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Alejandra; Veesler, David title: Structural insights into coronavirus entry date: 2019-08-22 journal: Adv Virus Res DOI: 10.1016/bs.aivir.2019.08.002 sha: doc_id: 256300 cord_uid: emsvxxs5 file: cache/cord-256784-wfaqim7d.json key: cord-256784-wfaqim7d authors: Modjarrad, Kayvon title: MERS-CoV vaccine candidates in development: The current landscape date: 2016-06-03 journal: Vaccine DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.03.104 sha: doc_id: 256784 cord_uid: wfaqim7d file: cache/cord-018438-1tkevj8v.json key: cord-018438-1tkevj8v authors: Edholm, Christina J.; Emerenini, Blessing O.; Murillo, Anarina L.; Saucedo, Omar; Shakiba, Nika; Wang, Xueying; Allen, Linda J. S.; Peace, Angela title: Searching for Superspreaders: Identifying Epidemic Patterns Associated with Superspreading Events in Stochastic Models date: 2018-10-25 journal: Understanding Complex Biological Systems with Mathematics DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-98083-6_1 sha: doc_id: 18438 cord_uid: 1tkevj8v file: cache/cord-252456-971d0sir.json key: cord-252456-971d0sir authors: Hemida, Maged Gomaa; Ba Abduallah, Mohammed M. title: The SARS-CoV-2 outbreak from a one health perspective date: 2020-03-16 journal: One Health DOI: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2020.100127 sha: doc_id: 252456 cord_uid: 971d0sir file: cache/cord-252600-bvh1o64r.json key: cord-252600-bvh1o64r authors: Galasiti Kankanamalage, Anushka C.; Kim, Yunjeong; Damalanka, Vishnu C.; Rathnayake, Athri D.; Fehr, Anthony R.; Mehzabeen, Nurjahan; Battaile, Kevin P.; Lovell, Scott; Lushington, Gerald H.; Perlman, Stanley; Chang, Kyeong-Ok; Groutas, William C. title: Structure-guided design of potent and permeable inhibitors of MERS coronavirus 3CL protease that utilize a piperidine moiety as a novel design element date: 2018-04-25 journal: European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.03.004 sha: doc_id: 252600 cord_uid: bvh1o64r file: cache/cord-257587-xjoyrdhj.json key: cord-257587-xjoyrdhj authors: Gunaratne, Gihan S.; Johns, Malcolm E.; Hintz, Hallie M.; Walseth, Timothy F.; Marchant, Jonathan S. title: A screening campaign in sea urchin egg homogenate as a platform for discovering modulators of NAADP-dependent Ca2+ signaling in human cells date: 2018-11-30 journal: Cell Calcium DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2018.08.002 sha: doc_id: 257587 cord_uid: xjoyrdhj file: cache/cord-227268-8k9zaqsy.json key: cord-227268-8k9zaqsy authors: Wick, W. David title: Stopping the SuperSpreader Epidemic: the lessons from SARS (with, perhaps, applications to MERS) date: 2013-08-29 journal: nan DOI: nan sha: doc_id: 227268 cord_uid: 8k9zaqsy file: cache/cord-256086-8qfeoayb.json key: cord-256086-8qfeoayb authors: Lin, Leesa; McCloud, Rachel F.; Bigman, Cabral A.; Viswanath, Kasisomayajula title: Tuning in and catching on? Examining the relationship between pandemic communication and awareness and knowledge of MERS in the USA date: 2016-04-15 journal: J Public Health (Oxf) DOI: 10.1093/pubmed/fdw028 sha: doc_id: 256086 cord_uid: 8qfeoayb file: cache/cord-257511-4ftedh1a.json key: cord-257511-4ftedh1a authors: Gunaratne, Gihan S.; Yang, Yang; Li, Fang; Walseth, Timothy F.; Marchant, Jonathan S. title: NAADP-dependent Ca2+ signaling regulates Middle East respiratory syndrome-coronavirus pseudovirus translocation through the endolysosomal system date: 2018-11-30 journal: Cell Calcium DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2018.08.003 sha: doc_id: 257511 cord_uid: 4ftedh1a file: cache/cord-259200-65b267ic.json key: cord-259200-65b267ic authors: Harypursat, Vijay; Chen, Yao-Kai title: Six weeks into the 2019 coronavirus disease outbreak: it is time to consider strategies to impede the emergence of new zoonotic infections date: 2020-05-05 journal: Chin Med J (Engl) DOI: 10.1097/cm9.0000000000000760 sha: doc_id: 259200 cord_uid: 65b267ic file: cache/cord-018239-n7axd9bq.json key: cord-018239-n7axd9bq authors: Rusoke-Dierich, Olaf title: Travel Medicine date: 2018-03-13 journal: Diving Medicine DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-73836-9_32 sha: doc_id: 18239 cord_uid: n7axd9bq file: cache/cord-255339-oudj079q.json key: cord-255339-oudj079q authors: Al-Tayib, Omar A. title: An Overview of the Most Significant Zoonotic Viral Pathogens Transmitted from Animal to Human in Saudi Arabia date: 2019-02-22 journal: Pathogens DOI: 10.3390/pathogens8010025 sha: doc_id: 255339 cord_uid: oudj079q file: cache/cord-104500-m0kfom0x.json key: cord-104500-m0kfom0x authors: Kyriakopoulos, Anthony M.; Papaefthymiou, Apostolis; Georgilas, Nikolaos; Doulberis, Michael; Kountouras, Jannis title: The Potential Role of Super Spread Events in SARS-COV-2 Pandemic; a Narrative Review date: 2020-09-21 journal: Arch Acad Emerg Med DOI: nan sha: doc_id: 104500 cord_uid: m0kfom0x file: cache/cord-258032-buh1e4tm.json key: cord-258032-buh1e4tm authors: Tang, Siming; Ma, Wanbiao; Bai, Peifan title: A Novel Dynamic Model Describing the Spread of the MERS-CoV and the Expression of Dipeptidyl Peptidase 4 date: 2017-08-15 journal: Comput Math Methods Med DOI: 10.1155/2017/5285810 sha: doc_id: 258032 cord_uid: buh1e4tm file: cache/cord-258892-1xmoeoyh.json key: cord-258892-1xmoeoyh authors: Thomas, Helen Lucy; Zhao, Hongxin; Green, Helen K.; Boddington, Nicola L.; Carvalho, Carlos F.A.; Osman, Husam K.; Sadler, Carol; Zambon, Maria; Bermingham, Alison; Pebody, Richard G. title: Enhanced MERS Coronavirus Surveillance of Travelers from the Middle East to England date: 2014-09-17 journal: Emerg Infect Dis DOI: 10.3201/eid2009.140817 sha: doc_id: 258892 cord_uid: 1xmoeoyh file: cache/cord-018016-r7tg0s45.json key: cord-018016-r7tg0s45 authors: John, Maya; Shaiba, Hadil title: Shiny Framework Based Visualization and Analytics Tool for Middle East Respiratory Syndrome date: 2019-12-04 journal: Advances in Data Science, Cyber Security and IT Applications DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-36365-9_16 sha: doc_id: 18016 cord_uid: r7tg0s45 file: cache/cord-022046-q1exf47s.json key: cord-022046-q1exf47s authors: Toosy, Arshad Haroon; O'sullivan, Sean title: An Overview of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome in the Middle East date: 2018-09-28 journal: Fowler's Zoo and Wild Animal Medicine Current Therapy, Volume 9 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-55228-8.00042-4 sha: doc_id: 22046 cord_uid: q1exf47s file: cache/cord-103739-mmkrwj8t.json key: cord-103739-mmkrwj8t authors: Snijder, Eric J.; Limpens, Ronald W.A.L.; de Wilde, Adriaan H.; de Jong, Anja W. M.; Zevenhoven-Dobbe, Jessika C.; Maier, Helena J.; Faas, Frank F.G.A.; Koster, Abraham J.; Bárcena, Montserrat title: A unifying structural and functional model of the coronavirus replication organelle: tracking down RNA synthesis date: 2020-03-24 journal: bioRxiv DOI: 10.1101/2020.03.24.005298 sha: doc_id: 103739 cord_uid: mmkrwj8t file: cache/cord-103899-6tqm99g1.json key: cord-103899-6tqm99g1 authors: Mirzaei, Rasoul; Mahdavi, Farzad; Badrzadeh, Fariba; Reza Hosseini-Fard, Seyed; Heidary, Maryam; Salimi Jeda, Ali; Mohammadi, Tayeb; Roshani, Mahdane; Yousefimashouf, Rasoul; Keyvani, Hossein; Darvishmotevalli, Mohammad; Zarei Sani, Melika; Karampoor, Sajad title: The emerging role of microRNAs in the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection date: 2020-11-13 journal: nan DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2020.107204 sha: doc_id: 103899 cord_uid: 6tqm99g1 file: cache/cord-255871-dau9tz6u.json key: cord-255871-dau9tz6u authors: Lee, Mi-Kyung; Kim, Sinyoung; Kim, Mi-Na; Kweon, Oh Joo; Lim, Yong Kwan; Ki, Chang-Seok; Kim, Jae-Seok; Seong, Moon-Woo; Sung, Heungsup; Yong, Dongeun; Lee, Hyukmin; Choi, Jong-Rak; Kim, Jeong-Ho title: Survey of Clinical Laboratory Practices for 2015 Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Outbreak in the Republic of Korea date: 2015-12-18 journal: Ann Lab Med DOI: 10.3343/alm.2016.36.2.154 sha: doc_id: 255871 cord_uid: dau9tz6u file: cache/cord-256020-wrui3i2l.json key: cord-256020-wrui3i2l authors: Fadaka, Adewale Oluwaseun; Sibuyi, Nicole Remaliah Samantha; Adewale, Olusola Bolaji; Bakare, Olalekan Olanrewaju; Akanbi, Musa Oyebowale; Klein, Ashwil; Madiehe, Abram Madimabe; Meyer, Mervin title: Understanding the epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis and management of SARS-CoV-2 date: 2020-08-26 journal: J Int Med Res DOI: 10.1177/0300060520949077 sha: doc_id: 256020 cord_uid: wrui3i2l file: cache/cord-260024-yrhlg6wm.json key: cord-260024-yrhlg6wm authors: Ha, Kyoo-Man title: A lesson learned from the MERS outbreak in South Korea in 2015 date: 2015-10-24 journal: J Hosp Infect DOI: 10.1016/j.jhin.2015.10.004 sha: doc_id: 260024 cord_uid: yrhlg6wm file: cache/cord-258611-uzzs8w1j.json key: cord-258611-uzzs8w1j authors: Ma, Xuezheng; Liu, Fang; Liu, Lijuan; Zhang, Liping; Lu, Mingzhu; Abudukadeer, Abuduzhayier; Wang, Lingbing; Tian, Feng; Zhen, Wei; Yang, Pengfei; Hu, Kongxin title: No MERS-CoV but positive influenza viruses in returning Hajj pilgrims, China, 2013–2015 date: 2017-11-10 journal: BMC Infect Dis DOI: 10.1186/s12879-017-2791-0 sha: doc_id: 258611 cord_uid: uzzs8w1j file: cache/cord-259051-6kuh4njb.json key: cord-259051-6kuh4njb authors: Elkholy, Amgad A.; Grant, Rebecca; Assiri, Abdullah; Elhakim, Mohamed; Malik, Mamunur R.; Van Kerkhove, Maria D. title: MERS-CoV infection among healthcare workers and risk factors for death: Retrospective analysis of all laboratory-confirmed cases reported to WHO from 2012 to 2 June 2018 date: 2019-05-02 journal: J Infect Public Health DOI: 10.1016/j.jiph.2019.04.011 sha: doc_id: 259051 cord_uid: 6kuh4njb file: cache/cord-259374-m7q1roay.json key: cord-259374-m7q1roay authors: Agostini, Maria L.; Pruijssers, Andrea J.; Chappell, James D.; Gribble, Jennifer; Lu, Xiaotao; Andres, Erica L.; Bluemling, Gregory R.; Lockwood, Mark A.; Sheahan, Timothy P.; Sims, Amy C.; Natchus, Michael G.; Saindane, Manohar; Kolykhalov, Alexander A.; Painter, George R.; Baric, Ralph S.; Denison, Mark R. title: Small-Molecule Antiviral β-d-N(4)-Hydroxycytidine Inhibits a Proofreading-Intact Coronavirus with a High Genetic Barrier to Resistance date: 2019-11-26 journal: J Virol DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01348-19 sha: doc_id: 259374 cord_uid: m7q1roay file: cache/cord-260420-4s7akmdp.json key: cord-260420-4s7akmdp authors: Mubareka, Samira; Groulx, Nicolas; Savory, Eric; Cutts, Todd; Theriault, Steven; Scott, James A.; Roy, Chad J.; Turgeon, Nathalie; Bryce, Elizabeth; Astrakianakis, George; Kirychuk, Shelley; Girard, Matthieu; Kobinger, Gary; Zhang, Chao; Duchaine, Caroline title: Bioaerosols and Transmission, a Diverse and Growing Community of Practice date: 2019-02-21 journal: Front Public Health DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2019.00023 sha: doc_id: 260420 cord_uid: 4s7akmdp file: cache/cord-252883-1ub01j2x.json key: cord-252883-1ub01j2x authors: Bleibtreu, A.; Bertine, M.; Bertin, C.; Houhou-Fidouh, N.; Visseaux, B. title: Focus on Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) date: 2019-11-11 journal: Med Mal Infect DOI: 10.1016/j.medmal.2019.10.004 sha: doc_id: 252883 cord_uid: 1ub01j2x file: cache/cord-255488-nvgz53su.json key: cord-255488-nvgz53su authors: Li, Kun; McCray, Paul B. title: Development of a Mouse-Adapted MERS Coronavirus date: 2019-09-14 journal: MERS Coronavirus DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0211-9_13 sha: doc_id: 255488 cord_uid: nvgz53su file: cache/cord-256750-5m7psxri.json key: cord-256750-5m7psxri authors: Park, Hye Yoon; Park, Wan Beom; Lee, So Hee; Kim, Jeong Lan; Lee, Jung Jae; Lee, Haewoo; Shin, Hyoung-Shik title: Posttraumatic stress disorder and depression of survivors 12 months after the outbreak of Middle East respiratory syndrome in South Korea date: 2020-05-15 journal: BMC Public Health DOI: 10.1186/s12889-020-08726-1 sha: doc_id: 256750 cord_uid: 5m7psxri file: cache/cord-258281-gxwk8jq9.json key: cord-258281-gxwk8jq9 authors: Wenling, Yao; Junchao, Qiu; Xiao, Zhirong; Ouyang, Shi title: Pregnancy and COVID-19: management and challenges date: 2020-08-31 journal: Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de Sao Paulo DOI: 10.1590/s1678-9946202062062 sha: doc_id: 258281 cord_uid: gxwk8jq9 file: cache/cord-252049-rgdynmla.json key: cord-252049-rgdynmla authors: Tomar, Sakshi; Johnston, Melanie L.; St. John, Sarah E.; Osswald, Heather L.; Nyalapatla, Prasanth R.; Paul, Lake N.; Ghosh, Arun K.; Denison, Mark R.; Mesecar, Andrew D. title: Ligand-induced Dimerization of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) Coronavirus nsp5 Protease (3CL(pro)): IMPLICATIONS FOR nsp5 REGULATION AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF ANTIVIRALS date: 2015-06-08 journal: Journal of Biological Chemistry DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.651463 sha: doc_id: 252049 cord_uid: rgdynmla file: cache/cord-255378-qgklt8wa.json key: cord-255378-qgklt8wa authors: Huang, Yi-Ping; Cho, Chao-Cheng; Chang, Chi-Fon; Hsu, Chun-Hua title: NMR assignments of the macro domain from Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) date: 2016-03-18 journal: Biomol NMR Assign DOI: 10.1007/s12104-016-9676-9 sha: doc_id: 255378 cord_uid: qgklt8wa file: cache/cord-259443-5sv3dwbs.json key: cord-259443-5sv3dwbs authors: Banik, Gouri Rani; Alqahtani, Amani Salem; Booy, Robert; Rashid, Harunor title: Risk factors for severity and mortality in patients with MERS-CoV: Analysis of publicly available data from Saudi Arabia date: 2016-01-25 journal: Virol Sin DOI: 10.1007/s12250-015-3679-z sha: doc_id: 259443 cord_uid: 5sv3dwbs file: cache/cord-261421-k1s5iy3u.json key: cord-261421-k1s5iy3u authors: Khalafalla, Abdelmalik I.; Lu, Xiaoyan; Al-Mubarak, Abdullah I.A.; Dalab, Abdul Hafeed S.; Al-Busadah, Khalid A.S.; Erdman, Dean D. title: MERS-CoV in Upper Respiratory Tract and Lungs of Dromedary Camels, Saudi Arabia, 2013–2014 date: 2015-07-17 journal: Emerg Infect Dis DOI: 10.3201/eid2107.150070 sha: doc_id: 261421 cord_uid: k1s5iy3u file: cache/cord-261041-nrmj1qre.json key: cord-261041-nrmj1qre authors: Algaissi, Abdullah; Hashem, Anwar M. title: Evaluation of MERS-CoV Neutralizing Antibodies in Sera Using Live Virus Microneutralization Assay date: 2019-09-14 journal: MERS Coronavirus DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0211-9_9 sha: doc_id: 261041 cord_uid: nrmj1qre file: cache/cord-255815-5d9bqji0.json key: cord-255815-5d9bqji0 authors: Malik, Ajamaluddin; Alsenaidy, Mohammad A. title: MERS‐CoV papain-like protease (PL(pro)): expression, purification, and spectroscopic/thermodynamic characterization date: 2017-05-30 journal: 3 Biotech DOI: 10.1007/s13205-017-0744-3 sha: doc_id: 255815 cord_uid: 5d9bqji0 file: cache/cord-256806-g42n51n9.json key: cord-256806-g42n51n9 authors: Khudhair, Ahmed; Killerby, Marie E.; Al Mulla, Mariam; Abou Elkheir, Kheir; Ternanni, Wassim; Bandar, Zyad; Weber, Stefan; Khoury, Mary; Donnelly, George; Al Muhairi, Salama; Khalafalla, Abdelmalik I.; Trivedi, Suvang; Tamin, Azaibi; Thornburg, Natalie J.; Watson, John T.; Gerber, Susan I.; Al Hosani, Farida; Hall, Aron J. title: Risk Factors for MERS-CoV Seropositivity among Animal Market and Slaughterhouse Workers, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates, 2014–2017 date: 2019-05-17 journal: Emerg Infect Dis DOI: 10.3201/eid2505.181728 sha: doc_id: 256806 cord_uid: g42n51n9 file: cache/cord-254976-la9g6g5t.json key: cord-254976-la9g6g5t authors: Kim, Ji Soo; Choi, Jeong Sil title: Factors Influencing Emergency Nurses' Burnout During an Outbreak of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus in Korea date: 2016-11-09 journal: Asian Nurs Res (Korean Soc Nurs Sci) DOI: 10.1016/j.anr.2016.10.002 sha: doc_id: 254976 cord_uid: la9g6g5t file: cache/cord-259347-3acsko74.json key: cord-259347-3acsko74 authors: Cheng, Qi; Yang, Yue; Gao, Jianqun title: Infectivity of human coronavirus in the brain date: 2020-05-28 journal: EBioMedicine DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2020.102799 sha: doc_id: 259347 cord_uid: 3acsko74 file: cache/cord-253077-61fmul8c.json key: cord-253077-61fmul8c authors: Vabret, Nicolas; Britton, Graham J.; Gruber, Conor; Hegde, Samarth; Kim, Joel; Kuksin, Maria; Levantovsky, Rachel; Malle, Louise; Moreira, Alvaro; Park, Matthew D.; Pia, Luisanna; Risson, Emma; Saffern, Miriam; Salomé, Bérengère; Selvan, Myvizhi Esai; Spindler, Matthew P.; Tan, Jessica; van der Heide, Verena; Gregory, Jill K.; Alexandropoulos, Konstantina; Bhardwaj, Nina; Brown, Brian D.; Greenbaum, Benjamin; Gümüş, Zeynep H.; Homann, Dirk; Horowitz, Amir; Kamphorst, Alice O.; Curotto de Lafaille, Maria A.; Mehandru, Saurabh; Merad, Miriam; Samstein, Robert M. title: Immunology of COVID-19: current state of the science date: 2020-05-06 journal: Immunity DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2020.05.002 sha: doc_id: 253077 cord_uid: 61fmul8c file: cache/cord-255628-bm4nogig.json key: cord-255628-bm4nogig authors: Su, Shuo; Wong, Gary; Liu, Yingxia; Gao, George F; Li, Shoujun; Bi, Yuhai title: MERS in South Korea and China: a potential outbreak threat? date: 2015-06-11 journal: Lancet DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(15)60859-5 sha: doc_id: 255628 cord_uid: bm4nogig file: cache/cord-260334-xo8ruswo.json key: cord-260334-xo8ruswo authors: New, R.R.C.; Moore, B.D.; Butcher, W.; Mahood, R.; Lever, M.S.; Smither, S.; O'Brien, L.; Weller, S.A.; Bayliss, M.; Gibson, L.C.D.; Macleod, C.; Bogus, M.; Harvey, R.; Almond, N.; Williamson, E.D. title: Antibody-mediated protection against MERS-CoV in the murine model() date: 2019-07-09 journal: Vaccine DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.05.074 sha: doc_id: 260334 cord_uid: xo8ruswo file: cache/cord-256537-axbyav1m.json key: cord-256537-axbyav1m authors: Kimball, Ann Marie title: Emergence of Novel Human Infections: New Insights and New Challenges date: 2016-10-24 journal: International Encyclopedia of Public Health DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-803678-5.00153-3 sha: doc_id: 256537 cord_uid: axbyav1m file: cache/cord-259703-9ef3u2mz.json key: cord-259703-9ef3u2mz authors: Alsolamy, Sami; Arabi, Yaseen M title: Infection with Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus. date: 2015 journal: Can J Respir Ther DOI: nan sha: doc_id: 259703 cord_uid: 9ef3u2mz file: cache/cord-260518-mswb3q67.json key: cord-260518-mswb3q67 authors: Zumla, Alimuddin; Dar, Osman; Kock, Richard; Muturi, Matthew; Ntoumi, Francine; Kaleebu, Pontiano; Eusebio, Macete; Mfinanga, Sayoki; Bates, Matthew; Mwaba, Peter; Ansumana, Rashid; Khan, Mishal; Alagaili, Abdulaziz N.; Cotten, Matthew; Azhar, Esam I.; Maeurer, Markus; Ippolito, Giuseppe; Petersen, Eskild title: Taking forward a ‘One Health’ approach for turning the tide against the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus and other zoonotic pathogens with epidemic potential date: 2016-06-15 journal: Int J Infect Dis DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2016.06.012 sha: doc_id: 260518 cord_uid: mswb3q67 file: cache/cord-263391-18x4ann5.json key: cord-263391-18x4ann5 authors: Harvey, Ruth; Mattiuzzo, Giada; Hassall, Mark; Sieberg, Andrea; Müller, Marcel A.; Drosten, Christian; Rigsby, Peter; Oxenford, Christopher J. title: Comparison of Serologic Assays for Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus date: 2019-10-17 journal: Emerg Infect Dis DOI: 10.3201/eid2510.190497 sha: doc_id: 263391 cord_uid: 18x4ann5 file: cache/cord-263508-row2mn17.json key: cord-263508-row2mn17 authors: Chan, Jasper Fuk-Woo; Lau, Susanna Kar-Pui; Woo, Patrick Chiu-Yat title: The emerging novel Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus: The “knowns” and “unknowns” date: 2013-07-21 journal: J Formos Med Assoc DOI: 10.1016/j.jfma.2013.05.010 sha: doc_id: 263508 cord_uid: row2mn17 file: cache/cord-264653-ms6zrrnd.json key: cord-264653-ms6zrrnd authors: Bhatnagar, Tarun; Murhekar, Manoj V.; Soneja, Manish; Gupta, Nivedita; Giri, Sidhartha; Wig, Naveet; Gangakhedkar, Raman title: Lopinavir/ritonavir combination therapy amongst symptomatic coronavirus disease 2019 patients in India: Protocol for restricted public health emergency use date: 2020-04-28 journal: Indian J Med Res DOI: 10.4103/ijmr.ijmr_502_20 sha: doc_id: 264653 cord_uid: ms6zrrnd file: cache/cord-265666-27ckjl7w.json key: cord-265666-27ckjl7w authors: Kang, Hee Sun; Son, Ye Dong; Chae, Sun‐Mi; Corte, Colleen title: Working experiences of nurses during the Middle East respiratory syndrome outbreak date: 2018-05-30 journal: Int J Nurs Pract DOI: 10.1111/ijn.12664 sha: doc_id: 265666 cord_uid: 27ckjl7w file: cache/cord-259658-rgrt6e6r.json key: cord-259658-rgrt6e6r authors: Yan, Bingpeng; Chu, Hin; Yang, Dong; Sze, Kong-Hung; Lai, Pok-Man; Yuan, Shuofeng; Shuai, Huiping; Wang, Yixin; Kao, Richard Yi-Tsun; Chan, Jasper Fuk-Woo; Yuen, Kwok-Yung title: Characterization of the Lipidomic Profile of Human Coronavirus-Infected Cells: Implications for Lipid Metabolism Remodeling upon Coronavirus Replication date: 2019-01-16 journal: Viruses DOI: 10.3390/v11010073 sha: doc_id: 259658 cord_uid: rgrt6e6r file: cache/cord-261533-73721b24.json key: cord-261533-73721b24 authors: Mok, Chris Ka Pun; Zhu, Airu; Zhao, Jingxian; Lau, Eric H Y; Wang, Junxiang; Chen, Zhao; Zhuang, Zhen; Wang, Yanqun; Alshukairi, Abeer N; Baharoon, Salim A; Wang, Wenling; Tan, Wenjie; Liang, Weiwen; Oladipo, Jamiu O; Perera, Ranawaka A P M; Kuranga, Sulyman A; Peiris, Malik; Zhao, Jincun title: T-cell responses to MERS coronavirus infection in people with occupational exposure to dromedary camels in Nigeria: an observational cohort study date: 2020-10-06 journal: Lancet Infect Dis DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(20)30599-5 sha: doc_id: 261533 cord_uid: 73721b24 file: cache/cord-258323-vdeffy4l.json key: cord-258323-vdeffy4l authors: Jiang, Yuting; Li, Junfeng; Teng, Yue; Sun, Hong; Tian, Guang; He, Lei; Li, Pei; Chen, Yuehong; Guo, Yan; Li, Jiangfan; Zhao, Guangyu; Zhou, Yusen; Sun, Shihui title: Complement Receptor C5aR1 Inhibition Reduces Pyroptosis in hDPP4-Transgenic Mice Infected with MERS-CoV date: 2019-01-09 journal: Viruses DOI: 10.3390/v11010039 sha: doc_id: 258323 cord_uid: vdeffy4l file: cache/cord-261566-fn08b0y2.json key: cord-261566-fn08b0y2 authors: Mudgal, Rajat; Nehul, Sanketkumar; Tomar, Shailly title: Prospects for mucosal vaccine: shutting the door on SARS-CoV-2 date: 2020-09-15 journal: Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2020.1805992 sha: doc_id: 261566 cord_uid: fn08b0y2 file: cache/cord-262045-r2iqpmmc.json key: cord-262045-r2iqpmmc authors: Smits, Saskia L.; Raj, V. Stalin; Pas, Suzan D.; Reusken, Chantal B.E.M.; Mohran, Khaled; Farag, Elmoubasher A.B.A.; Al-Romaihi, Hamad E.; AlHajri, Mohd M.; Haagmans, Bart L.; Koopmans, Marion P. title: Reliable typing of MERS-CoV variants with a small genome fragment date: 2014-12-15 journal: J Clin Virol DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2014.12.006 sha: doc_id: 262045 cord_uid: r2iqpmmc file: cache/cord-264901-w285on4x.json key: cord-264901-w285on4x authors: Ahmadzadeh, Jamal; Mobaraki, Kazhal; Mousavi, Seyed Jalil; Aghazadeh-Attari, Javad; Mirza-Aghazadeh-Attari, Mohammad; Mohebbi, Iraj title: The risk factors associated with MERS-CoV patient fatality: A global survey date: 2019-07-31 journal: Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2019.114876 sha: doc_id: 264901 cord_uid: w285on4x file: cache/cord-265282-v3n9ff16.json key: cord-265282-v3n9ff16 authors: Ahn, Inkyung; Heo, Seongman; Ji, Seunghyun; Kim, Kyung Hyun; Kim, Taehwan; Lee, Eun Joo; Park, Jooyoung; Sung, Keehoon title: Investigation of nonlinear epidemiological models for analyzing and controlling the MERS outbreak in Korea date: 2018-01-21 journal: Journal of Theoretical Biology DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2017.10.004 sha: doc_id: 265282 cord_uid: v3n9ff16 file: cache/cord-265380-2gs34xcw.json key: cord-265380-2gs34xcw authors: Leist, Sarah R.; Cockrell, Adam S. title: Genetically Engineering a Susceptible Mouse Model for MERS-CoV-Induced Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome date: 2019-09-14 journal: MERS Coronavirus DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0211-9_12 sha: doc_id: 265380 cord_uid: 2gs34xcw file: cache/cord-266031-tlrsco40.json key: cord-266031-tlrsco40 authors: Haghani, Milad; Bliemer, Michiel C. J. title: Covid-19 pandemic and the unprecedented mobilisation of scholarly efforts prompted by a health crisis: Scientometric comparisons across SARS, MERS and 2019-nCoV literature date: 2020-09-21 journal: Scientometrics DOI: 10.1007/s11192-020-03706-z sha: doc_id: 266031 cord_uid: tlrsco40 file: cache/cord-263016-28znb322.json key: cord-263016-28znb322 authors: Omrani, A.S.; Shalhoub, S. title: Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV): what lessons can we learn? date: 2015-08-22 journal: J Hosp Infect DOI: 10.1016/j.jhin.2015.08.002 sha: doc_id: 263016 cord_uid: 28znb322 file: cache/cord-261876-7rsc803x.json key: cord-261876-7rsc803x authors: Kaslow, David C. title: Certainty of success: three critical parameters in coronavirus vaccine development date: 2020-05-25 journal: NPJ Vaccines DOI: 10.1038/s41541-020-0193-6 sha: doc_id: 261876 cord_uid: 7rsc803x file: cache/cord-263042-qdmunb9l.json key: cord-263042-qdmunb9l authors: Zhao, Yongkun; Wang, Chong; Qiu, Boning; Li, Chufang; Wang, Hualei; Jin, Hongli; Gai, Weiwei; Zheng, Xuexing; Wang, Tiecheng; Sun, Weiyang; Yan, Feihu; Gao, Yuwei; Wang, Qian; Yan, Jinghua; Chen, Ling; Perlman, Stanley; Zhong, Nanshan; Zhao, Jincun; Yang, Songtao; Xia, Xianzhu title: Passive immunotherapy for Middle East Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus infection with equine immunoglobulin or immunoglobulin fragments in a mouse model date: 2016-11-24 journal: Antiviral Res DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2016.11.016 sha: doc_id: 263042 cord_uid: qdmunb9l file: cache/cord-264956-wbi0ird5.json key: cord-264956-wbi0ird5 authors: Ahmed, Anwar E.; Alshukairi, Abeer N.; Al‐Jahdali, Hamdan; Alaqeel, Mody; Siddiq, Salma S.; Alsaab, Hanan A.; Sakr, Ezzeldin A.; Alyahya, Hamed A.; Alandonisi, Munzir M.; Subedar, Alaa T.; Aloudah, Nouf M.; Baharoon, Salim; Alsalamah, Majid A.; Al Johani, Sameera; Alghamdi, Mohammed G. title: Development of a risk‐prediction model for Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection in dialysis patients date: 2018-04-14 journal: Hemodial Int DOI: 10.1111/hdi.12661 sha: doc_id: 264956 cord_uid: wbi0ird5 file: cache/cord-266253-oyid5haj.json key: cord-266253-oyid5haj authors: Al-Abaidani, I.S.; Al-Maani, A.S.; Al-Kindi, H.S.; Al-Jardani, A.K.; Abdel-Hady, D.M.; Zayed, B.E.; Al-Harthy, K.S.; Al-Shaqsi, K.H.; Al-Abri, S.S. title: Overview of preparedness and response for Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) in Oman date: 2014-10-29 journal: Int J Infect Dis DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2014.10.003 sha: doc_id: 266253 cord_uid: oyid5haj file: cache/cord-266260-t02jngq0.json key: cord-266260-t02jngq0 authors: Ramshaw, Rebecca E.; Letourneau, Ian D.; Hong, Amy Y.; Hon, Julia; Morgan, Julia D.; Osborne, Joshua C. P.; Shirude, Shreya; Van Kerkhove, Maria D.; Hay, Simon I.; Pigott, David M. title: A database of geopositioned Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus occurrences date: 2019-12-13 journal: Sci Data DOI: 10.1038/s41597-019-0330-0 sha: doc_id: 266260 cord_uid: t02jngq0 file: cache/cord-266464-wuf3s8m0.json key: cord-266464-wuf3s8m0 authors: Kim, So Yeon; Park, Sun Jae; Cho, Sook Young; Cha, Ran-hui; Jee, Hyeon-Gun; Kim, Gayeon; Shin, Hyoung-Shik; Kim, Yeonjae; Jung, Yu Mi; Yang, Jeong-Sun; Kim, Sung Soon; Cho, Sung Im; Kim, Man Jin; Lee, Jee-Soo; Lee, Seung Jun; Seo, Soo Hyun; Park, Sung Sup; Seong, Moon-Woo title: Viral RNA in Blood as Indicator of Severe Outcome in Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Infection date: 2016-10-17 journal: Emerg Infect Dis DOI: 10.3201/eid2210.160218 sha: doc_id: 266464 cord_uid: wuf3s8m0 file: cache/cord-261163-n9tp9nx7.json key: cord-261163-n9tp9nx7 authors: Ko, Jae-Hoon; Müller, Marcel A.; Seok, Hyeri; Park, Ga Eun; Lee, Ji Yeon; Cho, Sun Young; Ha, Young Eun; Baek, Jin Yang; Kim, So Hyun; Kang, Ji-Man; Kim, Yae-Jean; Jo, Ik Joon; Chung, Chi Ryang; Hahn, Myong-Joon; Drosten, Christian; Kang, Cheol-In; Chung, Doo Ryeon; Song, Jae-Hoon; Kang, Eun-Suk; Peck, Kyong Ran title: Serologic responses of 42 MERS-coronavirus-infected patients according to the disease severity date: 2017-10-31 journal: Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2017.07.006 sha: doc_id: 261163 cord_uid: n9tp9nx7 file: cache/cord-264199-8skyagsz.json key: cord-264199-8skyagsz authors: Fragaszy, Ellen; Hayward, Andrew title: Emerging respiratory infections: influenza, MERS-CoV, and extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis date: 2014-12-31 journal: The Lancet Respiratory Medicine DOI: 10.1016/s2213-2600(14)70250-4 sha: doc_id: 264199 cord_uid: 8skyagsz file: cache/cord-264267-weat0qs6.json key: cord-264267-weat0qs6 authors: Kleine-Weber, Hannah; Schroeder, Simon; Krüger, Nadine; Prokscha, Alexander; Naim, Hassan Y.; Müller, Marcel A.; Drosten, Christian; Pöhlmann, Stefan; Hoffmann, Markus title: Polymorphisms in dipeptidyl peptidase 4 reduce host cell entry of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus date: 2020-01-21 journal: Emerg Microbes Infect DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2020.1713705 sha: doc_id: 264267 cord_uid: weat0qs6 file: cache/cord-265279-0zjpqnqp.json key: cord-265279-0zjpqnqp authors: Hoteit, Rouba; Shammaa, Dina; Mahfouz, Rami title: Use of the Human Coronavirus 2012 (MERS) GeneSig kit for MERS-CoV detection date: 2016-04-16 journal: Gene Rep DOI: 10.1016/j.genrep.2016.04.004 sha: doc_id: 265279 cord_uid: 0zjpqnqp file: cache/cord-267001-csgmc155.json key: cord-267001-csgmc155 authors: George, Parakkal Jovvian; Tai, Wanbo; Du, Lanying; Lustigman, Sara title: The Potency of an Anti-MERS Coronavirus Subunit Vaccine Depends on a Unique Combinatorial Adjuvant Formulation date: 2020-05-27 journal: Vaccines (Basel) DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8020251 sha: doc_id: 267001 cord_uid: csgmc155 file: cache/cord-267333-8b7hvorz.json key: cord-267333-8b7hvorz authors: Watson, John T.; Hall, Aron J.; Erdman, Dean D.; Swerdlow, David L; Gerber, Susan I. title: Unraveling the Mysteries of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus date: 2014-06-17 journal: Emerg Infect Dis DOI: 10.3201/eid2006.140322 sha: doc_id: 267333 cord_uid: 8b7hvorz file: cache/cord-267540-9p4rky4c.json key: cord-267540-9p4rky4c authors: Joseph, Iype title: Middle east respiratory syndrome corona virus (MERS CoV): The next steps date: 2015-03-26 journal: J Public Health Policy DOI: 10.1057/jphp.2015.9 sha: doc_id: 267540 cord_uid: 9p4rky4c file: cache/cord-262542-vevsgkp6.json key: cord-262542-vevsgkp6 authors: Alharbi, Naif Khalaf; Padron-Regalado, Eriko; Thompson, Craig P.; Kupke, Alexandra; Wells, Daniel; Sloan, Megan A.; Grehan, Keith; Temperton, Nigel; Lambe, Teresa; Warimwe, George; Becker, Stephan; Hill, Adrian V.S.; Gilbert, Sarah C. title: ChAdOx1 and MVA based vaccine candidates against MERS-CoV elicit neutralising antibodies and cellular immune responses in mice date: 2017-06-27 journal: Vaccine DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.05.032 sha: doc_id: 262542 cord_uid: vevsgkp6 file: cache/cord-262673-j2ot35lt.json key: cord-262673-j2ot35lt authors: Ahmed-Hassan, Hanaa; Sisson, Brianna; Shukla, Rajni Kant; Wijewantha, Yasasvi; Funderburg, Nicholas T.; Li, Zihai; Hayes, Don; Demberg, Thorsten; Liyanage, Namal P. M. title: Innate Immune Responses to Highly Pathogenic Coronaviruses and Other Significant Respiratory Viral Infections date: 2020-08-18 journal: Front Immunol DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01979 sha: doc_id: 262673 cord_uid: j2ot35lt file: cache/cord-265128-i0d4lxko.json key: cord-265128-i0d4lxko authors: Gurung, Arun Bahadur; Ali, Mohammad Ajmal; Lee, Joongku; Farah, Mohammad Abul; Al-Anazi, Khalid Mashay title: Unravelling lead antiviral phytochemicals for the inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 M(pro) enzyme through in silico approach date: 2020-05-22 journal: Life Sci DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.117831 sha: doc_id: 265128 cord_uid: i0d4lxko file: cache/cord-267090-jc1k3fki.json key: cord-267090-jc1k3fki authors: Gardner, Emma G.; Kelton, David; Poljak, Zvonimir; Van Kerkhove, Maria; von Dobschuetz, Sophie; Greer, Amy L. title: A case-crossover analysis of the impact of weather on primary cases of Middle East respiratory syndrome date: 2019-02-04 journal: BMC Infect Dis DOI: 10.1186/s12879-019-3729-5 sha: doc_id: 267090 cord_uid: jc1k3fki file: cache/cord-268483-joiajgs4.json key: cord-268483-joiajgs4 authors: Shah, Vibhuti Kumar; Firmal, Priyanka; Alam, Aftab; Ganguly, Dipyaman; Chattopadhyay, Samit title: Overview of Immune Response During SARS-CoV-2 Infection: Lessons From the Past date: 2020-08-07 journal: Front Immunol DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01949 sha: doc_id: 268483 cord_uid: joiajgs4 file: cache/cord-268943-arjtjy53.json key: cord-268943-arjtjy53 authors: Reuss, Annicka; Litterst, Annette; Drosten, Christian; Seilmaier, Michael; Böhmer, Merle; Graf, Petra; Gold, Hermann; Wendtner, Clemens-Martin; Zanuzdana, Arina; Schaade, Lars; Haas, Walter; Buchholz, Udo title: Contact Investigation for Imported Case of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome, Germany date: 2014-04-17 journal: Emerg Infect Dis DOI: 10.3201/eid2004.131375 sha: doc_id: 268943 cord_uid: arjtjy53 file: cache/cord-266987-ikt8r2o1.json key: cord-266987-ikt8r2o1 authors: Loeffelholz, Michael J.; Tang, Yi-Wei title: Laboratory diagnosis of emerging human coronavirus infections – the state of the art date: 2020-03-30 journal: Emerg Microbes Infect DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2020.1745095 sha: doc_id: 266987 cord_uid: ikt8r2o1 file: cache/cord-264408-vk4lt83x.json key: cord-264408-vk4lt83x authors: Ruiz, Sara I.; Zumbrun, Elizabeth E.; Nalca, Aysegul title: Animal Models of Human Viral Diseases date: 2017-06-23 journal: Animal Models for the Study of Human Disease DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-809468-6.00033-4 sha: doc_id: 264408 cord_uid: vk4lt83x file: cache/cord-265769-96p07nyz.json key: cord-265769-96p07nyz authors: Perlman, Stanley; Zumla, Alimuddin title: MERS-CoV in Africa—an enigma with relevance to COVID-19 date: 2020-10-06 journal: Lancet Infect Dis DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(20)30578-8 sha: doc_id: 265769 cord_uid: 96p07nyz file: cache/cord-266313-b518n9dx.json key: cord-266313-b518n9dx authors: Cao, Yu-chen; Deng, Qi-xin; Dai, Shi-xue title: Remdesivir for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 causing COVID-19: An evaluation of the evidence date: 2020-04-02 journal: Travel Med Infect Dis DOI: 10.1016/j.tmaid.2020.101647 sha: doc_id: 266313 cord_uid: b518n9dx file: cache/cord-269386-bnh65bqg.json key: cord-269386-bnh65bqg authors: Ko, Jae-Hoon; Seok, Hyeri; Park, Ga Eun; Lee, Ji Yeon; Lee, Ji Yong; Cho, Sun Young; Ha, Young Eun; Kang, Ji-Man; Kim, Yae-Jean; Kang, Cheol-In; Chung, Doo Ryeon; Song, Jae-Hoon; Peck, Kyong Ran title: Host susceptibility to MERS-CoV infection, a retrospective cohort study of the 2015 Korean MERS outbreak date: 2017-12-06 journal: J Infect Chemother DOI: 10.1016/j.jiac.2017.09.008 sha: doc_id: 269386 cord_uid: bnh65bqg file: cache/cord-268388-kkhuzf3p.json key: cord-268388-kkhuzf3p authors: Sharif-Yakan, Ahmad; Kanj, Souha S. title: Emergence of MERS-CoV in the Middle East: Origins, Transmission, Treatment, and Perspectives date: 2014-12-04 journal: PLoS Pathog DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004457 sha: doc_id: 268388 cord_uid: kkhuzf3p file: cache/cord-269437-0pvqvhqs.json key: cord-269437-0pvqvhqs authors: Gastañaduy, Paul A. title: Update: Severe Respiratory Illness Associated with Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) — Worldwide, 2012–2013 date: 2013-06-14 journal: MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep DOI: nan sha: doc_id: 269437 cord_uid: 0pvqvhqs file: cache/cord-270077-mfl0iagr.json key: cord-270077-mfl0iagr authors: Chefer, Svetlana; Thomasson, David; Seidel, Jurgen; Reba, Richard C.; Bohannon, J. Kyle; Lackemeyer, Mathew G.; Bartos, Chris; Sayre, Philip J.; Bollinger, Laura; Hensley, Lisa E.; Jahrling, Peter B.; Johnson, Reed F. title: Modeling [(18)F]-FDG lymphoid tissue kinetics to characterize nonhuman primate immune response to Middle East respiratory syndrome-coronavirus aerosol challenge date: 2015-11-16 journal: EJNMMI Res DOI: 10.1186/s13550-015-0143-x sha: doc_id: 270077 cord_uid: mfl0iagr file: cache/cord-269885-r8molh8c.json key: cord-269885-r8molh8c authors: Jeong, Soo Young; Sung, Se In; Sung, Ji-Hee; Ahn, So Yoon; Kang, Eun-Suk; Chang, Yun Sil; Park, Won Soon; Kim, Jong-Hwa title: MERS-CoV Infection in a Pregnant Woman in Korea date: 2017-08-08 journal: J Korean Med Sci DOI: 10.3346/jkms.2017.32.10.1717 sha: doc_id: 269885 cord_uid: r8molh8c file: cache/cord-270534-ebkwv4zo.json key: cord-270534-ebkwv4zo authors: Bodmer, Bianca S.; Fiedler, Anna H.; Hanauer, Jan R.H.; Prüfer, Steffen; Mühlebach, Michael D. title: Live-attenuated bivalent measles virus-derived vaccines targeting Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus induce robust and multifunctional T cell responses against both viruses in an appropriate mouse model date: 2018-06-11 journal: Virology DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2018.05.028 sha: doc_id: 270534 cord_uid: ebkwv4zo file: cache/cord-271004-gtmo5ixs.json key: cord-271004-gtmo5ixs authors: Al-Tawfiq, Jaffar A.; Rabaan, Ali A.; Hinedi, Kareem title: Influenza is more common than Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) among hospitalized adult Saudi patients date: 2017-10-12 journal: Travel Med Infect Dis DOI: 10.1016/j.tmaid.2017.10.004 sha: doc_id: 271004 cord_uid: gtmo5ixs file: cache/cord-270258-9vgpphiu.json key: cord-270258-9vgpphiu authors: Ko, Jae-Hoon; Park, Ga Eun; Lee, Ji Yeon; Lee, Ji Yong; Cho, Sun Young; Ha, Young Eun; Kang, Cheol-In; Kang, Ji-Man; Kim, Yae-Jean; Huh, Hee Jae; Ki, Chang-Seok; Jeong, Byeong-Ho; Park, Jinkyeong; Chung, Chi Ryang; Chung, Doo Ryeon; Song, Jae-Hoon; Peck, Kyong Ran title: Predictive factors for pneumonia development and progression to respiratory failure in MERS-CoV infected patients date: 2016-08-09 journal: J Infect DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2016.08.005 sha: doc_id: 270258 cord_uid: 9vgpphiu file: cache/cord-271244-6m8sbbi1.json key: cord-271244-6m8sbbi1 authors: Bonilla-Aldana, D. Katterine; Quintero-Rada, Keidenis; Montoya-Posada, Juan Pablo; Ramírez-Ocampo, Sebastian; Paniz-Mondolfi, Alberto; Rabaan, Ali A.; Sah, Ranjit; Rodríguez-Morales, Alfonso J. title: SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV and now the 2019-novel CoV: Have we investigated enough about coronaviruses? – A bibliometric analysis date: 2020-02-29 journal: Travel Medicine and Infectious Disease DOI: 10.1016/j.tmaid.2020.101566 sha: doc_id: 271244 cord_uid: 6m8sbbi1 file: cache/cord-271211-frkk6w0a.json key: cord-271211-frkk6w0a authors: Han, Yu; Yang, Hailan title: The transmission and diagnosis of 2019 novel coronavirus infection disease (COVID‐19): A Chinese perspective date: 2020-03-12 journal: J Med Virol DOI: 10.1002/jmv.25749 sha: doc_id: 271211 cord_uid: frkk6w0a file: cache/cord-271723-8qoozmgk.json key: cord-271723-8qoozmgk authors: Gelman, Ram; Bayatra, Areej; Kessler, Asa; Schwartz, Asaf; Ilan, Yaron title: Targeting SARS-CoV-2 receptors as a means for reducing infectivity and improving antiviral and immune response: an algorithm-based method for overcoming resistance to antiviral agents date: 2020-06-18 journal: Emerging microbes & infections DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2020.1776161 sha: doc_id: 271723 cord_uid: 8qoozmgk file: cache/cord-271504-t3y1w9ef.json key: cord-271504-t3y1w9ef authors: Luo, Zichao; Ang, Melgious Jin Yan; Chan, Siew Yin; Yi, Zhigao; Goh, Yi Yiing; Yan, Shuangqian; Tao, Jun; Liu, Kai; Li, Xiaosong; Zhang, Hongjie; Huang, Wei; Liu, Xiaogang title: Combating the Coronavirus Pandemic: Early Detection, Medical Treatment, and a Concerted Effort by the Global Community date: 2020-06-16 journal: Research (Wash D C) DOI: 10.34133/2020/6925296 sha: doc_id: 271504 cord_uid: t3y1w9ef file: cache/cord-271512-owidim7o.json key: cord-271512-owidim7o authors: Thabet, Farah; Chehab, May; Bafaqih, Hind; AlMohaimeed, Sulaiman title: Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus in children date: 2015 journal: Saudi Med J DOI: 10.15537/smj.2015.4.10243 sha: doc_id: 271512 cord_uid: owidim7o file: cache/cord-271648-m2c5bvuj.json key: cord-271648-m2c5bvuj authors: Ashour, Hossam M.; Elkhatib, Walid F.; Rahman, Md. Masudur; Elshabrawy, Hatem A. title: Insights into the Recent 2019 Novel Coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) in Light of Past Human Coronavirus Outbreaks date: 2020-03-04 journal: Pathogens DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9030186 sha: doc_id: 271648 cord_uid: m2c5bvuj file: cache/cord-272932-devmy5yx.json key: cord-272932-devmy5yx authors: WANG, Wen Ling; WANG, Hui Juan; DENG, Yao; SONG, Tie; LAN, Jia Ming; WU, Gui Zhen; KE, Chang Wen; TAN, Wen Jie title: Serological Study of An Imported Case of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome and His Close Contacts in China, 2015 date: 2016-03-31 journal: Biomedical and Environmental Sciences DOI: 10.3967/bes2016.027 sha: doc_id: 272932 cord_uid: devmy5yx file: cache/cord-271681-jmoyy8rb.json key: cord-271681-jmoyy8rb authors: Assiri, Abdullah M.; Midgley, Claire M.; Abedi, Glen R.; Saeed, Abdulaziz Bin; Almasri, Malak M.; Lu, Xiaoyan; Al-Abdely, Hail M.; Abdalla, Osman; Mohammed, Mutaz; Algarni, Homoud S.; Alhakeem, Raafat F.; Sakthivel, Senthilkumar K.; Nooh, Randa; Alshayab, Zainab; Alessa, Mohammad; Srinivasamoorthy, Ganesh; AlQahtani, Saeed Yahya; Kheyami, Ali; HajOmar, Waleed Husein; Banaser, Talib M.; Esmaeel, Ahmad; Hall, Aron J.; Curns, Aaron T.; Tamin, Azaibi; Alsharef, Ali Abraheem; Erdman, Dean; Watson, John T.; Gerber, Susan I. title: Epidemiology of a Novel Recombinant Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus in Humans in Saudi Arabia date: 2016-06-14 journal: Journal of Infectious Diseases DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiw236 sha: doc_id: 271681 cord_uid: jmoyy8rb file: cache/cord-272622-2wceu3o9.json key: cord-272622-2wceu3o9 authors: Park, Mi Hye; Kim, Hee Ryun; Choi, Duck Hwan; Sung, Ji Hee; Kim, Jong Hwa title: Emergency cesarean section in an epidemic of the middle east respiratory syndrome: a case report date: 2016-06-01 journal: Korean J Anesthesiol DOI: 10.4097/kjae.2016.69.3.287 sha: doc_id: 272622 cord_uid: 2wceu3o9 file: cache/cord-275313-mfyff9ne.json key: cord-275313-mfyff9ne authors: Modjarrad, Kayvon title: Treatment strategies for Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus date: 2016-01-01 journal: Journal of virus eradication DOI: nan sha: doc_id: 275313 cord_uid: mfyff9ne file: cache/cord-273626-zy8qjaai.json key: cord-273626-zy8qjaai authors: Gong, Shu‐ran; Bao, Lin‐lin title: The battle against SARS and MERS coronaviruses: Reservoirs and Animal Models date: 2018-07-28 journal: Animal Model Exp Med DOI: 10.1002/ame2.12017 sha: doc_id: 273626 cord_uid: zy8qjaai file: cache/cord-273182-djb0ozrt.json key: cord-273182-djb0ozrt authors: Díez, José María; Romero, Carolina; Vergara-Alert, Júlia; Belló-Perez, Melissa; Rodon, Jordi; Honrubia, José Manuel; Segalés, Joaquim; Sola, Isabel; Enjuanes, Luis; Gajardo, Rodrigo title: Cross-neutralization activity against SARS-CoV-2 is present in currently available intravenous immunoglobulins date: 2020-09-09 journal: Immunotherapy DOI: 10.2217/imt-2020-0220 sha: doc_id: 273182 cord_uid: djb0ozrt file: cache/cord-274480-aywdmj6o.json key: cord-274480-aywdmj6o authors: Song, Wenfei; Wang, Ying; Wang, Nianshuang; Wang, Dongli; Guo, Jianying; Fu, Lili; Shi, Xuanling title: Identification of residues on human receptor DPP4 critical for MERS-CoV binding and entry date: 2014-10-21 journal: Virology DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2014.10.006 sha: doc_id: 274480 cord_uid: aywdmj6o file: cache/cord-272306-92rz2byz.json key: cord-272306-92rz2byz authors: Morra, Mostafa Ebraheem; Van Thanh, Le; Kamel, Mohamed Gomaa; Ghazy, Ahmed Abdelmotaleb; Altibi, Ahmed M.A.; Dat, Lu Minh; Thy, Tran Ngoc Xuan; Vuong, Nguyen Lam; Mostafa, Mostafa Reda; Ahmed, Sarah Ibrahim; Elabd, Sahar Samy; Fathima, Samreen; Le Huy Vu, Tran; Omrani, Ali S.; Memish, Ziad A.; Hirayama, Kenji; Huy, Nguyen Tien title: Clinical outcomes of current medical approaches for Middle East respiratory syndrome: A systematic review and meta‐analysis date: 2018-04-17 journal: Rev Med Virol DOI: 10.1002/rmv.1977 sha: doc_id: 272306 cord_uid: 92rz2byz file: cache/cord-273893-3nd6ptrg.json key: cord-273893-3nd6ptrg authors: Lu, Guangwen; Hu, Yawei; Wang, Qihui; Qi, Jianxun; Gao, Feng; Li, Yan; Zhang, Yanfang; Zhang, Wei; Yuan, Yuan; Bao, Jinku; Zhang, Buchang; Shi, Yi; Yan, Jinghua; Gao, George F. title: Molecular basis of binding between novel human coronavirus MERS-CoV and its receptor CD26 date: 2013-07-07 journal: Nature DOI: 10.1038/nature12328 sha: doc_id: 273893 cord_uid: 3nd6ptrg file: cache/cord-275404-hv3y4x4g.json key: cord-275404-hv3y4x4g authors: Zumla, Alimuddin; Hui, David S title: Infection control and MERS-CoV in health-care workers date: 2014-05-20 journal: Lancet DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(14)60852-7 sha: doc_id: 275404 cord_uid: hv3y4x4g file: cache/cord-274122-n9jnu2ah.json key: cord-274122-n9jnu2ah authors: Mielech, Anna M.; Kilianski, Andy; Baez-Santos, Yahira M.; Mesecar, Andrew D.; Baker, Susan C. title: MERS-CoV papain-like protease has deISGylating and deubiquitinating activities date: 2014-02-01 journal: Virology DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2013.11.040 sha: doc_id: 274122 cord_uid: n9jnu2ah file: cache/cord-276769-th7iou21.json key: cord-276769-th7iou21 authors: Khan, Suliman; Siddique, Rabeea; Bai, Qian; Shabana; Liu, Yang; Xue, Mengzhou; Nabi, Ghulam; Liu, Jianbo title: Coronaviruses disease 2019 (COVID-19): causative agent, mental health concerns, and potential management options date: 2020-07-25 journal: J Infect Public Health DOI: 10.1016/j.jiph.2020.07.010 sha: doc_id: 276769 cord_uid: th7iou21 file: cache/cord-275138-033r259v.json key: cord-275138-033r259v authors: Hayden, Frederick G; Farrar, Jeremy; Peiris, J S Malik title: Towards improving clinical management of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection date: 2014-07-31 journal: The Lancet Infectious Diseases DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(14)70793-5 sha: doc_id: 275138 cord_uid: 033r259v file: cache/cord-273391-vmtfn78x.json key: cord-273391-vmtfn78x authors: Li, Kun; Li, Zhuo; Wohlford-Lenane, Christine; Meyerholz, David K.; Channappanavar, Rudragouda; An, Dong; Perlman, Stanley; McCray, Paul B.; He, Biao title: Single-Dose, Intranasal Immunization with Recombinant Parainfluenza Virus 5 Expressing Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) Spike Protein Protects Mice from Fatal MERS-CoV Infection date: 2020-04-07 journal: mBio DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00554-20 sha: doc_id: 273391 cord_uid: vmtfn78x file: cache/cord-274007-zndtddty.json key: cord-274007-zndtddty authors: Rasmussen, Sonja A.; Smulian, John C.; Lednicky, John A.; Wen, Tony S.; Jamieson, Denise J. title: Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) and pregnancy: what obstetricians need to know date: 2020-02-24 journal: Am J Obstet Gynecol DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2020.02.017 sha: doc_id: 274007 cord_uid: zndtddty file: cache/cord-272710-uq2idlca.json key: cord-272710-uq2idlca authors: Cho, Chao-Cheng; Lin, Meng-Hsuan; Chuang, Chien-Ying; Hsu, Chun-Hua title: Macro Domain from Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) Is an Efficient ADP-ribose Binding Module: CRYSTAL STRUCTURE AND BIOCHEMICAL STUDIES date: 2016-01-05 journal: Journal of Biological Chemistry DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.700542 sha: doc_id: 272710 cord_uid: uq2idlca file: cache/cord-274506-fzcuu4ma.json key: cord-274506-fzcuu4ma authors: Jo, Seri; Kim, Hyojin; Kim, Suwon; Shin, Dong Hae; Kim, Mi‐Sun title: Characteristics of flavonoids as potent MERS‐CoV 3C‐like protease inhibitors date: 2019-09-12 journal: Chem Biol Drug Des DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.13604 sha: doc_id: 274506 cord_uid: fzcuu4ma file: cache/cord-277823-vijh6x1l.json key: cord-277823-vijh6x1l authors: TERAMICHI, Takurou; FUKUSHI, Shuetsu; HACHIYA, Yuma; MELAKU, Simenew Keskes; OGUMA, Keisuke; SENTSUI, Hiroshi title: Evaluation of serological assays available in a biosafety level 2 laboratory and their application for survey of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus among livestock in Ethiopia date: 2019-11-05 journal: J Vet Med Sci DOI: 10.1292/jvms.19-0436 sha: doc_id: 277823 cord_uid: vijh6x1l file: cache/cord-278238-w1l8h8g8.json key: cord-278238-w1l8h8g8 authors: Okba, Nisreen MA; Raj, V Stalin; Haagmans, Bart L title: Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus vaccines: current status and novel approaches date: 2017-04-13 journal: Curr Opin Virol DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2017.03.007 sha: doc_id: 278238 cord_uid: w1l8h8g8 file: cache/cord-277781-v9hw1cdi.json key: cord-277781-v9hw1cdi authors: Ejima, Keisuke; Aihara, Kazuyuki; Nishiura, Hiroshi title: Probabilistic differential diagnosis of Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) using the time from immigration to illness onset among imported cases date: 2014-04-07 journal: Journal of Theoretical Biology DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2013.12.024 sha: doc_id: 277781 cord_uid: v9hw1cdi file: cache/cord-275216-dnt88ycw.json key: cord-275216-dnt88ycw authors: Zhang, Xue-Yan; Huang, Hao-Jie; Zhuang, Dong-Lin; Nasser, Moussa Ide; Yang, Ming-Hua; Zhu, Ping; Zhao, Ming-Yi title: Biological, clinical and epidemiological features of COVID-19, SARS and MERS and AutoDock simulation of ACE2 date: 2020-07-20 journal: Infect Dis Poverty DOI: 10.1186/s40249-020-00691-6 sha: doc_id: 275216 cord_uid: dnt88ycw file: cache/cord-278648-hkvurb2k.json key: cord-278648-hkvurb2k authors: Menachery, Vineet D.; Gralinski, Lisa E.; Mitchell, Hugh D.; Dinnon, Kenneth H.; Leist, Sarah R.; Yount, Boyd L.; Graham, Rachel L.; McAnarney, Eileen T.; Stratton, Kelly G.; Cockrell, Adam S.; Debbink, Kari; Sims, Amy C.; Waters, Katrina M.; Baric, Ralph S. title: Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Nonstructural Protein 16 Is Necessary for Interferon Resistance and Viral Pathogenesis date: 2017-11-15 journal: mSphere DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00346-17 sha: doc_id: 278648 cord_uid: hkvurb2k file: cache/cord-277337-ij0dn77h.json key: cord-277337-ij0dn77h authors: Cho, Hae-Wol; Chu, Chaeshin title: Outbreak of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome in Korea? date: 2015-08-28 journal: Osong Public Health Res Perspect DOI: 10.1016/j.phrp.2015.08.005 sha: doc_id: 277337 cord_uid: ij0dn77h file: cache/cord-276193-cngz535o.json key: cord-276193-cngz535o authors: Volz, A.; Sutter, G. title: Modified Vaccinia Virus Ankara: History, Value in Basic Research, and Current Perspectives for Vaccine Development date: 2016-08-01 journal: Adv Virus Res DOI: 10.1016/bs.aivir.2016.07.001 sha: doc_id: 276193 cord_uid: cngz535o file: cache/cord-278839-uu2wlpmp.json key: cord-278839-uu2wlpmp authors: Alberca, Ricardo Wesley; Pereira, Nátalli Zanete; Oliveira, Luanda Mara Da Silva; Gozzi-Silva, Sarah Cristina; Sato, Maria Notomi title: Pregnancy, Viral Infection, and COVID-19 date: 2020-07-07 journal: Front Immunol DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01672 sha: doc_id: 278839 cord_uid: uu2wlpmp file: cache/cord-279503-w4tn03w0.json key: cord-279503-w4tn03w0 authors: Kim, Hanbi; Park, Minseon; Hwang, Joonki; Kim, Jin Hwa; Chung, Doo-Ryeon; Lee, Kyu-sung; Kang, Minhee title: Development of Label-Free Colorimetric Assay for MERS-CoV Using Gold Nanoparticles date: 2019-05-07 journal: ACS Sens DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.9b00175 sha: doc_id: 279503 cord_uid: w4tn03w0 file: cache/cord-279557-hk77e3pp.json key: cord-279557-hk77e3pp authors: Drosten, Christian; Seilmaier, Michael; Corman, Victor M; Hartmann, Wulf; Scheible, Gregor; Sack, Stefan; Guggemos, Wolfgang; Kallies, Rene; Muth, Doreen; Junglen, Sandra; Müller, Marcel A; Haas, Walter; Guberina, Hana; Röhnisch, Tim; Schmid-Wendtner, Monika; Aldabbagh, Souhaib; Dittmer, Ulf; Gold, Hermann; Graf, Petra; Bonin, Frank; Rambaut, Andrew; Wendtner, Clemens-Martin title: Clinical features and virological analysis of a case of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection date: 2013-06-17 journal: Lancet Infect Dis DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(13)70154-3 sha: doc_id: 279557 cord_uid: hk77e3pp file: cache/cord-278182-75u57fw1.json key: cord-278182-75u57fw1 authors: Goh, Gerard Kian-Meng; Dunker, A. Keith; Foster, James A.; Uversky, Vladimir N. title: Shell disorder analysis predicts greater resilience of the SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) outside the body and in body fluids date: 2020-03-31 journal: Microb Pathog DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2020.104177 sha: doc_id: 278182 cord_uid: 75u57fw1 file: cache/cord-279733-c0w9bw5u.json key: cord-279733-c0w9bw5u authors: Lui, Pak-Yin; Wong, Lok-Yin Roy; Fung, Cheuk-Lai; Siu, Kam-Leung; Yeung, Man-Lung; Yuen, Kit-San; Chan, Chi-Ping; Woo, Patrick Chiu-Yat; Yuen, Kwok-Yung; Jin, Dong-Yan title: Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus M protein suppresses type I interferon expression through the inhibition of TBK1-dependent phosphorylation of IRF3 date: 2016-04-20 journal: Emerg Microbes Infect DOI: 10.1038/emi.2016.33 sha: doc_id: 279733 cord_uid: c0w9bw5u file: cache/cord-279979-3ecnbqom.json key: cord-279979-3ecnbqom authors: Anthony, S. J.; Gilardi, K.; Menachery, V. 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K. title: Further Evidence for Bats as the Evolutionary Source of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus date: 2017-04-04 journal: mBio DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00373-17 sha: doc_id: 279979 cord_uid: 3ecnbqom file: cache/cord-280624-7v8xuicg.json key: cord-280624-7v8xuicg authors: Ba Abduallah, Mohamed M.; Hemida, Maged Gomaa title: Comparative analysis of the genome structure and organization of the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS‐CoV) 2012 to 2019 revealing evidence for virus strain barcoding, zoonotic transmission, and selection pressure date: 2020-08-17 journal: Rev Med Virol DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2150 sha: doc_id: 280624 cord_uid: 7v8xuicg file: cache/cord-279976-juz9jnfk.json key: cord-279976-juz9jnfk authors: Xie, Mingxuan; Chen, Qiong title: Insight into 2019 novel coronavirus — an updated intrim review and lessons from SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV date: 2020-04-01 journal: Int J Infect Dis DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2020.03.071 sha: doc_id: 279976 cord_uid: juz9jnfk file: cache/cord-280941-ds6x0yym.json key: cord-280941-ds6x0yym authors: Kim, Young-Seok; Son, Ahyun; Kim, Jihoon; Kwon, Soon Bin; Kim, Myung Hee; Kim, Paul; Kim, Jieun; Byun, Young Ho; Sung, Jemin; Lee, Jinhee; Yu, Ji Eun; Park, Chan; Kim, Yeon-Sook; Cho, Nam-Hyuk; Chang, Jun; Seong, Baik L. title: Chaperna-Mediated Assembly of Ferritin-Based Middle East Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus Nanoparticles date: 2018-05-17 journal: Front Immunol DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01093 sha: doc_id: 280941 cord_uid: ds6x0yym file: cache/cord-281529-2rec51xg.json key: cord-281529-2rec51xg authors: Haagmans, Bart L; Al Dhahiry, Said H S; Reusken, Chantal B E M; Raj, V Stalin; Galiano, Monica; Myers, Richard; Godeke, Gert-Jan; Jonges, Marcel; Farag, Elmoubasher; Diab, Ayman; Ghobashy, Hazem; Alhajri, Farhoud; Al-Thani, Mohamed; Al-Marri, Salih A; Al Romaihi, Hamad E; Al Khal, Abdullatif; Bermingham, Alison; Osterhaus, Albert D M E; AlHajri, Mohd M; Koopmans, Marion P G title: Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus in dromedary camels: an outbreak investigation date: 2013-12-17 journal: Lancet Infect Dis DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(13)70690-x sha: doc_id: 281529 cord_uid: 2rec51xg file: cache/cord-282560-tofppr3b.json key: cord-282560-tofppr3b authors: Henderson, Jack A.; Verma, Neha; Harris, Robert C.; Liu, Ruibin; Shen, Jana title: Assessment of proton-coupled conformational dynamics of SARS and MERS coronavirus papain-like proteases: Implication for designing broad-spectrum antiviral inhibitors date: 2020-09-21 journal: J Chem Phys DOI: 10.1063/5.0020458 sha: doc_id: 282560 cord_uid: tofppr3b file: cache/cord-284289-8emvca57.json key: cord-284289-8emvca57 authors: Schuster, Jennifer E.; Williams, John V. title: Emerging Respiratory Viruses in Children date: 2018-03-31 journal: Infectious Disease Clinics of North America DOI: 10.1016/j.idc.2017.10.001 sha: doc_id: 284289 cord_uid: 8emvca57 file: cache/cord-278939-z6kiee09.json key: cord-278939-z6kiee09 authors: Mani, Janice S.; Johnson, Joel B.; Steel, Jason C.; Broszczak, Daniel A.; Neilsen, Paul M.; Walsh, Kerry B.; Naiker, Mani title: Natural product-derived phytochemicals as potential agents against coronaviruses: a review date: 2020-04-30 journal: Virus Res DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2020.197989 sha: doc_id: 278939 cord_uid: z6kiee09 file: cache/cord-279255-v861kk0i.json key: cord-279255-v861kk0i authors: Dhama, Kuldeep; Khan, Sharun; Tiwari, Ruchi; Sircar, Shubhankar; Bhat, Sudipta; Malik, Yashpal Singh; Singh, Karam Pal; Chaicumpa, Wanpen; Bonilla-Aldana, D. Katterine; Rodriguez-Morales, Alfonso J. title: Coronavirus Disease 2019–COVID-19 date: 2020-06-24 journal: Clin Microbiol Rev DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00028-20 sha: doc_id: 279255 cord_uid: v861kk0i file: cache/cord-280029-g1k3zlax.json key: cord-280029-g1k3zlax authors: Gabutti, Giovanni; d’Anchera, Erica; Sandri, Federica; Savio, Marta; Stefanati, Armando title: Coronavirus: Update Related to the Current Outbreak of COVID-19 date: 2020-04-08 journal: Infect Dis Ther DOI: 10.1007/s40121-020-00295-5 sha: doc_id: 280029 cord_uid: g1k3zlax file: cache/cord-282293-pdhjl508.json key: cord-282293-pdhjl508 authors: Park, Wan Beom; Kwon, Nak-Jung; Choe, Pyoeng Gyun; Choi, Su-Jin; Oh, Hong Sang; Lee, Sang Min; Chong, Hyonyong; Kim, Jong-Il; Song, Kyoung-Ho; Bang, Ji Hwan; Kim, Eu Suk; Kim, Hong-Bin; Park, Sang Won; Kim, Nam Joong; Oh, Myoung-don title: Isolation of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus from a Patient of the 2015 Korean Outbreak date: 2016-01-14 journal: J Korean Med Sci DOI: 10.3346/jkms.2016.31.2.315 sha: doc_id: 282293 cord_uid: pdhjl508 file: cache/cord-284057-pdjz4z8z.json key: cord-284057-pdjz4z8z authors: Choi, Jeong Sil; Kim, Kyung Mi title: Crisis prevention and management by infection control nurses during the Middle East respiratory coronavirus outbreak in Korea date: 2016-04-01 journal: American Journal of Infection Control DOI: 10.1016/j.ajic.2015.10.032 sha: doc_id: 284057 cord_uid: pdjz4z8z file: cache/cord-284234-9cd2v6bt.json key: cord-284234-9cd2v6bt authors: Sebastian, S; Gonzalez, H A; Peyrin-Biroulet, L title: Safety of drugs during previous and current coronavirus pandemics: Lessons for IBD date: 2020-06-10 journal: J Crohns Colitis DOI: 10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjaa120 sha: doc_id: 284234 cord_uid: 9cd2v6bt file: cache/cord-284374-sqxlnk9e.json key: cord-284374-sqxlnk9e authors: Park, Jiyeon; Yoo, Seung Yeon; Ko, Jae-Hoon; Lee, Sangmin M.; Chung, Yoon Joo; Lee, Jong-Hwan; Peck, Kyong Ran; Min, Jeong Jin title: Infection Prevention Measures for Surgical Procedures during a Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Outbreak in a Tertiary Care Hospital in South Korea date: 2020-01-15 journal: Sci Rep DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-57216-x sha: doc_id: 284374 cord_uid: sqxlnk9e file: cache/cord-280350-ay4cnzn5.json key: cord-280350-ay4cnzn5 authors: Chan, Jasper F.W.; Chan, Kwok-Hung; Kao, Richard Y.T.; To, Kelvin K.W.; Zheng, Bo-Jian; Li, Clara P.Y.; Li, Patrick T.W.; Dai, Jun; Mok, Florence K.Y.; Chen, Honglin; Hayden, Frederick G.; Yuen, Kwok-Yung title: Broad-spectrum antivirals for the emerging Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus date: 2013-10-03 journal: J Infect DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2013.09.029 sha: doc_id: 280350 cord_uid: ay4cnzn5 file: cache/cord-281364-syg0wo77.json key: cord-281364-syg0wo77 authors: Caì, Yíngyún; Yú, Shuǐqìng; Postnikova, Elena N.; Mazur, Steven; Bernbaum, John G.; Burk, Robin; Zhāng, Téngfēi; Radoshitzky, Sheli R.; Müller, Marcel A.; Jordan, Ingo; Bollinger, Laura; Hensley, Lisa E.; Jahrling, Peter B.; Kuhn, Jens H. title: CD26/DPP4 Cell-Surface Expression in Bat Cells Correlates with Bat Cell Susceptibility to Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) Infection and Evolution of Persistent Infection date: 2014-11-19 journal: PLoS One DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0112060 sha: doc_id: 281364 cord_uid: syg0wo77 file: cache/cord-281802-9k6klcno.json key: cord-281802-9k6klcno authors: German, Matthew; Olsha, Romy; Kristjanson, Erik; Marchand-Austin, Alex; Peci, Adriana; Winter, Anne-Luise; Gubbay, Jonathan B. title: Acute Respiratory Infections in Travelers Returning from MERS-CoV–Affected Areas date: 2015-09-17 journal: Emerg Infect Dis DOI: 10.3201/eid2109.150472 sha: doc_id: 281802 cord_uid: 9k6klcno file: cache/cord-283586-o8m6xdra.json key: cord-283586-o8m6xdra authors: Spanakis, Nikolaos; Tsiodras, Sotirios; Haagmans, Bart L.; Raj, V. Stalin; Pontikis, Kostantinos; Koutsoukou, Antonia; Koulouris, Nikolaos G.; Osterhaus, Albert D.M.E.; Koopmans, Marion P.G.; Tsakris, Athanassios title: Virological and serological analysis of a recent Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection case on a triple combination antiviral regimen date: 2014-12-31 journal: International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2014.07.026 sha: doc_id: 283586 cord_uid: o8m6xdra file: cache/cord-283966-eln8ljjj.json key: cord-283966-eln8ljjj authors: Meyer, Benjamin; Müller, Marcel A.; Corman, Victor M.; Reusken, Chantal B.E.M.; Ritz, Daniel; Godeke, Gert-Jan; Lattwein, Erik; Kallies, Stephan; Siemens, Artem; van Beek, Janko; Drexler, Jan F.; Muth, Doreen; Bosch, Berend-Jan; Wernery, Ulrich; Koopmans, Marion P.G.; Wernery, Renate; Drosten, Christian title: Antibodies against MERS Coronavirus in Dromedary Camels, United Arab Emirates, 2003 and 2013 date: 2014-04-17 journal: Emerg Infect Dis DOI: 10.3201/eid2004.131746 sha: doc_id: 283966 cord_uid: eln8ljjj file: cache/cord-284286-qfl6hehj.json key: cord-284286-qfl6hehj authors: Woo, Patrick C. 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Y.; Tsang, Chi-Ching; Wernery, Ulrich; Yuen, Kwok-Yung title: Isolation and Characterization of Dromedary Camel Coronavirus UAE-HKU23 from Dromedaries of the Middle East: Minimal Serological Cross-Reactivity between MERS Coronavirus and Dromedary Camel Coronavirus UAE-HKU23 date: 2016-05-07 journal: Int J Mol Sci DOI: 10.3390/ijms17050691 sha: doc_id: 284286 cord_uid: qfl6hehj file: cache/cord-283709-y59h5bw8.json key: cord-283709-y59h5bw8 authors: Chan, Renee W Y; Hemida, Maged G; Kayali, Ghazi; Chu, Daniel K W; Poon, Leo L M; Alnaeem, Abdelmohsen; Ali, Mohamed A; Tao, Kin P; Ng, Hoi Y; Chan, Michael C W; Guan, Yi; Nicholls, John M; Peiris, J S Malik title: Tropism and replication of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus from dromedary camels in the human respiratory tract: an in-vitro and ex-vivo study date: 2014-08-28 journal: Lancet Respir Med DOI: 10.1016/s2213-2600(14)70158-4 sha: doc_id: 283709 cord_uid: y59h5bw8 file: cache/cord-282554-hlcgutzf.json key: cord-282554-hlcgutzf authors: Yoo, Jin-Hong title: The Fight against the 2019-nCoV Outbreak: an Arduous March Has Just Begun date: 2020-01-30 journal: J Korean Med Sci DOI: 10.3346/jkms.2020.35.e56 sha: doc_id: 282554 cord_uid: hlcgutzf file: cache/cord-284845-on97zu6w.json key: cord-284845-on97zu6w authors: Falcinelli, Shane D.; Chertow, Daniel S.; Kindrachuk, Jason title: Integration of Global Analyses of Host Molecular Responses with Clinical Data To Evaluate Pathogenesis and Advance Therapies for Emerging and Re-emerging Viral Infections date: 2016-07-29 journal: ACS Infectious Diseases DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.6b00104 sha: doc_id: 284845 cord_uid: on97zu6w file: cache/cord-284581-fl2nt4ak.json key: cord-284581-fl2nt4ak authors: Kleine-Weber, Hannah; Pöhlmann, Stefan; Hoffmann, Markus title: Spike proteins of novel MERS-coronavirus isolates from North- and West-African dromedary camels mediate robust viral entry into human target cells date: 2019-07-19 journal: Virology DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2019.07.016 sha: doc_id: 284581 cord_uid: fl2nt4ak file: cache/cord-282279-zmfcfbo8.json key: cord-282279-zmfcfbo8 authors: Lee, Sang Min; Kang, Won Sub; Cho, Ah-Rang; Kim, Tae; Park, Jin Kyung title: Psychological impact of the 2015 MERS outbreak on hospital workers and quarantined hemodialysis patients date: 2018-11-30 journal: Comprehensive Psychiatry DOI: 10.1016/j.comppsych.2018.10.003 sha: doc_id: 282279 cord_uid: zmfcfbo8 file: cache/cord-286703-ipoj13va.json key: cord-286703-ipoj13va authors: de Wilde, Adriaan H.; Falzarano, Darryl; Zevenhoven-Dobbe, Jessika C.; Beugeling, Corrine; Fett, Craig; Martellaro, Cynthia; Posthuma, Clara C.; Feldmann, Heinz; Perlman, Stanley; Snijder, Eric J. title: Alisporivir inhibits MERS- and SARS-coronavirus replication in cell culture, but not SARS-coronavirus infection in a mouse model date: 2017-01-15 journal: Virus Res DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2016.11.011 sha: doc_id: 286703 cord_uid: ipoj13va file: cache/cord-287159-bjccnp7u.json key: cord-287159-bjccnp7u authors: Yavarian, Jila; Shafiei Jandaghi, Nazanin Zahra; Naseri, Maryam; Hemmati, Peyman; Dadras, Mohhamadnasr; Gouya, Mohammad Mehdi; Mokhtari Azad, Talat title: Influenza virus but not MERS coronavirus circulation in Iran, 2013–2016: Comparison between pilgrims and general population date: 2017-10-12 journal: Travel Med Infect Dis DOI: 10.1016/j.tmaid.2017.10.007 sha: doc_id: 287159 cord_uid: bjccnp7u file: cache/cord-285900-3rr0j5tk.json key: cord-285900-3rr0j5tk authors: Du, Lanying; Tai, Wanbo; Yang, Yang; Zhao, Guangyu; Zhu, Qing; Sun, Shihui; Liu, Chang; Tao, Xinrong; Tseng, Chien-Te K.; Perlman, Stanley; Jiang, Shibo; Zhou, Yusen; Li, Fang title: Introduction of neutralizing immunogenicity index to the rational design of MERS coronavirus subunit vaccines date: 2016-11-22 journal: Nat Commun DOI: 10.1038/ncomms13473 sha: doc_id: 285900 cord_uid: 3rr0j5tk file: cache/cord-286472-pqtem19t.json key: cord-286472-pqtem19t authors: McFee, R.B. title: MIDDLE EAST RESPIRATORY SYNDROME (MERS) CORONAVIRUS date: 2020-07-28 journal: Dis Mon DOI: 10.1016/j.disamonth.2020.101053 sha: doc_id: 286472 cord_uid: pqtem19t file: cache/cord-288589-bt9429bh.json key: cord-288589-bt9429bh authors: Habibzadeh, Farrokh title: Hadj ritual and risk of a pandemic date: 2013-12-31 journal: Am J Infect Control DOI: 10.1016/j.ajic.2013.08.011 sha: doc_id: 288589 cord_uid: bt9429bh file: cache/cord-286072-kgpvdb42.json key: cord-286072-kgpvdb42 authors: Sa Ribero, Margarida; Jouvenet, Nolwenn; Dreux, Marlène; Nisole, Sébastien title: Interplay between SARS-CoV-2 and the type I interferon response date: 2020-07-29 journal: PLoS Pathog DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008737 sha: doc_id: 286072 cord_uid: kgpvdb42 file: cache/cord-287156-3plpi6i9.json key: cord-287156-3plpi6i9 authors: Lassandro, Giuseppe; Palladino, Valentina; Amoruso, Anna; Palmieri, Viviana Valeria; Russo, Giovanna; Giordano, Paola title: Children in Coronaviruses’ Wonderland: What Clinicians Need to Know date: 2020-07-01 journal: Mediterr J Hematol Infect Dis DOI: 10.4084/mjhid.2020.042 sha: doc_id: 287156 cord_uid: 3plpi6i9 file: cache/cord-285039-9piio754.json key: cord-285039-9piio754 authors: Zhou, Haixia; Zhang, Shuyuan; Wang, Xinquan title: Crystallization and Structural Determination of the Receptor-Binding Domain of MERS-CoV Spike Glycoprotein date: 2019-09-14 journal: MERS Coronavirus DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0211-9_4 sha: doc_id: 285039 cord_uid: 9piio754 file: cache/cord-286298-pn9nwl64.json key: cord-286298-pn9nwl64 authors: Helmy, Yosra A.; Fawzy, Mohamed; Elaswad, Ahmed; Sobieh, Ahmed; Kenney, Scott P.; Shehata, Awad A. title: The COVID-19 Pandemic: A Comprehensive Review of Taxonomy, Genetics, Epidemiology, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Control date: 2020-04-24 journal: J Clin Med DOI: 10.3390/jcm9041225 sha: doc_id: 286298 cord_uid: pn9nwl64 file: cache/cord-286631-3fmg3scx.json key: cord-286631-3fmg3scx authors: Pormohammad, Ali; Ghorbani, Saied; Khatami, Alireza; Farzi, Rana; Baradaran, Behzad; Turner, Diana L.; Turner, Raymond J.; Bahr, Nathan C.; Idrovo, Juan‐Pablo title: Comparison of confirmed COVID‐19 with SARS and MERS cases ‐ Clinical characteristics, laboratory findings, radiographic signs and outcomes: A systematic review and meta‐analysis date: 2020-06-05 journal: Rev Med Virol DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2112 sha: doc_id: 286631 cord_uid: 3fmg3scx file: cache/cord-286683-mettlmhz.json key: cord-286683-mettlmhz authors: Ortiz-Prado, Esteban; Simbaña-Rivera, Katherine; Gómez-Barreno, Lenin; Rubio-Neira, Mario; Guaman, Linda P.; Kyriakidis, Nikolaos C; Muslin, Claire; Jaramillo, Ana María Gómez; Barba-Ostria, Carlos; Cevallos-Robalino, Doménica; Sanches-SanMiguel, Hugo; Unigarro, Luis; Zalakeviciute, Rasa; Gadian, Naomi; López-Cortés, Andrés title: Clinical, molecular and epidemiological characterization of the SARS-CoV2 virus and the Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), a comprehensive literature review date: 2020-05-30 journal: Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2020.115094 sha: doc_id: 286683 cord_uid: mettlmhz file: cache/cord-287527-ep6ug9c3.json key: cord-287527-ep6ug9c3 authors: Algaissi, Abdullah; 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Kwag, Taewoo; Park, Sangwook; Kim, Yon Hui title: Effects of operational decisions on the diffusion of epidemic disease: A system dynamics modeling of the MERS-CoV outbreak in South Korea date: 2017-05-21 journal: Journal of Theoretical Biology DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2017.03.020 sha: doc_id: 287953 cord_uid: prn8cnvo file: cache/cord-289311-0wgafqdz.json key: cord-289311-0wgafqdz authors: Kim, Jee-Eun; Heo, Jae-Hyeok; Kim, Hye-ok; Song, Sook-hee; Park, Sang-Soon; Park, Tai-Hwan; Ahn, Jin-Young; Kim, Min-Ky; Choi, Jae-Phil title: Neurological Complications during Treatment of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome date: 2017-06-30 journal: J Clin Neurol DOI: 10.3988/jcn.2017.13.3.227 sha: doc_id: 289311 cord_uid: 0wgafqdz file: cache/cord-289520-i6pv90s9.json key: cord-289520-i6pv90s9 authors: Harris, Carlyn; Carson, Gail; Baillie, J Kenneth; Horby, Peter; Nair, Harish title: An evidence-based framework for priority clinical research questions for COVID-19 date: 2020-03-31 journal: Journal of global health DOI: 10.7189/jogh.10-011001 sha: doc_id: 289520 cord_uid: i6pv90s9 file: cache/cord-290319-decr6wrd.json key: cord-290319-decr6wrd authors: Kayali, Ghazi; 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Proceedings of the 5th seminar on emerging infectious diseases, March 22, 2016 – current trends and proposals date: 2018-02-28 journal: Revue d'Épidémiologie et de Santé Publique DOI: 10.1016/j.respe.2017.08.001 sha: doc_id: 289003 cord_uid: vov6o1jx file: cache/cord-291199-nazl2e97.json key: cord-291199-nazl2e97 authors: Kleine-Weber, Hannah; Elzayat, Mahmoud Tarek; Wang, Lingshu; Graham, Barney S.; Müller, Marcel A.; Drosten, Christian; Pöhlmann, Stefan; Hoffmann, Markus title: Mutations in the Spike Protein of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Transmitted in Korea Increase Resistance to Antibody-Mediated Neutralization date: 2018-11-07 journal: Journal of Virology DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01381-18 sha: doc_id: 291199 cord_uid: nazl2e97 file: cache/cord-290744-m0vpizuh.json key: cord-290744-m0vpizuh authors: Kindler, E.; Thiel, V.; Weber, F. title: Interaction of SARS and MERS Coronaviruses with the Antiviral Interferon Response date: 2016-09-09 journal: Adv Virus Res DOI: 10.1016/bs.aivir.2016.08.006 sha: doc_id: 290744 cord_uid: m0vpizuh file: cache/cord-287758-da11ypiy.json key: cord-287758-da11ypiy authors: Mônica Vitalino de Almeida, Sinara; Cleberson Santos Soares, José; Lima dos Santos, Keriolaine; Emanuel Ferreira Alves, Josival; Galdino Ribeiro, Amélia; Trindade Tenório Jacob, Íris; Juliane da Silva Ferreira, Cindy; Celerino dos Santos, Jéssica; Ferreira de Oliveira, Jamerson; Bezerra de Carvalho Junior, Luiz; do Carmo Alves de Lima, Maria title: COVID-19 therapy: what weapons do we bring into battle? date: 2020-09-10 journal: Bioorg Med Chem DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2020.115757 sha: doc_id: 287758 cord_uid: da11ypiy file: cache/cord-294349-ps3qlho2.json key: cord-294349-ps3qlho2 authors: Al-Sharif, Eman; Strianese, Diego; AlMadhi, Nada H.; D’Aponte, Antonella; dell’Omo, Roberto; Di Benedetto, Rita; Costagliola, Ciro title: Ocular tropism of coronavirus (CoVs): a comparison of the interaction between the animal-to-human transmitted coronaviruses (SARS-CoV-1, SARS-CoV-2, MERS-CoV, CoV-229E, NL63, OC43, HKU1) and the eye date: 2020-09-03 journal: Int Ophthalmol DOI: 10.1007/s10792-020-01575-2 sha: doc_id: 294349 cord_uid: ps3qlho2 file: cache/cord-291014-cfnoxhtd.json key: cord-291014-cfnoxhtd authors: Zheng, Jian; Perlman, Stanley title: Immune responses in influenza A virus and human coronavirus infections: an ongoing battle between the virus and host date: 2018-02-28 journal: Current Opinion in Virology DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2017.11.002 sha: doc_id: 291014 cord_uid: cfnoxhtd file: cache/cord-292092-o6s5nw49.json key: cord-292092-o6s5nw49 authors: Furuse, Yuki; Okamoto, Michiko; Oshitani, Hitoshi title: Conservation of nucleotide sequences for molecular diagnosis of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus, 2015 date: 2015-09-30 journal: Int J Infect Dis DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2015.09.018 sha: doc_id: 292092 cord_uid: o6s5nw49 file: cache/cord-293871-hzes7mwt.json key: cord-293871-hzes7mwt authors: McGuinness, Sarah L.; Wu, Henry M. title: Pretravel Considerations for Non-vaccine-Preventable Travel Infections date: 2018-11-26 journal: Travel Medicine DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-54696-6.00007-0 sha: doc_id: 293871 cord_uid: hzes7mwt file: cache/cord-291367-rtmsrh16.json key: cord-291367-rtmsrh16 authors: Zumla, Alimuddin; Rustomjee, Roxana; Ntoumi, Francine; Mwaba, Peter; Bates, Matthew; Maeurer, Markus; Hui, David S.; Petersen, Eskild title: Middle East Respiratory Syndrome - need for increased vigilance and watchful surveillance for MERS-CoV in sub-Saharan Africa date: 2015-07-02 journal: Int J Infect Dis DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2015.06.020 sha: doc_id: 291367 cord_uid: rtmsrh16 file: cache/cord-292709-4hn55wui.json key: cord-292709-4hn55wui authors: Nor, Mohd Basri Mat; Richards, Guy A.; McGloughlin, Steve; Amin, Pravin R. title: Pneumonia in the tropics: Report from the Task Force on tropical diseases by the World Federation of Societies of Intensive and Critical Care Medicine date: 2017-12-31 journal: Journal of Critical Care DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrc.2017.11.004 sha: doc_id: 292709 cord_uid: 4hn55wui file: cache/cord-293481-bmfj50fb.json key: cord-293481-bmfj50fb authors: Malin, Jakob J.; Suárez, Isabelle; Priesner, Vanessa; Fätkenheuer, Gerd; Rybniker, Jan title: Remdesivir against COVID-19 and Other Viral Diseases date: 2020-10-14 journal: Clin Microbiol Rev DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00162-20 sha: doc_id: 293481 cord_uid: bmfj50fb file: cache/cord-293691-ewerquin.json key: cord-293691-ewerquin authors: Sauerhering, Lucie; 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Nakano, Mayra; Lazar, Victor; Gomes, Alecsandra P; de Martin, Hamilton; Bonetti, Tatiana CS title: A review of initial data on pregnancy during the COVID-19 outbreak: implications for assisted reproductive treatments date: 2020 journal: JBRA Assist Reprod DOI: 10.5935/1518-0557.20200030 sha: doc_id: 293127 cord_uid: c27qh5y7 file: cache/cord-293505-1t3hg4wi.json key: cord-293505-1t3hg4wi authors: Bernard-Stoecklin, Sibylle; Nikolay, Birgit; Assiri, Abdullah; Bin Saeed, Abdul Aziz; Ben Embarek, Peter Karim; El Bushra, Hassan; Ki, Moran; Malik, Mamunur Rahman; Fontanet, Arnaud; Cauchemez, Simon; Van Kerkhove, Maria D. title: Comparative Analysis of Eleven Healthcare-Associated Outbreaks of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (Mers-Cov) from 2015 to 2017 date: 2019-05-14 journal: Sci Rep DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-43586-9 sha: doc_id: 293505 cord_uid: 1t3hg4wi file: cache/cord-293525-c7nwygl1.json key: cord-293525-c7nwygl1 authors: Saldanha, I. F.; Lawson, B.; Goharriz, H.; Rodriguez-Ramos Fernandez, J.; John, S. K.; Fooks, A. R.; Cunningham, A. A.; Johnson, N.; Horton, D. L. title: Extension of the known distribution of a novel clade C betacoronavirus in a wildlife host date: 2019-04-03 journal: Epidemiol Infect DOI: 10.1017/s0950268819000207 sha: doc_id: 293525 cord_uid: c7nwygl1 file: cache/cord-293966-5c466xvz.json key: cord-293966-5c466xvz authors: Fehr, Anthony R. title: Bacterial Artificial Chromosome-Based Lambda Red Recombination with the I-SceI Homing Endonuclease for Genetic Alteration of MERS-CoV date: 2019-09-14 journal: MERS Coronavirus DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0211-9_5 sha: doc_id: 293966 cord_uid: 5c466xvz file: cache/cord-294831-pem059zk.json key: cord-294831-pem059zk authors: Zhang, Ling-Pu; Wang, Meixian; Wang, Yanping; Zhu, Jun; Zhang, Nannan title: Focus on a 2019-novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) date: 2020-06-11 journal: Future microbiology DOI: 10.2217/fmb-2020-0063 sha: doc_id: 294831 cord_uid: pem059zk file: cache/cord-291916-5yqc3zcx.json key: cord-291916-5yqc3zcx authors: Hozhabri, Hossein; Piceci Sparascio, Francesca; Sohrabi, Hamidreza; Mousavifar, Leila; Roy, René; Scribano, Daniela; De Luca, Alessandro; Ambrosi, Cecilia; Sarshar, Meysam title: The Global Emergency of Novel Coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2): An Update of the Current Status and Forecasting date: 2020-08-05 journal: Int J Environ Res Public Health DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17165648 sha: doc_id: 291916 cord_uid: 5yqc3zcx file: cache/cord-294907-i836d6im.json key: cord-294907-i836d6im authors: Alabdali, Abdullah; Almakhalas, Kharsan; Alhusain, Faisal; Albaiz, Saad; Almutairi, Khalid; Aljerian, Nawfal title: The Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) Outbreak at King Abdul-Aziz Medical City-Riyadh from Emergency Medical Services Perspective date: 2020-05-20 journal: Prehospital and disaster medicine DOI: 10.1017/s1049023x20000709 sha: doc_id: 294907 cord_uid: i836d6im file: cache/cord-295433-olmein3q.json key: cord-295433-olmein3q authors: Banerjee, Arinjay; Kulcsar, Kirsten; Misra, Vikram; Frieman, Matthew; Mossman, Karen title: Bats and Coronaviruses date: 2019-01-09 journal: Viruses DOI: 10.3390/v11010041 sha: doc_id: 295433 cord_uid: olmein3q file: cache/cord-292836-1o2ynvy3.json key: cord-292836-1o2ynvy3 authors: Ogimi, Chikara; Kim, Yae Jean; Martin, Emily T; Huh, Hee Jae; Chiu, Cheng-Hsun; Englund, Janet A title: What’s New With the Old Coronaviruses? date: 2020-04-21 journal: J Pediatric Infect Dis Soc DOI: 10.1093/jpids/piaa037 sha: doc_id: 292836 cord_uid: 1o2ynvy3 file: cache/cord-295633-vkjcheaz.json key: cord-295633-vkjcheaz authors: Hao, Xin‐yan; Lv, Qi; Li, Feng‐di; Xu, Yan‐feng; Gao, Hong title: The characteristics of hDPP4 transgenic mice subjected to aerosol MERS coronavirus infection via an animal nose‐only exposure device date: 2019-10-30 journal: Animal Model Exp Med DOI: 10.1002/ame2.12088 sha: doc_id: 295633 cord_uid: vkjcheaz file: cache/cord-294656-sx3tpe0y.json key: cord-294656-sx3tpe0y authors: Lee, Jonggul; Chowell, Gerardo; Jung, Eunok title: A dynamic compartmental model for the Middle East respiratory syndrome outbreak in the Republic of Korea: A retrospective analysis on control interventions and superspreading events date: 2016-11-07 journal: Journal of Theoretical Biology DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2016.08.009 sha: doc_id: 294656 cord_uid: sx3tpe0y file: cache/cord-294856-eeh2a0t8.json key: cord-294856-eeh2a0t8 authors: Lambert, Paul-Henri; Ambrosino, Donna M.; Andersen, Svein R.; Baric, Ralph S.; Black, Steven B.; Chen, Robert T.; Dekker, Cornelia L.; Didierlaurent, Arnaud M.; Graham, Barney S.; Martin, Samantha D.; Molrine, Deborah C.; Perlman, Stanley; Picard-Fraser, Philip A.; Pollard, Andrew J.; Qin, Chuan; Subbarao, Kanta; Cramer, Jakob P. title: Consensus Summary Report for CEPI/BC March 12-13, 2020 Meeting: Assessment of Risk of Disease Enhancement with COVID-19 Vaccines date: 2020-05-25 journal: Vaccine DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.05.064 sha: doc_id: 294856 cord_uid: eeh2a0t8 file: cache/cord-295846-quhnesbr.json key: cord-295846-quhnesbr authors: Li, Huan; Chen, Chongxiang; Hu, Fang; Wang, Jiaojiao; Zhao, Qingyu; Gale, Robert Peter; Liang, Yang title: Impact of corticosteroid therapy on outcomes of persons with SARS-CoV-2, SARS-CoV, or MERS-CoV infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis date: 2020-05-05 journal: Leukemia DOI: 10.1038/s41375-020-0848-3 sha: doc_id: 295846 cord_uid: quhnesbr file: cache/cord-294800-akr4f5p8.json key: cord-294800-akr4f5p8 authors: Kabir, Md. 