration of higher doses of oseltamivir (150 mg twice a day) and longer duration of treatment for patients with severe influenza pneumonia or clinical deterioration [44] . The rapid progression from initial typical influenza symptoms to extensive pulmonary involvement, with acute lung injury, can occur both in patients with underlying respiratory or cardiac morbidities and in young healthy adults, especially if obese or pregnant.
cord-000262-4owsb0bg	2010	In settings like Hong Kong, with the infrastructure and resources to implement such measures and N Decisions regarding pandemic response during the exigencies of a public health emergency must be judged according to the best evidence available at the time. Reduce and delay community spread somewhat at the earliest stage to allow better preparation for mitigation response [15] Completely prevent entry of infected individuals due to suboptimal sensitivity and asymptomatic (including infected and within incubation period) or subclinical presentation [16] Many countries did not attempt these measures because of logistics, stage of pandemic [22] or other cost-benefit considerations [16] China Hong Kong SAR Japan Personal protective measures (e.g., face masks, hand hygiene, cough etiquette, early self-isolation when ill) Reduce risk of infection to self and close contacts (if self is ill and infected) [27, 28] Have not been evaluated whether they can provide significant populationlevel protection
cord-000916-b22s00es	2013	This study estimates the effectiveness and total cost (from a societal perspective, with a lifespan time horizon) of a comprehensive range of social distancing and antiviral drug strategies, under a range of pandemic severity categories. For severe pandemics of category 3 (CFR 0.75%) and greater, a strategy combining antiviral treatment and prophylaxis, extended school closure and community contact reduction resulted in the lowest total cost of any strategy, costing $1,584 per person at category 5. For severe pandemics of category 3 (CFR 0.75%) and greater, a strategy combining antiviral treatment and prophylaxis, extended school closure and community contact reduction resulted in the lowest total cost of any strategy, costing $1,584 per person at category 5. Keywords: Pandemic influenza, Economic analysis, Antiviral medication, Social distancing, Pandemic severity, Case fatality ratio Background While the H1N1 2009 virus spread world-wide and was classed as a pandemic, the severity of resulting symptoms, as quantified by morbidity and mortality rates, was lower than that which had previously occurred in many seasonal epidemics [1] [2] [3] .
cord-001521-l36f1gp7	2011	The IC 50 values determined in functional NI assays provide valuable information for detection of resistant viruses, but should not be used to draw direct correlations with drug concentrations needed to inhibit virus replication in the infected human host, as clinical data to support such inferences are inadequate. • Standardized reagents and protocols • Choice of detection technology • Simple instrumentation requirements • High sensitivity for use with low virus concentrations • Compatibility with batch-mode processing and largescale assay throughput • Broad specificity of influenza detection • Flexibility in assay format • Additional NA assay applications -cell-based viral assays, screening for new NIs, detection of NA from other organisms Functional neuraminidase inhibition assays enable detection of any resistance mutation and are extremely important in conjunction with sequence-based screening assays for global monitoring of virus isolates for NI resistance mutations, including known and new mutations. Such new assays need to include methods to measure local antibodies and virus-specific lymphocytes, especially in the case of live attenuated influenza vaccines, because of their potential to induce such broad-based immune responses.
cord-001634-mi5gcfcw	2015	In relation to pandemic influenza, public communications feature in preparedness and response planning which requires that members of the general public adopt measures during a public health emergency, including: hygiene (e.g., covering the mouth and nose when sneezing or coughing, washing hands, keeping surfaces clean, avoiding sharing personal items) and the avoidance of close contact with others [4] . This paper, therefore, uses inductive, qualitative research methods to develop new knowledge on how members of the general population respond to pandemic influenza, set against the backdrop of the assumed resistance on the part of the general public and related critiques, including, health risk fatigue, the risk communication dilemma and individualism. The research aimed to identify how members of the general public respond to pandemic influenza so that public health communications can be designed to engage with how its audiences respond to risk messages and how they enact hygiene, social isolation and related measures.
cord-003302-vxk7uqlc	2018	These studies help explain the lower mortality in children compared with adults seen in the 1918 influenza pandemic and in many other types of acute illness. They agree with Worobey et al that early life antigenic imprinting might have led to a dysregulated T-cell response that increased the risk of death following infection in 1918 with a new and antigenically dissimilar influenza virus. In trying to understand the ''mystery'' of greater mortality among young adults during the 1918 pandemic, scientists have studied influenza viruses and the human response to previous infection. Considered with evidence from endotoxemic mice [28] and other studies [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] , their findings suggest that the mortality impact of pandemic and seasonal influenza and other forms of acute critical illness might be reduced by treating the host response.
cord-003340-nqc1pduk	2018	title: Natality Decline and Spatial Variation in Excess Death Rates During the 1918–1920 Influenza Pandemic in Arizona, United States Moreover, excess mortality rates were highest in northern Arizona counties, where Native Americans were historically concentrated, suggesting a link between ethnic and/or sociodemographic factors and risk of pandemic-related death. Moreover, excess mortality rates were highest in northern Arizona counties, where Native Americans were historically concentrated, suggesting a link between ethnic and/or sociodemographic factors and risk of pandemic-related death. We also analyzed 21,334 individual birth certificates to quantify the impact of the 1918-1920 influenza pandemic on natality fluctuations in Maricopa county, the most populous county in Arizona state. Likewise, our results suggest that northern counties in Arizona with high Native American population density (e.g., Apache, Coconino, and Navajo) experienced higher excess pandemic death rates compared with other counties in the state.
cord-003466-599x0euj	2019	MAIN TEXT: The 1918 H1N1 pandemic virus spread across Europe, North America, and Asia over a 12-month period resulting in an estimated 500 million infections and 50–100 million deaths worldwide, of which ~ 50% of these occurred within the fall of 1918 (Emerg Infect Dis 12:15-22, 2006, Bull Hist Med 76:105-115, 2002). Influenza viruses have posed a continual threat to global public health since at least as early as the Middle Ages, resulting in an estimated 3-5 million cases of severe illness and 291,243-645,832 deaths annually worldwide, according to a recent estimate [1] . To be considered a pandemic, an influenza virus must: i) spread globally from a distinct location with high rates of infectivity resulting in increased mortality; and ii) the hemagglutinin (HA) cannot be related to influenza strains circulating prior to the outbreak nor have resulted from mutation [14, 15] .
cord-003571-upogtny6	2018	In the present commentary, we place these 12 articles in the context of a growing body of work on the archeo-epidemiology of past pandemics, the socioeconomic and geographic drivers of influenza mortality and natality impact, and renewed interest in immune imprinting mechanisms and the development of novel influenza vaccines. In the present commentary, we place these 12 articles in the context of a growing body of work on the archeo-epidemiology of past pandemics, the socioeconomic and geographic drivers of influenza mortality and natality impact, and renewed interest in immune imprinting mechanisms and the development of novel influenza vaccines. age patterns; history of epidemiology; influenza; mortality; pandemic; prior immunity One hundred years after the fact, the 1918 influenza pandemic remains one of the most important epidemics of the modern medical era; it was significant for its impact on both human health and the development of epidemiology and other medical sciences.
cord-006100-zvb7bxix	2015	The paper also serves to identify that although contingencies management for epidemiological issues require technical and scientific considerations to feature in governance arrangements, equally there are key "wicked problems" in the context public policy that pervade the health security sector. There are studies which consider crisis management, resilience and risk in the context of UK public policy (e.g. McConnell, 2003; Drennan and McConnell, 2006; Brassett et al., 2013) , however, there are very few case-based research studies which illustrate crisis and disaster governance challenges from the perspective of those institutions and policy actors that are responsible for managing such "wicked problems" from a macro-level policy position. The wicked problem of UK territorial governance UK policy actors (i.e. in Scottish and UK governments) in the area of health security have highlighted the domestic state-level challenges of managing planning for pandemic disease within UK borders and the political dimensions to this process.
cord-006130-x8kl9bx4	2014	In the following sections, we argue for ethical pandemic communications that overcome barriers to accessing information and avoid inequalities imposed by current media arrangements. Addressing inequalities in access therefore requires making information directly accessible for the public and ensuring that information is sensitive to the varying needs and interests of different individuals and groups in society so that it is information that people have the capacity to act on. This is inadequate communication from an ethical point of view, as it places the burden of responsibility on individuals to access information.P In planning for a public health crisis such as a pandemic, there needs to be more than a formal capacity to access necessary information. 22 Given the potential for increased burden of disease amongst the disadvantaged, it may be particularly harmful for the effective implementation of pandemic plans if less well-off sections of the community and vulnerable groups are not given a voice through the media.
cord-007681-vhghhvnu	2009	Factors contributing to the decision to reassess the recommendations included a shift in national pandemic planning assumptions to a more severe pandemic scenario extrapolated from the 1918 pandemic (Table 1 ); recognition that the HHS guidance did not include groups that could be considered for prioritization such as border protection personnel or the military; a broader understanding of the risk to essential services stimulated by the NIAC report; and a series of public engagement meetings convened by the CDC, where participants identified protecting essential community services as the most important goal for pandemic vaccination rather than protecting those who are at highest risk (Public Engagement Pilot Project on Pandemic Influenza 2005). Reflecting the similar value placed by the public on protecting persons who provide pandemic healthcare, who maintain essential community services or are at high occupational risk, and protecting children, each of the highest vaccination tiers for a severe pandemic includes groups from each category (Table 4) .
cord-007784-fq2urilg	2011	
cord-007897-evz3gwac	2010	This article highlights influenza pandemic planning by a geriatric facility in order to ensure preparedness for staff, clients and families. This article highlights influenza pandemic planning by a geriatric facility in order to ensure preparedness for staff, clients and families. The key driver for getting started stemmed from our participation on the Toronto Academic Health Sciences Network (TAHSN) Pandemic Planning Committee. Representation on the facility pandemic planning committee included medicine, nursing, infection prevention and control, occupational health and safety, allied health, pharmacy, purchasing, public affairs, information management, human resources, education and bioethics. Our approach was to develop a high-level plan for each area represented on the committee, followed by a detailed tactical plan, culminating in a table-top simulation exercise to test our plans and identify gaps. Meetings were held with the facilitators to familiarize them with both the organization and the facility''s influenza pandemic plan, and finalize the script for the simulation.
cord-008695-y7il3hyb	2007	
cord-011757-11r3dnse	2018	We address the hypothesis of "original antigenic sin" (1)-that early childhood exposure may determine death risk during influenza pandemics encountered later in life-which may explain why some age cohorts fared differently in this pandemic. This hypothesis has brewed for some time (2) , and detailed analyses of 1918 data from Kentucky (3) as well as analysis of the dramatically different age patterns among victims of avian H5N1 and H7N9 influenza who were born before and after the 1968 pandemic (4-6) have brought new steam to this old question. To further investigate the age-related patterns of death rates and risk change points in 1918, we analyzed monthly all-cause and age-stratified mortality data from Copenhagen to address the antigenic sin hypothesis. So far, the observation that adults older than 45 years suffered no excess mortality in cities like New York City and in Copenhagen has been interpreted as evidence of "recycling" of the H1 antigen that age group had encountered during their childhood some 50 years earlier (18, 20) .
cord-013275-n7sf5ude	2013	We therefore use multivariate Monte Carlo simulation to sample parameter values from uniform distributions of six model parameters (time-to-pandemic, case fatality proportion, hospitalization proportion, discount rate, intervention cost and intervention effectiveness), repeating 20 000 times to produce results from a wide range of parameter combinations. The purpose of this study is to determine whether uncertainty in the number of years before a pandemic occurs (time-topandemic) is important in cost-effectiveness analysis. Using elasticity to measure parameter importance is a logical step from routine sensitivity analysis of economic evaluation, which commonly presents a change in ICER given fixed univariate changes in an input parameter. simulations cost effective at a willingness-to-pay of US$900 per DALY averted does not differ substantially with different timeto-pandemic sampling distributions and the contribution of time-to-pandemic to uncertainty in the ICER remains high compared with other model parameters as measured by the MI. Mathematical models to assess the cost effectiveness of pandemic preparedness options should include probabilistic sensitivity or uncertainty analysis of time-to-pandemic.
cord-015646-tt2p9uue	2018	20 In response to the ongoing global pandemic, the WHO stressed the importance for countries to carry out inoculations and to set forth three goals for their vaccination strategies, i.e. ensuring the normal operation of national healthcare systems, lowering morbidity and mortality, and minimizing possibilities of community-level outbreaks. In Australia, funds for prevention and control against Influenza A (H1N1) originated mainly from the federal government, which was used specifically for monitoring pandemic development, stockpiling and distributing antiviral drugs, training medical personnel, providing free vaccinations for citizens, and assisting developing countries with prevention and control efforts. The federal government spent 43 million USD on antiviral drugs, 1.4 million USD on the purchasing of automatic detection equipment for the National Influenza Center and other public health laboratories, 4 million USD on training general practitioners across the country, and 3 million USD on a donation to the WHO which was used in aiding developing countries, especially those neighboring Australia, with pandemic monitoring, detection, preparation and response.
cord-017008-c7skxte0	2014	Next, we describe the biology of infl uenza viruses with a focus on the 1918-19 pandemics and we move on to the ecological-evolutionary explanations of its exceptional virulence, paying attention to the trade-off model, before turning to molecular 4 On the history, epistemology, and social aspects of the concept of emerging disease see Grmek ( 1993 ); Farmer ( 1996 ) , King ( 2004 ) ; and Weir and Mykhalovski ( 2010 ) . 6 Whereas the ecological (or exogenous) style focuses on processes (e.g. selective pressures, population density, within and between host competition, and so on) acting on the hosts and the pathogen, the molecular (or endogenous) style traces the evolutionary pathway, or patterns, of the infl uenza virus from animal(s) to man, and, by constructing molecular phylogenies, identifi es particular genes for pathogenesis and mutation sites within lineages.
cord-017249-la5sum39	2015	
cord-017733-xofwk88a	2018	The chapter draws on research conducted in Australia and Scotland on public engagements with the 2009 influenza (swine flu) pandemic and discusses implications for communications on more recent infectious disease outbreaks, including Ebola and Zika. Like the "swine flu affair" of the 1970s in the United States (Fineberg 2008) , the 2009 pandemic raised questions for the public health system of how to shape public action in light of the significant uncertainties which are particular to influenza, and without jeopardizing trust in government and the scientific knowledge on which is built public policy. Appeals to the collective good and altruistic vaccination on which depend public health efforts concerning pandemics, may miss the point that individuals are led to think of their personal immunity as an arena within which they can sustain themselves in the face of deeply uncertain threats which arise in communal life. Individualized ideas of immunity in connection with uncertainties may limit the effectiveness of public health communications on influenza pandemics and other contagious threats.
cord-017857-fdn8c4hx	2018	Since roughly the year 2000, the World Health Organization has collaborated with a large number of local actors and made a concentrated effort to protect the world''s population against emerging infectious diseases, such as severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), swine flu, Ebola and Zika. Without the capacity of organizations to produce binding decisions for their members, which makes planning for an uncertain future possible, pandemic preparedness would not be feasible—especially not on a global scale. Around the year 2000, the World Health Organization (WHO) started collaborating with a large number of local actors and made a concentrated effort to protect the world''s population against emerging infectious diseases such as severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), swine flu, Ebola and Zika. With regard to the WHO, which was established in 1948, I will discuss the question of how supranational coordination and planning for the future is rendered possible by building formal organizations and organizational networks at a global level.
cord-018646-fqy82sm6	2019	Starting with religious texts, which heavily reference plagues, this chapter establishes the fundamentals for our understanding of the scope, social, medical, and psychological impact that some pandemics effected on civilization, including the Black Death (a plague outbreak from the fourteenth century), the Spanish Flu of 1918, and the more recent outbreaks in the twenty-first century, including SARS, Ebola, and Zika. This includes the unexamined ways pandemic outbreaks might have shaped the specialty of psychiatry; psychoanalysis was gaining recognition as an established treatment within medical community at the time the last great pandemic was making global rounds a century ago. Stemming from Doric Greek word plaga (strike, blow), the word plague is a polyseme, used interchangeably to describe a particular, virulent contagious febrile disease caused by Yersinia pestis, as a general term for any epidemic disease causing a high rate of mortality, or more widely, as a metaphor for any sudden outbreak of a disastrous evil or affliction [4] .
