Summary of your 'study carrel' ============================== This is a summary of your Distant Reader 'study carrel'. The Distant Reader harvested & cached your content into a collection/corpus. It then applied sets of natural language processing and text mining against the collection. The results of this process was reduced to a database file -- a 'study carrel'. The study carrel can then be queried, thus bringing light specific characteristics for your collection. These characteristics can help you summarize the collection as well as enumerate things you might want to investigate more closely. This report is a terse narrative report, and when processing is complete you will be linked to a more complete narrative report. Eric Lease Morgan Number of items in the collection; 'How big is my corpus?' ---------------------------------------------------------- 85 Average length of all items measured in words; "More or less, how big is each item?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 7844 Average readability score of all items (0 = difficult; 100 = easy) ------------------------------------------------------------------ 48 Top 50 statistically significant keywords; "What is my collection about?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 85 outbreak 10 disease 10 Ebola 9 SARS 8 COVID-19 7 infection 6 virus 5 case 5 EVD 4 patient 4 neonatal 4 health 4 care 4 MRSA 4 China 3 study 3 human 3 food 3 covid-19 3 United 3 Salmonella 3 NICU 3 HRV 3 CDC 2 water 2 pandemic 2 influenza 2 infant 2 healthcare 2 datum 2 country 2 States 2 Staphylococcus 2 RSV 2 Middle 2 MERS 2 ICU 2 Health 2 East 2 Control 2 Bangladesh 2 Africa 1 vaccine 1 vaccination 1 unit 1 transmission 1 system 1 syndrome 1 surveillance 1 surface Top 50 lemmatized nouns; "What is discussed?" --------------------------------------------- 5934 outbreak 3306 infection 2514 disease 2219 case 2203 virus 1822 % 1640 patient 1602 health 1601 study 1475 transmission 1454 care 1233 control 1227 risk 1151 water 1118 time 1024 datum 992 food 870 system 826 country 810 number 793 vaccine 765 rate 754 infant 752 hospital 752 day 751 pathogen 733 information 725 source 696 epidemic 694 response 684 measure 679 illness 677 influenza 675 person 673 analysis 658 population 652 agent 646 unit 645 use 641 model 640 contact 603 pandemic 602 factor 594 surveillance 594 level 584 sample 575 child 573 people 567 result 529 investigation Top 50 proper nouns; "What are the names of persons or places?" -------------------------------------------------------------- 891 SARS 847 Ebola 734 al 617 et 485 COVID-19 460 . 419 Health 357 China 305 United 297 Salmonella 286 CoV-2 249 States 230 CoV 206 A 203 EVD 202 CDC 201 MERS 194 Table 190 E. 186 Africa 185 C. 183 S. 182 Disease 176 Control 171 Staphylococcus 158 US 156 Campylobacter 149 der 148 NICU 142 April 139 • 131 World 131 PCR 129 Influenza 128 C 127 West 122 ICU 117 B 114 Fig 114 Europe 113 RSV 112 EPEC 111 EBOV 110 t 109 F 109 Bangladesh 107 MRSA 106 Food 103 Wuhan 101 Organization Top 50 personal pronouns nouns; "To whom are things referred?" ------------------------------------------------------------- 1787 it 1259 we 744 they 290 i 261 them 103 he 72 you 61 us 52 itself 42 themselves 37 she 22 one 10 him 9 ourselves 8 her 6 yourself 5 himself 2 yr 2 s 2 myself 2 me 2 herself 1 yro1 1 und 1 u 1 pandemrixh 1 oneself 1 nsp10 1 inquire 1 iiiev 1 ii.f.2.a 1 i.e.2 1 i.b.3.e 1 her|himself 1 covid-19 1 's Top 50 lemmatized verbs; "What do things do?" --------------------------------------------- 20341 be 4597 have 1623 use 1077 associate 1071 include 916 report 750 do 705 base 703 cause 668 increase 667 occur 662 identify 618 provide 610 show 567 develop 557 find 480 follow 460 prevent 457 relate 454 make 451 require 447 infect 441 consider 407 detect 384 suggest 368 take 367 reduce 359 emerge 353 need 353 confirm 346 involve 344 give 341 see 330 affect 324 become 323 describe 317 know 304 contaminate 300 determine 298 compare 294 lead 290 contain 289 result 276 control 271 estimate 270 spread 263 collect 262 allow 260 indicate 258 remain Top 50 lemmatized adjectives and adverbs; "How are things described?" --------------------------------------------------------------------- 2198 not 1264 other 1175 also 1102 more 1063 such 969 high 862 respiratory 804 - 787 human 782 most 782 infectious 753 public 703 however 688 clinical 628 only 619 first 604 well 551 early 540 new 536 neonatal 526 low 519 large 517 viral 511 different 504 many 491 nosocomial 473 acute 466 severe 457 specific 436 as 434 available 431 intensive 421 medical 420 important 419 possible 414 global 409 long 405 resistant 383 several 375 even 371 common 364 positive 363 social 360 further 338 often 320 non 319 small 318 environmental 313 international 311 likely Top 50 lemmatized superlative adjectives; "How are things described to the extreme?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 262 most 114 least 101 Most 91 good 69 high 51 large 22 great 21 early 20 low 16 small 13 bad 10 late 8 deadly 5 strong 5 long 4 short 3 young 3 near 3 close 3 big 2 weak 2 strict 2 preharv 2 poor 2 old 2 new 2 heavy 2 common 1 ω 1 ® 1 wealthy 1 simple 1 sick 1 rad 1 quick 1 profound 1 molossid 1 mild 1 lo9 1 ky"-square 1 grave 1 full 1 easy 1 crude 1 -t 1 -some 1 -again Top 50 lemmatized superlative adverbs; "How do things do to the extreme?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 520 most 92 least 27 well 1 worst 1 strongest 1 operationalise 1 long 1 latest 1 highest 1 hard 1 furthest 1 -detect Top 50 Internet domains; "What Webbed places are alluded to in this corpus?" ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 41 doi.org 12 www.cdc.gov 3 www.fda.gov 3 www 3 links.lww.com 3 doi 2 www.cdc.gov 2 links 2 ec.europa.eu 1 www.worldometers.info 1 www.who.int 1 www.promedmail.org 1 www.nrzhygiene.de 1 www.mefosa.com 1 www.jcaho.org 1 www.hpa.org.uk 1 www.healthmap 1 www.frontiersin.org 1 www.fda 1 vaccineschedule.ecdc.europa.eu 1 nextstrain.org 1 links.lww 1 imperialcollegelondon.github.io 1 healthmap.org 1 github.com 1 gisanddata.maps.arcgis.com 1 creativecommons.org 1 covid 1 coronavirus.jhu.edu 1 cid.oxfordjournals.org Top 50 URLs; "What is hyperlinked from this corpus?" ---------------------------------------------------- 11 http://doi.org/10.1101/2020.06.29.20142638 10 http://doi.org/10.1101/2020.07.09.20147355 5 http://doi.org/10.1101/2020.04.15.20066712 5 http://doi.org/10.1101/2020.04.04.20053058 4 http://doi.org/10.1101/2020.04 3 http://www.cdc.gov/ 3 http://www 3 http://doi 2 http://www.CDC.gov 2 http://links 2 http://ec.europa.eu/food/food/rapidalert/rasff_portal_database_en.htm 1 http://www.worldometers.info/coronavirus/country 1 http://www.who.int/csr/sarsarchive/2003_05_07a/en/ 1 http://www.promedmail.org 1 http://www.nrzhygiene.de/surveillance/neo.htm 1 http://www.mefosa.com/ 1 http://www.jcaho.org 1 http://www.hpa.org.uk/infections/topics_az/cjd/ 1 http://www.healthmap 1 http://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpubh 1 http://www.fda.gov/cdrh/ode/guidance/094.html#4 1 http://www.fda.gov/cber/gdlns/cjdvcjd.htm 1 http://www.fda.gov/ 1 http://www.fda 1 http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/respirators/ 1 http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npptl/respirators/disp_part/ 1 http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/ 1 http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/sars 1 http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/mon 1 http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/diseases/cjd/cjd.htm 1 http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dhqp/pdf/ar/ 1 http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/ 1 http://www.cdc.gov/flu/ 1 http://vaccineschedule.ecdc.europa.eu/Scheduler/ByDisease? 1 http://nextstrain.org/ncov 1 http://links.lww.com/CM9/A209] 1 http://links.lww.com/CM9/ 1 http://links.lww.com/ 1 http://links.lww 1 http://imperialcollegelondon.github.io/covid19estimates/ 1 http://healthmap.org/en/ 1 http://github.com/ceyhuneksin/reacting_outbreaks_neighboring_localities 1 http://gisanddata.maps.arcgis.com/ 1 http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.812822 1 http://doi.org/10.1101/2020.06 1 http://doi.org/10.1101/2020.04.24.20078808 1 http://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-53352-6.Correspondence 1 http://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-53352-6 1 http://doi.org/10 1 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Top 50 email addresses; "Who are you gonna call?" ------------------------------------------------- 1 savsnet@liverpool.ac.uk 1 psriram_ped@yahoo.co.in 1 aura.timen@rivm.nl Top 50 positive assertions; "What sentences are in the shape of noun-verb-noun?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 9 data are available 4 study has several 3 % were asymptomatic 3 disease has not 3 disease is not 3 diseases following natural 3 ebola is highly 3 infection is not 3 infections are asymptomatic 3 infections were not 3 information was available 3 outbreak is often 3 outbreak was also 3 outbreak was first 3 outbreak was not 3 outbreaks are often 3 outbreaks were relatively 3 pathogen was influenza 3 pathogens are not 3 studies have also 3 transmission is not 3 viruses causing gastroenteritis 2 % are zoonotic 2 % had diarrhea 2 % had fever 2 % had mucus 2 % was unaware 2 cases are usually 2 cases detected later 2 cases were not 2 cases were retrospectively 2 countries do not 2 countries had not 2 data are not 2 data were available 2 data were not 2 data were then 2 disease are usually 2 disease including pneumonia 2 disease is endemic 2 disease occur simultaneously 2 disease was first 2 diseases are frequently 2 health are not 2 infant does not 2 infants did not 2 infants is not 2 infection is less 2 infection is particularly 2 infection is rare Top 50 negative assertions; "What sentences are in the shape of noun-verb-no|not-noun?" --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2 data are not available 2 disease has not yet 1 cases is not uncommon 1 cases was not possible 1 cases were not seriously 1 disease are not readily 1 disease is no longer 1 disease is not yet 1 diseases have not fundamentally 1 ebola is no different 1 food showed no difference 1 hospital were not entirely 1 infant is not seriously 1 infants is not necessarily 1 infection did not largely 1 infection is not dependent 1 infection is not strong 1 infections based not only 1 information is not available 1 information is not very 1 information was not systematically 1 numbers are not important 1 numbers are not something 1 numbers did not actually 1 outbreak was not clear 1 outbreak was not reliably 1 outbreak were not available 1 outbreak were not possible 1 outbreaks are not just 1 outbreaks is not limited 1 pathogens are not always 1 pathogens are not usually 1 patient had no significant 1 patient is not necessarily 1 patients do not always 1 patients had no contact 1 patients had no idea 1 patients is not weak 1 patients were not different 1 rate is not available 1 rates are not commonly 1 rates showing no increase 1 studies are not helpful 1 studies are not useful 1 studies have not yet 1 studies showing no relationship 1 studies were not available 1 study are not publicly 1 study had no role 1 system is not overloaded A rudimentary bibliography -------------------------- id = cord-019057-3j2fl358 author = Afolabi, Michael Olusegun title = Pandemic Influenza: A Comparative Ethical Approach date = 2018-08-28 keywords = Ethics; Health; Influenza; Pandemic; Public; care; outbreak; people summary = doi = 10.1007/978-3-319-92765-7_3 id = cord-286565-bmcsyfz9 author = Akdeniz, Gulsum title = A Survey of Attitudes, Anxiety Status, and Protective Behaviors of the University Students During the COVID-19 Outbreak in Turkey date = 2020-07-15 keywords = COVID-19; outbreak; study summary = This study aims to assess the spread and frequency of protective behaviors, emotional and anxiety status among the Turkish population using a rapid survey during the COVID-19 outbreak. Respondents were asked about about (i) demographic and epidemiological information, (ii) protective behaviors to prevent catching the coronavirus, (iii) different emotions and thoughts caused by the COVID-19 outbreak, (iv) anxiety status during the COVID-19 outbreak, and (v) exposure to