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Huang, Shaoying; Yin, Lianghong title: The cytokine storm and COVID‐19 date: 2020-06-27 journal: J Med Virol DOI: 10.1002/jmv.26232 sha: doc_id: 294854 cord_uid: rvrgcugn file: cache/cord-294918-lm2ixz8n.json key: cord-294918-lm2ixz8n authors: Hotez, Peter J.; Bottazzi, Maria Elena; Tseng, Chien-Te K.; Zhan, Bin; Lustigman, Sara; Du, Lanying; Jiang, Shibo title: Calling for rapid development of a safe and effective MERS vaccine date: 2014-07-31 journal: Microbes and Infection DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2014.05.002 sha: doc_id: 294918 cord_uid: lm2ixz8n file: cache/cord-296237-i9cti2ok.json key: cord-296237-i9cti2ok authors: Díez, José-María; Romero, Carolina; Vergara-Alert, Júlia; Belló-Perez, Melissa; Rodon, Jordi; Honrubia, José Manuel; Segalés, Joaquim; Sola, Isabel; Enjuanes, Luis; Gajardo, Rodrigo title: Cross-neutralization activity against SARS-CoV-2 is present in currently available intravenous immunoglobulins date: 2020-06-19 journal: bioRxiv DOI: 10.1101/2020.06.19.160879 sha: doc_id: 296237 cord_uid: i9cti2ok file: cache/cord-297062-dmiplvt2.json key: cord-297062-dmiplvt2 authors: Almekhlafi, Ghaleb A.; Albarrak, Mohammed M.; Mandourah, Yasser; Hassan, Sahar; Alwan, Abid; Abudayah, Abdullah; Altayyar, Sultan; Mustafa, Mohamed; Aldaghestani, Tareef; Alghamedi, Adnan; Talag, Ali; Malik, Muhammad K.; Omrani, Ali S.; Sakr, Yasser title: Presentation and outcome of Middle East respiratory syndrome in Saudi intensive care unit patients date: 2016-05-07 journal: Crit Care DOI: 10.1186/s13054-016-1303-8 sha: doc_id: 297062 cord_uid: dmiplvt2 file: cache/cord-297691-w4cdfwv0.json key: cord-297691-w4cdfwv0 authors: Nikaeen, Ghazal; Abbaszadeh, Sepideh; Yousefinejad, Saeed title: Application of nanomaterials in treatment, anti-infection and detection of coronaviruses date: 2020-05-07 journal: Nanomedicine DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2020-0117 sha: doc_id: 297691 cord_uid: w4cdfwv0 file: cache/cord-295559-yc8q62z8.json key: cord-295559-yc8q62z8 authors: Qian, Zhaohui; Dominguez, Samuel R.; Holmes, Kathryn V. title: Role of the Spike Glycoprotein of Human Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) in Virus Entry and Syncytia Formation date: 2013-10-03 journal: PLoS One DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0076469 sha: doc_id: 295559 cord_uid: yc8q62z8 file: cache/cord-297418-36j840wm.json key: cord-297418-36j840wm authors: Carneiro Leão, Jair; Paula de Lima Gusmão, Teresa; Machado Zarzar, Adriana; Leão Filho, Jair Carneiro; Barkokebas Santos de Faria, Andreza; Morais Silva, Igor Henrique; Gueiros, Luiz Alcino Monteiro; Robinson, Narendran Andrew; Porter, Stephen; de Albuquerque Tavares Carvalho, Alessandra title: Coronaviridae ‐ old friends, new enemy! date: 2020-05-31 journal: Oral Dis DOI: 10.1111/odi.13447 sha: doc_id: 297418 cord_uid: 36j840wm file: cache/cord-296517-414grqif.json key: cord-296517-414grqif authors: Wong, Gary; Liu, Wenjun; Liu, Yingxia; Zhou, Boping; Bi, Yuhai; Gao, George F. title: MERS, SARS, and Ebola: The Role of Super-Spreaders in Infectious Disease date: 2015-10-14 journal: Cell Host & Microbe DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2015.09.013 sha: doc_id: 296517 cord_uid: 414grqif file: cache/cord-297652-ut6e1ysz.json key: cord-297652-ut6e1ysz authors: Vanden Eynde, Jean Jacques title: COVID-19: A Brief Overview of the Discovery Clinical Trial date: 2020-04-10 journal: Pharmaceuticals (Basel) DOI: 10.3390/ph13040065 sha: doc_id: 297652 cord_uid: ut6e1ysz file: cache/cord-297954-87w2itin.json key: cord-297954-87w2itin authors: Memish, Ziad A.; 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Alahmed, Shamsah H.; Bazzi, Ali M.; Alhani, Hatem M. title: A review of candidate therapies for Middle East respiratory syndrome from a molecular perspective date: 2017-09-01 journal: Journal of Medical Microbiology DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.000565 sha: doc_id: 329190 cord_uid: kv9n2qj3 file: cache/cord-333882-zrdsr3nh.json key: cord-333882-zrdsr3nh authors: Beigel, John H; Voell, Jocelyn; Kumar, Parag; Raviprakash, Kanakatte; Wu, Hua; Jiao, Jin-An; Sullivan, Eddie; Luke, Thomas; Davey, Richard T title: Safety and tolerability of a novel, polyclonal human anti-MERS coronavirus antibody produced from transchromosomic cattle: a phase 1 randomised, double-blind, single-dose-escalation study date: 2018-04-30 journal: The Lancet Infectious Diseases DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(18)30002-1 sha: doc_id: 333882 cord_uid: zrdsr3nh file: cache/cord-334960-l5q5wc06.json key: cord-334960-l5q5wc06 authors: Park, Su Eun title: Epidemiology, virology, and clinical features of severe acute respiratory syndrome -coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2; 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Jo, Seong-Deok; Son, Kidong; An, Injung; Jeong, Jipseol; Wang, Seung-Jun; Kim, Yongkwan; Jheong, Weonhwa; Oem, Jae-Ku title: Genetic Characteristics of Coronaviruses from Korean Bats in 2016 date: 2017-07-19 journal: Microb Ecol DOI: 10.1007/s00248-017-1033-8 sha: doc_id: 334628 cord_uid: axon4jdc file: cache/cord-337066-pztrwvib.json key: cord-337066-pztrwvib authors: Choi, Won Suk; Kang, Cheol-In; Kim, Yonjae; Choi, Jae-Phil; Joh, Joon Sung; Shin, Hyoung-Shik; Kim, Gayeon; Peck, Kyong Ran; Chung, Doo Ryeon; Kim, Hye Ok; Song, Sook Hee; Kim, Yang Ree; Sohn, Kyung Mok; Jung, Younghee; Bang, Ji Hwan; Kim, Nam Joong; Lee, Kkot Sil; Jeong, Hye Won; Rhee, Ji-Young; Kim, Eu Suk; Woo, Heungjeong; Oh, Won Sup; Huh, Kyungmin; Lee, Young Hyun; Song, Joon Young; Lee, Jacob; Lee, Chang-Seop; Kim, Baek-Nam; Choi, Young Hwa; Jeong, Su Jin; Lee, Jin-Soo; Yoon, Ji Hyun; Wi, Yu Mi; Joung, Mi Kyong; Park, Seong Yeon; Lee, Sun Hee; Jung, Sook-In; Kim, Shin-Woo; Lee, Jae Hoon; Lee, Hyuck; Ki, Hyun Kyun; 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Slim, Amine; Ouanes-Besbes, Lamia; Kacem, Mohamed-Ali Hadj; Dachraoui, Fahmi; Ouanes, Islem; Lu, Xiaoyan; Tao, Ying; Paden, Clinton; Caidi, Hayat; Miao, Congrong; Al-Hajri, Mohammed Mohammed; Zorraga, Mokhtar; Ghaouar, Wissem; BenSalah, Afif; Gerber, Susan I. title: Family Cluster of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Infections, Tunisia, 2013 date: 2014-09-17 journal: Emerg Infect Dis DOI: 10.3201/eid2009.140378 sha: doc_id: 334530 cord_uid: krclgmc4 file: cache/cord-337835-78i6j11i.json key: cord-337835-78i6j11i authors: Alfaraj, Sarah H.; Al-Tawfiq, Jaffar A.; Alzahrani, Nojoom A.; Altwaijri, Talal A.; Memish, Ziad A. title: The impact of co-infection of influenza A virus on the severity of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus date: 2017-02-09 journal: J Infect DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2017.02.001 sha: doc_id: 337835 cord_uid: 78i6j11i file: cache/cord-337499-jzpgtkai.json key: cord-337499-jzpgtkai authors: Yong Choi, Sung; Shin, Joongbo; Park, Woori; Choi, Nayeon; Sei Kim, Jong; 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F.; Elaswad, Ahmed; Elhaig, Mahmoud M.; Fawzy, Mohamed title: Transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) to animals: an updated review date: 2020-09-21 journal: J Transl Med DOI: 10.1186/s12967-020-02534-2 sha: doc_id: 337089 cord_uid: ksh62ni0 file: cache/cord-335567-ssnvr6nj.json key: cord-335567-ssnvr6nj authors: Berry, Michael; Gamieldien, Junaid; Fielding, Burtram C. title: Identification of New Respiratory Viruses in the New Millennium date: 2015-03-06 journal: Viruses DOI: 10.3390/v7030996 sha: doc_id: 335567 cord_uid: ssnvr6nj file: cache/cord-338057-ycmr9prw.json key: cord-338057-ycmr9prw authors: Lee, Jae Hoon; Lee, Chang-Seop; Lee, Heung-Bum title: An Appropriate Lower Respiratory Tract Specimen Is Essential for Diagnosis of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) date: 2015-07-15 journal: J Korean Med Sci DOI: 10.3346/jkms.2015.30.8.1207 sha: doc_id: 338057 cord_uid: ycmr9prw file: cache/cord-338538-uea9kwge.json key: cord-338538-uea9kwge authors: Shehata, Mahmoud M.; Mostafa, Ahmed; Teubner, Lisa; Mahmoud, Sara H.; Kandeil, Ahmed; Elshesheny, Rabeh; Boubak, Thamer A.; Frantz, Renate; Pietra, Luigi La; Pleschka, Stephan; Osman, Ahmed; Kayali, Ghazi; Chakraborty, Trinad; Ali, Mohamed A.; Mraheil, Mobarak Abu title: Bacterial Outer Membrane Vesicles (OMVs)-Based Dual Vaccine for Influenza A H1N1 Virus and MERS-CoV date: 2019-05-28 journal: Vaccines (Basel) DOI: 10.3390/vaccines7020046 sha: doc_id: 338538 cord_uid: uea9kwge file: cache/cord-338436-0z828org.json key: cord-338436-0z828org authors: Tzou, Philip L.; Tao, Kaiming; Nouhin, Janin; Rhee, Soo-Yon; Hu, Benjamin D.; Pai, Shruti; Parkin, Neil; Shafer, Robert W. title: Coronavirus Antiviral Research Database (CoV-RDB): An Online Database Designed to Facilitate Comparisons between Candidate Anti-Coronavirus Compounds date: 2020-09-09 journal: Viruses DOI: 10.3390/v12091006 sha: doc_id: 338436 cord_uid: 0z828org file: cache/cord-337825-ujq9mxk7.json key: cord-337825-ujq9mxk7 authors: Chen, Bin; Tian, Er-Kang; He, Bin; Tian, Lejin; Han, Ruiying; Wang, Shuangwen; Xiang, Qianrong; Zhang, Shu; El Arnaout, Toufic; Cheng, Wei title: Overview of lethal human coronaviruses date: 2020-06-10 journal: Signal Transduct Target Ther DOI: 10.1038/s41392-020-0190-2 sha: doc_id: 337825 cord_uid: ujq9mxk7 file: cache/cord-338564-68z2pxfz.json key: cord-338564-68z2pxfz authors: Kang, Min; Song, Tie; Zhong, Haojie; Hou, Jie; Wang, Jun; Li, Jiansen; Wu, Jie; He, Jianfeng; Lin, Jinyan; Zhang, Yonghhui title: Contact Tracing for Imported Case of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome, China, 2015 date: 2016-09-17 journal: Emerg Infect Dis DOI: 10.3201/eid2209.152116 sha: doc_id: 338564 cord_uid: 68z2pxfz file: cache/cord-336775-d4hi9myk.json key: cord-336775-d4hi9myk authors: Kirtipal, Nikhil; Bharadwaj, Shiv; Kang, Sang Gu title: From SARS to SARS-CoV-2, insights on structure, pathogenicity and immunity aspects of pandemic human coronaviruses date: 2020-08-13 journal: Infection, Genetics and Evolution DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2020.104502 sha: doc_id: 336775 cord_uid: d4hi9myk file: cache/cord-338973-73a7uvyz.json key: cord-338973-73a7uvyz authors: Xu, Jiabao; Zhao, Shizhe; Teng, Tieshan; Abdalla, Abualgasim Elgaili; Zhu, Wan; Xie, Longxiang; Wang, Yunlong; Guo, Xiangqian title: Systematic Comparison of Two Animal-to-Human Transmitted Human Coronaviruses: SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV date: 2020-02-22 journal: Viruses DOI: 10.3390/v12020244 sha: doc_id: 338973 cord_uid: 73a7uvyz file: cache/cord-339386-sxyeuiw1.json key: cord-339386-sxyeuiw1 authors: McIntosh, Kenneth; Perlman, Stanley title: 157 Coronaviruses, Including Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) and Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) date: 2015-12-31 journal: Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases DOI: 10.1016/b978-1-4557-4801-3.00157-0 sha: doc_id: 339386 cord_uid: sxyeuiw1 file: cache/cord-339146-ifdgl2bj.json key: cord-339146-ifdgl2bj authors: Lu, Xiaoyan; Rowe, Lori A.; Frace, Michael; Stevens, James; Abedi, Glen R.; Elnile, Osman; Banassir, Taleb; Al‐Masri, Malak; Watson, John T.; Assiri, Abdullah; Erdman, Dean D. title: Spike gene deletion quasispecies in serum of patient with acute MERS‐CoV infection date: 2016-08-22 journal: J Med Virol DOI: 10.1002/jmv.24652 sha: doc_id: 339146 cord_uid: ifdgl2bj file: cache/cord-341620-nmrkhx5t.json key: cord-341620-nmrkhx5t authors: Chirico, Francesco; Sacco, Angelo; Bragazzi, Nicola Luigi; Magnavita, Nicola title: Can Air-Conditioning Systems Contribute to the Spread of SARS/MERS/COVID-19 Infection? Insights from a Rapid Review of the Literature date: 2020-08-20 journal: Int J Environ Res Public Health DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17176052 sha: doc_id: 341620 cord_uid: nmrkhx5t file: cache/cord-341056-iwu428pk.json key: cord-341056-iwu428pk authors: Alnaeem, Abdelmohsen; Kasem, Samy; Qasim, Ibrahim; Al-Doweriej, Ali; Refaat, Mohamed; Al-Shabebi, Abdulkareem; Hemida, Maged Gomaa title: The dipeptidyl peptidase-4 expression in some MERS-CoV naturally infected dromedary camels in Saudi Arabia 2018–2019 date: 2020-05-06 journal: Virusdisease DOI: 10.1007/s13337-020-00586-y sha: doc_id: 341056 cord_uid: iwu428pk file: cache/cord-342052-v4y1xc90.json key: cord-342052-v4y1xc90 authors: Horigan, Verity; Gale, Paul; Kosmider, Rowena D.; Minnis, Christopher; Snary, Emma L.; Breed, Andrew C.; Simons, Robin R.L. title: Application of a quantitative entry assessment model to compare the relative risk of incursion of zoonotic bat-borne viruses into European Union Member States date: 2017-10-02 journal: Microb Risk Anal DOI: 10.1016/j.mran.2017.09.002 sha: doc_id: 342052 cord_uid: v4y1xc90 file: cache/cord-342144-awtiqxx5.json key: cord-342144-awtiqxx5 authors: Hufert, F.; Spiegel, M. title: Coronaviren: von der banalen Erkältung zum schweren Lungenversagen: Chronologie einer Pandemie date: 2020-04-01 journal: Monatsschr Kinderheilkd DOI: 10.1007/s00112-020-00910-2 sha: doc_id: 342144 cord_uid: awtiqxx5 file: cache/cord-339724-roj8ksvc.json key: cord-339724-roj8ksvc authors: Lan, Jiaming; Deng, Yao; Chen, Hong; Lu, Guangwen; Wang, Wen; Guo, Xiaojuan; Lu, Zhuozhuang; Gao, George F.; Tan, Wenjie title: Tailoring Subunit Vaccine Immunity with Adjuvant Combinations and Delivery Routes Using the Middle East Respiratory Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) Receptor-Binding Domain as an Antigen date: 2014-11-18 journal: PLoS One DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0112602 sha: doc_id: 339724 cord_uid: roj8ksvc file: cache/cord-339762-lh8czr0a.json key: cord-339762-lh8czr0a authors: Ng, Dianna L.; Al Hosani, Farida; Keating, M. Kelly; Gerber, Susan I.; Jones, Tara L.; Metcalfe, Maureen G.; Tong, Suxiang; Tao, Ying; Alami, Negar N.; Haynes, Lia M.; Mutei, Mowafaq Ali; Abdel-Wareth, Laila; Uyeki, Timothy M.; Swerdlow, David L.; Barakat, Maha; Zaki, Sherif R. title: Clinicopathologic, Immunohistochemical, and Ultrastructural Findings of a Fatal Case of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Infection in the United Arab Emirates, April 2014 date: 2016-03-31 journal: The American Journal of Pathology DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2015.10.024 sha: doc_id: 339762 cord_uid: lh8czr0a file: cache/cord-338980-pygykil7.json key: cord-338980-pygykil7 authors: Rahaman, Jordon; Siltberg-Liberles, Jessica title: Avoiding Regions Symptomatic of Conformational and Functional Flexibility to Identify Antiviral Targets in Current and Future Coronaviruses date: 2016-11-09 journal: Genome Biol Evol DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evw246 sha: doc_id: 338980 cord_uid: pygykil7 file: cache/cord-340836-eb5a9ln3.json key: cord-340836-eb5a9ln3 authors: Aghazadeh-Attari, Javad; Mohebbi, Iraj; Mansorian, Behnam; Ahmadzadeh, Jamal; Mirza-Aghazadeh-Attari, Mohammad; Mobaraki, Kazhal; Oshnouei, Sima title: Epidemiological factors and worldwide pattern of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus from 2013 to 2016 date: 2018-04-06 journal: Int J Gen Med DOI: 10.2147/ijgm.s160741 sha: doc_id: 340836 cord_uid: eb5a9ln3 file: cache/cord-340163-ex03l0pc.json key: cord-340163-ex03l0pc authors: Hu, Tingting; Liu, Ying; Zhao, Mingyi; Zhuang, Quan; Xu, Linyong; He, Qingnan title: A comparison of COVID-19, SARS and MERS date: 2020-08-19 journal: PeerJ DOI: 10.7717/peerj.9725 sha: doc_id: 340163 cord_uid: ex03l0pc file: cache/cord-338776-2wa30218.json key: cord-338776-2wa30218 authors: Zhao, Xiaoyu; Chu, Hin; Wong, Bosco Ho-Yin; Chiu, Man Chun; Wang, Dong; Li, Cun; Liu, Xiaojuan; Yang, Dong; Poon, Vincent Kwok-Man; Cai, Jianpiao; Chan, Jasper Fuk-Woo; To, Kelvin Kai-Wang; Zhou, Jie; Yuen, Kwok-Yung title: Activation of C-Type Lectin Receptor and (RIG)-I-Like Receptors Contributes to Proinflammatory Response in Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-Infected Macrophages date: 2020-02-15 journal: J Infect Dis DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiz483 sha: doc_id: 338776 cord_uid: 2wa30218 file: cache/cord-341698-k5leys8j.json key: cord-341698-k5leys8j authors: Park, Seung Won; Jang, Hye Won; Choe, Yon Ho; Lee, Kyung Soo; Ahn, Yong Chan; Chung, Myung Jin; Lee, Kyu-Sung; Lee, Kyunghoon; Han, Taehee title: Avoiding student infection during a Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) outbreak: a single medical school experience date: 2016-05-27 journal: Korean J Med Educ DOI: 10.3946/kjme.2016.30 sha: doc_id: 341698 cord_uid: k5leys8j file: cache/cord-344954-gpb25fga.json key: cord-344954-gpb25fga authors: Hashem, Anwar M; Algaissi, Abdullah; Agrawal, Anurodh Shankar; Al-amri, Sawsan S; Alhabbab, Rowa Y; Sohrab, Sayed S; S. Almasoud, Abdulrahman; Alharbi, Naif Khalaf; Peng, Bi-Hung; Russell, Marsha; Li, Xuguang; Tseng, Chien-Te K title: A Highly Immunogenic, Protective, and Safe Adenovirus-Based Vaccine Expressing Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus S1-CD40L Fusion Protein in a Transgenic Human Dipeptidyl Peptidase 4 Mouse Model date: 2019-11-15 journal: J Infect Dis DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiz137 sha: doc_id: 344954 cord_uid: gpb25fga file: cache/cord-342739-iy9vjpuh.json key: cord-342739-iy9vjpuh authors: Schwartz, David A.; Graham, Ashley L. title: Potential Maternal and Infant Outcomes from Coronavirus 2019-nCoV (SARS-CoV-2) Infecting Pregnant Women: Lessons from SARS, MERS, and Other Human Coronavirus Infections date: 2020-02-10 journal: Viruses DOI: 10.3390/v12020194 sha: doc_id: 342739 cord_uid: iy9vjpuh file: cache/cord-343789-6tq0kcfd.json key: cord-343789-6tq0kcfd authors: Al-Tawfiq, Jaffar A.; Momattin, Hisham; Dib, Jean; Memish, Ziad A. title: Ribavirin and interferon therapy in patients infected with the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus: an observational study date: 2014-01-06 journal: Int J Infect Dis DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2013.12.003 sha: doc_id: 343789 cord_uid: 6tq0kcfd file: cache/cord-342691-8jcfzexy.json key: cord-342691-8jcfzexy authors: Ochsner, Scott A.; Pillich, Rudolf T.; McKenna, Neil J. title: Consensus transcriptional regulatory networks of coronavirus-infected human cells date: 2020-09-22 journal: Sci Data DOI: 10.1038/s41597-020-00628-6 sha: doc_id: 342691 cord_uid: 8jcfzexy file: cache/cord-343196-vlwzzrgc.json key: cord-343196-vlwzzrgc authors: Kiambi, Stella; Corman, Victor M.; Sitawa, Rina; Githinji, Jane; Ngoci, James; Ozomata, Abdullahi S.; Gardner, Emma; von Dobschuetz, Sophie; Morzaria, Subhash; Kimutai, Joshua; Schroeder, Simon; Njagi, Obadiah; Simpkin, Piers; Rugalema, Gabriel; Tadesse, Zelalem; Lubroth, Juan; Makonnen, Yilma; Drosten, Christian; Müller, Marcel A.; Fasina, Folorunso O. title: Detection of distinct MERS-Coronavirus strains in dromedary camels from Kenya, 2017 date: 2018-11-28 journal: Emerg Microbes Infect DOI: 10.1038/s41426-018-0193-z sha: doc_id: 343196 cord_uid: vlwzzrgc file: cache/cord-346331-d0s028wl.json key: cord-346331-d0s028wl authors: Lackey, Kimberly A.; Pace, Ryan M.; Williams, Janet E.; Bode, Lars; Donovan, Sharon M.; Järvinen, Kirsi M.; Seppo, Antti E.; Raiten, Daniel J.; Meehan, Courtney L.; McGuire, Mark A.; McGuire, Michelle K. title: SARS‐CoV‐2 and human milk: What is the evidence? date: 2020-05-30 journal: Matern Child Nutr DOI: 10.1111/mcn.13032 sha: doc_id: 346331 cord_uid: d0s028wl file: cache/cord-345046-str19r9a.json key: cord-345046-str19r9a authors: Al Ghamdi, Mohammed; Alghamdi, Khalid M.; Ghandoora, Yasmeen; Alzahrani, Ameera; Salah, Fatmah; Alsulami, Abdulmoatani; Bawayan, Mayada F.; Vaidya, Dhananjay; Perl, Trish M.; Sood, Geeta title: Treatment outcomes for patients with Middle Eastern Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS CoV) infection at a coronavirus referral center in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia date: 2016-04-21 journal: BMC Infect Dis DOI: 10.1186/s12879-016-1492-4 sha: doc_id: 345046 cord_uid: str19r9a file: cache/cord-341795-zbqfs77n.json key: cord-341795-zbqfs77n authors: Sikkema, R. S.; Farag, E. A. B. A.; Islam, Mazharul; Atta, Muzzamil; Reusken, C. B. E. M.; Al-Hajri, Mohd M.; Koopmans, M. P. G. title: Global status of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus in dromedary camels: a systematic review date: 2019-02-21 journal: Epidemiol Infect DOI: 10.1017/s095026881800345x sha: doc_id: 341795 cord_uid: zbqfs77n file: cache/cord-344217-kci4uw7u.json key: cord-344217-kci4uw7u authors: Majid, Sabhiya; Farooq, Rabia; Khan, Mosin S.; Rashid, Samia; Bhat, Showkat A.; Wani, Hilal A.; Qureshi, Waseem title: Managing the COVID-19 Pandemic: Research Strategies Based on the Evolutionary and Molecular Characteristics of Coronaviruses date: 2020-08-25 journal: SN Compr Clin Med DOI: 10.1007/s42399-020-00457-z sha: doc_id: 344217 cord_uid: kci4uw7u file: cache/cord-344330-zsx7wfyj.json key: cord-344330-zsx7wfyj authors: Su, Shuo; Wong, Gary; Shi, Weifeng; Liu, Jun; Lai, Alexander C.K.; Zhou, Jiyong; Liu, Wenjun; Bi, Yuhai; Gao, George F. title: Epidemiology, Genetic Recombination, and Pathogenesis of Coronaviruses date: 2016-03-21 journal: Trends Microbiol DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2016.03.003 sha: doc_id: 344330 cord_uid: zsx7wfyj file: cache/cord-345591-zwh1xj5u.json key: cord-345591-zwh1xj5u authors: Al-Dorzi, Hasan M.; Aldawood, Abdulaziz S.; Khan, Raymond; Baharoon, Salim; Alchin, John D.; Matroud, Amal A.; Al Johany, Sameera M.; Balkhy, Hanan H.; Arabi, Yaseen M. title: The critical care response to a hospital outbreak of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infection: an observational study date: 2016-10-24 journal: Ann Intensive Care DOI: 10.1186/s13613-016-0203-z sha: doc_id: 345591 cord_uid: zwh1xj5u file: cache/cord-347889-lpd1olqq.json key: cord-347889-lpd1olqq authors: Weston, Stuart; Matthews, Krystal L.; Lent, Rachel; Vlk, Alexandra; Haupt, Rob; Kingsbury, Tami; Frieman, Matthew B. title: A Yeast Suppressor Screen Used To Identify Mammalian SIRT1 as a Proviral Factor for Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Replication date: 2019-05-29 journal: Journal of Virology DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00197-19 sha: doc_id: 347889 cord_uid: lpd1olqq file: cache/cord-345827-yo3uq03v.json key: cord-345827-yo3uq03v authors: Antiochia, Riccarda title: Developments in biosensors for CoV detection and future trends date: 2020-10-28 journal: Biosens Bioelectron DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2020.112777 sha: doc_id: 345827 cord_uid: yo3uq03v file: cache/cord-344246-sf9cymhc.json key: cord-344246-sf9cymhc authors: Diriba, Kuma; Awulachew, Ephrem; Getu, Eyob title: The effect of coronavirus infection (SARS-CoV-2, MERS-CoV, and SARS-CoV) during pregnancy and the possibility of vertical maternal–fetal transmission: a systematic review and meta-analysis date: 2020-09-04 journal: Eur J Med Res DOI: 10.1186/s40001-020-00439-w sha: doc_id: 344246 cord_uid: sf9cymhc file: cache/cord-343107-oj1re34k.json key: cord-343107-oj1re34k authors: Zhou, Haixia; Chen, Yingzhu; Zhang, Shuyuan; Niu, Peihua; Qin, Kun; Jia, Wenxu; Huang, Baoying; Zhang, Senyan; Lan, Jun; Zhang, Linqi; Tan, Wenjie; Wang, Xinquan title: Structural definition of a neutralization epitope on the N-terminal domain of MERS-CoV spike glycoprotein date: 2019-07-11 journal: Nat Commun DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-10897-4 sha: doc_id: 343107 cord_uid: oj1re34k file: cache/cord-343184-kptkmgdm.json key: cord-343184-kptkmgdm authors: Crameri, Gary; Durr, Peter A.; Klein, Reuben; Foord, Adam; Yu, Meng; Riddell, Sarah; Haining, Jessica; Johnson, Dayna; Hemida, Maged G.; Barr, Jennifer; Peiris, Malik; Middleton, Deborah; Wang, Lin-Fa title: Experimental Infection and Response to Rechallenge of Alpacas with Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus date: 2016-06-17 journal: Emerg Infect Dis DOI: 10.3201/eid2206.160007 sha: doc_id: 343184 cord_uid: kptkmgdm file: cache/cord-347374-mryazbnq.json key: cord-347374-mryazbnq authors: Okba, Nisreen M.A.; Müller, Marcel A.; Li, Wentao; Wang, Chunyan; GeurtsvanKessel, Corine H.; Corman, Victor M.; Lamers, Mart M.; Sikkema, Reina S.; de Bruin, Erwin; Chandler, Felicity D.; Yazdanpanah, Yazdan; Le Hingrat, Quentin; Descamps, Diane; Houhou-Fidouh, Nadhira; Reusken, Chantal B.E.M.; Bosch, Berend-Jan; Drosten, Christian; Koopmans, Marion P.G.; Haagmans, Bart L. title: Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2−Specific Antibody Responses in Coronavirus Disease Patients date: 2020-07-17 journal: Emerg Infect Dis DOI: 10.3201/eid2607.200841 sha: doc_id: 347374 cord_uid: mryazbnq file: cache/cord-346502-x2b0ao3q.json key: cord-346502-x2b0ao3q authors: Arabi, Yaseen M; Shalhoub, Sarah; Mandourah, Yasser; Al-Hameed, Fahad; Al-Omari, Awad; Al Qasim, Eman; Jose, Jesna; Alraddadi, Basem; Almotairi, Abdullah; Al Khatib, Kasim; Abdulmomen, Ahmed; Qushmaq, Ismael; Sindi, Anees A; Mady, Ahmed; Solaiman, Othman; Al-Raddadi, Rajaa; Maghrabi, Khalid; Ragab, Ahmed; Al Mekhlafi, Ghaleb A; Balkhy, Hanan H; Al Harthy, Abdulrahman; Kharaba, Ayman; Gramish, Jawaher A; Al-Aithan, Abdulsalam M; Al-Dawood, Abdulaziz; Merson, Laura; Hayden, Frederick G; Fowler, Robert title: Ribavirin and Interferon Therapy for Critically Ill Patients With Middle East Respiratory Syndrome: A Multicenter Observational Study date: 2019-06-25 journal: Clin Infect Dis DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciz544 sha: doc_id: 346502 cord_uid: x2b0ao3q file: cache/cord-342756-rgm9ffpk.json key: cord-342756-rgm9ffpk authors: Senger, Mario Roberto; Evangelista, Tereza Cristina Santos; Dantas, Rafael Ferreira; Santana, Marcos Vinicius da Silva; Gonçalves, Luiz Carlos Saramago; de Souza Neto, Lauro Ribeiro; Ferreira, Sabrina Baptista; Silva-Junior, Floriano Paes title: COVID-19: molecular targets, drug repurposing and new avenues for drug discovery date: 2020-10-02 journal: Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz DOI: 10.1590/0074-02760200254 sha: doc_id: 342756 cord_uid: rgm9ffpk file: cache/cord-346787-uo8k6qic.json key: cord-346787-uo8k6qic authors: Jorgensen, Sarah CJ; Kebriaei, Razieh; Dresser, Linda D title: Remdesivir: Review of pharmacology, pre‐clinical data and emerging clinical experience for COVID‐19 date: 2020-05-23 journal: Pharmacotherapy DOI: 10.1002/phar.2429 sha: doc_id: 346787 cord_uid: uo8k6qic file: cache/cord-347460-9vechh4x.json key: cord-347460-9vechh4x authors: Chang, Feng-Yee; Chen, Hsiang-Cheng; Chen, Pei-Jer; Ho, Mei-Shang; Hsieh, Shie-Liang; Lin, Jung-Chung; Liu, Fu-Tong; Sytwu, Huey-Kang title: Immunologic aspects of characteristics, diagnosis, and treatment of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) date: 2020-06-04 journal: J Biomed Sci DOI: 10.1186/s12929-020-00663-w sha: doc_id: 347460 cord_uid: 9vechh4x file: cache/cord-343528-5283jsnu.json key: cord-343528-5283jsnu authors: Zhang, Zhao; Shen, Libing; Gu, Xun title: Evolutionary Dynamics of MERS-CoV: Potential Recombination, Positive Selection and Transmission date: 2016-05-04 journal: Sci Rep DOI: 10.1038/srep25049 sha: doc_id: 343528 cord_uid: 5283jsnu file: cache/cord-346320-ysgz6adr.json key: cord-346320-ysgz6adr authors: Arabi, Yaseen M.; Hajeer, Ali H.; Luke, Thomas; Raviprakash, Kanakatte; Balkhy, Hanan; Johani, Sameera; Al-Dawood, Abdulaziz; Al-Qahtani, Saad; Al-Omari, Awad; Al-Hameed, Fahad; Hayden, Frederick G.; Fowler, Robert; Bouchama, Abderrezak; Shindo, Nahoko; Al-Khairy, Khalid; Carson, Gail; Taha, Yusri; Sadat, Musharaf; Alahmadi, Mashail title: Feasibility of Using Convalescent Plasma Immunotherapy for MERS-CoV Infection, Saudi Arabia date: 2016-09-17 journal: Emerg Infect Dis DOI: 10.3201/eid2209.151164 sha: doc_id: 346320 cord_uid: ysgz6adr file: cache/cord-343302-g9vcchrh.json key: cord-343302-g9vcchrh authors: Agrawal, Anurodh Shankar; Ying, Tianlei; Tao, Xinrong; Garron, Tania; Algaissi, Abdullah; Wang, Yanping; Wang, Lili; Peng, Bi-Hung; Jiang, Shibo; Dimitrov, Dimiter S.; Tseng, Chien-Te K. title: Passive Transfer of A Germline-like Neutralizing Human Monoclonal Antibody Protects Transgenic Mice Against Lethal Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Infection date: 2016-08-19 journal: Sci Rep DOI: 10.1038/srep31629 sha: doc_id: 343302 cord_uid: g9vcchrh file: cache/cord-346389-gbmnoo84.json key: cord-346389-gbmnoo84 authors: Callender, Lauren A.; Curran, Michelle; Bates, Stephanie M.; Mairesse, Maelle; Weigandt, Julia; Betts, Catherine J. title: The Impact of Pre-existing Comorbidities and Therapeutic Interventions on COVID-19 date: 2020-08-11 journal: Front Immunol DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01991 sha: doc_id: 346389 cord_uid: gbmnoo84 file: cache/cord-345081-15s2i6f0.json key: cord-345081-15s2i6f0 authors: Al-Sehaibany, Fares S. title: Middle East respiratory syndrome in children: Dental considerations date: 2017-04-17 journal: Saudi Med J DOI: 10.15537/smj.2017.4.15777 sha: doc_id: 345081 cord_uid: 15s2i6f0 file: cache/cord-347587-auook38y.json key: cord-347587-auook38y authors: Zhao, Guangyu; 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Aldrees, Turki; Alenezi, Abdullah; Alqaryan, Saleh; Aldabeeb, Dana; Alotaibi, Najed; Aldhabib, Abdulrahman; Alghalibi, Shaker; Alharethy, Sami title: Perception and Attitude of Emergency Room Resident Physicians toward Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Outbreak date: 2017-04-10 journal: Emerg Med Int DOI: 10.1155/2017/6978256 sha: doc_id: 349661 cord_uid: ppw80s0l file: cache/cord-349300-x50tvq3a.json key: cord-349300-x50tvq3a authors: de Wit, Emmie; Feldmann, Friederike; Cronin, Jacqueline; Jordan, Robert; Okumura, Atsushi; Thomas, Tina; Scott, Dana; Cihlar, Tomas; Feldmann, Heinz title: Prophylactic and therapeutic remdesivir (GS-5734) treatment in the rhesus macaque model of MERS-CoV infection date: 2020-03-24 journal: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1922083117 sha: doc_id: 349300 cord_uid: x50tvq3a file: cache/cord-349262-gnqbyc6t.json key: cord-349262-gnqbyc6t authors: Hemida, Maged Gomaa; Ali, Mohammed; Alhammadi, Mohammed; Alnaeem, Abdelmohsen title: The Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus in the breath of some infected dromedary camels (Camelus dromedarius) date: 2020-10-14 journal: Epidemiol Infect DOI: 10.1017/s0950268820002459 sha: doc_id: 349262 cord_uid: gnqbyc6t file: cache/cord-349781-l93978vq.json key: cord-349781-l93978vq authors: Cong, Yu; Hart, Brit J.; Gross, Robin; Zhou, Huanying; Frieman, Matthew; Bollinger, Laura; Wada, Jiro; Hensley, Lisa E.; Jahrling, Peter B.; Dyall, Julie; Holbrook, Michael R. title: MERS-CoV pathogenesis and antiviral efficacy of licensed drugs in human monocyte-derived antigen-presenting cells date: 2018-03-22 journal: PLoS One DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0194868 sha: doc_id: 349781 cord_uid: l93978vq file: cache/cord-346777-zmmnn9b2.json key: cord-346777-zmmnn9b2 authors: Lester, Sandra; Harcourt, Jennifer; Whitt, Michael; Al-Abdely, Hail M.; Midgley, Claire M.; Alkhamis, Abdulrahim M.; Aziz Jokhdar, Hani A.; Assiri, Abdullah M.; Tamin, Azaibi; Thornburg, Natalie title: Middle East respiratory coronavirus (MERS-CoV) spike (S) protein vesicular stomatitis virus pseudoparticle neutralization assays offer a reliable alternative to the conventional neutralization assay in human seroepidemiological studies date: 2019-09-11 journal: Access Microbiol DOI: 10.1099/acmi.0.000057 sha: doc_id: 346777 cord_uid: zmmnn9b2 file: cache/cord-348467-a2e3f161.json key: cord-348467-a2e3f161 authors: Alqahtani, Amani Salem; 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Sartorius, Rossella; D’Apice, Luciana; Manco, Roberta; De Berardinis, Piergiuseppe title: Viral Emerging Diseases: Challenges in Developing Vaccination Strategies date: 2020-09-03 journal: Front Immunol DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.02130 sha: doc_id: 339152 cord_uid: wfakzb6w file: cache/cord-350925-1h6pbfwp.json key: cord-350925-1h6pbfwp authors: da Silva, Priscilla Gomes; Nascimento, Maria São José; Soares, Ruben R.G.; Sousa, Sofia I.V.; Mesquita, João R. title: Airborne spread of infectious SARS-CoV-2: moving forward using lessons from SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV date: 2020-10-08 journal: Sci Total Environ DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142802 sha: doc_id: 350925 cord_uid: 1h6pbfwp file: cache/cord-348821-2u6ki9dv.json key: cord-348821-2u6ki9dv authors: Xu, Ping; Sun, Guo-Dong; Li, Zhi-Zhong title: Clinical Characteristics of Two Human to Human Transmitted Coronaviruses: Corona Virus Disease 2019 versus Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus. date: 2020-03-10 journal: nan DOI: 10.1101/2020.03.08.20032821 sha: doc_id: 348821 cord_uid: 2u6ki9dv file: cache/cord-349812-nw1nlc1y.json key: cord-349812-nw1nlc1y authors: Jang, Won Mo; Jang, Deok Hyun; Lee, Jin Yong title: Social Distancing and Transmission-reducing Practices during the 2019 Coronavirus Disease and 2015 Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Outbreaks in Korea date: 2020-06-09 journal: J Korean Med Sci DOI: 10.3346/jkms.2020.35.e220 sha: doc_id: 349812 cord_uid: nw1nlc1y file: cache/cord-349010-n4s8dzgp.json key: cord-349010-n4s8dzgp authors: Al-Tawfiq, Jaffar A.; Memish, Ziad A. title: Update on therapeutic options for Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) date: 2016-12-24 journal: Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther DOI: 10.1080/14787210.2017.1271712 sha: doc_id: 349010 cord_uid: n4s8dzgp file: cache/cord-350733-0zghspb8.json key: cord-350733-0zghspb8 authors: Aronson, Jeffrey K.; Auker‐Howlett, Daniel; Ghiara, Virginia; Kelly, Michael P.; Williamson, Jon title: The use of mechanistic reasoning in assessing coronavirus interventions date: 2020-07-15 journal: J Eval Clin Pract DOI: 10.1111/jep.13438 sha: doc_id: 350733 cord_uid: 0zghspb8 file: cache/cord-351413-3nfukrfl.json key: cord-351413-3nfukrfl authors: Al-Ahmadi, Khalid; Alahmadi, Sabah; Al-Zahrani, Ali title: Spatiotemporal Clustering of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) Incidence in Saudi Arabia, 2012–2019 date: 2019-07-15 journal: Int J Environ Res Public Health DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16142520 sha: doc_id: 351413 cord_uid: 3nfukrfl file: cache/cord-351685-n70tkf38.json key: cord-351685-n70tkf38 authors: Altamimi, Asmaa; Abu-Saris, Raghib; El-Metwally, Ashraf; Alaifan, Taghreed; Alamri, Aref title: Demographic Variations of MERS-CoV Infection among Suspected and Confirmed Cases: An Epidemiological Analysis of Laboratory-Based Data from Riyadh Regional Laboratory date: 2020-02-19 journal: Biomed Res Int DOI: 10.1155/2020/9629747 sha: doc_id: 351685 cord_uid: n70tkf38 file: cache/cord-349680-rz2ep5jf.json key: cord-349680-rz2ep5jf authors: Lee, Jacob title: Better Understanding on MERS Corona Virus Outbreak in Korea date: 2015-06-10 journal: J Korean Med Sci DOI: 10.3346/jkms.2015.30.7.835 sha: doc_id: 349680 cord_uid: rz2ep5jf file: cache/cord-351760-698voi9y.json key: cord-351760-698voi9y authors: Han, Hui-Ju; Liu, Jian-Wei; Yu, Hao; Yu, Xue-Jie title: Neutralizing Monoclonal Antibodies as Promising Therapeutics against Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Infection date: 2018-11-30 journal: Viruses DOI: 10.3390/v10120680 sha: doc_id: 351760 cord_uid: 698voi9y file: cache/cord-352256-qxdakdk0.json key: cord-352256-qxdakdk0 authors: Yousefi, Bahman; Valizadeh, Saeid; Ghaffari, Hadi; Vahedi, Azadeh; Karbalaei, Mohsen; Eslami, Majid title: A global treatments for coronaviruses including COVID‐19 date: 2020-05-11 journal: J Cell Physiol DOI: 10.1002/jcp.29785 sha: doc_id: 352256 cord_uid: qxdakdk0 file: cache/cord-352899-bt2xg0ha.json key: cord-352899-bt2xg0ha authors: Van Kerkhove, Maria D.; Peiris, Malik J. S.; Malik, Mamunur Rahman; Ben Embarek, Peter title: Interpreting Results From Environmental Contamination Studies of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus date: 2016-10-15 journal: Clin Infect Dis DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciw478 sha: doc_id: 352899 cord_uid: bt2xg0ha file: cache/cord-351852-ilxaurgt.json key: cord-351852-ilxaurgt authors: Jung, Heeja; Jung, Sun Young; Lee, Mi Hyang; Kim, Mi Sun title: Assessing the Presence of Post-Traumatic Stress and Turnover Intention Among Nurses Post–Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Outbreak: The Importance of Supervisor Support date: 2020-03-09 journal: Workplace Health Saf DOI: 10.1177/2165079919897693 sha: doc_id: 351852 cord_uid: ilxaurgt file: cache/cord-351186-llnlto7p.json key: cord-351186-llnlto7p authors: Park, Yong-Shik; Lee, Changhwan; Kim, Kyung Min; Kim, Seung Woo; Lee, Keon-Joo; Ahn, Jungmo; Ki, Moran title: The first case of the 2015 Korean Middle East Respiratory Syndrome outbreak date: 2015-11-14 journal: Epidemiol Health DOI: 10.4178/epih/e2015049 sha: doc_id: 351186 cord_uid: llnlto7p file: cache/cord-352527-eeyqh9nc.json key: cord-352527-eeyqh9nc authors: Zhou, Yusen; Yang, Yang; Huang, Jingwei; Jiang, Shibo; Du, Lanying title: Advances in MERS-CoV Vaccines and Therapeutics Based on the Receptor-Binding Domain date: 2019-01-14 journal: Viruses DOI: 10.3390/v11010060 sha: doc_id: 352527 cord_uid: eeyqh9nc file: cache/cord-354536-c9v9kbw8.json key: cord-354536-c9v9kbw8 authors: Han, Yan-Jie; Ren, Zhi-Guang; Li, Xin-Xin; Yan, Ji-Liang; Ma, Chun-Yan; Wu, Dong-Dong; Ji, Xin-Ying title: Advances and challenges in the prevention and treatment of COVID-19 date: 2020-07-09 journal: Int J Med Sci DOI: 10.7150/ijms.47836 sha: doc_id: 354536 cord_uid: c9v9kbw8 file: cache/cord-349907-dwhyx97y.json key: cord-349907-dwhyx97y authors: Noh, Ji Yeong; Yoon, Sun-Woo; Kim, Doo-Jin; Lee, Moo-Seung; Kim, Ji-Hyung; Na, Woonsung; Song, Daesub; Jeong, Dae Gwin; Kim, Hye Kwon title: Simultaneous detection of severe acute respiratory syndrome, Middle East respiratory syndrome, and related bat coronaviruses by real-time reverse transcription PCR date: 2017-02-20 journal: Arch Virol DOI: 10.1007/s00705-017-3281-9 sha: doc_id: 349907 cord_uid: dwhyx97y file: cache/cord-352492-6ihyiwgb.json key: cord-352492-6ihyiwgb authors: Eickmann, Markus; Gravemann, Ute; Handke, Wiebke; Tolksdorf, Frank; Reichenberg, Stefan; Müller, Thomas H.; Seltsam, Axel title: Inactivation of Ebola virus and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus in platelet concentrates and plasma by ultraviolet C light and methylene blue plus visible light, respectively date: 2018-05-06 journal: Transfusion DOI: 10.1111/trf.14652 sha: doc_id: 352492 cord_uid: 6ihyiwgb file: cache/cord-353121-ot7jsx20.json key: cord-353121-ot7jsx20 authors: Choi, Jun Yong; Oh, Jin Ok; Ahn, Jin Young; Choi, Heun; Kim, Jung Ho; Seong, Hye; Jeong, Su Jin; Ku, Nam Su; Yeom, Joon-Sup; Choi, Jae-Phil title: Absence of neutralizing activity in serum 1 year after successful treatment with antivirals and recovery from MERS in South Korea date: 2019-01-31 journal: Clin Exp Vaccine Res DOI: 10.7774/cevr.2019.8.1.86 sha: doc_id: 353121 cord_uid: ot7jsx20 file: cache/cord-352741-0pdeehai.json key: cord-352741-0pdeehai authors: Geramizadeh, Bita; Marzban, Mahsa title: Histopathologic Findings of Coronavirus in Lung: A Mini-Review date: 2020-10-12 journal: Clin Pathol DOI: 10.1177/2632010x20951823 sha: doc_id: 352741 cord_uid: 0pdeehai file: cache/cord-353495-c3s5n5vo.json key: cord-353495-c3s5n5vo authors: Yao, Yanfeng; Bao, Linlin; Deng, Wei; Xu, Lili; Li, Fengdi; Lv, Qi; Yu, Pin; Chen, Ting; Xu, Yanfeng; Zhu, Hua; Yuan, Jing; Gu, Songzhi; Wei, Qiang; Chen, Honglin; Yuen, Kwok-Yung; Qin, Chuan title: An Animal Model of MERS Produced by Infection of Rhesus Macaques With MERS Coronavirus date: 2014-01-15 journal: J Infect Dis DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jit590 sha: doc_id: 353495 cord_uid: c3s5n5vo file: cache/cord-354272-99vw735a.json key: cord-354272-99vw735a authors: DARLING, N. D.; POSS, D. E.; SCHOELEN, M. P.; METCALF-KELLY, M.; HILL, S. E.; HARRIS, S. title: Retrospective, epidemiological cluster analysis of the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) epidemic using open source data date: 2017-10-24 journal: Epidemiol Infect DOI: 10.1017/s0950268817002345 sha: doc_id: 354272 cord_uid: 99vw735a file: cache/cord-349287-mwj2qby4.json key: cord-349287-mwj2qby4 authors: Mackay, Ian M.; Arden, Katherine E. title: MERS coronavirus: diagnostics, epidemiology and transmission date: 2015-12-22 journal: Virol J DOI: 10.1186/s12985-015-0439-5 sha: doc_id: 349287 cord_uid: mwj2qby4 file: cache/cord-355290-m8875kdy.json key: cord-355290-m8875kdy authors: Meyer, Benjamin; García-Bocanegra, Ignacio; Wernery, Ulrich; Wernery, Renate; Sieberg, Andrea; Müller, Marcel A.; Drexler, Jan Felix; Drosten, Christian; Eckerle, Isabella title: Serologic Assessment of Possibility for MERS-CoV Infection in Equids date: 2015-01-17 journal: Emerg Infect Dis DOI: 10.3201/eid2101.141342 sha: doc_id: 355290 cord_uid: m8875kdy file: cache/cord-353342-2n6kqyeo.json key: cord-353342-2n6kqyeo authors: Corman, Victor M.; Albarrak, Ali M.; Omrani, Ali Senosi; Albarrak, Mohammed M.; Farah, Mohamed Elamin; Almasri, Malak; Muth, Doreen; Sieberg, Andrea; Meyer, Benjamin; Assiri, Abdullah M.; Binger, Tabea; Steinhagen, Katja; Lattwein, Erik; Al-Tawfiq, Jaffar; Müller, Marcel A.; Drosten, Christian; Memish, Ziad A. title: Viral Shedding and Antibody Response in 37 Patients With Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Infection date: 2016-02-15 journal: Clin Infect Dis DOI: 10.1093/cid/civ951 sha: doc_id: 353342 cord_uid: 2n6kqyeo file: cache/cord-352322-tsjwnvkk.json key: cord-352322-tsjwnvkk authors: Khamassi Khbou, Médiha; Daaloul Jedidi, Monia; Bouaicha Zaafouri, Faten; Benzarti, M’hammed title: Coronaviruses in farm animals: Epidemiology and public health implications date: 2020-09-25 journal: Vet Med Sci DOI: 10.1002/vms3.359 sha: doc_id: 352322 cord_uid: tsjwnvkk file: cache/cord-354582-fniymnmf.json key: cord-354582-fniymnmf authors: Ma, Zhiqian; Li, Zhiwei; Dong, Linfang; Yang, Ting; Xiao, Shuqi title: Reverse genetic systems: Rational design of coronavirus live attenuated vaccines with immune sequelae date: 2020-06-30 journal: Adv Virus Res DOI: 10.1016/bs.aivir.2020.06.003 sha: doc_id: 354582 cord_uid: fniymnmf file: cache/cord-353965-0bb729sp.json key: cord-353965-0bb729sp authors: Halim, Ashraf Abdel; Alsayed, Badr; Embarak, Sameh; Yaseen, Taha; Dabbous, Salwa title: Clinical characteristics and outcome of ICU admitted MERS corona virus infected patients date: 2016-01-31 journal: Egyptian Journal of Chest Diseases and Tuberculosis DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcdt.2015.11.011 sha: doc_id: 353965 cord_uid: 0bb729sp file: cache/cord-354302-l2kywzro.json key: cord-354302-l2kywzro authors: Adney, Danielle R.; van Doremalen, Neeltje; Brown, Vienna R.; Bushmaker, Trenton; Scott, Dana; de Wit, Emmie; Bowen, Richard A.; Munster, Vincent J. title: Replication and Shedding of MERS-CoV in Upper Respiratory Tract of Inoculated Dromedary Camels date: 2014-12-17 journal: Emerg Infect Dis DOI: 10.3201/eid2012.141280 sha: doc_id: 354302 cord_uid: l2kywzro file: cache/cord-356219-wl9htpp2.json key: cord-356219-wl9htpp2 authors: Farag, Elmoubasher A. B. A.; Reusken, Chantal B. E. M.; Haagmans, Bart L.; Mohran, Khaled A.; Raj, V. Stalin; Pas, Suzan D.; Voermans, Jolanda; Smits, Saskia L.; Godeke, Gert-Jan; Al-Hajri, Mohd. M.; Alhajri, Farhoud H.; Al-Romaihi, Hamad E.; Ghobashy, Hazem; El-Maghraby, Mamdouh M.; El-Sayed, Ahmed M.; Al Thani, Mohamed H. J.; Al-Marri, Salih; Koopmans, Marion P. G. title: High proportion of MERS-CoV shedding dromedaries at slaughterhouse with a potential epidemiological link to human cases, Qatar 2014 date: 2015-07-15 journal: Infect Ecol Epidemiol DOI: 10.3402/iee.v5.28305 sha: doc_id: 356219 cord_uid: wl9htpp2 file: cache/cord-353732-7hjsux4m.json key: cord-353732-7hjsux4m authors: Arabi, Yaseen M.; Al-Enezi, Farhan; Longuere, Kajsa-Stina; Balkhy, Hanan H.; Al-Sultan, Mohamed; Al-Omari, Awad; Al-Hameed, Fahad M.; Carson, Gail; Shindo, Nahoko; Fowler, Robert title: Feasibility of a randomized controlled trial to assess treatment of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infection in Saudi Arabia: a survey of physicians date: 2016-07-12 journal: BMC Anesthesiol DOI: 10.1186/s12871-016-0198-x sha: doc_id: 353732 cord_uid: 7hjsux4m file: cache/cord-356192-8b96rgqa.json key: cord-356192-8b96rgqa authors: Xie, Qian; Cao, Yujuan; Su, Juan; Wu, Jie; Wu, Xianbo; Wan, Chengsong; He, Mingliang; Ke, Changwen; Zhang, Bao; Zhao, Wei title: Two deletion variants of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus found in a patient with characteristic symptoms date: 2017-04-18 journal: Arch Virol DOI: 10.1007/s00705-017-3361-x sha: doc_id: 356192 cord_uid: 8b96rgqa file: cache/cord-354474-hbl2ywix.json key: cord-354474-hbl2ywix authors: Temsah, M. H.; Alhuzaimi, A. N.; Alamro, N.; Alrabiaah, A.; Al-Sohime, F.; Alhasan, K.; Kari, J. A.; Almaghlouth, I.; Aljamaan, F.; Al-Eyadhy, A.; Jamal, A.; Al Amri, M.; Barry, M.; Al-Subaie, S.; Somily, A. M.; Al-Zamil, F. title: Knowledge, attitudes and practices of healthcare workers during the early COVID-19 pandemic in a main, academic tertiary care centre in Saudi Arabia date: 2020-08-28 journal: Epidemiol Infect DOI: 10.1017/s0950268820001958 sha: doc_id: 354474 cord_uid: hbl2ywix file: cache/cord-354738-4rxradwz.json key: cord-354738-4rxradwz authors: Kohl, Claudia; Kurth, Andreas title: European Bats as Carriers of Viruses with Zoonotic Potential date: 2014-08-13 journal: Viruses DOI: 10.3390/v6083110 sha: doc_id: 354738 cord_uid: 4rxradwz file: cache/cord-356007-6b0w36l9.json key: cord-356007-6b0w36l9 authors: Alanazi, Khalid H.; Killerby, Marie E.; Biggs, Holly M.; Abedi, Glen R.; Jokhdar, Hani; Alsharef, Ali A.; Mohammed, Mutaz; Abdalla, Osman; Almari, Aref; Bereagesh, Samar; Tawfik, Sameh; Alresheedi, Husain; Alhakeem, Raafat F.; Hakawi, Ahmed; Alfalah, Haitham; Amer, Hala; Thornburg, Natalie J.; Tamin, Azaibi; Trivedi, Suvang; Tong, Suxiang; Lu, Xiaoyan; Queen, Krista; Li, Yan; Sakthivel, Senthilkumar K.; Tao, Ying; Zhang, Jing; Paden, Clinton R.; Al-Abdely, Hail M.; Assiri, Abdullah M.; Gerber, Susan I.; Watson, John T. title: Scope and extent of healthcare-associated Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus transmission during two contemporaneous outbreaks in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, 2017 date: 2018-12-31 journal: Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol DOI: 10.1017/ice.2018.290 sha: doc_id: 356007 cord_uid: 6b0w36l9 file: cache/cord-353704-lfndq85x.json key: cord-353704-lfndq85x authors: Ye, Zi-Wei; Yuan, Shuofeng; Yuen, Kit-San; Fung, Sin-Yee; Chan, Chi-Ping; Jin, Dong-Yan title: Zoonotic origins of human coronaviruses date: 2020-03-15 journal: Int J Biol Sci DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.45472 sha: doc_id: 353704 cord_uid: lfndq85x file: cache/cord-356364-ipi81ce3.json key: cord-356364-ipi81ce3 authors: Ho, Bo-Lin; Cheng, Shu-Chun; Shi, Lin; Wang, Ting-Yun; Ho, Kuan-I; Chou, Chi-Yuan title: Critical Assessment of the Important Residues Involved in the Dimerization and Catalysis of MERS Coronavirus Main Protease date: 2015-12-14 journal: PLoS One DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0144865 sha: doc_id: 356364 cord_uid: ipi81ce3 Reading metadata file and updating bibliogrpahics === updating bibliographic database Building study carrel named keyword-mers-cord === file2bib.sh === id: cord-103046-w8bm4p44 author: Suarez, David L. title: Lack of susceptibility of poultry to SARS-CoV-2 and MERS-CoV date: 2020-06-16 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-103046-w8bm4p44.txt cache: ./cache/cord-103046-w8bm4p44.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-103046-w8bm4p44.txt' === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 40918 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 42312 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 42054 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" parallel: Warning: No more processes: Decreasing number of running jobs to 95. parallel: Warning: Raising ulimit -u or /etc/security/limits.conf may help. === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 42121 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 42015 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 42115 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 42146 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 42645 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" parallel: Warning: No more processes: Decreasing number of running jobs to 95. parallel: Warning: Raising ulimit -u or /etc/security/limits.conf may help. === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 41937 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 42315 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" parallel: Warning: No more processes: Decreasing number of running jobs to 94. parallel: Warning: Raising ulimit -u or /etc/security/limits.conf may help. === file2bib.sh === id: cord-014546-arw4saeh author: Janies, Daniel A. title: Spread of Middle East Respiratory Coronavirus: Genetic versus Epidemiological Data date: 2017-05-01 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-014546-arw4saeh.txt cache: ./cache/cord-014546-arw4saeh.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-014546-arw4saeh.txt' parallel: Warning: No more processes: Decreasing number of running jobs to 95. parallel: Warning: Raising ulimit -u or /etc/security/limits.conf may help. parallel: Warning: No more processes: Decreasing number of running jobs to 95. parallel: Warning: Raising ulimit -u or /etc/security/limits.conf may help. parallel: Warning: No more processes: Decreasing number of running jobs to 95. parallel: Warning: Raising ulimit -u or /etc/security/limits.conf may help. parallel: Warning: No more processes: Decreasing number of running jobs to 94. parallel: Warning: Raising ulimit -u or /etc/security/limits.conf may help. === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 42593 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 42849 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" parallel: Warning: No more processes: Decreasing number of running jobs to 94. parallel: Warning: Raising ulimit -u or /etc/security/limits.conf may help. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/txt2adr.sh: fork: retry: No child processes === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 40160 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 42472 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 42652 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 43282 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === id: cord-009476-4emc4o6n author: Madani, Tariq A title: Case definition and management of patients with MERS coronavirus in Saudi Arabia date: 2014-09-22 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-009476-4emc4o6n.txt cache: ./cache/cord-009476-4emc4o6n.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-009476-4emc4o6n.txt' /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/txt2adr.sh: fork: retry: No child processes === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 43149 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 43848 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" parallel: Warning: No more processes: Decreasing number of running jobs to 94. parallel: Warning: Raising ulimit -u or /etc/security/limits.conf may help. parallel: Warning: No more processes: Decreasing number of running jobs to 93. parallel: Warning: Raising ulimit -u or /etc/security/limits.conf may help. parallel: Warning: No more processes: Decreasing number of running jobs to 94. parallel: Warning: Raising ulimit -u or /etc/security/limits.conf may help. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/txt2urls.sh: fork: retry: Resource temporarily unavailable /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/txt2adr.sh: fork: retry: Resource temporarily unavailable /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/cordpos2carrel.sh: fork: retry: No child processes === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 43914 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/txt2adr.sh: fork: retry: No child processes /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/txt2urls.sh: fork: retry: Resource temporarily unavailable === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 42934 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/txt2urls.sh: fork: retry: Resource temporarily unavailable === file2bib.sh === id: cord-258892-1xmoeoyh author: Thomas, Helen Lucy title: Enhanced MERS Coronavirus Surveillance of Travelers from the Middle East to England date: 2014-09-17 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-258892-1xmoeoyh.txt cache: ./cache/cord-258892-1xmoeoyh.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-258892-1xmoeoyh.txt' === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 43880 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === id: cord-007828-c7jxj74b author: Memish, Ziad A. title: Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection control: The missing piece? date: 2014-11-25 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-007828-c7jxj74b.txt cache: ./cache/cord-007828-c7jxj74b.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-007828-c7jxj74b.txt' parallel: Warning: No more processes: Decreasing number of running jobs to 95. parallel: Warning: Raising ulimit -u or /etc/security/limits.conf may help. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/txt2urls.sh: fork: retry: Resource temporarily unavailable parallel: Warning: No more processes: Decreasing number of running jobs to 93. parallel: Warning: Raising ulimit -u or /etc/security/limits.conf may help. === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 43692 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === id: cord-259200-65b267ic author: Harypursat, Vijay title: Six weeks into the 2019 coronavirus disease outbreak: it is time to consider strategies to impede the emergence of new zoonotic infections date: 2020-05-05 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-259200-65b267ic.txt cache: ./cache/cord-259200-65b267ic.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-259200-65b267ic.txt' /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/txt2adr.sh: fork: retry: No child processes /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/txt2adr.sh: fork: retry: No child processes === file2bib.sh === id: cord-018016-r7tg0s45 author: John, Maya title: Shiny Framework Based Visualization and Analytics Tool for Middle East Respiratory Syndrome date: 2019-12-04 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-018016-r7tg0s45.txt cache: ./cache/cord-018016-r7tg0s45.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-018016-r7tg0s45.txt' /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/txt2adr.sh: fork: retry: No child processes /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/cordent2carrel.sh: fork: retry: No child processes === file2bib.sh === id: cord-255378-qgklt8wa author: Huang, Yi-Ping title: NMR assignments of the macro domain from Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) date: 2016-03-18 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-255378-qgklt8wa.txt cache: ./cache/cord-255378-qgklt8wa.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-255378-qgklt8wa.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-260024-yrhlg6wm author: Ha, Kyoo-Man title: A lesson learned from the MERS outbreak in South Korea in 2015 date: 2015-10-24 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-260024-yrhlg6wm.txt cache: ./cache/cord-260024-yrhlg6wm.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-260024-yrhlg6wm.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-258611-uzzs8w1j author: Ma, Xuezheng title: No MERS-CoV but positive influenza viruses in returning Hajj pilgrims, China, 2013–2015 date: 2017-11-10 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-258611-uzzs8w1j.txt cache: ./cache/cord-258611-uzzs8w1j.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-258611-uzzs8w1j.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-259703-9ef3u2mz author: Alsolamy, Sami title: Infection with Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus. date: 2015 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-259703-9ef3u2mz.txt cache: ./cache/cord-259703-9ef3u2mz.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-259703-9ef3u2mz.txt' /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/txt2urls.sh: fork: retry: Resource temporarily unavailable === file2bib.sh === id: cord-002070-8y24j34j author: Adney, Danielle R. title: Infection, Replication, and Transmission of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus in Alpacas date: 2016-06-17 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-002070-8y24j34j.txt cache: ./cache/cord-002070-8y24j34j.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-002070-8y24j34j.txt' /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/txt2urls.sh: fork: retry: No child processes /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/txt2adr.sh: fork: retry: No child processes /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/txt2adr.sh: fork: retry: No child processes === file2bib.sh === id: cord-022046-q1exf47s author: Toosy, Arshad Haroon title: An Overview of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome in the Middle East date: 2018-09-28 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-022046-q1exf47s.txt cache: ./cache/cord-022046-q1exf47s.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-022046-q1exf47s.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-255488-nvgz53su author: Li, Kun title: Development of a Mouse-Adapted MERS Coronavirus date: 2019-09-14 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-255488-nvgz53su.txt cache: ./cache/cord-255488-nvgz53su.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-255488-nvgz53su.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-255628-bm4nogig author: Su, Shuo title: MERS in South Korea and China: a potential outbreak threat? date: 2015-06-11 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-255628-bm4nogig.txt cache: ./cache/cord-255628-bm4nogig.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-255628-bm4nogig.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-255871-dau9tz6u author: Lee, Mi-Kyung title: Survey of Clinical Laboratory Practices for 2015 Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Outbreak in the Republic of Korea date: 2015-12-18 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-255871-dau9tz6u.txt cache: ./cache/cord-255871-dau9tz6u.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-255871-dau9tz6u.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-259443-5sv3dwbs author: Banik, Gouri Rani title: Risk factors for severity and mortality in patients with MERS-CoV: Analysis of publicly available data from Saudi Arabia date: 2016-01-25 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-259443-5sv3dwbs.txt cache: ./cache/cord-259443-5sv3dwbs.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-259443-5sv3dwbs.txt' === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 43666 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === id: cord-256784-wfaqim7d author: Modjarrad, Kayvon title: MERS-CoV vaccine candidates in development: The current landscape date: 2016-06-03 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-256784-wfaqim7d.txt cache: ./cache/cord-256784-wfaqim7d.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-256784-wfaqim7d.txt' /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/txt2urls.sh: fork: retry: Resource temporarily unavailable === file2bib.sh === id: cord-261041-nrmj1qre author: Algaissi, Abdullah title: Evaluation of MERS-CoV Neutralizing Antibodies in Sera Using Live Virus Microneutralization Assay date: 2019-09-14 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-261041-nrmj1qre.txt cache: ./cache/cord-261041-nrmj1qre.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-261041-nrmj1qre.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-103739-mmkrwj8t author: Snijder, Eric J. title: A unifying structural and functional model of the coronavirus replication organelle: tracking down RNA synthesis date: 2020-03-24 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-103739-mmkrwj8t.txt cache: ./cache/cord-103739-mmkrwj8t.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-103739-mmkrwj8t.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-253238-ptmxkpae author: Kopel, Jonathan title: Clinical Insights into the Gastrointestinal Manifestations of COVID-19 date: 2020-05-23 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-253238-ptmxkpae.txt cache: ./cache/cord-253238-ptmxkpae.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-253238-ptmxkpae.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-258032-buh1e4tm author: Tang, Siming title: A Novel Dynamic Model Describing the Spread of the MERS-CoV and the Expression of Dipeptidyl Peptidase 4 date: 2017-08-15 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-258032-buh1e4tm.txt cache: ./cache/cord-258032-buh1e4tm.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-258032-buh1e4tm.txt' parallel: Warning: No more processes: Decreasing number of running jobs to 92. parallel: Warning: Raising ulimit -u or /etc/security/limits.conf may help. === file2bib.sh === id: cord-252456-971d0sir author: Hemida, Maged Gomaa title: The SARS-CoV-2 outbreak from a one health perspective date: 2020-03-16 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-252456-971d0sir.txt cache: ./cache/cord-252456-971d0sir.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-252456-971d0sir.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-259347-3acsko74 author: Cheng, Qi title: Infectivity of human coronavirus in the brain date: 2020-05-28 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-259347-3acsko74.txt cache: ./cache/cord-259347-3acsko74.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-259347-3acsko74.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-253337-xdexrlq3 author: Park, Jung Wan title: Hospital Outbreaks of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome, Daejeon, South Korea, 2015 date: 2017-06-17 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-253337-xdexrlq3.txt cache: ./cache/cord-253337-xdexrlq3.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-253337-xdexrlq3.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-264653-ms6zrrnd author: Bhatnagar, Tarun title: Lopinavir/ritonavir combination therapy amongst symptomatic coronavirus disease 2019 patients in India: Protocol for restricted public health emergency use date: 2020-04-28 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-264653-ms6zrrnd.txt cache: ./cache/cord-264653-ms6zrrnd.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-264653-ms6zrrnd.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-260420-4s7akmdp author: Mubareka, Samira title: Bioaerosols and Transmission, a Diverse and Growing Community of Practice date: 2019-02-21 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-260420-4s7akmdp.txt cache: ./cache/cord-260420-4s7akmdp.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-260420-4s7akmdp.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-261421-k1s5iy3u author: Khalafalla, Abdelmalik I. title: MERS-CoV in Upper Respiratory Tract and Lungs of Dromedary Camels, Saudi Arabia, 2013–2014 date: 2015-07-17 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-261421-k1s5iy3u.txt cache: ./cache/cord-261421-k1s5iy3u.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-261421-k1s5iy3u.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-265666-27ckjl7w author: Kang, Hee Sun title: Working experiences of nurses during the Middle East respiratory syndrome outbreak date: 2018-05-30 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-265666-27ckjl7w.txt cache: ./cache/cord-265666-27ckjl7w.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-265666-27ckjl7w.txt' /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/txt2adr.sh: fork: retry: Resource temporarily unavailable === file2bib.sh === id: cord-256750-5m7psxri author: Park, Hye Yoon title: Posttraumatic stress disorder and depression of survivors 12 months after the outbreak of Middle East respiratory syndrome in South Korea date: 2020-05-15 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-256750-5m7psxri.txt cache: ./cache/cord-256750-5m7psxri.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-256750-5m7psxri.txt' /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/txt2adr.sh: fork: retry: No child processes /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/txt2adr.sh: fork: retry: No child processes === file2bib.sh === id: cord-263391-18x4ann5 author: Harvey, Ruth title: Comparison of Serologic Assays for Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus date: 2019-10-17 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-263391-18x4ann5.txt cache: ./cache/cord-263391-18x4ann5.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-263391-18x4ann5.txt' /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/txt2urls.sh: fork: retry: No child processes /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/cordent2carrel.sh: fork: retry: No child processes === file2bib.sh === id: cord-256086-8qfeoayb author: Lin, Leesa title: Tuning in and catching on? Examining the relationship between pandemic communication and awareness and knowledge of MERS in the USA date: 2016-04-15 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-256086-8qfeoayb.txt cache: ./cache/cord-256086-8qfeoayb.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-256086-8qfeoayb.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-255815-5d9bqji0 author: Malik, Ajamaluddin title: MERS‐CoV papain-like protease (PL(pro)): expression, purification, and spectroscopic/thermodynamic characterization date: 2017-05-30 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-255815-5d9bqji0.txt cache: ./cache/cord-255815-5d9bqji0.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-255815-5d9bqji0.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-259051-6kuh4njb author: Elkholy, Amgad A. title: MERS-CoV infection among healthcare workers and risk factors for death: Retrospective analysis of all laboratory-confirmed cases reported to WHO from 2012 to 2 June 2018 date: 2019-05-02 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-259051-6kuh4njb.txt cache: ./cache/cord-259051-6kuh4njb.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-259051-6kuh4njb.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-254976-la9g6g5t author: Kim, Ji Soo title: Factors Influencing Emergency Nurses' Burnout During an Outbreak of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus in Korea date: 2016-11-09 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-254976-la9g6g5t.txt cache: ./cache/cord-254976-la9g6g5t.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-254976-la9g6g5t.txt' parallel: Warning: No more processes: Decreasing number of running jobs to 93. parallel: Warning: Raising ulimit -u or /etc/security/limits.conf may help. === file2bib.sh === id: cord-252600-bvh1o64r author: Galasiti Kankanamalage, Anushka C. title: Structure-guided design of potent and permeable inhibitors of MERS coronavirus 3CL protease that utilize a piperidine moiety as a novel design element date: 2018-04-25 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-252600-bvh1o64r.txt cache: ./cache/cord-252600-bvh1o64r.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-252600-bvh1o64r.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-262045-r2iqpmmc author: Smits, Saskia L. title: Reliable typing of MERS-CoV variants with a small genome fragment date: 2014-12-15 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-262045-r2iqpmmc.txt cache: ./cache/cord-262045-r2iqpmmc.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-262045-r2iqpmmc.txt' === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 51135 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 51398 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 51508 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 51887 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" parallel: Warning: No more processes: Decreasing number of running jobs to 91. parallel: Warning: Raising ulimit -u or /etc/security/limits.conf may help. parallel: Warning: No more processes: Decreasing number of running jobs to 93. parallel: Warning: Raising ulimit -u or /etc/security/limits.conf may help. parallel: Warning: No more processes: Decreasing number of running jobs to 92. parallel: Warning: Raising ulimit -u or /etc/security/limits.conf may help. === file2bib.sh === id: cord-264199-8skyagsz author: Fragaszy, Ellen title: Emerging respiratory infections: influenza, MERS-CoV, and extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis date: 2014-12-31 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-264199-8skyagsz.txt cache: ./cache/cord-264199-8skyagsz.