cord-019057-3j2fl358	2018	
cord-021146-wdnnjlcw	2020	Writing these words from home isolation in the midst of the Covid-19 pandemic, it is hard not to overstate the viral nature of, and viral perspective to, our postdigital reality. Postdigital viral modernity is equally about biology, culture, and society; in the long run, humanity cannot defend itself from Covid-19 and create a better future without engaging all strata of the society. Therefore, it is crucial that academic researchers working in the humanities and social sciences immediately join the struggle against the pandemic. Instead, we should look into the strengths of our disciplinary knowledges and research methods to try and create opportunities to contribute to humanity''s collective struggle against the Covid-19 pandemic and point towards more sustainable futures. Wearing my academic researcher hat, I am not ashamed of naivety of this paper-it honestly represents my current thoughts and feelings about the Covid-19 pandemic on 16 March 2020.
cord-021175-0ikkl3hk	2018	This model distinguishes between the use of digital communication tools for diagnostic, risk communication, and coordination activities and highlights how the influx of novel actors and tendencies towards digital and operational convergence risks focusing humanitarian action and decision-making outside national authorities'' spheres of influence in pandemic response. Digital communications in Fast and Waugaman''s case studies are leveraged to determine the way in which Ebola was spreading and the nature of risks posed by the pandemic, in order to coordinate activity among different types of response actors, including national authorities, international humanitarian aid workers and front-line health care providers, and in order to communicate with the general public regarding health risks and appropriate behavior to mitigate those risks. Firstly, social media and big data introduce promising new sources of information on which to base decision-making in pandemic response, but for whose meaningful use humanitarian organizations tend to lack the institutional and technical capacity, and national authorities even more so (Harvard Humanitarian Initiative 2011; Odugleh-Kolev 2014; Smith 2015; Read et al.
cord-024134-ym7ce5ux	2020	From a bird''s eye view, the COVID-19 pandemic management relies on revolutionizing the disease surveillance by incorporating artificial intelligence and data analytics, boosting the response strategies—extensive testing, case isolation, contact tracing, and social distancing—and promoting awareness and access to pharmaceutical and non-pharmaceutical interventions, which are discussed in the present chapter. MeSH database defines pandemics as-"Epidemics of infectious disease that have spread to many countries, often more than one continent, and usually affecting a large number of people." Such emergencies compromise human health, society, economics, and politics-a case in point: the COVID-19 pandemic is forecasted to cost the global economy one trillion US dollars (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/? • Healthcare workers and essential service providers • Groups at high risk of death and severe complications requiring hospitalization • Individuals (adults and children aged more than 6 months) in the community who have chronic cardiovascular, pulmonary, metabolic or renal disease, or are immunocompromised • Persons without risk factors for complications (https://www.who.int/csr/ resources/publications/influenza/11_29_01_A.pdf)
cord-026371-5jrvkk60	2020	
cord-027641-0ufwlw87	2020	In North America, the "apex" of the epidemic curve is still nowhere in sight but people draw solace from the fact that drastic public health measures in China and South Korea appear to have abated the escalation of number of cases and eventually signifi cantly reduced the incidence of new ones. Spurred by these experiences, Canada, like other countries, adopted social distancing as its most visible public health measure. This pandemic demonstrated once more that an essential target of our practices is to rebuild our patients'' positive social connectedness with peer groups, families, worksites, and communities in general. 2 www.canadianjournalofaddiction.org 5 EDITORIAL (2) Isolation and testing-Every pandemic has its own characteristics and predictions can be diffi cult at the onset. In a few short weeks, we experienced a number of changes in the criteria for entering or leaving isolation, but the relative absence of screening tests and results awaiting 5 to 10 days led to a loss of valuable healthcare resources.
cord-029245-ay15ybcm	2020	There is also an inescapable economic aspect to pandemics, in terms of both their dynamics (the way they spread and the reasons why they appear when and where they do), and their consequences, among which economic impacts loom large. (In 1918-19 the time it took Spanish flu to travel from one part of the world to another was measured in months.) All this leads to the conclusion that several features of the world we live in, such as high levels of economic integration and trade, widespread mass travel, and rapid modes of transport, make it much more vulnerable to a true pandemic. These and other features of the modern world also mean that the economic impact of an extensive epidemic is going to be much greater than was the case in, for example, 1968-69. Moreover, the early signs are that lockdowns may not have had such a dramatic effect on rates of infection and rapidity of spread during the first phase of this pandemic.
cord-029434-9spglmzf	2020	Psychiatry of Pandemics: a Mental Health Response to Infection Outbreak: Springer International Publishing 2019; 185 pages; ISBN978-3-030-15346-5 (e-book), ISBN978-3-030-15345-8 (softcover) This book, dealing with a specific and so far underdeveloped field of psychiatry, is intended for a general audience interested in the overall mental health implications of a pandemic. The series of chapters was envisaged as an all-encompassing review of the available research in the narrow niche of psychiatric consequences of a pandemic. The book starts off by giving a brief historical background of the most widely known pandemics, so as to underline the limited information that has been available to science today. Several key reasons for knowing so little about mental health consequences of witnessing and surviving a pandemic are listed. However, this book provides a good review of different approaches necessary to deal with psychologic issues arising amid and in the aftermath of a pandemic and could be a compelling read for the interested audience. Pandemics: Health Care Emergencies
cord-029887-bnxczi9t	2020	
cord-030018-sabmw7wf	2020	BACKGROUND: The novel corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19) current pandemic is an unpreceded global health crisis. COVID-19 pandemic proved rapidly to be a major international medical problem that has many sequences on infants, children, and adolescents. There is an urging challenge of how to provide the required healthcare needed by infants and children in due time and place avoiding the possibility to catch SARS-CoV-2 infection if they go to seek medical advice at hospitals or healthcare facilities. The mandatory lockdown and inevitable social distancing measures due to the COVID-19 pandemic has forced the governments in many countries to close nurseries, child care centers, schools, training centers, and higher education facilities as universities and institutions. So far, the COVID-19 crisis has had a great impact on child health and healthcare all over the world, not only from the medical aspect, but also from the social, psychologic, economic, and educational aspects.
cord-030407-w4bl5fer	2020	key: cord-030407-w4bl5fer authors: Kvasnovsky, Charlotte title: Reply to letter to the editor date: 2020-08-12 journal: J Pediatr Surg DOI: 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2020.08.002 sha: doc_id: 30407 cord_uid: w4bl5fer nan To the Editor, We thank Dr. Ayesha Saleem and associates for sharing their experience. Unlike your findings, we and other researchers 1 did not find an increase in patients presenting with complicated appendicitis during the height of the pandemic, although these are admittedly all small studies. We agree that this pandemic has forced us all to be flexible and re-think our previous workflows. The long-term impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on patient care and research remains to be seen. Pre-existing disparities in access to quality care are being amplified by this pandemic. The resilience of our social safety nets will be tested in the months and years to come. The Decreasing Incidence of Acute Appendicitis During COVID-19: A Retrospective Multi-centre Study
cord-030622-5wlpvmv4	2020	To that end, through the use of a narrative method, this study aims to furnish content to the premise that from both the heterodox and radical economic viewpoints: (a) the coronavirus pandemic must be considered a market failure, (b) the ongoing pandemic has the potential to beget a three-layer economic crisis, starting at a point of production, (c) the solution for the existing state calls for sizable supranational and/or national economic interventionism, and (d) the pandemic necessitates a shift from the profit-centered neoliberal paradigm toward the society focused on efficient, sustainable, and equitable development. The remainder of this exposition is structured as follows: the Section 2 positions the current health crisis within the well-defined economic analytical framework of market failure; the Section 3 explains the nature and the dynamics of the threefold economic crises, resulting from the expected spillover effects induced by the coronavirus; the Section 4 offers a number of remedies; the Section 5 endeavors to locate the sources for financing the expenses of an effective pandemic response plan; the Section 6 provides arguments in support of the claim that the current state of affairs necessities a fundamental paradigm shift; the Section 7 concludes.
cord-030909-6if3qquj	2020	Based on these points, it becomes clear that a green recovery plan with resources directed towards achieving the combined objective of both providing the necessary economic stimuli for recovery and also promoting the transition to a low-carbon economy and adaptation to climate change along with investment in natural capital and increase in comprehensive savings could be a feasible and efficient plan. The current global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions trajectory indicates that the world is likely to experience catastrophic consequences due to climate change, unless swift action is taken towards funding green solutions and the defunding of fossil fuel activities ( Given the ambition of the European Union to become a net zero-carbon economy by 2050 and the numerous calls to avoid the bailout and stimulus packages towards fossil fuel companies , we examine whether the features of the European Central Bank''s (ECB) €1350 billion Pandemic Emergency Purchase Programme (PEPP) encourages the resilience of the incumbent fossil fuel sector, or whether it promotes the growth of the emerging low-carbon energy sector during the COVID-19 pandemic and beyond.
cord-031100-ih1ci5cl	2020	The widespread and lingering pandemic of COVID-19 is partly due to disjointed international countermeasures and policies enforced by different countries. To effectively deal with this and future devastating pandemics, we as human beings must work together to coordinate a concerted, cooperative international policy to reduce or possibly avoid unnecessary health crisis, life and economic losses. As a result of early widespread testing and an extremely fast social distancing response put in place by the government in Korea, the basic reproductive rate was able to be kept to less than half of the international average. Challenges to the system of reserve medical supplies for public health emergencies: reflections on the outbreak of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) epidemic in China
cord-031840-k9l91unc	2020	
cord-032256-7yrh16ab	2020	
cord-032261-no2mojz3	2020	The purpose of this study was to determine the impact of the pandemic on the employment, service delivery, stress, and hope of music therapy professionals in the United States. The purpose of this study was to determine the impact of the pandemic on the employment, service delivery, stress, and hope of music therapy professionals in the United States. The rapid changes required in response to the pandemic, combined with uncertainty about the future of employment and/or service delivery, may have impacted the perception of stress and feelings of hope in music therapy professionals. This is the first known study on the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on music therapy professionals'' employment, service delivery, stress, and hope. The results of this survey provide an overview of changes in employment, service delivery, perceived stress, and level of hope in MT professionals as of April 2020, during the COVID-19 pandemic.
cord-033481-3kxi7fd9	2020	In this brief note written during a global pandemic, we consider some of the important ways this historical moment is altering the religious landscape, aiming our investigative lens at how religious institutions, congregations, and individuals are affected by the social changes produced by COVID-19. The centrality of intensive interactive rituals for producing the communal benefits of religion (e.g., social support, emotional catharsis, perceived healing) ensures that there will be persistent tension between many religious groups'' desire for in-person gatherings and the social distancing requirements necessary to limit the spread of COVID-19. Thinking about religion as the object of analysis and its role in disease transmission, a clear and consequential way that the pandemic has changed religion is the suspension of in-person religious gatherings, and the corresponding need to engage in "socially distanced" forms of interactive religious services and rituals.
cord-102269-lfdvl78a	2020	title: The effect of the definition of ''pandemic'' on quantitative assessments of infectious disease outbreak risk Critically, we show that using different definitions alters the projected effects on the pandemic risk of key parameters such as inter-regional travel rates, degree of pre-existing immunity, and heterogeneity of transmission rates between regions. In this study, we examine how alternative definitions of ''pandemic'' affect 24 quantitative estimates of pandemic risk assessed early in an infectious disease outbreak. This : Pandemic probability for a range of between-region transmission rates and a range of pandemic definitions in terms of number of regions experiencing epidemics. The third question was "How is the risk of a pandemic affected by differences between regions?" In figure is the author/funder, who has granted medRxiv a license to display the preprint in (which was not certified by peer review) preprint
cord-104486-syirijql	2020	
cord-136421-hcj8jmbm	2020	Distributed in mid-April 2020, the survey solicited information about how scientists'' work changed from the onset of the pandemic, how their research output might be affected in the near future, and a wide range of individuals'' characteristics. Motivated by prior research on scientific productivity [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] , the survey solicited information about scientists'' working hours, how this time is allocated across different tasks, and how these time allocations have changed since the onset of the pandemic. To decompose these changes, we compare scientists'' reported time allocations across four broad categories of work: research (e.g., planning experiments, collecting or analyzing data, writing), fundraising (e.g., writing grant proposals), teaching, and all other tasks (e.g., administrative, editorial, or clinical duties). To untangle these factors, we use a Lasso regression approach to select amongst (1) a vector of field indicator variables, and (2) a vector of flexible transformations of demographic controls and pre-pandemic features (e.g., research funding level, time allocations before the pandemic).
cord-143246-f97v2cih	2020	The time when everyone is struggling in the cruel hands of COVID19, we present the holistic view on the effects of this pandemic in certain aspects of life. Suicide rate has increased during the pandemic time [32] , [33] .The situation of COVID-19 has diverse effects in India [34] . Section II highlights the overall change in the education system during the COVID-19 season, and discusses the social and psychological impacts of the pandemic. Online learning is a new strategy embraced by the education system in this time of pandemic. We see a lot of unprecedented collaborative work globally among the educators [40] during this pandemic leading to a loss in the travel economy. The pandemic spread in various countries was sparked by religious gatherings as shown in Fig. 12 Religion and politics are a crucial part of life and COVID-19 has acquainted the human life without these jargon words. Online Learning during the COVID-19 Pandemic
cord-160526-27kmder5	2020	
cord-199156-7yxzj7tw	2020	
cord-208698-gm0b8u52	2020	• Evaluation of the informativeness of individual features in distinguishing between regions • Correlation analyses and investigating monotonic and non-monotonic relationships between several key features and the pandemic outcomes • Proposing a neural architecture for accurate short-term predictive modeling of the COVID-19 pandemic with minimal use of historical data by leveraging the automatically learned region representations Given the importance of open-research in dealing with the COVID-19 pandemic, we have also designed OLIVIA [5] . This work is distinguished from the mentioned projects and the majority of statistical works in this area in the sense that it is targeting the role of region-based features in the Spatio-temporal analysis of the pandemic with minimal use of historical data on the outbreak events. Our approach then used various statistical techniques and machine learning to measure the relationship between these regional representations and the pandemic time-series events and perform predictive modeling with minimal use of historical data on the epidemic.
cord-241146-j0qperwz	2020	To increase likelihood of success, these attacks target sale of goods in high demand (e.g., Personal Protection Equipment (PPE) and coronavirus testing kits and drugs), potentially highly profitable in-vestments in stocks related to COVID-19, and impersonations of representatives of public authorities like WHO and aid scams [6, 37] . Information presented in the timeline includes the date China alerted the WHO about the virus, the date the pandemic was officially declared, and cyber-attacks which specifically relate to hospitals or medicine. By early May (07-05-20), more than 160,000 ''suspect'' emails had been reported to the National Cyber Security Centre [103] and by the end of May (29-05-20), £4.6m had been lost to COVID-19 related scams with around 11,206 victims of phishing and / or smishing campaigns [104] . To further increase the likely success of phishing attacks cyber-criminals have been identified registering large numbers of website domains containing the words ''covid'' and ''coronavirus'' [112] .
cord-252675-axio9zna	2010	Through the use of an online survey, we aimed to measure the perceptions and responses of staff and students towards pandemic (H1N1) 2009 at a major university in Sydney, Australia. In Australia, the median age of confirmed cases is 21 years [2] Universities therefore have the potential to become explosive, centrifugal outbreak centres due to their large young adult population, high levels of close social contact and permeable boundaries. This survey was conducted to examine the understanding of and attitudes towards pandemic (H1N1) 2009 amongst students and staff at the University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, Australia and their behavioural intentions during this pandemic. However in our study, few respondents had adopted the use of online teaching or learning resources as a result of pandemic influenza (H1N1). Of the participants surveyed, Asian-born respondents were the most likely to be anxious about the Australian pandemic situation, rate the situation as serious, undertake specific behavioural changes and comply with public health measures.
cord-252833-0lb60y12	2020	infections escalated exponentially across many areas of the US, the Centers for Disease Control (CDC), the Surgeon General and the American College of Surgeons (ACS) recommended that hospitals and surgeons postpone non-urgent operations in order to provide care to COVID-19 patients. One of the first and most important ACS initiatives was the creation of guidelines for the selection of patients needing urgent operations (including some cancer procedures) during the immediate, temporary suspension of non-urgent surgery. Modeled on experience in South Texas and Washington state, the COT developed a guidance document for setting up a regional medical operations center and worked closely with the FEMA (Federal Emergency Management Agency) Healthcare Resilience Task Force to promote this approach and identify potential sources for funding. 23 Conclusions Through an intensive and cohesive group effort by ACS staff, leadership and Fellows, the College has successfully managed the unprecedented challenges of the COVID-19 pandemic and supported its members in continuing to provide high quality patient care.