COVID-19 Outbreak on TV. So, the current study aimed to determine the prevalence and distribution of anxiety and emotional status and protective behaviors among the young Turkish population and examine their associations with media exposure using a rapid assessment during the COVID-19 outbreak. So, the current study aimed to determine the prevalence and distribution of anxiety and emotional status and protective behaviors among the young Turkish population and examine their associations with media exposure using a rapid assessment during the COVID-19 outbreak. doi = 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00695 id = cord-298941-xf2ukinp author = Al-Abdallat, Mohammad Mousa title = Hospital-Associated Outbreak of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus: A Serologic, Epidemiologic, and Clinical Description date = 2014-05-14 keywords = East; MERS; Middle; outbreak summary = BACKGROUND: In April 2012, the Jordan Ministry of Health investigated an outbreak of lower respiratory illnesses at a hospital in Jordan; 2 fatal cases were retrospectively confirmed by real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR) to be the first detected cases of Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS-CoV). Following the discovery of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) in September 2012 [2] , specimens from the 2 fatal cases in Jordan were retrospectively tested and both yielded positive results for MERS-CoV by real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR), and were reported to the World Health Organization (WHO). Using newly developed serologic assays to determine MERS-CoV antibody responses among case contacts in this outbreak, epidemiologists from the JMoH, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), and regional partners conducted a retrospective seroepidemiologic investigation to (1) confirm whether surviving outbreak members had presence of antibodies to MERS-CoV, (2) ascertain whether viral transmission occurred among household contacts or to other healthcare personnel, and (3) describe the clinical features of all detected MERS-CoV infections in Jordan. doi = 10.1093/cid/ciu359 id = cord-278913-u6vihq3u author = Allam, Zaheer title = The Rise of Machine Intelligence in the COVID-19 Pandemic and Its Impact on Health Policy date = 2020-07-24 keywords = datum; outbreak; virus summary = For instance, despite the challenges raised earlier, some startup companies were able to use the available data from social media, airline ticketing, and medical institutions to identify that the world is experiencing a new virus outbreak days before those in medical fraternity had made similar findings (Gaille, 2019) . According to Niiler (2020) , BlueDot, whose profile is shared in the following, was able to employ the services of AIdriven algorithms, to analyze data gathered from sources such as new reports, air ticketing, and animal disease outbreaks to predict that the world is facing a new type of virus outbreak. In the recent case of COVID-19, Metabiota was in the forefront to analyze the outbreak, and during the analysis of the data, some even sourced from social media, the company was able to predict which neighboring countries were at high risk of being the next target of the virus spread, more so because the panic in Wuhan had stated to trigger some fear, forcing people to flee. doi = 10.1016/b978-0-12-824313-8.00006-1 id = cord-324230-nu0pn2q8 author = Ardabili, S. F. title = COVID-19 Outbreak Prediction with Machine Learning date = 2020-04-22 keywords = ANFIS; MLP; model; outbreak summary = doi = 10.1101/2020.04.17.20070094 id = cord-309497-3v0asfa7 author = Asner, Sandra title = Respiratory viral infections in institutions from late stage of the first and second waves of pandemic influenza A (H1N1) 2009, Ontario, Canada date = 2012-02-21 keywords = HRV; outbreak summary = ENT/HRV was frequently identified in LTCF outbreaks involving elderly residents, whereas in CSDs, A(H1N1)pdm09 was primarily detected. 1 Recent data reported by Public Health Ontario (PHO) indicated that pandemic influenza A (H1N1) 2009 [A(H1N1)pdm09] was a rare cause of LTCF respiratory outbreaks during the first period of wave I (April 20-June 12, 2009) of the 2009 pandemic. 3 We used surveillance data from the late stage of the first wave and the duration of the second wave periods (June 11-November 30, 2009) to ascertain the impact of A(H1N1)pdm09 and other respiratory viruses on different outbreak settings such as LTCFs and schools. We investigated all respiratory outbreaks in LTCFs and camps, schools, day cares (CSDs) tested at PHO laboratories from June 11 through November 30, 2009, in Ontario, Canada. 10, 11 From June 11 to November 30, 2009, we found that ENT ⁄ HRV was frequently identified in LTCF outbreaks involving elderly residents, whereas in outbreak settings involving children and younger adults, A(H1N1)pdm09 was primarily detected. doi = 10.1111/j.1750-2659.2012.00336.x id = cord-021230-x6re8787 author = Bdeir, Fadl title = Emerging coordination and knowledge transfer process during disease outbreak date = 2012-05-07 keywords = HSFAC; communication; coordination; outbreak summary = Using social networks and its analytic framework, we explore questions such as: How does the multi-agency coordination emerge for supporting the complex knowledge transfer process during different phases of disease outbreak? In this paper, we use measures from social network theory to better understand the dynamics of inter-organisational coordination during disease outbreaks and how this leads to collective decentralised knowledge sharing. We collect disease outbreak coordination data from Hunter New England Area Health Services (HNEAHS) in NSW, Australia for demonstrating the effectiveness of these network-based measures to accomplish an effective coordination and communication plan that will contribute to the reduction of infected cases and transmission rates. Since there are not many studies that deal with organisational dynamics at play in the disease outbreak context, we use an investigative approach with a qualitative case study to capture rich information from senior health disaster management practitioners in the field. doi = 10.1057/kmrp.2012.1 id = cord-321098-j3glby40 author = Bodrud-Doza, Md. title = Psychosocial and Socio-Economic Crisis in Bangladesh Due to COVID-19 Pandemic: A Perception-Based Assessment date = 2020-06-26 keywords = Bangladesh; covid-19; healthcare; issue; mean; outbreak summary = Background: The spread of the COVID-19 pandemic, the partial lockdown, the disease intensity, weak governance in the healthcare system, insufficient medical facilities, unawareness, and the sharing of misinformation in the mass media has led to people experiencing fear and anxiety. To understand the possible psychosocial, socio-economic, and environmental impact of the COVID-19 outbreak in Bangladesh, we considered and identified several relevant and possible items based on the socio-economic situation, political analysis, the existing healthcare system, environmental analysis, possible emerging issues utilized from scenario developments, analysis of local and global reports of the COVID-19 pandemic from the print and electronic media, and a literature review. The socioeconomic issues (SEI 10) and immediate emerging issues (IEI2) have a statistically significant positive impact (p < 0.01), e.g., obstruction to the formal education system, and the potentiality of a huge number of people becoming infected may contribute to the fear development of the COVID-19 outbreak in this country. doi = 10.3389/fpubh.2020.00341 id = cord-286029-rafcdzhm author = Bogaards, Johannes Antonie title = The potential of targeted antibody prophylaxis in SARS outbreak control: A mathematic analysis() date = 2006-05-05 keywords = SARS; outbreak summary = METHOD: We developed a mathematical model to investigate the effects of hospital admission and targeted antibody prophylaxis on the reproduction number R, defined as the number of secondary cases generated by an index case, during different SARS outbreak scenarios. RESULTS: Assuming a basic reproduction number R(0)=3, admission of patients to hospital within 4.3 days of symptom onset is necessary to achieve outbreak control without the need to further reduce community-based transmission. Based on our model, we derived an expression for the effective reproduction number of SARS to study conditions for containment and we explored how the size and duration of an outbreak depend on the efficacy of control. Given functions for the distribution of onset-to-admission time and transmission rate before the implementation of public health measures, we define the basic reproduction number R 0 as the average number of secondary cases before intervention is in place. doi = 10.1016/j.tmaid.2006.01.007 id = cord-354345-p4ld0tun author = Bonadonna, Lucia title = A Review and Update on Waterborne Viral Diseases Associated with Swimming Pools date = 2019-01-09 keywords = outbreak; pool; water summary = doi = 10.3390/ijerph16020166 id = cord-332658-548402bb author = Brownstein, John S title = Surveillance Sans Frontières: Internet-Based Emerging Infectious Disease Intelligence and the HealthMap Project date = 2008-07-08 keywords = disease; outbreak; report summary = sources can play an important role in early event detection and support situational awareness by providing current, highly local information about outbreaks, even from areas relatively invisible to traditional global public health efforts. and other nontraditional sources of surveillance data can facilitate early outbreak detection, increase public awareness of disease outbreaks prior to their formal recognition, and provide an integrated and contextualized view of global health information. With the aim of creating an integrated global view of emerging infections based not only on traditional public health datasets but rather on all available information sources, we developed HealthMap, a freely accessible, automated electronic information system for organizing data on outbreaks according to geography, time, and infectious disease agent [16] ( Figure 1 ). Ultimately, the monitoring of diverse media-based sources will augment epidemic intelligence with information derived outside the traditional public health infrastructure, yielding a more comprehensive and timely global view of emerging infectious disease threats. doi = 10.1371/journal.pmed.0050151 id = cord-353596-8iqjugcx author = Bédubourg, Gabriel title = Evaluation and comparison of statistical methods for early temporal detection of outbreaks: A simulation-based study date = 2017-07-17 keywords = fpr; outbreak; pod summary = doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0181227 id = cord-275646-4hpfw9jk author = Chen, Simiao title = Buying time for an effective epidemic response: The impact of a public holiday for outbreak control on COVID-19 epidemic spread date = 2020-09-20 keywords = China; holiday; outbreak summary = The objective of our study was to explore the impact of the timing and duration of outbreak-control holidays on the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) epidemic spread during the early stage in China. While several studies have investigated the effectiveness of travel restrictions and social distancing measures in preventing the spread of COVID-19 in China, it is still generally unclear how the trend of an epidemic changes according to different characteristics of an outbreak-control holiday [22, 23] . The goal of our study was not to replicate the entire epidemic trajectory and the control efforts during the COVID-19 epidemic in China, but rather to explore the impact of an outbreak-control holiday that primarily focused on social distancing during the early period of the epidemic and to understand how its duration and starting time would affect the pace of disease transmission in general. doi = 10.1016/j.eng.2020.07.018 id = cord-306332-ug6pare2 author = Chen, Ze-Liang title = From severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus to 2019 novel coronavirus outbreak: similarities in the early epidemics and prediction of future trends date = 2020-05-05 keywords = SARS; outbreak summary = title: From severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus to 2019 novel coronavirus