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-264199-8skyagsz.txt' === file2bib.sh === /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: fork: retry: No child processes OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 51193 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 51605 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" parallel: Warning: No more processes: Decreasing number of running jobs to 92. parallel: Warning: Raising ulimit -u or /etc/security/limits.conf may help. === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 51742 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" parallel: Warning: No more processes: Decreasing number of running jobs to 93. parallel: Warning: Raising ulimit -u or /etc/security/limits.conf may help. === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 51061 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" parallel: Warning: No more processes: Decreasing number of running jobs to 90. parallel: Warning: Raising ulimit -u or /etc/security/limits.conf may help. === file2bib.sh === id: cord-266464-wuf3s8m0 author: Kim, So Yeon title: Viral RNA in Blood as Indicator of Severe Outcome in Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Infection date: 2016-10-17 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-266464-wuf3s8m0.txt cache: ./cache/cord-266464-wuf3s8m0.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-266464-wuf3s8m0.txt' parallel: Warning: No more processes: Decreasing number of running jobs to 91. parallel: Warning: Raising ulimit -u or /etc/security/limits.conf may help. parallel: Warning: No more processes: Decreasing number of running jobs to 91. parallel: Warning: Raising ulimit -u or /etc/security/limits.conf may help. parallel: Warning: No more processes: Decreasing number of running jobs to 94. parallel: Warning: Raising ulimit -u or /etc/security/limits.conf may help. === file2bib.sh === id: cord-256300-emsvxxs5 author: Tortorici, M. Alejandra title: Structural insights into coronavirus entry date: 2019-08-22 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-256300-emsvxxs5.txt cache: ./cache/cord-256300-emsvxxs5.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-256300-emsvxxs5.txt' === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 52519 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" parallel: Warning: No more processes: Decreasing number of running jobs to 92. parallel: Warning: Raising ulimit -u or /etc/security/limits.conf may help. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/txt2adr.sh: fork: retry: No child processes === file2bib.sh === id: cord-259374-m7q1roay author: Agostini, Maria L. title: Small-Molecule Antiviral β-d-N(4)-Hydroxycytidine Inhibits a Proofreading-Intact Coronavirus with a High Genetic Barrier to Resistance date: 2019-11-26 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-259374-m7q1roay.txt cache: ./cache/cord-259374-m7q1roay.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-259374-m7q1roay.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-256806-g42n51n9 author: Khudhair, Ahmed title: Risk Factors for MERS-CoV Seropositivity among Animal Market and Slaughterhouse Workers, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates, 2014–2017 date: 2019-05-17 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-256806-g42n51n9.txt cache: ./cache/cord-256806-g42n51n9.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-256806-g42n51n9.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-260518-mswb3q67 author: Zumla, Alimuddin title: Taking forward a ‘One Health’ approach for turning the tide against the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus and other zoonotic pathogens with epidemic potential date: 2016-06-15 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-260518-mswb3q67.txt cache: ./cache/cord-260518-mswb3q67.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-260518-mswb3q67.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-264956-wbi0ird5 author: Ahmed, Anwar E. title: Development of a risk‐prediction model for Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection in dialysis patients date: 2018-04-14 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-264956-wbi0ird5.txt cache: ./cache/cord-264956-wbi0ird5.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-264956-wbi0ird5.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-016842-sow7k53m author: An, Jisun title: Multidimensional Analysis of the News Consumption of Different Demographic Groups on a Nationwide Scale date: 2017-08-02 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-016842-sow7k53m.txt cache: ./cache/cord-016842-sow7k53m.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-016842-sow7k53m.txt' /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/txt2adr.sh: fork: retry: Resource temporarily unavailable === file2bib.sh === id: cord-018438-1tkevj8v author: Edholm, Christina J. title: Searching for Superspreaders: Identifying Epidemic Patterns Associated with Superspreading Events in Stochastic Models date: 2018-10-25 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-018438-1tkevj8v.txt cache: ./cache/cord-018438-1tkevj8v.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-018438-1tkevj8v.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-252397-qlu7dilh author: Johnson, Reed F. title: Intratracheal exposure of common marmosets to MERS-CoV Jordan-n3/2012 or MERS-CoV EMC/2012 isolates does not result in lethal disease date: 2015-11-01 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-252397-qlu7dilh.txt cache: ./cache/cord-252397-qlu7dilh.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-252397-qlu7dilh.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-252883-1ub01j2x author: Bleibtreu, A. title: Focus on Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) date: 2019-11-11 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-252883-1ub01j2x.txt cache: ./cache/cord-252883-1ub01j2x.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-252883-1ub01j2x.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-261533-73721b24 author: Mok, Chris Ka Pun title: T-cell responses to MERS coronavirus infection in people with occupational exposure to dromedary camels in Nigeria: an observational cohort study date: 2020-10-06 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-261533-73721b24.txt cache: ./cache/cord-261533-73721b24.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-261533-73721b24.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-263508-row2mn17 author: Chan, Jasper Fuk-Woo title: The emerging novel Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus: The “knowns” and “unknowns” date: 2013-07-21 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-263508-row2mn17.txt cache: ./cache/cord-263508-row2mn17.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-263508-row2mn17.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-256537-axbyav1m author: Kimball, Ann Marie title: Emergence of Novel Human Infections: New Insights and New Challenges date: 2016-10-24 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-256537-axbyav1m.txt cache: ./cache/cord-256537-axbyav1m.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-256537-axbyav1m.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-265128-i0d4lxko author: Gurung, Arun Bahadur title: Unravelling lead antiviral phytochemicals for the inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 M(pro) enzyme through in silico approach date: 2020-05-22 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-265128-i0d4lxko.txt cache: ./cache/cord-265128-i0d4lxko.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-265128-i0d4lxko.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-256020-wrui3i2l author: Fadaka, Adewale Oluwaseun title: Understanding the epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis and management of SARS-CoV-2 date: 2020-08-26 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-256020-wrui3i2l.txt cache: ./cache/cord-256020-wrui3i2l.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-256020-wrui3i2l.txt' === file2bib.sh === /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: fork: retry: No child processes OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 52097 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 52710 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" parallel: Warning: No more processes: Decreasing number of running jobs to 89. parallel: Warning: Raising ulimit -u or /etc/security/limits.conf may help. parallel: Warning: No more processes: Decreasing number of running jobs to 91. parallel: Warning: Raising ulimit -u or /etc/security/limits.conf may help. parallel: Warning: No more processes: Decreasing number of running jobs to 90. parallel: Warning: Raising ulimit -u or /etc/security/limits.conf may help. === file2bib.sh === id: cord-259658-rgrt6e6r author: Yan, Bingpeng title: Characterization of the Lipidomic Profile of Human Coronavirus-Infected Cells: Implications for Lipid Metabolism Remodeling upon Coronavirus Replication date: 2019-01-16 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-259658-rgrt6e6r.txt cache: ./cache/cord-259658-rgrt6e6r.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-259658-rgrt6e6r.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-016451-k8m2xz0e author: Chertow, Daniel S. title: Influenza, Measles, SARS, MERS, and Smallpox date: 2020-01-03 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-016451-k8m2xz0e.txt cache: ./cache/cord-016451-k8m2xz0e.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-016451-k8m2xz0e.txt' parallel: Warning: No more processes: Decreasing number of running jobs to 93. parallel: Warning: Raising ulimit -u or /etc/security/limits.conf may help. === file2bib.sh === id: cord-258281-gxwk8jq9 author: Wenling, Yao title: Pregnancy and COVID-19: management and challenges date: 2020-08-31 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-258281-gxwk8jq9.txt cache: ./cache/cord-258281-gxwk8jq9.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-258281-gxwk8jq9.txt' === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 53130 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === id: cord-257511-4ftedh1a author: Gunaratne, Gihan S. title: NAADP-dependent Ca2+ signaling regulates Middle East respiratory syndrome-coronavirus pseudovirus translocation through the endolysosomal system date: 2018-11-30 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-257511-4ftedh1a.txt cache: ./cache/cord-257511-4ftedh1a.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-257511-4ftedh1a.txt' /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/cordent2carrel.sh: fork: retry: No child processes /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/txt2urls.sh: fork: retry: No child processes /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/cordwrd2carrel.sh: fork: retry: No child processes /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/cordent2carrel.sh: fork: retry: No child processes /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/cordpos2carrel.sh: fork: retry: No child processes /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/txt2adr.sh: fork: retry: No child processes parallel: Warning: No more processes: Decreasing number of running jobs to 89. parallel: Warning: Raising ulimit -u or /etc/security/limits.conf may help. parallel: Warning: No more processes: Decreasing number of running jobs to 92. parallel: Warning: Raising ulimit -u or /etc/security/limits.conf may help. parallel: Warning: No more processes: Decreasing number of running jobs to 90. parallel: Warning: Raising ulimit -u or /etc/security/limits.conf may help. === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 51104 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 53581 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" parallel: Warning: No more processes: Decreasing number of running jobs to 88. parallel: Warning: Raising ulimit -u or /etc/security/limits.conf may help. parallel: Warning: No more processes: Decreasing number of running jobs to 88. parallel: Warning: Raising ulimit -u or /etc/security/limits.conf may help. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/txt2urls.sh: fork: retry: No child processes parallel: Warning: No more processes: Decreasing number of running jobs to 87. parallel: Warning: Raising ulimit -u or /etc/security/limits.conf may help. parallel: Warning: No more processes: Decreasing number of running jobs to 87. parallel: Warning: Raising ulimit -u or /etc/security/limits.conf may help. parallel: Warning: No more processes: Decreasing number of running jobs to 89. parallel: Warning: Raising ulimit -u or /etc/security/limits.conf may help. parallel: Warning: No more processes: Decreasing number of running jobs to 90. parallel: Warning: Raising ulimit -u or /etc/security/limits.conf may help. parallel: Warning: No more processes: Decreasing number of running jobs to 86. parallel: Warning: Raising ulimit -u or /etc/security/limits.conf may help. === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 54866 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 54322 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 54602 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 55606 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 54388 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" parallel: Warning: No more processes: Decreasing number of running jobs to 91. parallel: Warning: Raising ulimit -u or /etc/security/limits.conf may help. === file2bib.sh === id: cord-227268-8k9zaqsy author: Wick, W. David title: Stopping the SuperSpreader Epidemic: the lessons from SARS (with, perhaps, applications to MERS) date: 2013-08-29 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-227268-8k9zaqsy.txt cache: ./cache/cord-227268-8k9zaqsy.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-227268-8k9zaqsy.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-257587-xjoyrdhj author: Gunaratne, Gihan S. title: A screening campaign in sea urchin egg homogenate as a platform for discovering modulators of NAADP-dependent Ca2+ signaling in human cells date: 2018-11-30 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-257587-xjoyrdhj.txt cache: ./cache/cord-257587-xjoyrdhj.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-257587-xjoyrdhj.txt' === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 55269 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 56340 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === id: cord-260334-xo8ruswo author: New, R.R.C. title: Antibody-mediated protection against MERS-CoV in the murine model() date: 2019-07-09 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-260334-xo8ruswo.txt cache: ./cache/cord-260334-xo8ruswo.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-260334-xo8ruswo.txt' === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 56327 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/cordwrd2carrel.sh: fork: retry: No child processes /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/cordent2carrel.sh: fork: retry: No child processes /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/txt2urls.sh: fork: retry: No child processes /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/cordent2carrel.sh: fork: retry: No child processes /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/cordpos2carrel.sh: fork: retry: No child processes /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/cordent2carrel.sh: fork: retry: No child processes === file2bib.sh === id: cord-265282-v3n9ff16 author: Ahn, Inkyung title: Investigation of nonlinear epidemiological models for analyzing and controlling the MERS outbreak in Korea date: 2018-01-21 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-265282-v3n9ff16.txt cache: ./cache/cord-265282-v3n9ff16.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-265282-v3n9ff16.txt' /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/txt2adr.sh: fork: retry: No child processes /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/txt2adr.sh: fork: retry: No child processes === file2bib.sh === id: cord-018504-qqsmn72u author: Caron, Rosemary M. title: Public Health Lessons: Practicing and Teaching Public Health date: 2014-09-23 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-018504-qqsmn72u.txt cache: ./cache/cord-018504-qqsmn72u.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-018504-qqsmn72u.txt' /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/txt2urls.sh: fork: retry: No child processes /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/txt2urls.sh: fork: retry: Resource temporarily unavailable /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/cordpos2carrel.sh: fork: retry: No child processes === file2bib.sh === id: cord-262542-vevsgkp6 author: Alharbi, Naif Khalaf title: ChAdOx1 and MVA based vaccine candidates against MERS-CoV elicit neutralising antibodies and cellular immune responses in mice date: 2017-06-27 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-262542-vevsgkp6.txt cache: ./cache/cord-262542-vevsgkp6.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-262542-vevsgkp6.txt' parallel: Warning: No more processes: Decreasing number of running jobs to 89. parallel: Warning: Raising ulimit -u or /etc/security/limits.conf may help. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/txt2urls.sh: fork: retry: Resource temporarily unavailable parallel: Warning: No more processes: Decreasing number of running jobs to 92. parallel: Warning: Raising ulimit -u or /etc/security/limits.conf may help. === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 54792 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 55972 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 55981 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" parallel: Warning: No more processes: Decreasing number of running jobs to 88. parallel: Warning: Raising ulimit -u or /etc/security/limits.conf may help. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/txt2adr.sh: fork: retry: Resource temporarily unavailable parallel: Warning: No more processes: Decreasing number of running jobs to 90. parallel: Warning: Raising ulimit -u or /etc/security/limits.conf may help. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/cordpos2carrel.sh: fork: retry: No child processes /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/txt2adr.sh: fork: retry: No child processes /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/txt2adr.sh: fork: retry: No child processes === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 56560 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 55377 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 58085 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === id: cord-104500-m0kfom0x author: Kyriakopoulos, Anthony M. title: The Potential Role of Super Spread Events in SARS-COV-2 Pandemic; a Narrative Review date: 2020-09-21 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-104500-m0kfom0x.txt cache: ./cache/cord-104500-m0kfom0x.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-104500-m0kfom0x.txt' parallel: Warning: No more processes: Decreasing number of running jobs to 89. parallel: Warning: Raising ulimit -u or /etc/security/limits.conf may help. === file2bib.sh === id: cord-271211-frkk6w0a author: Han, Yu title: The transmission and diagnosis of 2019 novel coronavirus infection disease (COVID‐19): A Chinese perspective date: 2020-03-12 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-271211-frkk6w0a.txt cache: ./cache/cord-271211-frkk6w0a.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-271211-frkk6w0a.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-009594-0rfbmi0q author: nan title: NEWS date: 2014-11-26 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-009594-0rfbmi0q.txt cache: ./cache/cord-009594-0rfbmi0q.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-009594-0rfbmi0q.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-269437-0pvqvhqs author: Gastañaduy, Paul A. title: Update: Severe Respiratory Illness Associated with Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) — Worldwide, 2012–2013 date: 2013-06-14 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-269437-0pvqvhqs.txt cache: ./cache/cord-269437-0pvqvhqs.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-269437-0pvqvhqs.txt' /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/txt2adr.sh: fork: retry: No child processes === file2bib.sh === id: cord-018239-n7axd9bq author: Rusoke-Dierich, Olaf title: Travel Medicine date: 2018-03-13 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-018239-n7axd9bq.txt cache: ./cache/cord-018239-n7axd9bq.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-018239-n7axd9bq.txt' === file2bib.sh === /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: fork: retry: No child processes id: cord-271244-6m8sbbi1 author: Bonilla-Aldana, D. Katterine title: SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV and now the 2019-novel CoV: Have we investigated enough about coronaviruses? – A bibliometric analysis date: 2020-02-29 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-271244-6m8sbbi1.txt cache: ./cache/cord-271244-6m8sbbi1.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-271244-6m8sbbi1.txt' /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/txt2urls.sh: fork: retry: Resource temporarily unavailable /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/txt2urls.sh: fork: retry: No child processes /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/txt2urls.sh: fork: retry: Resource temporarily unavailable /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/txt2urls.sh: fork: retry: Resource temporarily unavailable === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 57406 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" parallel: Warning: No more processes: Decreasing number of running jobs to 85. parallel: Warning: Raising ulimit -u or /etc/security/limits.conf may help. === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 55934 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 56877 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 58210 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === id: cord-024569-d9opzb6m author: Seo, Mihye title: Amplifying Panic and Facilitating Prevention: Multifaceted Effects of Traditional and Social Media Use During the 2015 MERS Crisis in South Korea date: 2019-07-26 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-024569-d9opzb6m.txt cache: ./cache/cord-024569-d9opzb6m.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-024569-d9opzb6m.txt' === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 58082 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 58885 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/txt2urls.sh: fork: retry: No child processes === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 58109 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 58655 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === id: cord-269885-r8molh8c author: Jeong, Soo Young title: MERS-CoV Infection in a Pregnant Woman in Korea date: 2017-08-08 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-269885-r8molh8c.txt cache: ./cache/cord-269885-r8molh8c.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-269885-r8molh8c.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-271512-owidim7o author: Thabet, Farah title: Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus in children date: 2015 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-271512-owidim7o.txt cache: ./cache/cord-271512-owidim7o.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-271512-owidim7o.txt' /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/txt2urls.sh: fork: retry: Resource temporarily unavailable === file2bib.sh === id: cord-272306-92rz2byz author: Morra, Mostafa Ebraheem title: Clinical outcomes of current medical approaches for Middle East respiratory syndrome: A systematic review and meta‐analysis date: 2018-04-17 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-272306-92rz2byz.txt cache: ./cache/cord-272306-92rz2byz.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-272306-92rz2byz.txt' === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 58615 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/cordwrd2carrel.sh: fork: retry: No child processes /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/cordpos2carrel.sh: fork: retry: No child processes === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 60372 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 58750 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/cordpos2carrel.sh: fork: retry: No child processes /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/cordwrd2carrel.sh: fork: retry: No child processes parallel: Warning: No more processes: Decreasing number of running jobs to 84. parallel: Warning: Raising ulimit -u or /etc/security/limits.conf may help. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/txt2urls.sh: fork: retry: No child processes parallel: Warning: No more processes: Decreasing number of running jobs to 88. parallel: Warning: Raising ulimit -u or /etc/security/limits.conf may help. parallel: Warning: No more processes: Decreasing number of running jobs to 87. parallel: Warning: Raising ulimit -u or /etc/security/limits.conf may help. === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 60366 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/cordent2carrel.sh: fork: retry: No child processes === file2bib.sh === id: cord-266987-ikt8r2o1 author: Loeffelholz, Michael J. title: Laboratory diagnosis of emerging human coronavirus infections – the state of the art date: 2020-03-30 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-266987-ikt8r2o1.txt cache: ./cache/cord-266987-ikt8r2o1.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-266987-ikt8r2o1.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-271004-gtmo5ixs author: Al-Tawfiq, Jaffar A. title: Influenza is more common than Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) among hospitalized adult Saudi patients date: 2017-10-12 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-271004-gtmo5ixs.txt cache: ./cache/cord-271004-gtmo5ixs.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-271004-gtmo5ixs.txt' /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/txt2urls.sh: fork: retry: Resource temporarily unavailable /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/cordwrd2carrel.sh: fork: retry: No child processes /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/txt2urls.sh: fork: retry: No child processes /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/txt2urls.sh: fork: retry: Resource temporarily unavailable /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/txt2urls.sh: fork: retry: Resource temporarily unavailable /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/txt2adr.sh: fork: retry: No child processes /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/cordwrd2carrel.sh: fork: retry: No child processes /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/txt2urls.sh: fork: retry: No child processes === file2bib.sh === id: cord-272932-devmy5yx author: WANG, Wen Ling title: Serological Study of An Imported Case of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome and His Close Contacts in China, 2015 date: 2016-03-31 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-272932-devmy5yx.txt cache: ./cache/cord-272932-devmy5yx.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-272932-devmy5yx.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-266313-b518n9dx author: Cao, Yu-chen title: Remdesivir for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 causing COVID-19: An evaluation of the evidence date: 2020-04-02 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-266313-b518n9dx.txt cache: ./cache/cord-266313-b518n9dx.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-266313-b518n9dx.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-270258-9vgpphiu author: Ko, Jae-Hoon title: Predictive factors for pneumonia development and progression to respiratory failure in MERS-CoV infected patients date: 2016-08-09 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-270258-9vgpphiu.txt cache: ./cache/cord-270258-9vgpphiu.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-270258-9vgpphiu.txt' /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/txt2urls.sh: fork: retry: Resource temporarily unavailable /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/txt2urls.sh: fork: retry: No child processes === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 60216 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/txt2urls.sh: fork: retry: Resource temporarily unavailable /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/txt2urls.sh: fork: retry: Resource temporarily unavailable === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 60381 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/txt2adr.sh: fork: retry: Resource temporarily unavailable === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 58574 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === id: cord-273626-zy8qjaai author: Gong, Shu‐ran title: The battle against SARS and MERS coronaviruses: Reservoirs and Animal Models date: 2018-07-28 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-273626-zy8qjaai.txt cache: ./cache/cord-273626-zy8qjaai.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-273626-zy8qjaai.txt' === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 59623 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 59916 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/txt2urls.sh: fork: retry: No child processes /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/txt2urls.sh: fork: retry: No child processes /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/txt2adr.sh: fork: retry: No child processes === file2bib.sh === id: cord-103899-6tqm99g1 author: Mirzaei, Rasoul title: The emerging role of microRNAs in the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection date: 2020-11-13 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-103899-6tqm99g1.txt cache: ./cache/cord-103899-6tqm99g1.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-103899-6tqm99g1.txt' /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/txt2adr.sh: fork: retry: No child processes /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/txt2urls.sh: fork: retry: Resource temporarily unavailable /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/txt2urls.sh: fork: retry: No child processes /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/txt2urls.sh: fork: retry: Resource temporarily unavailable /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/txt2urls.sh: fork: retry: No child processes /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/txt2urls.sh: fork: retry: Resource temporarily unavailable /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/cordpos2carrel.sh: fork: retry: No child processes /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/txt2urls.sh: fork: retry: No child processes === file2bib.sh === id: cord-270077-mfl0iagr author: Chefer, Svetlana title: Modeling [(18)F]-FDG lymphoid tissue kinetics to characterize nonhuman primate immune response to Middle East respiratory syndrome-coronavirus aerosol challenge date: 2015-11-16 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-270077-mfl0iagr.txt cache: ./cache/cord-270077-mfl0iagr.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-270077-mfl0iagr.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-262673-j2ot35lt author: Ahmed-Hassan, Hanaa title: Innate Immune Responses to Highly Pathogenic Coronaviruses and Other Significant Respiratory Viral Infections date: 2020-08-18 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-262673-j2ot35lt.txt cache: ./cache/cord-262673-j2ot35lt.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-262673-j2ot35lt.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-277823-vijh6x1l author: TERAMICHI, Takurou title: Evaluation of serological assays available in a biosafety level 2 laboratory and their application for survey of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus among livestock in Ethiopia date: 2019-11-05 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-277823-vijh6x1l.txt cache: ./cache/cord-277823-vijh6x1l.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-277823-vijh6x1l.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-276769-th7iou21 author: Khan, Suliman title: Coronaviruses disease 2019 (COVID-19): causative agent, mental health concerns, and potential management options date: 2020-07-25 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-276769-th7iou21.txt cache: ./cache/cord-276769-th7iou21.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-276769-th7iou21.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-273182-djb0ozrt author: Díez, José María title: Cross-neutralization activity against SARS-CoV-2 is present in currently available intravenous immunoglobulins date: 2020-09-09 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-273182-djb0ozrt.txt cache: ./cache/cord-273182-djb0ozrt.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-273182-djb0ozrt.txt' === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 64104 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 62813 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" parallel: Warning: No more processes: Decreasing number of running jobs to 83. parallel: Warning: Raising ulimit -u or /etc/security/limits.conf may help. === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 63834 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 62541 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" parallel: Warning: No more processes: Decreasing number of running jobs to 88. parallel: Warning: Raising ulimit -u or /etc/security/limits.conf may help. === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 62454 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 63988 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 64194 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" parallel: Warning: No more processes: Decreasing number of running jobs to 86. parallel: Warning: Raising ulimit -u or /etc/security/limits.conf may help. === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 54621 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === id: cord-288589-bt9429bh author: Habibzadeh, Farrokh title: Hadj ritual and risk of a pandemic date: 2013-12-31 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-288589-bt9429bh.txt cache: ./cache/cord-288589-bt9429bh.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-288589-bt9429bh.txt' === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 65217 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 63880 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 65241 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === id: cord-272710-uq2idlca author: Cho, Chao-Cheng title: Macro Domain from Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) Is an Efficient ADP-ribose Binding Module: CRYSTAL STRUCTURE AND BIOCHEMICAL STUDIES date: 2016-01-05 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-272710-uq2idlca.txt cache: ./cache/cord-272710-uq2idlca.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-272710-uq2idlca.txt' /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/txt2adr.sh: fork: retry: Resource temporarily unavailable /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/txt2adr.sh: fork: retry: No child processes /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/txt2adr.sh: fork: retry: Resource temporarily unavailable /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/txt2adr.sh: fork: retry: Resource temporarily unavailable /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/cordent2carrel.sh: fork: retry: No child processes /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/cordpos2carrel.sh: fork: retry: No child processes === file2bib.sh === /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: fork: retry: No child processes id: cord-274122-n9jnu2ah author: Mielech, Anna M. title: MERS-CoV papain-like protease has deISGylating and deubiquitinating activities date: 2014-02-01 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-274122-n9jnu2ah.txt cache: ./cache/cord-274122-n9jnu2ah.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-274122-n9jnu2ah.txt' /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/cordpos2carrel.sh: fork: retry: No child processes === file2bib.sh === /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: fork: retry: No child processes OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 64688 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 64711 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/txt2urls.sh: fork: retry: No child processes /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/txt2adr.sh: fork: retry: No child processes /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/txt2urls.sh: fork: retry: Resource temporarily unavailable /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/txt2urls.sh: fork: retry: No child processes === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 65173 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 64520 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: fork: retry: No child processes OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 66712 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 65886 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 60420 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 62333 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 64960 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: fork: retry: No child processes OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 67245 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/txt2urls.sh: fork: retry: Resource temporarily unavailable === file2bib.sh === id: cord-274007-zndtddty author: Rasmussen, Sonja A. title: Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) and pregnancy: what obstetricians need to know date: 2020-02-24 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-274007-zndtddty.txt cache: ./cache/cord-274007-zndtddty.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-274007-zndtddty.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-282554-hlcgutzf author: Yoo, Jin-Hong title: The Fight against the 2019-nCoV Outbreak: an Arduous March Has Just Begun date: 2020-01-30 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-282554-hlcgutzf.txt cache: ./cache/cord-282554-hlcgutzf.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-282554-hlcgutzf.txt' /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/txt2urls.sh: fork: retry: No child processes /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/txt2urls.sh: fork: retry: No child processes /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/txt2adr.sh: fork: retry: No child processes parallel: Warning: No more processes: Decreasing number of running jobs to 86. parallel: Warning: Raising ulimit -u or /etc/security/limits.conf may help. parallel: Warning: No more processes: Decreasing number of running jobs to 82. parallel: Warning: Raising ulimit -u or /etc/security/limits.conf may help. parallel: Warning: No more processes: Decreasing number of running jobs to 91. parallel: Warning: Raising ulimit -u or /etc/security/limits.conf may help. parallel: Warning: No more processes: Decreasing number of running jobs to 87. parallel: Warning: Raising ulimit -u or /etc/security/limits.conf may help. === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 67407 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 67759 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/txt2urls.sh: fork: retry: No child processes /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/cordpos2carrel.sh: fork: retry: No child processes /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/txt2adr.sh: fork: retry: Resource temporarily unavailable /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/cordwrd2carrel.sh: fork: retry: No child processes === file2bib.sh === id: cord-284374-sqxlnk9e author: Park, Jiyeon title: Infection Prevention Measures for Surgical Procedures during a Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Outbreak in a Tertiary Care Hospital in South Korea date: 2020-01-15 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-284374-sqxlnk9e.txt cache: ./cache/cord-284374-sqxlnk9e.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-284374-sqxlnk9e.txt' /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/cordwrd2carrel.sh: fork: retry: No child processes /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/cordwrd2carrel.sh: fork: retry: No child processes /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/txt2urls.sh: fork: retry: No child processes /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/txt2urls.sh: fork: retry: Resource temporarily unavailable /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/txt2urls.sh: fork: retry: No child processes /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/txt2urls.sh: fork: retry: Resource temporarily unavailable === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 67725 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 67489 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/txt2urls.sh: fork: retry: Resource temporarily unavailable /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/txt2urls.sh: fork: retry: Resource temporarily unavailable parallel: Warning: No more processes: Decreasing number of running jobs to 85. parallel: Warning: Raising ulimit -u or /etc/security/limits.conf may help. === file2bib.sh === id: cord-289096-wuegn0jg author: Wang, Liang title: Bat-Origin Coronaviruses Expand Their Host Range to Pigs date: 2018-04-18 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-289096-wuegn0jg.txt cache: ./cache/cord-289096-wuegn0jg.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-289096-wuegn0jg.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-287886-41isp0wj author: Al-Tawfiq, Jaffar A title: Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus disease is rare in children: An update from Saudi Arabia date: 2016-11-08 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-287886-41isp0wj.txt cache: ./cache/cord-287886-41isp0wj.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-287886-41isp0wj.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-278238-w1l8h8g8 author: Okba, Nisreen MA title: Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus vaccines: current status and novel approaches date: 2017-04-13 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-278238-w1l8h8g8.txt cache: ./cache/cord-278238-w1l8h8g8.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-278238-w1l8h8g8.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-283586-o8m6xdra author: Spanakis, Nikolaos title: Virological and serological analysis of a recent Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection case on a triple combination antiviral regimen date: 2014-12-31 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-283586-o8m6xdra.txt cache: ./cache/cord-283586-o8m6xdra.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-283586-o8m6xdra.txt' /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/txt2urls.sh: fork: retry: No child processes === file2bib.sh === id: cord-279976-juz9jnfk author: Xie, Mingxuan title: Insight into 2019 novel coronavirus — an updated intrim review and lessons from SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV date: 2020-04-01 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-279976-juz9jnfk.txt cache: ./cache/cord-279976-juz9jnfk.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-279976-juz9jnfk.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-283966-eln8ljjj author: Meyer, Benjamin title: Antibodies against MERS Coronavirus in Dromedary Camels, United Arab Emirates, 2003 and 2013 date: 2014-04-17 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-283966-eln8ljjj.txt cache: ./cache/cord-283966-eln8ljjj.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-283966-eln8ljjj.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-290319-decr6wrd author: Kayali, Ghazi title: A more detailed picture of the epidemiology of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus date: 2015-05-31 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-290319-decr6wrd.txt cache: ./cache/cord-290319-decr6wrd.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-290319-decr6wrd.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-279733-c0w9bw5u author: Lui, Pak-Yin title: Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus M protein suppresses type I interferon expression through the inhibition of TBK1-dependent phosphorylation of IRF3 date: 2016-04-20 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-279733-c0w9bw5u.txt cache: ./cache/cord-279733-c0w9bw5u.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-279733-c0w9bw5u.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-283709-y59h5bw8 author: Chan, Renee W Y title: Tropism and replication of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus from dromedary camels in the human respiratory tract: an in-vitro and ex-vivo study date: 2014-08-28 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-283709-y59h5bw8.txt cache: ./cache/cord-283709-y59h5bw8.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-283709-y59h5bw8.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-292092-o6s5nw49 author: Furuse, Yuki title: Conservation of nucleotide sequences for molecular diagnosis of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus, 2015 date: 2015-09-30 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-292092-o6s5nw49.txt cache: ./cache/cord-292092-o6s5nw49.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-292092-o6s5nw49.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-289311-0wgafqdz author: Kim, Jee-Eun title: Neurological Complications during Treatment of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome date: 2017-06-30 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-289311-0wgafqdz.txt cache: ./cache/cord-289311-0wgafqdz.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-289311-0wgafqdz.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-286631-3fmg3scx author: Pormohammad, Ali title: Comparison of confirmed COVID‐19 with SARS and MERS cases ‐ Clinical characteristics, laboratory findings, radiographic signs and outcomes: A systematic review and meta‐analysis date: 2020-06-05 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-286631-3fmg3scx.txt cache: ./cache/cord-286631-3fmg3scx.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-286631-3fmg3scx.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-288409-idq780jb author: Alsahafi, Abdullah J. title: Knowledge, Attitudes and Behaviours of Healthcare Workers in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia to MERS Coronavirus and Other Emerging Infectious Diseases date: 2016-12-06 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-288409-idq780jb.txt cache: ./cache/cord-288409-idq780jb.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-288409-idq780jb.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-288389-z0sz1msj author: Fanoy, Ewout B title: Travel-related MERS-CoV cases: an assessment of exposures and risk factors in a group of Dutch travellers returning from the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, May 2014 date: 2014-10-17 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-288389-z0sz1msj.txt cache: ./cache/cord-288389-z0sz1msj.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-288389-z0sz1msj.txt' === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 71337 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 72039 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 72647 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 72290 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 71108 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 71713 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 72643 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === id: cord-278839-uu2wlpmp author: Alberca, Ricardo Wesley title: Pregnancy, Viral Infection, and COVID-19 date: 2020-07-07 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-278839-uu2wlpmp.txt cache: ./cache/cord-278839-uu2wlpmp.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-278839-uu2wlpmp.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-291650-1qy6y7f0 author: Butt, Taimur S. title: Infection control and prevention practices implemented to reduce transmission risk of Middle East respiratory syndrome-coronavirus in a tertiary care institution in Saudi Arabia date: 2016-05-01 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-291650-1qy6y7f0.txt cache: ./cache/cord-291650-1qy6y7f0.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-291650-1qy6y7f0.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-271648-m2c5bvuj author: Ashour, Hossam M. title: Insights into the Recent 2019 Novel Coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) in Light of Past Human Coronavirus Outbreaks date: 2020-03-04 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-271648-m2c5bvuj.txt cache: ./cache/cord-271648-m2c5bvuj.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-271648-m2c5bvuj.txt' /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/txt2urls.sh: fork: retry: Resource temporarily unavailable /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/txt2urls.sh: fork: retry: Resource temporarily unavailable /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/txt2urls.sh: fork: retry: Resource temporarily unavailable /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/txt2urls.sh: fork: retry: No child processes /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/txt2urls.sh: fork: retry: No child processes === file2bib.sh === id: cord-291694-nokowfdi author: Wickramage, Kolitha title: “Don’t forget the migrants”: exploring preparedness and response strategies to combat the potential spread of MERS-CoV virus through migrant workers in Sri Lanka date: 2013-07-29 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-291694-nokowfdi.txt cache: ./cache/cord-291694-nokowfdi.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 5 resourceName b'cord-291694-nokowfdi.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-293691-ewerquin author: Sauerhering, Lucie title: Cyclophilin Inhibitors Restrict Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Via Interferon λ In Vitro And In Mice date: 2020-07-02 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-293691-ewerquin.txt cache: ./cache/cord-293691-ewerquin.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-293691-ewerquin.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-288859-19jwawrm author: Choi, S. title: High reproduction number of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus in nosocomial outbreaks: mathematical modelling in Saudi Arabia and South Korea date: 2017-09-25 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-288859-19jwawrm.txt cache: ./cache/cord-288859-19jwawrm.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-288859-19jwawrm.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-295375-nakxfhxk author: Yu, Yang title: Assessment of the quality of systematic reviews on COVID‐19: A comparative study of previous coronavirus outbreaks date: 2020-04-28 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-295375-nakxfhxk.txt cache: ./cache/cord-295375-nakxfhxk.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-295375-nakxfhxk.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-287953-prn8cnvo author: Shin, Nina title: Effects of operational decisions on the diffusion of epidemic disease: A system dynamics modeling of the MERS-CoV outbreak in South Korea date: 2017-05-21 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-287953-prn8cnvo.txt cache: ./cache/cord-287953-prn8cnvo.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-287953-prn8cnvo.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-291590-24psoaer author: Ogando, Natacha S. title: The enzymatic activity of the nsp14 exoribonuclease is critical for replication of Middle East respiratory syndrome-coronavirus date: 2020-06-20 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-291590-24psoaer.txt cache: ./cache/cord-291590-24psoaer.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-291590-24psoaer.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-293871-hzes7mwt author: McGuinness, Sarah L. title: Pretravel Considerations for Non-vaccine-Preventable Travel Infections date: 2018-11-26 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-293871-hzes7mwt.txt cache: ./cache/cord-293871-hzes7mwt.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-293871-hzes7mwt.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-289520-i6pv90s9 author: Harris, Carlyn title: An evidence-based framework for priority clinical research questions for COVID-19 date: 2020-03-31 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-289520-i6pv90s9.txt cache: ./cache/cord-289520-i6pv90s9.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-289520-i6pv90s9.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-291199-nazl2e97 author: Kleine-Weber, Hannah title: Mutations in the Spike Protein of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Transmitted in Korea Increase Resistance to Antibody-Mediated Neutralization date: 2018-11-07 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-291199-nazl2e97.txt cache: ./cache/cord-291199-nazl2e97.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-291199-nazl2e97.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-291679-jfxqipt8 author: Yang, Seongwoo title: Middle East respiratory syndrome risk perception among students at a university in South Korea, 2015 date: 2017-06-01 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-291679-jfxqipt8.txt cache: ./cache/cord-291679-jfxqipt8.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-291679-jfxqipt8.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-285900-3rr0j5tk author: Du, Lanying title: Introduction of neutralizing immunogenicity index to the rational design of MERS coronavirus subunit vaccines date: 2016-11-22 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-285900-3rr0j5tk.txt cache: ./cache/cord-285900-3rr0j5tk.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-285900-3rr0j5tk.txt' === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 76822 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 75587 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === id: cord-293505-1t3hg4wi author: Bernard-Stoecklin, Sibylle title: Comparative Analysis of Eleven Healthcare-Associated Outbreaks of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (Mers-Cov) from 2015 to 2017 date: 2019-05-14 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-293505-1t3hg4wi.txt cache: ./cache/cord-293505-1t3hg4wi.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-293505-1t3hg4wi.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-299986-wuaxatrb author: Afsar, Nasir Ali title: The looming pandemic of COVID-19: What therapeutic options do we have now? date: 2020-04-21 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-299986-wuaxatrb.txt cache: ./cache/cord-299986-wuaxatrb.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-299986-wuaxatrb.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-287222-wojyisu0 author: Zhou, Min title: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): a clinical update date: 2020-04-02 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-287222-wojyisu0.txt cache: ./cache/cord-287222-wojyisu0.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-287222-wojyisu0.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-278939-z6kiee09 author: Mani, Janice S. title: Natural product-derived phytochemicals as potential agents against coronaviruses: a review date: 2020-04-30 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-278939-z6kiee09.txt cache: ./cache/cord-278939-z6kiee09.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-278939-z6kiee09.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-297691-w4cdfwv0 author: Nikaeen, Ghazal title: Application of nanomaterials in treatment, anti-infection and detection of coronaviruses date: 2020-05-07 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-297691-w4cdfwv0.txt cache: ./cache/cord-297691-w4cdfwv0.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 5 resourceName b'cord-297691-w4cdfwv0.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-296517-414grqif author: Wong, Gary title: MERS, SARS, and Ebola: The Role of Super-Spreaders in Infectious Disease date: 2015-10-14 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-296517-414grqif.txt cache: ./cache/cord-296517-414grqif.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-296517-414grqif.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-299621-m4kdkmey author: Kumar, A. title: Outbreak of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus, Saudi Arabian experience date: 2017-08-31 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-299621-m4kdkmey.txt cache: ./cache/cord-299621-m4kdkmey.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-299621-m4kdkmey.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-298773-vnmc6nqd author: Pfeiffer, Julie K. title: Is the Debate and “Pause” on Experiments That Alter Pathogens with Pandemic Potential Influencing Future Plans of Graduate Students and Postdoctoral Fellows? date: 2015-01-20 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-298773-vnmc6nqd.txt cache: ./cache/cord-298773-vnmc6nqd.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-298773-vnmc6nqd.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-292836-1o2ynvy3 author: Ogimi, Chikara title: What’s New With the Old Coronaviruses? date: 2020-04-21 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-292836-1o2ynvy3.txt cache: ./cache/cord-292836-1o2ynvy3.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-292836-1o2ynvy3.txt' === file2bib.sh === /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: fork: retry: No child processes id: cord-299608-wqa98m4v author: Al-Turaiki, Isra title: Building predictive models for MERS-CoV infections using data mining techniques date: 2016-09-15 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-299608-wqa98m4v.txt cache: ./cache/cord-299608-wqa98m4v.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-299608-wqa98m4v.txt' === file2bib.sh === /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: fork: retry: No child processes id: cord-295433-olmein3q author: Banerjee, Arinjay title: Bats and Coronaviruses date: 2019-01-09 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-295433-olmein3q.txt cache: ./cache/cord-295433-olmein3q.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-295433-olmein3q.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-295971-jtv1jj2z author: Cho, Sun Young title: MERS-CoV outbreak following a single patient exposure in an emergency room in South Korea: an epidemiological outbreak study date: 2016-07-09 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-295971-jtv1jj2z.txt cache: ./cache/cord-295971-jtv1jj2z.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-295971-jtv1jj2z.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-300950-ag0sql4i author: Lin, John title: Potential therapeutic options for coronavirus disease 2019: using knowledge of past outbreaks to guide future treatment date: 2020-06-05 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-300950-ag0sql4i.txt cache: ./cache/cord-300950-ag0sql4i.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-300950-ag0sql4i.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-293938-40zyv1h8 author: Jonsdottir, Hulda R. title: Coronaviruses and the human airway: a universal system for virus-host interaction studies date: 2016-02-06 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-293938-40zyv1h8.txt cache: ./cache/cord-293938-40zyv1h8.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-293938-40zyv1h8.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-296237-i9cti2ok author: Díez, José-María title: Cross-neutralization activity against SARS-CoV-2 is present in currently available intravenous immunoglobulins date: 2020-06-19 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-296237-i9cti2ok.txt cache: ./cache/cord-296237-i9cti2ok.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-296237-i9cti2ok.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-303289-qoukiqr7 author: Hemida, M. G. title: Coronavirus infections in horses in Saudi Arabia and Oman date: 2017-03-13 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-303289-qoukiqr7.txt cache: ./cache/cord-303289-qoukiqr7.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-303289-qoukiqr7.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-297062-dmiplvt2 author: Almekhlafi, Ghaleb A. title: Presentation and outcome of Middle East respiratory syndrome in Saudi intensive care unit patients date: 2016-05-07 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-297062-dmiplvt2.txt cache: ./cache/cord-297062-dmiplvt2.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-297062-dmiplvt2.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-288167-976qxja2 author: Park, Wan Beom title: Replicative virus shedding in the respiratory tract of patients with Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection date: 2018-05-09 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-288167-976qxja2.txt cache: ./cache/cord-288167-976qxja2.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-288167-976qxja2.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-287156-3plpi6i9 author: Lassandro, Giuseppe title: Children in Coronaviruses’ Wonderland: What Clinicians Need to Know date: 2020-07-01 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-287156-3plpi6i9.txt cache: ./cache/cord-287156-3plpi6i9.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-287156-3plpi6i9.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-297418-36j840wm author: Carneiro Leão, Jair title: Coronaviridae ‐ old friends, new enemy! date: 2020-05-31 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-297418-36j840wm.txt cache: ./cache/cord-297418-36j840wm.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-297418-36j840wm.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-304227-rbr2un1u author: nan title: Updated Information on the Epidemiology of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) Infection and Guidance for the Public, Clinicians, and Public Health Authorities, 2012–2013 date: 2013-09-27 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-304227-rbr2un1u.txt cache: ./cache/cord-304227-rbr2un1u.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-304227-rbr2un1u.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-305773-ikm1famj author: Lan, Bowen title: Clinical imaging research of the first Middle East respiratory syndrome in China date: 2015-11-23 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-305773-ikm1famj.txt cache: ./cache/cord-305773-ikm1famj.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-305773-ikm1famj.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-298941-xf2ukinp author: Al-Abdallat, Mohammad Mousa title: Hospital-Associated Outbreak of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus: A Serologic, Epidemiologic, and Clinical Description date: 2014-05-14 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-298941-xf2ukinp.txt cache: ./cache/cord-298941-xf2ukinp.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-298941-xf2ukinp.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-301103-idu4j78a author: Sohrab, Sayed S. title: Genetic diversity of MERS-CoV spike protein gene in Saudi Arabia date: 2019-12-09 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-301103-idu4j78a.txt cache: ./cache/cord-301103-idu4j78a.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-301103-idu4j78a.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-299720-f0ny4ur5 author: Kim, Seung Woo title: Risk Factors for Transmission of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Infection During the 2015 Outbreak in South Korea date: 2017-03-01 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-299720-f0ny4ur5.txt cache: ./cache/cord-299720-f0ny4ur5.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-299720-f0ny4ur5.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-289003-vov6o1jx author: Burdet, C. title: Need for integrative thinking to fight against emerging infectious diseases. Proceedings of the 5th seminar on emerging infectious diseases, March 22, 2016 – current trends and proposals date: 2018-02-28 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-289003-vov6o1jx.txt cache: ./cache/cord-289003-vov6o1jx.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-289003-vov6o1jx.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-303272-1w8epdht author: Reusken, Chantal BEM title: Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus neutralising serum antibodies in dromedary camels: a comparative serological study date: 2013-08-09 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-303272-1w8epdht.txt cache: ./cache/cord-303272-1w8epdht.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-303272-1w8epdht.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-305317-08a1oin2 author: Maltezou, Helena C. title: Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus: Implications for health care facilities date: 2014-12-31 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-305317-08a1oin2.txt cache: ./cache/cord-305317-08a1oin2.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-305317-08a1oin2.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-304054-sn7rswab author: Khan, Gulfaraz title: Chapter 8 The Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus: An Emerging Virus of Global Threat date: 2020-12-31 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-304054-sn7rswab.txt cache: ./cache/cord-304054-sn7rswab.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-304054-sn7rswab.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-304057-d2r92nji author: Harrath, Rafik title: Sero‐prevalence of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS‐CoV) specific antibodies in dromedary camels in Tabuk, Saudi Arabia date: 2018-04-26 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-304057-d2r92nji.txt cache: ./cache/cord-304057-d2r92nji.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-304057-d2r92nji.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-298974-69xjc5yq author: Adegboye, Oyelola A. title: Network Analysis of MERS Coronavirus within Households, Communities, and Hospitals to Identify Most Centralized and Super-Spreading in the Arabian Peninsula, 2012 to 2016 date: 2018-05-07 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-298974-69xjc5yq.txt cache: ./cache/cord-298974-69xjc5yq.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-298974-69xjc5yq.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-253077-61fmul8c author: Vabret, Nicolas title: Immunology of COVID-19: current state of the science date: 2020-05-06 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-253077-61fmul8c.txt cache: ./cache/cord-253077-61fmul8c.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-253077-61fmul8c.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-307405-qk1ruj5q author: Hall, Aron J. title: Health Care Worker Contact with MERS Patient, Saudi Arabia date: 2014-12-17 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-307405-qk1ruj5q.txt cache: ./cache/cord-307405-qk1ruj5q.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-307405-qk1ruj5q.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-286298-pn9nwl64 author: Helmy, Yosra A. title: The COVID-19 Pandemic: A Comprehensive Review of Taxonomy, Genetics, Epidemiology, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Control date: 2020-04-24 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-286298-pn9nwl64.txt cache: ./cache/cord-286298-pn9nwl64.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-286298-pn9nwl64.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-295559-yc8q62z8 author: Qian, Zhaohui title: Role of the Spike Glycoprotein of Human Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) in Virus Entry and Syncytia Formation date: 2013-10-03 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-295559-yc8q62z8.txt cache: ./cache/cord-295559-yc8q62z8.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 5 resourceName b'cord-295559-yc8q62z8.txt' === file2bib.sh === /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: fork: retry: No child processes id: cord-301016-9t7v7ipt author: Forni, Diego title: The heptad repeat region is a major selection target in MERS-CoV and related coronaviruses date: 2015-09-25 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-301016-9t7v7ipt.txt cache: ./cache/cord-301016-9t7v7ipt.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-301016-9t7v7ipt.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-293481-bmfj50fb author: Malin, Jakob J. title: Remdesivir against COVID-19 and Other Viral Diseases date: 2020-10-14 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-293481-bmfj50fb.txt cache: ./cache/cord-293481-bmfj50fb.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-293481-bmfj50fb.txt' === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 83015 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === id: cord-299519-hfgmmuy6 author: Alenazi, Thamer H. title: Severe Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) Pneumonia date: 2019-10-26 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-299519-hfgmmuy6.txt cache: ./cache/cord-299519-hfgmmuy6.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-299519-hfgmmuy6.txt' === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 82163 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 83043 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === id: cord-305871-w1quh4fx author: Hindawi, Salwa I. title: Inactivation of Middle East respiratory syndrome‐coronavirus in human plasma using amotosalen and ultraviolet A light date: 2017-12-14 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-305871-w1quh4fx.txt cache: ./cache/cord-305871-w1quh4fx.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-305871-w1quh4fx.txt' === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 82800 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === id: cord-301633-t8s4s0wo author: Gralinski, Lisa E. title: Return of the Coronavirus: 2019-nCoV date: 2020-01-24 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-301633-t8s4s0wo.txt cache: ./cache/cord-301633-t8s4s0wo.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-301633-t8s4s0wo.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-303941-3lg1bzsi author: Han, Hui-Ju title: Bats as reservoirs of severe emerging infectious diseases date: 2015-07-02 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-303941-3lg1bzsi.txt cache: ./cache/cord-303941-3lg1bzsi.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-303941-3lg1bzsi.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-306923-eujbxdqi author: Ahmed, Anwar E. title: Factors associated with recovery delay in a sample of patients diagnosed by MERS‐CoV rRT‐PCR: A Saudi Arabian multicenter retrospective study date: 2018-04-25 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-306923-eujbxdqi.txt cache: ./cache/cord-306923-eujbxdqi.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-306923-eujbxdqi.txt' parallel: Warning: No more processes: Decreasing number of running jobs to 90. parallel: Warning: Raising ulimit -u or /etc/security/limits.conf may help. === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 83719 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 83879 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 84089 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 84495 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === id: cord-310071-d195rumq author: Lee, Jacob title: Collaborative Intervention of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome: Rapid Response Team date: 2016-06-30 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-310071-d195rumq.txt cache: ./cache/cord-310071-d195rumq.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-310071-d195rumq.txt' parallel: Warning: No more processes: Decreasing number of running jobs to 89. parallel: Warning: Raising ulimit -u or /etc/security/limits.conf may help. === file2bib.sh === /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: fork: retry: No child processes id: cord-301313-9595vm0k author: OKBA, NISREEN M.A. title: SARS-CoV-2 specific antibody responses in COVID-19 patients date: 2020-03-20 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-301313-9595vm0k.txt cache: ./cache/cord-301313-9595vm0k.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-301313-9595vm0k.txt' === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 84223 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === id: cord-308061-hz7fsn2g author: Drosten, Christian title: Is MERS another SARS? date: 2013-09-30 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-308061-hz7fsn2g.txt cache: ./cache/cord-308061-hz7fsn2g.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-308061-hz7fsn2g.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-304943-thg4fqi2 author: Noor, Aziz Ullah title: Epidemiology of CoViD-19 Pandemic: Recovery and mortality ratio around the globe date: 2020-05-17 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-304943-thg4fqi2.txt cache: ./cache/cord-304943-thg4fqi2.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 6 resourceName b'cord-304943-thg4fqi2.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-309518-seonrtn3 author: Alraddadi, Basem M. title: Noninvasive ventilation in critically ill patients with the Middle East respiratory syndrome date: 2019-03-18 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-309518-seonrtn3.txt cache: ./cache/cord-309518-seonrtn3.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-309518-seonrtn3.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-300078-svu06v9c author: Haghani, Milad title: Covid-19 pandemic and the unprecedented mobilisation of scholarly efforts prompted by a health crisis: Scientometric comparisons across SARS, MERS and 2019-nCov literature date: 2020-06-01 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-300078-svu06v9c.txt cache: ./cache/cord-300078-svu06v9c.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-300078-svu06v9c.txt' === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 84733 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 84841 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 84079 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 84238 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === id: cord-305175-1wg0wodr author: Dolzhikova, I. V. title: Preclinical Studies of Immunogenity, Protectivity, and Safety of the Combined Vector Vaccine for Prevention of the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome date: 2020 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-305175-1wg0wodr.txt cache: ./cache/cord-305175-1wg0wodr.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-305175-1wg0wodr.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-302983-3v5bc80z author: Matterne, Uwe title: Health literacy in the general population in the context of epidemic or pandemic coronavirus outbreak situations: Rapid scoping review date: 2020-10-10 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-302983-3v5bc80z.txt cache: ./cache/cord-302983-3v5bc80z.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-302983-3v5bc80z.