cord-253102-z15j8izi	2015	The West African Ebola virus pandemic has shown us yet again that the world is ill prepared to respond to a global health emergency. The national health systems in West Africa, and for most low and middle income countries (LMICs), would not meet IHR standards (despite claims by some member WHA nations) and it is unlikely that following the Ebola pandemic much will change. This editorial discusses many issues including priority emerging and reemerging infectious diseases; the challenges of meeting international health regulations; the strengthening of global health systems; global pandemic funding; and the One Health approach to future pandemic planning. The PEF would 22 If the WHO contingency fund (100 million US dollars) and the World Bank pandemic emergency facility cannot be utilised to strengthen national health systems in LMICs in order to meet IHRs core capabilities, then how can this be achieved?
cord-253161-oz1eziy1	2020	
cord-254621-ub7ynjai	2020	We present an early study from a German psychiatric hospital to assess the dynamics of mental health emergency service utilization rates during the COVID-19 pandemic. Our results show that the numbers of emergency presentations decreased, and a positive correlation between these numbers and mobility of the general public suggests an impact of extended measures of social distancing. This retrospective study aimed to quantify the dynamics of mental health emergency service utilization during the COVID-19 pandemic and to assess a potential impact of the partial lockdown in Germany. This study identified a decrease of mental health emergency service utilization during the COVID-19 pandemic and for the first time extends observations made in other specialties [2, 3] to psychiatry. The correlation of lower service utilization rates and decreased population mobility moreover suggests an impact of extended measures of social distancing on patients'' willingness to seek help for mental health problems through in-hospital consultations.
cord-254771-698gl09v	2020	title: Society of Gynecologic Oncology recommendations for fellowship education during the COVID-19 pandemic and beyond: Innovating programs to optimize trainee success Fellowship education programs in gynecologic oncology have quickly adapted to the "new normal" of social distancing using video conferencing platforms to continue clinical and didactic teaching. Fellowship education programs in gynecologic oncology have quickly adapted to the "new normal" of social distancing using video conferencing platforms to continue clinical and didactic teaching. This paper summarizes the changes that have taken place in fellowship education at the beginning of the pandemic and provides resources and recommendations for fellows, faculty, and program directors moving forward. These realities create new challenges in gynecologic oncology training, yet programs have an opportunity to design and implement competence-based assessment of surgical milestones. GYOEDU (www.gyoedu.org) is a free, collaborative effort to pool fellowship program resources and has resulted in a robust and evolving educational repository, including live and pre-recorded video-based lectures, study summaries, and clinical trial timelines, as well as a planned question bank.
cord-255360-yjn24sja	2020	The most pressing need is to research the negative biopsychosocial impacts of the COVID‐19 pandemic to facilitate immediate and longer‐term recovery, not only in relation to mental health, but also in relation to behaviour change and adherence, work, education, children and families, physical health and the brain, and social cohesion and connectedness. Specifically, we have identified the shorter-and longerterm priorities around mental health, behaviour change and adherence, work, education, children and families, physical health and the brain, and social cohesion and connectedness in order to (1) frame the breadth and scope of potential contributions from across the discipline, (2) assist psychological scientists in focusing their resources on gaps in the literature, and (3) help funders and policymakers make informed decisions about the shorter-and longer-term COVID-19 research priorities to meet the needs of societies as they emerge from the acute phase of the crisis.
cord-256042-1yq7kf7d	2020	The rate of preterm birth was significantly less common in January-July 2020 compared to January-July in 2018/2019 (7.4% v 8,6%, chi-sq 4.53, P = 0.03) CONCLUSION: The was no evidence of a negative impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on maternity services, as demonstrated by maternal and neonatal outcomes. In summary, there is no correlation between Covid deaths (representing the pandemic peak) and preterm births, perinatal mortality, mode of delivery or maternity complications across the months of January to July 2020. There has been a wealth of data published on Covid-19 infection in pregnancy and our knowledge of the effects of SARS-CoV2 on maternal and neonatal outcomes has rapidly evolved, with reports of perinatal transmission increasing 8, 9 . However, a regional maternity unit in Ireland has described a reduction in preterm deliveries of very low birth weight infants during the Covid-19 pandemic in their population.
cord-256086-8qfeoayb	2016	
cord-256432-53l24le2	2020	
cord-257684-4b66lenw	2020	ABSTRACT Background The COVID-19 pandemic has dramatically reduced adult cardiac surgery case volumes as institutions and surgeons curtail non-urgent operations. We investigated the impact of various levels of increased post-pandemic hospital operating capacity on the time to clear the backlog of deferred cases. Conclusions Cardiac surgical operating capacity during the COVID-19 recovery period will have a dramatic impact on the time to clear the deferred cases backlog. We investigated the impact of various levels of increased postpandemic hospital operating capacity on the time to clear the backlog of deferred cases. Cardiac surgical operating capacity during the COVID-19 recovery period will have a dramatic impact on the time to clear the deferred cases backlog. Next, we used our mathematical model to predict the number of cardiac surgery cases deferred during the pandemic, and the length of time required to operate on the backlog, dependent on the amount of increased operating capacity institutions could achieve.
cord-257706-as5yhroz	2020	That is how long the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic gave us to adapt individually, socially and professionally to a context never before experienced or even imagined, a scenario of high stress that has already changed our way of life and that of future generations. 1 describe, with historic and international vision of this and other pandemics, the experiences and action plans related to mental health services involved in responding to the diversity of needs generated. The term stress was first used to describe situations in which aggressive external factors trigger a physiological response and behavior to prepare the individual to cope with these E-mail address: benedicto.crespo.sspa@juntadeandalucia.es stimuli 2 . As individuals and society, we need to seek solutions to the external problem, but it is also fundamental to our mental health to be able to manage our distress and emotions in coping with this polyhedral stressor (even if we cannot do anything to change the situation) 5 .
cord-258410-ggrrbq5u	2020	Still, keeping in mind the immunosuppressive nature of anti-neoplastic therapy and our evolving understanding of the disease, pediatric oncology services have to tread carefully between treating cancer and limiting COVID-19 in this vulnerable population. With healthcare centres throughout the world grappling with COVID-19 pandemic with resource optimization, all aspects of cancer treatment were adversely affected, including ancillary services like blood product availability [2] . Over the course of last four months of this pandemic (April to July 2020), even with curtailing of healthcare services at our centre, 80 new cases (age ≤ 21 years) were registered and 39 children with acute leukemia and lymphoma were started on therapy. Managing pediatric cancer patients in COVID19 pandemic Chemotherapy adaptations in a referral tertiary care center in India for ongoing therapy of pediatric patients with solid tumors during COVID19 pandemic and lockdown.
cord-258736-im21y0lg	2020	
cord-259793-pue0mv99	2020	Combining stated preference (SP) and revealed preference (RP) methods, the survey was structured to collect information in three major categories: 1) socio-demographic details such as residential location, age, gender, race, as well as the economic factors including individual job categories and annual household income; 2) health-related factors such as weight and height, and physical exercise habits, as well as COVID-19 exposure risk factors such as having pre-existing medical conditions and being in close contact with a confirmed case; and 3) an extensive set of questions about people''s attitudes and perceptions, habits, and daily activity-travel behavior. The previous sections discussed the dynamics of various aspects of activity-travel behavior and perceptions impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic, and this section seeks to put the results into perspective for transportation planning and offer insights for future research.
cord-260585-ovmko655	2020	In separate multivariable analyses that accounted for a number of demographic and pandemic-related covariates, individuals who reported greater pandemic-related disruption in daily life, and those with a prior history of mental health concerns, were more likely to screen positive for depressive, anxiety and trauma-related symptoms. We anticipated that heightened levels of anxiety, depression, and posttraumatic stress would be associated with specific situational factors, including perceived viral exposure or infection, food and financial insecurity, reduced access to routine medical care, greater disruption in daily life, more stringent social distancing, and diminished daily structure. Preliminary bivariate analyses evaluated associations of elevated scores on the primary outcomes (i.e., scores above thresholds for depression, anxiety, and trauma) with demographic variables (e.g., age, ethnicity, gender, comorbidities) and situational risk factors (e.g., perceived exposure and infection, COVID-19 symptoms, food and financial insecurity, access to routine medical care, pandemic-related employment changes, illness or loss of loved ones, reduced daily structure, social activity, and disruption in daily activities,), using t-tests, or chi-square or Fisher Exact tests, as appropriate.
cord-261711-nmmz9tke	2020	
cord-264974-hspek930	2020	If, despite the explicit warning of the World Health Organization in 2011 that ''The world is ill-prepared to respond to a severe influenza pandemic or to any similarly global, sustained and threatening public-health emergency'' (https://apps.who.int/gb/ebwha/pdf_files/WHA64/A64_10en.pdf), it was not apparent to those in charge, and to the general public-i.e., those suffering from COVID-19 infections and the funders of health services (tax/insurance payers)-that existing health systems had inherent vulnerabilities which could prove to be devastating when seriously stressed, the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic (e.g., see Brüssow, 2020 ) has brutally exposed it now. International benchmarking is mandatory, because it has become clear that there is a wide range of effectiveness in the ability of different countries with developed economies to respond to this crisis (and probably others), and the tax-paying public has no compelling reason to tolerate perpetuation of factors underlying poor responses to crises.
cord-266440-69l9c3my	2020	This review summaries the many potential sources of information that clinicians turn to during pandemic illness, the challenges associated with performing methodologically sound research in this setting and potential approaching to conducting well done research during a health crisis. CONCLUSIONS: Pandemics and healthcare crises provide extraordinary opportunities for the rapid generation of reliable scientific information but also for misinformation, especially in the early phases, which may contribute to public hysteria. Major contributors to research delays include competing interests of investigators, regulatory barriers, time taken for protocol development, ethics approval, peer review and delays related to the publication process. Given the rapidity of new research data associated with the COVID-19 pandemic, the next question for bedside practitioners becomes which data are of sufficient quality and trustworthiness that it should inform clinical practice ( Table 1) . Pandemics and healthcare crises provide extraordinary opportunities for the rapid generation of reliable scientific information but also for misinformation, especially in the early phases, which may contribute to public hysteria.
cord-269280-1zbxjmxu	2020	
cord-269498-q63ce5pi	2010	Methods Online pandemic plans from national, provincial and territorial government websites were reviewed to identify: plans for children and families, and psychosocial and ethical issues. For example, there is still a need to address ethical concerns during a pandemic, for instance, governments may be required to infringe upon civil liberties to ensure infection control, and policy makers need to establish frameworks for decisionmaking to allocate scarce health care resources [6] . Survey participants included individuals with expertise in pediatric care and pandemic planning, including: (1) members of national, provincial and territorial pandemic influenza committees; (2) professionals working in infection control and pandemic planning; and (3) professionals working with children, youth and families in crisis. A review of the pandemic plans of the Public Health Agency of Canada, provincial and territorial governments has identified needs in pediatric planning.
cord-269958-nj0ub9in	2020	
cord-271362-qn5i6cdj	2020	According to the literature, high perceived control increases the psychological distance from a negative target (Han et al., 2018) , which may in turn help individuals in coping with the COVID-19 pandemic and further lead to high levels of perceived general health and life satisfaction. Next, the results of the mediation model showed that regional pandemic severity had a negative effect on the psychological distance from COVID-19 (B = À0.54, SE = 0.12, p < .001), which subsequently led to low levels of perceived general health (B = 0.06, SE = 0.01, p < .001) and life satisfaction (B = 0.15, SE = 0.02, p < .001). In particular, the regional pandemic severity adversely affects psychological distance when people have low perceived control, which in turn can lead to low levels of both life satisfaction and perceived general health.
cord-272653-01wck9f3	2020	The exact starting date of the novel coronavirus pandemic COVID-19 will never be known, but China informed the World Health Organization (WHO) about the disease on New Year''s Eve, 31 December 2019. Transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19, was accelerated by traditional travel of 3 billion people for 40 days before the Chinese New Year on 25 January 2020. 2,3 When the Australian Chief Medical Officer activated the pandemic emergency response plan, weeks before the World Health Organization declared a pandemic, the Government was legally obliged to act. 12 The authors conclude that staff were being infected through community transmission and that PPE was effective in protecting front-line health-care workers. At a time when world leaders want to blame each other for aspects of the COVID-19 pandemic, the war metaphor is particularly menacing. Managing mental health challenges faced by healthcare workers during covid=19 pandemic
cord-274163-yxl9a9u7	2020	
cord-274544-mxkputbd	2020	title: 2019-nCoV pandemic: A disruptive and stressful atmosphere for Indian academic fraternity The sharp pang of this pandemic (2019-nCoV) is exponentially sweeping across the world and is triggering chaos, fear, anxiety, and stress among the people (Montemurro, 2020) . During this pandemic, it is very tough to prepare and deliver the quality lectures to the students and the situation gets worse when the teaching is online as most of the teachers have not been trained for the effective use of web resources for teaching. Due to the lockdown of colleges, universities the teachers and students (particularly Science faculty) are not able to use the facilities of their laboratories. The long prevalence of this pandemic may create different types of psychological disorders among teachers and students. Finally, this pandemic has taught us that the subject of online teaching needs to be incorporated at the primary and higher level of education.
cord-274694-kdsv7v8e	2020	On the other hand, there are some relatively poor, so-called under-developed countries and regions, such as Vietnam (The Economist, 2020), Cambodia and the small state of Kerala in India (a state within a state) which have emerged as success stories with a record of early and effective interventions, of controlling the spread of the virus, healing the infected and reducing the death rate. We will especially focus on the state and Kerala''s model of an effective and vibrant democracy and "public action" in the words of Dreze and Sen. We argue that while Kerala was blessed with good and efficient leaders during this crisis, the more important factors behind Kerala''s success have been robust institutions of state and governance built over many years with the capacity to take timely and effective measures in handling the crisis.
cord-275257-upj8mvzn	2020	Perspectives are provided on: (1) maintaining a safe environment for surgical oncology care; (2) redirecting the multidisciplinary model to guide surgical decisions; (3) harnessing telemedicine to accommodate requisite physical distancing; (4) understanding interactions between SARS CoV-2 and cancer therapy; (5) considering the ethical impact of professional guidelines for surgery prioritization; and (6) advocating for our patients who require oncologic surgery in the midst of the COVID-19 pandemic. The panel provides perspectives on: (1) creating a safe environment for surgical oncology care, (2) redirecting the multidisciplinary model to guide surgical decisions, (3) harnessing telemedicine to accommodate requisite physical distancing, (4) understanding interactions between SARS CoV-2 and cancer therapy, (5) considering the ethical impact of professional guidelines for surgery prioritization, and (6) advocating for our patients who require oncologic surgery in the midst of the COVID-19 pandemic.
cord-275462-7a55odok	2009	
cord-275622-v5o4uayk	2020	
cord-276428-oy8e2cpx	2020	
cord-276881-ms2wz8bz	2020	
cord-277107-gs7j6fxo	2020	Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is the name given by the World Health Organization (WHO) to the highly contagious and infectious disease caused by the Novel Corona Virus or SARS-CoV-2, which was first reported on 31 December 2019 in Wuhan city of the capital of China''s Hubei province. In recent years we have witnessed an increased growth and spread of communicable and highly contagious viruses and diseases like EBOLA [3] , HIV Aids [4] , Swine Influenza (H1N1, H1N2) [5] , various strands of Flu [6] , Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) [7] and Middle Eastern Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) [8] in Africa, the Middle East and several other parts of the world. The coronavirus disease COVID-19 is a highly transmittable and pathogenic viral infection caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) ( Fig. 1) , which is resulting in a heavy toll on people''s lives and colossal economic damage.
cord-277558-w2srv5em	2020	
cord-277801-auq3msc6	2020	
cord-278554-rg92gcc6	2015	
cord-278900-3rfb1b71	2020	
cord-279214-7vna4uyo	2020	
cord-284573-w0sk622m	2020	
cord-286288-gduhterq	2020	
cord-288818-6uvb4qsk	2020	From the restrictions on public freedom and burgeoning socio-economic impacts to the rationing of scarce medical resources, the spread of COVID-19 is an extraordinary ethical dilemma for resource constrained nations with less developed health and research systems. International regimes are on high alert to stop its spread, however, as far as the global scenario is concerned, countries and governments are clueless in stopping the expanding pandemic as not much is known about SARS-CoV-2, while left only with implementing nationwide lock downs and curfews which opened new economic fronts and social challenges. COVID-19 has presented itself as a test case for the humanity in terms of global fraternity, decision making, technology and expertise sharing, rapid pandemic response mechanisms, stability, crises management and policy making.