outbreak: similarities in the early epidemics and prediction of future trends [1, 2] The 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) caused a pneumonia outbreak, which is spreading around the country and has affected 32 provinces and regions of China as of January 27, 2020. [14, 15] Subsequent case investigations also showed that SARS-CoV had the capability to multiply and continuously undergo human-to-human transmission [Supplementary Figure 2C , http://links.lww.com/CM9/ A209]; at least four generations of cases were identified from one original patient. [18] On January 19, 2020, a cluster of cases, including 15 healthcare workers, were confirmed to have been infected via patients, confirming that 2019-nCoV also has humanto-human transmission capability. Transmission and epidemiological characteristics of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infected pneumonia (COVID-19): preliminary evidence obtained in comparison with 2003-SARS doi = 10.1097/cm9.0000000000000776 id = cord-026416-h0w5jsyd author = Cheshmehzangi, Ali title = Introduction: The City During Outbreak Events date = 2020-06-09 keywords = Resilience; city; event; outbreak summary = Throughout the whole process of an outbreak, we need to have careful measures for urban resilience; and these should be holistic and inclusive to better contain people, health, infrastructure, and management of the situation. This category is the focus of this book, through which we try to address resilience and management measures to overcome the urban challenges and diverse disruptions of disease outbreak events. In each event, the city resilience and management measures and methods are not the same, but they are generally similar in terms of how we should respond to the impacts and vulnerabilities caused by the situation. In this regard, an epidemic situation is defined as the further expansion of the outbreak event, normally including a larger number of cities and communities, beyond just a particular contained region. The next few chapters of the book focus purely on key factors of urban resilience and city management to address their practicalities in a probable case of an outbreak event. doi = 10.1007/978-981-15-5487-2_1 id = cord-023510-gd4phncm author = Chuo, Hsin-You title = Theme Park Visitors’ Responses to the SARS Outbreak in Taiwan date = 2007-05-02 keywords = SARS; Taiwan; outbreak; park summary = 1. Can a significant discriminant function be developed to interpret the differences between respondents who did and did not visit theme parks during the SARS outbreak period in Taiwan on the basis of their personal characteristics? In addition to the information of respondents'' general demographics, their patronage frequency in the last year and whether they visited theme parks in the period of the SARS outbreak, the question content also consisted of scale items to measure ''''benefit sought,'''' ''''product involvement,'''' and ''''risk perception.'''' Ten individual benefit scale items were derived from Pearce''s (1993) Leisure Ladder Model for theme park visitors. Thus, on the one hand, whether or not the respondents visited theme parks during the SARS outbreak was adopted to be the dependant (criterion) variable; on the other, respondents'' age, their patronage frequency in the last year, and the factors condensed from scale items of respondents'' risk perception, benefit sought, and product involvement were adopted to be the independent variables (predictors) in the developing discriminant function. doi = 10.1016/s1745-3542(06)03006-2 id = cord-300301-7amiljnm author = Clements, Bruce W. title = Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Disease Threats date = 2016-03-04 keywords = Ebola; West; disease; health; human; outbreak summary = Factors contributing to the emergence of diseases include increasing international travel and commerce, changes in human demographics and behavior, advances in technology and industry, microbial adaptation and the breakdown of public health systems. These include: rapid epidemiologic surveillance and investigations to characterize the disease; transmission prevention through containment and control measures; development and deployment of medical countermeasures; and emergency public information and warning. By April 26, a public health emergency, the first in the history of the United States, was declared to allow for the rapid development of a vaccine, mobilization of antiviral medications through the federally resourced Strategic National Stockpile, and enhanced surveillance through reporting and testing. While it may not be possible to predict which pathogens may emerge or reemerge, it is possible to build infrastructure and take general steps to make populations and public health systems better prepared for the next novel infectious disease outbreak. doi = 10.1016/b978-0-12-801980-1.00010-6 id = cord-348840-s8wjg4ar author = Cobrado, L. title = High-touch surfaces: microbial neighbours at hand date = 2017-06-25 keywords = MRSA; environmental; healthcare; outbreak; surface summary = doi = 10.1007/s10096-017-3042-4 id = cord-351834-9pclxek0 author = Cohen, Liza Miriam title = A descriptive study of acute outbreaks of respiratory disease in Norwegian fattening pig herds date = 2020-06-24 keywords = herd; norwegian; outbreak; pig summary = doi = 10.1186/s13028-020-00529-z id = cord-266480-u8o4eitu author = Colubri, Andrés title = Preventing outbreaks through interactive, experiential real-life simulations date = 2020-09-02 keywords = SARS; outbreak summary = Operation Outbreak (OO) is an educational curriculum and simulation platform that uses Bluetooth to spread a virtual "pathogen" in real-time across smartphones in close proximity. The app-generated data from these simulations represented the "ground truth" of the mock outbreaks, captured several essential features of SARS-CoV-2, and allowed us to observe behavioral changes among participants--many of which are now being mirrored in real life. Our 2018 SMA Ebola simulation first showed how student social-distancing could affect an "outbreak''s" trajectory ( Figure 2A More detailed data from the 2019 simulation allowed us to reconstruct transmission chains over time and identify important features of the outbreak, such as the existence of two super-spreaders causing 4 and 5 secondary infections early in the game ( Figure 2C ). We envision OO as playing two key roles: (1) as a pedagogical platform for teaching fundamentals of pandemic response that are vital for the public to understand and (2) as a novel system for simulating outbreaks and evaluating real-world mitigation strategies, including those needed to restart in-person education. doi = 10.1016/j.cell.2020.08.042 id = cord-285760-y37ji92k author = Connell, Anna R. title = Mumps Outbreaks in Vaccinated Populations—Is It Time to Re-assess the Clinical Efficacy of Vaccines? date = 2020-09-18 keywords = Immunization; MMR; antibody; mumps; outbreak; vaccination; vaccine summary = Although a rise in IgG titer may also not occur in vaccinated individuals (87, 137) , numerous studies have documented a rapid, variable increase in mumps-specific IgG levels, with neutralization antibody concentrations present up to 10 months post-infection (130, 138, 139) . Potential waning immunity has been documented in the current mumps outbreaks seen in Europe and the USA, mostly affecting young adults within highly vaccinated populations attending tertiary education who have received two doses of the MMR vaccine in early childhood (40, 110, 126, 144, 145, (175) (176) (177) (178) (179) (180) (181) . Although MuV can be clinically asymptomatic in about 15-30% of those who become infected, the vaccine against mumps confers protection in a dose response manner; unvaccinated individuals saw an attack rate of Based on the reduction seen upon the introduction of a mumps vaccine, it has been proposed that MMR vaccination also prevents the transmission of the virus. doi = 10.3389/fimmu.2020.02089 id = cord-003932-25dcnext author = Corpus, Carla title = Prevention of respiratory outbreaks in the rehabilitation setting date = 2019-10-09 keywords = OHS; outbreak summary = IPAC strategies in place prior to the QI study included: mandatory core competency training for all clinical staff on hire and renewal every 2 years; a healthy workplace policy that required healthcare workers to Open access stay home if they were ill; droplet and contact precautions for patients with respiratory symptoms including patient placement (single room and cohorting); routine daily and terminal environmental cleaning of horizontal and high touch surfaces; monthly hand hygiene directly observed audits (compliance rate ~88%-92%); multiplex RV testing via polymerase chain reaction (turnaround time ~24 hours); antiviral treatment and prophylaxis for confirmed cases of influenza and exposed roommates and annual influenza vaccination campaign with uptake of 76% for staff and ~65% for patients. doi = 10.1136/bmjoq-2019-000663 id = cord-331060-b3z1zb4t author = Cruickshank, Marilyn title = COVID‐19: Lessons to be learnt from a once‐in‐a‐century global pandemic date = 2020-06-04 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; outbreak summary = doi = 10.1111/jocn.15365 id = cord-016109-vbzy11hc author = Damjanovic, V. title = Outbreaks of Infection in the ICU: What’s up at the Beginning of the Twenty-First Century? date = 2011-08-10 keywords = ICU; MRSA; infection; outbreak summary = We used the same framework as in the second edition of this book; however, outbreaks were not presented separately per ICU type but according to causative organisms, in the following order: methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE), aerobic Gramnegative bacilli (AGNB), Pseudomonas spp., Acinetobacter spp. A paper from Italy published in 2002 reported a unique experience of controlling a MRSA outbreak of 8 months'' duration in a medical/surgical AICU in 1998 using enterally administered vancomycin in mechanically ventilated patients [5] . In 2005, a report from Italy described an outbreak of VRE colonisation and infection in an ICU that lasted 16 months (2001-2002) [12] . A report from The Netherlands published in 2001 described an outbreak of infections with a multi-drug-resistant Klebsiella strain [19] associated with contaminated roll boards in operating rooms. doi = 10.1007/978-88-470-1601-9_12 id = cord-313616-81u4nidw author = Davis, G. S. title = Spatial and temporal analyses to investigate infectious disease transmission within healthcare settings date = 2014-04-30 keywords = GIS; HCAI; analysis; outbreak; study summary = doi = 10.1016/j.jhin.2014.01.010 id = cord-279255-v861kk0i author = Dhama, Kuldeep title = Coronavirus Disease 2019–COVID-19 date = 2020-06-24 keywords = COVID-19; China; CoV-2; MERS; SARS; Wuhan; clinical; coronavirus; human; infection; novel; outbreak summary = Recently, a new type of viral infection emerged in Wuhan City, China, and initial genomic sequencing data of this virus do not match with previously sequenced CoVs, suggesting a novel CoV strain (2019-nCoV), which has now been termed severe acute respiratory syndrome CoV-2 (SARS-CoV-2). Compared to diseases caused by previously known human CoVs, COVID-19 shows less severe pathogenesis but higher transmission competence, as is evident from the continuously increasing number of confirmed cases globally. Recently, a novel coronavirus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), causing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID19) , emerged in late 2019, and it has posed a global health threat, causing an ongoing pandemic in many countries and territories (1) . Health workers worldwide are currently making efforts to control further disease outbreaks caused by the novel CoV (originally named 2019-nCoV), which was first identified in Wuhan City, Hubei Province, China, on 12 December 2019. doi = 10.1128/cmr.00028-20 id = cord-011129-btaxvmsr author = Di Paola, Nicholas title = Viral genomics in Ebola virus research date = 2020-05-04 keywords = Congo; EBOV; EVD; Ebola; Republic; outbreak; virus summary = Here, we review how recent advances in genomic technologies have shaped past and current responses to outbreaks of Ebola virus disease (EVD), including insights into filovirus diversity and evolution. After this identification, considerations