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-309734-m8miwtha author: Vergara‐Alert, J. title: Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus experimental transmission using a pig model date: 2017-06-26 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-309734-m8miwtha.txt cache: ./cache/cord-309734-m8miwtha.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-309734-m8miwtha.txt' parallel: Warning: No more processes: Decreasing number of running jobs to 88. parallel: Warning: Raising ulimit -u or /etc/security/limits.conf may help. === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 84662 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === id: cord-304030-6ve5plea author: Aboagye, James Odame title: Overexpression of the nucleocapsid protein of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus up-regulates CXCL10 date: 2018-10-17 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-304030-6ve5plea.txt cache: ./cache/cord-304030-6ve5plea.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-304030-6ve5plea.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-306004-amv0los1 author: Widagdo, W. title: Host Determinants of MERS-CoV Transmission and Pathogenesis date: 2019-03-19 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-306004-amv0los1.txt cache: ./cache/cord-306004-amv0los1.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-306004-amv0los1.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-307853-m1q1sjr4 author: Majumder, Satyabrata title: Exploring the intrinsic dynamics of SARS-CoV-2, SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV spike glycoprotein through normal mode analysis using anisotropic network model date: 2020-10-16 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-307853-m1q1sjr4.txt cache: ./cache/cord-307853-m1q1sjr4.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-307853-m1q1sjr4.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-312691-ynh84b98 author: Mohd, Hamzah A. title: Predictors of MERS-CoV infection: A large case control study of patients presenting with ILI at a MERS-CoV referral hospital in Saudi Arabia date: 2016-09-24 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-312691-ynh84b98.txt cache: ./cache/cord-312691-ynh84b98.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-312691-ynh84b98.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-301730-flv5lnv8 author: Pandey, Anamika title: Natural Plant Products: A Less Focused Aspect for the COVID-19 Viral Outbreak date: 2020-10-15 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-301730-flv5lnv8.txt cache: ./cache/cord-301730-flv5lnv8.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-301730-flv5lnv8.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-309239-6lso1w0o author: Adney, Danielle R. title: Inoculation of Goats, Sheep, and Horses with MERS-CoV Does Not Result in Productive Viral Shedding date: 2016-08-19 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-309239-6lso1w0o.txt cache: ./cache/cord-309239-6lso1w0o.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-309239-6lso1w0o.txt' === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 87036 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === id: cord-298350-pq1dcz3a author: Ryan, Jeffrey R. title: Category C Diseases and Agents date: 2016-03-25 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-298350-pq1dcz3a.txt cache: ./cache/cord-298350-pq1dcz3a.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-298350-pq1dcz3a.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-310297-sbxlz04w author: Al Awaidy, Salah T. title: Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) in Oman: Current Situation and Going Forward date: 2019-05-17 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-310297-sbxlz04w.txt cache: ./cache/cord-310297-sbxlz04w.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-310297-sbxlz04w.txt' === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 85745 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 85886 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === id: cord-314867-qg3hl5ft author: Yoon, Ji Hye title: Study on the 2‐Phenylchroman‐4‐One Derivatives and their anti‐MERS‐CoV Activities date: 2019-07-28 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-314867-qg3hl5ft.txt cache: ./cache/cord-314867-qg3hl5ft.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-314867-qg3hl5ft.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-315909-vwugf0wp author: Letko, Michael title: Studying Evolutionary Adaptation of MERS-CoV date: 2019-09-14 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-315909-vwugf0wp.txt cache: ./cache/cord-315909-vwugf0wp.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-315909-vwugf0wp.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-311937-6hadssmh author: Sherbini, Nahid title: Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus in Al-Madinah City, Saudi Arabia: Demographic, clinical and survival data date: 2016-06-11 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-311937-6hadssmh.txt cache: ./cache/cord-311937-6hadssmh.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-311937-6hadssmh.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-313737-cob5hf5q author: Otter, J. A. title: The inaugural Healthcare Infection Society Middle East Summit: ‘No action today. No cure tomorrow.’ date: 2015-11-30 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-313737-cob5hf5q.txt cache: ./cache/cord-313737-cob5hf5q.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-313737-cob5hf5q.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-309621-6jj19xpr author: Yu, Pin title: Comparative pathology of rhesus macaque and common marmoset animal models with Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus date: 2017-02-24 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-309621-6jj19xpr.txt cache: ./cache/cord-309621-6jj19xpr.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-309621-6jj19xpr.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-307109-nz8qvuw6 author: Martinez, Miguel Angel title: Compounds with Therapeutic Potential against Novel Respiratory 2019 Coronavirus date: 2020-04-21 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-307109-nz8qvuw6.txt cache: ./cache/cord-307109-nz8qvuw6.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-307109-nz8qvuw6.txt' === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 88694 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 88335 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 88174 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === id: cord-305745-9lngdjow author: Solnier, Julia title: Flavonoids: A complementary approach to conventional therapy of COVID-19? date: 2020-09-18 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-305745-9lngdjow.txt cache: ./cache/cord-305745-9lngdjow.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-305745-9lngdjow.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-312670-hi3fjne4 author: Corman, V. M. title: Coronaviren als Ursache respiratorischer Infektionen date: 2019-08-27 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-312670-hi3fjne4.txt cache: ./cache/cord-312670-hi3fjne4.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-312670-hi3fjne4.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-305134-s7h6bpof author: Mackman, Nigel title: Coagulation Abnormalities and Thrombosis in Patients Infected With SARS-CoV-2 and Other Pandemic Viruses date: 2020-07-13 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-305134-s7h6bpof.txt cache: ./cache/cord-305134-s7h6bpof.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-305134-s7h6bpof.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-305422-t8azymo7 author: Yi, Ye title: COVID-19: what has been learned and to be learned about the novel coronavirus disease date: 2020-03-15 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-305422-t8azymo7.txt cache: ./cache/cord-305422-t8azymo7.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-305422-t8azymo7.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-317403-1wrsuoy7 author: Yang, Jeong-Sun title: Middle East Respiratory Syndrome in 3 Persons, South Korea, 2015 date: 2015-11-17 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-317403-1wrsuoy7.txt cache: ./cache/cord-317403-1wrsuoy7.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-317403-1wrsuoy7.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-307067-cpc1yefj author: van Doremalen, Neeltje title: A single dose of ChAdOx1 MERS provides protective immunity in rhesus macaques date: 2020-06-10 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-307067-cpc1yefj.txt cache: ./cache/cord-307067-cpc1yefj.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-307067-cpc1yefj.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-313517-5ipj2z86 author: Fung, Joshua title: Antigen Capture Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay for Detecting Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus in Humans date: 2019-09-14 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-313517-5ipj2z86.txt cache: ./cache/cord-313517-5ipj2z86.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-313517-5ipj2z86.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-314357-u1m7yr8f author: Elrggal, Mahmoud E. title: Evaluation of preparedness of healthcare student volunteers against Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) in Makkah, Saudi Arabia: a cross-sectional study date: 2018-04-14 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-314357-u1m7yr8f.txt cache: ./cache/cord-314357-u1m7yr8f.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-314357-u1m7yr8f.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-307995-8q7efrqk author: Al-Tawfiq, Jaffar A. title: Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus: current situation and travel-associated concerns date: 2016-05-04 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-307995-8q7efrqk.txt cache: ./cache/cord-307995-8q7efrqk.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-307995-8q7efrqk.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-313054-w90eitw9 author: Mobaraki, Kazhal title: Current epidemiological status of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus in the world from 1.1.2017 to 17.1.2018: a cross-sectional study date: 2019-04-27 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-313054-w90eitw9.txt cache: ./cache/cord-313054-w90eitw9.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-313054-w90eitw9.txt' === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 89246 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 89509 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 89521 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 89827 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 89876 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === id: cord-309089-ex9nh1yi author: Coperchini, Francesca title: The Cytokine storm in COVID-19: An overview of the involvement of the chemokine/chemokine-receptor system date: 2020-05-11 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-309089-ex9nh1yi.txt cache: ./cache/cord-309089-ex9nh1yi.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-309089-ex9nh1yi.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-307811-6e3j0pn7 author: Hao, Wei title: Binding of the SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein to Glycans date: 2020-07-02 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-307811-6e3j0pn7.txt cache: ./cache/cord-307811-6e3j0pn7.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-307811-6e3j0pn7.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-312740-2ro2p77q author: Babadaei, Mohammad Mahdi Nejadi title: Development of remdesivir repositioning as a nucleotide analog against COVID-19 RNA dependent RNA polymerase date: 2020-05-20 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-312740-2ro2p77q.txt cache: ./cache/cord-312740-2ro2p77q.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-312740-2ro2p77q.txt' === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 89591 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 89691 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 89943 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 89858 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === id: cord-311176-dlwph5za author: Alshahrani, Mohammed S. title: Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for severe Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus date: 2018-01-10 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-311176-dlwph5za.txt cache: ./cache/cord-311176-dlwph5za.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-311176-dlwph5za.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-309898-sju15hev author: Hu, Yiwen title: Comparative analysis of nanomechanical features of coronavirus spike proteins and correlation with lethality and infection rate date: 2020-11-02 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-309898-sju15hev.txt cache: ./cache/cord-309898-sju15hev.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-309898-sju15hev.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-294800-akr4f5p8 author: Kabir, Md. Tanvir title: nCOVID-19 Pandemic: From Molecular Pathogenesis to Potential Investigational Therapeutics date: 2020-07-10 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-294800-akr4f5p8.txt cache: ./cache/cord-294800-akr4f5p8.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-294800-akr4f5p8.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-305534-936peb1n author: Johnson, Kemmian D. title: Pulmonary and Extra-Pulmonary Clinical Manifestations of COVID-19 date: 2020-08-13 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-305534-936peb1n.txt cache: ./cache/cord-305534-936peb1n.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-305534-936peb1n.txt' === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 90326 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 90672 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === id: cord-312533-4u3bmb0e author: Shen, Li Wen title: TMPRSS2: A potential target for treatment of influenza virus and coronavirus infections date: 2017-08-01 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-312533-4u3bmb0e.txt cache: ./cache/cord-312533-4u3bmb0e.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-312533-4u3bmb0e.txt' === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 89998 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 90629 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === id: cord-289535-srrfr1es author: Tregoning, J. S. title: Vaccines for COVID‐19 date: 2020-10-18 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-289535-srrfr1es.txt cache: ./cache/cord-289535-srrfr1es.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-289535-srrfr1es.txt' === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 90796 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === id: cord-318315-r6wqywwe author: Memish, Ziad A. title: Etiology of severe community-acquired pneumonia during the 2013 Hajj—part of the MERS-CoV surveillance program date: 2014-06-23 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-318315-r6wqywwe.txt cache: ./cache/cord-318315-r6wqywwe.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-318315-r6wqywwe.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-312178-tojgojjf author: Segars, James title: Prior and Novel Coronaviruses, COVID-19, and Human Reproduction: What Is Known? date: 2020-04-16 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-312178-tojgojjf.txt cache: ./cache/cord-312178-tojgojjf.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-312178-tojgojjf.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-312434-yx24golq author: Deng, Ziqin title: Bibliometric and Visualization Analysis of Human Coronaviruses: Prospects and Implications for COVID-19 Research date: 2020-09-23 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-312434-yx24golq.txt cache: ./cache/cord-312434-yx24golq.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-312434-yx24golq.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-309010-tmfm5u5h author: Dietert, Kristina title: Spectrum of pathogen- and model-specific histopathologies in mouse models of acute pneumonia date: 2017-11-20 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-309010-tmfm5u5h.txt cache: ./cache/cord-309010-tmfm5u5h.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-309010-tmfm5u5h.txt' === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 91485 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === id: cord-320746-iuzfexig author: Rasmussen, Sonja A. title: Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus: Update for Clinicians date: 2015-02-20 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-320746-iuzfexig.txt cache: ./cache/cord-320746-iuzfexig.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-320746-iuzfexig.txt' === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 91473 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === id: cord-312692-jv3425w1 author: Iwata-Yoshikawa, Naoko title: Acute Respiratory Infection in Human Dipeptidyl Peptidase 4-Transgenic Mice Infected with Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus date: 2019-01-09 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-312692-jv3425w1.txt cache: ./cache/cord-312692-jv3425w1.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-312692-jv3425w1.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-323533-otosnjde author: Ekins, Sean title: Tilorone, a Broad-Spectrum Antiviral for Emerging Viruses date: 2020-04-21 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-323533-otosnjde.txt cache: ./cache/cord-323533-otosnjde.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-323533-otosnjde.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-322354-x61eqaca author: Young Lee, Jun title: Identification of 4-Anilino-6-aminoquinazoline Derivatives as Potential MERS-CoV Inhibitors date: 2020-08-08 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-322354-x61eqaca.txt cache: ./cache/cord-322354-x61eqaca.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-322354-x61eqaca.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-317688-mr851682 author: Oh, Myoung-don title: Middle East respiratory syndrome: what we learned from the 2015 outbreak in the Republic of Korea date: 2018-02-27 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-317688-mr851682.txt cache: ./cache/cord-317688-mr851682.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-317688-mr851682.txt' === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 92285 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === id: cord-319784-lpmsalux author: Alqahtani, Amani S. title: Pilot use of a novel smartphone application to track traveller health behaviour and collect infectious disease data during a mass gathering: Hajj pilgrimage 2014 date: 2015-08-13 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-319784-lpmsalux.txt cache: ./cache/cord-319784-lpmsalux.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-319784-lpmsalux.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-319006-6f2sl0bp author: Plipat, Tanarak title: Imported case of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infection from Oman to Thailand, June 2015 date: 2017-08-17 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-319006-6f2sl0bp.txt cache: ./cache/cord-319006-6f2sl0bp.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-319006-6f2sl0bp.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-320921-eumuid3r author: Widagdo, W. title: Lack of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Transmission in Rabbits date: 2019-04-24 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-320921-eumuid3r.txt cache: ./cache/cord-320921-eumuid3r.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-320921-eumuid3r.txt' === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 91442 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 91929 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 92006 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 90855 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 92425 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === id: cord-291916-5yqc3zcx author: Hozhabri, Hossein title: The Global Emergency of Novel Coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2): An Update of the Current Status and Forecasting date: 2020-08-05 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-291916-5yqc3zcx.txt cache: ./cache/cord-291916-5yqc3zcx.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-291916-5yqc3zcx.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-287758-da11ypiy author: Mônica Vitalino de Almeida, Sinara title: COVID-19 therapy: what weapons do we bring into battle? date: 2020-09-10 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-287758-da11ypiy.txt cache: ./cache/cord-287758-da11ypiy.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 5 resourceName b'cord-287758-da11ypiy.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-328361-hyrke6j2 author: Ithete, Ndapewa Laudika title: Close Relative of Human Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus in Bat, South Africa date: 2013-10-17 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-328361-hyrke6j2.txt cache: ./cache/cord-328361-hyrke6j2.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-328361-hyrke6j2.txt' === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 91980 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 92288 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 92600 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 91662 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 91027 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 91174 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === id: cord-326768-uo6482ah author: Hashem, Anwar M. title: MERS‐CoV, influenza and other respiratory viruses among symptomatic pilgrims during 2014 Hajj season date: 2019-02-20 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-326768-uo6482ah.txt cache: ./cache/cord-326768-uo6482ah.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-326768-uo6482ah.txt' === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 92012 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 92689 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 93217 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 92616 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 92008 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 93086 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 92921 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === id: cord-321651-7e8dwcur author: Jazieh, Abdul-Rahman title: Managing Oncology Services During a Major Coronavirus Outbreak: Lessons From the Saudi Arabia Experience date: 2020-03-27 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-321651-7e8dwcur.txt cache: ./cache/cord-321651-7e8dwcur.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-321651-7e8dwcur.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-321259-wio2b49i author: Carmona-Gutierrez, Didac title: Digesting the crisis: autophagy and coronaviruses date: 2020-05-04 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-321259-wio2b49i.txt cache: ./cache/cord-321259-wio2b49i.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-321259-wio2b49i.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-317435-4yuw7jo3 author: Zhou, Yadi title: Network-based drug repurposing for novel coronavirus 2019-nCoV/SARS-CoV-2 date: 2020-03-16 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-317435-4yuw7jo3.txt cache: ./cache/cord-317435-4yuw7jo3.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-317435-4yuw7jo3.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-327863-6cw9f7qu author: Majumder, Maimuna S. title: Mortality Risk Factors for Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Outbreak, South Korea, 2015 date: 2015-11-17 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-327863-6cw9f7qu.txt cache: ./cache/cord-327863-6cw9f7qu.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-327863-6cw9f7qu.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-321080-pgxxkfc0 author: Wang, Cong title: Combining a Fusion Inhibitory Peptide Targeting the MERS-CoV S2 Protein HR1 Domain and a Neutralizing Antibody Specific for the S1 Protein Receptor-Binding Domain (RBD) Showed Potent Synergism against Pseudotyped MERS-CoV with or without Mutations in RBD date: 2019-01-06 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-321080-pgxxkfc0.txt cache: ./cache/cord-321080-pgxxkfc0.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-321080-pgxxkfc0.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-326718-jboiufoq author: Deming, Meagan E. title: COVID-19 and Lessons to Be Learned from Prior Coronavirus Outbreaks date: 2020-07-17 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-326718-jboiufoq.txt cache: ./cache/cord-326718-jboiufoq.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-326718-jboiufoq.txt' === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 93408 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 92919 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === id: cord-315316-w7cn9iqp author: Earnest, James T. title: The tetraspanin CD9 facilitates MERS-coronavirus entry by scaffolding host cell receptors and proteases date: 2017-07-31 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-315316-w7cn9iqp.txt cache: ./cache/cord-315316-w7cn9iqp.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-315316-w7cn9iqp.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-323087-3cxyogor author: Widagdo, W. title: Tissue Distribution of the MERS-Coronavirus Receptor in Bats date: 2017-04-26 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-323087-3cxyogor.txt cache: ./cache/cord-323087-3cxyogor.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-323087-3cxyogor.txt' === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 93091 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 93886 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 93291 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === id: cord-317061-0bx704ao author: Wu, Andong title: Prediction and biochemical analysis of putative cleavage sites of the 3C-like protease of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus date: 2015-10-02 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-317061-0bx704ao.txt cache: ./cache/cord-317061-0bx704ao.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-317061-0bx704ao.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-312038-g76cpjp7 author: Brunaugh, Ashlee D. title: Broad-Spectrum, Patient-Adaptable Inhaled Niclosamide-Lysozyme Particles are Efficacious Against Coronaviruses in Lethal Murine Infection Models date: 2020-10-07 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-312038-g76cpjp7.txt cache: ./cache/cord-312038-g76cpjp7.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-312038-g76cpjp7.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-328298-tm7gds8h author: Gardner, Lauren M. title: Risk of global spread of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) via the air transport network date: 2016-09-05 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-328298-tm7gds8h.txt cache: ./cache/cord-328298-tm7gds8h.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-328298-tm7gds8h.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-320238-qbjrlog1 author: Okba, Nisreen M. A. title: Particulate multivalent presentation of the receptor binding domain induces protective immune responses against MERS-CoV date: 2020-05-29 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-320238-qbjrlog1.txt cache: ./cache/cord-320238-qbjrlog1.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-320238-qbjrlog1.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-327867-1wkbjtji author: Da'ar, Omar B. title: Underlying trend, seasonality, prediction, forecasting and the contribution of risk factors: an analysis of globally reported cases of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus date: 2018-06-11 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-327867-1wkbjtji.txt cache: ./cache/cord-327867-1wkbjtji.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-327867-1wkbjtji.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-328366-new4d9jg author: Bleibtreu, A. title: Delayed management of Staphyloccocus aureus infective endocarditis in a Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus possible case hospitalized in 2015 in Paris, France date: 2017-06-30 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-328366-new4d9jg.txt cache: ./cache/cord-328366-new4d9jg.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-328366-new4d9jg.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-319707-j8y9gt2o author: Kato, Verstrepen title: Neurological manifestations of COVID-19, SARS and MERS date: 2020-06-19 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-319707-j8y9gt2o.txt cache: ./cache/cord-319707-j8y9gt2o.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-319707-j8y9gt2o.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-324165-afdmsbw2 author: Joo, Heesoo title: The effects of past SARS experience and proximity on declines in numbers of travelers to the Republic of Korea during the 2015 MERS outbreak: A retrospective study date: 2019-08-31 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-324165-afdmsbw2.txt cache: ./cache/cord-324165-afdmsbw2.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-324165-afdmsbw2.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-319501-a2x1hvkk author: Wong, Lok-Yin Roy title: A molecular arms race between host innate antiviral response and emerging human coronaviruses date: 2016-01-15 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-319501-a2x1hvkk.txt cache: ./cache/cord-319501-a2x1hvkk.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-319501-a2x1hvkk.txt' === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 93215 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 94559 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 94374 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === id: cord-321131-f8qeytxc author: Zhou, Yanchen title: Protease inhibitors targeting coronavirus and filovirus entry date: 2015-04-30 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-321131-f8qeytxc.txt cache: ./cache/cord-321131-f8qeytxc.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 5 resourceName b'cord-321131-f8qeytxc.txt' === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 94358 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 95052 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 93976 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 94899 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 94651 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === id: cord-333606-5z3kumu9 author: Lee, SangJoon title: Coronaviruses: Innate Immunity, Inflammasome Activation, Inflammatory Cell Death, and Cytokines date: 2020-10-15 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-333606-5z3kumu9.txt cache: ./cache/cord-333606-5z3kumu9.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-333606-5z3kumu9.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-327685-fymfqvp3 author: Channappanavar, Rudragouda title: Pathogenic human coronavirus infections: causes and consequences of cytokine storm and immunopathology date: 2017-05-02 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-327685-fymfqvp3.txt cache: ./cache/cord-327685-fymfqvp3.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-327685-fymfqvp3.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-333738-3xtb8gye author: Rabets, A. title: Development of antibodies to pan-coronavirus spike peptides in convalescent COVID-19 patients date: 2020-08-22 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-333738-3xtb8gye.txt cache: ./cache/cord-333738-3xtb8gye.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-333738-3xtb8gye.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-334530-krclgmc4 author: Abroug, Fekri title: Family Cluster of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Infections, Tunisia, 2013 date: 2014-09-17 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-334530-krclgmc4.txt cache: ./cache/cord-334530-krclgmc4.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-334530-krclgmc4.txt' === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 95340 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 95192 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 94921 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 95237 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 95763 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 95084 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 95239 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 94664 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === id: cord-329959-4yecwdlo author: Lin, Min-Han title: Disulfiram can inhibit MERS and SARS coronavirus papain-like proteases via different modes date: 2017-12-28 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-329959-4yecwdlo.txt cache: ./cache/cord-329959-4yecwdlo.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-329959-4yecwdlo.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-328175-4i3cz20j author: van Doremalen, Neeltje title: Efficacy of antibody-based therapies against Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) in common marmosets date: 2017-07-31 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-328175-4i3cz20j.txt cache: ./cache/cord-328175-4i3cz20j.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-328175-4i3cz20j.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-325902-33pxylb3 author: Hemida, Maged Gomaa title: Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus and the One Health concept date: 2019-08-22 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-325902-33pxylb3.txt cache: ./cache/cord-325902-33pxylb3.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-325902-33pxylb3.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-322760-tsxniu3j author: Sha, Jianping title: Fatality risks for nosocomial outbreaks of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus in the Middle East and South Korea date: 2016-09-23 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-322760-tsxniu3j.txt cache: ./cache/cord-322760-tsxniu3j.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-322760-tsxniu3j.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-313684-61hkogdh author: Samaddar, Arghadip title: Pathophysiology and Potential Therapeutic Candidates for COVID-19: A Poorly Understood Arena date: 2020-09-17 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-313684-61hkogdh.txt cache: ./cache/cord-313684-61hkogdh.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-313684-61hkogdh.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-312741-0au4nctt author: Lin, Panpan title: Coronavirus in human diseases: Mechanisms and advances in clinical treatment date: 2020-10-01 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-312741-0au4nctt.txt cache: ./cache/cord-312741-0au4nctt.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-312741-0au4nctt.txt' === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 95773 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === id: cord-334960-l5q5wc06 author: Park, Su Eun title: Epidemiology, virology, and clinical features of severe acute respiratory syndrome -coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2; Coronavirus Disease-19) date: 2020-04-02 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-334960-l5q5wc06.txt cache: ./cache/cord-334960-l5q5wc06.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-334960-l5q5wc06.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-334628-axon4jdc author: Lee, Saemi title: Genetic Characteristics of Coronaviruses from Korean Bats in 2016 date: 2017-07-19 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-334628-axon4jdc.txt cache: ./cache/cord-334628-axon4jdc.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-334628-axon4jdc.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-326864-i1r3bv4p author: Hon, Kam Lun title: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): latest developments in potential treatments date: 2020-06-29 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-326864-i1r3bv4p.txt cache: ./cache/cord-326864-i1r3bv4p.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-326864-i1r3bv4p.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-331558-6rqd3fmj author: Sun, Chuan-bin title: Role of the Eye in Transmitting Human Coronavirus: What We Know and What We Do Not Know date: 2020-04-24 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-331558-6rqd3fmj.txt cache: ./cache/cord-331558-6rqd3fmj.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-331558-6rqd3fmj.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-319877-izn315hb author: de Wit, Emmie title: SARS and MERS: recent insights into emerging coronaviruses date: 2016-06-27 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-319877-izn315hb.txt cache: ./cache/cord-319877-izn315hb.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 5 resourceName b'cord-319877-izn315hb.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-329010-n0mz098o author: McKee, Dwight L. title: Candidate drugs against SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 date: 2020-04-29 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-329010-n0mz098o.txt cache: ./cache/cord-329010-n0mz098o.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-329010-n0mz098o.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-330913-8aezw81h author: Albahri, A. S. title: Role of biological Data Mining and Machine Learning Techniques in Detecting and Diagnosing the Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19): A Systematic Review date: 2020-05-25 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-330913-8aezw81h.txt cache: ./cache/cord-330913-8aezw81h.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-330913-8aezw81h.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-330343-p7a8chn4 author: Kelly-Cirino, Cassandra title: An updated roadmap for MERS-CoV research and product development: focus on diagnostics date: 2019-02-01 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-330343-p7a8chn4.txt cache: ./cache/cord-330343-p7a8chn4.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-330343-p7a8chn4.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-339146-ifdgl2bj author: Lu, Xiaoyan title: Spike gene deletion quasispecies in serum of patient with acute MERS‐CoV infection date: 2016-08-22 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-339146-ifdgl2bj.txt cache: ./cache/cord-339146-ifdgl2bj.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-339146-ifdgl2bj.txt' === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 96802 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 96799 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 96897 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 95330 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 96431 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 96816 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: fork: retry: No child processes id: cord-323093-u3ozc9ry author: Rathnayake, Athri D. title: 3C-like protease inhibitors block coronavirus replication in vitro and improve survival in MERS-CoV–infected mice date: 2020-08-19 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-323093-u3ozc9ry.txt cache: ./cache/cord-323093-u3ozc9ry.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-323093-u3ozc9ry.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-329876-4cgrjnjo author: Lei, Jian title: Structural and mutational analysis of the interaction between the Middle-East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) papain-like protease and human ubiquitin date: 2016-05-30 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-329876-4cgrjnjo.txt cache: ./cache/cord-329876-4cgrjnjo.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-329876-4cgrjnjo.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-343196-vlwzzrgc author: Kiambi, Stella title: Detection of distinct MERS-Coronavirus strains in dromedary camels from Kenya, 2017 date: 2018-11-28 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-343196-vlwzzrgc.txt cache: ./cache/cord-343196-vlwzzrgc.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-343196-vlwzzrgc.txt' === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 97270 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 97500 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === id: cord-341698-k5leys8j author: Park, Seung Won title: Avoiding student infection during a Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) outbreak: a single medical school experience date: 2016-05-27 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-341698-k5leys8j.txt cache: ./cache/cord-341698-k5leys8j.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-341698-k5leys8j.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-339762-lh8czr0a author: Ng, Dianna L. title: Clinicopathologic, Immunohistochemical, and Ultrastructural Findings of a Fatal Case of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Infection in the United Arab Emirates, April 2014 date: 2016-03-31 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-339762-lh8czr0a.txt cache: ./cache/cord-339762-lh8czr0a.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-339762-lh8czr0a.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-330583-ltkpt80u author: Lee, Kyu-Myoung title: Factors Influencing the Response to Infectious Diseases: Focusing on the Case of SARS and MERS in South Korea date: 2019-04-22 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-330583-ltkpt80u.txt cache: ./cache/cord-330583-ltkpt80u.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-330583-ltkpt80u.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-279255-v861kk0i author: Dhama, Kuldeep title: Coronavirus Disease 2019–COVID-19 date: 2020-06-24 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-279255-v861kk0i.txt cache: ./cache/cord-279255-v861kk0i.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 5 resourceName b'cord-279255-v861kk0i.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-340836-eb5a9ln3 author: Aghazadeh-Attari, Javad title: Epidemiological factors and worldwide pattern of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus from 2013 to 2016 date: 2018-04-06 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-340836-eb5a9ln3.txt cache: ./cache/cord-340836-eb5a9ln3.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-340836-eb5a9ln3.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-320663-xypg6evo author: Market, Marisa title: Flattening the COVID-19 Curve With Natural Killer Cell Based Immunotherapies date: 2020-06-23 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-320663-xypg6evo.txt cache: ./cache/cord-320663-xypg6evo.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-320663-xypg6evo.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-332952-d5l60cgc author: nan title: MERS: Progress on the global response, remaining challenges and the way forward date: 2018-09-17 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-332952-d5l60cgc.txt cache: ./cache/cord-332952-d5l60cgc.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-332952-d5l60cgc.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-345046-str19r9a author: Al Ghamdi, Mohammed title: Treatment outcomes for patients with Middle Eastern Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS CoV) infection at a coronavirus referral center in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia date: 2016-04-21 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-345046-str19r9a.txt cache: ./cache/cord-345046-str19r9a.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-345046-str19r9a.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-321918-9jwma2y6 author: Xiu, Siyu title: Inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2 Entry: Current and Future Opportunities date: 2020-06-15 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-321918-9jwma2y6.txt cache: ./cache/cord-321918-9jwma2y6.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-321918-9jwma2y6.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-339724-roj8ksvc author: Lan, Jiaming title: Tailoring Subunit Vaccine Immunity with Adjuvant Combinations and Delivery Routes Using the Middle East Respiratory Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) Receptor-Binding Domain as an Antigen date: 2014-11-18 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-339724-roj8ksvc.txt cache: ./cache/cord-339724-roj8ksvc.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-339724-roj8ksvc.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-348467-a2e3f161 author: Alqahtani, Amani Salem title: Camel exposure and knowledge about MERS-CoV among Australian Hajj pilgrims in 2014 date: 2016-01-18 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-348467-a2e3f161.txt cache: ./cache/cord-348467-a2e3f161.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-348467-a2e3f161.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-342144-awtiqxx5 author: Hufert, F. title: Coronaviren: von der banalen Erkältung zum schweren Lungenversagen: Chronologie einer Pandemie date: 2020-04-01 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-342144-awtiqxx5.txt cache: ./cache/cord-342144-awtiqxx5.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-342144-awtiqxx5.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-326851-0jxdnm1l author: Lee, Sang M. title: Lessons Learned from Battling COVID-19: The Korean Experience date: 2020-10-16 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-326851-0jxdnm1l.txt cache: ./cache/cord-326851-0jxdnm1l.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-326851-0jxdnm1l.txt' === file2bib.sh === /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: fork: retry: No child processes id: cord-343184-kptkmgdm author: Crameri, Gary title: Experimental Infection and Response to Rechallenge of Alpacas with Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus date: 2016-06-17 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-343184-kptkmgdm.txt cache: ./cache/cord-343184-kptkmgdm.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-343184-kptkmgdm.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-346331-d0s028wl author: Lackey, Kimberly A. title: SARS‐CoV‐2 and human milk: What is the evidence? date: 2020-05-30 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-346331-d0s028wl.txt cache: ./cache/cord-346331-d0s028wl.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-346331-d0s028wl.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-344246-sf9cymhc author: Diriba, Kuma title: The effect of coronavirus infection (SARS-CoV-2, MERS-CoV, and SARS-CoV) during pregnancy and the possibility of vertical maternal–fetal transmission: a systematic review and meta-analysis date: 2020-09-04 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-344246-sf9cymhc.txt cache: ./cache/cord-344246-sf9cymhc.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-344246-sf9cymhc.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-336150-l8w7xk0b author: Rathore, Jitendra Singh title: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), a newly emerged pathogen: an overview date: 2020-08-25 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-336150-l8w7xk0b.txt cache: ./cache/cord-336150-l8w7xk0b.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-336150-l8w7xk0b.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-347374-mryazbnq author: Okba, Nisreen M.A. title: Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2−Specific Antibody Responses in Coronavirus Disease Patients date: 2020-07-17 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-347374-mryazbnq.txt cache: ./cache/cord-347374-mryazbnq.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-347374-mryazbnq.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-349262-gnqbyc6t author: Hemida, Maged Gomaa title: The Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus in the breath of some infected dromedary camels (Camelus dromedarius) date: 2020-10-14 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-349262-gnqbyc6t.txt cache: ./cache/cord-349262-gnqbyc6t.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-349262-gnqbyc6t.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-338776-2wa30218 author: Zhao, Xiaoyu title: Activation of C-Type Lectin Receptor and (RIG)-I-Like Receptors Contributes to Proinflammatory Response in Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-Infected Macrophages date: 2020-02-15 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-338776-2wa30218.txt cache: ./cache/cord-338776-2wa30218.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-338776-2wa30218.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-338973-73a7uvyz author: Xu, Jiabao title: Systematic Comparison of Two Animal-to-Human Transmitted Human Coronaviruses: SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV date: 2020-02-22 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-338973-73a7uvyz.txt cache: ./cache/cord-338973-73a7uvyz.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-338973-73a7uvyz.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-345081-15s2i6f0 author: Al-Sehaibany, Fares S. title: Middle East respiratory syndrome in children: Dental considerations date: 2017-04-17 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-345081-15s2i6f0.txt cache: ./cache/cord-345081-15s2i6f0.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-345081-15s2i6f0.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-348401-x2q9vyf2 author: Millet, Jean K. title: Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection is inhibited by griffithsin date: 2016-07-15 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-348401-x2q9vyf2.txt cache: ./cache/cord-348401-x2q9vyf2.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-348401-x2q9vyf2.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-349812-nw1nlc1y author: Jang, Won Mo title: Social Distancing and Transmission-reducing Practices during the 2019 Coronavirus Disease and 2015 Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Outbreaks in Korea date: 2020-06-09 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-349812-nw1nlc1y.txt cache: ./cache/cord-349812-nw1nlc1y.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-349812-nw1nlc1y.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-346787-uo8k6qic author: Jorgensen, Sarah CJ title: Remdesivir: Review of pharmacology, pre‐clinical data and emerging clinical experience for COVID‐19 date: 2020-05-23 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-346787-uo8k6qic.txt cache: ./cache/cord-346787-uo8k6qic.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-346787-uo8k6qic.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-319780-rfj9t99r author: Alexander, S.P.H. title: A rational roadmap for SARS‐CoV‐2/COVID‐19 pharmacotherapeutic research and development. IUPHAR Review 29 date: 2020-05-01 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-319780-rfj9t99r.txt cache: ./cache/cord-319780-rfj9t99r.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-319780-rfj9t99r.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-336775-d4hi9myk author: Kirtipal, Nikhil title: From SARS to SARS-CoV-2, insights on structure, pathogenicity and immunity aspects of pandemic human coronaviruses date: 2020-08-13 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-336775-d4hi9myk.txt cache: ./cache/cord-336775-d4hi9myk.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-336775-d4hi9myk.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-345591-zwh1xj5u author: Al-Dorzi, Hasan M. title: The critical care response to a hospital outbreak of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infection: an observational study date: 2016-10-24 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-345591-zwh1xj5u.txt cache: ./cache/cord-345591-zwh1xj5u.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-345591-zwh1xj5u.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-341795-zbqfs77n author: Sikkema, R. S. title: Global status of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus in dromedary camels: a systematic review date: 2019-02-21 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-341795-zbqfs77n.txt cache: ./cache/cord-341795-zbqfs77n.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-341795-zbqfs77n.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-353121-ot7jsx20 author: Choi, Jun Yong title: Absence of neutralizing activity in serum 1 year after successful treatment with antivirals and recovery from MERS in South Korea date: 2019-01-31 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-353121-ot7jsx20.txt cache: ./cache/cord-353121-ot7jsx20.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-353121-ot7jsx20.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-352741-0pdeehai author: Geramizadeh, Bita title: Histopathologic Findings of Coronavirus in Lung: A Mini-Review date: 2020-10-12 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-352741-0pdeehai.txt cache: ./cache/cord-352741-0pdeehai.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-352741-0pdeehai.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-356219-wl9htpp2 author: Farag, Elmoubasher A. B. A. title: High proportion of MERS-CoV shedding dromedaries at slaughterhouse with a potential epidemiological link to human cases, Qatar 2014 date: 2015-07-15 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-356219-wl9htpp2.txt cache: ./cache/cord-356219-wl9htpp2.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-356219-wl9htpp2.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-348278-is20odaq author: Al-Tawfiq, Jaffar A. title: Drivers of MERS-CoV transmission: what do we know? date: 2016-02-29 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-348278-is20odaq.txt cache: ./cache/cord-348278-is20odaq.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-348278-is20odaq.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-349010-n4s8dzgp author: Al-Tawfiq, Jaffar A. title: Update on therapeutic options for Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) date: 2016-12-24 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-349010-n4s8dzgp.txt cache: ./cache/cord-349010-n4s8dzgp.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-349010-n4s8dzgp.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-349907-dwhyx97y author: Noh, Ji Yeong title: Simultaneous detection of severe acute respiratory syndrome, Middle East respiratory syndrome, and related bat coronaviruses by real-time reverse transcription PCR date: 2017-02-20 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-349907-dwhyx97y.txt cache: ./cache/cord-349907-dwhyx97y.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-349907-dwhyx97y.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-349643-jtx7ni9b author: Uyeki, Timothy M. title: Development of Medical Countermeasures to Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus date: 2016-07-17 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-349643-jtx7ni9b.txt cache: ./cache/cord-349643-jtx7ni9b.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 5 resourceName b'cord-349643-jtx7ni9b.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-352492-6ihyiwgb author: Eickmann, Markus title: Inactivation of Ebola virus and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus in platelet concentrates and plasma by ultraviolet C light and methylene blue plus visible light, respectively date: 2018-05-06 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-352492-6ihyiwgb.txt cache: ./cache/cord-352492-6ihyiwgb.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-352492-6ihyiwgb.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-348821-2u6ki9dv author: Xu, Ping title: Clinical Characteristics of Two Human to Human Transmitted Coronaviruses: Corona Virus Disease 2019 versus Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus. date: 2020-03-10 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-348821-2u6ki9dv.txt cache: ./cache/cord-348821-2u6ki9dv.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-348821-2u6ki9dv.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-347587-auook38y author: Zhao, Guangyu title: A Novel Nanobody Targeting Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) Receptor-Binding Domain Has Potent Cross-Neutralizing Activity and Protective Efficacy against MERS-CoV date: 2018-08-29 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-347587-auook38y.txt cache: ./cache/cord-347587-auook38y.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-347587-auook38y.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-351186-llnlto7p author: Park, Yong-Shik title: The first case of the 2015 Korean Middle East Respiratory Syndrome outbreak date: 2015-11-14 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-351186-llnlto7p.txt cache: ./cache/cord-351186-llnlto7p.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-351186-llnlto7p.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-351852-ilxaurgt author: Jung, Heeja title: Assessing the Presence of Post-Traumatic Stress and Turnover Intention Among Nurses Post–Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Outbreak: The Importance of Supervisor Support date: 2020-03-09 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-351852-ilxaurgt.txt cache: ./cache/cord-351852-ilxaurgt.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-351852-ilxaurgt.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-356192-8b96rgqa author: Xie, Qian title: Two deletion variants of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus found in a patient with characteristic symptoms date: 2017-04-18 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-356192-8b96rgqa.txt cache: ./cache/cord-356192-8b96rgqa.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-356192-8b96rgqa.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-351760-698voi9y author: Han, Hui-Ju title: Neutralizing Monoclonal Antibodies as Promising Therapeutics against Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Infection date: 2018-11-30 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-351760-698voi9y.txt cache: ./cache/cord-351760-698voi9y.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-351760-698voi9y.txt' === file2bib.sh === /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: fork: retry: No child processes id: cord-349781-l93978vq author: Cong, Yu title: MERS-CoV pathogenesis and antiviral efficacy of licensed drugs in human monocyte-derived antigen-presenting cells date: 2018-03-22 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-349781-l93978vq.txt cache: ./cache/cord-349781-l93978vq.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-349781-l93978vq.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-354272-99vw735a author: DARLING, N. D. title: Retrospective, epidemiological cluster analysis of the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) epidemic using open source data date: 2017-10-24 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-354272-99vw735a.txt cache: ./cache/cord-354272-99vw735a.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-354272-99vw735a.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-346777-zmmnn9b2 author: Lester, Sandra title: Middle East respiratory coronavirus (MERS-CoV) spike (S) protein vesicular stomatitis virus pseudoparticle neutralization assays offer a reliable alternative to the conventional neutralization assay in human seroepidemiological studies date: 2019-09-11 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-346777-zmmnn9b2.txt cache: ./cache/cord-346777-zmmnn9b2.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-346777-zmmnn9b2.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-350925-1h6pbfwp author: da Silva, Priscilla Gomes title: Airborne spread of infectious SARS-CoV-2: moving forward using lessons from SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV date: 2020-10-08 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-350925-1h6pbfwp.txt cache: ./cache/cord-350925-1h6pbfwp.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-350925-1h6pbfwp.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-354302-l2kywzro author: Adney, Danielle R. title: Replication and Shedding of MERS-CoV in Upper Respiratory Tract of Inoculated Dromedary Camels date: 2014-12-17 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-354302-l2kywzro.txt cache: ./cache/cord-354302-l2kywzro.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-354302-l2kywzro.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-353732-7hjsux4m author: Arabi, Yaseen M. title: Feasibility of a randomized controlled trial to assess treatment of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infection in Saudi Arabia: a survey of physicians date: 2016-07-12 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-353732-7hjsux4m.txt cache: ./cache/cord-353732-7hjsux4m.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-353732-7hjsux4m.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-342739-iy9vjpuh author: Schwartz, David A. title: Potential Maternal and Infant Outcomes from Coronavirus 2019-nCoV (SARS-CoV-2) Infecting Pregnant Women: Lessons from SARS, MERS, and Other Human Coronavirus Infections date: 2020-02-10 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-342739-iy9vjpuh.txt cache: ./cache/cord-342739-iy9vjpuh.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-342739-iy9vjpuh.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-354474-hbl2ywix author: Temsah, M. H. title: Knowledge, attitudes and practices of healthcare workers during the early COVID-19 pandemic in a main, academic tertiary care centre in Saudi Arabia date: 2020-08-28 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-354474-hbl2ywix.txt cache: ./cache/cord-354474-hbl2ywix.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-354474-hbl2ywix.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-356007-6b0w36l9 author: Alanazi, Khalid H. title: Scope and extent of healthcare-associated Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus transmission during two contemporaneous outbreaks in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, 2017 date: 2018-12-31 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-356007-6b0w36l9.txt cache: ./cache/cord-356007-6b0w36l9.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 11 resourceName b'cord-356007-6b0w36l9.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-351413-3nfukrfl author: Al-Ahmadi, Khalid title: Spatiotemporal Clustering of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) Incidence in Saudi Arabia, 2012–2019 date: 2019-07-15 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-351413-3nfukrfl.txt cache: ./cache/cord-351413-3nfukrfl.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 15 resourceName b'cord-351413-3nfukrfl.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-354738-4rxradwz author: Kohl, Claudia title: European Bats as Carriers of Viruses with Zoonotic Potential date: 2014-08-13 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-354738-4rxradwz.txt cache: ./cache/cord-354738-4rxradwz.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-354738-4rxradwz.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-353342-2n6kqyeo author: Corman, Victor M. title: Viral Shedding and Antibody Response in 37 Patients With Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Infection date: 2016-02-15 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-353342-2n6kqyeo.txt cache: ./cache/cord-353342-2n6kqyeo.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-353342-2n6kqyeo.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-347460-9vechh4x author: Chang, Feng-Yee title: Immunologic aspects of characteristics, diagnosis, and treatment of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) date: 2020-06-04 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-347460-9vechh4x.txt cache: ./cache/cord-347460-9vechh4x.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-347460-9vechh4x.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-354536-c9v9kbw8 author: Han, Yan-Jie title: Advances and challenges in the prevention and treatment of COVID-19 date: 2020-07-09 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-354536-c9v9kbw8.txt cache: ./cache/cord-354536-c9v9kbw8.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-354536-c9v9kbw8.txt' === file2bib.sh === /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: fork: retry: No child processes id: cord-353965-0bb729sp author: Halim, Ashraf Abdel title: Clinical characteristics and outcome of ICU admitted MERS corona virus infected patients date: 2016-01-31 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-353965-0bb729sp.txt cache: ./cache/cord-353965-0bb729sp.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-353965-0bb729sp.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-356364-ipi81ce3 author: Ho, Bo-Lin title: Critical Assessment of the Important Residues Involved in the Dimerization and Catalysis of MERS Coronavirus Main Protease date: 2015-12-14 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-356364-ipi81ce3.txt cache: ./cache/cord-356364-ipi81ce3.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-356364-ipi81ce3.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-342691-8jcfzexy author: Ochsner, Scott A. title: Consensus transcriptional regulatory networks of coronavirus-infected human cells date: 2020-09-22 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-342691-8jcfzexy.txt cache: ./cache/cord-342691-8jcfzexy.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-342691-8jcfzexy.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-353704-lfndq85x author: Ye, Zi-Wei title: Zoonotic origins of human coronaviruses date: 2020-03-15 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-353704-lfndq85x.txt cache: ./cache/cord-353704-lfndq85x.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 1 resourceName b'cord-353704-lfndq85x.txt' === file2bib.sh === /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: fork: retry: No child processes /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: fork: retry: No child processes id: cord-352527-eeyqh9nc author: Zhou, Yusen title: Advances in MERS-CoV Vaccines and Therapeutics Based on the Receptor-Binding Domain date: 2019-01-14 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-352527-eeyqh9nc.txt cache: ./cache/cord-352527-eeyqh9nc.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-352527-eeyqh9nc.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-352322-tsjwnvkk author: Khamassi Khbou, Médiha title: Coronaviruses in farm animals: Epidemiology and public health implications date: 2020-09-25 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-352322-tsjwnvkk.txt cache: ./cache/cord-352322-tsjwnvkk.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-352322-tsjwnvkk.txt' === file2bib.sh === /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: fork: retry: No child processes id: cord-354582-fniymnmf author: Ma, Zhiqian title: Reverse genetic systems: Rational design of coronavirus live attenuated vaccines with immune sequelae date: 2020-06-30 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-354582-fniymnmf.txt cache: ./cache/cord-354582-fniymnmf.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-354582-fniymnmf.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-339152-wfakzb6w author: Trovato, Maria title: Viral Emerging Diseases: Challenges in Developing Vaccination Strategies date: 2020-09-03 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-339152-wfakzb6w.txt cache: ./cache/cord-339152-wfakzb6w.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-339152-wfakzb6w.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-347128-6lyoz8nn author: Kim, Cheorl-Ho title: SARS-CoV-2 Evolutionary Adaptation toward Host Entry and Recognition of Receptor O-Acetyl Sialylation in Virus–Host Interaction date: 2020-06-26 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-347128-6lyoz8nn.txt cache: ./cache/cord-347128-6lyoz8nn.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-347128-6lyoz8nn.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-342756-rgm9ffpk author: Senger, Mario Roberto title: COVID-19: molecular targets, drug repurposing and new avenues for drug discovery date: 2020-10-02 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-342756-rgm9ffpk.txt cache: ./cache/cord-342756-rgm9ffpk.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-342756-rgm9ffpk.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-349287-mwj2qby4 author: Mackay, Ian M. title: MERS coronavirus: diagnostics, epidemiology and transmission date: 2015-12-22 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-349287-mwj2qby4.txt cache: ./cache/cord-349287-mwj2qby4.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 5 resourceName b'cord-349287-mwj2qby4.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-264408-vk4lt83x author: Ruiz, Sara I. title: Animal Models of Human Viral Diseases date: 2017-06-23 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-264408-vk4lt83x.txt cache: ./cache/cord-264408-vk4lt83x.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 5 resourceName b'cord-264408-vk4lt83x.txt' Que is empty; done keyword-mers-cord === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-009594-0rfbmi0q author = nan title = NEWS date = 2014-11-26 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 10467 sentences = 536 flesch = 56 summary = Late last year, the American Veterinary Medical Association held a forum called 'The Conversation' , 1 which involved veterinarians, ethicists and animal scientists who presented on the scientific, social, political, market, and legal aspects of how and why animal welfare decisions are made. We want to develop and advocate for good evidence-based policies that will provide the right number of veterinarians, with the right skills, in the right places, to meet Australia's need for veterinary services into the future. Some additional skills and experience that are useful include being a member of community organisations, being a member of other boards and committees, a commitment to animal health and welfare, and the ability to prepare reports for the AVA Board. The AVA has been working closely with the Australian Department of Agriculture and human health groups to join this global campaign to promote responsible use of antibiotics. cache = ./cache/cord-009594-0rfbmi0q.txt txt = ./txt/cord-009594-0rfbmi0q.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-007828-c7jxj74b author = Memish, Ziad A. title = Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection control: The missing piece? date = 2014-11-25 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 1934 sentences = 125 flesch = 50 summary = Since the initial occurrence of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) in 2012, 1,2 the disease had caused 837 cases, with a case fatality rate of 34.7%. The World Health Organization (WHO) through its expert technical committees was prompt in developing its first infection control guidelines based on available knowledge on the new emerging virus, but it mostly drew on experience from a similar virus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS). Careful review of the recent increase in the number of cases revealed that about 25% were among HCWs. 4 Of the initial 128 recent MERS-CoV infected patients in Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, most (60%) were infected in the health care setting. Screening for Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection in hospital patients and their healthcare worker and family contacts: a prospective descriptive study Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus: a case-control study of hospitalized patients cache = ./cache/cord-007828-c7jxj74b.txt txt = ./txt/cord-007828-c7jxj74b.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-002070-8y24j34j author = Adney, Danielle R. title = Infection, Replication, and Transmission of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus in Alpacas date = 2016-06-17 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3090 sentences = 164 flesch = 46 summary = Numerous investigators have reported the presence of MERS-CoV RNA or infectious virus in nasal swab specimens of dromedary camels in Saudi Arabia (3, 4, (8) (9) (10) , Qatar (5, (11) (12) (13) , Oman (14) , the United Arab Emirates (15), Nigeria (16) , and Egypt (17) . We have previously demonstrated that dromedary camels can be experimentally infected with MERS-CoV and found that mild upper respiratory tract disease associated with shedding copious amounts of virus by nasal secretions develops during the first week after infection (21) . We report characterization of an alpaca model of MERS-CoV infection in which we evaluated virus shedding and pathology, transmission by contact, and protective immunity 10 weeks after initial infection. Infectious virus was detected in nasal swab specimens from 2 of 3 alpacas co-housed with experimentally infected animals, and each of the 3 co-housed animals had neutralizing antibodies against MERS-CoV, which indicated virus transmission. cache = ./cache/cord-002070-8y24j34j.txt txt = ./txt/cord-002070-8y24j34j.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-016842-sow7k53m author = An, Jisun title = Multidimensional Analysis of the News Consumption of Different Demographic Groups on a Nationwide Scale date = 2017-08-02 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6393 sentences = 349 flesch = 62 summary = Examining 103,133 news articles that are the most popular for different demographic groups in Daum News (the second most popular news portal in South Korea) during the whole year of 2015, we provided multi-level analyses of gender and age differences in news consumption. For this study, we collected and analyzed the daily top 30 news items for each gender (male and female) and age group (10s, 20s, 30s, 40s, and 50s) in Daum News, the second most popular news portal service in South Korea, for the entire year of 2015. We now quantify differences in news consumption across demographic groups in four dimensions: (1) by actual news item, (2) by section, (3) by topic, and (4) by subtopic. We look into news consumption at different levels and find that section and topic preferences are similar across groups, but subtopic preferences are not. cache = ./cache/cord-016842-sow7k53m.txt txt = ./txt/cord-016842-sow7k53m.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-009476-4emc4o6n author = Madani, Tariq A title = Case definition and management of patients with MERS coronavirus in Saudi Arabia date = 2014-09-22 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 1014 sentences = 47 flesch = 36 summary = 16 outbreak and prevent human-to-human and animalto-human transmission; an appropriate management algorithm, including best-practice guidelines for accurate diagnosis, infection control, intensive care, emergency medicine, and treatment; prioritise research related to the MERS-CoV outbreak such as case-control and cohort studies, seroprevalence studies, and clinical trials; and to eff ectively monitor outbreak control activities. 