cord-289067-ptqzvsdw	2020	
cord-289919-iqa5pxda	2020	Study 1 surveyed 1464 Chinese people in March 2020, found the perceived severity of COVID-19 during the pandemic significantly increased the willingness to consume post-pandemic, and boredom stemming from limited activities and sensation-seeking expressions mediated this effect. We suggest that after the COVID-19 pandemic is effectively controlled, people are highly likely to engage in a variety of consumption activities precisely because shopping is a complex stimulus that can relieve consumers'' boredom state (Sundström et al., 2019) and satisfy their sensation-seeking needs (Punj, 2011; Deng and Gao, 2015) . Study 1 aims to use the questionnaire modeling method to test H1 and H2 (i.e., whether perceived severity of COVID-19 increased ones'' post-pandemic consumption willingness through the mediating roles of boredom from limited activities and sensation-seeking expressions).
cord-290012-jh1gkpiz	2020	
cord-290471-xg9d4dex	2020	Sudden changes in the delivery of pain management interventions will probably alter treatment effects measured via PMC PCTs. Through the use of harmonized instruments and surveys, we are capturing these changes and plan to monitor the impact on research practices, as well as on health outcomes. The National Institutes of Health (NIH) Department of Defense (DoD) Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) Pain Management Collaboratory (PMC) is currently supporting 11 large-scale, multisite, embedded pragmatic clinical trials (PCTs) in military and veteran health systems to evaluate nonpharmacological approaches and integrated pain care models to manage pain and important comorbidities [12] . The rapidly evolving pandemic brought heightened focus of frequent PMC Work Group discussions, which unearthed both immediate and longer-term issues related to effects of the pandemic on the management of chronic pain and our ability to test and deliver integrated care solutions to individuals in at-risk military and veteran populations.
cord-291234-rozpps6v	2020	
cord-292502-m76rne1l	2020	Undeniably, the COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in loss of human life; it has wreaked havoc on healthcare systems worldwide, highlighting inequities in healthcare availability and access; it has resulted in drastic public health measures in most countries of the world. Here, we present data that pose questions on the magnitude of attention that the COVID-19 pandemic has garnered compared to other public health issues that are in dire need of prevention and response. The loss of income is likely to result in an increase of adverse health outcomes for many of the individuals affected, and the overall economic crisis will negatively impact the ability of entire countries to provide effective healthcare to their citizens. Hence, we believe that the mortality and disease burden during and after the COVID-19 pandemic due to the social and economic consequences of the preventive measures and other factors can be substantially high.
cord-292929-s8pnm9wv	2020	It explores the physical and psychological effects, discusses the role of parenting and education, offering practical advice about how best to provide support as a health care professional. Whilst initial data does not suggest that children with comorbidities are at particularly increased risk of severe COVID-19 disease (12) (13) (14) , the challenge of maintaining a good continuity of care for existing patients and adequate diagnostic care for children presenting for the first time remains. At the start of this pandemic in the UK the advice given to the families with children with many chronic diseases was to shield the whole household to prevent the risk of severe illness. The absence of mental health services during previous pandemics increased the risk of psychological distress to those affected (30) . Large organisations such as UNICEF have provided online documents to help teenagers protect their mental health during the pandemic.
cord-293722-3b1hijhv	2020	The ACR Commission on General, Small, Emergency and/or Rural Practice (GSER) organized a panel to discuss the response of several different types of radiology practices to the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic and planning for the resumption of services across multiple practice settings [ 1 ]. The presenters share their unique practice responses and future outlooks based on the most currently available knowledge at the time while planning initial stages of recovery during the rapidly evolving COVID-19 pandemic. Initial response, recruitment, and future imaging volumes Multiple panelists commented that current recruitment efforts and service expansion plans would be paused or significantly reconsidered as practices tried to model future volumes and different scenarios for staged recovery. Leaders representing a diverse group of practices in the general, small and rural community, critical access hospitals, a community division of a large academic institution, a national radiology practice, and a teleradiology practice provide different perspectives on the immediate post-recovery phase for radiology.
cord-293822-axr9qu58	2020	Highlighting the pattern of psychosocial issues of COVID‐19 over time, discussion emphasizes the evolving interplay of larger systems public health pandemic challenges and mitigation strategies with individual and family processes. The paper addresses issues of coping with myriad Covid‐19 uncertainties in the initial crisis wave and evolving phases of the pandemic in the context of individual and family development, pre‐existing illness or disability, and racial and socioeconomic disparities. In addition to communication processes and organizational/structural patterns, particular emphasis includes: family and individual life course development in relation to the time phases of a disorder; multigenerational legacies related to illness and loss; and belief systems (including influences of culture, ethnicity, race, spirituality, and gender) (Figure 1 ). As the pandemic continues to evolve, these discussions will need to be revisited -relating to new COVID-19 data and to changing family circumstances, such as life cycle transitions or altered economic and health status.
cord-294636-xes8g0x4	2020	The harm caused by failure to modify the surgery schedule has been clearly demonstrated in countries like China where ongoing elective operations and nonessential clinic visits contributed to early rates of in-hospital COVID-19 transmission 2 ; and from Italy where resources consumed through elective surgery including personal protective equipment left health care workers vulnerable when the pandemic crested. Although nonoperative care of appendicitis may have a failure rate between 14 and 30%, the majority of patients will get out of hospital without surgery and will not consume the human and material resources that are most needed in COVID-19 management. 9. COVID-19 surgical care pathways and a COVID-19 Operating room will need to be maintained after the peak of the pandemic has passed as patients with COVID-19 will continue to present with conditions requiring surgery.
cord-294772-nma7w7of	2020	title: COVID-19 pandemic and pediatric dentistry: fear, eating habits and parent''s oral health perceptions The questions addressed topics regarding changes in daily routine, dietary habits, fear level, oral health, and variation of income during the pandemic. The changes in diet, economic issues, general concerns, fear, added to the lack of preventive dental care, could impact the oral health of children during the enforced stay-at-home orders. Thus, this study aimed to assess the fear level, dietary choices and parent''s oral health perceptions during the stay-at-home orders period in Brazil. Regarding oral health, 24.4% of parents/caregivers reported their children were undergoing dental treatment before the pandemic. Association was found among parents/caregivers'' willingness to take their children to dental appointments, fear level (p<0.001), and the local number of COVID-19 cases (p<0.001) ( Table 4) . The present study concluded that the COVID-19 pandemic has negatively impacted the eating habits and dental care of children in Brazil.
cord-295391-e5it7nxl	2020	title: Residents'' Perceived Impact of COVID-19 on Saudi Ophthalmology Training Programs-A Survey PURPOSE: To evaluate the impact of the current pandemic on ophthalmology residency training in Saudi Arabia, focusing on its effects on clinical education, training, and the mental well-being of the trainees. CONCLUSION: COVID-19 pandemic has disrupted residents'' clinical and surgical training in the Saudi ophthalmology training programs. 6, 7 In addition to disruption in clinical and surgical teaching, didactic teaching programs such as grand rounds and lectures were administered through virtual platforms such as Zoom, Microsoft Teams, and Cisco WebEx. We believed that ophthalmology residents had experienced remarkable limitations in their clinical training and surgical exposure due to these dramatic changes. The current cross-sectional study aimed to explore COVID-19 related experiences and perceptions of ophthalmology residents in various Saudi programs. We believe that COVID-19 had significantly impacted trainees'' mental health currently enrolled in the Saudi ophthalmology residency programs.
cord-296493-l437zwvt	2020	As large numbers of candidate drugs and vaccines for potential use in the Covid‐19 pandemic are investigated, medicines regulators globally must now make urgent, informed, contextually risk‐based decisions regarding clinical trials and marketing authorizations. As large numbers of candidate drugs and vaccines for potential use in the Covid-19 pandemic are investigated, medicines regulators globally must now make urgent, informed, contextually riskbased decisions regarding clinical trials and marketing authorizations. We lay out the critical role of regulators in the current crisis and offer eight "pandemic best regulatory practices." These should support both the regulatory public heath imperative and assure timely patient access to effective, safe, quality products worldwide during this emergencythus contributing to ending this pandemic as quickly, effectively, and safely as possible. There is pressure on the world''s leading national regulatory authorities (NRAs) for medicines and medical devices to take urgent, informed, contextually risk-based decisions regarding clinical trials authorizations, emergency use authorizations, site inspections, and post-authorization commitments.
cord-296992-2vp35fwv	2018	We retrospectively investigated how to use data from the International Network for Strategic Initiatives in Global HIV Trials, a global clinical influenza research network, to make more accurate case fatality ratio (CFR) estimates early in a future pandemic, an essential part of pandemic response. Since 2009, INSIGHT has undertaken 2 cohort studies-1 outpatient (FLU002) and 1 inpatient (FLU003)-specifically to address gaps in clinical research on the emerging influenza pandemic, including factors linked to disease progression and severe outcomes [24] . To underscore the importance of having baseline data, we compared the estimated pH1N1 clinical severity to that of seasonal influenza types and subtypes and noninfluenza respiratory patients in the post-pandemic period (2012) (2013) (2014) (2015) . Our analysis combining data from inpatient and outpatient INSIGHT cohorts demonstrates how preestablished global research networks could immediately begin rigorous studies to estimate the CFR, a key parameter of clinical severity of an emerging pandemic.
cord-298156-d0pb1kik	2020	Consequently, by the end of April 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic has led to numerous environmental impacts, both positive such as enhanced air and water quality in urban areas, and negative, such as shoreline pollution due to the disposal of sanitary consumables. The concept of disaster has evolved over time, and here we use an adapted Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) definition: a disaster is an event, which severely alters the functioning of a community due to hazardous physical, biological or human related impacts leading to widespread adverse effects on multiple scales and systems (environment, economic, social). While negative impacts on the economy and society in general are probably huge, it is very likely that the global-scale reduction of economic activities due to the COVID-19 crisis triggers a lot of sensible improvements in environmental quality and climatic systems.
cord-298475-3bhiattk	2020	The peer-to-peer (P2P) accommodation sector has attempted to follow suit, with platforms such as Airbnb and Booking.com responding to the effects of Covid-19 in numerous ways. In recent years changes have been observed in the P2P accommodation sector as the growth of certain platforms (i.e. Airbnb) and the competition among hosts has led to the adoption of professional hospitality standards (Farmaki and Kaniadakis, 2020; . Within this type of hosts, we also identified participants that were previously involved in long-term renting; yet, they decided to switch to short-term rentals via P2P accommodation platforms as their popularity grew, allowing them to earn more money. Overall, five types of hosts were identified and categorised on a continuum (figure 1) according to their long-term perspective (i.e. decision to continue hosting on P2P accommodation platforms) and level of practice adjustment.
cord-299613-5ju5fcf4	2020	In this paper, we review the evidence on the long-run effects on health, labor, and human capital of both historical pandemics (with a focus on the 1918 Influenza Pandemic) and historical recessions (with a focus on the Great Depression). Thus, a historical perspective allows us to use rich data to look at not only the short-term effects of crises like COVID-19 on health, labor, and human capital, but also the long-term and intergenerational impacts along these dimensions for both individuals and the wider economy. To examine how history can inform our view of the coronavirus pandemic and associated policy responses as they relate to long-run wellbeing, we begin in Section II by reviewing the features of COVID-19 that will determine its potential health and economic impacts, and placing these features in historical context.
cord-300183-z3fwtwqb	2020	Moreover, a comprehensive review of literature is performed to illustrate the potential factors delaying and decreasing timely presentations and interventions for time-dependent medical emergencies like ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). Moreover, a comprehensive review of literature is performed to illustrate the potential factors delaying and decreasing timely presentations and interventions for time-dependent medical emergencies like ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). There is a delay and decrease in presentations and timely interventions for medical emergencies like STEMI during the current era of COVID-19 crisis. ► Several community and healthcare-system-related factors delay and decrease the presentation and intervention for time-dependent non-communicable diseases such as STsegment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) in the era of COVID-19 crisis. Delayed Presentation of Acute ST Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction Complicated with Heart Failure in the Period of COVID-19 Pandemic -Case Report Complication of late presenting STEMI due to avoidance of medical care during the COVID-19 pandemic
cord-300396-kea01a27	2020	The resulting reduction in demand for imaging services had an abrupt and substantial impact on private radiology practices, which are heavily dependent on examination volumes for practice revenues. The goal of this article is to describe the specific experiences of radiologists working in various types of private radiology practices during the initial peak of the COVID-19 pandemic. Private practices have crafted tiered strategies to respond to the impact of the pandemic by pulling various cost levers to adjust service availability, staffing, compensation, benefits, time off, and expense reductions. Private practice radiology groups were especially vulnerable to abrupt financial losses as demand for imaging services greatly declined during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID19) pandemic. After reflecting on their values and priorities, private radiology practices crafted tiered strategies to respond to the impact of the pandemic by pulling various cost levers to adjust service availability, staffing, compensation, benefits, time off, and expense reductions.
cord-301264-lkfhtb1w	2020	The reviewed articles focused on different aspects of the hospitality industry, including hospitality workers'' issues, loss of jobs, revenue impact, the COVID-19 spreading patterns in the industry, market demand, prospects for recovery of the hospitality industry, safety and health, travel behavior, and preference of customers. The reported approaches include simulation and scenario modeling for discovering the COVID-19 spreading patterns, field surveys, secondary data analysis, discussing the resumption of activities during and after the pandemic, comparing the COVID-19 pandemic with previous public health crises, and measuring the impact of the pandemic in terms of economics. The studies reported impacts of the pandemic on different aspects of the hospitality industry, including job loss, revenue losses, access to loans, market demand, emerging new markets, hostile behaviors towards foreigners, and issues of hospitality workers and hotel cleaners.
cord-301463-jzke8fop	2011	National pandemic influenza plans rarely contain clear statements of policy objectives or prioritization of potentially conflicting aims, such as minimizing mortality (depending on the severity of a pandemic) or peak prevalence or limiting the socio-economic burden of contact-reducing interventions. We use epidemiological models of influenza A to investigate how contact-reducing interventions and availability of antiviral drugs or pre-pandemic vaccines contribute to achieving particular policy objectives. Studies have shown that during the 1918-19 influenza pandemic public health control strategies and changes in population contact rates lowered transmission rates and reduced mortality and case numbers [22, 23] . In this paper we consider the effectiveness of contact-reducing interventions during the first six months after the initial cases, before a pandemic vaccine is available, and evaluate optimum interventions for a range of policy objectives or constraints, such as a limited stockpile of treatments or non-specific vaccine.
cord-302421-tvy7uo7u	2020	The primary aims of this article were to (a) present a range of potential solutions to problems threatening the rigor of ongoing research and (b) propose new directions in family science aimed at understanding how families adapt to change and adversity arising from the pandemic. An example with particular relevance to family science is the Two-Method Missing Design, an approach used when there is a gold standard measure of a construct (e.g., behavioral observations of family interactions) that cannot be administered to all participants due to time, money, resources, or, in the case of COVID-19, social distancing guidelines. Drawing on past research and theory, we can investigate the specific impact of the stress and adversity arising from COVID-19 on individual mental health and family functioning and identify modifiable risk and resiliency factors to target in interventions. In the absence of ongoing longitudinal studies, the COVID-19 pandemic presents another avenue for family scientists to pursue new research on the impact of stress and adversity on family functioning.
cord-302859-dc26tyu2	2020	title: Effects of coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic on orthopedic residency program in the seventh largest city of the world: Recommendations from a resource-constrained setting In this article we share our experience of effect of COVID-19 pandemic 10 on our orthopedic residency program and how we coped along with it. In this article we share our experience of effect of COVID-19 pandemic 10 on our orthopedic residency program and how we coped along with it. We also discussed some 11 way forwards in the article 12 Keywords: 13 Coronavirus; quarantine; orthopedic surgeons; pandemics; medical education 14 2 Introduction: 15 Since the inception of novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China, the global situation has changed 16 dramatically in every sector of life. We in this 50 article share our experience of orthopedic residency program in an urban tertiary care center and 51 delineate our division of work force during this pandemic and propose few recommendations.