other than sequencing speed (for example, sequencing accuracy and processivity) become paramount in determining virus transmission networks and in detecting changes in the viral genome (between cases in the current outbreak and between the current and previous outbreaks) that could subvert MCMs. However, whereas unbiased sequencing approaches using high fidelity platforms can lead to the discovery of co-infections and reveal important clinical considerations during the treatment of patients near the point of need, targeted methods of pathogen characterization using the portable sequencing platforms iSeq 100 and MiSeq (which use bait-enrichment techniques) and MinION (which uses amplicon sequencing) can still provide useful genomic data albeit with a lower sequencing output (that is, a lower number of reads) than unbiased sequencing. doi = 10.1038/s41579-020-0354-7 id = cord-336845-7ofgekoj author = Donthu, Naveen title = Effects of COVID-19 on Business and Research date = 2020-06-09 keywords = COVID-19; consumer; outbreak; pandemic; society summary = doi = 10.1016/j.jbusres.2020.06.008 id = cord-354763-odzrco6q author = Drake, John M. title = Societal Learning in Epidemics: Intervention Effectiveness during the 2003 SARS Outbreak in Singapore date = 2006-12-20 keywords = SARS; learning; outbreak summary = doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0000020 id = cord-321537-ceehbhcb author = Eksin, C. title = Reacting to outbreaks at neighboring localities date = 2020-04-29 keywords = locality; outbreak summary = doi = 10.1101/2020.04.24.20078808 id = cord-255704-cg3j4jac author = Gelber, Shari E. title = Hospital-acquired viral pathogens in the neonatal intensive care unit date = 2002-10-31 keywords = NICU; RSV; outbreak summary = We review the common viral causes of hospital-acquired infections in neonates, including rotavirus, respiratory syncytial virus, and others, discuss epidemiology and clinical syndromes, and summarize recommendations for control in outbreak situations. Once HAV has been introduced, several aspects of the NICU setting appear to encourage spread of virus: 1) The likelihood that affected neonates may be asymptomatic; 2) Fecal-oral spread by personnel who care for multiple patients with tasks that may include the changing of diapers and the placement or manipulation of enteral feeding equipment; 3) Lack of adherence to hand washing and glove wearing; and 4) Increased duration of viral shedding among infants. doi = 10.1053/sper.2002.36268 id = cord-295761-ze2hnddp author = Georgiou, Harris V title = COVID-19 outbreak in Greece has passed its rising inflection point and stepping into its peak date = 2020-04-20 keywords = April; Greece; SEIQRDP; figure; outbreak summary = A short review of the timeline and the pathology of the virus are presented briefly; next, data analytics on the outbreak on the national level are providing hints and baseline parameters of the epidemic in Greece; the SEIR-like approach is introduced as a standard tool for modelling and predicting the outlook and the general outline of the next-day mitigation strategies; finally, a general discussion is made on how the pandemic evolves and how to address the challenges that lie ahead. The data analytics, best-fit model parameters and projected outcomes for Greece, as presented in the previous sections, provide solid evidence that the COVID-19 outbreak at the national level can be tracked with adequate accuracy for the general assessment of the situation, including the transition through the phases of the epidemic. doi = 10.1101/2020.04.15.20066712 id = cord-135784-ad5avzd6 author = Gharavi, Erfaneh title = Early Outbreak Detection for Proactive Crisis Management Using Twitter Data: COVID-19 a Case Study in the US date = 2020-05-01 keywords = Twitter; outbreak summary = In the case of COVID-19 pandemic, delay in developing the test kits, the limited number of kits, complicated bureaucratic health care systems, and lack of transparency in data collection procedures are the major origins of postponement of effective preventive interventions and mitigatory (Washington post; Achrekar et al. To offer a framework for outbreak early detection, the result of analysis on Twitter data are compared to the formal dataset provided by John Hopkins University which is openly available to the public for educational and academic research purposes 3 . Looking into the temporal trends in the Twitter data in 50 states of the US, prior to the official detection of the epidemic outbreak in any of the given states, as expected, we observe linear growth in the number of tweets following the news media reporting on the outbreak in china and later in western Europe. doi = nan id = cord-307990-skrye40w author = Hai, Le Thanh title = Fatal Respiratory Infections Associated with Rhinovirus Outbreak, Vietnam date = 2012-11-17 keywords = HRV; outbreak summary = During an outbreak of severe acute respiratory infections in 2 orphanages, Vietnam, 7/12 hospitalized children died. During an outbreak of severe acute respiratory infections in 2 orphanages, Vietnam, 7/12 hospitalized children died. Human rhinovirus (HRV), a common cause of mild upper respiratory tract infections, may also cause severe ARI in children. Of children whose specimens were tested by RT-PCR, 98% (42/43) of the infants from the outbreak orphanage had at least 1 symptom of respiratory tract infection compared with 14 (35%) of 40 infants at the control orphanage. Several children (not hospitalized) from the outbreak orphanage were also infected with HRVs from the C cluster. We found that HRV was the main pathogen detected in an outbreak of severe ARI in children living in an orphanage in Vietnam. Our fi ndings support recent studies showing that HRV may be associated with severe respiratory tract infection in infants and children (4) (5) (6) . doi = 10.3201/eid1811.120607 id = cord-004006-tfp2idq2 author = Hale, Alison C. title = A real-time spatio-temporal syndromic surveillance system with application to small companion animals date = 2019-11-28 keywords = SAVSNET; outbreak; premise summary = In this paper we describe the first real-time syndromic surveillance system that conducts integrated spatio-temporal analysis of data from a national network of veterinary premises for the early detection of disease outbreaks in small animals. Here we propose a real-time syndromic surveillance system that uses a spatio-temporal model in conjunction with Bayesian inference for the early detection of health-event outbreaks. This is, to our knowledge, the first surveillance system that conducts integrated spatio-temporal analysis of data from a national network of veterinary practices so as to enable real-time detection of spatially and temporally localised changes in reporting patterns across the network. We use the actual SAVSNET total consultations for dogs during February 2016, together with their associated explanatory variables, to simulate a step increase in the proportion of GI disease cases affecting one or more premises from a given day t , 0 corresponding to 15 February 2016, by augmenting Eq. doi = 10.1038/s41598-019-53352-6 id = cord-286844-kxhp58my author = Hansen, S. title = Closure of medical departments during nosocomial outbreaks: data from a systematic analysis of the literature date = 2007-04-30 keywords = outbreak summary = Summary A total closure of an affected medical department is one of the most expensive infection control measures during investigation of a nosocomial outbreak. Summary A total closure of an affected medical department is one of the most expensive infection control measures during investigation of a nosocomial outbreak. Furthermore, almost every nosocomial outbreak will increase the costs for the affected medical department especially when a total closure of the unit is considered. For all outbreaks in which ''closure'' was applied, the following data were obtained: (a) the type of medical department; (b) the degree of closure, e.g. part of the unit, the entire unit, or multiple units; (c) the species of the nosocomial pathogen; (d) the most probable source of the outbreak; (e) the route of transmission; (f) the distribution of outbreak-associated nosocomial infections. Tables IIIeV summarize the data on the source of the outbreak, the mode of pathogen transmission, and the distribution of nosocomial infections that finally led to closure of the ward. doi = 10.1016/j.jhin.2006.12.018 id = cord-021571-7kbq0v9w author = Heath, Joan A. title = Infections Acquired in the Nursery: Epidemiology and Control date = 2009-05-19 keywords = CDC; Control; NICU; care; hand; infant; infection; neonatal; nosocomial; outbreak; patient summary = The fact that a hand hygiene campaign was associated with increased hand hygiene compliance and a lower rate of CONS-positive cultures supports this ~ontention.''~ Enterococcus has been shown to account for 10% of total nosocomial infections in neonates, 6% to 15% of bloodstream infections, 0% to 5% of cases of pneumonia, 17% of urinary tract infections, and 9% of surgical site Sepsis and meningitis are common manifestations of enterococcal infection during NICU outbreak^''^,^^; however, polymicrobial bacteremia and NEC frequently accompany enterococcal sepsis.77 Identified risk factors for enterococcal sepsis, after adjustment for birth weight, include use of a nonumbilical CVC, prolonged presence of a CVC, and bowel resection?'' Because Enterococcus colonizes the gastrointestinal tract and can survive for long periods of time on inanimate surfaces, the patient''s environment may become contaminated and, along with the infant, serve as a reservoir for ongoing spread of the organism. doi = 10.1016/b0-72-160537-0/50037-2 id = cord-018646-fqy82sm6 author = Huremović, Damir title = Brief History of Pandemics (Pandemics Throughout History) date = 2019-05-16 keywords = Europe; H1N1; HIV; outbreak; pandemic; plague summary = Starting with religious texts, which heavily reference plagues, this chapter establishes the fundamentals for our understanding of the scope, social, medical, and psychological impact that some pandemics effected on civilization, including the Black Death (a plague outbreak from the fourteenth century), the Spanish Flu of 1918, and the more recent outbreaks in the twenty-first century, including SARS, Ebola, and Zika. This includes the unexamined ways pandemic outbreaks might have shaped the specialty of psychiatry; psychoanalysis was gaining recognition as an established treatment within medical community at the time the last great pandemic was making global rounds a century ago. Stemming from Doric Greek word plaga (strike, blow), the word plague is a polyseme, used interchangeably to describe a particular, virulent contagious febrile disease caused by Yersinia pestis, as a general term for any epidemic disease causing a high rate of mortality, or more widely, as a metaphor for any sudden outbreak of a disastrous evil or affliction [4] . doi = 10.1007/978-3-030-15346-5_2 id = cord-293221-gf9wy4a9 author = Idowu, Abiodun Benjamin title = Ebola virus disease in the eyes of a rural, agrarian community in Western Nigeria: a mixed method study date = 2020-08-31 keywords = EVD; Ebola; disease; outbreak summary = It is on this basis that this study was conducted to (assess) the knowledge, perceptions, beliefs and preventive practices against EVD in a predominantly agrarian rural community in Southwest Nigeria. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study conducted in Igbogila town, Yewa North Local Government Area of Ogun State, Southwest Nigeria in the latter part of 2014 during the EVD outbreak. However, a closer look at past EVD outbreaks revealed that they often originated from rural agrarian communities where there are many misconceptions about the disease, refusal of early isolation and quarantine, and unsafe burial rites practices which aggravate epidemics [8, 9] . No case of EVD was recorded in the study area during the outbreak, nevertheless the limited data provides relevant information useful to researchers and other public health stakeholders in infectious disease prevention and control. Study on public knowledge, attitudes and practices relating to Ebola virus disease prevention and medical care in Sierra Leone doi = 10.1186/s12889-020-09441-7 id = cord-280285-mwuix1tv author = Inkster, T. title = Consecutive yearly outbreaks of respiratory syncytial virus in a haemato-oncology ward and efficacy of infection control measures date = 2017-05-06 keywords = RSV; outbreak summary = title: Consecutive yearly outbreaks of respiratory syncytial virus in a haemato-oncology ward and efficacy of infection control measures In December 2015 three patients on the haematology ward with respiratory symptoms tested positive for RSV in a 24 h period. On the day of ward closure a fourth patient with respiratory symptoms tested positive for RSV and was isolated with precautions in place. Confirmed case of RSV Any patient or staff member with respiratory symptoms and a positive respiratory sample for RSV Probable case of RSV Any patient or staff member with respiratory symptoms Asymptomatic carrier Any patient or staff member in whom RSV was detected on screening in the absence of respiratory symptoms or fever measuring both standard and transmission-based infection control precautions at the time of ward reopening, and a training package was put in place for ward staff. doi = 10.1016/j.jhin.2017.05.002 id = cord-103286-k1po7bzb author = Jean, K. title = Assessing the impact of preventive mass vaccination campaigns on yellow fever outbreaks in Africa : a population-level self-controlled case-series study date = 2020-07-11 keywords = PMVC; SCCS; outbreak summary = title: Assessing the impact of preventive mass vaccination campaigns on yellow fever outbreaks in Africa : a population-level self-controlled case-series study Methods: We used the self-controlled case series (SCCS) method to assess the association between the occurrence of yellow fever outbreaks and the implementation of PMVCs at the province level in the African endemic region. Here, we illustrate the use of the SCCS method at the population level by assessing the association between the implementation of PMVCs and the occurrence of yellow fever outbreaks at the province level in the African endemic region between 2005 and 2018. Relying on the Self-Controlled Case Series (SCCS) method, which allows to use each case as its own control and thus eliminates all time invariant confounding, we estimated that PMVC reduces the risk of yellow fever outbreak by 86% (66% to 94%) at the province level. doi = 10.1101/2020.07.09.20147355 id = cord-345727-bcxkycjh author = Karimata, Yosuke title = Clinical Features of Human Metapneumovirus Pneumonia in Non-Immunocompromised Patients: An Investigation of Three Long-Term Care Facility Outbreaks date = 2018-09-15 keywords = hmpv; outbreak; patient summary = title: Clinical Features of Human Metapneumovirus Pneumonia in Non-Immunocompromised Patients: An Investigation of Three Long-Term Care Facility Outbreaks BACKGROUND: Several studies have reported outbreaks due to human metapneumovirus (hMPV) in long-term care facilities (LTCF) for the elderly. Even though it is usually a mild and self-limiting disease, hMPV can potentially cause severe lower respiratory infections, especially in young children, the elderly, and immunocompromised patients [3] [4] [5] [12] [13] [14] . Several studies have reported outbreaks due to hMPV in long-term care facilities (LTCF) for the elderly and described the high incidence of pneumonia [3] [4] [5] [14] [15] [16] [17] . In conclusion, we report the clinical and radiological features of hMPV pneumonia in non-immunocompromised patients collected from 3 outbreaks in LTCF in Okinawa, Japan. An outbreak of severe respiratory tract infection due to human metapneumovirus in a long-term care facility for the elderly in Oregon doi = 10.1093/infdis/jiy261 id = cord-003507-22ylifqo author = Kelly, J. Daniel title = Projections of Ebola outbreak size and duration with and without vaccine use in Équateur, Democratic Republic of Congo, as of May 27, 2018 date = 2019-03-07 keywords = EVD; Ebola; outbreak summary = As of May 27, 2018, 6 suspected, 13 probable and 35 confirmed cases of Ebola virus disease (EVD) had been reported in Équateur Province, Democratic Republic of Congo. We modeled Ebola virus transmission using a stochastic branching process model that included reproduction numbers from past Ebola outbreaks and a particle filtering method to generate a probabilistic projection of the outbreak size and duration conditioned on its reported trajectory to date; modeled using high (62%), low (44%), and zero (0%) estimates of vaccination coverage (after deployment). With the stochastic model, using high, low, and zero estimates of vaccination coverage, the median outbreak sizes for probable and confirmed cases were 82 cases (95% prediction interval [PI]: 55, 156), 104 cases (95% PI: 58, 271), and 213 cases (95% PI: 64, 1450), respectively. We modeled Ebola virus transmission using a stochastic branching process model, parameterized by transmission rates estimated from the dynamics of prior EVD outbreaks, and conditioned on agreement with reported case counts from the 2018 EVD outbreak to date. doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0213190 id = cord-288187-84oj3xtp author = Khan, Ali S. title = Forensic public health: epidemiological and microbiological investigations for biosecurity date = 2019-12-06 keywords = disease; dna; investigation; outbreak summary = Microbial forensics combines epidemiology with genomic and microbiologic methods, to identify, characterize, and ascribe the cause of an incident resulting from the intentional or unintentional release of a harmful pathogen. The specific objectives of epidemiology (Gordis, 1996) are to (i) determine the extent of disease present in the community; (ii) identify the etiology or cause of a disease and the factors that increase a person''s risk for disease; (iii) study the natural history and prognosis of disease; (iv) evaluate new preventive and therapeutic measures and new modes of healthcare delivery; and (v) provide a foundation for developing public policy and regulations. Microbial forensics combines epidemiology with genomic and microbiologic methods, to identify, characterize, and ascribe the cause of an incident resulting from the intentional or unintentional release of a harmful pathogen (Rasko et al., 2011) . Forensic public health: epidemiological and microbiological investigations for biosecurity stated that genome editing research on pathogens with pandemic potential may pose a national security risk if not regulated. doi = 10.1016/b978-0-12-815379-6.00008-8 id = cord-298372-4pw1y404 author = Koch, Lionel title = Natural outbreaks and bioterrorism: How to deal with the two sides of the same coin? date = 2020-08-18 keywords = COVID-19; Ebola; SARS; disease; outbreak summary = doi = 10.7189/jogh.10.020317 id = cord-018364-b06084r1 author = LaBrunda, Michelle title = The Emerging Threat of Ebola date = 2019-06-07 keywords = Africa; EVD; Ebola; Saa; disease; health; outbreak; virus summary = doi = 10.1007/978-3-030-23491-1_6 id = cord-319647-c4qnwfm9 author = Le Guyader, Françoise S title = Transmission of viruses through shellfish: when specific ligands come into play date = 2011-11-25 keywords = GII; outbreak summary = doi = 10.1016/j.coviro.2011.10.029 id = cord-289305-mfjyjjer author = Lee, Min Hye title = A systematic review on the causes of the transmission and control measures of outbreaks in long-term care facilities: Back to basics of infection control date = 2020-03-10 keywords = gas; outbreak; study summary = title: A systematic review on the causes of the transmission and control measures of outbreaks in long-term care facilities: Back to basics of infection control Three studies on gastrointestinal infection, in which adherence to hand hygiene among HCWs was crucial to prevent its spread, reported control measures including stringent hand hygiene practice and reinforcement of standard precautions [23, 27, 31] . The study on the RSV and HMPV outbreak reported various measures including active surveillance, isolation, contact precaution, antiviral prophylaxis for residents and work restriction for ill staff to control respiratory pathogen transmission [50] . This update for understanding outbreaks in LTCFs by reviewing recent studies indicates that staff members and residents are still at risk for contagious disease outbreaks including influenza, gastroenteritis, and GAS infection. Influenza outbreak control practices and the effectiveness of interventions in long-term care facilities: a systematic review doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0229911 id = cord-355713-zupocnuf author = Li, Junxiong title = Changing Grocery Shopping Behaviours Among Chinese Consumers At The Outset Of The COVID‐19 Outbreak date = 2020-06-12 keywords = China; covid-19; food; outbreak summary = doi = 10.1111/tesg.12420 id = cord-266526-8csl9md0 author = Li, Shuai title = Integrated environment-occupant-pathogen information modeling to assess and communicate room-level outbreak risks of infectious diseases date = 2020-10-24 keywords = outbreak; risk summary = title: Integrated environment-occupant-pathogen information modeling to assess and communicate room-level outbreak risks of infectious diseases To inform occupants and guide facility managers to prevent and respond to infectious disease outbreaks, this study proposed a framework to assess room-level outbreak risks in buildings by modeling built environment characteristics, occupancy information, and pathogen transmission. The efficacy of the proposed method was demonstrated by a case study, in which building characteristics, occupancy schedules, pathogen parameters, as well as hygiene and cleaning practices are considered for outbreak risk assessment. This study contributes to the body of knowledge by computationally integrating building, occupant, and pathogen information modeling for infectious disease outbreak assessment, and communicating actionable information for built environment management. This study aims to develop a framework for room-level outbreak risk assessment based on 105 integrated building-occupancy-pathogen modeling to mitigate the spread of infectious disease in 106 doi = 10.1016/j.buildenv.2020.107394 id = cord-351017-yntcwq9t author = Li, Xuelian title = COVID-19, insurer board utility, and capital regulation date = 2020-06-18 keywords = covid-19; outbreak summary = doi = 10.1016/j.frl.2020.101659 id = cord-262623-lmf2h6oc author = Light, R. Bruce title = Plagues in the ICU: A Brief History of Community-Acquired Epidemic and Endemic Transmissible Infections Leading to Intensive Care Admission date = 2009-01-31 keywords = ICU; case; disease; outbreak; respiratory; syndrome summary = In addition to the HIV pandemic, the smaller epidemic outbreaks of Legionnaire''s disease, hantavirus pulmonary syndrome, and severe acute respiratory syndrome, among many others, points out the potential risk associated with a lack of preplanning and preparedness. In the late 1970s, emergency rooms and ICUs throughout North America began to see an increasing number of young menstruating women presenting with a previously little-known syndrome characterized by sudden onset of a high fever, often associated with vomiting and diarrhea, quickly followed by severe hypotension. At the beginning of the epidemic, most patients presenting for care with HIV/AIDS and Pneumocystosis were severely ill with diffuse pneumonia and hypoxemic respiratory failure and many died, 80%-90% in most centers, prompting widespread debate about whether such patients should even be admitted to ICU for mechanical ventilatory support. doi = 10.1016/j.ccc.2008.11.002 id = cord-291238-myjyw8ei author = Longtin, Jean title = Rhinovirus Outbreaks in Long-term Care Facilities, Ontario, Canada date = 2010-09-17 keywords = HRV; outbreak summary = Although the most commonly identifi ed viruses have been infl uenza virus and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) (1), human rhinovirus (HRV) is being increasingly associated with severe respiratory disease and outbreaks in these facilities (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) . As a result, the number of outbreaks caused by HRV in long-term care facilities, and the associated illness and death, may be substantially underestimated. During the surveillance period, 297 respiratory disease outbreaks in long-term care facilities were reported to the Ontario Public Health Laboratory; we received samples from 269 facilities (Table 1) . We cautiously assume that HRV was the causative organism for 174 (59%) of the 297 respiratory outbreaks in long-term care facilities in Ontario during the surveillance period. Neighbor-joining phylogenetic tree of human rhinoviruses (HRV) isolated from 4 respiratory disease outbreaks with associated deaths in long-term care facilities, Ontario, Canada. doi = 10.3201/eid1609.100476 id = cord-022002-6edzmj7n author = Mitruka, Kiren title = Cruise Ship Travel date = 2009-05-15 keywords = International; cruise; disease; outbreak; passenger; ship summary = Those include the names of the associated cruise lines and cruise ships, sailing dates, illness symptoms, the percentage of passenger and crew affected, control measures, and causative agent, if known. 