2 The new case defi nition (appendix) was developed based on reported health-care-associated MERS-CoV pneumonia (added as category 2 in the new case defi nition) and non-respiratory characteristics of patients with confi rmed infection who fi rst presented with acute febrile dengue-like illness with body aches, leucopenia, and thrombocytopenia (added as category 3). WHO Revised interim case defi nition for reporting to WHO-Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV): as of First confi rmed cases of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infection in the United States, updated information on the epidemiology of MERS-CoV infection, and guidance for the public, clinicians, and Public Health Authorities cache = ./cache/cord-009476-4emc4o6n.txt txt = ./txt/cord-009476-4emc4o6n.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-014546-arw4saeh author = Janies, Daniel A. title = Spread of Middle East Respiratory Coronavirus: Genetic versus Epidemiological Data date = 2017-05-01 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 851 sentences = 60 flesch = 61 summary = MERS-CoV was discovered in 2012 in the Middle East and human cases around the world have been carefully reported by the WHO. In 2015, MERS-CoV spread from the Middle East to South Korea which sustained an outbreak. In order to evaluate the relative order and significance of geographic places in spread of the virus, we generated a transmission graph (Figure 1) based on methods described in 1. Places with high betweenness represent key hubs for the spread of the disease. Most important among the places in the MERS-CoV epidemic is Saudi Arabia as measured by the betweenness metric applied to a changes in place mapped to a phylogenetic tree. Saudi Arabia is the source of virus for Jordan, England, Qatar, South Korea, UAE, Indiana, and Egypt. The United Arab Emirates has a bidirectional connection with Saudi Arabia indicating the virus has spread between the two countries. Phylogenetics; Transmission Graph; MERS-CoV; Syndromic; Genetic cache = ./cache/cord-014546-arw4saeh.txt txt = ./txt/cord-014546-arw4saeh.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-016451-k8m2xz0e author = Chertow, Daniel S. title = Influenza, Measles, SARS, MERS, and Smallpox date = 2020-01-03 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6141 sentences = 365 flesch = 41 summary = Influenza, measles, SARS, MERS, and smallpox illnesses are caused by highly infectious viral pathogens that induce critical illness. Measles infects and disrupts tissues throughout the body; however, severe disease is primarily due to lower respiratory tract and neurological complications [72] . Global epidemiology of avian influenza A H5N1 virus infection in humans, 1997-2015: a systematic review of individual case data Transmission of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infections in healthcare settings Viral shedding and antibody response in 37 patients with Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection Viral RNA in blood as indicator of severe outcome in Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection Clinical features and viral diagnosis of two cases of infection with Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus: a report of nosocomial transmission Clinical course and outcomes of critically ill patients with Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection cache = ./cache/cord-016451-k8m2xz0e.txt txt = ./txt/cord-016451-k8m2xz0e.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-252397-qlu7dilh author = Johnson, Reed F. title = Intratracheal exposure of common marmosets to MERS-CoV Jordan-n3/2012 or MERS-CoV EMC/2012 isolates does not result in lethal disease date = 2015-11-01 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5024 sentences = 255 flesch = 49 summary = Results from a natural history study of MERS-CoV-infected rhesus monkeys indicated that intratracheal inoculation induced a non-lethal disease with limited pathology observed in recovering animals at 28 days post-inoculation and infectious virus could be recovered from lung but not other tissues assayed (Yao et al., 2014) . One subject in the MERS-EMC inoculated group appeared to develop a secondary infection observed by CT that increased to study end, day 25 post-exposure. With the use of CT, we observed that IT inoculation of common marmosets with MERS-JOR or MERS-EMC isolates resulted in a non-lethal disease characterized by limited clinical signs and moderate consolidative lung pathology that did not completely resolve by study end. In this experiment, we sought to determine if there were virus specific differences in disease progression following intratracheal inoculation of common marmosets with Middle Eastern Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus, commonly known as MERS-CoV, with two common laboratory viral isolates (MERS-EMC and MERS-Jordan). cache = ./cache/cord-252397-qlu7dilh.txt txt = ./txt/cord-252397-qlu7dilh.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-018504-qqsmn72u author = Caron, Rosemary M. title = Public Health Lessons: Practicing and Teaching Public Health date = 2014-09-23 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 9042 sentences = 571 flesch = 52 summary = 5. How would you partner with the local health-care system (i.e., community health centers, hospitals, physician practices) to assure that they are following CDC testing guidelines and to assist with consistent outreach and prevention education efforts? Some examples of how public health works to prevent additional illness include identifying close contacts to the infected person and recommending prophylaxis medication to prevent them from becoming ill (antibiotics, antivirals, vaccine, etc.), providing disease prevention recommendations (washing hands, covering cough, etc.), recognizing outbreaks, and identifying and controlling their source (healthcare-associated outbreaks, foodborne outbreaks, etc.). Further investigation by the New Hampshire Department of Health and Human Services (NHDHHS) revealed that the cause of the outbreak was drug diversion ("…the stealing of narcotic pain medication intended for patients for self use"; NHDHHS 2013, p. cache = ./cache/cord-018504-qqsmn72u.txt txt = ./txt/cord-018504-qqsmn72u.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-253238-ptmxkpae author = Kopel, Jonathan title = Clinical Insights into the Gastrointestinal Manifestations of COVID-19 date = 2020-05-23 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4148 sentences = 208 flesch = 45 summary = Furthermore, testing stool after a patient has been infected with COVID-19 may be necessary to monitor any GI complications, and the potential for fecal-oral transmission after respiratory symptoms has resolved. Despite the limited information on COVID-19 and its GI symptoms, information from SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV provides some insights on the symptoms and disease severity from other CoVs. The MERS-CoV has shown to infect human primary intestinal epithelial cells, small intestine It is also found to transmit via the fecal-oral route [35] . Physicians should monitor for GI symptoms in COVID-19-infected patients and examine whether the virus continues to remain in their stools after their respiratory symptoms have resolved. Epidemiological, demographic, and clinical characteristics of 47 cases of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus disease from Saudi Arabia: a descriptive study Human intestinal tract serves as an alternative infection route for Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus cache = ./cache/cord-253238-ptmxkpae.txt txt = ./txt/cord-253238-ptmxkpae.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-024569-d9opzb6m author = Seo, Mihye title = Amplifying Panic and Facilitating Prevention: Multifaceted Effects of Traditional and Social Media Use During the 2015 MERS Crisis in South Korea date = 2019-07-26 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 8116 sentences = 421 flesch = 44 summary = Using two waves of online panel data collected at two different time points during the MERS crisis, I investigate how individuals' traditional and social media use during the crisis produced various consequences, including increased MERS knowledge, negative emotions such as fear and anxiety, and direct and indirect facilitation of MERS preventive behaviors. I expected that both traditional and social media use in times of crisis could directly and indirectly facilitate preventive behaviors (via MERS knowledge) and negative emotional responses to the MERS situation. I also expect that traditional and social media use about the Korean MERS crisis stimulated negative emotional responses, which in turn influenced both precautionary and panic behaviors in media users. Using two sets of data collected at two different time points during the 2015 MERS crisis in Korea, I investigated how traditional and social media use influenced MERS knowledge, fear and anxiety about the MERS situation, and adoption of preventive behaviors. cache = ./cache/cord-024569-d9opzb6m.txt txt = ./txt/cord-024569-d9opzb6m.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-256300-emsvxxs5 author = Tortorici, M. Alejandra title = Structural insights into coronavirus entry date = 2019-08-22 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6535 sentences = 325 flesch = 49 summary = We review here our current understanding of the mechanism used by CoVs to infect host cells based on recent structural and biochemical studies of S glycoprotein ectodomains in prefusion and postfusion states as well as complexes with known receptors or neutralizing antibodies. Recent structural work comparing recombinant S proteins from SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV in isolation and in complex with their cognate receptors or neutralizing antibodies suggested an activation mechanism for coronavirus fusion (Gui et al., 2017; Kirchdoerfer et al., 2018; Song et al., 2018; Walls et al., 2019; Yuan et al., 2017) . Major antigenic determinants of MHV and SARS-CoV S overlap with the fusion peptide region (Daniel et al., 1993; Zhang et al., 2004) and binding of neutralizing antibodies to this site could putatively prevent fusogenic conformational changes, as proposed for influenza virus hemagglutinin or HIV envelope (Corti et al., 2011; Kong et al., 2016; Lang et al., 2017) . cache = ./cache/cord-256300-emsvxxs5.txt txt = ./txt/cord-256300-emsvxxs5.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-253337-xdexrlq3 author = Park, Jung Wan title = Hospital Outbreaks of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome, Daejeon, South Korea, 2015 date = 2017-06-17 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4549 sentences = 237 flesch = 54 summary = After the South Korea government recognized the outbreak of MERS in Daejeon, cohort quarantine (isolation of persons who had been in contact with patients with confirmed cases in the hospital ward) was applied. Epidemiologic investigators of the Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention started their outbreak investigation with face-to-face interviews of the index casepatient in Daejeon and the 25 additional case-patients with confirmed MERS-CoV infection. When we checked the closed-circuit television recordings from hospital A to estimate how many persons could have been in contact with the Daejeon index case-patient, we found that he had been in several sections of the hospital ward, in particular those located on the left side of the nurse station. Quarantine policy to prevent additional transmission of MERS, Daejeon, South Korea* Action  The cohort quarantine applied to admitted patients and their caregivers (professional or family) exposed to the MERS case-patients. cache = ./cache/cord-253337-xdexrlq3.txt txt = ./txt/cord-253337-xdexrlq3.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-103046-w8bm4p44 author = Suarez, David L. title = Lack of susceptibility of poultry to SARS-CoV-2 and MERS-CoV date = 2020-06-16 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 565 sentences = 44 flesch = 58 summary = Multiple studies have examined the susceptibility of domestic animals to CoV-2 to establish the risk of zoonotic transmission and two studies have shown chickens and 24 Middle East Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), another coronavirus of 26 high concern associated with zoonotic infection, was first detected in patients with severe acute 27 lower respiratory tract disease in Saudi Arabia in 2012. For MERS-CoV, dromedary 35 camels appear to be the primary natural reservoir of infection to humans, but other domestic 36 animals seem to be susceptible to infection (7, 8) . Because poultry are so widespread and have close and extended contact with humans, 39 and other mammals in many production systems, including live animal markets, susceptibility 40 were conducted with SARS-CoV-2 and MERS-CoV in five common poultry species. Susceptibility of ferrets, cats, 109 dogs, and other domesticated animals to SARS-coronavirus 2. Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS), and SARS-114 Middle East 118 respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection in non-camelid domestic mammals. cache = ./cache/cord-103046-w8bm4p44.txt txt = ./txt/cord-103046-w8bm4p44.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-252600-bvh1o64r author = Galasiti Kankanamalage, Anushka C. title = Structure-guided design of potent and permeable inhibitors of MERS coronavirus 3CL protease that utilize a piperidine moiety as a novel design element date = 2018-04-25 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4752 sentences = 254 flesch = 54 summary = We describe herein the structure-guided design and evaluation of a novel class of inhibitors of MERS-CoV 3CL protease that embody a piperidine moiety as a design element that is well-suited to exploiting favorable subsite binding interactions to attain optimal pharmacological activity and PK properties. The structure-guided design of inhibitor (I) encompassed the following steps: (a) we first determined a high resolution X-ray crystal structure of MERS-CoV 3CLpro in complex with GC376 ( Fig. 2/Panel A) . Validation of this idea was obtained by synthesizing extended inhibitor GC813 and determining a high resolution X-ray crystal structure of the MERS-CoV 3CLpro:GC813 complex ( Fig. 2/Panel B) . More importantly, representative aldehyde bisulfite adduct compounds 10a and 10c display potent inhibition toward MERS-CoV in both enzyme and cell-based systems, with low cytotoxicity (CC 50 > 100 mM) ( Table 2 and Fig. 4 ). cache = ./cache/cord-252600-bvh1o64r.txt txt = ./txt/cord-252600-bvh1o64r.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-257587-xjoyrdhj author = Gunaratne, Gihan S. title = A screening campaign in sea urchin egg homogenate as a platform for discovering modulators of NAADP-dependent Ca2+ signaling in human cells date = 2018-11-30 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 7599 sentences = 448 flesch = 52 summary = Here, we have performed a pilot screen for novel modulators of NAADP-sensitive Ca 2+ release in the sea urchin egg homogenate system and assessed tractability of the resulting 'hits' against both endogenous NAADP-evoked Ca 2+ responses and a pseudotyped MERS-CoV translocation assay in human cell lines [25] . Fangchinoline, an inhibitor of NAADPevoked Ca 2+ signals and MERS pseudovirus translocation in a human cell line [25] , decreased the magnitude of NAADP-evoked Ca 2+ release (peak amplitude 47 ± 2% of control response, blue traces in Fig. 1A ) with lesser effects on the size of IP 3 or cADPR-evoked Ca 2+ transients (Fig. 1A) . These final activities (steps '3' and '4') encompassed: (i) counter-screening for more generalized actions against acidic Ca 2+ stores, for example lysosomotropism [28, 29] , (ii) quantifying effects on NAADP-evoked Ca 2+ signals evoked by single cell microinjection of NAADP, and (iii) correlating effects on Ca 2+ release with bioactivities in the MERS pseudovirus translocation assay. cache = ./cache/cord-257587-xjoyrdhj.txt txt = ./txt/cord-257587-xjoyrdhj.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-018438-1tkevj8v author = Edholm, Christina J. title = Searching for Superspreaders: Identifying Epidemic Patterns Associated with Superspreading Events in Stochastic Models date = 2018-10-25 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6319 sentences = 390 flesch = 57 summary = Specifically, we aim to study the disease dynamics in a heterogeneous population consisting of SS and NS individuals, and develop a deterministic model based on ordinary differential equations (ODEs) which is expanded to a stochastic model that is implemented as a continuous-time Markov chain (CTMC) system and approximated by a multitype branching process [1, 2] . In fact, the stochastic threshold (i.e., probability of a disease outbreak) is directly related to the basic reproduction number as defined in Table 3 State transitions and rates for the CTMC model with Poisson rates Similarly, we find that the time to outbreak-where an outbreak is defined as 50 or more people in all of the E, A, and I classes-is reduced when the initial infected individual in a simulated MERS or Ebola disease situation is an SS rather than an NS (Fig. 7a, c) . cache = ./cache/cord-018438-1tkevj8v.txt txt = ./txt/cord-018438-1tkevj8v.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-256784-wfaqim7d author = Modjarrad, Kayvon title = MERS-CoV vaccine candidates in development: The current landscape date = 2016-06-03 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3335 sentences = 153 flesch = 39 summary = Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS-CoV) was first isolated in September 2012 from a patient in Saudi Arabia who presented two months earlier with severe acute respiratory infection and acute renal failure [1] . Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection in dromedary camels in Saudi Arabia A truncated receptor-binding domain of MERS-CoV spike protein potently inhibits MERS-CoV infection and induces strong neutralizing antibody responses: implication for developing therapeutics and vaccines Effects of human anti-spike protein receptor binding domain antibodies on severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus neutralization escape and fitness Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus spike protein delivered by modified vaccinia virus Ankara efficiently induces virus-neutralizing antibodies Systemic and mucosal immunity in mice elicited by a single immunization with human adenovirus type 5 or 41 vector-based vaccines carrying the spike protein of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus Exceptionally potent neutralization of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus by human monoclonal antibodies cache = ./cache/cord-256784-wfaqim7d.txt txt = ./txt/cord-256784-wfaqim7d.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-252456-971d0sir author = Hemida, Maged Gomaa title = The SARS-CoV-2 outbreak from a one health perspective date = 2020-03-16 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4824 sentences = 244 flesch = 55 summary = The SARS-CoV-2 is a new human coronavirus candidate recently detected in China that is now reported in people on inhabited continents. Currently, the case fatality rate is relatively low (⁓3.6%) compared to infections with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV, (10%) and MERS-CoV (32%) [11] . Based on the previous emergence history of SARS-CoV, the presence of a large number of mammals and birds overcrowded in one place may give a chance for pathogens, particularly those with RNA genomes such as coronaviruses and influenza viruses, to emerge. Based on the previous experience from the other emerging diseases, particularly SARS-CoV and influenza viruses, avoiding the mixing of various species of animals, birds, and mammals, is highly suggested [51, 65, 66] . The process of decontamination of the virus-contaminated surfaces by the appropriate disinfectants or virucidal agents was successful in case of other respiratory viruses such as SARS-CoV and avian influenza [59] . cache = ./cache/cord-252456-971d0sir.txt txt = ./txt/cord-252456-971d0sir.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-227268-8k9zaqsy author = Wick, W. David title = Stopping the SuperSpreader Epidemic: the lessons from SARS (with, perhaps, applications to MERS) date = 2013-08-29 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6789 sentences = 297 flesch = 55 summary = This gave rise to the theory that HIV is an SS epidemic; the candidates for the superpreaders are: (a) persons in the primary retroviral-infection period that lasts a few weeks, who have a thousand times the level of virus in blood and semen found in chronically-infected patients; and (b) cases like "patient zero," the Canadian airline attendant with an impressive Rolodex of sexual partners in many cities, described in 'Randy Shilts's 1987 book, And the Band Played On. priate kind of model is called a "stochastic multi-type branching-process." The adjective "stochastic" refers to random events, as in a dice game; in computer terms, when simulating the model the program makes calls on the random number generator, abbreviated RNG (supplied with your operating system), when making updates. cache = ./cache/cord-227268-8k9zaqsy.txt txt = ./txt/cord-227268-8k9zaqsy.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-259200-65b267ic author = Harypursat, Vijay title = Six weeks into the 2019 coronavirus disease outbreak: it is time to consider strategies to impede the emergence of new zoonotic infections date = 2020-05-05 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 1705 sentences = 77 flesch = 47 summary = Subsequent to the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) outbreak in China 2003, and the Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) outbreak in the Middle East in 2012, global concerns regarding the pathogenicity and epidemic/pandemic potential of novel human coronaviruses began to emerge, with some experts predicting that novel coronaviruses could likely again cross the species barrier and present humans with future pandemic-potential infections. 2019-nCoV is the seventh coronavirus species that is now known to infect humans, is also zoonotic in origin, and is the causative organism for the current viral pneumonia epidemic in China. The complete ban on market trading and sale of wild game meat in China on January 26th, 2020 will help prevent zoonotic transmission of 2019-nCoV in the current epidemic and, to a certain degree, help prevent emergence of new zoonotic infections. cache = ./cache/cord-259200-65b267ic.txt txt = ./txt/cord-259200-65b267ic.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-257511-4ftedh1a author = Gunaratne, Gihan S. title = NAADP-dependent Ca2+ signaling regulates Middle East respiratory syndrome-coronavirus pseudovirus translocation through the endolysosomal system date = 2018-11-30 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 7982 sentences = 462 flesch = 44 summary = Knockdown of endogenous two-pore channels (TPCs), targets for the Ca2+ mobilizing second messenger NAADP, impaired infectivity in a MERS-CoV spike pseudovirus particle translocation assay. This inhibitory effect was dependent on appropriate subcellular targeting of the active channel as overexpression of a functional TPC2 channel rerouted from acidic Ca 2+ stores to the cell surface (TPC2pm, [25] ) by deletion of the NH 2 -terminal lysosomal targeting motif did not inhibit MERS-CoV pseudovirus infectivity (Fig. 2A) . To examine the effects of TPC regulators on MERS-CoV pseudovirus translocation, a fixed concentration (10μM) primary drug screen was performed in Huh7 cells, with the goal of identifying plasma membrane-permeable compounds with inhibitory activity on MERS-CoV pseudovirus translocation. Addition of the PIKfyve inhibitor YM201636 to reduce PI(3,5)P 2 levels, a phosphoinositide which activates TPC channels, decreased MERS-CoV pseudovirus translocation ( Supplementary Fig. 6 A&B) . cache = ./cache/cord-257511-4ftedh1a.txt txt = ./txt/cord-257511-4ftedh1a.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-256086-8qfeoayb author = Lin, Leesa title = Tuning in and catching on? Examining the relationship between pandemic communication and awareness and knowledge of MERS in the USA date = 2016-04-15 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3653 sentences = 164 flesch = 43 summary = The Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) that was followed closely by major media outlets in the USA provides an opportunity to examine the relationship between exposure to public communication about epidemics and public awareness and knowledge about new risks. 2, 6, 7 One key importance is to study the association between social and individual factors and communication inequalities-differences among people from different socioeconomic positions (SEPs), racial, ethnic and geographical backgrounds, to understand how individuals access, interpret and act on messages they have received 1,5,8 -13 and to identify the best ways to quickly and effectively reach diverse populations with important preventive information. 24, 25 This lesson was reinforced by the experience of recent international pandemic outbreaks of diseases and viruses such as the SARS, avian flu and H1N1 when the constructs of strategic risk communication such as public awareness, media exposure and knowledge about specific threats were further identified and assessed. cache = ./cache/cord-256086-8qfeoayb.txt txt = ./txt/cord-256086-8qfeoayb.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-258892-1xmoeoyh author = Thomas, Helen Lucy title = Enhanced MERS Coronavirus Surveillance of Travelers from the Middle East to England date = 2014-09-17 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 1549 sentences = 75 flesch = 45 summary = Enhanced surveillance involved the collection of a minimum dataset for each possible case, including demographic data, clinical symptoms, travel and contact history, and results of testing for respiratory pathogens (6) . In addition to testing the 77 persons who met all of the possible case criteria, MERS-CoV testing was conducted on 13 patients who had severe acute respiratory disease but did not meet the travel requirements: 2 had a travel history outside the Middle East, 4 had no travel history in the relevant exposure period, and travel histories of the remaining 7 were unknown. This report on the characteristics of patients traveling to England from the Middle East and tested for MERS-CoV enables a first crude estimation of the positive predictive value of different signs and symptoms during the first year following the emergence of this pathogen. cache = ./cache/cord-258892-1xmoeoyh.txt txt = ./txt/cord-258892-1xmoeoyh.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-018239-n7axd9bq author = Rusoke-Dierich, Olaf title = Travel Medicine date = 2018-03-13 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 8527 sentences = 660 flesch = 60 summary = The following topics should be included in the travel advice consultation: 5 Vaccinations (general and country specific) 5 Country-specific diseases 5 Malaria prophylaxis 5 Mosquito prophylaxis (wearing bright long-sleeved clothes, avoiding perfume, staying in air-conditioned rooms, using a mosquito net, using insect repellents, staying inside at dawn and dusk) 5 Food consumption and drinking overseas (no consumption of ice cubes, uncooked meals, salads and food, which is exposed to flies, limited alcohol consumption) 5 UV protection (using sun cream, avoiding sun exposure between 11.00 and 15.00 o' clock, remaining in shaded areas, wearing a hat and covering skin) 5 Fitness assessment for travelling, flying and diving 5 Challenges of different climates and their effects on the personal health (dehydration, hyperthermia) 5 Medications 5 Thrombosis counselling 5 Counselling on symptoms on return, which require review (fever, skin changes, abnormal bleeding, lymphadenopathy, diarrhoea) 5 Sexual transmitted diseases 5 Contraception 5 Rabies cache = ./cache/cord-018239-n7axd9bq.txt txt = ./txt/cord-018239-n7axd9bq.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-258032-buh1e4tm author = Tang, Siming title = A Novel Dynamic Model Describing the Spread of the MERS-CoV and the Expression of Dipeptidyl Peptidase 4 date = 2017-08-15 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 2127 sentences = 153 flesch = 65 summary = In this paper, a class of novel four-dimensional dynamic model describing the infection of MERS-CoV is given, and then global stability of the equilibria of the model is discussed. It is well-known that dynamic models are still playing important roles in describing the interactions among uninfected cells, free viruses, and immune responses (see, e.g., [4] [5] [6] [7] ). Based on basic dynamic model (1) and Figure 1 , we propose the following novel four-dimensional dynamic model which describes the spread of the MERS-CoV and the expression of DPP4:̇= The basic reproductive ratio of the virus for model (2) is (2) always has an infection-free equilibrium 0 = ( 0 , 0, 0, 0 ) = ( / , 0, 0, 1 / ). Figure 2(a) shows the trajectory of model (2) with suitable initial condition, which shows that the infection-free equilibrium 0 is asymptotically stable. cache = ./cache/cord-258032-buh1e4tm.txt txt = ./txt/cord-258032-buh1e4tm.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-104500-m0kfom0x author = Kyriakopoulos, Anthony M. title = The Potential Role of Super Spread Events in SARS-COV-2 Pandemic; a Narrative Review date = 2020-09-21 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6842 sentences = 357 flesch = 40 summary = A comprehensive search was conducted among literature available in multiple electronic sources to find articles that addressed the "potential role of SSEs on severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-COV-2) pandemic" and were published before 20(th) of August 2020. Specific screening strategies within potential super spreading host groups can also help to efficiently manage severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-COV-2) epidemics, in contrast to the partially effective general restriction measures. However, the respective potential impact of SSEs on SARS-COV-2 outbreak is composed and presented in the current review, thereby implying the warranted effort required for effective SSE preventive strategies, which may lead to overt global community health benefits. Following this initial selection stage, further screening was performed by all reviewers, using the previously described search items to identify parameters determining the global impact of COVID-19 due to SSEs. Identified parameters included the global impact of immunity and vaccination, the holy cup and religion transmission, and the austerity caused by COVID-19 and other coronavirus epidemics due to restrictions applied. cache = ./cache/cord-104500-m0kfom0x.txt txt = ./txt/cord-104500-m0kfom0x.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-103899-6tqm99g1 author = Mirzaei, Rasoul title = The emerging role of microRNAs in the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection date = 2020-11-13 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 9756 sentences = 554 flesch = 47 summary = Hence, analyzing the role of these types of nucleotides in antiviral immune responses and the characterization of miRNA target genes might contribute to understanding the mechanisms of the interplay between the host and viruses, and in the future, potentially result in discovering therapeutic strategies for the prevention and treatment of acute COVID-19 infection. This review will summarize the recent discoveries associated with miRNAs in various respiratory infections caused by viruses, especially coronavirus, and address all feasible therapeutic options to mitigate the burden of VRIs. The humoral immunity is immunologically categorized as an acquired immune response in which T helper cells collaborate with B cells to differentiate these types of cells to plasma cells [17] [18] [19] . The immune responses against VRIs, such as IV, hRV, human coronavirus (HcoV), hMPV, and RSV, are correlated with the aberrant expression of several miRNAs in epithelial cells and participate in the pathogenesis of chronic and acute forms of respiratory disorders (Table 1 ) [16] . cache = ./cache/cord-103899-6tqm99g1.txt txt = ./txt/cord-103899-6tqm99g1.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-103739-mmkrwj8t author = Snijder, Eric J. title = A unifying structural and functional model of the coronavirus replication organelle: tracking down RNA synthesis date = 2020-03-24 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3808 sentences = 223 flesch = 48 summary = Metabolic labelling of newly-synthesized viral RNA followed by quantitative EM autoradiography revealed abundant viral RNA synthesis associated with DMVs in cells infected with the beta-CoVs MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV, and the gamma-CoV infectious bronchitis virus. In infected cells, the CoV RNA-23 synthesizing machinery associates with modified endoplasmic reticulum membranes that are 24 transformed into the viral replication organelle (RO). In infected cells, the CoV RNA-23 synthesizing machinery associates with modified endoplasmic reticulum membranes that are 24 transformed into the viral replication organelle (RO). 106 double-membrane spherules (DMSs) 107 We first set out to analyse the ultrastructure of MERS-CoV-infected Huh7 cells under sample 108 preparation conditions favourable for autoradiography (see Materials and Methods) (Fig 1, S1 109 Video). Association of polioviral proteins of the P2 89 genomic region with the viral replication complex and virus-induced membrane synthesis as 90 visualized by electron microscopic immunocytochemistry and autoradiography cache = ./cache/cord-103739-mmkrwj8t.txt txt = ./txt/cord-103739-mmkrwj8t.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-022046-q1exf47s author = Toosy, Arshad Haroon title = An Overview of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome in the Middle East date = 2018-09-28 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 2928 sentences = 187 flesch = 53 summary = Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) is an emerging infectious zoonotic disease caused by a novel coronavirus (CoV). 4 Surveillance of DCs in KSA has shown that MERS-CoV clade B has been enzootic in the camel population in Arabia Genetic deep sequencing methods (i.e., high-throughput sequencing) have been readily available to researchers since the disease was first reported. 8 Nevertheless, given the prevalence of MERS-CoV infection in the Middle East's DC population and due to the potential for spillover to the human population in direct contact with DCs, the development of a vaccine for use in DCs may be feasible. Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV): animal to human interaction Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection in dromedary camels in Saudi Arabia Detection of the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus genome in an air sample originating from a camel barn owned by an infected patient cache = ./cache/cord-022046-q1exf47s.txt txt = ./txt/cord-022046-q1exf47s.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-018016-r7tg0s45 author = John, Maya title = Shiny Framework Based Visualization and Analytics Tool for Middle East Respiratory Syndrome date = 2019-12-04 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 2524 sentences = 153 flesch = 64 summary = This work deals with developing an application where users can interactively view information about the infection in the form of plots, tables and maps. By viewing the data visualizations, users can analyze MERS cases better, find trends, monitor the disease and help authorities set detection and prevention guidelines. In the case of different cases analysis, the user can view the information as pie charts and maps, or tables. The analysis based on all cases reported in "all cities within Riyadh region" during January to February 2019 is shown in Fig. 2 . The table also has provision for searching values and selecting the number Application page corresponding to "Different Cases Analysis" tab for cities within a region of records to be displayed in a page. In this paper, we have created an interactive visualization tool for MERS Co-V infection cases based on details of cases reported in Saudi Arabia. cache = ./cache/cord-018016-r7tg0s45.txt txt = ./txt/cord-018016-r7tg0s45.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-255871-dau9tz6u author = Lee, Mi-Kyung title = Survey of Clinical Laboratory Practices for 2015 Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Outbreak in the Republic of Korea date = 2015-12-18 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 2610 sentences = 130 flesch = 48 summary = BACKGROUND: It is crucial to understand the current status of clinical laboratory practices for the largest outbreak of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infections in the Republic of Korea to be well prepared for future emerging infectious diseases. The number of MERS-CoV rRT-PCR tests performed was collected from 32 medical institutions and five referral medical laboratories. A total of 27,009 MERS-CoV rRT-PCR tests were performed at 32 medical institutions (N = 11,502) and five referral medical laboratories (N = 15,507) (Table 1 and Fig. 1 ). The proportion of medical institutions was significantly underestimated because one tertiary care hospital submitted responses for the survey but not the specimen list, and the numbers of MERS-CoV rRT-PCR tests and positive specimens at this institution would have been predominant in the reporting medical institutions. Table 2 shows the current status of clinical laboratories in medical institutions with respect to their response to the outbreak of MERS-CoV infections. cache = ./cache/cord-255871-dau9tz6u.txt txt = ./txt/cord-255871-dau9tz6u.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-260024-yrhlg6wm author = Ha, Kyoo-Man title = A lesson learned from the MERS outbreak in South Korea in 2015 date = 2015-10-24 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 1418 sentences = 81 flesch = 51 summary = The Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (KCDC) under the Ministry of Health and Welfare (MW) insisted on not sharing MERS information from the hospitals with the public at the initial stage of the outbreak under the pretext of hospital protection, although in reality this decision may have been based on nepotism. Considering that the MERS outbreak was not only a health issue but also an emergency management issue, the model for controlling similar epidemics or pandemics in the future-oriented model should involve all stakeholders in an early and co-ordinated response. Although many stakeholders tried to play their own roles during the MERS outbreak in Korea, their responses were somewhat late and unco-ordinated, and thus contributed to the national crisis. The key tenet is that Korea must not consider the MERS outbreak to be a hospital infection control issue. cache = ./cache/cord-260024-yrhlg6wm.txt txt = ./txt/cord-260024-yrhlg6wm.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-256020-wrui3i2l author = Fadaka, Adewale Oluwaseun title = Understanding the epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis and management of SARS-CoV-2 date = 2020-08-26 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 7097 sentences = 465 flesch = 49 summary = The disease is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). The disease is caused by SARS-CoV-2, a zoonotic pathogen that acquired mutations as it crossed the species barrier from bat to pangolin enabling it to infect humans. 5 The clinical symptoms of COVID-19 include fever, cough, and pneumonia, which makes the disease enormously dangerous with a high case fatality rate. 11 Symptoms of human SARS-CoV-1 infections include headache, fever and respiratory complications such as cough, dyspnea, and pneumonia. 81 The main goal of SARS-CoV-2 diagnosis is to accurately detect the virus and to minimize further transmissions by timely isolation and treatment of infected patients. 112 This implies that variation in ACE-2 expression in COVID-19 patients is likely to affect susceptibility, symptoms and intervention outcomes following SARS-CoV-2 infection. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19): the epidemic and the challenges Comparative genetic analysis of the novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV/SARS-CoV-2) receptor ACE2 in different populations cache = ./cache/cord-256020-wrui3i2l.txt txt = ./txt/cord-256020-wrui3i2l.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-259051-6kuh4njb author = Elkholy, Amgad A. title = MERS-CoV infection among healthcare workers and risk factors for death: Retrospective analysis of all laboratory-confirmed cases reported to WHO from 2012 to 2 June 2018 date = 2019-05-02 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3280 sentences = 155 flesch = 42 summary = title: MERS-CoV infection among healthcare workers and risk factors for death: Retrospective analysis of all laboratory-confirmed cases reported to WHO from 2012 to 2 June 2018 BACKGROUND: Approximately half of the reported laboratory-confirmed infections of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) have occurred in healthcare settings, and healthcare workers constitute over one third of all secondary infections. This study aimed to describe secondary cases of MERS-CoV infection among healthcare workers and to identify risk factors for death. METHODS: A retrospective analysis was conducted on epidemiological data of laboratory-confirmed MERS-CoV cases reported to the World Health Organization from September 2012 to 2 June 2018. In this study, we use the epidemiological data of all MERS cases reported to date to WHO to describe secondary cases of MERS-CoV infection among healthcare workers and to identify the risk factors for death among healthcare workers with secondary infection. cache = ./cache/cord-259051-6kuh4njb.txt txt = ./txt/cord-259051-6kuh4njb.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-259374-m7q1roay author = Agostini, Maria L. title = Small-Molecule Antiviral β-d-N(4)-Hydroxycytidine Inhibits a Proofreading-Intact Coronavirus with a High Genetic Barrier to Resistance date = 2019-11-26 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6093 sentences = 357 flesch = 48 summary = Here, we demonstrate that NHC inhibits both murine hepatitis virus (MHV) (50% effective concentration [EC(50)] = 0.17 μM) and Middle East respiratory syndrome CoV (MERS-CoV) (EC(50) = 0.56 μM) with minimal cytotoxicity. Here, we demonstrate the potent antiviral activity of a broad-spectrum ribonucleoside analogue, β-d-N(4)-hydroxycytidine (NHC), against two divergent CoVs. Viral proofreading activity does not markedly impact sensitivity to NHC inhibition, suggesting a novel interaction between a nucleoside analogue inhibitor and the CoV replicase. To directly test the effect of NHC treatment on the mutational burden, we treated WT MHV with increasing concentrations of NHC and performed full-genome next-generation sequencing (NGS) on viral populations released after a single round of infection. Our results indicate that NHC decreases the titers of both WT and ExoN(Ϫ) MHV in a dose-dependent manner but that ExoN(Ϫ) MHV demonstrates a statistically Passage in the presence of NHC yields low-level resistance associated with multiple transition mutations. cache = ./cache/cord-259374-m7q1roay.txt txt = ./txt/cord-259374-m7q1roay.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-260420-4s7akmdp author = Mubareka, Samira title = Bioaerosols and Transmission, a Diverse and Growing Community of Practice date = 2019-02-21 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4020 sentences = 206 flesch = 29 summary = There is a need to enhance the knowledge translation for researchers, stakeholders, and private partners to support a growing network of individuals and agencies to achieve common goals to mitigate interand intra-species pathogen transmission via bioaerosols. New developments have enabled progress in this domain, and one of the major turning points has been the recognition that cross-disciplinary collaborations across spheres of human and animal health, microbiology, biophysics, engineering, aerobiology, infection control, public health, occupational health, and industrial hygiene are essential. There is a need to enhance the knowledge translation for researchers, stakeholders, and private partners to support a growing network of individuals and agencies to achieve common goals to mitigate inter-and intra-species pathogen transmission via bioaerosols. A network approach has proven successful in other cross-disciplinary fields, including One Health and eco-health whereby wildlife, computational and evolutionary biologists, microbiologists, virologists, epidemiologists, ecologists, environmental scientists, climatologists, and human, animal, and public health practitioners are collaborating to address challenges in zoonotic diseases research and control (17, 18) . cache = ./cache/cord-260420-4s7akmdp.txt txt = ./txt/cord-260420-4s7akmdp.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-258611-uzzs8w1j author = Ma, Xuezheng title = No MERS-CoV but positive influenza viruses in returning Hajj pilgrims, China, 2013–2015 date = 2017-11-10 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 2148 sentences = 124 flesch = 52 summary = BACKGROUND: There is global health concern that the mass movement of pilgrims to and from Mecca annually could contribute to the international spread of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV). DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: The MERS-CoV and respiratory viruses detection results at points of entry in China from 2013 to 2015 indicated that there were no MERS-CoV infection but a 5.7% positive influenza viruses in returning Chinese pilgrims. As of November 2015, there had been 1618 laboratoryconfirmed cases of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infection reported to the World Health Organization, and at least 579 cases had died [1, 2] . Two hypotheses were tested: (1) There is a significant difference in the positive and negative rates of influenza virus detection between Hajj pilgrims with symptoms and those without. In this study, we did not detect any cases of MERS-CoV infection but respiratory virus infections including influenza A and B, hMPV, hRSV, and human coronavirus were detected among Hajj pilgrims returning to China. cache = ./cache/cord-258611-uzzs8w1j.txt txt = ./txt/cord-258611-uzzs8w1j.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-255488-nvgz53su author = Li, Kun title = Development of a Mouse-Adapted MERS Coronavirus date = 2019-09-14 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 2944 sentences = 216 flesch = 61 summary = An animal model that supports MERS-CoV infection and causes severe lung disease is useful to study pathogenesis and evaluate therapies and vaccines. To generate a mouse model with associated morbidity and mortality from respiratory disease, we serially passaged HCoV-EMC/2012 strain in the lungs of young hDPP4 KI mice. Alternative strategies for the creation of mouse models of MERS-CoV infection are generation of DPP4 humanized mice and adaptation of the virus to the animals. Similarly, our human DPP4 knock-in mouse model supported MERS-CoV replication but did not lead to a severe lung disease phenotype [33] . Generation of a transgenic mouse model of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection and disease Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus causes multiple organ damage and lethal disease in mice transgenic for human dipeptidyl peptidase 4 Mouse-adapted MERS coronavirus causes lethal lung disease in human DPP4 knockin mice cache = ./cache/cord-255488-nvgz53su.txt txt = ./txt/cord-255488-nvgz53su.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-256750-5m7psxri author = Park, Hye Yoon title = Posttraumatic stress disorder and depression of survivors 12 months after the outbreak of Middle East respiratory syndrome in South Korea date = 2020-05-15 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4564 sentences = 196 flesch = 48 summary = Acute infectious outbreaks of Emerging Infectious Diseases (EIDs) are known to influence the physical as well as the mental health of affected patients, as observed during similar events such as the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) outbreak [3] , which was associated with such issues during the acute phase [4] and the long-term follow-up phase [5, 6] . Thus, the present study explored mental health issues and related factors in MERS survivors 12 months after the outbreak to determine the long-term psychological outcomes of this population. The univariate analysis revealed that several factors were significantly associated with PTSD, including previous psychiatry history, having a family member who died from MERS, depression and anxiety during the MERSaffected period, greater perceived stigma currently and during the illness, and negative coping strategies (Table S2) . Our study showed that nearly half the assessed MERS survivors experienced significant mental health problems, including PTSD and depression, at 12 months post-MERS. cache = ./cache/cord-256750-5m7psxri.txt txt = ./txt/cord-256750-5m7psxri.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-252883-1ub01j2x author = Bleibtreu, A. title = Focus on Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) date = 2019-11-11 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6231 sentences = 304 flesch = 49 summary = Since the first case of human infection by the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) in Saudi Arabia in June 2012, more than 2260 cases of confirmed MERS-CoV infection and 803 related deaths have been reported since the 16th of October 2018. The first case of infection attributed to Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) was detected in Saudi Arabia in June 2012 [1] . Despite these viruses being identified in several reports as causing lower respiratory tract infections, it was generally accepted that coronaviruses were of low pathogenicity until the emergence of SARS-CoV (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus) in 2002, a virus with a fatality rate estimated at 10%. Very shortly afterwards, in September 2012, a second patient was admitted to hospital in the United Kingdom for severe respiratory infection related to a novel coronavirus following travel to the Middle East. Clinical features and viral diagnosis of two cases of infection with Middle East Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus: a report of nosocomial transmission cache = ./cache/cord-252883-1ub01j2x.txt txt = ./txt/cord-252883-1ub01j2x.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-258281-gxwk8jq9 author = Wenling, Yao title = Pregnancy and COVID-19: management and challenges date = 2020-08-31 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5015 sentences = 263 flesch = 46 summary = Based on recently published literature and official documents, this review provides an introduction to the pathogenesis, pathology, and clinical features of COVID-19 and has focused on the current researches on clinical features, pregnancy outcomes and placental histopathological analysis from pregnant women infected with SARS-CoV-2 in comparison with SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV. Although there is no unequivocal evidence to support the fetal infection by intrauterine vertical transmission of SARS, MERS and SARS-CoV-2 so far, more and more articles began to report maternal deaths due to COVID-19. There were no cases of vertical transmission identified among pregnant women infected with SARS 44-49 so far, but SARS during pregnancy is associated with high incidences of spontaneous miscarriage, preterm delivery, intrauterine growth restriction, endotracheal intubation and admission to the neonatal intensive care unit [44] [45] [46] . This is a review on pregnant women infected by SARS-CoV-2, SARS, and MERS, including their pathogenesis, clinical manifestations and pregnancy outcomes. Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infection during pregnancy: report of two cases & review of the literature cache = ./cache/cord-258281-gxwk8jq9.txt txt = ./txt/cord-258281-gxwk8jq9.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-259443-5sv3dwbs author = Banik, Gouri Rani title = Risk factors for severity and mortality in patients with MERS-CoV: Analysis of publicly available data from Saudi Arabia date = 2016-01-25 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 1667 sentences = 80 flesch = 58 summary = title: Risk factors for severity and mortality in patients with MERS-CoV: Analysis of publicly available data from Saudi Arabia Initially, only limited information such as patients' age, sex, nationality, address, date of diagnosis, presenting symptoms, and presence of any pre-existing condition were made publicly available; however, since 24 th September 2014, additional information on likely exposure to animals and other suspected MERS cases were added, and it was recorded whether the exposure likely occurred at health care settings or in community settings. In our study, presence of a respiratory disease was not a significant risk factor and we did not explore the association of older age with mortality, because essentially all patients aged ≥ 65 years in our cohort had a pre-existing disease, but age itself could be an independent risk factor, as other studies from Saudi Arabia and South Korea demonstrated that age > 60 years (in some studies ≥ 65 years) was significantly associated with mortality (Feikin et al., 2015; Majumder et al., 2015; Saad et al., 2014) . cache = ./cache/cord-259443-5sv3dwbs.txt txt = ./txt/cord-259443-5sv3dwbs.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-255378-qgklt8wa author = Huang, Yi-Ping title = NMR assignments of the macro domain from Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) date = 2016-03-18 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 1262 sentences = 83 flesch = 58 summary = title: NMR assignments of the macro domain from Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) The newly emerging human pathogen, Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), contains a macro domain in the highly conserved N-terminal region of non-structural protein 3. In this study we report the preliminary structural analysis through solution NMR spectroscopy of the MERS-CoV macro domain. The near complete NMR assignments of MERS-CoV macro domain provide the basis for subsequent structural and biochemical investigation in the context of protein function. Secondary structure elements of MERS-CoV macro domain were identified by calculating the chemical shift deviations of the Ca(DdCa) and Cb(DdCb) from the random coil values and was corroborated by analysis of the chemical shift data using the program TALOS? Six helices and seven b-strands could be deduced for MERS-CoV moacro domain protein based on the secondary chemical shift analysis, which results in residues 21-27, 47-54. cache = ./cache/cord-255378-qgklt8wa.txt txt = ./txt/cord-255378-qgklt8wa.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-256806-g42n51n9 author = Khudhair, Ahmed title = Risk Factors for MERS-CoV Seropositivity among Animal Market and Slaughterhouse Workers, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates, 2014–2017 date = 2019-05-17 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4405 sentences = 190 flesch = 44 summary = title: Risk Factors for MERS-CoV Seropositivity among Animal Market and Slaughterhouse Workers, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates, 2014–2017 Camel contact is a recognized risk factor for Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infection. Our study aimed to identify risk factors for MERS-CoV seropositivity among live-animal market and slaughterhouse workers. The survey consisted of questions covering worker demographics; occupational history; contact with various animal species; travel history; medical history; consumption of raw camel milk, raw camel meat, and camel urine; specific tasks performed with camels; types of personal protective equipment (PPE) worn; and handwashing practices (Appendix 1, https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/EID/article/25/5/18-1728-App1.pdf). Our study investigated risk factors for MERS-CoV seropositivity in animal market and slaughterhouse workers at a site previously associated with zoonotic transmission of MERS-CoV. Among market workers, handling live camels and either administering medications to camels or cleaning equipment were practices associated with significantly increased risk for MERS-CoV seropositivity. cache = ./cache/cord-256806-g42n51n9.txt txt = ./txt/cord-256806-g42n51n9.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-261421-k1s5iy3u author = Khalafalla, Abdelmalik I. title = MERS-CoV in Upper Respiratory Tract and Lungs of Dromedary Camels, Saudi Arabia, 2013–2014 date = 2015-07-17 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3261 sentences = 145 flesch = 50 summary = To assess the temporal dynamics of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infection in dromedary camels, specimens were collected at 1–2 month intervals from 2 independent groups of animals during April 2013–May 2014 in Al-Ahsa Province, Saudi Arabia, and tested for MERS-CoV RNA by reverse transcription PCR. Furthermore, MERS-CoV infection in dromedary camels was definitively proven by the detection of virus and virus sequences in respiratory specimens, feces, and milk collected from camels in Qatar (9, 13) , Oman (14) , Saudi Arabia (5, 15, 16) , and Egypt (17) . To address these limitations and to clarify the dynamics of MERS-CoV infection in these animals, we conducted a year-round study in which we collected a large number of specimens from the upper respiratory tracts of live dromedary camels and from the lungs of dromedary camel carcasses. Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection in dromedary camels in Saudi Arabia cache = ./cache/cord-261421-k1s5iy3u.txt txt = ./txt/cord-261421-k1s5iy3u.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-261041-nrmj1qre author = Algaissi, Abdullah title = Evaluation of MERS-CoV Neutralizing Antibodies in Sera Using Live Virus Microneutralization Assay date = 2019-09-14 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 2578 sentences = 205 flesch = 69 summary = However, using live virus-based MN assay might require working under high containment facilities especially when dealing with high-risk pathogens such as the Middle East respiratory syndrome-coronavirus (MERS-CoV). 5. Next day, change the media by removing old media and add 2 mL or 5 mL of fresh pre-warmed M-2 into a T25 or T175 tissue culture flask, respectively. 3. Seed 1 Â 10 4 Vero E6 cells (100 μL) per well into sterile 96-well tissue culture plate so that they are 90-95% confluent the next day (see Note 8). 3. Seed 1 Â 10 4 Vero E6 cells (100 μL) per well into sterile 96-well tissue culture plate so that they are 90-95% confluent the next day (see Note 8). Remove the 96-well tissue culture plate containing confluent Vero E6 cells and aspirate the media (see Note 15) . cache = ./cache/cord-261041-nrmj1qre.txt txt = ./txt/cord-261041-nrmj1qre.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-255815-5d9bqji0 author = Malik, Ajamaluddin title = MERS‐CoV papain-like protease (PL(pro)): expression, purification, and spectroscopic/thermodynamic characterization date = 2017-05-30 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3925 sentences = 243 flesch = 59 summary = An orthogonal technique based on intrinsic tryptophan fluorescence also showed that MERS-CoV PL(pro) undergoes a single thermal transition and unfolds via a pathway of two-state folding with a T (m) value of 51.4 °C. In a similar experiment, MERS-CoV PL pro was gradually heated from 20 to 80°C at a rate of 1°C/min during which tryptophan fluorescence was measured by exciting at 295 nm and collecting at 330 and 350 nm to obtain the temperature melting curve. Commonly, protein unfolding fluorescence spectra are characterized by a long wavelength shift ''red-shift.'' But some proteins, Fig. 2 a Sequence of C-terminal His-tagged MERS-CoV PL pro showing ten Tyr and five Trp residues, which are highlighted in green and blue, respectively. Our result showed that the band intensity of the supernatant samples incubated from 20 to 70°C was apparently unchanged (Fig. 5) , indicating Fig. 3 Thermally induced structural changes in MERS-CoV PL pro as monitored by the intrinsic tryptophan fluorescence spectroscopy. cache = ./cache/cord-255815-5d9bqji0.txt txt = ./txt/cord-255815-5d9bqji0.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-259347-3acsko74 author = Cheng, Qi title = Infectivity of human coronavirus in the brain date = 2020-05-28 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3981 sentences = 185 flesch = 42 summary = A new strain of human coronaviruses (hCoVs), Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), has been identified to be responsible for the current outbreak of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Data from multiple hACE2 transgenic mouse models has revealed that SARS-CoV detection in the brain is significantly delayed compared to that within the lung, consistent with the initial establishment of infection within the respiratory system before dissemination to the CNS [21À23]. In addition, the detection of SARS-CoV in CSF of patients with neurological manifestation has also provided direct evidence for the neuroinvasion and neurovirulence of hCoVs. However, the role of the virus in the process of the disease in acute phase as well as in the long term still remains elusive. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection of mice transgenic for the human Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 virus receptor cache = ./cache/cord-259347-3acsko74.txt txt = ./txt/cord-259347-3acsko74.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-254976-la9g6g5t author = Kim, Ji Soo title = Factors Influencing Emergency Nurses' Burnout During an Outbreak of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus in Korea date = 2016-11-09 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4175 sentences = 195 flesch = 57 summary = PURPOSE: Emergency department (ED) nurses suffer from persistent stress after experiencing the traumatic event of exposure to Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), which can subsequently lead to burnout. CONCLUSIONS: ED nurses taking care of MERS-CoV-infected patients should be aware that burnout is higher for nurses in their divisions than nurses in other hospital departments and that job stress is the biggest influential factor of burnout. The scale for measuring hospital resources for the treatment of MERS-CoV was developed by the researcher based on previous studies reporting material resources as one of the influencing factors of burnout [5, 9, 13, 14] . The participants' general characteristics, MERS-CoV-related burnout, job stress, fear of MERS infection, available hospital resources for the treatment of MERS-CoV, and support from family and friends were analyzed with frequencies, percentages, means, and standard deviations. cache = ./cache/cord-254976-la9g6g5t.txt txt = ./txt/cord-254976-la9g6g5t.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-253077-61fmul8c author = Vabret, Nicolas title = Immunology of COVID-19: current state of the science date = 2020-05-06 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 20227 sentences = 1120 flesch = 45 summary = Lastly, Nonhuman primate (NHP) studies and patient data on SARS-CoV-1 have also shown that virus spike-specific IgG responses can exacerbate acute lung injury due to repolarization of alveolar macrophages into pro-inflammatory phenotypes and enhanced recruitment of inflammatory monocyte via CCL2 and IL-8 (Clay et al., 2012; Liu et al., 2019) . Collectively, these data suggest that cross-talk with monocytes might impair NK cell recognition and killing of SARS-CoV-2infected cells, and antibodies targeting IL-6 and TNF-signaling may benefit enhanced NK cell functions in COVID-19 patients ( Figure 2 ). However, these CD4 T cells lacked phenotypic markers of activation and were specific for C-terminal S protein epitopes that are highly similar to endemic human coronaviruses, suggesting that crossreactive CD4 memory T cells in some populations (e.g., children and younger patients that experience a higher incidence of hCoV infections) may be recruited into an amplified primary SARS-CoV-2-specific response (Braun et al., 2020) . cache = ./cache/cord-253077-61fmul8c.txt txt = ./txt/cord-253077-61fmul8c.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-260334-xo8ruswo author = New, R.R.C. title = Antibody-mediated protection against MERS-CoV in the murine model() date = 2019-07-09 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5748 sentences = 247 flesch = 50 summary = Murine antisera with neutralising activity for the coronavirus causative of Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) were induced by immunisation of Balb/c mice with the receptor binding domain (RBD) of the viral Spike protein. To test the neutralising capacity of these antisera in vivo, susceptibility to MERS-CoV was induced in naive recipient Balb/c mice by the administration of an adenovirus vector expressing the human DPP4 receptor (Ad5-hDPP4) for MERS-CoV, prior to the passive transfer of the RBD-specific murine antisera to the transduced mice. The data gained indicate that this dual-route vaccination with novel formulations of the RBD-Fc, induced systemic and mucosal anti-viral immunity with demonstrated in vitro and in vivo neutralisation capacity for clinical strains of MERS-CoV. We have used this transduced mouse model to test the capacity of the antiserum derived from the dual route immunisation to neutralise MERS-CoV in vivo, by passive transfer prior to challenge with the EMC2012 strain and we have demonstrated a significant reduction in viral load in lung tissue in transduced mice. cache = ./cache/cord-260334-xo8ruswo.txt txt = ./txt/cord-260334-xo8ruswo.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-255628-bm4nogig author = Su, Shuo title = MERS in South Korea and China: a potential outbreak threat? date = 2015-06-11 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 1169 sentences = 73 flesch = 59 summary = First reported in September, 2012, human infections with Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) can result in severe respiratory disease, characterised by life-threatening pneumonia and renal failure. He was asymptomatic upon return to South Korea on May 4, but tested positive for MERS-CoV on May 20, along with two additional cases: his 64-year-old wife, and a 76-year-old male who was a fellow patient. MERS-CoV infection was confi rmed on May 29, marking the fi rst laboratoryconfirmed case in China (appendix), and the patient was immediately put in isolation. 6 In response, the Chinese health authorities promptly placed 38 high-risk contacts under surveillance, but it is not known whether additional contacts exist and further MERS-CoV infections in China remains a possibility. Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus: a case-control study of hospitalized patients Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV)-Republic of Korea Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV)-China cache = ./cache/cord-255628-bm4nogig.txt txt = ./txt/cord-255628-bm4nogig.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-263508-row2mn17 author = Chan, Jasper Fuk-Woo title = The emerging novel Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus: The “knowns” and “unknowns” date = 2013-07-21 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4344 sentences = 202 flesch = 43 summary = Ten years after the devastating epidemic of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) caused by SARS coronavirus (SARS-CoV), which resulted in a total of 774 deaths among more than 8000 confirmed cases in over 30 countries, the world is facing a new challenge posted by a "SARS-like" infection caused by another novel coronavirus emerging from the Middle East, which was originally named human coronavirus EMC/2012 (HCoV-EMC) and recently renamed by the Coronavirus Study Group of the International Committee for Taxonomy of Viruses as Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV). 6,7,10e14 Although the number of laboratory-confirmed cases remains limited, the severe clinical manifestations with an unusually high mortality rate of over 50%, the spread of the infection beyond the geographical confinement in the Middle East, and the epidemiological evidence of human-to-human transmission arising from the recent clusters of cases in a family in the United Kingdom (Cases 10 to 12), and in hospitals in KSA (Cases 18 to 30, 32 and 33) and France (Cases 31 and 34), have raised significant concerns on the possible emergence of another SARS-like epidemic in the near future. cache = ./cache/cord-263508-row2mn17.txt txt = ./txt/cord-263508-row2mn17.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-256537-axbyav1m author = Kimball, Ann Marie title = Emergence of Novel Human Infections: New Insights and New Challenges date = 2016-10-24 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4979 sentences = 283 flesch = 50 summary = In reviewing the new challenges posed by these emergent events, new technologies promise some answers; however, global health security against pandemic threats, particularly given the uneven distribution of global resources for prevention, detection, and response, remains a critical area of challenge. Specifically: (1) it is now well appreciated that influenza can migrate directly from avian sources to humans, and the appreciation of the actual directness of 'species jumping' has moved forward; (2) new infections have also introduced uncertainty in transmission dynamics with emphasis on super-spreader events as well as nosocomial transmission; (3) infectious particles are not confined to those organisms which contain genetic material; (4) a new paradigm such as 'Planetary Health' may be necessary for defining these trends; and (5) global preparedness and response is not in place for the next pandemic. To summarize, the recent episodes of respiratory infectious diseases related to influenza, SARS-CoV, and MERS-CoV have demonstrated increasingly direct links between animal and human infections, agile intercontinental geographic spread, and complex transmission dynamics including 'superspreader' events. cache = ./cache/cord-256537-axbyav1m.txt txt = ./txt/cord-256537-axbyav1m.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-260518-mswb3q67 author = Zumla, Alimuddin title = Taking forward a ‘One Health’ approach for turning the tide against the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus and other zoonotic pathogens with epidemic potential date = 2016-06-15 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4039 sentences = 188 flesch = 43 summary = Since the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia is host to millions of pilgrims each year travelling from all continents, 29 tackling the threat of MERS and other infectious diseases with epidemic potential will require enhanced closer cooperation between those who provide human health, animal health, and environmental health services, locally, nationally, regionally, and internationally: the Middle Eastern, European, African, Asian, and American governments, veterinary groups, the WHO, the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), the African Union, the United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund (UNICEF), The World Bank, Office International des Epizooties (OIE), CDC, Public Health England, the newly formed Africa CDC, and funding agencies among others. The persistence of MERS-CoV 4 years since its first discovery has created major opportunities for each of the Middle Eastern and African countries to take leadership of the 'One Health' approach with a view to bringing this under regional and global umbrellas, to tackle new emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases with epidemic potential. cache = ./cache/cord-260518-mswb3q67.txt txt = ./txt/cord-260518-mswb3q67.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-259703-9ef3u2mz author = Alsolamy, Sami title = Infection with Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus. date = 2015 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 1275 sentences = 77 flesch = 39 summary = T he Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) was first recognized as a new febrile respiratory illness in Saudi Arabia in June 2012. Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) -Saudi Arabia: Disease outbreak news Family cluster of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infections Presence of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus antibodies in Saudi Arabia: A nationwide, cross-sectional, serological study Clinical features and viral diagnosis of two cases of infection with Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus: A report of nosocomial transmission Association of higher MERS-CoV virus load with severe disease and death, Saudi Arabia Clinical course and outcomes of critically ill patients with Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection Clinical management of severe acute respiratory infection when Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infection is suspected -Interim guidance Repurposing of clinically developed drugs for treatment of middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection Infection Prevention and Control Recommendations for Hospitalized Patients with Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV). cache = ./cache/cord-259703-9ef3u2mz.txt txt = ./txt/cord-259703-9ef3u2mz.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-264653-ms6zrrnd author = Bhatnagar, Tarun title = Lopinavir/ritonavir combination therapy amongst symptomatic coronavirus disease 2019 patients in India: Protocol for restricted public health emergency use date = 2020-04-28 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 2709 sentences = 163 flesch = 48 summary = In view of the earlier evidence about effectiveness of repurposed lopinavir/ritonavir against severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) coronavirus (CoV), as well as preliminary docking studies conducted by the ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Pune, the Central Drugs Standard Control Organization approved the restricted public health use of lopinavir/ritonavir combination amongst symptomatic COVID-19 patients detected in the country. Hospitalized adult patients with laboratory-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection with any one of the following criteria will be eligible to receive lopinavir/ritonavir for 14 days after obtaining written informed consent: (i) respiratory distress with respiratory rate ≥22/min or SpO(2) of <94 per cent; (ii) lung parenchymal infiltrates on chest X-ray; (iii) hypotension defined as systolic blood pressure <90 mmHg or need for vasopressor/inotropic medication; (iv) new-onset organ dysfunction; and (v) high-risk groups age >60 yr, diabetes mellitus, renal failure, chronic lung disease and immunocompromised persons. cache = ./cache/cord-264653-ms6zrrnd.txt txt = ./txt/cord-264653-ms6zrrnd.