cord-304802-44m7u1oz	2020	We explore the pandemic''s implications for the organization and experience of life transitions and trajectories within and across central domains: health, personal control and planning, social relationships and family, education, work and careers, and migration and mobility. Because Covid-19 is a viral pandemic, we begin with its implications for health and then turn to matters of personal control and planning, social relationships and family, education, work and careers, and migration and mobility. In many countries, there have been increases in volunteering or helping others, especially The greater uncertainty created by the pandemic over the short and long term is likely to have somewhat different effects by age, social class, gender, and race/ethnicity and be modified by a country''s welfare system and the emergency interventions of its institutions.
cord-304838-r9w8milu	2020	From March 20, 2020, to April 12, 2020, this descriptive survey used a snowballing sampling technique to select 502-Nigerians with an online semi-structured questionnaire detailing the impact of Event Scale-Revised, Generalized Anxiety Disorder – 7 item scale, Patient Health Questionnaire and Insomnia Severity Index. However, prevalence estimates analysis revealed that majority of the male respondents (65.1%) had no clinical insomnia, 20.8% of the male participants reported sub-threshold level of insomnia, 8.2% of the respondents had moderate insomnia symptoms, while 5.9% of the male respondents presented severe clinical insomnia during the COVID-19 pandemic. Though this study recorded no significant difference between the gender (male and female) experiences of insomnia, depression, posttraumatic stress symptoms and anxiety, the study result reported a relevant prevalence of outcomes of psychological distress among the general public in Nigeria.
cord-305327-hayhbs5u	2017	Other pathogens that are remarkable for their epidemic expansions include the arenavirus hemorrhagic fevers and hantavirus diseases carried by rodents over great geographic distances and the arthropod-borne viruses (West Nile, chikungunya and Zika) enabled by ecology and vector adaptations. Emergence from a sporadic case to an outbreak, to an epidemic, and ultimately to a pandemic depends upon effective transmission among nonimmune hosts, host availability (density), characteristics of the vector (natural or human made) that would enable it to circumvent distances, and the pathogen infectiousness. Although MARV expansion appears to be limited to a few countries in Africa, the recent emergence (estimated at a few decades ago) of a second human pathogenic marburgvirus known as Ravn virus, and the widely distributed Old World rousette fruit bats (Rousettus spp.) serving as reservoir for both viruses [45] , are two factors that favor pandemic risk.
cord-306227-63qvvkvk	2020	This article, therefore, focuses on the public perception of comparative lockdown scenario analysis and how they may affect the sustainable development goals (SDGs) and the strategic management regime of COVID-19 pandemic in Bangladesh socio-economically as well as the implications of the withdrawal of partial lockdown plan. First of all, the government should come up with a comprehensive strategic plan accompanied by non-governmental and social organizations and law enforcement to analyse the spread of the virus, identifying the most vulnerable hosts, properly tracked the movement of general people, precise estimation of economic losses from different financial and industrial sectors, educational diminutions and professional and informal employment disruption to picture an integrated scenario of the current situation and future predictions by which the revival of the negative aspects of the country could be managed.
cord-306259-vi997dms	2010	The objective of this study is to understand the pandemic preparedness programmes, the health systems context, and challenges and constraints specific to the six Asian countries namely Cambodia, Indonesia, Lao PDR, Taiwan, Thailand, and Viet Nam in the prepandemic phase before the start of H1N1/2009. At the same time, investment in pandemic preparation in the six Asian countries has contributed to improvement in health system surveillance, laboratory capacity, monitoring and evaluation and public communications. The level of economic development based on World Bank''s classification ranges from low income with high agricultural share (Lao PDR, Cambodia, and Viet Nam), middle income (Thailand and Indonesia) to industrialized and high income (Taiwan). In Cambodia, Lao PDR, Taiwan, Thailand, where resource allocation decisions are centralized, the budget allocation towards AHI and pandemic preparedness programmes was also decided mostly at central level.
cord-306958-8bx8kxxh	2020	This study examines individual attitudes, behaviors, anxieties, mental health impacts, and knowledge early in the pandemic response, as well as those outcomes by sociodemographic characteristics and political ideology. Four items asked respondents to indicate agreement on a 7-point scale that "events related to COVID-19 had interrupted" their social life, home life, work or vocational life, and/or hurt their mental health. Chi-square, t, and F tests were used to examine the influence of demographic characteristics, political ideology, and mental health on attitudes, knowledge, anxieties, behavior change, and impact variables. Initial covariate selection included all variables that were significant (p <0.05) in bivariate tests, including: political ideology, bias score for consumed news media, attitudes toward global warming and vaccination, sex, race, poverty level, and education. In the adjusted logistic regression model ( Table 2 ) liberals had 5.7 (95%CI: 3.3-9.7) and moderates had 2.5 (95%CI 1.5-4.3) times the odds of responding that the government had not done enough in response to COVID-19 compared to conservatives.
cord-307673-ekajojon	2020	The short-and longterm health consequences of COVID-19, stay-at-home orders and social distancing measures, family isolation, and the economic impacts of the pandemic are likely to impact both women''s experience of IPV and their ability to navigate ending these violent relationships, and potentially reverse the declining trend in IPV. Mazza, Maranoa, Laib, Janiria, and Sania (2020) have suggested that COVID-19 stay-at-home orders and social distancing will likely lead to a woman''s home becoming one of the most dangerous places for IPV victims due in large part to the requirement to quarantine day-after-day with their violent and abusive partner with limited access to those that might provide care and assistance. In looking at the way in which the COVID-19 pandemic is likely to shape the incidence, prevalence, and impact of IPV it is important to note that scholars have explored how past natural disasters and epidemics have shaped trends in rates of violence, impacted the health and well-being of IPV victims, but also exacerbated the factors associated with violent behaviors and victimization.
cord-307690-1qqyixun	2020	Considering the paucity of studies on this topic, after a description of the main features of PDs, on the basis of the current literature on pandemic and quarantine mental health impact, we aim at tracing some clinical hypotheses on the negative psychological effects of pandemic situations in people with PDs. Furthermore, we aim at investigating the role of personality pathology in compliance with mitigation-related behaviors. Considering the paucity of studies on this topic, we adopted the following steps in the description of results: (1) we provided a description of the main features of PDs for each cluster; (2) we mentioned the main literature investigating the association between PDs of each cluster and other psychiatric disorders; (3) on the basis of the literature on pandemic (e.g., [4••] ) and quarantine (e.g., [1••] ) mental health impact, we hypothesized a plausible relation between PDs of each cluster and specific psychological/psychiatric outcomes, as well as problems in compliance with mitigation measures.
cord-309751-7elnvjk3	2020	The resultant information was organized under 5 main headings; the impact of pandemic on the orthopedic practice, COVID-19 and the trauma patient, elective and emergency surgeries during the pandemic, peri-operative management of the patient with COVID-19, Miscellaneous effects of the pandemic such as those on training programs and the evolution of telemedicine. Relevant information was digested and organized under 5 main headings; the impact of COVID-19 pandemic on the orthopedic practice, COVID-19 and the trauma patient, elective and emergency surgeries during the pandemic, perioperative management of the patient with COVID-19, Miscellaneous effects of the pandemic such as those on training programs and the evolution of telemedicine. Guidelines for ambulatory surgery centers for the care of surgically necessary/time-sensitive orthopaedic cases during the COVID-19 pandemic Perioperative considerations in urgent surgical care of suspected and confirmed COVID-19 orthopedic patients: Operating rooms protocols and recommendations in the current COVID-19 pandemic
cord-310182-muybvyqa	2018	Most previous economic studies on global influenza pandemics have focused on income losses, through reductions in the size of the labour force and productivity, increases in absenteeism and, importantly, as the result of individual and social measures that interrupt transmission, but disrupt economic activity. 2, 27 Beyond influenza, the value of mortality risks has been included in estimating the costs of vaccine-preventable diseases 28 and in evaluating the economic burdens posed by rheumatic heart disease. Given the uncertain nature of an influenza pandemic, in terms of both when it may occur and how large the mortality risks will be, we applied an expected-loss framework that accounts for the uncertainty over a long period of time. 46, 48 As in many previous attempts to estimate the economic losses associated with a pandemic, many previous attempts to estimate the social costs of carbon have focused on national income accounts, without any explicit valuation of the increases in mortality resulting from climate change.
cord-311671-l02icp6w	2020	
cord-312094-czuw4t7i	2020	The findings revealed that COVID-19 pandemic has managed to erase the feeling of joy from cruise ship employees who were stuck at sea while exposing weakness of cruise line companies such as poor human resource management leadership. The CDC''s No Sail Order in combination with poor liquidity of cruise line companies due to the COVID-19 cruise tourism crisis has created an unprecedented event leaving 100,000 cruise ship employees stuck at sea for months without any certainty when they will be repatriated to their homes [45] . In light of the COVID-19 pandemic, cruise ship employees that are stuck at sea are experiencing particularly high levels of stress that may develop mental health disorders such as anxiety and depression. Moreover, cruise line companies do not have a strategy for managing various negative psychological effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on cruise ship employees who are stuck at sea.
cord-312461-5qzpo6l1	2019	A substantial proportion of pandemic and biological threat preparedness activities have focused on list-based approaches that were in part based on pandemic influenzas of the past, historical biological weapon development programs, or recent outbreaks of emerging infectious diseases (e.g., SARS, MERS, Ebola) (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 2017; Casadevall and Relman 2010) . Cultivating and maintaining expertise in the epidemiology, surveillance, and pathogenicity of all classes of microbes, with explicit incorporation of a One Health approach-which incorporates and integrates information from infectious diseases of plants, amphibians, and reptiles-will help foster the broad capacities needed for emerging pandemic and global catastrophic biological risks. Pathogen-based lists, both USA and global, based on influenza precedents, historical biological weapon programs, and emerging infectious diseases were responsible for galvanizing early activities in the field of pandemic preparedness and have helped drive many important contributions.
cord-314092-ph5vrba6	2020	The Covid-19 pandemic has led to an inevitable surge in the use of digital technologies due to the social distancing norms and nationwide lockdowns. In the next section, we examine the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on the use of digital technologies where we discuss some possible scenarios and research issues of the post-pandemic world. With the substantial use of technology in accessing basic requirements like health and education, it is imperative to understand the impact of the digital divide on social equality. 6. Given the significant role which the Internet is about to play in times to come, Internet intermediaries will work with government and civil society to address privacy and surveillance issues for better adoption of technology. For the Covid-19 pandemic, we envisage a dramatic shift in digital usage with impacts on all aspects of work and life.
cord-314188-q8pxpw1f	2020	The possibilities that could emerge after the pandemic has wound down are truly unique-a potential watershed moment for science, sparked by a new focus on science teaching and training, and by investments in basic and applied research (including science policy), that could better prepare governments and the citizenry for existential threats in the future: pandemics, climate change, food production, etc. While the management of the 1918-19 flu was hampered by a complete lack of knowledge of the causative agent or how to test for it, 1 the identification and a complete structural analyses of the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus 2 occurred very rapidly after the onset of the pandemic in December 2019, and assays of different types for it were developed in just weeks, 3 albeit making these tests widely available has been a major challenge (but this is a political not a medical problem).
cord-314443-qeuvymu8	2020	Concomitantly, city and regional planning and design theories, concepts, regulations, and practices emerge historically in response to public health crises, including pandemics, pollution with rapid industrialization, congestion with urbanization, and loss of green space in cities. The holistic concept of the metropolitan region that highlights the functional links among urban and regional economies also reveals the strengths and limits of the urban system, and thereby informs the comprehensive city plan''s objectives of enhancing sustainability and resilience of the built and natural environments of climate change. The method of the approach and presentation of this paper is comparative by juxtaposing the pandemics of climate change and coronavirus, and through a historical and critical review and synthesis of the durable concepts of the urban system at the kernel of the theories and practices of urbanism expansively, from rooftop to the region, highlighted by place matters, cyberspace, density, access, and the city-region.
cord-315619-gowtohr8	2020	Two moderation models were tested using the PROCESS macro (Hayes, 2017 ) to examine whether current stress level moderated the relation between pre-pandemic disgust proneness and coronavirus fear and safety behaviors, respectively, controlling for number of COVID-19 cases by state. Conditional effects analysis revealed that there was no significant relation between pre-pandemic disgust proneness and coronavirus fear at low and medium levels of current stress (p''s > .05). Conditional effects analysis revealed that there was no significant relation between pre-pandemic disgust proneness and coronavirus safety behaviors at low levels of current stress (p > .05). The present study examined the predictive effect of pre-pandemic disgust proneness on coronavirus anxiety and safety behaviors during the pandemic, as well as the moderating effect of current levels of perceived stress. In contrast, those reporting low current perceived stress did not demonstrate a significant relation between pre-pandemic disgust proneness and coronavirus safety behaviors.
cord-315963-hs70zo48	2020	People around the globe, during this crisis period, are expected to encounter several mental health challenges ranging from panic, phobia, health anxiety, sleep disturbances to dissociative like symptoms (Banerjee, 2020) . Hence, people who were addicted to any kind of substance use independence pattern are expected to experience withdrawal symptoms. As the impact of pandemic lasting for a long time, the binge-watching of television and electronic gadgets are also likely to persist; which may later result in behavioral addiction. Also, it is an accepted truth that the patients with substance use problems are vulnerable populations during the time of pandemic both for being infected or regarding complications (O''Sullivan and Bourgoin, 2010) . There is an urgent need to address the mental health issues of people during this pandemic. It is highly important to address mental health emergencies like severe and complicated withdrawal symptoms of substance use.
cord-316073-zm3ih55y	2005	Our models focused on using NIs to treat different age and risk groups and the potential effects treatment might have on influenza hospitalizations. The effect of different treatment strategies on hospitalization rates was generated from the baseline scenario: treating all patients, only at-risk groups, only children and the elderly (1-14 and >65 years of age), and only the working population (15-64 years of age). The results ( Figure 3B) show that a 20%-25% antiviral stockpile would be sufficient to treat all patients during the first wave, a figure that is larger than that seen for the baseline scenario, as both the clinical and serologic clinical attack rates were higher. For the 1968 pandemic, the effects of the different antiviral targeting strategies were different than in the previous scenarios as a result of the different age-specific attack rates, which are shifted more towards the working population (Table 2) .
cord-316317-5oehzarg	2020	The COVID‐19 pandemic is seriously affecting the lives of billions of people around the world, especially in the healthcare systems.(1) Although the impact of pandemic on health services are mostly negative, there is still a chance to use this situation as an opportunity for positive changes. The COVID-19 pandemic is seriously affecting the lives of billions of people around the world, especially in the healthcare systems. 1 Although the impact of pandemic on health services are mostly negative, there is still a chance to use this situation as an opportunity for positive changes. Major goal of all relevant recommendations of neurosonology societies or authorities is to protect both patients and sonographers but keeping a high attention on stroke as an emergency condition always strictly adhering to treatment guidelines for patients to ensure appropriate stroke care. World Health Organization Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic.
cord-316440-xt9tl7td	2020	
cord-316799-sa5aeu9w	2020	title: Estimation of population''s response to mitigation measures and self-perceived behaviours against COVID-19 Pandemic We conducted a short survey with a Saudi cohort to understand the awareness about COVID-19 and estimate the responses for mitigation strategies. The questionnaire comprised 27 items and was divided into three sections, namely demographic, awareness, and response to mitigation strategies and participants'' self-perceived behaviours regarding COVID-19. Conclusions We report better understanding and appropriate response to mitigation measures towards the COVID-19 pandemic among the general population in Saudi Arabia. 11 For the current pandemic, mitigation measures have been implemented from 27 The questionnaire comprised 27 questions and was divided into three sections, namely 30 demographic, awareness, and response to mitigation strategies and participants'' self-31 perceived behaviours regarding COVID-19. It was also 13 found that participants identified children younger than five years of age as the only high-risk 14 group, which was significantly associated with response to mitigation measures (p=0.03).