24 Medical care aboard cruise ship is designed to provide cruise line passengers and crew members with timely access to comprehensive services for minor to severe illness and injury. 34 Clinicians can also play an important role in preventing influenza and other respiratory disease outbreaks aboard ships by â�ª asking travelers to refrain from traveling while ill and if illness develops during the trip, to practice respiratory hygiene and minimize contact with other people, including the cruise staff; and â�ª providing vaccination (or rarely, antiviral medications) as prevention, especially to high-risk populations as well as their close contacts, and those traveling in large tour groups, even if travel occurs during summer. doi = 10.1016/b978-0-323-03453-1.10034-3 id = cord-312103-lakwurn0 author = Mondor, Luke title = Timeliness of Nongovernmental versus Governmental Global Outbreak Communications date = 2012-07-17 keywords = outbreak summary = To compare the timeliness of nongovernmental and governmental communications of infectious disease outbreaks and evaluate trends for each over time, we investigated the time elapsed from the beginning of an outbreak to public reporting of the event. We found that governmental sources improved the timeliness of public reporting of infectious disease outbreaks during the study period. The median time from estimated outbreak start to initial public communication was 10 days shorter for nongovernmental sources (23 days, 95% CI 20-32) than for governmental sources (33 days, 95% CI 30-45), although this difference was not signifi cant according to the Wilcoxon rank-sum test (p = 0.200) ( Table 1) . Despite these limitations, our data highlight the value of nongovernmental sources as an integral resource for providing timely information about global infectious disease threats, and demonstrate the signifi cant improvements in the timeliness of outbreak reporting made by governmental sources. doi = 10.3201/eid1807.120249 id = cord-322541-yzum868k author = Moon, Suerie title = Will Ebola change the game? Ten essential reforms before the next pandemic. The report of the Harvard-LSHTM Independent Panel on the Global Response to Ebola date = 2015-11-23 keywords = Committee; Ebola; Emergency; General; Health; outbreak summary = doi = 10.1016/s0140-6736(15)00946-0 id = cord-104128-0gyk9cwx author = Morand, Serge title = The accelerated infectious disease risk in the Anthropocene: more outbreaks and wider global spread date = 2020-04-20 keywords = Anthropocene; disease; global; outbreak summary = Countries which are more centrally located within these disease networks tend to be also the more developed and emerging countries with significantly higher GDPs. Therefore, one cost of increased global mobility (which is currently tightly linked to economic growth and globalization, see Discussion below) is the increased risk of disease outbreaks and their faster and wider spread (although we note that the risk per capita may be decreasing, Smith et al., 2014) . Similarly, increasing levels of (1) isolation of infectious hosts, household quarantine and related behavioral changes which reduce transmission rates and (2) air traffic reduction increasingly slowed the global spread of influenza, although the latter control strategy required the almost complete halt of global air traffic (Cooper et al., 2006; Ferguson et al., 2006; Flahault et al., 2006; Hollingsworth et al., 2006; Epstein et al., 2007; Bajardi 11 et al., 2011) . doi = 10.1101/2020.04.20.049866 id = cord-023767-rcv4pl0d author = O’Ryan, Miguel L. title = Microorganisms Responsible for Neonatal Diarrhea date = 2009-05-19 keywords = Campylobacter; EAEC; EPEC; Escherichia; Salmonella; Shigella; States; United; cause; child; coli; diarrhea; human; infant; infection; neonatal; outbreak; rotavirus summary = coli may disappear completely from stools of breast-fed children during the ensuing weeks, this disappearance is believed to be related to factors present in the human milk rather than the gastric secretions.5~302~303 The use of breast-feeding or expressed human milk has even been effective in terminating nursery epidemics caused by EPEC 0 11 1:B4, probably by reducing the incidence of crossinfections among infants.3033304 Although dose-effect studies have not been performed among newborns, severe diarrhea has occurred after ingestion of 10'' EPEC organisms by very young The clinical syndrome is that of bloody, noninflammatory (sometimes voluminous) diarrhea that is distinct from febrile dysentery with fecal leukocytes seen in shigellosis or EIEC infection^.^^ Most cases of EHEC infections have been recognized in outbreaks of bloody diarrhea or HUS in daycare centers, schools, nursing homes, and c o m m~n i t i e s .~~~-~~~ Although EHEC infections often involve infants and young children, the frequency of this infection in neonates remains unclear; animal studies suggest that receptors for the Shiga toxin may be developmentally regulated and that susceptibility to disease may be age related. doi = 10.1016/b0-72-160537-0/50022-0 id = cord-276254-q04hqra2 author = Paul, Kishor Kumar title = Comparing insights from clinic-based versus community-based outbreak investigations: a case study of chikungunya in Bangladesh date = 2020-06-02 keywords = Bangladesh; case; outbreak summary = title: Comparing insights from clinic-based versus community-based outbreak investigations: a case study of chikungunya in Bangladesh In this context, community-based investigations may provide additional insight into key risk factors for infection, however, the benefits of these more laborious data collection strategies remains unclear. (Khatun et al., 2015 , Salje et al., 2016b Here we use the results from a detailed investigation of an outbreak of chikungunya virus in a village in Tangail, Bangladesh where the outbreak team visited every household in the community and interviewed all members in each household. This investigation suggests that chikungunya virus has become an emerging public health problem in Bangladesh, and outbreak investigations of emerging infections often have the objective of estimating attack rates of diseases and identifying the risk factors that lead to infection. doi = 10.1016/j.ijid.2020.05.111 id = cord-290264-pv7ijdnx author = Perakslis, Eric title = A Primer on Biodefense Data Science for Pandemic Preparedness date = 2020-04-10 keywords = Ebola; outbreak; response summary = 1 This piece will dig deeper into biodefense policy as well as suggest specific actions that the data science community can take to contribute to COVID-19 resilience, response, and recovery efforts. Starting at the top and looking more deeply into risk and resilience in the United States, much of the policy stems from the Homeland Security Presidential Directive 21, which outlines the policy and strategy for public health and medical preparedness. This outbreak is past the point of prevention, and the response must now focus on minimizing the effects as people get sick. A toolset that I have personally used over the years for rapid development and deployment is CommCare by Dimagi, and they have already built a toolkit and guide specifically for COVID-19 outbreak response. 8 My last trip during that outbreak focused upon rebuilding local infrastructure to enable the local health systems to get back to full operation, including the possibility of an Ebola-infected patient presenting and seeking care. doi = 10.1016/j.patter.2020.100018 id = cord-298678-hjxph9jm author = Petrović, T. title = Viral Contamination of Food date = 2016-02-05 keywords = EFSA; HAV; HEV; food; outbreak; virus summary = doi = 10.1016/b978-0-12-800723-5.00005-x id = cord-271862-jk37ej4c author = Qian, Hua title = Indoor transmission of SARS-CoV-2 date = 2020-04-07 keywords = January; case; outbreak summary = Methods: Case reports were extracted from the local Municipal Health Commissions of 320 prefectural cities (municipalities) in China, not including Hubei province, between 4 January and 11 February 2020. Conclusions: All identified outbreaks of three or more cases occurred in an indoor environment, which confirms that sharing indoor space is a major SARS-CoV-2 infection risk. 2 Since 20 January 2020, the local health authorities of cities outside Hubei have reported online the details of most identified cases of infections. In this study, we identified the outbreaks from these case reports from the local Municipal Health Commissions of 320 prefectural cities (municipalities) in China, not including Hubei province, between 4 January and 11 February 2020 and reviewed the major characteristics of the enclosed areas in which these outbreaks were determined to have occurred and associated indoor environment issues. We collected descriptions of each confirmed case from the local Municipal Health Commission website of 320 prefectural cities in mainland China, not including Hubei province. doi = 10.1101/2020.04.04.20053058 id = cord-016819-6r4qf63o author = Radosavljevic, Vladan title = A New Method of Differentiation Between a Biological Attack and Other Epidemics date = 2012-08-31 keywords = agent; biological; outbreak summary = The system was applied to four UEEs: (1) an intentional attack by a deliberate use of a biological agent (Amerithrax), (2) a spontaneous outbreak of a new or re-emerging disease ("swine flu"), (3) a spontaneous outbreak by an accidental release of a pathogen (Sverdlovsk anthrax), and (4) a spontaneous natural outbreak of a known endemic disease that may mimic bioterrorism or biowarfare (Kosovo tularemia). This UEE analysis is a subtle and detailed differentiation through assessment of BA feasibility in comparison with other outbreak scenarios, in particular: (1) a spontaneous outbreak of a new or re-emerging disease (NR) (such as "swine fl u"), (2) a spontaneous outbreak by an accidental release of a pathogen (AR) (such as the Sverdlovsk anthrax outbreak), and (3) a spontaneous natural outbreak of a known endemic disease that may mimic bioterrorism or biowarfare (NE) (such as the Kosovo tularemia outbreak). doi = 10.1007/978-94-007-5273-3_3 id = cord-317450-tp2ckb6r author = Robillard, R. title = Social, Financial and Psychological Stress during an Emerging Pandemic: Observations from a Population Web-Based Survey in the acute phase of the COVID-19 pandemic date = 2020-06-30 keywords = COVID-19; June; outbreak summary = doi = 10.1101/2020.06.29.20142638 id = cord-274332-vuupgg7i author = Robinson, Esther R title = Genomics and outbreak investigation: from sequence to consequence date = 2013-04-29 keywords = MRSA; WGS; outbreak; sequencing summary = We conclude that high-throughput sequencing approaches can make a significant contribution to the investigation of outbreaks of bacterial infection and that the integration of WGS with epidemiological investigation, diagnostic assays and antimicrobial susceptibility testing will precipitate radical changes in clinical microbiology and infectious disease epidemiology in the near future. Although we recognize that virologists pioneered the use of WGS for pathogen typing, targeting genomes small enough for WGS with traditional Sanger sequencing [21] , here we will concentrate on the application of WGS to outbreaks of bacterial infection, catalyzed by the recent arrival in the marketplace of a range of technologies that fall under the umbrella term ''high-throughput sequencing'' (sometimes called ''next-generation sequencing'') [22, 23] . doi = 10.1186/gm440 id = cord-291382-vo9bemg1 author = Ryan, Jeffrey R. title = Case Studies date = 2016-03-25 keywords = Ebola; Fig; September; Sverdlovsk; health; outbreak summary = Specifically, the chapter provides details on the Sverdlovsk anthrax incident (1979); the Rajneeshee Salmonella incident (1984); the Surat, India pneumonic plague outbreak (1994); the Fallen Angel ricin incidents (2003–04); Amerithrax (2001); and the outbreak of Ebola virus in West Africa (2014–15). In addition, each case study presented herein shows how confounding these outbreaks can be to public health officials and how fear, panic, and social disruption may ensue. The reports of a possible anthrax outbreak in Sverdlovsk, linked to an incident at a suspected Soviet biological warfare facility, served to further deepen already worsening US-Soviet relations, which were heading back toward a new Cold War in the wake of the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan. By the time the first CDC officers began to arrive, the county health department had already confirmed 60 cases of Salmonella enterica serotype Typhimurium from the outbreak. doi = 10.1016/b978-0-12-802029-6.00007-4 id = cord-334108-4ey725dv author = Seymour, I.J. title = Foodborne viruses and fresh produce date = 2008-07-07 keywords = United; hepatitis; outbreak; virus summary = The most frequently reported foodborne viral infections are viral gastroenteritis and hepatitis A: both have been associated with the consumption of fresh fruit or vegetables. There are many groups of viruses which could contaminate food items, but the major foodborne viral pathogens are those that infect via the gastrointestinal tract, such as the gastroenteritis viruses and hepatitis A virus. There is a need to develop more effective quantitative methods in order to assess the survival of viruses on fresh produce and to determine the decontamination ef®ciencies of current commercial washing systems for fruit and vegetables. Mounting evidence suggests that viruses can survive long enough and in high enough numbers to cause human diseases through direct contact with polluted water or contaminated foods (Nasser 1994; Bosch 1995) . When hepatitis A virus was detected in lettuce from Costa Rica, it was suggested that the possible source of contamination was the discharge of untreated sewage into river water used to irrigate crops, which is common practice in some less well-developed countries (Hernandez et al. doi = 10.1046/j.1365-2672.2001.01427.x id = cord-016404-gyilma0h author = Shaffer, Loren title = Early Outbreak Detection Using an Automated Data Feed of Test Orders from a Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory date = 2007 keywords = IDEXX; Surveillance; outbreak summary = Most of the current disease surveillance systems used for animal populations are considered inadequate for detecting outbreaks of emerging disease, potential acts of bioterrorism, or outbreaks resulting from pathogens for which the system was not specifically designed for in a timely manner [16] , [20] , [21] , [24] . Although laboratory analyses are not as frequently a part of the veterinary care of pet animals compared to the medical care of humans [31] , we hypothesize that the consistency of test orders over time is such that increases in cases of disease will result in detectable increases in the number of test orders submitted by veterinarians that can be identified using prospective analysis. IDEXX transferred once daily to a server located at the Real-time Outbreak and Disease Surveillance (RODS) Laboratory (University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania), via secure file transfer protocol, an automatically generated text file containing records of laboratory orders for specimens received within the previous 24-hour period. doi = 10.1007/978-3-540-72608-1_1 id = cord-276758-k2imddzr author = Siegel, Jane D. title = 2007 Guideline for Isolation Precautions: Preventing Transmission of Infectious Agents in Health Care Settings date = 2007-12-07 keywords = CDC; Control; MRSA; PPE; Precautions; SARS; Standard; Staphylococcus; States; United; base; care; health; infection; outbreak; patient; transmission summary = Activities currently assigned to ICPs in response to emerging challenges include (1) surveillance and infection prevention at facilities other than acute care hospitals (eg, ambulatory clinics, day surgery centers, LTCFs, rehabilitation centers, home care); (2) oversight of employee health services related to infection prevention (eg, assessment of risk and administration of recommended treatment after exposure to infectious agents, tuberculosis screening, influenza vaccination, respiratory protection fit testing, and administration of other vaccines as indicated, such as smallpox vaccine in 2003); (3) preparedness planning for annual influenza outbreaks, pandemic influenza, SARS, and bioweapons attacks; (4) adherence monitoring for selected infection control practices; (5) oversight of risk assessment and implementation of prevention measures associated with construction and renovation; (6) prevention of transmission of MDROs; (7) evaluation of new medical products that could be associated with increased infection risk (eg, intravenous infusion materials); (8) communication with the public, facility staff, and state and local health departments concerning infection control-related issues; and (9) participation in local and multicenter research projects. doi = 10.1016/j.ajic.2007.10.007 id = cord-320454-dhfl92et author = Srivastava, S. title = Healthcare-associated infections in neonatal units: lessons from contrasting worlds date = 2007-03-12 keywords = HAI; NICU; infection; neonatal; neonate; outbreak summary = doi = 10.1016/j.jhin.2007.01.014 id = cord-277765-koa8ao10 author = Stoddard, M. title = COVID-19 isolation and containment strategies for ships: Lessons from the USS Theodore Roosevelt outbreak date = 2020-11-07 keywords = COVID-19; Roosevelt; outbreak summary = We assumed disease dynamics in this period reflect the underlying rate of disease spread before outbreak response measures such as increased testing-based isolation and mass evacuation began impacting the number of cases. The Navy employed two strategies to control the Roosevelt outbreak: removal of sailors at random by mass evacuation and targeted removal of sailors who tested positive by isolation (either onboard or onshore) (LaGrone, Jun 2020). In Figure 2 , we assess the impact of a mass evacuation-based outbreak mitigation strategy, in which testing is absent and sailor removals are exposure-agnostic. The selected strategy involves evacuation of 5% of crew members daily until 10% of the initial crew remains; testing at a rate of 10% of the total crew daily; and immediate implementation of both measures at the time of detection of the first case ( Figure 6 ). doi = 10.1101/2020.11.05.20226712 id = cord-017634-zhmnfd1w author = Straif-Bourgeois, Susanne title = Infectious Disease Epidemiology date = 2005 keywords = CDC; case; datum; disease; infectious; outbreak; program; surveillance summary = Use of additional clinical, epidemiological and laboratory data may enable a physician to diagnose a disease even though the formal surveillance case definition may not be met. Another way to detect an increase of cases is if the surveillance system of reportable infectious diseases reveals an unusually high number of people with the same diagnosis over a certain time period at different health care facilities. On the other hand, however, there should be no time delay in starting an investigation if there is an opportunity to prevent more cases or the potential to identify a system failure which can be caused, for example, by poor food preparation in a restaurant or poor infection control practices in a hospital or to prevent future outbreaks by acquiring more knowledge of the epidemiology of the agent involved. In developing countries, surveys are often necessary to evaluate health problems since data collected routinely (disease surveillance, hospital records, case registers) are often incomplete and of poor quality. doi = 10.1007/978-3-540-26577-1_34 id = cord-029880-mhmvc0kq author = Sy, Charlle title = Policy Development for Pandemic Response Using System Dynamics: a Case Study on COVID-19 date = 2020-07-29 keywords = COVID-19; outbreak; system summary = title: Policy Development for Pandemic Response Using System Dynamics: a Case Study on COVID-19 These models have been integral in providing insights necessary for developing risk management strategies that minimize the transmission of disease outbreaks and other negative impacts, such as shortages in essential resources and economic declines. Araz (2013) proposed an integrated framework joining system dynamics with analytic hierarchy process (AHP) a decision-making tool for the assessment of public health strategies in an influenza outbreak capturing multiple stakeholder preferences. To address this gap, this research is aimed to demonstrate the viability of system dynamics as a framework to understand and develop response strategies for disease pandemics such as COVID-19. The general objective of the study is to develop a system dynamics model of COVID-19 for different scenarios aiming to equip decision-makers with evidence-based judgment in the control of the outbreak. Integrating complex system dynamics of pandemic influenza with a multi-criteria decision making model for evaluating public health strategies doi = 10.1007/s41660-020-00130-x id = cord-298870-22lf1cp5 author = Timen, Aura title = Control Measures Used during Lymphogranuloma Venereum Outbreak, Europe date = 2008-04-17 keywords = LGV; country; outbreak summary = The resurgence of LGV in Europe contained many features similar to an infectious disease emergency: it occurred unexpectedly; there was delay in the recognition of cases, which allowed the disease to spread within the risk group; and there was no preconceived outbreak control plan. The third section included 9 questions about the content of outbreak control measures (i.e., case identifi cation, case defi nitions, laboratory confi rmation, treatment, reporting, and interventions for health professionals and the groups at risk). Emerging Infectious Diseases • www.cdc.gov/eid • Vol. 14, No. 4, April 2008 However, in the management of LGV patients, differences were seen between countries with respect to case defi nitions, laboratory testing, and antimicrobial drug treatment. Because only 1 of these new European Union member countries completed the questionnaire, it was also impossible to assess how outbreak control measures were developed and implemented. doi = 10.3201/eid1404.061583 id = cord-001219-517gka4h author = Timpka, Toomas title = Intentions to Perform Non-Pharmaceutical Protective Behaviors during Influenza Outbreaks in Sweden: A Cross-Sectional Study following a Mass Vaccination Campaign date = 2014-03-07 keywords = AUC; influenza; intention; outbreak summary = We administered a cross-sectional telephone survey to a representative sample (n = 443) of the Swedish adult population to examine whether self-reported intentions to improve personal hygiene and increase social distancing during influenza outbreaks could be explained by trust in official information, self-reported health (SF-8), sociodemographic factors, and determinants postulated in protection motivation theory, namely threat appraisal and coping appraisal. A hypothetical explanatory model was constructed to inform the analysis of the main research question; i.e. to what extent selfreported intentions to perform protective behaviors during influenza outbreaks can be explained by perceptions of threat and the ability to cope as outlined in the PMT, self-assessments of health status, trust in official information, and sociodemiographic factors. doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0091060 id = cord-340194-ibli36rq author = To, Kelvin K.W. title = Ebola virus disease: a highly fatal infectious disease reemerging in West Africa date = 2014-11-29 keywords = Africa; EVD; Ebola; ebolavirus; outbreak; virus summary = Ebolavirus has been known to cause outbreaks of severe hemorrhagic fever with high fatality in Africa since 1976 [1] . Zaire and Sudan ebolavirus are responsible for most outbreaks, and these species are associated with highest case-fatality rates, ranging from 44e100% and 41e69%, respectively. In addition to clinically apparent EVD