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-263391-18x4ann5 author = Harvey, Ruth title = Comparison of Serologic Assays for Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus date = 2019-10-17 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3042 sentences = 134 flesch = 43 summary = S ince the emergence of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) in 2012 (1), more than 2,250 laboratory-confirmed cases have been reported to the World Health Organization (WHO); approximately one third of these cases were fatal. The Ministry of Health, Oman; Ministry of Health, Saudi Arabia; and Korea National Institute of Health, South Korea, donated convalescent serum and plasma samples from PCR-confirmed MERS-CoV-infected patients. We included MERS-CoV-negative serum with antibodies against other human coronavirus HCoV-229E, HCoV-NL63, HCoV-OC43, and HCoV-HKU1 (samples 3, 6, 7, 8, 13, 15, and 17) to test specificity of the assays ( Table 2 ). Participants detected pool A, the high-titer MERS-CoV antibody pool (sample 16) in all assays (Table 3) . The low-positive pool (pool C, sample 14) was only detected as positive in a single assay in the study, the Alpha Diagnostic International MERS NP ELISA performed in laboratory 05. cache = ./cache/cord-263391-18x4ann5.txt txt = ./txt/cord-263391-18x4ann5.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-265666-27ckjl7w author = Kang, Hee Sun title = Working experiences of nurses during the Middle East respiratory syndrome outbreak date = 2018-05-30 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3131 sentences = 203 flesch = 58 summary = RESULTS: The following 4 major themes emerged: "experiencing burnout owing to the heavy workload," "relying on personal protective equipment for safety," "being busy with catching up with the new guidelines related to Middle East respiratory syndrome," and "caring for suspected or infected patients with caution." Participants experienced burnout because of the high volume of work and expressed safety concerns about being infected. CONCLUSION: This study showed that creating a supportive and safe work environment is essential by ensuring adequate nurse staffing, supplying best‐quality personal protective equipment, and improving communication to provide the quality of care during infection outbreak. The critical care response to a hospital outbreak of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infection: An observational study cache = ./cache/cord-265666-27ckjl7w.txt txt = ./txt/cord-265666-27ckjl7w.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-261533-73721b24 author = Mok, Chris Ka Pun title = T-cell responses to MERS coronavirus infection in people with occupational exposure to dromedary camels in Nigeria: an observational cohort study date = 2020-10-06 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4827 sentences = 224 flesch = 51 summary = We therefore aimed to test peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) in workers from an abattoir in Kano, Nigeria, for MERS-CoV-specific T-cell responses to understand if the dromedary-exposed individuals in Africa have been infected by MERS-CoV. Evidence before this study Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) is recognised as one of eight emerging pathogens of greatest threat to global public health, and dromedary camels are the source of human zoonotic infection. Because there was evidence that serological assays for MERS-CoV had suboptimal sensitivity for past infection and because we had previous data showing that T-cell assays for MERS-CoV are specific and potentially more sensitive than antibody detection, we investigated T-cell responses in dromedary-exposed abattoir workers and controls in Nigeria. 61 (53%) of the 115 participants had PBMCs available for additional testing for four endemic human coronaviruses (229E, HKU1, NL63, and OC43), including 18 dromedary-exposed workers positive and ten negative for a MERS-CoV T-cell response and 33 from the negative control groups who were all MERS-CoV T-cell negative. cache = ./cache/cord-261533-73721b24.txt txt = ./txt/cord-261533-73721b24.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-259658-rgrt6e6r author = Yan, Bingpeng title = Characterization of the Lipidomic Profile of Human Coronavirus-Infected Cells: Implications for Lipid Metabolism Remodeling upon Coronavirus Replication date = 2019-01-16 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5299 sentences = 287 flesch = 41 summary = To this end, we utilized the human coronavirus 229E (HCoV-229E) as a model coronavirus to comprehensively characterize the host cell lipid response upon coronavirus infection with an ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (UPLC–MS)-based lipidomics approach. Importantly, supplement of additional LA and AA to coronavirus-infected cells significantly inhibited virus replication of both HCoV-229E and the highly virulent MERS-CoV, suggesting that the LA-AA metabolism axis is a common and essential pathway that could modulate coronavirus replication. To investigate how coronavirus perturbs host lipid metabolism, we performed lipidomics analysis on HCoV-229E-infected Huh7 cells and compared the results with those of the mock-infected cells. Therefore, combining pathway analysis and the authentic standards verification results, our data suggested that the LA-AA metabolism axis was the most significantly perturbed pathway and might be associated with lipids rearrangement or other processes in HCoV-229E infection. cache = ./cache/cord-259658-rgrt6e6r.txt txt = ./txt/cord-259658-rgrt6e6r.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-262045-r2iqpmmc author = Smits, Saskia L. title = Reliable typing of MERS-CoV variants with a small genome fragment date = 2014-12-15 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 2151 sentences = 110 flesch = 49 summary = RESULTS: A reverse-transcription PCR assay for MERS-CoV targeting a 615 bp spike fragment provides a phylogenetic clustering of MERS-CoV variants comparable to that of full-length genomes. In addition, the MERS-CoV variant typing assay was performed on camel samples from a slaughterhouse in Qatar [13] and sequences for 14 MERS-CoV positive animals with cycle threshold values ranging from 12.9 to 32.2 as determined by UpE real time RT-PCR [17, 18] were obtained (Fig. 2) . Subsequent analyses revealed a region in the open reading frame that encodes the spike protein with a number of positions in which nucleotide variation occurs between MERS-CoV variants with a strong phylogenetic signal regarding previously identified clusters of viruses based on full-length MERS-CoV genomes. Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus quasispecies that include homologues of human isolates revealed through whole-genome analysis and virus cultured from dromedary camels in Saudi Arabia cache = ./cache/cord-262045-r2iqpmmc.txt txt = ./txt/cord-262045-r2iqpmmc.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-265282-v3n9ff16 author = Ahn, Inkyung title = Investigation of nonlinear epidemiological models for analyzing and controlling the MERS outbreak in Korea date = 2018-01-21 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4879 sentences = 291 flesch = 60 summary = For the SIQ based ordinary differential equation (ODE) model, we perform the task of parameter estimation, and apply optimal control theory to the controlled SIQ model, with the goal of minimizing the infectious compartment population and the cost of implementing the quarantine and isolation strategies. Simulation results show that the proposed SIQ model can explain the observed data for the confirmed cases and the quarantined cases in the MERS outbreak very well, and the number of the MERS cases can be controlled reasonably well via the optimal control approach. Simulation results show that the proposed SIQ model can explain the observed data for the confirmed cases and the quarantined cases in the MERS outbreak very well, and the number of the MERS cases can be controlled reasonably well via the optimal control approach. cache = ./cache/cord-265282-v3n9ff16.txt txt = ./txt/cord-265282-v3n9ff16.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-266464-wuf3s8m0 author = Kim, So Yeon title = Viral RNA in Blood as Indicator of Severe Outcome in Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Infection date = 2016-10-17 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 1810 sentences = 100 flesch = 50 summary = title: Viral RNA in Blood as Indicator of Severe Outcome in Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Infection We evaluated the diagnostic and clinical usefulness of blood specimens to detect Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection in 21 patients from the 2015 outbreak in South Korea. Respiratory specimens are preferred for viral RNA detection and confirmatory diagnosis of MERS-CoV infection in humans (5) . Our study aimed to evaluate the diagnostic utility of blood specimens for MERS-CoV infection by using large numbers of patients with a single viral origin and to determine the relationship between blood viral detection and clinical characteristics. Between the blood viral RNA-positive and -negative groups, we found no differences in age, duration from symptom onset to diagnosis of MERS-CoV infection, or an invasive procedure before the specimens were obtained (online Technical Appendix Table 3 ). Clinical features and viral diagnosis of two cases of infection with Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus: a report of nosocomial transmission cache = ./cache/cord-266464-wuf3s8m0.txt txt = ./txt/cord-266464-wuf3s8m0.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-264956-wbi0ird5 author = Ahmed, Anwar E. title = Development of a risk‐prediction model for Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection in dialysis patients date = 2018-04-14 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 2578 sentences = 143 flesch = 49 summary = An important lesson was learned from the world's largest Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) outbreaks that occurred in Saudi Arabia and South Korea: that health care-associated infection is a major cause of rapid pathogen spread in health care settings with a high risk of cluster infections. 12, 13 A valid risk-predictive model for MERS-CoV infection in dialysis patients may increase the likelihood of early virus detection. The authors attempt to develop an algorithm that combines demographic, clinical, radiological, and laboratory data to assess the early risk of MERS-CoV infection in dialysis patients who are suspected of having MERS-CoV infection and were diagnosed by real-time reverse transcription-PCR (rRT-PCR) between September 2012 and June 2016. This is the first study to develop a risk-prediction model in dialysis patients who screened for MERS-CoV infection by rRT-PCR. The model accurately predicts high-risk of MERS-CoV infection in dialysis patients. cache = ./cache/cord-264956-wbi0ird5.txt txt = ./txt/cord-264956-wbi0ird5.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-264199-8skyagsz author = Fragaszy, Ellen title = Emerging respiratory infections: influenza, MERS-CoV, and extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis date = 2014-12-31 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 1050 sentences = 52 flesch = 49 summary = title: Emerging respiratory infections: influenza, MERS-CoV, and extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis New research on the eff ectiveness of neuraminidase inhibitors to reduce mortality in patients admitted to hospital with infl uenza A H1N1pdm09 has been encouraging. 6 Although the eff ectiveness of antivirals to reduce mortality would ideally be derived from randomised controlled trials, a recent meta-analysis of trials was only able to collect data for fi ve reported deaths, only one of which was due to a respiratory cause. Using whole genome sequencing of 1000 prospectively collected tuberculosis isolates from patients in Russia, Casali and colleagues 8 provided evidence against the theory that acquiring drug resistance typically comes with a fi tness cost and reduced transmissibility. Eff ectiveness of neuraminidase inhibitors in reducing mortality in patients admitted to hospital with infl uenza A H1N1pdm09 virus infection: a meta-analysis of individual participant data cache = ./cache/cord-264199-8skyagsz.txt txt = ./txt/cord-264199-8skyagsz.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-262673-j2ot35lt author = Ahmed-Hassan, Hanaa title = Innate Immune Responses to Highly Pathogenic Coronaviruses and Other Significant Respiratory Viral Infections date = 2020-08-18 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 8591 sentences = 472 flesch = 41 summary = Furthermore, respiratory epithelial cells and lung macrophages are capable of secreting a broad range of chemokines like IL-8, Macrophage inflammatory protein-1 (MIP-1), RANTES and cytokines including TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β that influence the types of immune cells being recruited to the area in response to acute viral infections (177, 178) . Both Influenza and SARS virus can induce acute lung injury (ALI) which is accompanied by high levels of C5a, leading to the influx and activation of innate immune cells (199) (Figure 1) . Innate immune response of human alveolar type II cells infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus shows poor replication but significant induction of antiviral responses in human monocytederived macrophages and dendritic cells Dynamic innate immune responses of human bronchial epithelial cells to severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus infection Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus nsp1 suppresses host gene expression, including that of type I interferon, in infected cells cache = ./cache/cord-262673-j2ot35lt.txt txt = ./txt/cord-262673-j2ot35lt.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-265128-i0d4lxko author = Gurung, Arun Bahadur title = Unravelling lead antiviral phytochemicals for the inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 M(pro) enzyme through in silico approach date = 2020-05-22 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 2234 sentences = 168 flesch = 57 summary = Among coronaviruses, the main protease (M(pro)) is an essential drug target which, along with papain-like proteases catalyzes the processing of polyproteins translated from viral RNA and recognizes specific cleavage sites. The present study is aimed at the identification of promising lead molecules for SARS-CoV-2 M(pro) enzyme through virtual screening of antiviral compounds from plants. The binding affinity of selected small drug-like molecules to SARS-CoV-2 M(pro), SARS-CoV M(pro) and MERS-CoV M(pro) were studied using molecular docking. Structure-based drug design primarily relies on molecular docking to identify lead molecules against the target proteins from chemical libraries [12, 13] . The natural products such as traditional medicines and plant-derived compounds (phytochemicals) are the rich sources of promising antiviral drugs [14] . The binding energies and inhibition constants of the phytochemicals with the SARS-CoV-2 M pro enzyme were compared with that of a set of twelve FDA approved antiviral drugs-a) Viral cache = ./cache/cord-265128-i0d4lxko.txt txt = ./txt/cord-265128-i0d4lxko.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-266987-ikt8r2o1 author = Loeffelholz, Michael J. title = Laboratory diagnosis of emerging human coronavirus infections – the state of the art date = 2020-03-30 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4734 sentences = 269 flesch = 46 summary = The laboratory diagnostic methods for human coronavirus infections have evolved substantially, with the development of novel assays as well as the availability of updated tests for emerging ones. It must be appreciated that no matter how accurate and fast laboratory testing methods are, the diagnosis of viral pneumonias such as caused by SARS-CoV-2 involves collecting the correct specimen from the patient at the right time. The authors recommended to use serology to facilitate the diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infections when an NP swab specimen was collected inappropriately and the molecular assays were performed unsatisfactorily [42] . Several RT-PCR protocols for detection of SARS-CoV-2 RNA have been posted by the World Health Organization at https://www.who.int/emergencies/ diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/technical-guidance/ laboratory-guidance. Considering the increased levels of mortality and infectivity associated with three novel-coronavirus outbreaks, these random-access, safe and simple tests, which offer fast and accurate detection and identification, are likely to have an immediate impact on prompt clinical and epidemiological decisions [7, 63] . cache = ./cache/cord-266987-ikt8r2o1.txt txt = ./txt/cord-266987-ikt8r2o1.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-264408-vk4lt83x author = Ruiz, Sara I. title = Animal Models of Human Viral Diseases date = 2017-06-23 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 34464 sentences = 1865 flesch = 47 summary = Well-developed animal models are necessary to understand disease progression, pathogenesis, and immunologic responses to viral infections in humans. NHPs including marmosets, cotton-top tamarins, and rhesus macaques infected with Norwalk virus are monitored for the extent of viral shedding; however, no clinical disease is observed in these models. Intracerebral and IN routes of infection resulted in a fatal disease that was highly dependent on dose while intradermal (ID) and subQ inoculations caused only 50% fatality in mice regardless of the amount of virus (liu et al., 1970) . Ferrets infected with Hendra or Nipah virus display the same clinical disease as seen in the hamster model and human cases (Bossart et al., 2009; Pallister et al., 2011) . Characterization studies with IFNAr −/− mice challenged with different routes (IP, IN, IM, and subQ) showed that CCHFV causes acute disease with high viral loads, pathology in liver and lymphoid tissues, increased proinflammatory response, severe thrombocytopenia, coagulopathy, and death, all of which are characteristics of human disease . cache = ./cache/cord-264408-vk4lt83x.txt txt = ./txt/cord-264408-vk4lt83x.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-262542-vevsgkp6 author = Alharbi, Naif Khalaf title = ChAdOx1 and MVA based vaccine candidates against MERS-CoV elicit neutralising antibodies and cellular immune responses in mice date = 2017-06-27 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4923 sentences = 244 flesch = 49 summary = title: ChAdOx1 and MVA based vaccine candidates against MERS-CoV elicit neutralising antibodies and cellular immune responses in mice A single dose of ChAdOx1 MERS with tPA elicited cellular immune responses as well as neutralising antibodies that were boosted to a significantly higher level by MVA MERS. Here, we report development of MERS-CoV vaccine candidates that are based on two different viral vectors: Chimpanzee Adenovirus, Oxford University #1 (ChAdOx1) [26] and Modified Vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) [27, 28] . Previously, we reported the ability of the strong early F11 promoter to enhance cellular immunogenicity of vaccine antigen candidates for malaria and influenza, as compared to utilising p7.5 or mH5 early/late promoters which resulted in a lower level of gene expression immediately after virus infection of target cells, but higher levels at a later stage [31] . cache = ./cache/cord-262542-vevsgkp6.txt txt = ./txt/cord-262542-vevsgkp6.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-266313-b518n9dx author = Cao, Yu-chen title = Remdesivir for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 causing COVID-19: An evaluation of the evidence date = 2020-04-02 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5542 sentences = 262 flesch = 48 summary = China has also taken immediate action to put remdesivir into clinical trials with the purpose of applying it into clinical therapeutics for Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). When we set our sights on the broad-spectrum antiviral drugs, we found that a drug unlisted, remdesivir, has demonstrated strength in trials related to MERS-CoV and Ebola virus infection. This article starts from the structure, immunogenicity, and pathogenesis of infection of the SARS-CoV-2, and then analyzes the feasibility of conducting trials and putting into clinical use of COVID-19 from the pharmacological characteristics and successful cases of remdesivir. Remdesivir (GS-5734) is a nucleoside analogues drug (Fig. 3B ) with extensive antiviral activity and effective treatment of lethal Ebola and Nipah virus infections in nonhuman primates [21] . The need of treatment on COVID-19 is urgent, so if the results of clinical trials prove it has the potential to benefit the treatment, according to China's "Compassionate Use", remdesivir will be more immediately used in patients with severe illness. cache = ./cache/cord-266313-b518n9dx.txt txt = ./txt/cord-266313-b518n9dx.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-269437-0pvqvhqs author = Gastañaduy, Paul A. title = Update: Severe Respiratory Illness Associated with Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) — Worldwide, 2012–2013 date = 2013-06-14 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 1908 sentences = 99 flesch = 46 summary = CDC continues to work in consultation with the World Health Organization (WHO) and other partners to better understand the public health risk posed by the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV), formerly known as novel coronavirus, which was first reported to cause human infection in September 2012 (1) (2) (3) (4) . CDC continues to work in consultation with the World Health Organization (WHO) and other partners to better understand the public health risk posed by the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV), formerly known as novel coronavirus, which was first reported to cause human infection in September 2012 (1) (2) (3) (4) . Eight clusters (42 cases) have been reported by six countries (France, Italy, Jordan, Saudi Arabia, Tunisia, and the UK) (5) among close contacts or in health-care settings and provide clear evidence of human-to-human transmission of MERS-CoV. Persons who develop severe acute lower respiratory illness within 14 days after traveling from the Arabian Peninsula or neighboring countries should be evaluated according to current guidelines (available at http://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/mers/case-def. cache = ./cache/cord-269437-0pvqvhqs.txt txt = ./txt/cord-269437-0pvqvhqs.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-270077-mfl0iagr author = Chefer, Svetlana title = Modeling [(18)F]-FDG lymphoid tissue kinetics to characterize nonhuman primate immune response to Middle East respiratory syndrome-coronavirus aerosol challenge date = 2015-11-16 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4480 sentences = 225 flesch = 52 summary = We used [(18)F]-FDG-PET/CT to investigate the host response developing in nonhuman primates after MERS-CoV exposure and applied kinetic modeling to monitor the influx rate constant (K(i)) in responsive lymphoid tissue. The [ 18 F]-FDG mean K i in bone marrow prior to MERS-CoV exposure was five-fold higher (0.03 ± 0.006 SD) compared to that observed in the LNs but did not follow the pattern of LN changes observed after virus challenge (Fig. 3b) . We monitored 18 F-FDG uptake primarily in lymphoid tissues at different locations in response to aerosol MERS-CoV challenge in NHPs. A group of mediastinal LNs showed a specific pattern of changes in K i up to 29 days post-virus exposure that correlates to K i changes in axillary lymph nodes. This study extends the use of kinetic modeling of [ 18 F]-FDG uptake during lung inflammation to host immune response after MERS-CoV exposure in rhesus macaques. cache = ./cache/cord-270077-mfl0iagr.txt txt = ./txt/cord-270077-mfl0iagr.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-269885-r8molh8c author = Jeong, Soo Young title = MERS-CoV Infection in a Pregnant Woman in Korea date = 2017-08-08 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 1983 sentences = 108 flesch = 53 summary = We report the first case of MERS-CoV infection during pregnancy occurred outside of the Middle East. We experienced a case of a Korean pregnant woman who was confirmed for a MERS-CoV infection via a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test. Unlike other cases, this case is not only the first MERS-CoV infection during pregnancy occurred outside of the Middle East, but also the first case of MERS confirmed on 3rd trimester of pregnancy showing good outcome of both mother and baby. Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) nosocomial outbreak in South Korea: insights from modeling Interim infection prevention and control recommendations for hospitalized patients with Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) Impact of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) on pregnancy and perinatal outcome Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus infection during pregnancy: a report of 5 cases from Saudi Arabia cache = ./cache/cord-269885-r8molh8c.txt txt = ./txt/cord-269885-r8molh8c.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-271004-gtmo5ixs author = Al-Tawfiq, Jaffar A. title = Influenza is more common than Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) among hospitalized adult Saudi patients date = 2017-10-12 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 2639 sentences = 163 flesch = 55 summary = title: Influenza is more common than Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) among hospitalized adult Saudi patients BACKGROUND: Since the initial description of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV), we adopted a systematic process of screening patients admitted with community acquired pneumonia. An observational, laboratory-based study of outbreaks of middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus in Jeddah and Riyadh, kingdom of Saudi Arabia Epidemiological, demographic, and clinical characteristics of 47 cases of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus disease from Saudi Arabia: a descriptive study Hospital-Associated outbreak of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus: a serologic, epidemiologic, and clinical description Screening for Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection in hospital patients and their healthcare worker and family contacts: a prospective descriptive study Middle East Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus (MERS-CoV): a case-controlstudy of hospitalized patients The critical care response to a hospital outbreak of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infection: an observational study cache = ./cache/cord-271004-gtmo5ixs.txt txt = ./txt/cord-271004-gtmo5ixs.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-270258-9vgpphiu author = Ko, Jae-Hoon title = Predictive factors for pneumonia development and progression to respiratory failure in MERS-CoV infected patients date = 2016-08-09 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3460 sentences = 171 flesch = 43 summary = To identify factors which can predict pneumonia development and progression to respiratory failure at the early course of the disease, we evaluated MERS-CoV infected patients managed in a tertiary care center during the 2015 MERS outbreak in Korea. To identify factors which can predict pneumonia development and progression to respiratory failure at the early course of the disease, we reviewed the electronic medical records of who were diagnosed with MERS-CoV infection and admitted at Samsung Medical Center, a 1950 tertiary care university hospital which managed the largest number of MERS-CoV infected patients as a single center during the 2015 Korean MERS outbreak. The present analysis of predictive factors for pneumonia development and progression to respiratory failure using variables obtained by day 3 of symptom onset could be conducted owing to the observation of entire clinical course of the disease from the exposure to MERS-CoV. cache = ./cache/cord-270258-9vgpphiu.txt txt = ./txt/cord-270258-9vgpphiu.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-271211-frkk6w0a author = Han, Yu title = The transmission and diagnosis of 2019 novel coronavirus infection disease (COVID‐19): A Chinese perspective date = 2020-03-12 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 2110 sentences = 139 flesch = 55 summary = The Chinese government has taken emergency measures to control the outbreak and has undertaken initial steps in the diagnosis and treatment of 2019 novel coronavirus infection disease (COVID‐19). A study in South Korea showed that many environmental surfaces of patients with MERS were contaminated by MERS-CoV, and virus RNA was detected from environmental surfaces within 5 days after the last positive PCR of patients' respiratory samples. 12 Guangzhou CDC also found SARS-CoV-2 in the house of a confirmed patient, 13 which serves as evidence of contact transmission. 20 The Lancet also reminded doctors not to ignore SARS-CoV-2 transmission via ocular surfaces as infected droplets and bodily fluids may easily contaminate the human conjunctival epithelium. 27 A study showed that during the outbreak of SARS-CoV, of all exposed health care workers, 7.5% were asymptomatic SARSpositive cases. SARS-CoV-2 viral load in upper respiratory specimens of infected patients cache = ./cache/cord-271211-frkk6w0a.txt txt = ./txt/cord-271211-frkk6w0a.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-271512-owidim7o author = Thabet, Farah title = Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus in children date = 2015 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 1458 sentences = 97 flesch = 54 summary = The Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) is a new human disease caused by a novel coronavirus (CoV). We report a new case of MERS-CoV infection in a 9-month-old child complicated by severe respiratory symptoms, multi-organ dysfunction, and death. T he Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) is a new human disease caused by a novel coronavirus (CoV) first reported in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) in September 2012. Despite all this extensive screening, and in contrast to what was observed by our colleagues dealing with adult cases in the hospital, our pediatric department could identify only one case of MERS-CoV in a 9-month-old child known to have nephrotic syndrome. Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) -update Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) -update Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) -update Screening for Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection in hospital patients and their healthcare worker and family contacts: a prospective descriptive study cache = ./cache/cord-271512-owidim7o.txt txt = ./txt/cord-271512-owidim7o.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-271648-m2c5bvuj author = Ashour, Hossam M. title = Insights into the Recent 2019 Novel Coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) in Light of Past Human Coronavirus Outbreaks date = 2020-03-04 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 7536 sentences = 401 flesch = 56 summary = Coronaviruses (CoVs) are RNA viruses that have become a major public health concern since the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-CoV (SARS-CoV) outbreak in 2002. However, unlike SARS-CoV, human-to-human transmission of MERS-CoV is not easy and has not been confirmed except in cases of very close contact with infected patients in health care settings [67] . Similar to the adaptation of SARS-CoV to human host, MERSr-CoVs that are circulating in bats had to undergo several amino acid changes in RBD of S protein to become capable of infecting camels and humans ( Figure 2 ) [74] . S protein of severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus mediates entry into hepatoma cell lines and is targeted by neutralizing antibodies in infected patients Characterization of severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus (SARS-CoV) spike glycoprotein-mediated viral entry Fully human monoclonal antibody directed to proteolytic cleavage site in severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) coronavirus S protein neutralizes the virus in a rhesus macaque SARS model cache = ./cache/cord-271648-m2c5bvuj.txt txt = ./txt/cord-271648-m2c5bvuj.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-272932-devmy5yx author = WANG, Wen Ling title = Serological Study of An Imported Case of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome and His Close Contacts in China, 2015 date = 2016-03-31 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 2117 sentences = 99 flesch = 56 summary = Moreover, no seroconversion was found among 53 close contacts by anti-MERS IgG antibody enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) of paired serum samples. To evaluate both the serological response of this MERS patient before discharge and the risk of transmission, a set of serum samples from the patient and paired serum samples collected at least 14 d apart from the close contacts of the MERS patient during his trip and hospital admission in China, were tested for MERS-CoV using an inactivated MERS-CoV-based ELISA. We used an inactivated MERS-CoV particle-based ELISA to analyze serum samples from the imported MERS-CoV patient and his close contacts for the presence of IgG against MERS-CoV. A lentivirus-based MERS-CoV pseudovirus neutralization test was performed to confirm the presence of MERS-CoV-specific antibodies in serum samples from the patient. All 53 paired serum samples from the close contacts were below the cut-off value, negative for MERS-CoV by ELISA (Figure 3 ). cache = ./cache/cord-272932-devmy5yx.txt txt = ./txt/cord-272932-devmy5yx.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-273626-zy8qjaai author = Gong, Shu‐ran title = The battle against SARS and MERS coronaviruses: Reservoirs and Animal Models date = 2018-07-28 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3257 sentences = 183 flesch = 56 summary = This illness has been named Middle East respiratory syndrome and the pathogen (MERS-CoV) has been shown to be a type of coronavirus that is highly related to SARS-CoV. Another suitable and well-established model is the common marmoset (Saguinus mystax), which can show more severe clinical signs than rhesus macaques when infected with MERS-CoV. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-like virus in Chinese horseshoe bats Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus in dromedary camels: an outbreak investigation Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection in dromedary camels in Saudi Arabia Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) origin and animal reservoir Middle East Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) serology in major livestock species in an affected region in Jordan Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) causes transient lower respiratory tract infection in rhesus macaques Studies of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus pathology in human cases and animal models Infection, replication, and transmission of middle east respiratory syndrome Coronavirus in Alpacas cache = ./cache/cord-273626-zy8qjaai.txt txt = ./txt/cord-273626-zy8qjaai.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-271244-6m8sbbi1 author = Bonilla-Aldana, D. Katterine title = SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV and now the 2019-novel CoV: Have we investigated enough about coronaviruses? – A bibliometric analysis date = 2020-02-29 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 847 sentences = 47 flesch = 56 summary = They were not considered to be highly pathogenic to humans until the outbreaks of severe acute respiratory syndrome corThe coronaviruses that circulated before that time in humans mostly caused mild infections in immunocompetent people [2] . In 2018, the World Health Organization (WHO) held its annual review of the Blueprint list of priority diseases, where coronaviruses were considered and included. These diseases, given their potential to cause public health emergencies of international concern (PHEIC) and the absence of efficacious drugs and vaccines, are considered to need accelerated research and development [3] . In conclusion, it is time to translate research findings into more effective measures, as with other priority diseases [7] , such as a vaccine or effective therapeutic options, aimed at controlling viruses with clear epidemic potential, and to prioritize those interventions, to reduce and control the negative impact of diseases such as those caused by CoV, including the new emerging 2019-nCoV. Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome -a bibliometric analysis of an emerging priority disease cache = ./cache/cord-271244-6m8sbbi1.txt txt = ./txt/cord-271244-6m8sbbi1.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-273182-djb0ozrt author = Díez, José María title = Cross-neutralization activity against SARS-CoV-2 is present in currently available intravenous immunoglobulins date = 2020-09-09 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4326 sentences = 260 flesch = 50 summary = Recently, we reported cross-reactivity in ELISA binding assays against antigens of SARS-CoV, SARS-CoV-2 and MERS-CoV with Flebogamma R DIF 5 and 10% and Gamunex R -C, two currently available intravenous IGs (IVIG) [23] . Six different lots of Flebogamma DIF and Gamunex-C were tested at several dilutions for cross-reactivity against SARS-CoV, SARS-CoV-2 and MERS-CoV by: ELISA techniques; and well-established neutralization assays in cell cultures. For SARS-CoV-2 MAD6 isolate, all IVIG lots, except F1 (inconclusive results) showed a significant neutralizing activity and reached PRNT 50 titers ranging from 4.5 to >5 (Figure 2 ). This neutralizing activity correlates with the cross-reactivity to different coronavirus antigens observed in ELISA-binding assays with IVIG, as shown in a previous study [23] . • Intravenous immunoglobulin products were tested against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 in cell culture neutralization assays. cache = ./cache/cord-273182-djb0ozrt.txt txt = ./txt/cord-273182-djb0ozrt.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-272306-92rz2byz author = Morra, Mostafa Ebraheem title = Clinical outcomes of current medical approaches for Middle East respiratory syndrome: A systematic review and meta‐analysis date = 2018-04-17 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 2496 sentences = 145 flesch = 46 summary = Screening for Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection in hospital patients and their healthcare worker and family contacts: a prospective descriptive study Epidemiological, demographic, and clinical characteristics of 47 cases of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus disease from Saudi Arabia: a descriptive study Clinical features and virological analysis of a case of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection Ribavirin and interferon therapy in patients infected with the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus: an observational study Clinical course and outcomes of critically ill patients with Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection Ribavirin and interferon-alpha2b as primary and preventive treatment for Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus: a preliminary report of two cases Ribavirin and interferon alfa-2a for severe Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection: a retrospective cohort study Clinical outcomes of current medical approaches for Middle East respiratory syndrome: A systematic review and meta-analysis cache = ./cache/cord-272306-92rz2byz.txt txt = ./txt/cord-272306-92rz2byz.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-276769-th7iou21 author = Khan, Suliman title = Coronaviruses disease 2019 (COVID-19): causative agent, mental health concerns, and potential management options date = 2020-07-25 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3375 sentences = 173 flesch = 45 summary = Despite physical health consequences, COVID-19 pandemic has created stress and anxiety, as result there is an increased risk of mental illnesses both in the infected and normal individuals. Although bats are thought to be the source of origin for SARS-CoV-2, the intermediate animal that caused the transmission of virus to humans, is still unknown [3] . The individuals at higher risk of developing severe disease after contracting the infection should be give the priority for treatment and providing the mangeemtn and health servicesConsidering the importance of COVID-19 in the aspects of the asymptomatic spread of the virus and adverse health impacts, it is deemed necessary to investigate the factors associated with the rate of infectiousness and severity of symptoms. After originating in bats, SARS-CoV-2 emerged in Wuhan, spread all over the world through human to human transmission, and infected millions of individuals. cache = ./cache/cord-276769-th7iou21.txt txt = ./txt/cord-276769-th7iou21.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-274007-zndtddty author = Rasmussen, Sonja A. title = Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) and pregnancy: what obstetricians need to know date = 2020-02-24 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5912 sentences = 330 flesch = 50 summary = For Middle East respiratory syndrome, there were 13 case reports in pregnant women, of which 2 were asymptomatic, identified as part of a contact investigation; 3 patients (23%) died. Principles of management of coronavirus disease 2019 in pregnancy include early isolation, aggressive infection control procedures, oxygen therapy, avoidance of fluid overload, consideration of empiric antibiotics (secondary to bacterial infection risk), laboratory testing for the virus and coinfection, fetal and uterine contraction monitoring, early mechanical ventilation for progressive respiratory failure, individualized delivery planning, and a team-based approach with multispecialty consultations. General principles regarding management of COVID-10 during pregnancy include early isolation, aggressive infection control procedures, testing for SARS-CoV-2 and coinfection, oxygen therapy as needed, avoidance of fluid overload, empiric antibiotics (because of secondary bacterial infection risk), fetal and uterine contraction monitoring, early mechanical ventilation for progressive respiratory failure, individualized delivery planning, and a team-based approach with multispecialty consultations (Box 2). cache = ./cache/cord-274007-zndtddty.txt txt = ./txt/cord-274007-zndtddty.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-272710-uq2idlca author = Cho, Chao-Cheng title = Macro Domain from Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) Is an Efficient ADP-ribose Binding Module: CRYSTAL STRUCTURE AND BIOCHEMICAL STUDIES date = 2016-01-05 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4121 sentences = 216 flesch = 55 summary = title: Macro Domain from Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) Is an Efficient ADP-ribose Binding Module: CRYSTAL STRUCTURE AND BIOCHEMICAL STUDIES The newly emerging Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) encodes the conserved macro domain within non-structural protein 3. This study provides structural and biophysical bases to further evaluate the role of the MERS-CoV macro domain in the host response via ADP-ribose binding but also as a potential target for drug design. Variations in strength of the hydrogen bond and orientation of the side chain in Asp residues may result in differential binding affinities of ADP-ribose observed in macro domains of MERS-CoV (K d 2.95 M), SARS-CoV (K d 24 M) (36), and HCoV-229E (K d 28.9 M) (41) . Structural analysis revealed that differences in the context of hydrogen bonds formed by the conserved Asp with ADPribose and residues in ␣1 helices in macro domains of MERS-CoV, SARS-CoV, and HCoV-229E may result in differential binding affinities for ADP-ribose. cache = ./cache/cord-272710-uq2idlca.txt txt = ./txt/cord-272710-uq2idlca.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-277823-vijh6x1l author = TERAMICHI, Takurou title = Evaluation of serological assays available in a biosafety level 2 laboratory and their application for survey of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus among livestock in Ethiopia date = 2019-11-05 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 2247 sentences = 107 flesch = 52 summary = A serological survey of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) was conducted among dromedary camels and herbivorous animals sharing the same pasturage in Ethiopia. One of camel serum that showed a high antibody titer in the neutralization test by live MERS-CoV was treated as a positive control. According to the results of the previous study, antibody titers of ≥16 are treated as positive in neutralization test using VSV-MERS/GFP. Cows that were antibody positive in the neutralization test using VSV-MERS/GFP or cELISA were different animals and both were antibody negative in the neutralization test using MERS-CoV. S1-ELISA was not sensitive compared to other tests because only 16 serum samples were positive and they required an antibody titer of ≥64 in VSV-MERS/GFP. The present study shows that the neutralization test using VSV-MERS/GFP, S1-ELISA, and cELISA are as specific to MERS-CoV infection as the serological tests, although their sensitivities slightly differ. Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus neutralising serum antibodies in dromedary camels: a comparative serological study cache = ./cache/cord-277823-vijh6x1l.txt txt = ./txt/cord-277823-vijh6x1l.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-274122-n9jnu2ah author = Mielech, Anna M. title = MERS-CoV papain-like protease has deISGylating and deubiquitinating activities date = 2014-02-01 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4845 sentences = 242 flesch = 51 summary = Coronaviruses encode papain-like proteases (PLpro) that are often multifunctional enzymes with protease activity to process the viral replicase polyprotein and deubiquitinating (DUB)/deISGylating activity, which is hypothesized to modify the innate immune response to infection. Further, we compared the ability of MERS-CoV PLpro and Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (SARS-CoV) PLpro to block innate immune signaling of proinflammatory cytokines. In this study, we demonstrate the deISGylating and deubiquitinating (DUB) activities of the papain-like protease from MERS-CoV, and provide new information on the potential role of coronavirus protease/DUBs to inhibit the innate immune response. Our results suggest that PLpro might contribute to the modulation of innate immune responses upon SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV infection, however, the exact mechanism and the role of coronavirus PLPs and their associated DUB and deISGylating activities in these processes remains to be determined. cache = ./cache/cord-274122-n9jnu2ah.txt txt = ./txt/cord-274122-n9jnu2ah.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-278238-w1l8h8g8 author = Okba, Nisreen MA title = Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus vaccines: current status and novel approaches date = 2017-04-13 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5086 sentences = 226 flesch = 39 summary = Nisreen MA Okba, V Stalin Raj and Bart L Haagmans Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) is a cause of severe respiratory infection in humans, specifically the elderly and people with comorbidities. The other candidate MVA-S, a viral-vector-based vaccine, induced systemic neutralizing antibodies and mucosal immunity which conferred protection against MERS-CoV challenge and reduced virus shedding in vaccinated camels [52 ] Therefore, this vaccine candidate may provide a means to prevent zoonotic transmission of the virus to the human population. Prophylaxis with a Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV)-specific human monoclonal antibody protects rabbits from MERS-CoV infection T cell responses are required for protection from clinical disease and for virus clearance in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-infected mice The recombinant Nterminal domain of spike proteins is a potential vaccine against Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infection cache = ./cache/cord-278238-w1l8h8g8.txt txt = ./txt/cord-278238-w1l8h8g8.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-278839-uu2wlpmp author = Alberca, Ricardo Wesley title = Pregnancy, Viral Infection, and COVID-19 date = 2020-07-07 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 7237 sentences = 368 flesch = 43 summary = In 2009, during the H1N1 flu pandemic, an increased ratio of female to male cases was verified, in which pregnant women developed more complications, as severe acute respiratory syndrome, and higher mortality compared to the general population (30, 31) . Additionally, infection by the Lassa virus in pregnant women shows high levels of placental replication, and the risk of maternal-fetal mortality increases with the duration of pregnancy (38, 39) . At first, contagion occurred through contact with some infected animals but, soon there were the first reports of human-to-human transmission (93), The virus was identified as belonging to the coronaviridae family and was designated SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2) (94). Chen and collaborators, verified alteration in calcium and albumin levels in the blood of pregnant women with SARS-CoV-2 infection (124) , which could potentially increase the severity in COVID-19 (125) . cache = ./cache/cord-278839-uu2wlpmp.txt txt = ./txt/cord-278839-uu2wlpmp.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-279733-c0w9bw5u author = Lui, Pak-Yin title = Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus M protein suppresses type I interferon expression through the inhibition of TBK1-dependent phosphorylation of IRF3 date = 2016-04-20 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5238 sentences = 281 flesch = 48 summary = title: Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus M protein suppresses type I interferon expression through the inhibition of TBK1-dependent phosphorylation of IRF3 Collectively, our findings suggest a common and conserved mechanism through which highly pathogenic MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV harness their M proteins to suppress type I IFN expression at the level of TBK1-dependent phosphorylation and activation of IRF3 resulting in evasion of the host innate antiviral response. In non-specialized epithelial cells as well as a subset of specialized immune cells that are susceptible to MERS-CoV infection, 16, 18, 27 type I IFN production is an important part of the host innate immune response and is initiated by ubiquitously expressed cytoplasmic viral sensors in the retinoic acid-inducible gene-I (RIG-I)-like receptor (RLR) family in response to the detection of viral pathogen-associated molecular patterns such as double-stranded RNA (dsRNA). Middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus 4a protein is a double-stranded RNA-binding protein that suppresses PACT-induced activation of RIG-I and MDA5 in the innate antiviral response cache = ./cache/cord-279733-c0w9bw5u.txt txt = ./txt/cord-279733-c0w9bw5u.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-279976-juz9jnfk author = Xie, Mingxuan title = Insight into 2019 novel coronavirus — an updated intrim review and lessons from SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV date = 2020-04-01 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3863 sentences = 228 flesch = 50 summary = METHODS: Based on recently published literatures, official documents and selected up-to-date preprint studies, we reviewed the virology and origin, epidemiology, clinical manifestations, pathology and treatment of 2019-nCoV infection, in comparison with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infection. The COVID-19 generally had a high reproductive number, a long incubation period, a short serial interval and a low case fatality rate (much higher in patients with comorbidities) than SARS and MERS. Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CCDC) identified a novel beta-coronavirus called 2019-nCoV, now officially known as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) (Gorbalenya et al., 2020) , that responsible for the pandemic. Further search words were above keywords, "SARS" OR "SARS-CoV" OR "severe acute respiratory syndrome", "MERS" OR "MERS-CoV" OR "middle east respiratory syndrome", in combinations of with "spike protein" OR "genome" OR "reproductive number" OR "incubation period" OR "serial interval" OR "fatality rate" OR "clinical characteristics" OR "pathology" OR "autopsy" OR "treatment". cache = ./cache/cord-279976-juz9jnfk.txt txt = ./txt/cord-279976-juz9jnfk.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-279255-v861kk0i author = Dhama, Kuldeep title = Coronavirus Disease 2019–COVID-19 date = 2020-06-24 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 23862 sentences = 1164 flesch = 44 summary = Recently, a new type of viral infection emerged in Wuhan City, China, and initial genomic sequencing data of this virus do not match with previously sequenced CoVs, suggesting a novel CoV strain (2019-nCoV), which has now been termed severe acute respiratory syndrome CoV-2 (SARS-CoV-2). Compared to diseases caused by previously known human CoVs, COVID-19 shows less severe pathogenesis but higher transmission competence, as is evident from the continuously increasing number of confirmed cases globally. Recently, a novel coronavirus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), causing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID19) , emerged in late 2019, and it has posed a global health threat, causing an ongoing pandemic in many countries and territories (1) . Health workers worldwide are currently making efforts to control further disease outbreaks caused by the novel CoV (originally named 2019-nCoV), which was first identified in Wuhan City, Hubei Province, China, on 12 December 2019. cache = ./cache/cord-279255-v861kk0i.txt txt = ./txt/cord-279255-v861kk0i.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-278939-z6kiee09 author = Mani, Janice S. title = Natural product-derived phytochemicals as potential agents against coronaviruses: a review date = 2020-04-30 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 8148 sentences = 435 flesch = 46 summary = As previous work has highlighted the potential of traditional Chinese medicines as a source of potential novel drugs (Ling, 2020) , we have not included details on such studies investigating the antiviral activity of remedies comprising portions of numerous plant species in this review. (2020) virtually screened 83 compounds found in Chinese traditional medicines for activity against the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase of SARS-CoV-2, identifying theaflavin, an antioxidant polyphenol, as a potential inhibitor. Several authors have utilised virtual computer docking models to screen for potential compounds that could bind to and inhibit key proteins present in SARS-CoV (Liu and Zhou, 2005; Toney et al., 2004; Wang et al., 2007) , highlighting the potential antiviral activity of compounds such as sabadinine and aurantiamide acetate. Several large in vitro screening studies searching for inhibitory activity of naturally occurring compounds against SARS-CoV have been performed, mainly on Chinese medicinal herbs (Li et al., 2005; Wang et al., 2003) . cache = ./cache/cord-278939-z6kiee09.txt txt = ./txt/cord-278939-z6kiee09.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-284374-sqxlnk9e author = Park, Jiyeon title = Infection Prevention Measures for Surgical Procedures during a Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Outbreak in a Tertiary Care Hospital in South Korea date = 2020-01-15 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4252 sentences = 208 flesch = 44 summary = title: Infection Prevention Measures for Surgical Procedures during a Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Outbreak in a Tertiary Care Hospital in South Korea Our experience with setting up a temporary negative-pressure operation room and our conservative approach for managing MERS-related patients can be referred in cases of future unexpected MERS outbreaks in non-endemic countries. Anesthesiologists were recommended to apply enhanced PPE (including PAPR from the middle of the outbreak) when managing all MERS-related patients because they were most directly exposed to the aerosol-producing high-risk procedures, such as endotracheal intubation and extubation. Almost all hospitals generally have positive-pressure operating rooms and they may experience an outbreak without facilities that are prepared for perioperative management of MERS patients, as our hospital did in 2015. First, although the previous guidelines recommended that asymptomatic MERS-exposed patients be managed as general patients undergoing surgery, we applied standard PPE to HCWs and we performed MERS-CoV PCR screening twice. cache = ./cache/cord-284374-sqxlnk9e.txt txt = ./txt/cord-284374-sqxlnk9e.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-283586-o8m6xdra author = Spanakis, Nikolaos title = Virological and serological analysis of a recent Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection case on a triple combination antiviral regimen date = 2014-12-31 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3276 sentences = 156 flesch = 42 summary = Abstract Serological, molecular and phylogenetic analyses of a recently imported case of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) in Greece are reported. Although MERS-CoV remained detectable in the respiratory tract secretions of the patient until the fourth week of illness, viraemia was last detected 2 days after initiation of triple combination therapy with pegylated interferon, ribavirin and lopinavir/ritonavir, administered from Day 13 of illness. An upsurge of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infection has been recently described in countries of the Arabian Peninsula resulting in exported cases from these countries to the European Union [1] . Published reports propose the use of known antivirals based on extrapolation of data from: (i) the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) epidemic that was also associated with the circulation of a novel coronavirus; (ii) in vitro data; (iii) animal experimental infections and therapy data; and (iv) limited clinical data for actual MERS-CoV infections [2] [3] [4] . cache = ./cache/cord-283586-o8m6xdra.txt txt = ./txt/cord-283586-o8m6xdra.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-283966-eln8ljjj author = Meyer, Benjamin title = Antibodies against MERS Coronavirus in Dromedary Camels, United Arab Emirates, 2003 and 2013 date = 2014-04-17 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4017 sentences = 207 flesch = 49 summary = Dromedary camels from the United Arab Emirates were infected at high rates with MERS-CoV or a closely related, probably conspecific, virus long before the first human MERS cases. Animals from the Arabian Peninsula had high neutralizing serum activities overall and reciprocal antibody titers <320-1,280, which support recent infection with MERS-CoV or a highly related virus. Expanding upon these studies, we used in the present study a recombinant MERS-CoV spike protein immunofluroescence assay (rIFA) augmented by a validated protein microarray (10, 21) , followed by MERS-CoV-specific neutralization assay, to screen 651 dromedary serum samples from the United Arabian Emirates. In the tested panel of camel serum samples, vIFA titers corresponded well to titers determined by rIFA and generally equal to or higher than titers in the rIFA (Table 1) To confirm results from affinity assays with results from a functional test, we determined endpoint virus neutralization titers by using a microneutralization test against MERS-CoV and BCoV. cache = ./cache/cord-283966-eln8ljjj.txt txt = ./txt/cord-283966-eln8ljjj.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-283709-y59h5bw8 author = Chan, Renee W Y title = Tropism and replication of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus from dromedary camels in the human respiratory tract: an in-vitro and ex-vivo study date = 2014-08-28 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4858 sentences = 225 flesch = 53 summary = We aimed to compare MERS-CoV isolates from dromedaries in Saudi Arabia and Egypt with a prototype human MERS-CoV to assess virus replication competence and cell tropism in ex-vivo cultures of human bronchus and lung. INTERPRETATION: The similarity of virus tropism and replication competence of human and dromedary MERS-CoV from the Arabian peninsula, and genetically diverse dromedary viruses from Egypt, in ex-vivo cultures of the human respiratory tract suggests that dromedary viruses from Saudi Arabia and Egypt are probably infectious to human beings. We aimed to compare MERS-CoV isolates from dromedaries in Saudi Arabia and Egypt with the prototype human MERS-CoV EMC strain to assess virus replication competence and cell tropism in ex-vivo cultures of human bronchus and lung. To assess the infection potential of dromedary camel Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) strains for humans, genetic analysis should be complemented with phenotypic characterisation in physiologically relevant invitro cell cultures. cache = ./cache/cord-283709-y59h5bw8.txt txt = ./txt/cord-283709-y59h5bw8.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-282554-hlcgutzf author = Yoo, Jin-Hong title = The Fight against the 2019-nCoV Outbreak: an Arduous March Has Just Begun date = 2020-01-30 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 598 sentences = 51 flesch = 67 summary = Most coronaviruses cause only mild upper respiratory infections, but sometimes they cause fatal respiratory disease and outbreaks, as experienced in cases of SARS-CoV or MERS-CoV. This disaster has been warned until recently that new mutants of coronavirus can occur anytime. As much as the 2015 MERS-CoV outbreak, we are also learning a lot of lesson from this disaster. Because epidemic is a national disaster, not only medical institutions but also governments have to be active. Our country is excellent at coping with this disaster, thanks to the experiences that we have gained during the 2015 MERS-CoV outbreak. And this outbreak is expected to have a greater amount of transmission than the 2015 MERS-CoV. Health workers, the government, and the people will need to unite to overcome this disaster. Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan Surveillance case definitions for human infection with novel coronavirus (nCoV) cache = ./cache/cord-282554-hlcgutzf.txt txt = ./txt/cord-282554-hlcgutzf.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-285900-3rr0j5tk author = Du, Lanying title = Introduction of neutralizing immunogenicity index to the rational design of MERS coronavirus subunit vaccines date = 2016-11-22 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6456 sentences = 321 flesch = 49 summary = To investigate why masking a negative epitope led to enhanced neutralizing immunogenicity of the MERS-CoV RBD vaccine, we performed a competition assay between neutralizing mAbs and mutant-RBD-induced mouse serum for the binding of wild type MERS-CoV RBD. Using the MERS-CoV RBD as a model, we singly mask selected epitopes using host-derived glycan probes, and then measure the corresponding changes in the vaccine's overall neutralizing immunogenicity. To apply the NII strategy to vaccine design, we successfully enhanced the efficacy of the MERS-CoV RBD vaccine in virus challenge studies by masking its strong negative epitope (that is, the epitope containing Thr579, with an NII of À 3.0) with a glycan probe. Third, our study demonstrates that masking an immunodominant non-neutralizing epitope with a negative NII value on the surface of the MERS-CoV RBD core structure can shift host immune responses towards the neutralizing epitopes in the RBM region, providing means to overcome the limitation of viral subunit vaccines from vaccine design. cache = ./cache/cord-285900-3rr0j5tk.txt txt = ./txt/cord-285900-3rr0j5tk.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-288589-bt9429bh author = Habibzadeh, Farrokh title = Hadj ritual and risk of a pandemic date = 2013-12-31 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 535 sentences = 31 flesch = 61 summary = However, since November 2012, Saudi Arabia has also hosted a new fatal viral infection: the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV). The first known occurrence of MERS-CoV in human was reported in a patient with severe acute respiratory infection in April 2012, in Jordan. There are many reasons to convince us that MERS-CoV represents a high risk: a deadly virus that can be transmitted from person to person, a mass gathering of millions of people from different parts of the world at the epicenter of the infection, an incubation period that provides enough time for pilgrims to return home and disseminate the virus, ceremonies that place relatives and friends in close contact with infected individuals when they return, and signs and symptoms that can easily be mistaken for common postpilgrimage flu-like syndromes. Clinical features and viral diagnosis of two cases of infection with Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus: a report of nosocomial transmission Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), update cache = ./cache/cord-288589-bt9429bh.txt txt = ./txt/cord-288589-bt9429bh.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-287156-3plpi6i9 author = Lassandro, Giuseppe title = Children in Coronaviruses’ Wonderland: What Clinicians Need to Know date = 2020-07-01 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 8021 sentences = 535 flesch = 43 summary = Among the seven coronaviruses that affect humans (SARS)-CoV, the Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS)-CoV, and the most recent coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) represent potential life-threatening diseases worldwide. Children appear to be less susceptible to develop severe clinical disease and present usually with mild and aspecific symptoms similar to other respiratory infections typical of childhood. 8, 9 Additionally, three HCoVs responsible for outbreaks involving high case fatality rates have been detected in humans in the last two decades: the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-CoV, the Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS)-CoV and the new coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) ( Table 1) . Principal features of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-CoV, the Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS)-CoV and the most recent coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID19) . Clinical features and viral diagnosis of two cases of infection with Middle East Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus: a report of nosocomial transmission cache = ./cache/cord-287156-3plpi6i9.txt txt = ./txt/cord-287156-3plpi6i9.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-286631-3fmg3scx author = Pormohammad, Ali title = Comparison of confirmed COVID‐19 with SARS and MERS cases ‐ Clinical characteristics, laboratory findings, radiographic signs and outcomes: A systematic review and meta‐analysis date = 2020-06-05 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3669 sentences = 212 flesch = 47 summary = title: Comparison of confirmed COVID‐19 with SARS and MERS cases ‐ Clinical characteristics, laboratory findings, radiographic signs and outcomes: A systematic review and meta‐analysis The trigger for rapid screening and treatment of COVID-19 patients is based on clinical symptoms, laboratory, and radiographic findings that are similar to SARS and MERS infections. In this study, we attempted to distinguish the clinical symptoms, laboratory findings, radiographic signs, and outcomes of confirmed COVID-19, SARS, and MERS patients. Epidemiological, demographic, and clinical characteristics of 47 cases of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus disease from Saudi Arabia: a descriptive study Clinical aspects and outcomes of 70 patients with Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection: a single-center experience in Saudi Arabia Clinical course and outcomes of critically ill patients with Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus: a case-control study of hospitalized patients cache = ./cache/cord-286631-3fmg3scx.txt txt = ./txt/cord-286631-3fmg3scx.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-289096-wuegn0jg author = Wang, Liang title = Bat-Origin Coronaviruses Expand Their Host Range to Pigs date = 2018-04-18 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 1209 sentences = 69 flesch = 57 summary = Gao 1,3,4, * Infections with bat-origin coronaviruses have caused severe illness in humans by 'host jump'. The host range expansion of coronaviruses (CoVs) from wildlife to humans via genetic recombination and/or mutations on the receptor-binding domain in the spike (S) gene is well established and results in several diseases with high fatality rates, such as severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) [ [4] . Thus, pigs are regarded as mixing vessels for IAVs. However, pigs were not known to be susceptible to bat-origin coronaviruses until recently, when two independent groups reported the detection of novel swine enteric alphacoronaviruses (SeACoVs) distinct from known swine coronaviruses (with one group successfully isolating live virus). The isolation of SeACoV from ill piglets expands our knowledge of the host range of bat-origin coronaviruses, and potentially poses a threat to public health. cache = ./cache/cord-289096-wuegn0jg.txt txt = ./txt/cord-289096-wuegn0jg.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-286298-pn9nwl64 author = Helmy, Yosra A. title = The COVID-19 Pandemic: A Comprehensive Review of Taxonomy, Genetics, Epidemiology, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Control date = 2020-04-24 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 9290 sentences = 516 flesch = 51 summary = Another group of researchers reported that the virus originated from bats based on the genome sequence of SARS-CoV-2, which is 96% identical to bat coronavirus RaTG13. These factors include, but are not limited to: (1) travel to or contact with individuals who have recently visited Wuhan, China, or other places experiencing an outbreak; (2) close contact with persons who are diagnosed positive for the disease, such as healthcare workers caring for patients with SARS-CoV-2; (3) contact with droplets and secretions (produced by sneezing or coughing) from an infected person and eating or handling wild animals native to China such as bats. These factors include, but are not limited to: (1) travel to or contact with individuals who have recently visited Wuhan, China, or other places experiencing an outbreak; (2) close contact with persons who are diagnosed positive for the disease, such as healthcare workers caring for patients with SARS-CoV-2; (3) contact with droplets and secretions (produced by sneezing or coughing) from an infected person and eating or handling wild animals native to China such as bats. cache = ./cache/cord-286298-pn9nwl64.txt txt = ./txt/cord-286298-pn9nwl64.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-288409-idq780jb author = Alsahafi, Abdullah J. title = Knowledge, Attitudes and Behaviours of Healthcare Workers in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia to MERS Coronavirus and Other Emerging Infectious Diseases date = 2016-12-06 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 2618 sentences = 124 flesch = 50 summary = title: Knowledge, Attitudes and Behaviours of Healthcare Workers in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia to MERS Coronavirus and Other Emerging Infectious Diseases Objectives: The aim of this survey was to assess the knowledge, attitudes, infection control practices and educational needs of HCWs in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia to MERS coronavirus and other emerging infectious diseases. The majority of respondents believed that patients with MERS-CoV and other emerging infectious diseases should be managed in specialised centres, but a significant proportion also agreed that general hospitals also had a role in managing such patients. A high proportion of respondents agreed that emergency department overcrowding, poor hand hygiene and mask use contributed to the risk of HCW being infected with MERS-CoV. This study also showed significant proportion with personal experience of MERS-CoV either as HCW at institutions caring for cases or being investigated for possible infection following contact with cases [10] . cache = ./cache/cord-288409-idq780jb.txt txt = ./txt/cord-288409-idq780jb.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-287886-41isp0wj author = Al-Tawfiq, Jaffar A title = Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus disease is rare in children: An update from Saudi Arabia date = 2016-11-08 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 2271 sentences = 131 flesch = 55 summary = AIM: To summarize the reported Middle East respiratory syndrome-coronavirus (MERS-CoV) cases, the associated clinical presentations and the outcomes. We also searched MEDLINE and PubMed for the keywords: Middle East respiratory syndrome-coronavirus, MERS-CoV in combination with pediatric, children, childhood, infancy and pregnancy from the initial discovery of the virus in 2012 to 2016. We searched MEDLINE and PubMed for the keywords Middle East respiratory syndrome-coronavirus, MERS-CoV, in combination with pediatric, children, childhood, infancy and pregnancy from the initial discovery of the virus in June 2012 until April 19, 2016. Middle East respiratory syndrome-coronavirus (MERS-CoV) was first isolated in 2012 from a patient in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA). Middle East respiratory syndrome-coronavirus (MERS-CoV) was first isolated in 2012 from a patient in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA). Epidemiological, demographic, and clinical characteristics of 47 cases of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus disease from Saudi Arabia: a descriptive study cache = ./cache/cord-287886-41isp0wj.txt txt = ./txt/cord-287886-41isp0wj.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-289520-i6pv90s9 author = Harris, Carlyn title = An evidence-based framework for priority clinical research questions for COVID-19 date = 2020-03-31 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4699 sentences = 282 flesch = 46 summary = RESULTS: From the research objectives for SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV, ten themes in the literature were identified: Clinical characterisation, prognosis, diagnosis, clinical management, viral pathogenesis, epidemiological characterisation, infection prevention and control/transmission, susceptibility, psychosocial, and aetiology. Outbreaks, especially of novel agents, create a pressing need to collect data on clinical characterization, treatment, and validation of new diagnostics to inform rapid public health response. We compared our findings to the 2018 systematic review on SARS and MERS to determine which questions have already been addressed, what information is lacking, and provide recommendations for data sharing and clinical study designs to be conducted during the current outbreak. These observational studies are practical in the fast-paced outbreak setting, as they are easier than randomised controlled The First Few X (FFX) WHO Protocol https://www.who.int/publications-detail/the-first-few-x-(ffx)-cases-and-contact-investigation-protocol-for-2019-novel-coronavirus-(2019-ncov)-infection) What are the risk factors for death or severe illness? cache = ./cache/cord-289520-i6pv90s9.txt txt = ./txt/cord-289520-i6pv90s9.