cord-316963-2ex4c7tj	2020	
cord-317437-65z4792h	2020	title: A prospective cohort study of the impact of covid19 world pandemic on the management of emergency surgical pathology department for surgical pathology (n = 434), a significant decrease in the total number of its patients was observed during pandemic period (44,6% less than in 2019). The worse results during COVID-19 pandemic were founded in acute appendicitis with an increase in complicated appendicitis (55% vs 23⋅8%, p = 0⋅02), hospital stay (4 vs 2 days, p = 0⋅01) and surgical site infections (30% vs 5⋅1%, p = 0⋅01). This could be explained by the fact that these patients have received conservative management by primary care physicians, since no data exists that would cause one to believe that the real incidence of acute appendicitis is lower 4 . During the period of the pandemic some groups have proposed conservative management for this pathology to reduce the need for emergency room visits and operating rooms 5 . Global guidance for surgical care during the COVID-19 pandemic
cord-317594-5pm2pj0p	2020	Author affiliation: Chief Medical Officer, Watts HealthCare Corporation, Los Angeles, CA, USA W e are at present in the throes of a SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, the coronaviruis that causes the disease process COVID-19, characterized by fever, cough and shortness of breath 1 that may lead to death. The message I would like to convey is that in times of high stress, in this case a pandemic, management of this, by we physicians, is what we were trained to do. Leaving treating illness behind, we have been forced to evolve with our training to understand that there is the next level; that is not just healing the sick and reducing comorbidities, but keeping the healthy well. We as physicians need to know more about COVID-19 than anyone else, as we pledged an oath (of Hippocrates or Imhotep) to be ready for anything related to health and wellness, e.g. a pandemic.
cord-319853-jr8x5emx	2020	. Indeed, health equity as a consideration has an enormously wide reach and relevance." 14 This approach considers the impact of how health-related resources have been allocated or distributed and looks at the issues over a period that precedes the onset of the COVID-19 emergency and extends beyond the expected end of the current pandemic. This paper discusses the fairness of allocation measures in relation to the dispensing of adequate information, the provision of isolation and quarantine facilities, the availability of healthcare services and providers, and the criteria for triage in the hospital setting. In this section of the paper, the neglect of these principles, especially the prioritization of the worst off, in public healthcare decision-making is examined in relation to three problems within the Philippines in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic: paternalistic decision-making complicated by false information, failure to be mindful of literacy levels, and failure to account for language and other barriers.
cord-322082-80ym2rsq	2020	Since this was the first true pandemic since 1918, there was immediate concern about its potential impact and great relief when it was found to resemble seasonal influenza with morbidity highest in children and mortality at the extremes of age [26, 27] (Figure 3 ). However, the new A(H3N2) virus completely replaced the previous subtype, and its variants, more than 50 years later, have been responsible for the greatest proportion of mortality from influenza viruses. In the United States, there was particular attention directed to nonpharmaceutical interventions, a result of the recognition that pandemic-specific vaccines would be available relatively late and that influenza-specific antiviral drugs, while important, would be limited in quantity. " The latter issue has been made worse by the repeated recognition of the pandemic potential of different avian influenza virus variants that have infected humans [63] [64] [65] .
cord-322099-mb17dnf2	2020	
cord-322233-1i6zj9b3	2020	
cord-322277-mbe9dt3v	2020	The rapid increase in cases and evolving guidelines regarding protection and prevention of the spread of pandemic, with no confirmed treatment or approved vaccine has caused apprehension and anxiety among health care workers. The goal of this survey was to determine the prevalence and factors associated with anxiety and depression among neurosurgeons during the COVID-19 pandemic. Although, a recent Chinese study reported a much higher prevalence of depression (50.4%), anxiety (44.6%) and insomnia (34%) among frontline health care workers. Therefore a feeling of self-protection with provided PPE had a significant negative association with anxiety/depression while a positive COVID colleague increased the likelihood of depression among neurosurgeons. To our knowledge, this is the first study ever to determine the frequency and factors associated with anxiety and depression among 375 neurosurgeons from 52 countries. The prevalence of depression and anxiety among neurosurgeons was found to be lower than the frequency reported among other frontline workers during the COVID pandemic.
cord-322612-vlxewj5k	2020	The Australian Health Sector Emergency Response Plan for Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) was released on February 27 (Grattan 2020) but was accompanied by little transparent communication about what was being done or which elements of the plan were receiving attention. We recommend a commitment in pandemic planning documents to sharing sources, models, and evidence at the time of deliberation, and with it, the questions advisors are asking (such as, will the same number of deaths occur regardless of strategy over the long term?) Earlier public discussion of these questions might at least have somewhat disrupted simplistic framing and use of "herd immunity," by enabling early and public scientific challenge from epidemiologists, as occurred from mid-March (Armitage and Hawke 2020; Barr 2020; MacIntyre 2020). Values-based risk communication will enable a more effective pandemic response.
cord-323137-8b06u7kt	2020	CONCLUSIONS: The Laryngoscope rapidly disseminated quality publications during the COVID‐19 pandemic by upholding a robust peer‐review process while expediting editorial steps, highlighting relevant articles online, and providing open access to make COVID‐19‐related publications available as quickly as possible. During a public health crisis such as the COVID-19 pandemic, it is important for medical journals to share information in a timely manner while simultaneously maintaining a robust peerreview process. Comprehensive review of two databases (PubMed and The Laryngoscope journal website) was performed on July 8, 2020 to identify The Laryngoscope publications pertaining to the COVID-19 pandemic and historic respiratory pandemics of the 20th and 21st century. Publication data (e.g., number of submissions and acceptances, time from manuscript receipt to acceptance) of The Laryngoscope during historic pandemic years were not available for comparison to current COVID-19 publication data. During a public health crisis such as the COVID-19 pandemic, it is important for medical journals to share essential information in a timely manner while maintaining a robust peer-review process.
cord-323200-xnr02xq3	2020	The world is seeing a catastrophic pandemic of SARS-CoV2 or of the disease COVID-19, in first quarter of 21st century with the emergence of novel corona virus. 1,2 Regional statistics of World health organization depicts that Eastern Mediterranean region (EMRO) stands fourth in the rank of prevalence of confirmed cases of COVID-19 after Europe, Americas and Western pacific, with a total number of 66 thousand cases and 3592 deaths. 4 The other indicator besides transmission rate, is severity of the pandemic, that can be studied by ratio of cases to hospitalization, ratio of deaths to hospitalization and ratio of Intensive care Unit admissions to total admissions. This disparity in fatality and pandemic severity index may be due to several factors such as higher virulence of virus and availability of better preventive or therapeutic health care services etc.
cord-324185-zt88o3co	2020	
cord-324366-x3djkzqn	2020	title: COVID-19 and China''s Hotel Industry: Impacts, a Disaster Management Framework, and Post-Pandemic Agenda This study also suggests that COVID-19 will significantly and permanently affect four major aspects of China''s hotel industry—multi-business and multi-channels, product design and investment preference, digital and intelligent transformation, and market reshuffle. In this regard, to the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to explore the COVID-19 management framework in the context of China''s hotel industry; the framework addresses phases, principles, and strategies of the industry''s anti-pandemic journey. In addition to summarizing the overall impacts of COVID-19 on China''s hotel industry, the importance and originality of this study are that it develops a COVID-19 management framework comprising anti-pandemic phases, principles, strategies. It also offers original insights into major trends of China''s hotel industry during the post-pandemic era, including the emergence of multi-business and multi-channels, product design and investment preference, digital and intelligent transformation, and market reshuffle.
cord-325844-w0zqxwdh	2020	Although the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) have provided some guidelines to reduce stress and initiate coping [9] , the need of the hour seems to be planning and having resources and techniques for long-term mental health flourishing and better emotional health management. Although there is enough evidence-based literature on the application of positive mental health techniques at individual level for stress reduction or life fulfillment, its application in a pandemic scenario is minimally explored [17, 18] . There are several determinants of positive mental health such as hardiness, sense of coherence, social support, optimism, and self-esteem [36] that are important in the context of COVID-19.
cord-326851-0jxdnm1l	2020	Results: Korea''s success rests on its readiness, with the capacity for massive testing and obtaining prompt test results, effective contact tracing based on its world-leading mobile technologies, timely provision of personal protective equipment (PPE) to first responders, effective treatment of infected patients, and invoking citizens'' community and civic conscience for the shared goal of defeating the pandemic. More specifically, this study has the following objectives: (1) To analyze Korean experiences with cases where healthcare facilities failed to prevent previous infectious diseases from spreading, and how these failures served the government in devising effective approaches to encounter the COVID-19 pandemic, (2) To dissect cases that showed innovative and successful response measures to deal with the COVID-19 pandemic, and (3) To elaborate on suggestions for crisis management based on the lessons learned from these COVID-19 response cases in Korea.
cord-327180-yw8rzrb7	2009	title: Patterns of perception toward influenza pandemic among the front-line responsible health personnel in southern Thailand: a Q methodology approach Subjects were asked to rank 33 statements about various issues of influenza pandemic according to a pre-designed score sheet having a quasi-normal distribution on a continuous 9-point bipolar scale ranging from -4 for strongly disagree to +4 for strongly agree. The most conflicting area was vulnerability on the possible impacts of an influenza pandemic, having factor scores of high (3), low (-4), and neutral (0) for patterns I, II, and III, respectively. We identified three main patterns of health personnel in southern Thailand based on the perception toward a threat of an influenza pandemic. Perception of low level of severity and vulnerability or low levels of appraised threat of an influenza pandemic may inhibit motivation of health personnel to engage in protective behavior [27, 28] .
cord-327516-i25whxt2	2018	Efforts to increase our preparedness, by improving predictions of viral emergence, spread and disease severity, by targeting reduced transmission and improved vaccination and by mitigating health impacts in lowand middle-income countries, should receive renewed urgency. However, there are limits to the predictive value of laboratory experiments and animal models, and when a new pandemic virus does emerge, which inevitably it will, the most important measure will be the disease severity per infected person. Any assessment of our ability to mitigate the health impact of the next influenza pandemic must consider what will be available for the large and vulnerable populations living in LMICs. The therapeutic efficacy of NAIs is a matter of some debate, but can probably be summarized as a proven but modest effect on the duration of symptoms in patients with mild influenza, and a probable but unproven small reduction in severe outcomes such as pneumonia and death.
cord-327818-1abweqko	2020	OBJECTIVES: This study aimed at examining the influence of the COVID-19 pandemic-associated regulations initiated by the German government on pain intensity and characteristics, emotional well-being, and everyday life of patients with painful polyneuropathy. METHODS: Forty-three patients (well assessed with questionnaires before the pandemic and without change of their health status between baseline and current assessment) were investigated with validated, self-reported questionnaires and COVID-19-specific items 2 weeks after the regulations came into effect. In case of consent, the patient information and agreement were sent along with a set of standardized questionnaires relating to pain, emotional well-being, sleep, and physical activity as well as pandemic-associated questions about changes in daily life due to the pandemic. Patient Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System depression, anxiety, pain interference, sleep, and fatigue scores, and quality of life did not differ between those with and without a change of social environment.
cord-328748-ipv8awq7	2009	We also consider the mitigation impact of school closure, which is estimated as 2% for a 34% clinical attack rate in the Ferguson paper and up to a maximum of between Glossary of terms Computable general equilibrium model--A mathematical model of the whole economy that includes the cost minimising and profit maximising behaviour of producers, the consumption and saving behaviour of households and government, taxation mechanisms, and the use of labour, capital, and other factors in order to produce goods for investment or consumption. In brief, schools closing for about 95% of the 15 weeks of the pandemic''s duration and assuming a mitigation equivalent to 2% if the clinical attack rate was 34%, as outlined by Ferguson et al, 10 produces a 2.5% further reduction in gross domestic product compared with our four week closure scenarios; it reduces the infection rates, but the dominance of the case fatality rate in determining the transition point is such that the degree of prophylactic absenteeism remains the same.
cord-329273-upzxscux	2018	
cord-329460-wl09mlk1	2020	The number of outpatients, inpatients, urological surgeries and daily interventions were found to be dramatically decreased by the third week of pandemics in state hospitals and tertiary referral centers; however the daily urological practice were similar in private practice hospitals throughout the pandemic period. In a detailed analysis of the three groups of centers; a significant decrease was detected in outpatients, inpatients, daily interventions and urological surgeries in tertiary referral centers and state hospitals; however the decrease was not statistically significant in private practice hospital in terms of inpatients and daily interventions ( Although the total numbers of temporary measures like nephrostomy placement (539 to 223; -58.7%) and percutaneous cystostomy (661 to 253; -61.8%) for certain instances decreased; the rate of these procedures for emergent-trauma surgeries has been found to increase during pandemic period (15% to 22.7% and 18.4% to 25.7%; respectively).
cord-329653-5nkrrqqw	2011	
cord-329704-vnazexhj	2020	Methods A survey consisting of twenty-two questions assessing respondent''s operative experience, location, type of practice, subspecialty, changes in clinic and operative volumes, changes to staff, and changes to income since the pandemic began was distributed electronically to neurosurgeons throughout the United States and Puerto Rico. More senior neurosurgeons and those with a private practice, whether solo or as part of a group, were more likely to experience a decline in income as a result of the pandemic as compared to their colleagues. Neurosurgeons in practice less than 20 163 years were significantly more likely to be willing to provide non-neurosurgical care to COVID-164 19 patients than those in practice greater than 20 years (73.1% vs. Overall, nearly three-fourths of neurosurgeons experienced greater than 50% decline in 216 outpatient clinic volume with just over 5% of respondents closing their outpatient clinics during 217 the pandemic.
cord-330512-nu8q72l9	2013	After the emergence of a novel influenza virus of swine origin in 1976, national, state, and local US public health authorities began planning efforts to respond to future pandemics. Several events have since stimulated progress in public health emergency planning: the 1997 avian influenza A(H5N1) outbreak in Hong Kong, China; the 2001 anthrax attacks in the United States; the 2003 outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome; and the 2003 reemergence of influenza A(H5N1) virus infection in humans. An influential policy review of the "swine flu affair" (i.e., the campaign to immunize the US population against a possible epidemic) identified several critical needs for future planning: 1) a more cautious approach to interpreting limited data and communicating risk to the public, 2) greater investment in research and preparedness, 3) clearer operational responsibilities within the federal government, 4) clear communication between planners at all levels of government, 5) strengthened local capacity for plan implementation, and 6) improved mechanisms for program evaluation (8) .
cord-330837-pwwgmtjr	2020	title: Incidence and outcome of out-of-hospital cardiac arrests in the COVID-19 era: A systematic review and meta-analysis For example, an increase in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) incidence has been reported since the very early phase of the COVID-19 epidemic [2] . A recent population-based crosssectional study reported that out-of-hospital cardiac arrests had increased 3-fold during the 2020 COVID-19 period when compared with during the comparison period in 2019 [3] . The study hypothesis was that the incidence of OHCA and the associated mortality was higher during the COVID-19 pandemic period when compared to an earlier period. In this systematic review and meta-analysis, the authors aimed to determine the influence of the COVID-19 pandemic on the incidence, processes of care and mortality among OHCA patients. J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f DISCUSSION Across the selected studies, we observed a more than two-fold increase in OHCA incidence during the COVID-19 pandemic, with an overall significant increase in mortality.
cord-330849-yt44k88m	2020	The purpose of this article, written from the perspective of military medical planners, is to present available data on the prevalence of specific mental health concerns and conditions from previous recent pandemics and COVID-19, as well as to provide data-informed recommendations for meeting the psychological needs of affected individuals. A combination of the following keywords in the title and/or abstract was used in searches of literature on the Southeast Asian Respiratory Syndrome (SARS), H1N1 influenza (H1N1), Middle Eastern Respiratory Syndrome (MERS), Ebola, and COVID-19 pandemics: mental health OR mental illness OR psychiatry OR psychology OR therapist OR PTSD OR posttraumatic OR post-traumatic stress disorder OR behavioral health OR anxiety [disorder] OR GAD OR depression/depressed OR complex grief AND data analysis OR statistic* OR prevalence OR percentage OR increase OR decrease.
cord-330880-6lx66w8h	2020	title: Forecasting and planning during a pandemic: COVID-19 growth rates, supply chain disruptions, and governmental decisions We further model and forecast the excess demand for products and services during the pandemic using auxiliary data (google trends) and simulating governmental decisions (lockdown). Due to these disruptions, shortterm real time forecasts (daily and weekly) about the pandemic and its effect on the supply chain have become a very important managerial and policy-making imperative. An accurate forecast of the evolution of new cases enables the more effective management of the resulting excess demand across the supply chain. To address this need, in this article we forecast the growth of the pandemic at the country-level and evaluate 52 time-series, epidemiological, machine-learning, and deep-learning techniques. We contribute to the latter, the field of SCM, by providing an input (the demand forecasts for the new cases and the selected products), which is essential to decision-making algorithms that involve stock-control, replenishment, advance purchasing, and even rationing 11 , i.e. situations that require a mean forecasted demand over the lead-time.