outbreaks, seroepidemiology studies showed that there is a high prevalence seropositive individuals, suggesting that asymptomatic or mild infection can occur [15] . The only human case of ebolavirus infection in West Africa before the 2014 outbreak occurred 20 years ago. During the 1976 EVD outbreak, the index case had transmitted the virus to healthcare workers and hospitalized patients with at least 15 generations of person-to-person transmission [29] . Human fatal zaire ebola virus infection is associated with an aberrant innate immunity and with massive lymphocyte apoptosis Analysis of human peripheral blood samples from fatal and nonfatal cases of Ebola (Sudan) hemorrhagic fever: cellular responses, virus load, and nitric oxide levels doi = 10.1016/j.micinf.2014.11.007 id = cord-017731-xzfo5jjq author = Todd, Ewen C. D. title = Foodborne Disease in the Middle East date = 2016-11-25 keywords = East; Egypt; Iraq; Lebanon; Middle; Ministry; Pakistan; Qatar; Salmonella; Turkey; country; egyptian; food; outbreak summary = Food safety is a concern worldwide and according to the World Health Organization, developing countries are probably more at risk of foodborne illness because many of these, including those in the Middle East, have limited disease surveillance and prevention and control strategies. Like many other parts of the developing world, foodborne disease surveillance is limited and outbreaks are most often reported through the Press but with insufficient detail to determine the etiological agents and the factors contributing to the outbreaks, leading to speculation to the cause by those interested or responsible for food prevention and control. Thus, the main foodborne disease issues are with homemade, restaurant and street food, where isolated claims of illness are followed up by inspections and possible punitive action by public health agencies responsible for food safety. doi = 10.1007/978-3-319-48920-9_17 id = cord-014505-8nc8uep2 author = Vahora, Jennifer title = Evaluation of REDCap as a Tool for Outbreak Data Management, Illinois, 2013-2014 date = 2015-02-26 keywords = outbreak summary = Public health agencies have begun to use REDCap to manage disease outbreak data. We conducted a retrospective review of four different types of outbreaks that recently occurred in Illinois: a restaurant-associated foodborne illness outbreak; the introduction of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS CoV) to the United States; a large rash outbreak; and a healthcare-associated cluster of New Delhi metallobeta-lactamase (NDM). For all four types of outbreaks, REDCap would have facilitated self-reporting of symptoms and exposures through the design and administration of online surveys to cases and contacts. REDCap''s document upload functionality would have facilitated storage and access of lab reports for foodborne illness, MERS CoV, and NDM outbreaks. REDCap also would allow public health responders to perform long-term monitoring of symptoms and disease incidence in NDM outbreaks. In Illinois, public health agencies currently lack a secure, HIPAA-compliant outbreak management system that facilitates survey development, online data entry, data management tools such as automated exports, contact tracing, and coordination across jurisdictions. doi = 10.5210/ojphi.v7i1.5836 id = cord-006035-9y504uyf author = Vashishtha, Vipin M. title = Correspondence date = 2015-01-20 keywords = Muzaffarpur; outbreak summary = In fact, the Government of India is short of technical advice on many issues pertaining to outbreak investigations and usually depends on multiple agencies -some of their own and some from outsides -for solving the mystery and instituting preventive measures, which ultimately do not go beyond recommending mass vaccination against Japanese encephalitis in affected areas [2] . For example, in an outbreak of AES amongst children in Andhra Pradesh, India in 2003, the virology group concluded it to be an outbreak of acute encephalitis caused by Chandipura virus [4] and the neurology team claimed the outbreak was caused by a neurovascular stroke called as "epidemic brain attack", not by any encephalitis [5] . Since the case fatality rate in children with severe dengue infection is high, pediatricians have a very important role to play to reduce the disease burden, and the minimum we can do is to update the health care personnel and community at various forums, about the various atypical manifestations of dengue for prompt recognition and management. doi = 10.1007/s13312-014-0534-5 id = cord-279681-ezu1j0tc author = Wang, Lin-Fa title = From Hendra to Wuhan: what has been learned in responding to emerging zoonotic viruses date = 2020-02-11 keywords = EZV; outbreak summary = As the world watches the rapid spread of the 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) outbreak, it is important to reflect on the lessons that can be learned from this and previous emerging zoonotic viruses (EZV) in a comparative and analytic way. To our knowledge, all previous EZV outbreak investigations started with a live virus isolation, including the 2012 Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) discovery. While recognising the tremendous effort by the China CDC team in the early response to the 2019-nCoV outbreak, the small number of team members trained in animal health was probably one of the reasons for the delay in identifying an intermediate animal(s), which is likely to have caused the spread of the virus in a region of the market where wildlife animals were traded and subsequently found to be heavily contaminated. doi = 10.1016/s0140-6736(20)30350-0 id = cord-313693-qmkrn7pr author = Wong, Bonnie C. K. title = Possible Role of Aerosol Transmission in a Hospital Outbreak of Influenza date = 2010-11-15 keywords = influenza; outbreak; patient summary = Airflow measurements were conducted, and concentrations of hypothetical virus-laden aerosols at different ward locations were estimated using computational fluid dynamics modeling. A major nosocomial outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) occurred at PWH in 2003 [15, 23] ; since then, all patients hospitalized with acute febrile respiratory illnesses are put on droplet precautions; if influenza is confirmed, the patients will be isolated or cohorted in designated wards [21, 22] . Dispersion of the hypothetical virus-laden aerosols, originated from the index patient''s bed through the entire ward, was analyzed by computational fluid dynamics (CFD) method. In clinical studies, virus-laden particles less than 5-6 mm (ie, within the respirable aerosol fraction) have been detected in exhaled breaths of patients with influenza and in the air sampled from an acute healthcare setting during seasonal peak [19, 35, 36] . In conclusion, our findings suggest a possible role of aerosol transmission of influenza in an acute ward setting. doi = 10.1086/656743 id = cord-265025-xu8bc2eg author = Yu, Pengbo title = Outbreak of acute respiratory disease caused by human adenovirus type 7 in a military training camp in Shaanxi, China date = 2013-08-15 keywords = China; Shaanxi; outbreak summary = title: Outbreak of acute respiratory disease caused by human adenovirus type 7 in a military training camp in Shaanxi, China Antibody against HAdV in serum tested using ELISA HAdV IgA was detected from 80 patient sera collected from the acute phase and 12 healthy control serum samples by using an ELISA Classic adenovirus IgA kit (Institute Virion/Serion GmbH, Würzburg, Germany). IgA antibody assay progress It is interesting that several types of HAdV are circulating in Shaanxi province which indicates the need for a surveillance network for adenovirus infections. To confirm HAdV infection, the 30 paired sera titers of neutralization antibody against the viral strain isolated in this outbreak were detected. Outbreak of acute respiratory disease in China caused by B2 species of adenovirus type 11 Reemergence of adenovirus type 4 acute respiratory disease in military trainees: report of an outbreak during a lapse in vaccination doi = 10.1111/1348-0421.12074 id = cord-004586-i8tacj63 author = nan title = Empfehlung zur Prävention nosokomialer Infektionen bei neonatologischen Intensivpflegepatienten mit einem Geburtsgewicht unter 1500 g: Mitteilung der Kommission für Krankenhaushygiene und Infektionsprävention beim Robert Koch-Institut date = 2007-10-05 keywords = Frühgeborenen; Kategorie; Staphylococcus; care; die; infection; intensive; neonatal; outbreak; unit summary = F Die Reinigung der Innenseite des belegten Inkubators kann mit Wasser von Trinkwasserqualität erfolgen (siehe oben), wobei für jeden Inkubator (patientenbezogen) ein frisches, keimarmes Tuch verwendet werden muss (Kategorie IB). Transmission of community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus from breast milk in the neonatal intensive care unit Outbreak of nosocomial sepsis and pneumonia in a newborn intensive care unit by multiresistant extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae: high impact on mortality Nosocomial Klebsiella pneumoniae infection: clinical and hygienic measures in a neonatal intensive care unit Nosocomial outbreak of gentamicin-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae in a neonatal intensive care unit controlled by a change in antibiotic policy Coronavirus-related nosocomial viral respiratory infections in a neonatal and paediatric intensive care unit: a prospective study Eradication of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus from a neonatal intensive care unit by active surveillance and aggressive infection control measures Clinical and molecular biological analysis of a nosocomial outbreak of vancomycin-resistant enterococci in a neonatal intensive care unit doi = 10.1007/s00103-007-0337-0 id = cord-022147-istz1iql author = nan title = Procedures to Investigate Waterborne Illness date = 2016-07-13 keywords = Flint; Form; Giardia; Table; case; illness; outbreak; person; sample; source; water summary = • Identifying illness associated with an exposure and verifying that the causative agent is waterborne • Detecting all cases, the causative agent, and the place of exposure • Determining the water source, mode of contamination, processes, or practices by which proliferation and/or survival of the etiological agent occurred • Implementing emergency measures to control the spread of the outbreak • Gathering information on the epidemiology of waterborne diseases and the etiology of the causative agents that can be used for education, training, and program planning, thereby impacting on the prevention of waterborne illness • Determining if the outbreak under investigation is part of a larger outbreak by immediately reporting to state/provincial/national epidemiologists In the instance of a bottled water outbreak, halting of distribution and sale of product and recall of product, some of which may already be in consumers'' homes, are necessary to prevent further illness. doi = 10.1007/978-3-319-26027-3_1 id = cord-312319-daiikgth author = van Velsen, Lex title = Public knowledge and preventive behavior during a large-scale Salmonella outbreak: results from an online survey in the Netherlands date = 2014-01-31 keywords = Salmonella; information; outbreak summary = title: Public knowledge and preventive behavior during a large-scale Salmonella outbreak: results from an online survey in the Netherlands During the outbreak, we conducted an online survey (n = 1,057) to assess the general public''s perceptions, knowledge, preventive behavior and sources of information. In this study, we uncovered the general public''s perceptions, knowledge, preventive behavior, and sources of information during a large, national Salmonella outbreak by a large-scale online survey. As a result, we were able to answer our main research question: Which information should health organizations convey during a largescale Salmonella outbreak, and by which channels, to maximize citizen compliance with preventive advice? We developed an online survey to assess the general public''s perceptions, knowledge, preventive behavior, and information use during the 2012 Salmonella Thompson outbreak. Public knowledge and preventive behavior during a large-scale Salmonella outbreak: results from an online survey in the Netherlands doi = 10.1186/1471-2458-14-100