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-289311-0wgafqdz author = Kim, Jee-Eun title = Neurological Complications during Treatment of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome date = 2017-06-30 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3555 sentences = 209 flesch = 44 summary = Since the first case of Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) was reported in Saudi Arabia in 2012, 1,826 laboratory-confirmed cases have been documented in 27 countries, and 35.5% of these patients have died from this novel virus. A triple antiviral treatment regimen comprising subcutaneous pegylated interferon alpha-2a (180 µg per week for 2 weeks), high-dose oral ribavirin [2,000 mg loading dose, followed by 1,200 mg every 8 h (q8h) for 4 days and then 600 mg q8h for 4-6 days], and oral lopinavir/ritonavir (400 mg/100 mg q12h for 10 days) was administered to all patients regardless of disease severity, which was in accordance with the interim recommendations generated during the early period of the Korean MERS epidemic. 10 GI: gastrointestinal, HFNC: high-flow nasal cannula oxygen therapy, IFN: type 1 interferon, IVIG: intravenous immunoglobulin, LR: lopinavir/ritonavir, MERS: Middle East respiratory syndrome, PSI: Pneumonia Severity Index, Rb: ribavirin, SAPS II: Simplified Acute Physiology Score II. cache = ./cache/cord-289311-0wgafqdz.txt txt = ./txt/cord-289311-0wgafqdz.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-287953-prn8cnvo author = Shin, Nina title = Effects of operational decisions on the diffusion of epidemic disease: A system dynamics modeling of the MERS-CoV outbreak in South Korea date = 2017-05-21 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6245 sentences = 302 flesch = 41 summary = However, a number of hypotheses were generated to explain the spread, including: excessive patients' freedom in seeking medical care at only large hospitals, inadequate quarantine, questionable government transparency, such as belated reports of infected hospital names, and the cultural social norm of visiting patients as standard etiquette ( Choe, 2015a ( Choe, , 2015b ; Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2015 ) . Using a macro-level system dynamics modeling approach, our study intends to investigate the effect of operational decisions, such as patient-room design, occupancy control at emergency room and patient-visitor management, on the patient-care performance, such as number of infected patients (secondary infections) and financial burden on patients. The model illustrated in Fig. 3 depicts a high-level overview dynamics model of causal relationships between operational decisions (patient room designs, occupancy control at emergency room, patient-visitor management) and patient care performance (number of infected patients and average cost per patient). cache = ./cache/cord-287953-prn8cnvo.txt txt = ./txt/cord-287953-prn8cnvo.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-290319-decr6wrd author = Kayali, Ghazi title = A more detailed picture of the epidemiology of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus date = 2015-05-31 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 1619 sentences = 81 flesch = 53 summary = 7 The virus isolated from dromedaries has spike proteins with conserved receptor-binding domains for the human dipeptidyl peptidase-4 receptor, 8, 9 and MERS-CoV has been detected in camels that were in close contact with people with Middle East respiratory syndrome. The fi ndings from this study suggest that young men in Saudi Arabia who have contact with camels in cultural or occupational settings are becoming infected with MERS-CoV, often without being diagnosed, and might proceed to introduce the virus to the general population in which more severe illness triggers testing for the virus and disease recognition. 6 In The Lancet Infectious Diseases, Mélanie Drolet and colleagues present the fi ndings of a timely systematic review and metaanalysis assessing the population-level and herd eff ects of HPV vaccination programmes so far. cache = ./cache/cord-290319-decr6wrd.txt txt = ./txt/cord-290319-decr6wrd.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-291679-jfxqipt8 author = Yang, Seongwoo title = Middle East respiratory syndrome risk perception among students at a university in South Korea, 2015 date = 2017-06-01 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5627 sentences = 310 flesch = 48 summary = The aim of this study was to determine whether risk perception was associated with personal and social variables, including trust in the media, the health care field, and government. Additionally, we sought to identify the associations of risk perception and social variables with compliance with self-quarantine guidelines and overreaction during the MERS epidemic. In this study, knowledge, trust, personal characteristics, and other social determinants were considered the main factors affecting risk perception and overreaction. Therefore, this section assessed the following personal characteristics: degree of optimism about the health policies of South Korea, willingness to sacrifice for society, responsiveness to an emergency situation, and attitude toward self-quarantine and overreaction. To assess the associations of demographic factors, knowledge, trust in social organizations, intention to sacrifice, and responsiveness to emergency situations with risk perception, multiple linear regression analyses were used. cache = ./cache/cord-291679-jfxqipt8.txt txt = ./txt/cord-291679-jfxqipt8.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-291590-24psoaer author = Ogando, Natacha S. title = The enzymatic activity of the nsp14 exoribonuclease is critical for replication of Middle East respiratory syndrome-coronavirus date = 2020-06-20 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4299 sentences = 228 flesch = 52 summary = In line with such a role, ExoN-knockout mutants of mouse hepatitis virus (MHV) and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) were previously found to have a crippled but viable hypermutation phenotype. Remarkably, using an identical reverse genetics approach, an extensive mutagenesis study revealed the corresponding ExoN-knockout mutants of another betacoronavirus, Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), to be non-viable. Our study thus reveals an additional function for MERS-CoV nsp14 ExoN, which apparently is critical for primary viral RNA synthesis, thus differentiating it from the proofreading activity thought to boost long-term replication fidelity in MHV and SARS-CoV. Strikingly, we now established that the equivalent knockout mutants of MERS-CoV ExoN are non-viable and completely deficient in RNA synthesis, thus revealing an additional and more critical function of ExoN in coronavirus replication. cache = ./cache/cord-291590-24psoaer.txt txt = ./txt/cord-291590-24psoaer.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-291694-nokowfdi author = Wickramage, Kolitha title = “Don’t forget the migrants”: exploring preparedness and response strategies to combat the potential spread of MERS-CoV virus through migrant workers in Sri Lanka date = 2013-07-29 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3689 sentences = 182 flesch = 50 summary = From September 2012 to July 2013, 81 laboratory-confirmed cases of infection with Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), including 45 deaths (a case fatality ratio of 55%) have been reported from eight countries. Although the WHO has not yet issued a travel health warning for any country, nor recommended conducting on-arrival screenings at ports of entry, the infectious nature of MERS-CoV means that there is a risk of contracting the disease through infected individuals who have visited the Middle East in the preceding 10 to 14 days. We recommend partnerships between public health authorities, at national and regional levels, with the labor migration industry and migrant worker networks in establishing both institutional and policy mechanisms to ensure effective preparedness and response planning in response to a potential MERS-COV threat through labor migrants from South Asia. cache = ./cache/cord-291694-nokowfdi.txt txt = ./txt/cord-291694-nokowfdi.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-289535-srrfr1es author = Tregoning, J. S. title = Vaccines for COVID‐19 date = 2020-10-18 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 14329 sentences = 793 flesch = 44 summary = One concern with vaccine development for SARS-CoV-2 is that the immune response can cause disease, often in the act of clearing the infection. Preclinical animal studies have demonstrated that DNA vaccines encoding the M, N, 3a or S proteins of the SARS-CoV-1 virus could elicit immune responses [180] [181] [182] . The S protein is the target of the only SARS-CoV-1 DNA vaccine to progress to Phase I clinical trial, delivered by bio-injector, and it was safe and induced neutralizing antibody responses [183] . T cell responses are required for protection from clinical disease and for virus clearance in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-infected mice Targets of T cell responses to SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus in humans with COVID-19 disease and unexposed individuals A SARS DNA vaccine induces neutralizing antibody and cellular immune responses in healthy adults in a Phase I clinical trial cache = ./cache/cord-289535-srrfr1es.txt txt = ./txt/cord-289535-srrfr1es.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-288859-19jwawrm author = Choi, S. title = High reproduction number of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus in nosocomial outbreaks: mathematical modelling in Saudi Arabia and South Korea date = 2017-09-25 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3137 sentences = 180 flesch = 56 summary = title: High reproduction number of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus in nosocomial outbreaks: mathematical modelling in Saudi Arabia and South Korea Therefore, the IDEA model was used to evaluate and compare the MERS R 0 values from the outbreaks in both KSA and South Korean hospitals. Since the IDEA model is parameterized using epidemic generation time, incidence case counts were aggregated at serial intervals of six, seven and eight days in the present study [10] . The IDEA model was fitted to the daily KSA and Korea MERS-CoV case data according to the onset date. Figure 3 shows that the IDEA model provided well-fitted curves for the cumulative data regarding South Korean MERS symptom-onset dates for all cases. The present study used the IDEA model to estimate R 0 values from the MERS outbreaks in KSA and South Korea. Best-fit reproduction number (R 0 ) by serial intervals of Middle East respiratory syndrome in South Korea, 2015, using the incidence decay with exponential adjustment model. cache = ./cache/cord-288859-19jwawrm.txt txt = ./txt/cord-288859-19jwawrm.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-291199-nazl2e97 author = Kleine-Weber, Hannah title = Mutations in the Spike Protein of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Transmitted in Korea Increase Resistance to Antibody-Mediated Neutralization date = 2018-11-07 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5833 sentences = 270 flesch = 47 summary = title: Mutations in the Spike Protein of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Transmitted in Korea Increase Resistance to Antibody-Mediated Neutralization These findings indicate that MERS-CoV variants with reduced neutralization sensitivity were transmitted during the Korean outbreak and that the responsible mutations were compatible with robust infection of cells expressing high levels of DPP4. We demonstrate that these mutations reduce sensitivity to antibody-mediated neutralization and are compatible with robust infection of target cells expressing large amounts of the viral receptor DPP4. Incubation of control cells with MDL28170 reduced entry driven by MERS-S WT and S protein variants, and this effect was fully rescued by directed expression of TMPRSS2 (Fig. 5A ). Collectively, our findings and previous work suggest that MERS-CoV variants with at least partial resistance to antibody-mediated neutralization can retain high infectivity for cells expressing robust amounts of DPP4 and can spread between humans. Host cell entry of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus after two-step, furin-mediated activation of the spike protein cache = ./cache/cord-291199-nazl2e97.txt txt = ./txt/cord-291199-nazl2e97.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-291650-1qy6y7f0 author = Butt, Taimur S. title = Infection control and prevention practices implemented to reduce transmission risk of Middle East respiratory syndrome-coronavirus in a tertiary care institution in Saudi Arabia date = 2016-05-01 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 2878 sentences = 169 flesch = 44 summary = title: Infection control and prevention practices implemented to reduce transmission risk of Middle East respiratory syndrome-coronavirus in a tertiary care institution in Saudi Arabia A-IC measures include administrative support with daily rounds; infection control risk assessment; timely screening, isolation, and specimen analysis; collaboration; epidemic planning; stockpiling; implementation of contingency plans; full personal protective equipment use for advanced airway management; use of a real-time electronic isolation flagging system; infection prevention and control team on-call protocols; pretransfer MERS-CoV testing; and education. Areas of deficiencies addressed at the organization level include insufficient number of staff in highrisk areas, fit testing for high-efficiency particulate respirators (especially for ED, ICU, and direct patient care providers), overcrowding in the ED, ventilation systems in the ED, extended turnaround time of MERS-CoV test results, and awareness of the importance of early identification and isolation of suspected cases. cache = ./cache/cord-291650-1qy6y7f0.txt txt = ./txt/cord-291650-1qy6y7f0.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-288389-z0sz1msj author = Fanoy, Ewout B title = Travel-related MERS-CoV cases: an assessment of exposures and risk factors in a group of Dutch travellers returning from the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, May 2014 date = 2014-10-17 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 2974 sentences = 175 flesch = 57 summary = title: Travel-related MERS-CoV cases: an assessment of exposures and risk factors in a group of Dutch travellers returning from the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, May 2014 BACKGROUND: In May 2014, Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infection, with closely related viral genomes, was diagnosed in two Dutch residents, returning from a pilgrimage to Medina and Mecca, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA). METHODS: All travellers, including the two cases, completed a questionnaire focussing on potential human, animal and food exposures to MERS-CoV. Exposure to MERS-CoV during a hospital visit is considered a likely source of infection for Case 1 but not for Case 2. Investigation of an imported case of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infection in Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infections in two returning travellers in the Netherlands World Health Organization: Case-Control Study to Assess Potential Risk Factors Related to Human Illness Caused by Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) cache = ./cache/cord-288389-z0sz1msj.txt txt = ./txt/cord-288389-z0sz1msj.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-287222-wojyisu0 author = Zhou, Min title = Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): a clinical update date = 2020-04-02 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5683 sentences = 276 flesch = 35 summary = Of the first 99 laboratory-confirmed patients, 49 (49%) had been exposed to HSWM, which was reported to be the possible initial source of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) [5] . New Coronavirus Infection Diagnosis and Treatment Scheme (Trial Version) published by Military Support Hubei Medical Team also put forward that for mild to moderate COVID-19 patients, corticosteroids should not be given principally and highdose corticosteroid pulse therapy was not recommended. Clinical findings in a group of patients infected with the 2019 novel coronavirus (SARS-Cov-2) outside of Wuhan, China: retrospective case series Clinical course and outcomes of critically ill patients with SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a single-centered, retrospective, observational study Clinical pathology of critical patient with novel coronavirus pneumonia (COVID-19) cache = ./cache/cord-287222-wojyisu0.txt txt = ./txt/cord-287222-wojyisu0.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-289003-vov6o1jx author = Burdet, C. title = Need for integrative thinking to fight against emerging infectious diseases. Proceedings of the 5th seminar on emerging infectious diseases, March 22, 2016 – current trends and proposals date = 2018-02-28 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 8327 sentences = 327 flesch = 46 summary = Abstract We present here the proceedings of the 5th seminar on emerging infectious diseases, held in Paris on March 22nd, 2016, with seven priority proposals that can be outlined as follows: encourage research on the prediction, screening and early detection of new risks of infection; develop research and surveillance concerning transmission of pathogens between animals and humans, with their reinforcement in particular in intertropical areas ("hot-spots") via public support; pursue aid development and support in these areas of prevention and training for local health personnel, and foster risk awareness in the population; ensure adapted patient care in order to promote adherence to treatment and to epidemic propagation reduction measures; develop greater awareness and better education among politicians and healthcare providers, in order to ensure more adapted response to new types of crises; modify the logic of governance, drawing from all available modes of communication and incorporating new information-sharing tools; develop economic research on the fight against emerging infectious diseases, taking into account specific driving factors in order to create a balance between preventive and curative approaches. cache = ./cache/cord-289003-vov6o1jx.txt txt = ./txt/cord-289003-vov6o1jx.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-287758-da11ypiy author = Mônica Vitalino de Almeida, Sinara title = COVID-19 therapy: what weapons do we bring into battle? date = 2020-09-10 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 17412 sentences = 1034 flesch = 45 summary = The increase in studies related to SARS-CoV-2 during the first semester in 2020 has allowed the rather speedy identification of promising therapeutic targets for both developing immunotherapies and producing/identifying antiviral drugs. 5, 64 So far, structural proteins and enzymes that participate actively in the process of viral replication are the most investigated targets for the development of molecules for anti-CoVs therapies (FIG. Based on results from previous studies as well, nelfinavir was considered a likely therapy for COVID-19 after its indication for clinical trials as a promising anti-SARS drug. 218 In addition to this well-known antitumor effect, imatinib has also shown in-vitro antiviral properties against several virus, such as infectious bronchitis virus (a viral model for studying the role of tyrosine kinase activity during CoV infection), by interfering with virus-cell fusion, 219 and other RNA viruses including coxsackie virus, 220 hepatitis C virus, 221 Ebola, 222 among others, mainly by blocking viral entry or egress from the host cell. cache = ./cache/cord-287758-da11ypiy.txt txt = ./txt/cord-287758-da11ypiy.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-293871-hzes7mwt author = McGuinness, Sarah L. title = Pretravel Considerations for Non-vaccine-Preventable Travel Infections date = 2018-11-26 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4022 sentences = 234 flesch = 45 summary = In this chapter, pretravel considerations for major non-vaccine-preventable infectious diseases are covered, including specific advice for dengue, chikungunya, Zika, Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), and avian influenza. These include mosquito-borne infections such as dengue, chikungunya, and Zika, and regionally endemic severe respiratory infections such as Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) and some strains of avian influenza. These include mosquito-borne infections such as dengue, chikungunya, and Zika, and regionally endemic severe respiratory infections such as Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) and some strains of avian influenza. 25 Male-to-female, male-to-male, and femaleto-male transmission to unprotected sexual contacts of returning Following a short incubation period, with symptoms typically beginning 4-7 days (range 3-14 days) after exposure, dengue can present with a wide spectrum of illnesses, from asymptomatic infection to severe and fatal disease. cache = ./cache/cord-293871-hzes7mwt.txt txt = ./txt/cord-293871-hzes7mwt.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-292092-o6s5nw49 author = Furuse, Yuki title = Conservation of nucleotide sequences for molecular diagnosis of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus, 2015 date = 2015-09-30 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 1232 sentences = 77 flesch = 60 summary = title: Conservation of nucleotide sequences for molecular diagnosis of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus, 2015 The present study was performed to assess the protocols used for the molecular diagnosis of MERS-CoV by analyzing the nucleotide sequences of viruses detected between 2012 and 2015, including sequences from the large outbreak in eastern Asia in 2015. 5 The laboratory diagnosis of MERS-CoV infection is mainly performed using real-time reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR) to detect viral RNA in specimens. This study was performed to analyze recent viral genomic nucleic acid sequences and to discuss the efficacy of the RT-PCR protocols for the molecular diagnosis of MERS-CoV infections. First cases of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infections in France, investigations and implications for the prevention of human-to-human transmission Table 1 Conservation of the primer and probe region sequences of the WHO-recommended assays for the molecular diagnosis of MERS-CoV cache = ./cache/cord-292092-o6s5nw49.txt txt = ./txt/cord-292092-o6s5nw49.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-293938-40zyv1h8 author = Jonsdottir, Hulda R. title = Coronaviruses and the human airway: a universal system for virus-host interaction studies date = 2016-02-06 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5533 sentences = 288 flesch = 41 summary = The emergence of both Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome and Middle East Respiratory syndrome CoVs as well as the yearly circulation of four common CoVs highlights the importance of elucidating the different mechanisms employed by these viruses to evade the host immune response, determine their tropism and identify antiviral compounds. Tracheobronchial HAE cultures recapitulate the primary entry point of human respiratory viruses while the alveolar model allows for elucidation of mechanisms involved in viral infection and pathogenesis in the alveoli. Given the documented history of coronaviruses overcoming the species barrier and causing severe disease in humans, it is important to investigate the zoonotic potential of close evolutionary relatives of common HCoVs in a culture model that recapitulates the aspects of the human airway, e.g. morphology and receptor distribution. The establishment of transgenic animal models for human disease is attainable when either the virus receptor has been identified, which is not the case for all HCoVs, or when viruses can be adapted to a different host. cache = ./cache/cord-293938-40zyv1h8.txt txt = ./txt/cord-293938-40zyv1h8.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-293481-bmfj50fb author = Malin, Jakob J. title = Remdesivir against COVID-19 and Other Viral Diseases date = 2020-10-14 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 9097 sentences = 428 flesch = 42 summary = Remdesivir or GS-5734 is a prodrug of a nucleoside analog with direct antiviral activity against several single-stranded RNA viruses, including SARS-CoV and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV). Recently, preliminary data from a randomized placebo-controlled clinical trial showed that remdesivir reduces the time to recovery in patients with COVID-19 (5) , leading to an emergency-use authorization (EUA) by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) only 2 days after the first press release from the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) (6) . There were strong arguments for the antiviral effect of remdesivir against coronaviruses emerging from multiple cell-based in vitro models, including primary human airway epithelial (HAE) cell cultures (25) , and, for MERS-CoV, from a mouse model of pulmonary infection (28) . After the outbreak of SARS-CoV-2 in January 2020, remdesivir was rapidly tested in a Vero E6 cell-based model that made use of direct viral quantification by rtPCR along with the antimalaria and immune-modulating drug chloroquine and known antivirals such as ribavirin and penciclovir. cache = ./cache/cord-293481-bmfj50fb.txt txt = ./txt/cord-293481-bmfj50fb.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-293691-ewerquin author = Sauerhering, Lucie title = Cyclophilin Inhibitors Restrict Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Via Interferon λ In Vitro And In Mice date = 2020-07-02 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3428 sentences = 191 flesch = 43 summary = RATIONALE: While severe coronavirus infections, including Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) cause lung injury with high mortality rates, protective treatment strategies are not approved for clinical use. METHODS: Calu-3 cells and primary human alveolar epithelial cells (hAEC) were infected with MERS-CoV and treated with CsA or ALV or inhibitors targeting cyclophilin inhibitor-regulated molecules including Calcineurin, NFAT, or MAP kinases. To address the previously proposed antiviral activity of CsA in clinically relevant cells, we infected the human bronchial epithelial cell line Calu-3 and primary human alveolar epithelial cells (hAEC) with MERS-CoV and analyzed intracellular viral RNA and infectious particle release in presence of DMSO or CsA ( Figure 1 ). Our data demonstrated that silencing of IRF1 but not treatment by control siRNA lead to a significant increase in MERS-CoV released viral particles in CsA-treated cells ( Figure 6A , B). cache = ./cache/cord-293691-ewerquin.txt txt = ./txt/cord-293691-ewerquin.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-293505-1t3hg4wi author = Bernard-Stoecklin, Sibylle title = Comparative Analysis of Eleven Healthcare-Associated Outbreaks of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (Mers-Cov) from 2015 to 2017 date = 2019-05-14 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4165 sentences = 205 flesch = 44 summary = Such large healthcare-associated (HCA) outbreaks have mainly been limited to the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) and the United Arabian Emirates (UAE) until the spring 2015, when a single imported case of MERS returning from the Middle East initiated a cluster of 186 cases in the Republic of Korea (ROK) across at least 17 hospitals and much of the country 18 . We analyzed epidemiological datasets of laboratory-confirmed MERS patients and focused our study on eleven healthcare-associated outbreaks that were reported in KSA and ROK since 2015, when policies and procedures for case identification and comprehensive contact identification and follow up became systematic and were implemented by affected countries. We defined a HCA-outbreak as the occurrence of 5 or more laboratory-confirmed MERS-CoV infections with reported epidemiologic links between cases and during which the human-to-human transmission events were documented within a single healthcare facility, with no more than 14 days apart between cases symptom onset. cache = ./cache/cord-293505-1t3hg4wi.txt txt = ./txt/cord-293505-1t3hg4wi.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-291916-5yqc3zcx author = Hozhabri, Hossein title = The Global Emergency of Novel Coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2): An Update of the Current Status and Forecasting date = 2020-08-05 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 16737 sentences = 847 flesch = 45 summary = cache = ./cache/cord-291916-5yqc3zcx.txt txt = ./txt/cord-291916-5yqc3zcx.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-292836-1o2ynvy3 author = Ogimi, Chikara title = What’s New With the Old Coronaviruses? date = 2020-04-21 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5194 sentences = 267 flesch = 44 summary = In this review, we discuss what is known about the virology, epidemiology, and disease associated with pediatric infection with the common community-acquired human coronaviruses, including species 229E, OC43, NL63, and HKU1, and the coronaviruses responsible for past world-wide epidemics due to severe acute respiratory syndrome and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus. By contrast SARS-CoV and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) are highly pathogenic in humans, with high rates of severe pneumonia and fatal outcomes [21] . A large prospective surveillance study conducted in Norway from 2006 to 2015 that enrolled all hospitalized children aged ≤16 years with respiratory tract infections revealed that HCoVs OC43 and NL63 were detected most frequently and were epidemic every second winter [35] . Large surveillance studies of children and adults to evaluate the prevalence of all major respiratory viruses using multiplex PCR have been conducted in many settings, showing that HCoV infections are the fourth or sixth most common virus detected overall and across all age groups [33, 43] . cache = ./cache/cord-292836-1o2ynvy3.txt txt = ./txt/cord-292836-1o2ynvy3.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-294800-akr4f5p8 author = Kabir, Md. Tanvir title = nCOVID-19 Pandemic: From Molecular Pathogenesis to Potential Investigational Therapeutics date = 2020-07-10 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 14084 sentences = 700 flesch = 44 summary = They also summarized that as viral load is quite high during the time of hospital admissions, use of potent antiviral agents at an early stage might prove Abbreviations: ACE2, angiotensin converting enzyme 2; AP, antigen presentation; APCs, antigen presentation cells; APN, aminopeptidase N, ARBs, angiotensin II receptor blockers; ARDS, acute respiratory distress syndrome; CDC, Centers for Disease Control; nCOVID-19, novel coronavirus disease 2019; CoVs, coronaviruses; DPP4, dipeptidyl peptidase 4; dsRNA, double-strand RNA; EC 50 , half maximal effective concentration; ED, emergency department; ELISA, enzymelinked immunosorbent assay; EUA, emergency use authorization; FDA, Food and Drug Administration; GGO, ground-glass opacity; HCV, hepatitis C virus; HIV, human immunodeficiency virus;, MHC, major histocompatibility complex; or HLA, human leukocyte antigen; ICU, intensive care unit; IL-6, interleukin 6; LPV/r, lopinavir/ritonavir; mAbs, monoclonal antibodies; MERS, Middle East respiratory syndrome; N7-MTase, N7-methyltransferase; NSAIDs, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs; PRRs, pattern recognition receptors; PUI, patient under investigation; RdRp, RNA-dependent RNA polymerase; RSV, respiratory syncytial virus; S protein, spike protein; SAM, S-adenosyl-methionine; SARS, severe acute respiratory syndrome; SARS-CoV-2, Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2; TMPRSS2, transmembrane serine protease 2; WHO, World Health Organization. cache = ./cache/cord-294800-akr4f5p8.txt txt = ./txt/cord-294800-akr4f5p8.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-295375-nakxfhxk author = Yu, Yang title = Assessment of the quality of systematic reviews on COVID‐19: A comparative study of previous coronavirus outbreaks date = 2020-04-28 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 2455 sentences = 143 flesch = 48 summary = In this comparative study, we investigated the present status of conducting SRs on COVID-19, MERS, and SARS, appraised the methodological quality of these SRs using the a measurement tool to assess systematic reviews (AMSTAR 2), and performed a preliminary examination of the potential risk factors associated with the quality of SRs, with the aim of providing suggestions from the aspects of methodological quality for conducting and using SRs during the COVID-19 pandemic. AMSTAR, a measurement tool to assess systematic reviews; MA, meta-analysis quality of most SRs is unsatisfactory, and those on COVID-19 have higher risks of poor quality, despite the rapid actions taken to conduct SRs. Teams that may want to conduct a SR should focus on the study design and focus on improving the quality of the SR. Prevalence of comorbidities in the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV): a systematic review and meta-analysis cache = ./cache/cord-295375-nakxfhxk.txt txt = ./txt/cord-295375-nakxfhxk.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-297062-dmiplvt2 author = Almekhlafi, Ghaleb A. title = Presentation and outcome of Middle East respiratory syndrome in Saudi intensive care unit patients date = 2016-05-07 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4407 sentences = 228 flesch = 47 summary = authors: Almekhlafi, Ghaleb A.; Albarrak, Mohammed M.; Mandourah, Yasser; Hassan, Sahar; Alwan, Abid; Abudayah, Abdullah; Altayyar, Sultan; Mustafa, Mohamed; Aldaghestani, Tareef; Alghamedi, Adnan; Talag, Ali; Malik, Muhammad K.; Omrani, Ali S.; Sakr, Yasser BACKGROUND: Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection is associated with high mortality rates but limited clinical data have been reported. We describe the clinical features and outcomes of patients admitted to an intensive care unit (ICU) with Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infection. METHODS: Retrospective analysis of data from all adult (>18 years old) patients admitted to our 20-bed mixed ICU with Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection between October 1, 2012 and May 31, 2014. We performed a retrospective study to describe the clinical features and outcomes of patients admitted to our ICU with laboratory-confirmed MERS-CoV infection. This report describes the clinical features and outcomes of 31critically ill patients with confirmed Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infection. cache = ./cache/cord-297062-dmiplvt2.txt txt = ./txt/cord-297062-dmiplvt2.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-295433-olmein3q author = Banerjee, Arinjay title = Bats and Coronaviruses date = 2019-01-09 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5655 sentences = 298 flesch = 52 summary = Initial studies investigating animal sources of the virus from "wet markets" in the Guangdong province of China suggested that Himalayan palm civets and raccoon dogs were the most likely hosts responsible for human transmission [22] ; however, the role of bats as the original animal reservoir hosts of SARS-CoV was speculated as similar viruses were detected in them [27, 28] . A recent study found that 16 out of 30 camel workers surveyed in Saudi Arabia show evidence of prior MERS-CoV infection via seroconversion and/or virus-specific CD8+ T cell responses without any history of significant respiratory disease. The primary bat species being used to study the bat immune response to virus infections in vitro and in vivo are Pteropus alecto (black flying fox), Rousettus aegyptiacus (Egyptian rousette), and Artibeus jamaicensis (Jamaican fruit bat). Multiple studies with PEDV, SARS-and MERS-CoVs have identified accessory proteins that can effectively inhibit an IFN response in mammalian cells [12] [13] [14] [91] [92] [93] [94] [95] . cache = ./cache/cord-295433-olmein3q.txt txt = ./txt/cord-295433-olmein3q.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-297691-w4cdfwv0 author = Nikaeen, Ghazal title = Application of nanomaterials in treatment, anti-infection and detection of coronaviruses date = 2020-05-07 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4537 sentences = 228 flesch = 39 summary = In this special report, different strategies of using nanoparticles in dealing with coronaviruses are discussed in three parts: applications in nano-based vaccines, antiviral activity and development of diagnostic sensors. Meanwhile, as nanoparticles have been proven to have immunostimulatory effects [28] , a great deal of attention has been given to development of nano-based therapeutic agent or vaccines against different types of coronaviruses. evaluated the protective immune response stimulated by the administration of gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) conjugated with a type of coronavirus known as swine transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) in immunized mice and rabbits [29] . Recent applications of nanoparticles in developing coronaviruses sensors based on different analytical techniques and related limit of detections. The above studies on the recent applications of NPs in developing sensors based on different analytical techniques for coronaviruses and their related limit of detections are compared in Table 3 . cache = ./cache/cord-297691-w4cdfwv0.txt txt = ./txt/cord-297691-w4cdfwv0.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-296237-i9cti2ok author = Díez, José-María title = Cross-neutralization activity against SARS-CoV-2 is present in currently available intravenous immunoglobulins date = 2020-06-19 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3741 sentences = 220 flesch = 51 summary = Recently, ELISA binding cross-reactivity against components of human epidemic coronaviruses with currently available intravenous immunoglobulins (IVIG) Gamunex-C and Flebogamma DIF (5% and 10%) have been reported. Conclusion In cell culture neutralization assays, the tested IVIG products contain antibodies with significant cross-neutralization capacity against SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV. Recently, cross-reactivity in ELISA binding assays against antigens of SARS-CoV, SARS-CoV-2, and MERS-CoV has been reported with currently available intravenous immunoglobulins (IVIG) such as Gamunex-C and Flebogamma DIF 19 . In this study, the neutralization capacity of the IVIG products Gamunex-C and Flebogamma DIF against these epidemic human coronaviruses -SARS-CoV, SARS-CoV-2, and MERS-CoV-was evaluated. Six different lots of Flebogamma DIF and Gamunex-C were tested at several dilutions for cross-reactivity against SARS-CoV, SARS-CoV-2, and MERS-CoV by: i) ELISA techniques; and ii) well-stablished neutralization assays in cell cultures. For SARS-CoV-2 MAD6 isolate, all IVIG lots, except F1 (inconclusive results) showed a significant neutralizing activity and reached PRNT50 titers ranging from 4.5 to >5 (Figure 2 ). cache = ./cache/cord-296237-i9cti2ok.txt txt = ./txt/cord-296237-i9cti2ok.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-297418-36j840wm author = Carneiro Leão, Jair title = Coronaviridae ‐ old friends, new enemy! date = 2020-05-31 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3978 sentences = 263 flesch = 53 summary = However, in recent years, coronaviruses have given rise to significant diseases such as severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS-CoV) and Middle Eastern respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) SARS-CoV infected 8,000 people, from 2002 to 2003 and had a mortality rate of approximately 10% (Marra et al., 2003) . On the other hand, evolutionary analysis based on the ORF1a / 1b, S and N genes suggests that SARS-CoV-2 is more likely to be a new coronavirus that has been introduced independently from animals to humans due to the inherent mutation property of coronaviruses in nature (Lam et al., 2020) . Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is a human disease associated with severe pneumonia and as noted above is caused by SARS-Coronavirus (SARS-CoV) (Drosten et al., 2003) . The species Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus: classifying 2019-nCoV and naming it SARS-CoV-2 Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19): The epidemic and the challenges cache = ./cache/cord-297418-36j840wm.txt txt = ./txt/cord-297418-36j840wm.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-295559-yc8q62z8 author = Qian, Zhaohui title = Role of the Spike Glycoprotein of Human Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) in Virus Entry and Syncytia Formation date = 2013-10-03 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 7303 sentences = 303 flesch = 50 summary = Coronavirus S proteins are Class I viral fusion proteins like the HIV envelope (env), influenza hemagglutinin (HA) and paramyxovirus fusion (F) glycoproteins [17] , which typically require protease cleavage between the S1 and S2 domains ( Figure 1A ) to permit conformational changes in S2, activated by receptor binding and/or low pH, that mediate membrane fusion leading to virus entry and syncytia formation [3, 17, 18] . In addition to entry by endocytosis, we showed that, like SARS-CoV [21, 22] , MERS pseudovirions could enter susceptible Vero E6 cells at the plasma membrane if virions were first bound to cell surface receptors at 4°C at neutral pH in the presence of NH 4 Cl to inhibit acidification of endosomes, and also treated briefly at room temperature with trypsin to cleave the viral S protein. cache = ./cache/cord-295559-yc8q62z8.txt txt = ./txt/cord-295559-yc8q62z8.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-296517-414grqif author = Wong, Gary title = MERS, SARS, and Ebola: The Role of Super-Spreaders in Infectious Disease date = 2015-10-14 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 2880 sentences = 129 flesch = 50 summary = In September 2012, Middle East Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) emerged as a novel virus that can result in severe respiratory disease with renal failure, with a case fatality rate of up to 38%. Notably, between May and July 2015, an outbreak of MERS-CoV centered in South Korea killed 36 people out of 186 confirmed cases (Promedmail.org, 2015) , with thousands quarantined as health authorities attempted to control virus spread. The 2015 MERS-CoV outbreak in South Korea began from an imported case, a 68-year-old male with a recent travel history to several Middle Eastern countries, including Bahrain, the United Arab Emirates, Saudi Arabia, and Qatar. Thus, the MERS-CoV outbreak in South Korea was driven primarily by three infected individuals, and approximately 75% of cases can be traced back to three super-spreaders who have each infected a disproportionately high number of contacts ( Figure 1A ). cache = ./cache/cord-296517-414grqif.txt txt = ./txt/cord-296517-414grqif.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-295971-jtv1jj2z author = Cho, Sun Young title = MERS-CoV outbreak following a single patient exposure in an emergency room in South Korea: an epidemiological outbreak study date = 2016-07-09 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4637 sentences = 208 flesch = 56 summary = BACKGROUND: In 2015, a large outbreak of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infection occurred following a single patient exposure in an emergency room at the Samsung Medical Center, a tertiary-care hospital in Seoul, South Korea. INTERPRETATION: Our results showed increased transmission potential of MERS-CoV from a single patient in an overcrowded emergency room and provide compelling evidence that health-care facilities worldwide need to be prepared for emerging infectious diseases. Excluding three patients with confi rmed MERS-CoV infection who were not identifi ed in the initial patient contact investigation (appendix p 5), the overall attack rate for patients in the emergency room was 4% (30 of 675). No MERS-CoV infection was reported in patients and visitors who had been in the emergency room on May 29 during the time period when they were exposed only to zones II (n=81) or III (n=15), while Patient 14 was confi ned to zone IV. cache = ./cache/cord-295971-jtv1jj2z.txt txt = ./txt/cord-295971-jtv1jj2z.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-298350-pq1dcz3a author = Ryan, Jeffrey R. title = Category C Diseases and Agents date = 2016-03-25 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 7266 sentences = 451 flesch = 57 summary = Specific examples explored in this chapter include Nipah virus, hantavirus, West Nile fever virus, and the coronaviruses that cause severe acute respiratory syndrome and Middle East respiratory syndrome. Remarkably, researchers noted that human case patients had an association with infected animals from a concurrent and severe outbreak of respiratory disease in pigs and that there was a notable absence of illness in children. Research shows that many HPS case patients acquired the virus after having been in frequent contact with rodents or their droppings for long periods (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Special Pathogens Branch, 2007) . Initially, Saint Louis encephalitis virus was believed to be the cause of the human infections until WNV was isolated from the human and animal specimens. Patients infected with the SARS-coronavirus disease are likely to present to health-care facilities. Case-control study of risk factors for human infection with a new zoonotic paramyxovirus, Nipah virus, during a 1998-1999 outbreak of severe encephalitis in Malaysia cache = ./cache/cord-298350-pq1dcz3a.txt txt = ./txt/cord-298350-pq1dcz3a.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-298941-xf2ukinp author = Al-Abdallat, Mohammad Mousa title = Hospital-Associated Outbreak of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus: A Serologic, Epidemiologic, and Clinical Description date = 2014-05-14 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4827 sentences = 225 flesch = 41 summary = BACKGROUND: In April 2012, the Jordan Ministry of Health investigated an outbreak of lower respiratory illnesses at a hospital in Jordan; 2 fatal cases were retrospectively confirmed by real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR) to be the first detected cases of Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS-CoV). Following the discovery of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) in September 2012 [2] , specimens from the 2 fatal cases in Jordan were retrospectively tested and both yielded positive results for MERS-CoV by real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR), and were reported to the World Health Organization (WHO). Using newly developed serologic assays to determine MERS-CoV antibody responses among case contacts in this outbreak, epidemiologists from the JMoH, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), and regional partners conducted a retrospective seroepidemiologic investigation to (1) confirm whether surviving outbreak members had presence of antibodies to MERS-CoV, (2) ascertain whether viral transmission occurred among household contacts or to other healthcare personnel, and (3) describe the clinical features of all detected MERS-CoV infections in Jordan. cache = ./cache/cord-298941-xf2ukinp.txt txt = ./txt/cord-298941-xf2ukinp.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-299720-f0ny4ur5 author = Kim, Seung Woo title = Risk Factors for Transmission of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Infection During the 2015 Outbreak in South Korea date = 2017-03-01 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3914 sentences = 206 flesch = 47 summary = title: Risk Factors for Transmission of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Infection During the 2015 Outbreak in South Korea Transmission heterogeneity was observed during the 2015 Korean outbreak of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infection. Transmission heterogeneity was a significant characteristic of the 2015 South Korean outbreak of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infection [1] . Epidemiological reports from the outbreak were evaluated to collect data regarding basic demographic characteristics, medical history, MERS-CoV exposure, symptoms and their onset date(s), sampling date(s), contact history, and post-exposure infection control. In the univariate analyses, transmission was associated with underlying respiratory disease, Ct value, interval from symptom onset to diagnosis, number of contacts, and pre-isolation hospitalization or ER visits. It appears that both host infectivity and the number of contacts influenced MERS-CoV transmission, whereas super-spreading events were mostly associated with a greater likelihood of encountering other people under diverse environmental conditions. cache = ./cache/cord-299720-f0ny4ur5.txt txt = ./txt/cord-299720-f0ny4ur5.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-301103-idu4j78a author = Sohrab, Sayed S. title = Genetic diversity of MERS-CoV spike protein gene in Saudi Arabia date = 2019-12-09 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4256 sentences = 221 flesch = 53 summary = The nucleotide and amino acid sequences of MERS-CoV Spike protein gene were used to analyze the recombination, genetic diversity and phylogenetic relationship with selected sequences from Saudi Arabia. Recently, in another study, total 530 nucleotides deletion was observed in Spike gene from serum samples collected from Taif, Saudi Arabia and a novel genetic variant of MERS-CoV was designated as a quasispecies [29] . Multiple substitutions of amino acids were observed in RBD, part of Spike gene from a bat sample collected from Uganda and the recombination in the S1 subunit of the Spike gene was observed and it was expected that this variation likely to play an important role in the emergence of MERS-CoV causing disease in human [30] . The detection of MERS-CoV in human and camel determining the genetic diversity among Spike gene will further help researchers as well as health authority to design and develop an effective disease management and control strategies in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. cache = ./cache/cord-301103-idu4j78a.txt txt = ./txt/cord-301103-idu4j78a.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-298974-69xjc5yq author = Adegboye, Oyelola A. title = Network Analysis of MERS Coronavirus within Households, Communities, and Hospitals to Identify Most Centralized and Super-Spreading in the Arabian Peninsula, 2012 to 2016 date = 2018-05-07 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4305 sentences = 190 flesch = 47 summary = The transmission connectivity networks of people infected with highly contagious Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) in Saudi Arabia were assessed to identify super-spreading events among the infected patients between 2012 and 2016. e variables considered in this study were age, gender, patient type (whether the patient is a healthcare worker (HCW) or nonhealthcare worker), health outcome (dead or alive) as at the last day of follow-up, patient comorbidity status, types of exposure to known risk factors (animal contact and camel contact indirectly or directly or through consumption of camel products), and place of infection (classified as hospital, community, and household/ family). Patient 1664 was favoured (based on degree, closeness, betweenness, and eigenvector network centrality metrics) as the most important in the transmission network by having the highest number of secondary cases. In this study, several network centrality metrics (degree, betweenness, closeness, eigenvector, and 2-reach) were used to quantify the connectivity among MERS cases and to identify which patient requires prioritization for intervention. cache = ./cache/cord-298974-69xjc5yq.txt txt = ./txt/cord-298974-69xjc5yq.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-299621-m4kdkmey author = Kumar, A. title = Outbreak of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus, Saudi Arabian experience date = 2017-08-31 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 1869 sentences = 84 flesch = 41 summary = Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) was first identified from a 60-year-old Saudi male patient admitted to a private hospital in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia on June13, 2012, with history of fever, cough, expectoration, and shortness of breath who eventually expired 11 days after admission from progressive respiratory failure. In April 2012, a cluster of cases of pneumonia occurred in health care workers of an intensive care unit in a hospital in Zarqa, Jordan, of which 2 patients died, both of whom were confirmed to be infected with the novel coronavirus by retrospective analysis of stored sample. New respiratory illness room with portable High efficiency particulate arrestors (HEPA) was created to isolate suspected MERS-CoV infected patients within the Emergency Medical Services. Until date (July 2017), there are no healthcare associated MERS-CoV Infection among patients, visitors and HCWs of our hospital and improved compliance with the IPC policies and procedures were achieved. cache = ./cache/cord-299621-m4kdkmey.txt txt = ./txt/cord-299621-m4kdkmey.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-299519-hfgmmuy6 author = Alenazi, Thamer H. title = Severe Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) Pneumonia date = 2019-10-26 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5548 sentences = 290 flesch = 49 summary = A febrile acute respiratory illness with clinical, radiological, or histopathological evidence of pulmonary parenchymal disease (e.g. pneumonia or Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome) that cannot be explained fully by any other etiology AND The person resides or traveled in the Middle East, or in countries where MERS-CoV is known to be circulating in dromedary camels or where human infections have recently occurred AND Testing for MERS-CoV is inconclusive. Ribavirin and interferon therapy in patients infected with the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus: An observational study Epidemiological, demographic, and clinical characteristics of 47 cases of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus disease from Saudi Arabia: A descriptive study Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection during pregnancy: A report of 5 cases from Saudi Arabia An observational, laboratory-based study of outbreaks of middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus in Jeddah and Riyadh, kingdom of Saudi Arabia Ribavirin and interferon alfa-2a for severe Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection: A retrospective cohort study cache = ./cache/cord-299519-hfgmmuy6.txt txt = ./txt/cord-299519-hfgmmuy6.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-298773-vnmc6nqd author = Pfeiffer, Julie K. title = Is the Debate and “Pause” on Experiments That Alter Pathogens with Pandemic Potential Influencing Future Plans of Graduate Students and Postdoctoral Fellows? date = 2015-01-20 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 1713 sentences = 87 flesch = 50 summary = title: Is the Debate and "Pause" on Experiments That Alter Pathogens with Pandemic Potential Influencing Future Plans of Graduate Students and Postdoctoral Fellows? This letter is about the potential impact of the debate and pause on graduate students and postdoctoral fellows and how their future plans may be affected. To gain initial insight into how the debate and research pause have affected trainees, I created an informal survey 2 days before the National Academy of Sciences meeting. These projects involve a subset of "gain of function" experiments designed to create mouse adapted viral strains, generate drug resistant viruses to understand drug mechanisms of action, understand host immunity by analyzing viruses with resistance to certain host immune pathways, and to study factors that influence transmission by the respiratory route (which was made famous by work from the Kawaoka and Fouchier labs in 2012). Third, the debate and research pause are influencing future plans of virology trainees. cache = ./cache/cord-298773-vnmc6nqd.txt txt = ./txt/cord-298773-vnmc6nqd.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-299986-wuaxatrb author = Afsar, Nasir Ali title = The looming pandemic of COVID-19: What therapeutic options do we have now? date = 2020-04-21 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 625 sentences = 38 flesch = 45 summary = To critically evaluate the existing options, an attempt has been made to list the drugs considered potentially useful in corona virus infections including the previous outbreaks of SARS and MERS and are tabulated ( Table 1) to derive lessons from the existing scientific literature. Treatment with lopinavir/ritonavir or interferon-β1b improves outcome of MERS-CoV infection in a nonhuman primate model of common marmoset Prophylactic and therapeutic remdesivir (GS-5734) treatment in the rhesus macaque model of MERS-CoV infection Interferon-β and mycophenolic acid are potent inhibitors of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus in cell-based assays Middle Eastern respiratory syndrome corona virus (MERS CoV): case reports from a tertiary care hospital in Saudi Arabia Ribavirin and interferon therapy for critically Ill patients with Middle East respiratory syndrome: a multicenter observational study Corticosteroid therapy for critically Ill patients with Middle East respiratory syndrome cache = ./cache/cord-299986-wuaxatrb.txt txt = ./txt/cord-299986-wuaxatrb.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-303289-qoukiqr7 author = Hemida, M. G. title = Coronavirus infections in horses in Saudi Arabia and Oman date = 2017-03-13 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 2807 sentences = 151 flesch = 61 summary = We carried out RT‐PCR on 306 nasal and 315 rectal swabs and tested 243 sera for antibodies to detect coronavirus infections in apparently healthy horses in Saudi Arabia and Oman. RNA extracts were tested for evidence of conserved coronavirus nucleic acid genetic sequences using previously reported RT-PCR assays (Chu et al., 2014) , RTqPCR assay for MERS-CoV upE gene (Corman et al., 2012) , RTqPCR assay for ECoV (Miszczak et al., 2014) , and a RTqPCR assay for HKU23 reported below. T A B L E 5 Cross-neutralization titres (denoted as reciprocal titres) for Middle East respiratory coronavirus (MERS-CoV), bovine coronavirus (BCoV) and equine coronavirus (ECoV) in hyperimmune or naturally infected sera known to be positive for different coronaviruses NR460pig antiserum to porcine respiratory coronavirus 1,200 a <20 <20 <20 <20 Similarly, a BCoV immune serum from an experimentally infected gnotobiotic calf showed detectable, but 16-fold reduced antibody titre with ECoV but no cross-reaction with MERS-CoV. cache = ./cache/cord-303289-qoukiqr7.txt txt = ./txt/cord-303289-qoukiqr7.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-300078-svu06v9c author = Haghani, Milad title = Covid-19 pandemic and the unprecedented mobilisation of scholarly efforts prompted by a health crisis: Scientometric comparisons across SARS, MERS and 2019-nCov literature date = 2020-06-01 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6365 sentences = 298 flesch = 52 summary = To compare the scientometric aspects of the studies on SARS, MERS and Covid-19, three separate datasets of publications on these three topics were retrieved from Scopus through three separate search strategies. Figures A1 and A2 in the Appendix illustrate the map associated with the SARS literature overlaid respectively with the average year of publication and average number of citations associated with the studies where these keywords have occurred. Maps of term occurrences based on the analysis of the title and abstract of studies on SARS, MERS and Covid-19 have also been presented in Figures 7, 8 and 9 respectively. An inspection of the maps overlaid with the average year of publications for SARS and MERS in Figures A1 and A3 in the Appendix suggests that, on average, this cohort of studies are generally the last to emerge in the published domain compared to the two other major clusters, but they receive relatively high citations on average (according to Figures A2, A4 and A6). cache = ./cache/cord-300078-svu06v9c.txt txt = ./txt/cord-300078-svu06v9c.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-301730-flv5lnv8 author = Pandey, Anamika title = Natural Plant Products: A Less Focused Aspect for the COVID-19 Viral Outbreak date = 2020-10-15 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 7101 sentences = 346 flesch = 50 summary = Despite the previous positive reports of plant-based medications, no successful clinical trials of phyto-anti-COVID drugs could be conducted to date. Medicinal plant extracts have been reported to impede the replication of several viruses including human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), poxvirus, severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) virus, and herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) (Vermani and Garg, 2002; Kotwal et al., 2005; Huang et al., 2006) . Different researchers are investigating diverse plant forms based on ethnopharmacological data to find effective anti-CoV drugs with novel action mechanisms especially targeting viral replication. Moreover, creating an effective phyto-anti-COVID drug during this pandemic may provide an idea on the duration and the strategy required for the development of potent plant-based therapeutics in case of such random viral outbreaks (Figure 1) . cache = ./cache/cord-301730-flv5lnv8.txt txt = ./txt/cord-301730-flv5lnv8.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-288167-976qxja2 author = Park, Wan Beom title = Replicative virus shedding in the respiratory tract of patients with Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection date = 2018-05-09 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 1373 sentences = 87 flesch = 52 summary = title: Replicative virus shedding in the respiratory tract of patients with Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection BACKGROUND: Information on the duration of replicative Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) shedding is important for infection control. This study examined the duration for detecting MERS-CoV sub-genomic mRNA compared with genomic RNA in diverse respiratory specimens. In the present study, replicative MERS-CoV was detected in sputum or transtracheal aspirate for up to 4 weeks after symptom development in MERS-CoV-infected patients with severe pneumonia. In conclusion, replicative MERS-CoV was detected in lower respiratory tract specimens for up to 4 weeks after symptom development, which was well correlated with the detection of genomic RNA. In upper respiratory tract specimens, the detection of sub-genomic mRNA and genomic RNA did not correlate. Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) genomic RNA (upE) titers in sputum and transtracheal aspirates with vs. cache = ./cache/cord-288167-976qxja2.txt txt = ./txt/cord-288167-976qxja2.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-301633-t8s4s0wo author = Gralinski, Lisa E. title = Return of the Coronavirus: 2019-nCoV date = 2020-01-24 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3938 sentences = 186 flesch = 51 summary = Similar to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infections, patients exhibited symptoms of viral pneumonia including fever, difficulty breathing, and bilateral lung infiltration in the most severe cases [1] . A range of disease has been observed highlighted by fever, dry cough, shortness of breath, and leukopenia; patients have included mild cases needing supportive care to severe cases requiring extracorporeal membrane oxygenation; however, compared to SARS-CoV (10% mortality) and MERS-CoV (35% mortality), the 2019-nCoV appears to be less virulent at this point with the exception of the elderly and those with underlying health conditions. In the early part of the outbreak, the absence of infection in health care workers argued for inefficient human to human spread and distinguished 2019-nCoV from both SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV. cache = ./cache/cord-301633-t8s4s0wo.txt txt = ./txt/cord-301633-t8s4s0wo.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-300950-ag0sql4i author = Lin, John title = Potential therapeutic options for coronavirus disease 2019: using knowledge of past outbreaks to guide future treatment date = 2020-06-05 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 1899 sentences = 104 flesch = 50 summary = Several case reports including the first report of SARS outbreak described the use of the anti-viral drug ribavirin and a corticosteroid in patients with contradictory clinical outcomes. In several studies, lopinavir/ritonavir was shown to have anti-CoV effects in vitro, in MERS-infected primate models, and in SARS-infected humans. Furthermore, in a single MERS patient, a triple-combination therapy of ribavirin, IFN and lopinavir/ ritonavir resolved viremia in 2 days following initiation of treatment. [7] [8] [9] In two reports from China and Korea, the use of lopinavir/ritonavir in patients with COVID-19 improved recovery and reduced viral load. [7, 8] However, Chen et al [9] showed that lopinavir/ ritonavir and the anti-influenza treatment Arbidol had no clinically significant improvement in 134 people with mild COVID-19. [17] In an effort to combat inflammation and improve clinical outcome, corticosteroid use has been described in SARS, MERS, and COVID-19. cache = ./cache/cord-300950-ag0sql4i.txt txt = ./txt/cord-300950-ag0sql4i.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-301016-9t7v7ipt author = Forni, Diego title = The heptad repeat region is a major selection target in MERS-CoV and related coronaviruses date = 2015-09-25 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5087 sentences = 247 flesch = 46 summary = We determined that different residues at position 1020 establish distinct interand intra-helical interactions and affect the stability of the six-helix bundle formed by the HRs. A similar effect on stability was observed for a nearby mutation (T1015N) that increases MERS-CoV infection efficiency in vitro. Data herein indicate that the heptad repeat region was a major target of adaptive evolution in MERS-CoV-related viruses; these results are relevant for the design of fusion inhibitor peptides with antiviral function. Motivated by the notion that evolutionary analyses can provide information on the molecular events that underlie host shifts and, more generally, host-pathogen interactions 19 , we investigated the evolutionary history of S proteins in MERS-CoV and related betaCoVs. Specifically, we aimed to determine whether natural selection drove the evolution of specific regions and sites that may contribute to variation in host range or replication efficiency. cache = ./cache/cord-301016-9t7v7ipt.txt txt = ./txt/cord-301016-9t7v7ipt.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-299608-wqa98m4v author = Al-Turaiki, Isra title = Building predictive models for MERS-CoV infections using data mining techniques date = 2016-09-15 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 2378 sentences = 187 flesch = 57 summary = title: Building predictive models for MERS-CoV infections using data mining techniques In this paper, we apply two data mining techniques in order to better understand the stability and the possibility of recovery from MERS-CoV infections. In healthcare, data mining techniques have been widely applied in different applications including: modeling health outcomes and predicting patient outcomes, evaluation of treatment effectiveness, hospital ranking, and infection control [3] . In this paper, we build several models to predict the stability of the case and the possibility of recovery from MERS-CoV infection. The classification models were built using a dataset of 699 records and 9 attributes and the best accuracy was achieved using decision trees induction algorithms. A new attribute was created to indicate the record type, such that the dataset can be used to predict the recovery from MERS-CoV. A new attribute was created to indicate the record type, such that the dataset can be used to predict the recovery from MERS-CoV. cache = ./cache/cord-299608-wqa98m4v.txt txt = ./txt/cord-299608-wqa98m4v.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-304054-sn7rswab author = Khan, Gulfaraz title = Chapter 8 The Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus: An Emerging Virus of Global Threat date = 2020-12-31 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4275 sentences = 210 flesch = 51 summary = Abstract Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) is a viral respiratory illness caused by a coronavirus (CoV), first identified in Saudi Arabia in 2012. Although the natural reservoir of MERS-CoV infection and mode of transmission to humans is not known, one factor appears to be common to all primary cases; they are epidemiologically linked to the Middle East region. Cross-sectional surveillance of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) in dromedary camels and other mammals in Egypt Risk factors for primary Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus illness in humans, Saudi Arabia Epidemiological, demographic, and clinical characteristics of 47 cases of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus disease from Saudi Arabia: a descriptive study Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection during pregnancy: a report of 5 cases from Saudi Arabia Clinical features and viral diagnosis of two cases of infection with Middle East Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus: a report of nosocomial transmission Transmission of Middle East Respiratory syndrome coronavirus infections in healthcare settings cache = ./cache/cord-304054-sn7rswab.txt txt = ./txt/cord-304054-sn7rswab.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-303272-1w8epdht author = Reusken, Chantal BEM title = Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus neutralising serum antibodies in dromedary camels: a comparative serological study date = 2013-08-09 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4483 sentences = 236 flesch = 56 summary = title: Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus neutralising serum antibodies in dromedary camels: a comparative serological study Cattle (n=80), sheep (n=40), goats (n=40), dromedary camels (n=155), and various other camelid species (n=34) were tested for specific serum IgG by protein microarray using the receptor-binding S1 subunits of spike proteins of MERS-CoV, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus, and human coronavirus OC43. We tested the sera for the presence of IgG antibodies reactive with MERS-CoV, SARS-CoV, and human coronavirus OC43 S1 antigens in a protein microarray. plaque reduction neutralisation tests for bovine coronavirus and MERS-CoV (B): two representative sera are shown (numbers 15 and 5, corresponding to camel ID numbers in table 2) in dilutions of 1/40, 1/160, and 1/640 as well as the virus input control. Sera were tested for IgG antibodies reactive with MERS-CoV, SARS-CoV, and human coronavirus OC43 S1 antigens in a protein microarray (fi gure 1). cache = ./cache/cord-303272-1w8epdht.txt txt = ./txt/cord-303272-1w8epdht.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-305745-9lngdjow author = Solnier, Julia title = Flavonoids: A complementary approach to conventional therapy of COVID-19? date = 2020-09-18 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 9494 sentences = 469 flesch = 48 summary = Chalcones isolated from Angelica keiskei were shown to inhibit both SARS-CoV proteases PLpro and 3CLpro in enzymatic, FRET-based (Table 2) and molecular docking studies (Park et al. As Table 2 demonstrates, the compounds showed generally higher inhibitory potential against SARS-CoV PLpro than when tested against the other viral proteases using fluorogenic methods, which is likely related to genomic variations in the single amino acid sequences. In particular, herbacetin, quercetin and isobavachalcone (Fig. 3) were identified as promising antiviral leads against SARS-and MERS-CoV based on their broad-spectrum activity against the viral proteases 3CL and PL of both CoVs, the number of relevant literature data, and the availability of the compounds from different plant sources. However, despite some promising inhibitory activities of flavonoids against SARS-and MERS-CoV in vitro, none of these compounds have been tested in vivo using animal and/or human cell models. cache = ./cache/cord-305745-9lngdjow.txt txt = ./txt/cord-305745-9lngdjow.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-302983-3v5bc80z author = Matterne, Uwe title = Health literacy in the general population in the context of epidemic or pandemic coronavirus outbreak situations: Rapid scoping review date = 2020-10-10 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5446 sentences = 296 flesch = 46 summary = title: Health literacy in the general population in the context of epidemic or pandemic coronavirus outbreak situations: Rapid scoping review OBJECTIVE: The aim of this rapid scoping review, for which only studies from the general population were considered, was to describe the extent of existing research on HL in the context of previous coronavirus outbreaks (SARS-CoV-1, MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2). METHODS: We searched major databases and included publications of quantitative and qualitative studies in English and German on any type of research on the functional, critical and communicative domains of HL conducted in the context of the three outbreaks in the general population. Therefore, the aim of this rapid scoping review, for which only studies from the general population were considered, was to describe the extent of existing research on HL in the context of previous coronavirus outbreaks (SARS-CoV-1, MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2). cache = ./cache/cord-302983-3v5bc80z.txt txt = ./txt/cord-302983-3v5bc80z.