cord-331797-05kcygis	2020	Summary sentence Individual physicians and hospital administration should take proactive steps to minimize the compounding effects of high baseline burnout and the acute stressors of the COVID-19 pandemic in order to promote wellness among health-care providers. As much as social distancing is being leveraged as a critical method of COVID-19 disease containment, both individual and system based practices will be required to reduce workplace stress and burnout and minimize the acute stress response and risk of subsequent PTSD. Support an infrastructure that allows radiologists and staff to work from home Decrease exposure and mitigate concerns about contracting the virus and promotes schedule flexibility Increase education treatment about burnout, ASD, and PTSD, via expert panel discussions and access to mental health Increase awareness and early intervention, reduce stigma Employ non-traditional methods of physician engagement (eg narrative medicine)
cord-332145-rw16o02g	2020	The pandemic changed the assumptions made by most developed health care system: ample supplies and an overwhelmingly safe environment for patients and healthcare providers. One key lesson from the COVID-19 experience internationally is the rapid depletion and scarcity of medical supplies [e.g., personal protective equipment (PPE) and mechanical ventilators], beds, and staff-an increasing occupational hazard for health care workers (2) (3) (4) . Similarly little is known about the impact of COVID-19 on the psychological health of our team members who face a number of stresses: occupational risk, evolving policy changes, and unprecedented ethical decisions. A key question remains of how we will prepare for the return of neurologic patients with delayed diagnosis because of COVID-19. Currently, the risk of exposure to COVID-19 in the hospital leads providers and patients to prefer outpatient workup, forgoing, or curtailing inpatient monitoring. Acute stroke care in the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic
cord-334522-gi7zj70m	2020	Lessons from past disasters suggest that communities and their leaders, as well as mental healthcare providers, need to pay attention to fear regarding the ongoing threat, as well as sadness and grief, and to provide hope to mitigate social disruption. For people experiencing the loss of loved ones or economic Needs of the population amid the pandemic Actions required by authorities and experts to mitigate the impact of COVID-19 Sense of safety Immediate actions of public health measures to limit the spread of the infection Delivery of reliable information for the general population and various groups about the disease Effective resourcing of required medical equipment Calming Active communication and constant explanation of the actions needed to contain the spread of the infection to the population Compassion of authorities towards victims and various groups affected by the pandemic Sense of self-and collective efficacy
cord-335005-ezp4mery	2020	We highlight the link between rising pandemics and accelerating global human impacts on Earth, thereby suggesting that pandemics may be an emerging element of the "Anthropocene." Examples from Denver, Colorado, USA, show how policy responses to the COVID-19 pandemic changed human-environment interactions and created anomalous landscapes at the local scale in relation to the quality of air and patterns of acquiring and consuming food. Next, we present two examples from the city of Denver, Colorado (USA), showing how policy responses to the spread of the virus triggered exchanges that altered human-environment interactions and created emergent new landscapes-in relation to the quality of air and ways of obtaining and eating foods-with implications for managing the effects of pandemics at a local scale. Though the origins of pandemics are rooted in global-scale human impacts on environment, i.e., the Anthropocene, the COVID-19 case shows how their riveting effects can also alter humanlandscape interactions locally, with consequent cross-scale feedbacks.
cord-336283-3q0ujnjq	2020	Scientific data are not available to fully understand the nature of the resulting mental health impact given the very recent onset of the pandemic, nevertheless, there is a need to act immediately to develop psychotherapeutic strategies that may alleviate pandemic-related distress. The psychological distress, in particular fear and sadness, is a function of the pandemic''s negative impact upon people''s ability to meet their most basic needs (e.g., physical safety, financial security, social connection, participation in meaningful activities). Once we created this list we developed strategies that would allow people to manage these negative emotional states using a self-help format (this guide can be accessed at www.psych rescu e-covid 19.com or at the permanent DOI address provided in the reference section). While there has been progress, as outlined above, in understanding the nature and interventions for COVID related psychological distress, an additional problem has emerged as a result: the already overburdened mental health system must now provide treatment for a substantial wave of persons in need.
cord-336447-hpnkou41	2020	Despite multiple publications and increasing knowledge regarding the biological secrets of SARS-CoV-2, as of the writing of this paper, there is neither an approved vaccine nor medication to prevent infection or cure for this highly infectious disease. 7, 8 This paper reviews the microbiological, clinical, and epidemiological characteristics of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, as well as its socio-economic impact. In the early days of the pandemic great effort was invested into understanding the life cycle of SARS-CoV-2, 9 so as to provide a basis for discovery of an effective vaccine to prevent COVID-19 and/or a safe and efficacious drug to cure it, or at the least, to ameliorate its symptoms, shorten its duration, and/ or block its mechanism of transmission. 59 Unfortunately, to date, no human genetic markers predisposing to SARS-CoV-2 infection, nor the severity of COVID-19, have been found-although recent isolated exceptions to this statement can be found.
cord-336549-xjrrw0wr	2020	This study encourages the search for suitable design ideas, trends, and planning theories to provide the required protection from virus attacks and continue to add more layers in the defense system of our built environment. Architects, planners, and built environment professionals are keen to examine many social and spatial implications to generate new patterns and configurations of use (Paital, 2020; Salama, 2020 problems and challenges in all building types and urban spaces as illustrated in Figure 1 . Although the situation is still unfolding, the COVID-19 pandemic has already highlighted the importance of certain design concepts and reassessed fundamental assumptions in urban and architecture approaches. The right design and planning strategies now could help to position our built environment in the post-pandemic era. We could more effectively use healthy design and planning strategies to face pandemics and create a less pullulated, more sustainable architecture, and urbanism in general.
cord-336845-7ofgekoj	2020	In total, there are 12 papers that cover different industry sectors (e.g., tourism, retail, higher education), changes in consumer behavior and businesses, ethical issues, and aspects related to employees and leadership. We should also make an effort to learn from the consequences of pandemic outbreaks to prepare our societies for if-and, more likely, when-this happens again. Our societies are more open than ever; we rely on the importing of important products, such as food, energy, and medical equipment, rather than sourcing them from close to where they are needed; and there are limited efforts to prepare for pandemic outbreaks. The first contribution, by Jagdish Sheth, is titled "Impact of COVID-19 on Consumer Behavior: Will the Old Habits Return or Die?" It explores how the current pandemic has affected several aspects of consumers'' lives, ranging from personal mobility to retail shopping, attendance at major life events like marriage ceremonies, having children, and relocation.
cord-338390-v4ncshav	2009	4 The workshop brought together public health experts, key decision makers, and infectious disease modelers to: (i) identify the strengths and weaknesses of mathematical models, and suggest ways to improve their predictive ability that will ultimately influence policy effectiveness; and (ii) provide an opportunity for the discussion of priority components of a pandemic plan and determine key parameters that affect policy decision making. These included evaluations and model predictions for antiviral strategies and their implications for drug stockpiling; the role of population contact networks in the emergence and spread of drug-resistance; targeting influenza vaccination at specific age groups; optimal control of pandemic outbreaks; and the usefulness of non-pharmaceutical interventions in disease mitigation. There are two major reasons underlying this evaluation: first, data are limited and prior to the emergence of a novel pandemic strain, it is not possible to study the epidemiological impact of disease or interventions in a real world environment; second, public health authorities would need to be prepared for all the likely scenarios that could influence the outcome of preparedness strategies.
cord-338580-zszeldfv	2020	This study aims to explore the influence of COVID-19 on exercise behavior and its impact on mood states, as well as predict changes in exercise behavior during a similar future pandemic in Taiwan. Those who exercised for 2-3 days per week prepandemic and were able to maintain their exercise frequency, had higher mood states compared to those who decreased their exercise frequency to one day or less during the COVID-19 pandemic (b pre2:during1-2 = −0.25, p < 0.01). Exercise frequency during the COVID-19 pandemic had no significant effect on mood states for those who exercised one day or less prepandemic (p > 0.05). In general, higher frequencies of exercise during the COVID-19 pandemic resulted in better mood states. Our study is the first study conducted to investigate the changes in exercise behavior and mood states during the COVID-19 pandemic in Taiwan.
cord-338683-nzgnpi6f	2020	The aim of the present paper is to report our preliminary experience with the management of urgent and nondeferrable endoscopic surgeries for sinus and skull base diseases, during the COVID-19 period, describing the evolving recommendations which have been implemented day by day, as new evidences emerged, until reaching the actual protocol of precautions. At the beginning, no specific protection was recommended during surgery and all health care workers in the operating room (OR) continued to wear standard surgical masks and gowns, leaving viral-filtering-PPE available to be used only in case of confirmed COVID-19 patients. 10 In order to investigate the health of the patients belonging to the PANDEMIC-group after their last postoperative medication, a telephone interview was carried out retrospectively, examining the following factors: fever, cough, dyspnoea, anosmia, dysgeusia, gastrointestinal signs/symptoms, myalgias, fatigue, headache, pharyngodynia, rhinorrhea, active pneumonia, need for hospitalization for any reason, potential swab or serological tests performed, and if they had been in contact with COVID-19 positive individuals.
cord-339376-2dczotbh	2012	In that light, CDC'' formal entanglement with global health security and its announcement of the H1N1 pandemic are interpreted, followed by an ethnographically informed focus on various people who were engaged in the H1N1 emergency response and their practices and practical struggles in the face of pandemic anxiety. Investigating CDC''s H1N1 response may also shed light on the implications of a change in public health discourse, a change that made "emerging infectious diseases" a key concern for public health, the kernel of a new age of "pandemic anxiety" (Ingram 2008) . In the following, CDC''s ways to work through the H1N1 pandemic are first contextualised within the emerging global health security regime and second analysed from a practice-based and ethnographic perspective. However, before the actual work that led to detecting H1N1 took place, pandemic anxiety and institutionalised heightened concerns had already worked their way through to CDC experts via global and national public health security recommendations and regulations and the announcements made by respective representatives.
cord-339935-tguhrqvz	2020	Charbonneau and Doberstein (2020) consider work surveillance practices and their relationship to performance management With so many public servants being forced to shift to remote working from home in response to the COVID-19 pandemic, such oversight is increasing in importance. The COVID-19 pandemic showed the crippling holes in existing MFM plans, and the authors, using lessons learned from the earthquake, recommend increased collaboration, psychological support, and network leads when it comes to developing viable MFM plans going forward. They offer economic development approaches requiring coordination, and like the other essays in this Viewpoint symposium offer a path for future research to see if these strategies work, such as active versus passive partnerships. Network of networks: preliminary lessons from the Antwerp Port Authority on crisis management and network governance to deal with the COVID-19 pandemic
cord-339968-s1kmipir	2020	Y.; Fraser, John; Lambrecht, Bart N.; Romano, Marta; Gazzinelli, Ricardo T.; Bortoluci, Karina R.; Zamboni, Dario S.; Akbar, Arne N.; Evans, Jennie; Brown, Doug E.; Patel, Kamala D.; Wu, Yuzhang; Perez, Ana B.; Pérez, Oliver; Kamradt, Thomas; Falk, Christine; Barda-Saad, Mira; Ariel, Amiram; Santoni, Angela; Annunziato, Francesco; Cassatella, Marco A.; Kiyono, Hiroshi; Chereshnev, Valeriy; Dieye, Alioune; Mbow, Moustapha; Mbengue, Babacar; Niang, Maguette D. Efforts included writing to President Donald Trump and Congressional leaders urging that they heed the advice of scientific/public health leaders, including AAI member Anthony Fauci 3 ; writing to National Institutes of Health (NIH) Director Francis Collins requesting justification for terminating an NIH-funded grant focusing on understanding the risk of bat coronavirus emergence 4 ; advocating supplemental funding for federal science agencies, including the NIH, for pandemic-related research losses and additional trainee support; and issuing a statement opposing actions taken by the Trump administration that will damage international scientific collaboration 5 .
cord-340145-nx746m76	2020	The Italian Society of Pediatric Orthopaedics and Traumatology formulated general and specific recommendations to face the COVID-19 outbreak, aiming to provide essential care for children needing orthopaedic treatments during the pandemic and early post-peak period, ensure safety of children, caregivers and healthcare providers and limit the spread of contagion. This exceptional adaptation of the Italian National Health Service was significantly evident also within non-frontline healthcare settings such as Pediatric Orthopaedic Units, where limitation and temporary suspension of most routine care activities was necessary to reduce the risk of infection in patients, families, and healthcare providers and to reallocate healthcare personnel from routine tasks to emergency. The Advisory Board of the SITOP has provided a panel of priority levels in order to safely schedule deferrable surgical treatments, reducing the risk of missing children who require non postponable operations, during the pandemic and post peak period (see Table 2 ).
cord-340616-5vtgd46s	2020	National pandemic influenza risk evaluation aims at determining the probability and outcomes of events affecting public health at a global, national, and local level. For an adequate risk assessment and a follow of a probable case, the patients should be provided with disease-preventing messages, health statements should be collected upon entry, and contact information of the passengers should be obtained, which would be much more efficient [18] . The management of ill passengers in the context of present COVID-19 disease pandemic in international airports, harbors, and motorway/road gates should include measures to be implemented according to the priorities and capacities of each country. Crew and ground personnel should be informed on and frequently reminded of measures preventing the spread of COVID-19 including social distancing, hand hygiene, respiratory etiquette, environmental cleaning, waste disposal, when and how to wear masks, and avoiding contact with people showing respiratory symptoms.
cord-340756-ks1l11ot	2010	On May 24, the Australian Quarantine Inspection Service reported that 6 passengers of a cruise ship had respiratory symptoms, and a point-of-care test showed positive infl uenza A virus results for all. In response, NSW Health requested that all passengers (1,963 from Australia and 7 from elsewhere) who were experiencing infl uenza-like illness (ILI) isolate themselves from healthy persons and that all asymptomatic passengers quarantine themselves for 7 days after disembarkation (or 7 days after onset of symptoms if they developed). Oseltamivir treatment (75 mg 2×/d for 5 days) was recommended for passengers or crew members with ILI (defi ned as >2 of the following: cough, fever, runny nose, or blocked nose) within 48 hours of onset and oseltamivir prophylaxis Outbreaks of Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 and Seasonal Infl uenza A (H3N2) on Cruise Ship (75 mg 1×/d for 10 days) for those in close contact with patients with laboratory-confi rmed cases.
cord-341684-buj8u63b	2020	Controlling for the polarity and subjectivity of social media data based on the development of the COVID-19 outbreak, we analyse the relationships between the largest cryptocurrencies and such time-varying realisation as to the scale of the economic shock centralised within the rapidly-escalating pandemic. We find evidence of significant growth in both returns and volumes traded, indicating that large cryptocurrencies acted as a store of value during this period of exceptional financial market stress. Such techniques allow for analysis not only of sentiment based on the severity of the COVID-19 pandemic, but also as to interlinkages between such sentiment and cryptocurrencies as a safe-haven asset in such time of extreme financial market panic. When considering the role of negative sentiment relating to the outbreak and development of the COVID-19 pandemic, our results suggest that there developed significant and pronounced timevarying price-volatility effects as investors identified both the severity and nature of the pandemic''s growth trajectory and potential economic repercussions.
cord-342548-ykxvaqcz	2020	This study aims to assess the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the mental well-being, training, and career choices of Canadian medical clerks within the first three months of the pandemic. METHODS: An electronic survey composed of four sections: demographics, stressors experienced during the pandemic, World Health Organization (WHO) well-being index, and stress management and resources was distributed to Canadian clerks. An electronic survey composed of four sections: demographics, stressors and their impact on residency and career choice, World Health Organization (WHO) wellbeing index and stress management and resources was distributed to clerks (third-and fourth-year medical students) in all Canadian medical schools, with 10 of the 17 faculties participating and forwarding the survey to their clerks. Eligible participants were clerks attending one of the 17 Canadian medical faculties, and whose rotations were suspended due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Our study aimed to assess the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the mental well-being, training, and career choices of Canadian medical clerks.
cord-343926-47m17k1t	2020	We identify some of the initial impacts of the ''great lockdown'' on sustainable and fossil sources of energy, and consider how economic stimulus packages and social practices in the wake of the pandemic are likely to shape energy demand, the carbon-intensity of the energy system, and the speed of transitions. Discussion focuses on four key themes that shape the politics of sustainable energy transitions: (i) the short, medium and long-term temporalities of energy system change; (ii) practices of investment around clean-tech and divestment from fossil fuels; (iii) structures and scales of energy governance; and (iv) social practices around mobility, work and public health. For example, the Paris Agreement instituted nationally determined climate goals; sustainability transitions were placed on the agendas of many local, national and global governing bodies; the cost of renewable energy continued to fall rapidly, making it an increasingly politically and economically viable option; divestment campaigns were taking off; and there was a surge in public buy-into the argument that urgent action was required to address climate change.
cord-344075-ucd6ooob	2020	title: Mental Well-Being (Depression, Loneliness, Insomnia, Daily Life Fatigue) during COVID-19 Related Home-Confinement—A Study from Poland The aim of the study was to measure indicators of mental well-being in a Polish sample with regard to selected sociodemographic and health behavior data during home confinement related to COVID-19 pandemic. For this reason, our study aimed to measure mental well-being (levels of depression, insomnia, daily life fatigue, and loneliness) in a sample of the Polish population during COVID-19 related home confinement. The results have clearly shown that the pandemic and associated psychological stress are risk factors for sleep disorders and psychological diseases, e.g., the authors have shown that all of the elements of the Psychological Well-Being (PGWB) questionnaire (anxiety, depressed mood, positive well-being, self-control, general health, vitality) were significantly worse among study respondents than in previous general population data [33] .
cord-344438-08gqn86z	2007	Government and health authorities in Australia and overseas have recommended that businesses, community organisations and individuals implement a range of strategies to prepare for pandemic influenza, and an increasing number of resources are being produced to provide guidance on pandemic preparedness and business continuity planning [4] [5] [6] [7] . Guided by the concepts considered to be of importance in these health behaviour theories, and the protection motivation theory framework in particular, we aimed to investigate the association between selected beliefs and preparedness for pandemic influenza among small and medium business owners and managers. Binomial logistic regression analysis was used to identify the significant independent predictors of the health behaviour theory-based belief variables and the three main dependent variables: having considered the impact of, having a plan for, and needing help to prepare for pandemic influenza.
cord-344498-mwgccbfo	2020	These publications can be broken down into six main themes: (i) a sharp reduction in air pollution and an improvement of the level of water pollution; (ii) the relationship of wind speed (positive), ultraviolet radiation (positive) and humidity (negative) with the rate of infections; (iii) the effect of the pandemic on the food supply chain and waste habits; (iv) wastewater monitoring offers a great potential as an early warning sign of COVID-19 transmission; (v) artificial intelligence and smart devices can be of great use in monitoring citizen mobilization; and (vi) the lessons gleaned from the pandemic that help define actions to mitigate climate change. The intention of the current study is to offer a first straightforward report on the evolution of publications combining the effect of COVID-19 on the environment since the outset of the pandemic, as well as to identify the main lines of research that are surging as a result of the crisis and establish a research agenda for environmental scholars.
cord-344866-vhuw4gwn	2020	Explaining this, Smelser writes: ''with respect to the dimension of time alone, the traumatic process was truncated… The moment of the attacks to the recognition that they constituted a national trauma was a matter of short days, if not hours…The scope of the trauma and the identity of the victims were established immediately… there was an instant consensus that it was a trauma for everybody, for the nation… there was no significant divergence in the reactions of government and community leaders, the media, and the public in assigning meaning to the events as a national tragedy and outrage…there was little evidence of social division around the trauma'' (Smelser 2004, p. However, despite initial high levels of anxiety the pandemic did not evolve into cultural trauma in either, even with an exceptionally high death rate in Sweden and the great difference in trust in authority that distinguishes the two countries.
cord-344985-3mu9rrql	2020	While the COVID-19 pandemic has already had far-reaching socioeconomic consequences commonly associated with natural hazards (such as disruption to society, economic damage, and loss of lives), the response of governments around the world has been unparalleled and unlike anything seen before. Pandemics indeed force us to think beyond typical emergency management structures; the cycles of the disaster risk management in the case of biological and other natural hazards are not exactly the same and no one-size-fits-all approach may be used. Pandemics indeed force us to think beyond typical emergency management structures; the cycles of the disaster risk management in the case of biological and other natural hazards are not exactly the same and no one-size-fits-all approach may be used. Necessary for an effective recovery, the pandemic response needs to be a holistic response, combined with an improved data ecosystem between the public health system and the community.
cord-345064-it26ygo6	2020	OBJECTIVE: The longitudinal online cohort study aims (1) to explore psychosocial reactions to the COVID-19 pandemic across ten European countries; (2) to examine the relationships between risk and resilience factors, stressors and symptoms of adjustment disorder during the pandemic; and (3) to investigate whether these relationships are moderated by coping behaviours. Following a conceptual framework based on the WHO''s social framework of health, an assessment of risk and resilience factors, COVID-19 related stressors and pandemic-specific coping behaviours will be measured to estimate their contribution to symptoms of adjustment disorder. The study will examine the relationships between these complex risk and resilience factors, stressors, coping behaviour and stress-related symptoms during the COVID-19 pandemic across ten European countries. In addition to the core set of measures described above, each participating country may include optional instruments to assess the following constructs: resilience, coping behaviours, symptoms of depression, and positive consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic.
cord-345373-ulsz1d85	2020	From 6 July to 22 July 2020, the period when the survey was conducted, the following regulations were in force in the country: nose-and-mouth coverings in confined public areas; closure of primary and secondary schools, and institutions of higher education; food and drink establishments were operational with enhanced sanitary measures in place (nose-and-mouth coverings required when not at the table, disinfecting tables, keeping a minimum distance of 1.5 m between patrons); gyms and swimming pools were reopened on 6 June 2020; individuals were allowed to socialise indoors in small groups; in most places, access to specialist medical care was provided at outpatient clinics [3] . Consumption of selected food products during the COVID-19 pandemic is presented in Figure 2 and the breakdown by the type of diabetes and gender is included in Supplementary Table S3 . A statistically significant increase in hand sanitiser use by the youngest respondents during the COVID-19 pandemic (p < 0.001) was observed.
cord-346501-6e91kt6c	2020	In this issue of Academic Pediatrics, we feature ten innovations that highlight novel educational responses to the COVID-19 pandemic. Submissions were reviewed for innovation, outcome, and sustainability after the COVID-19 pandemic by three educational researchers blinded to author name and institution. Papers describing virtual learning included modifications to existing conferences (e.g., morning report, grand rounds, boot camp) (n=55; 47%), conversion of electives (n=22; 19%) or clerkships (n=16; 14%), virtual simulation (n=18; 15%), and approaches to equip learners to advocate for patients and populations during the COVID-19 pandemic (n=7; 4%). 11 COVID-19 presented unprecedented challenges, requiring educational innovations to ensure trainees continue to learn to provide high-quality, evidence-based care, advocate for patients and populations, and maintain wellness. We believe the papers featured in this issue highlight innovative educational responses to the COVID-19 pandemic and serve as a foundation for shaping future medical education. Medical Student Development of K-12 Educational Resources During the COVID-19 Pandemic
cord-347492-zz3walri	2020	title: Pandemic response protocol of a non-frontline specialty in a multispecialty tertiary health care centre—a pilot model in orthopaedics PREP which is in line with the WHO action plan, will be an essential minimum response of a non-frontline pandemic response specialty like orthopedics to combat and curtail the effects of a pandemic in a multispecialty tertiary health care centre. The PREP should allow a non-frontline pandemic specialist like an orthopaedician to be alert and trained to evolve as a frontline health care provider, as and when the situation demands, on the lines of development of a pandemic. At this stage, essentially, the orthopaedic surgeons would have to become a part of the pandemic response task force which includes the entire health care workforce.
cord-347952-k95wrory	2012	Conclusions: To adequately address the concerns of the policymakers, we need continuing model enhancements in critical areas including: updating of epidemiological data during a pandemic, smooth handling of large demographical databases, incorporation of a broader spectrum of social-behavioral aspects, updating information for contact patterns, adaptation of recent methodologies for collecting human mobility data, and improvement of computational efficiency and accessibility. Conclusions: To adequately address the concerns of the policymakers, we need continuing model enhancements in critical areas including: updating of epidemiological data during a pandemic, smooth handling of large demographical databases, incorporation of a broader spectrum of social-behavioral aspects, updating information for contact patterns, adaptation of recent methodologies for collecting human mobility data, and improvement of computational efficiency and accessibility. Of the existing computer simulation models addressing PHP, those focused on disease spread and mitigation of pandemic influenza (PI) have been recognized by the public health officials as useful decision support tools for preparedness planning [1] .
cord-348121-c7jq240j	2020	In recent years, mass media and social networks have played an important role in disseminating information regarding public health. Initial, and overly optimistic medical statements that judged the epidemic as a simple influenza lowered social attention on the COVID-19 pandemic and instilled in some people conspiracy or denial ideas supported by statements by some doctors and non-medical professionals who said, "it''s just a flu." [3] The poor perception of the risks related to COVID-19 infection also manifested itself despite the exponential growth of infections and deaths. Misinformation and fake news contributed to the onset of PTSD and headline stress disorder cases [2] . The historical importance of the COVID-19 pandemic is such that, also in the future, COVID-19-related news will be published cyclically in the mass media and on social networks. Methanol mass poisoning outbreak: a consequence of COVID-19 pandemic and misleading messages on social media
cord-348394-ezxvgku6	2020	Before the advent of effective preventive methods and therapies, opportunities for the operation of natural selection were very large -due to premature mortality, only about one third of individuals born had an opportunity to pass their genes to the next generation (Rühli and Henneberg 2016) . Because pathogen transmission via human contact was slow, worldwide pandemics were rare. Public health measures in many of past pandemics were very similar to those i ntroduced in the current pandemic, such as isolating sick individuals which was already described e.g.in the London Privy Council Rules and Orders (1666). Biological variability produced by mutation/selection balance, genetic polymorphisms, adaptive responses during ontogeny, life histories, and particular ways of infections and immune responses results in different phenotypic characteristics that enable some individuals to survive pandemics. Such "evolution proof" solutions are another way that evolutionary medicine can contribute to stopping the current pandemic.
cord-349008-x750xe8n	2020	
cord-349474-pprxwij6	2020	Introduction This study aimed to investigate the response of the radiology workforce to the impact of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic on professional practice in India and eight other Middle Eastern and North African countries. The survey collected information related to the following themes: (1) demographic characteristics, (2) the impact of COVID-19 on radiology practice, and (3) fear and (4) anxiety emanating from the global pandemic. The respondents reported experiences of work-related stress (42.9%), high COVID-19 fear score (83.3% ) and anxiety (10%) during the study period. The respondents reported experiences of work-related stress (42.9%), high COVID-19 fear score (83.3% ) and anxiety (10%) during the study period. Moreover, our ability to assess the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on radiology practices and associated factors, such as fear and anxiety, among the RWF provided more insight into the psychological needs of medical workers to continue providing quality service.
cord-349696-w3ajpaxo	2020	1 Everything regarding COVID-19 started with cases detected in the city of Wuhan in China 2 and became a public even that concerns the entire world in a short time due to the disease''s high contagiousness. 15 Indeed, unhealthy lifestyle behaviors encountered in the pandemic period are not just related to noncontagious diseases, but these behaviors are also closely in interacting with the mental health of individuals. Considering that unhealthy lifestyle behaviors due to quarantine, such as physical limitation and ineffective weight management are frequently comorbid with stress, anxiety, and depression, the mental health of individuals should not be neglected. 16 For all these reasons, from the perspectives of public health and protective care, there is an emergent need to provide information and interventions to individuals, communities and healthcare institutions for them to continue the healthiest lifestyle under quarantine. Lifestyle at time of COVID-19: how could quarantine affect cardiovascular risk
cord-349949-jp0hvcg6	2020	Quickly, breast radiologists and technologists had palpable concerns regarding the need to protect HCWs and patients during screening, and firm statements were released by national organizations with the ASBrS and ACR Joint Statement on Breast Screening Exams During the COVID-19 Pandemic, and the Society of Breast Imaging Statement on Breast Imaging during the COVID-19 Pandemic all released later in March, 2020, and recommending to "postpone all breast screening exams (to include screening mammography, ultrasound, and MRI) effective immediately" as well as to discontinue routine and non-urgent breast health appointments. The European Society for Medical Oncology Guidelines include increasing telehealth appointments (noting in person visits are needed for new cancer patients or urgent infections / post-operative complications) and specific guidance for management and advised that the risk/benefit balance for most patients favored continued administration of systemic therapies and chemotherapies, with additional precautions when possible (e.g., choosing less immunosuppressive therapies, regimens requiring fewer appointments) 26 .
cord-350293-a09r0gjc	2020	During a pandemic, a national government is often considered solely responsible for dealing with the outbreak with local-based policies. The World Health Organisation (WHO) first proposed a whole-of-society (WoS) preparation plan in 2009 with risk management update in 2017 based upon lessons learned from the 2009 A(H1N1) pandemic. The WoS approach aims to utilize the principles of complexity within systems and seeks to improve the global effort against pandemic infections, increase information sharing and further institutionalize pandemic responses. Although simple in theory, executing such measures requires national, political and local involvement incorporating the entirety of society, the so-called WoS pandemic collaboration. As the WHO raised the pandemic alert level the Taiwanese government, using the WoS model utilized many of the measures across multiple entities that we have started to witness in the UK also. Toward a collaborative model of pandemic preparedness and response: Taiwan''s changing approach to pandemics
cord-353064-x4dcfjm8	2020	"Hyperlocality," a neologism, emphasizes the unique coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)-related experiences of each of the communities served by our radiology practices and health care institutions. The JACR has responded quickly to the need for rapid review and dissemination of COVID-19-related information to help practices manage the acute phase of the pandemic and signpost the coming recovery by using an existing expedited peer-review process for high-impact manuscripts and fast-tracked online publication of preproofs. Variables influencing radiology volume recovery during the next phase of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic Changes in interventional radiology practice in a tertiary academic center in the-United States during the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic ACR statement on safe resumption of routine radiology care during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic Rescheduling non-urgent care in radiology: implementation during the coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic Transparency and trust during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic
cord-354690-ywb9krdp	2008	Most of the existing information about a population''s response to the threat of pandemics comes from research on outbreaks of the SARS coronavirus, most notably in Hong Kong, Singapore, and Canada, [2] [3] [4] [5] and on studies of risk perception and anticipated behaviours in a potential pandemic in humans from the avian influenza virus (especially the H5N1 subtype). For the hypothetical questions -that is, likelihood of pandemic influenza, likelihood that family or self affected, willingness to comply with vaccination, isolation or wearing a face mask -the responses of extremely likely and very likely were combined into the indicator of interest. Table 4 shows the indicators for pandemic influenza likely, concern for self and family, and changed life by sex, age group, demographic characteristics, and the indicators of level of psychological distress and general self-rated health status.
cord-354779-5jbehcb6	2019	One especially tragic example is the "Black Death" of the mid-fourteenth century, which killed upwards of 75 million people in Europe and Asia and likely was caused by climatic changes that stimulated the growth of the rodent population. More aggressive action is required to resolve, or at least mitigate, the immediate consequences and near-horizon disasters looming as a result of climate change and increasing urbanization-especially regarding the possibility of a pandemic. 38 Several arms of the U.S. government, including the Department of State (DoS), the U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID), and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), are actively combatting disease and climate change around the world. It is essential to expand partnerships with and support the World Health Organization (WHO), USAID, and others to add facilities, provide training, conduct services in the most vulnerable areas, and help cities better plan for expansion and a proper balance of interaction between humans, animals, and 80 Johns Hopkins, "Technologies to Address Global Catastrophic Biological Risks," p.
cord-354941-0ocsf255	2020	This paper offers a collection of reflections by systemic and family therapists from diverse cultures and contexts penned in the midst of the pandemic. I felt as if these early collections merged into one, represent the ''holding, healing space'' that we as therapists need, before we dare consider what life may look like on the ''other side.'' Without this, how could we support our clients in putting themselves, their families, and their lives back together, in even contemplating what a world of ''functionality'' or ''normality'' may look like? It is crucial that we are able to name and process our experiences in order to support our Global Family Therapists reflect on COVID-19 ª 2020 Australian Association of Family Therapy clients to do the same, in order to provide the holding space they need, and joining-in with them (Minuchin, 1974) .