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-304227-rbr2un1u author = nan title = Updated Information on the Epidemiology of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) Infection and Guidance for the Public, Clinicians, and Public Health Authorities, 2012–2013 date = 2013-09-27 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 2041 sentences = 97 flesch = 45 summary = title: Updated Information on the Epidemiology of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) Infection and Guidance for the Public, Clinicians, and Public Health Authorities, 2012–2013 This report summarizes epidemiologic information and provides updates to CDC guidance about patient evaluation, case definitions, travel, and infection control as of September 20, 2013. This report summarizes epidemiologic information and provides updates to CDC guidance about patient evaluation, case definitions, travel, and infection control as of September 20, 2013. Health-care providers in the United States should continue to evaluate patients for MERS-CoV infection if they develop fever and pneumonia or acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) within 14 days after traveling from countries in or near the Arabian Peninsula. CDC continues to recommend that clusters ¶ of patients with severe acute respiratory illness (e.g., fever and pneumonia requiring hospitalization) be evaluated for common respiratory pathogens and reported to local and state public health departments. More detailed MERS-CoV-related interim guidance about patient evaluation, case definitions, travel, and infection control is available at http://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/mers/index. cache = ./cache/cord-304227-rbr2un1u.txt txt = ./txt/cord-304227-rbr2un1u.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-305317-08a1oin2 author = Maltezou, Helena C. title = Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus: Implications for health care facilities date = 2014-12-31 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3646 sentences = 202 flesch = 50 summary = Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) is a novel betacoronavirus of the Coronaviridae family that causes a severe respiratory disease with a high case fatality rate. 2, 3, 6, 8, 22, 24 During the largest so farepublished outbreak of MERS-CoV that occurred in Al-Hasa, Saudi Arabia, in 2013, 4 health care facilities were affected through transfer of patients but also possibly because of repeated introductions of cases from the community. Studies about the effectiveness of infection control measures will provide answers and eventually promote safety in health care facilities both for patients and HCWs. Epidemiological, demographic, and clinical characteristics of 47 cases of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus disease from Saudi Arabia: a descriptive study Investigation of an imported case of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infection in Interim infection prevention and control recommendations for hospitalized patients with Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) cache = ./cache/cord-305317-08a1oin2.txt txt = ./txt/cord-305317-08a1oin2.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-301313-9595vm0k author = OKBA, NISREEN M.A. title = SARS-CoV-2 specific antibody responses in COVID-19 patients date = 2020-03-20 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4271 sentences = 248 flesch = 55 summary = Here, we describe development of serological assays for the detection of virus neutralizing antibodies and antibodies to the nucleocapsid (N) protein and various spike (S) domains including the S1 subunit, and receptor binding domain (RBD) of SARS-CoV-2 in ELISA format. Using a wellcharacterized cohort of serum samples from PCR-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 and patients PCR-confirmed to be infected with seasonal coronaviruses and other respiratory pathogens, we validated and tested various antigens in different platforms developed in-house as well as a commercial platform. We evaluated SARS-CoV-2 specific antibody responses in severe and mild cases using serum samples collected at different times post-disease onset from three French PCR-confirmed CoVID-19 patients. We tested sera for SARS-CoV-2 specific antibodies using different ELISAs. Following infections, all three patients seroconverted between days 13 and 21 post onset of disease (Figure 1) , and antibodies were elicited against the SARS-CoV-2 S and S1 subunit including the N-terminal (S1 A ) domain and the receptor binding domain (RBD). cache = ./cache/cord-301313-9595vm0k.txt txt = ./txt/cord-301313-9595vm0k.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-303941-3lg1bzsi author = Han, Hui-Ju title = Bats as reservoirs of severe emerging infectious diseases date = 2015-07-02 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4679 sentences = 244 flesch = 56 summary = Although bats are not in close contact with humans, spillover of viruses from bats to intermediate animal hosts, such as horses, pigs, civets, or non-human primates, is thought to be the most likely mode to cause human infection. Currently, bats have been considered to be natural reservoirs of SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, NiV, HeV, Ebola virus, and Marburg viruses. The viruses discussed above tend to be restricted to certain geographic regions with a particular bat reservoir, such as HeV and NiV associated with flying foxes in Australia and Southeast Asia and Ebola virus associated with Egyptian fruit bats in Africa. Bats have been proposed as the natural reservoirs of viruses causing severe diseases in humans, such as NiV and HeV in Southeast Asia and Australia, Ebola and Marburg viruses in Africa, SARS-CoV in Asia and MERS-CoV in Middle East. cache = ./cache/cord-303941-3lg1bzsi.txt txt = ./txt/cord-303941-3lg1bzsi.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-305773-ikm1famj author = Lan, Bowen title = Clinical imaging research of the first Middle East respiratory syndrome in China date = 2015-11-23 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 1632 sentences = 95 flesch = 59 summary = Based on the first case of Middle East respiratory syndrome found in China, a clinical research in combination with radiological findings was studied. Differential imaging diagnosis on the basis of epidemiological and experimental pathogen detection is helpful for clinical diagnosis of MERS, even in distinguishing from SARS and pneumonia caused by H7N9 avian influenza. Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS), also known as camel flu, is a viral respiratory illness caused by a novel human beta-coronavirus (CoV) [1e3] . On the sixth day after his hospitalization, MERS-COV was negative via the virological detection of sputum, and his body temperature had decreased to be normal, which indicated that the virus has a direct relationship with the fever. 1) Small pieces of high density shadows in the two lower lungs near the heart edge were observed during the early period via chest X-ray examination, suggesting that it firstly progressed to pneumonia (about one week). Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infection: chest CT findings cache = ./cache/cord-305773-ikm1famj.txt txt = ./txt/cord-305773-ikm1famj.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-305422-t8azymo7 author = Yi, Ye title = COVID-19: what has been learned and to be learned about the novel coronavirus disease date = 2020-03-15 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 8300 sentences = 446 flesch = 53 summary = The outbreak of Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has thus far killed over 3,000 people and infected over 80,000 in China and elsewhere in the world, resulting in catastrophe for humans. The virus is highly homologous to the coronavirus (CoV) that caused an outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) in 2003; thus, it was named SARS-CoV-2 by the World Health Organization (WHO) on February 11, 2020, and the associated disease was named CoV Disease-19 (COVID-19) [1] . Whenever possible, we will try to compare COVID-19 with SARS and another CoV-caused disease, Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS, an outbreak in 2012). Due to the lack of experience with the novel CoV, physicians can mainly provide supportive care to COVID-19 patients, while attempting a variety of therapies that have been used or proposed before for the treatment of other CoVs such as SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV and other viral diseases ( Table 2) . cache = ./cache/cord-305422-t8azymo7.txt txt = ./txt/cord-305422-t8azymo7.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-305175-1wg0wodr author = Dolzhikova, I. V. title = Preclinical Studies of Immunogenity, Protectivity, and Safety of the Combined Vector Vaccine for Prevention of the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome date = 2020 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4488 sentences = 198 flesch = 44 summary = Studies of its immunogenicity have shown that vaccination of animals (mice and primates) induces a robust humoral immune response that lasts for at least six months. A study of the vaccine protectivity conducted in a model of transgenic mice carrying the human DPP4 receptor gene showed that our vaccination protected 100% of the animals from the lethal infection caused by the MERS-CoV virus (MERS-CoV EMC/2012, 100LD(50) per mouse). For this Studies of the immunogenicity of the combined vector vaccine revealed the induction of long-term humoral immunity in mice, while the mean titer of glycoprotein-specific antibodies equaled 1 : 121,775 two weeks after vaccination at a dose of 10 7 v.p. per mouse. [13] , immunization of transgenic mice carrying the human DPP4 receptor gene with a ChAdOx1 MERS vaccine at a dose 10 8 v.p. per mouse was shown to protect 100% of the animals from a lethal infection with MERS-CoV. cache = ./cache/cord-305175-1wg0wodr.txt txt = ./txt/cord-305175-1wg0wodr.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-304057-d2r92nji author = Harrath, Rafik title = Sero‐prevalence of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS‐CoV) specific antibodies in dromedary camels in Tabuk, Saudi Arabia date = 2018-04-26 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 1486 sentences = 91 flesch = 56 summary = title: Sero‐prevalence of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS‐CoV) specific antibodies in dromedary camels in Tabuk, Saudi Arabia A primary sero‐prevalence study of MERS‐CoV preexisting neutralizing antibodies in Dromedary camel serum was conducted in Tabuk, western north region of KSA, in order to assess the seopositivity of these animals and to explain their possible role in the transmission of the infection to Human. 11, 16, 17 Results have shown that a high number (85%) of dromedary camels from the different farms of Tabuk Riyadh and screened by ELISA test showed that 74% of the animals were found to have antibodies to MERS-CoV. 7 In the same study, 264 archived serum samples collected from dromedary camels from 1992 to 2010 in Riyadh and Kharj were also analyzed by ELISA and showed a high seroprevalence (92%) of MERS-CoV neutralizing antibodies. Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus neutralizing serum antibodies in dromedary camels: a comparative serological study Seroprevalence of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) specific antibodies in dromedary camels in cache = ./cache/cord-304057-d2r92nji.txt txt = ./txt/cord-304057-d2r92nji.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-305534-936peb1n author = Johnson, Kemmian D. title = Pulmonary and Extra-Pulmonary Clinical Manifestations of COVID-19 date = 2020-08-13 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6712 sentences = 346 flesch = 43 summary = The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus−2 (SARS-CoV-2) has been recently identified as the culprit of the highly infectious, outbreak named coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in China. While it is known that COVID-19 manifests similarly to the 2003 Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) and the 2012 Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS), primarily affecting the pulmonary system, the impact of the disease extends far beyond the respiratory system and affects other organs of the body. In the severe disease state, the patient's clinical course is complicated by the development of pneumonia with ARDS, acute hypoxic respiratory failure, and/or death (7) . Several retrospective studies have consistently reported pulmonary manifestations in patients with COVID-19, which include cough, shortness of breath, sputum production, respiratory failure, and ARDS (Table 1) (5, 7, (9) (10) (11) (12) (13) (14) (15) (16) (17) . Clinical course and outcomes of critically ill patients with SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a single-centered, retrospective, observational study cache = ./cache/cord-305534-936peb1n.txt txt = ./txt/cord-305534-936peb1n.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-304943-thg4fqi2 author = Noor, Aziz Ullah title = Epidemiology of CoViD-19 Pandemic: Recovery and mortality ratio around the globe date = 2020-05-17 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3237 sentences = 217 flesch = 57 summary = SARS-CoV-1 disease was originated in Guangzhou city of China and the start of 2020 was again a challenging year for this country because of extremely contagion 2019-novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) disease outbreak. Chinese health ministry took immediate action to investigate and control the disease, including quarantine measures, continuous observation of contacts, clinical and epidemiological data collection from infected people and development of diagnostic tools and efficient treatment protocols. 9 Previous study revealed that wet markets of southern China including Wuhan and Guangzhou cities have the greater risk of spreading novel corona viruses, because of wild animal trading and the absence of biosecurity measures. In-vitro studies indicated that Remdesivir has been successful in the termination of viral RNA replication, 30, 32 and showed effectiveness against the MERS-CoV, SARS-CoV and other bat originated coronaviruses. Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a descriptive study cache = ./cache/cord-304943-thg4fqi2.txt txt = ./txt/cord-304943-thg4fqi2.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-305134-s7h6bpof author = Mackman, Nigel title = Coagulation Abnormalities and Thrombosis in Patients Infected With SARS-CoV-2 and Other Pandemic Viruses date = 2020-07-13 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6412 sentences = 443 flesch = 41 summary = It is likely that multiple systems contribute to thrombosis in COVID-19 patients, such as activation of coagulation, platelet activation, hypofibrinolysis, endothelial cell dysfunction, inflammation, neutrophil extracellular traps, and complement. 60, 82 Taken together, these results indicate that most COVID-19 patients have an activated coagulation system that is associated with increased levels of d-dimer; however, it is unlike classic DIC since there is little change in PT and the thrombocytopenia is generally mild. [95] [96] [97] [98] [99] There is clear evidence for activation of different cell types, such as lung epithelial cells, macrophages, neutrophils, endothelial cells, and platelets, as well as different systems, such as coagulation, inflammation, and complement, in the lungs of COVID-19 patients (Figure) . We found that plasma levels of extracellular vesicle TF activity were increased in severe influenza virus patients and were associated with mortality. Severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infects lung epithelial cells and endothelial cells (ECs), which leads to the recruitment of a variety of immune cells, such as macrophages and neutrophils. cache = ./cache/cord-305134-s7h6bpof.txt txt = ./txt/cord-305134-s7h6bpof.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-307405-qk1ruj5q author = Hall, Aron J. title = Health Care Worker Contact with MERS Patient, Saudi Arabia date = 2014-12-17 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 1748 sentences = 77 flesch = 43 summary = To investigate potential transmission of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) to health care workers in a hospital, we serologically tested hospital contacts of the index case-patient in Saudi Arabia, 4 months after his death. To investigate potential transmission of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) to health care workers in a hospital, we serologically tested hospital contacts of the index case-patient in Saudi Arabia, 4 months after his death. Hospital infection control staff administered a brief, standardized questionnaire to both groups of HCWs. Information was collected on HCW demographics, job duties, and symptoms of respiratory disease during June 15-July 4, 2012, which corresponds to the period when the case-patient was hospitalized and an incubation period of 2-10 days, based on MERS-CoV natural history information available at the time of investigation. In October 2013 (4 months after the case-patient's death), a blood specimen (<20 mL) was collected from each HCW and transported first to the Ministry of Health Western Regional Laboratory in Saudi Arabia and then to the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention for MERS-CoV testing. cache = ./cache/cord-307405-qk1ruj5q.txt txt = ./txt/cord-307405-qk1ruj5q.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-305871-w1quh4fx author = Hindawi, Salwa I. title = Inactivation of Middle East respiratory syndrome‐coronavirus in human plasma using amotosalen and ultraviolet A light date = 2017-12-14 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4522 sentences = 212 flesch = 49 summary = Furthermore, inoculation of inactivated plasma on Vero E6 cells did not result in any cytopathic effect (CPE) even after 7 days of incubation and three consecutive passages, nor the detection of MERS RNA compared to pretreatment samples which showed complete CPE within 2 to 3 days postinoculation and log viral RNA titer ranging from 9.48 to 10.22 copies/ mL in all three passages. Furthermore, inoculation of inactivated plasma on Vero E6 cells did not result in any cytopathic effect (CPE) even after 7 days of incubation and three consecutive passages, nor the detection of MERS RNA compared to pretreatment samples which showed complete CPE within 2 to 3 days postinoculation and log viral RNA titer ranging from 9.48 to 10.22 copies/ mL in all three passages. Similar to SARS-CoV, there is no proven evidence so far of transfusion-transmitted MERS-CoV infections, 25 but the presence of viral RNA in plasma and serum of acute patients raises this concern especially in endemic areas like Saudi Arabia. cache = ./cache/cord-305871-w1quh4fx.txt txt = ./txt/cord-305871-w1quh4fx.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-306923-eujbxdqi author = Ahmed, Anwar E. title = Factors associated with recovery delay in a sample of patients diagnosed by MERS‐CoV rRT‐PCR: A Saudi Arabian multicenter retrospective study date = 2018-04-25 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 2705 sentences = 139 flesch = 46 summary = Data on the time intervals between a patient's presentation or admission to a healthcare facility and the first specimen sample have been limited in patients suspected and screened for MERS-CoV by a real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR) test, as it might correlate with recovery delay intervals. This chart review study was based on information from multicenters and a large sample size, and it provides valuable information on factors associated with prolonged or shorter recovery delay of patients suspected and screened for MERS-CoV by the rRT-PCR test. The study evidence supports that longer recovery delay was seen in patients with older age, MERS-CoV infection, ICU admission, and abnormal radiology findings in a sample of patients diagnosed by rRT-PCR. Factors associated with recovery delay in a sample of patients diagnosed by MERS-CoV rRT-PCR: A Saudi Arabian multicenter retrospective study cache = ./cache/cord-306923-eujbxdqi.txt txt = ./txt/cord-306923-eujbxdqi.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-306004-amv0los1 author = Widagdo, W. title = Host Determinants of MERS-CoV Transmission and Pathogenesis date = 2019-03-19 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4525 sentences = 242 flesch = 46 summary = Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) is a zoonotic pathogen that causes respiratory infection in humans, ranging from asymptomatic to severe pneumonia. Differences in the behavior of the virus observed between individuals, as well as between humans and dromedary camels, highlight the role of host factors in MERS-CoV pathogenesis and transmission. MERS-CoV infection in these animals merely causes mild upper respiratory tract infection [17, 18] , but seroepidemiological studies showed that this virus has been circulating in dromedary camels for decades, suggesting the efficient transmission of MERS-CoV in this species [19] [20] [21] [22] . Given the fact that experimental in vivo infection studies and DPP4 expression analysis in different animal species revealed that dromedary camels are not the only animals in which MERS-CoV has an upper respiratory tract tropism [17, 18, 83, 84] , it is then relevant to question whether other animals can potentially spread MERS-CoV as well. cache = ./cache/cord-306004-amv0los1.txt txt = ./txt/cord-306004-amv0los1.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-307811-6e3j0pn7 author = Hao, Wei title = Binding of the SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein to Glycans date = 2020-07-02 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5665 sentences = 299 flesch = 54 summary = Infection normally starts with the attachment of the virus to cell-surface glycans like heparan sulfate (HS) and sialic acid-containing oligosaccharides. Previous studies of many other viruses suggested that SARS-CoV-2 S protein may use other molecules on host cell surface as attachment factors to facilitate binding to the high-affinity receptor ACE2. 36 A recent study suggested that HS may bind to the receptor binding domain (RBD, the C-terminal region of the S1 subunit, Fig. 2 ) of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein and change its conformation. 38 In this study, we systematically examined and compared the binding of the SARS-CoV-2 S protein subunits, full-length molecule and its trimer to different HS using microarray experiments (Fig. 2) . In addition to binding protein-based receptors, many viruses can interact with cell surface glycans, including GAGs and sialic acid-containing oligosaccharides. cache = ./cache/cord-307811-6e3j0pn7.txt txt = ./txt/cord-307811-6e3j0pn7.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-304030-6ve5plea author = Aboagye, James Odame title = Overexpression of the nucleocapsid protein of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus up-regulates CXCL10 date = 2018-10-17 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3718 sentences = 192 flesch = 54 summary = title: Overexpression of the nucleocapsid protein of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus up-regulates CXCL10 In order to determine if the nucleocapsid protein of MERS-CoV (MERS-N) plays a role in viral–host interactions, a murine monoclonal antibody was generated so as to allow detection of the protein in infected cells as well as in overexpression system. The A549 transduced cells expressed relatively high MERS-N protein on both day 2 and 10 post-selection in an antibiotics medium as shown in Figure 2A . Fold regulations of antiviral response genes by MERS-N protein was compared with negative control cells, which were expressing LacZ, by using the 2 − C T method. Out of the nine host genes identified using stably transduced A549 cells, proinflammatory cytokine/chemokines TNF, IL6, IL8, and CXCL10 were reported to be up-regulated in MERS-CoV infected cells [3, 17, 20] . CXCL10 regulation has been reported in MERS patients [18, 19] as well as MERS-CoV infected cells [3, 17, 20] . cache = ./cache/cord-304030-6ve5plea.txt txt = ./txt/cord-304030-6ve5plea.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-307067-cpc1yefj author = van Doremalen, Neeltje title = A single dose of ChAdOx1 MERS provides protective immunity in rhesus macaques date = 2020-06-10 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6244 sentences = 329 flesch = 50 summary = For Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), we show that rhesus macaques seroconverted rapidly after a single intramuscular vaccination with ChAdOx1 MERS. A prime-boost regimen of ChAdOx1 MERS boosted antibody titers, and viral replication was completely absent from the respiratory tract tissue of these rhesus macaques. Viral load was higher for lower respiratory tract tissue obtained from animals vaccinated with ChAdOx1 GFP (n = 6) than from animals receiving a prime-only (n = 6) or a prime-boost regimen of ChAdOx1 MERS (n = 2) (Fig. 4B ). Notably, antigenic differences have been reported between S proteins from the Middle East and Africa (8), potentially affecting the efficacy of a vaccine based In conclusion, we show that a single vaccination with ChAdOx1 MERS results in protection against disease progression and virus replication associated with MERS-CoV challenge in the rhesus macaque, and a prime-boost regimen reduced viral replication further. cache = ./cache/cord-307067-cpc1yefj.txt txt = ./txt/cord-307067-cpc1yefj.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-309010-tmfm5u5h author = Dietert, Kristina title = Spectrum of pathogen- and model-specific histopathologies in mouse models of acute pneumonia date = 2017-11-20 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 7842 sentences = 414 flesch = 34 summary = Here, we systematically describe and compare the distinctive histopathological features of established models of acute pneumonia in mice induced by Streptococcus (S.) pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Legionella pneumophila, Escherichia coli, Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) coronavirus, influenza A virus (IAV) and superinfection of IAV-incuced pneumonia with S. Systematic comparisons of the models revealed striking differences in the distribution of lesions, the characteristics of pneumonia induced, principal inflammatory cell types, lesions in adjacent tissues, and the detectability of the pathogens in histological sections. Transnasal infection with MERS-CoV following adenoviral transduction of human DPP4 yielded an expansive, (Fig 7A) interstitial pneumonia with severe alveolar epithelial cell necrosis and infiltration of mainly macrophages, lymphocytes, and fewer neutrophils (Fig 7B) . Different mouse models of acute pneumonia differ widely, with an obvious strong dependence on pathogen-specific features of virulence and spread, route of infection, infectious dose and other factors. cache = ./cache/cord-309010-tmfm5u5h.txt txt = ./txt/cord-309010-tmfm5u5h.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-309239-6lso1w0o author = Adney, Danielle R. title = Inoculation of Goats, Sheep, and Horses with MERS-CoV Does Not Result in Productive Viral Shedding date = 2016-08-19 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 2989 sentences = 149 flesch = 50 summary = The Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) is an emerging pathogen first described from Saudi Arabia in 2012 [1] that can cause severe respiratory disease and death in roughly 36% of infected humans [2] . There is considerable field and experimental evidence that dromedary camels serve as an important reservoir host involved in transmission to humans [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] , but whether other livestock such as goats, sheep, and horses play a role in transmission has only been assessed indirectly. The objective of this study was to determine if goats, sheep, and horses can be infected with MERS-CoV and assess their potential importance in viral transmission. Sheep, goat kids and horses were each inoculated intranasally with 1.4 × 10 6 to 1.9 × 10 6 plaque-forming units (PFU) of a low passage human isolate of MERS-CoV (strain HCoV-EMC/2012) propagated in Vero E6 cells as described previously [11] . cache = ./cache/cord-309239-6lso1w0o.txt txt = ./txt/cord-309239-6lso1w0o.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-309734-m8miwtha author = Vergara‐Alert, J. title = Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus experimental transmission using a pig model date = 2017-06-26 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 1772 sentences = 90 flesch = 58 summary = Dromedary camels are the main reservoir of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS‐CoV), but other livestock species (i.e., alpacas, llamas, and pigs) are also susceptible to infection with MERS‐CoV. Virus was present in nasal swabs of infected animals, and limited amounts of viral RNA, but no infectious virus were detected in the direct contact pigs. However, other animal species such as non-human primates (rhesus macaques and common marmosets), members of the family Camelidae (alpacas and llamas), rabbits and pigs have been demonstrated to be susceptible to MERS-CoV infection (Crameri et al., 2016; Falzarano et al., 2014; Haagmans et al., 2015; Vergara-Alert, van den Brand, et al., 2017; de Wit et al., 2013 de Wit et al., , 2017 . To study whether MERS-CoV might be transmitted between pigs, an experimental transmission study in this animal model was designed and performed under direct and indirect contact settings. cache = ./cache/cord-309734-m8miwtha.txt txt = ./txt/cord-309734-m8miwtha.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-309621-6jj19xpr author = Yu, Pin title = Comparative pathology of rhesus macaque and common marmoset animal models with Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus date = 2017-02-24 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4645 sentences = 214 flesch = 41 summary = The main histopathological findings in the lungs of rhesus macaques and common marmosets were varying degrees of pulmonary lesions, including pneumonia, pulmonary oedema, haemorrhage, degeneration and necrosis of the pneumocytes and bronchial epithelial cells, and inflammatory cell infiltration. Although there have been several studies in animal models on the pathogenic mechanisms of MERS-CoV infection, little is known about the comparative pathology and inflammatory cell response in rhesus macaques or common marmosets infected with this virus. Pathological findings in the rhesus macaque tissues HE stained tissues from rhesus macaques experimentally infected with MERS-CoV demonstrate that MERS-CoV induces lesions that are primarily observed in the lungs, with varying degrees of inflammation, interstitial pneumonia (Fig 1A) , pulmonary oedema (Fig 1B) , haemorrhaging, degeneration and necrosis of pneumocytes and bronchial epithelial cells (Fig 1C) , and the infiltration of inflammatory cells. Using immunohistochemical techniques and an ISH analysis, we confirmed that MERS-CoV protein and viral RNA were distributed in the lungs of rhesus macaques and common marmosets and that they were primarily located in the pneumocytes and inflammatory cells. cache = ./cache/cord-309621-6jj19xpr.txt txt = ./txt/cord-309621-6jj19xpr.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-310071-d195rumq author = Lee, Jacob title = Collaborative Intervention of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome: Rapid Response Team date = 2016-06-30 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 2055 sentences = 131 flesch = 60 summary = The purpose of RRT were to consult the Government controlling MERS-CoV outbreak, and visit hospitals that were exposed to MERS-CoV infected patients and to advise them with an infection control strategy and rehabilitation program that would prevent the exposure of the disease in hospitals. As considering KCDC's faults, we began to isolate close contacts early about hospitals where there were MERS patients. Through confirming with hospital officials, we conducted a consultation rapidly about closing the hospitals, isolation of patients and medical staffs and infection control in hospital. Therefore, they needed to be sent to the infection control practitioners early, so various hospital staffs were isolated who had close contact with the patients. Because isolating the room was not enough, patients on the 6th and 7th floor (not close contact MERS patient) were transferred to Daejeon Army Hospital. On the June 19th, the 170th patient was confirmed who was transferred to D hospital, had close contact with the 76th patient in the same ward. cache = ./cache/cord-310071-d195rumq.txt txt = ./txt/cord-310071-d195rumq.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-307853-m1q1sjr4 author = Majumder, Satyabrata title = Exploring the intrinsic dynamics of SARS-CoV-2, SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV spike glycoprotein through normal mode analysis using anisotropic network model date = 2020-10-16 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3048 sentences = 176 flesch = 57 summary = title: Exploring the intrinsic dynamics of SARS-CoV-2, SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV spike glycoprotein through normal mode analysis using anisotropic network model In this study we have examined the intrinsic dynamics of the prefusion, lying state of trimeric S protein of these viruses through Normal Mode Analysis using Anisotropic Network Model. MERS-CoV spike shows unique dynamical motion compared to the other two S protein indicated by low RMSIP, spectral overlap and cosine correlation value. A detailed study to explore the intrinsic dynamical motion of the prefusion lying state spike protein trimer is needed for proper understanding of its function from conformation perspective. RMSIP computes quantitative comparison value between the sets of normal modes and expressed as: Structural alignments of the models were done using PyMol. We have computed the eigenvalues of first hundred non-zero normal modes of the SARS-CoV-2, SARS-CoV, and MERS-CoV spike (S) proteins in the lying state ( Fig. 1 ). cache = ./cache/cord-307853-m1q1sjr4.txt txt = ./txt/cord-307853-m1q1sjr4.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-308061-hz7fsn2g author = Drosten, Christian title = Is MERS another SARS? date = 2013-09-30 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 1063 sentences = 66 flesch = 54 summary = Data of a preliminary infection study in lung explants indeed indicate that MERS-CoV reaches higher replication levels and shows broader cell tropism in the lower human respiratory tract than does SARS-CoV. This rate is better than that noted in patients with SARS: only a third of laboratoryconfi rmed cases yielded virus in upper-respiratory-tract samples. 5 The values reported by Assiri and colleagues also show that viral loads in the upper respiratory tract are higher than in patients with MERS who were treated overseas and, thus, who were investigated later in the disease course. Epidemiological, demographic, and clinical characteristics of 47 cases of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus disease from Saudi Arabia: a descriptive study Clinical features and virological analysis of a case of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection Clinical features and viral diagnosis of two cases of infection with Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus: a report of nosocomial transmission cache = ./cache/cord-308061-hz7fsn2g.txt txt = ./txt/cord-308061-hz7fsn2g.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-311937-6hadssmh author = Sherbini, Nahid title = Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus in Al-Madinah City, Saudi Arabia: Demographic, clinical and survival data date = 2016-06-11 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 2859 sentences = 162 flesch = 52 summary = title: Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus in Al-Madinah City, Saudi Arabia: Demographic, clinical and survival data METHODS: A retrospective study was conducted of all confirmed MERS-CoV infections from March 2014 to May 2014 at two tertiary care hospitals in Al-Madinah region (Saudi Arabia). Epidemiology of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) was expanded after exploring the large hospital outbreak in Al-Hasa, Saudi Arabia [2] . We obtained data about demographic characteristics, clinical presentation, laboratory results, diagnosis, incubation period, smoking history, comorbidities, and history of contact with camels or MERS-CoV positive patients in regions within the Madinah area. Epidemiological, demographic, and clinical characteristics of 47 cases of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus disease from Saudi Arabia: a descriptive study Screening for Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection in hospital patients and their healthcare worker and family contacts: a prospective descriptive study Clinical course and outcomes of critically ill patients with Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection cache = ./cache/cord-311937-6hadssmh.txt txt = ./txt/cord-311937-6hadssmh.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-307995-8q7efrqk author = Al-Tawfiq, Jaffar A. title = Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus: current situation and travel-associated concerns date = 2016-05-04 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4439 sentences = 223 flesch = 51 summary = Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV): summary and risk assessment of current situation in the Republic of Korea and China -as of 19 Screening for Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection in hospital patients and their healthcare worker and family contacts: a prospective descriptive study A family cluster of Middle East Respiratory syndrome coronavirus infections related to a likely unrecognized asymptomatic or mild case Community case clusters of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus in Hafr Al-Batin, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: a descriptive genomic study Transmission and evolution of the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus in Saudi Arabia: a descriptive genomic study KSA MERS-CoV Investigation Team.Hospital outbreak of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus: a case-control study of hospitalized patients Epidemiological, demographic, and clinical characteristics of 47 cases of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus disease from Saudi Arabia: a descriptive study Ribavirin and interferon therapy in patients infected with the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus: an observational study cache = ./cache/cord-307995-8q7efrqk.txt txt = ./txt/cord-307995-8q7efrqk.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-309089-ex9nh1yi author = Coperchini, Francesca title = The Cytokine storm in COVID-19: An overview of the involvement of the chemokine/chemokine-receptor system date = 2020-05-11 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6132 sentences = 303 flesch = 43 summary = Since the first reports on COVID-19 disease, it appeared clear that Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) accounted for a significant number of deaths among infected patients and that ARDS should be regarded as the hallmark immune-mediated clinical consequence in SARS-CoV-2, similarly to what described for SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV infections [11] . As shown by previous data in the literature, increased circulating levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (eg, Interferon γ, interleukin (IL-) 1B, IL-6, IL-12) and chemokines (CXCL10, and CCL2) are associated with pulmonary inflammation and extensive lung involvement in SARS patients, similarly to what happens in MERS-CoV infection [13] . In mice infected with SARS-CoV, the clinical features of the syndrome showed an age-dependent increase in severity (similarly to what observed in humans), which was related to an increased level of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, paralleled by a reduction in T-cell responses [78] . cache = ./cache/cord-309089-ex9nh1yi.txt txt = ./txt/cord-309089-ex9nh1yi.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-307109-nz8qvuw6 author = Martinez, Miguel Angel title = Compounds with Therapeutic Potential against Novel Respiratory 2019 Coronavirus date = 2020-04-21 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3758 sentences = 201 flesch = 42 summary = The previous epidemics of infections by high-morbidity human coronaviruses, such as SARS-CoV in 2003 and the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) in 2012, prompted the characterization of compounds that could be potentially active against the currently emerging novel coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2. In addition, a combination of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) protease inhibitors lopinavir/ritonavir and interferon beta (LPV/RTV–IFN-β) was shown to be effective in patients infected with SARS-CoV. To predict new zoonotic coronavirus jumps across species and to understand the rate of virus spread among people, it is crucial to determine whether SARS-CoV-2 is mutating to improve its binding to human receptors for infection. Clinical observations in animals and humans showed that MERS-CoV infections were mediated by both virus replication and host inflammatory responses. However, therapeutic treatment with human monoclonal antibodies did not protect against the severe disease or the loss of lung function induced by MERS-CoV in animal models (20) . cache = ./cache/cord-307109-nz8qvuw6.txt txt = ./txt/cord-307109-nz8qvuw6.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-312692-jv3425w1 author = Iwata-Yoshikawa, Naoko title = Acute Respiratory Infection in Human Dipeptidyl Peptidase 4-Transgenic Mice Infected with Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus date = 2019-01-09 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 8499 sentences = 437 flesch = 55 summary = Rodents are not susceptible to the virus because they do not express functional receptors; therefore, we generated a new animal model of MERS-CoV infection based on transgenic mice expressing human DPP4 (hDPP4). To assess innate immune responses in the lungs of Tg2, non-Tg, and C57BL/6 mice, all animals received intranasal administration of PBS with or without (B) Immunohistochemical analysis of hDPP4 expression in human, Tg2, and non-Tg mouse tissues stained with an anti-hDPP4 polyclonal antibody. Tg2 mice aged 10 and 25 weeks showed increased expression of cytokines and chemokines associated with migration of T cells and activation of macrophages, including IP-10, IL-6, IL-13, MCP-1, IFN-␥, MIP-1␣, MIG, and IL-12, in the lungs at day 5 and/or 7 p.i. This result is the same as that observed in a hDPP4 knock-in mouse model reported by Coleman et al. cache = ./cache/cord-312692-jv3425w1.txt txt = ./txt/cord-312692-jv3425w1.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-312691-ynh84b98 author = Mohd, Hamzah A. title = Predictors of MERS-CoV infection: A large case control study of patients presenting with ILI at a MERS-CoV referral hospital in Saudi Arabia date = 2016-09-24 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3296 sentences = 167 flesch = 56 summary = title: Predictors of MERS-CoV infection: A large case control study of patients presenting with ILI at a MERS-CoV referral hospital in Saudi Arabia BACKGROUND: A case control study to better characterize the clinical features, laboratory, and radiological abnormalities associated with MERS-CoV infection in order to help with early identification of this syndrome from other respiratory infections. METHODS: Eighty patients admitted to a hospital in Riyadh, diagnosed with MERS-CoV infection based on RT-PCR were matched on age, sex, and the presence of a co-morbid condition on a basis of 1:2 to other patients admitted with respiratory symptoms and tested negative for MERS-CoV on RT-PCR. First cases of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infections in France, investigations and implications for the prevention of human-to-human transmission Laboratory-confirmed case of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infection in Malaysia: preparedness and response Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus: a case-control study of hospitalized patients cache = ./cache/cord-312691-ynh84b98.txt txt = ./txt/cord-312691-ynh84b98.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-310297-sbxlz04w author = Al Awaidy, Salah T. title = Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) in Oman: Current Situation and Going Forward date = 2019-05-17 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 1316 sentences = 92 flesch = 57 summary = title: Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) in Oman: Current Situation and Going Forward M iddle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) is a zoonotic viral respiratory illness caused by a novel betacoronavirus, which was first reported in Saudi Arabia in 2012. 5 As of January 2019, a total of 2298 laboratoryconfirmed human cases of MERS-CoV from 27 countries have been reported, including 811 associated deaths giving a fatality rate of 35.2%. 9, 10 Between 27 January and 12 February 2019, a total of 13 additional human cases of laboratoryconfirmed MERS-CoV using real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) were reported in Oman. Surveillance for human infection with Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), WHO Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) in dromedary camels Risk factors for primary Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection in camel workers in Qatar during 2013-2014: a case-control study Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus transmission among health care workers: Implication for infection control cache = ./cache/cord-310297-sbxlz04w.txt txt = ./txt/cord-310297-sbxlz04w.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-309518-seonrtn3 author = Alraddadi, Basem M. title = Noninvasive ventilation in critically ill patients with the Middle East respiratory syndrome date = 2019-03-18 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 1996 sentences = 111 flesch = 45 summary = BACKGROUND: Noninvasive ventilation (NIV) has been used in patients with the Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) with acute hypoxemic respiratory failure, but the effectiveness of this approach has not been studied. [9] [10] [11] [12] While NIV may initially avoid the need for intubation and invasive mechanical ventilation (MV) , several studies have reported high failure rates and the need for invasive ventilation among patients with severe acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and an association with increased mortality. 12 In a recent analysis from the LUNG SAFE study on unselected patients with ARDS, NIV was associated with higher intensive care unit (ICU) mortality in patients with the ratio of partial pressure of oxygen to the fraction of inspired oxygen (PaO 2 /FiO 2 ) lower than 150 mm Hg. 12 The role of NIV in AHRF secondary to viral respiratory infections is unclear. cache = ./cache/cord-309518-seonrtn3.txt txt = ./txt/cord-309518-seonrtn3.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-312038-g76cpjp7 author = Brunaugh, Ashlee D. title = Broad-Spectrum, Patient-Adaptable Inhaled Niclosamide-Lysozyme Particles are Efficacious Against Coronaviruses in Lethal Murine Infection Models date = 2020-10-07 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 11043 sentences = 517 flesch = 47 summary = Utilizing repurposed NIC, and with the goal of developing a therapeutically effective, rapidly scalable and globally distributable antiviral therapy to reduce the spread of SARS-CoV-2, we describe an inhalable NIC formulation that can be administered using three major models or respiratory tract delivery systems: DPI, nasal spray and nebulizer. At the highest dose tested (0.125 µg/mL NIC), Vero cells with an established MERS-CoV infection exhibited an 82.2% ± 0.8% decrease in viral load compared to untreated controls after 24-hours of exposure to NIC-hLYS particles ( Fig 1D) . While brain viral titres did not exhibit further reduction from levels noted in the preliminary efficacy study, the inoculation of Vero E6 cells with viral particles obtained from lung and brain homogenates of surviving animals resulted in no observation of CPE at any of the inoculum concentrations tested, which indicates that remaining viral particles were not active. cache = ./cache/cord-312038-g76cpjp7.txt txt = ./txt/cord-312038-g76cpjp7.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-312741-0au4nctt author = Lin, Panpan title = Coronavirus in human diseases: Mechanisms and advances in clinical treatment date = 2020-10-01 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 14665 sentences = 840 flesch = 42 summary = 160, 161 Once the PAMPs from invaded viruses are detected, RIG-I and MDA5 interact with the mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein (MAVs) that is a mitochondrial membrane-bound F I G U R E 2 Escape mechanisms of innate immune response of SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV adaptor molecule, followed by the activation of several kinase complexes and multiple subsequent transcription factors (IRF3, IRF7, and NF-κB). Antiviral peptides analogous derived from these regions exhibited inhibition to the spike protein-mediated cell-cell fusion and viral entry in viruses such as SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, as well as HCoV-229E. Receptor-binding domain of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus spike protein contains multiple conformation-dependent epitopes that induce highly potent neutralizing antibodies Characterization of severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus (SARS-CoV) spike glycoprotein-mediated viral entry Evidence that TMPRSS2 activates the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus spike protein for membrane fusion and reduces viral control by the humoral immune response Inhibition of severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus (SARS-CoV) infectivity by peptides analogous to the viral spike protein cache = ./cache/cord-312741-0au4nctt.txt txt = ./txt/cord-312741-0au4nctt.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-313737-cob5hf5q author = Otter, J. A. title = The inaugural Healthcare Infection Society Middle East Summit: ‘No action today. No cure tomorrow.’ date = 2015-11-30 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 1671 sentences = 102 flesch = 53 summary = 1 The conference opened with Professor Tawfik Khoja outlining the challenges to infection prevention and control in the Middle East. Among the challenges he covered were public reporting and external scrutiny, hand hygiene, antibiotic resistance, the healthcare environment, surveillance and outbreaks, an increasingly elderly population, new threats [such as Ebola and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV)], meticillinresistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), C. Dr Phin highlighted a useful CDC toolkit providing advice on respiratory protection for healthcare workers, and also a recent BMJ review concluding that facemasks may help to prevent the spread of respiratory viruses in the community. As to which interventions we should use for each organism, this depends on organism and setting, although screening, isolation, stewardship, hand hygiene, and cleaning/ disinfection are the pillars of infection control. Dr Muhammad Halwani then gave an overview of infection control in the Middle East, focusing on acinetobacter and pseudomonas. cache = ./cache/cord-313737-cob5hf5q.txt txt = ./txt/cord-313737-cob5hf5q.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-311176-dlwph5za author = Alshahrani, Mohammed S. title = Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for severe Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus date = 2018-01-10 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3690 sentences = 188 flesch = 48 summary = The objective of this study is to compare the outcomes of MERS-CoV patients before and after the availability of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) as a rescue therapy in severely hypoxemic patients who failed conventional strategies. METHODS: We collected data retrospectively on MERS-CoV patients with refractory respiratory failure from April 2014 to December 2015 in 5 intensive care units (ICUs) in Saudi Arabia. In this retrospective cohort study, we found that ECMO rescue therapy was associated with lower in-hospital mortality, better oxygenation, and fewer organ failures compared to historical control (usual care) in patients with severe MERS-CoV. described the use of ECMO in two patients with acute respiratory failure secondary to MERS-CoV infection in France, where both patients developed severe hypoxia and increasing oxygen requirements, leading to mechanical ventilation and ECMO use. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for severe influenza A (H1N1) acute respiratory distress syndrome: a prospective observational comparative study cache = ./cache/cord-311176-dlwph5za.txt txt = ./txt/cord-311176-dlwph5za.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-312740-2ro2p77q author = Babadaei, Mohammad Mahdi Nejadi title = Development of remdesivir repositioning as a nucleotide analog against COVID-19 RNA dependent RNA polymerase date = 2020-05-20 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3820 sentences = 217 flesch = 50 summary = A broad-spectrum of antiviral agents are being currently evaluated in clinical trials, and in this review, we specifically focus on the application of Remdesivir (RVD) as a potential anti-viral compound against Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) -CoV, SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2. First, we overview the general information about SARS-CoV-2, followed by application of RDV as a nucleotide analogue which can potentially inhibits RNA-dependent RNA polymerase of COVs. Afterwards, we discussed the kinetics of SARSor MERS-CoV proliferation in animal models which is significantly different compared to that in humans. With Having a considerable number of people worldwide infected with COVID-19, scientists have identified a number of cases of broad-spectrum antiviral agents (BSAAs) that could serve as potential candidates for the treatment of the viral diseases (Andersen et al., 2020; Ianevski et al., 2018) . Corona virus SARS-CoV-2 disease COVID-19: Infection, prevention and clinical advances of the prospective chemical drug therapeutics cache = ./cache/cord-312740-2ro2p77q.txt txt = ./txt/cord-312740-2ro2p77q.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-312533-4u3bmb0e author = Shen, Li Wen title = TMPRSS2: A potential target for treatment of influenza virus and coronavirus infections date = 2017-08-01 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4771 sentences = 251 flesch = 42 summary = Recently, a great deal of evidence has suggested that a transmembrane protease, serine 2 (TMPRSS2), a type II transmembrane serine protease (TTSP), plays a critical role in SARS and Abbreviations: ARE, androgen receptor element; AEBSF, 4-(2-Aminomethyl) benzenesulfonyl fluoride hydrochloride; BHH, Bromhexine hydrochloride; CoV, coronavirus; DESC1, serine protease DESC1; EST, (2S,3S)-trans-Epoxysuccinyl-Lleucylamido-3-methylbutane ethyl ester; FDA, Food and Drug Administration; HAT, human airway trypsin-like protease; HAI-2, hepatocyte growth factor activator inhibitor 2; HGF, hepatocyte growth factor; IFITM, Interferon-induced transmembrane protein; MMP-2, matrix metalloproteinase-2; MSPL, transmembrane protease, serine 13; PAI-1, plasminogen activator inhibitor 1; PAR-2, protease activated receptor 2; PPMO, peptide-conjugated phosphorodiamidate morpholino oligomer; RBS, receptor binding subdomain; THE, human tracheal epithelial; TMPRSS2, transmembrane protease, serine 2; TMPRSS4, transmembrane protease serine 4; TTSP, type II transmembrane serine protease; vRNPs, viral ribonucleoproteins. Although FDA-approved inhibitors that specifically inhibit TMPRSS2 are not yet available, some drugs such as camostat and nafamostat that have inhibitory activity against a variety of serine proteases have been approved for the treatment of other diseases and also suppress influenza virus and coronavirus infections. cache = ./cache/cord-312533-4u3bmb0e.txt txt = ./txt/cord-312533-4u3bmb0e.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-309898-sju15hev author = Hu, Yiwen title = Comparative analysis of nanomechanical features of coronavirus spike proteins and correlation with lethality and infection rate date = 2020-11-02 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4295 sentences = 219 flesch = 50 summary = The key result of our work is that both, the overall flexibility of upward RBD and the mobility ratio of RBDs in different conformations, represent two significant factors that show a positive scaling with virus lethality and an inverse correlation with the infection rate. Figure 2 depicts data that shows that the lowest-frequency normal modes of MERS-CoV, SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins are all associated with a swing motion of upward receptor-binding domain (RBD) to different extents. Figure 4 provides a correlation diagram for MERS-CoV, SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, where the overall flexibility of upward RBD is evaluated by the average fluctuation of open-state RBD and the mobility ratio is quantified as the ratio of maximum fluctuations over upward and downward RBDs. The data shows that both factors have positive correlation with case fatality rate and inverse relationship with the virus infectivity. cache = ./cache/cord-309898-sju15hev.txt txt = ./txt/cord-309898-sju15hev.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-312178-tojgojjf author = Segars, James title = Prior and Novel Coronaviruses, COVID-19, and Human Reproduction: What Is Known? date = 2020-04-16 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5355 sentences = 309 flesch = 48 summary = Evidence suggests that COVID-19 infection has a lower maternal case fatality rate than SARS or MERS, but anecdotal reports suggest that infected, asymptomatic women may develop respiratory symptoms postpartum. The rapid spread of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has led to a pandemic of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) across the globe. The novel SARS-CoV-2 virus spreads rapidly, with 2-3 people infected from every index case, a reproduction number (R 0 ) or transmission rate of 2.24 -3.58 (2) . The aim of this review is to summarize what is currently known about the impact of prior coronaviruses and the novel SARS-CoV-2 infection on reproduction and pregnancy. Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infection during pregnancy: Report of two cases & review of the literature An Analysis of 38 Pregnant Women with COVID-19, Their Newborn Infants, and Maternal-Fetal Transmission of SARS-CoV-2: Maternal Coronavirus Infections and Pregnancy Outcomes cache = ./cache/cord-312178-tojgojjf.txt txt = ./txt/cord-312178-tojgojjf.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-314357-u1m7yr8f author = Elrggal, Mahmoud E. title = Evaluation of preparedness of healthcare student volunteers against Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) in Makkah, Saudi Arabia: a cross-sectional study date = 2018-04-14 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 2776 sentences = 154 flesch = 53 summary = title: Evaluation of preparedness of healthcare student volunteers against Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) in Makkah, Saudi Arabia: a cross-sectional study AIM: To assess the knowledge and attitude of senior medical, dental, nursing and pharmacy students toward Middle East respiratory syndrome-corona virus (MERS-CoV) in Saudi Arabia. An ANOVA test was used to determine the association of study discipline and academic year with the student knowledge score on MERS. Since its first detection in Saudi Arabia in 2012, Middle East respiratory syndrome-corona virus (MERS-CoV) has become a major health problem (Bermingham et al. This study therefore aims to assess the knowledge and attitude of senior medical, dental, nursing and pharmacy students toward MERS in Makkah, Saudi Arabia. Section 2 comprised nine items and was designed to evaluate students' in-depth knowledge about MERS including causes, sources of transmission, mortality, clinical manifestations, prevention strategies and risk groups for MERS. cache = ./cache/cord-314357-u1m7yr8f.txt txt = ./txt/cord-314357-u1m7yr8f.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-314867-qg3hl5ft author = Yoon, Ji Hye title = Study on the 2‐Phenylchroman‐4‐One Derivatives and their anti‐MERS‐CoV Activities date = 2019-07-28 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 1209 sentences = 71 flesch = 60 summary = Bavachin and bavachinin showed good anti-MERS-CoV activities of 2.9 and 7.9 μM respectively by phenotypic cellular screening with vero cell. Total 12 compounds of bavachinin derivatives in four core structures were evaluated to figure out their anti-MERS-CoV activity and cell-cytotoxicity by cellular phenotypic screening method as shown in Table 1 . The further alkylations of phenolic OH of 1a with isopropyl and benzyl group decreased the anti-MERS activities (Entry 3 and 4 in Table 1 ). Interestingly, O-isopropyl Note and O-benzyl derivatives (2c and 2d, respectively) showed similar activity with 2a (non-substituted) better than 2b (Omethylated), but the cytotoxicity for vero cell also increased. As a conclusion, a series of 2-phenylchroman-4-one derivatives were synthesized for the chemical modifications of bavachin, and they exhibited anti-MERS activities in vero cell. We expect the study on bavachin derivatives can contribute to the development of anti-MERS drug. cache = ./cache/cord-314867-qg3hl5ft.txt txt = ./txt/cord-314867-qg3hl5ft.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-312434-yx24golq author = Deng, Ziqin title = Bibliometric and Visualization Analysis of Human Coronaviruses: Prospects and Implications for COVID-19 Research date = 2020-09-23 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6219 sentences = 294 flesch = 49 summary = Here, we apply bibliometric analysis along with visualization tools to analyze 15,207 publications related to human coronavirus from the Scopus database, using indicators on publication and citation, journal, country or territory, affiliation and international cooperation, author, and keyword co-occurrence cluster. Therefore, in order to accurately, effectively and systematically reveal connections within the human coronavirus field, our study applied bibliometrics and visualization methods to analyze human coronaviruses-related publications and citations, countries and affiliations, as well as journal performance, author impact and keyword cooccurrence cluster. According to these keywords, human coronavirus diseases like "SARS, " "MERS" and COVID-19 may have something worthwhile for comparison with other "infectious diseases" like "influenza" in their epidemiological characteristics; "healthcare workers, " "transmission, " "surveillance, " "quarantine, " or "isolation" may be the focuses of these studies, which can help to promote current disease control and prevention measures. cache = ./cache/cord-312434-yx24golq.txt txt = ./txt/cord-312434-yx24golq.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-313517-5ipj2z86 author = Fung, Joshua title = Antigen Capture Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay for Detecting Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus in Humans date = 2019-09-14 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 2710 sentences = 149 flesch = 51 summary = Though the gold standard for diagnosing MERS-CoV infection in humans is still nucleic acid amplification test (NAAT) of the up-E region, an antigen capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) could also be of use for early diagnosis in less developed locations. In the present method, a step-by-step guide to perform a MERS-CoV nucleocapsid protein (NP) capture ELISA using two NP-specific monoclonal antibodies is provided for readers to develop their in-house workflow or diagnostic kit for clinical use and for mass-screening project of animals (e.g., dromedaries and bats) to better understand the spread and evolution of the virus. Nucleic acid amplification test (NAAT, e.g., real-time reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction [real-time RT-qPCR]), virus isolation, transmission electron microscopy, immunohistochemistry, and serological methods (e.g., antigen capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay [ELISA] and immunofluorescence assay [IFA] ) have been developed and used for MERS-CoV diagnosis [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] . cache = ./cache/cord-313517-5ipj2z86.txt txt = ./txt/cord-313517-5ipj2z86.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-315909-vwugf0wp author = Letko, Michael title = Studying Evolutionary Adaptation of MERS-CoV date = 2019-09-14 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 1236 sentences = 100 flesch = 52 summary = Here, we describe methods for in vitro serial passaging of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) to select for mutations which increase replication on semi-permissive cell lines as described in Letko et al., Cell Rep 24, 1730–1737, 2018. Forced adaptation experiments have been used to determine viral mutations that facilitate escape from drugs [4] [5] [6] , monoclonal antibodies [7, 8] , host restriction factors [9] [10] [11] , and species variation in host receptors [12] [13] [14] and to elucidate various viral mechanisms of infection and replication [15] [16] [17] . Below is the method employed to adapt MERS-CoV to a semi-permissive host receptor, Desmodus rotundus DPP4. To increase selective pressures on a viral population which is beginning to show signs of adaptation, one can apply a population bottleneck in the subsequent passage by reducing the amount of viral Evolution of MERS-CoV supernatant passaged to the next cell culture. cache = ./cache/cord-315909-vwugf0wp.txt txt = ./txt/cord-315909-vwugf0wp.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-312670-hi3fjne4 author = Corman, V. M. title = Coronaviren als Ursache respiratorischer Infektionen date = 2019-08-27 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 2307 sentences = 257 flesch = 49 summary = Zusätzlich zu diesen ständig im Menschen zirkulierenden Varianten wurden in den vergangenen Jahren zwei CoV im Menschen gefunden, nämlich SARS-CoV und MERS-CoV, die aus dem Tierreservoir auf den Menschen übergegangen sind und bei einem deutlich größeren Anteil der Infizierten schwere virale Pneumonien mit tödlichem Verlauf auslösen [25, 28] . Obwohl die Mehrzahl der Infektionen mit den vier endemischen CoV nur leichte Atemwegserkrankungen verursacht, können alle HCoV auch schwere Hier steht eine Anzeige. Inwiefern diese sekundären Infektionen auf die intensivmedizinische Behandlung und Beatmung zurückzuführen sind oder ein spezifisches grundsätzliches Risiko einer CoV-Infektion darstellen, ist noch nicht verstanden. Jedoch ist eine spezifische Labordiagnostik bei Verdacht auf eine Infektion mit endemi-schen CoV bei harmlosem Verlauf und Patienten ohne besonderes Risiko für die Entstehung von Komplikationen auch nicht indiziert. Bei der typischerweise unspezifischen Klinik von MERS-CoV-Infektionen sollte auch die Möglichkeit einer Infektion mit anderen Pathogenen in Betracht gezogen werden [26] . RKI (2015) Schwere respiratorische Erkrankungen in Verbindung mit Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV). cache = ./cache/cord-312670-hi3fjne4.txt txt = ./txt/cord-312670-hi3fjne4.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-313054-w90eitw9 author = Mobaraki, Kazhal title = Current epidemiological status of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus in the world from 1.1.2017 to 17.1.2018: a cross-sectional study date = 2019-04-27 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 2189 sentences = 116 flesch = 54 summary = RESULTS: A total of 229 MERS-CoV cases, including 70 deaths (30.5%), were recorded in the disease outbreak news on world health organization website over the study period. Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infection is considered to cause a new viral epidemic [1] , and was first reported in a patient who died from a severe respiratory illness in a hospital in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, in June 2012 [2, 3] . The occurrence of a large number of MERS-CoV cases and their associated deaths in the world indicate that this disease must be considered as a severe threat to public health [13] because millions of pilgrims from 184 countries converge in Saudi Arabia each year to perform Hajj and Umrah ceremony. Epidemiological, demographic, and clinical characteristics of 47 cases of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus disease from Saudi Arabia: a descriptive study cache = ./cache/cord-313054-w90eitw9.txt txt = ./txt/cord-313054-w90eitw9.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-313684-61hkogdh author = Samaddar, Arghadip title = Pathophysiology and Potential Therapeutic Candidates for COVID-19: A Poorly Understood Arena date = 2020-09-17 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 11700 sentences = 585 flesch = 42 summary = Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), an acute onset pneumonia caused by a novel Betacoronavirus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), emerged in the Wuhan City of China in December 2019 and evolved into a global pandemic. These include antivirals (remdesivir, lopinavir/ritonavir, umifenovir, and favipiravir), interferon, antimalarials (chloroquine/hydroxychloroquine), antiparasitic drugs (ivermectin and nitazoxanide), biologics (monoclonal antibodies and interleukin receptor antagonist), cellular therapies (mesenchymal stem cells and natural killer cells), convalescent plasma, and cytokine adsorber. Though several observational studies have claimed many of these agents to be effective based on their in vitro activities and extrapolated evidence from SARS and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) epidemics, the currently available data remains inconclusive because of ill-defined patient selection criteria, small sample size, lack of concurrent controls, and use of intermediary outcomes instead of patient-relevant outcomes. cache = ./cache/cord-313684-61hkogdh.txt txt = ./txt/cord-313684-61hkogdh.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-317403-1wrsuoy7 author = Yang, Jeong-Sun title = Middle East Respiratory Syndrome in 3 Persons, South Korea, 2015 date = 2015-11-17 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 1475 sentences = 80 flesch = 51 summary = In May 2015, Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection was laboratory confirmed in South Korea. For the index patient, MERS-CoV RNA was detectable in sputum, throat swab, and serum samples but not in a urine sample collected 9 days after symptom onset ( Table 1) . Because, to our knowledge, cases of MERS-CoV infection in South Korea have not been reported, we had to establish laboratory testing protocols to overcome vulnerabilities in the absence of appropriate epidemiologic support (i.e., generate positive controls to check for contamination and repeat testing). Although the source of infection for the index patient is unclear, phylogenetic analysis of the whole viral genome showed that the isolate from South Korea was closely related to the MERS-CoV strains isolated in Saudi Arabia in 2015. Probable transmission chains of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus and the multiple generations of secondary infection in South Korea cache = ./cache/cord-317403-1wrsuoy7.txt txt = ./txt/cord-317403-1wrsuoy7.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-317435-4yuw7jo3 author = Zhou, Yadi title = Network-based drug repurposing for novel coronavirus 2019-nCoV/SARS-CoV-2 date = 2020-03-16 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 7742 sentences = 388 flesch = 39 summary = Using network proximity analyses of drug targets and HCoV–host interactions in the human interactome, we prioritize 16 potential anti-HCoV repurposable drugs (e.g., melatonin, mercaptopurine, and sirolimus) that are further validated by enrichment analyses of drug-gene signatures and HCoV-induced transcriptomics data in human cell lines. The high druggability of HCoV-host interactome motivates us to develop a drug repurposing strategy by specifically targeting cellular proteins associated with HCoVs for potential treatment of 2019-nCoV/SARS-CoV-2. These network proximity analyses offer putative repurposable candidates for potential prevention and treatment of HCoVs. To further validate the 135 repurposable drugs against HCoVs, we first performed gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) using transcriptome data of MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV infected host cells (see Methods). cache = ./cache/cord-317435-4yuw7jo3.txt txt = ./txt/cord-317435-4yuw7jo3.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-315316-w7cn9iqp author = Earnest, James T. title = The tetraspanin CD9 facilitates MERS-coronavirus entry by scaffolding host cell receptors and proteases date = 2017-07-31 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 7820 sentences = 418 flesch = 48 summary = Infection by enveloped coronaviruses (CoVs) initiates with viral spike (S) proteins binding to cellular receptors, and is followed by proteolytic cleavage of receptor-bound S proteins, which prompts S protein-mediated virus-cell membrane fusion. Using knockout cell lines, we found that the tetraspanin CD9, but not the tetraspanin CD81, formed cell-surface complexes of dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP4), the MERS-CoV receptor, and the type II transmembrane serine protease (TTSP) member TMPRSS2, a CoV-activating protease. TTSP family members, most notably the transmembrane protease serine type 2 (TMPRSS2), can cleave CoV fusion glycoproteins (termed spike [S] proteins), into unlocked, fusion-catalyzing forms [8, 9, 11] at the cell surface and facilitate a rapid, "early" entry. Even antibodies binding to CD81 suppressed MERS S-mediated entry [14] , indicating that several tetraspanins, including those that are not required per se for clustering hDPP4 and TMPRSS2, organize into cell-surface "webs" [15] and enclose the CoV entry factors. cache = ./cache/cord-315316-w7cn9iqp.txt txt = ./txt/cord-315316-w7cn9iqp.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-317688-mr851682 author = Oh, Myoung-don title = Middle East respiratory syndrome: what we learned from the 2015 outbreak in the Republic of Korea date = 2018-02-27 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5565 sentences = 279 flesch = 50 summary = Middle East Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) was first isolated from a patient with severe pneumonia in 2012. Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) was first isolated from a patient with severe pneumonia in September 2012 [1] . The first patient (index case) with MERS-CoV infection was a 68-year-old Korean man returning from the Middle East. Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) outbreak in South Korea, 2015: epidemiology, characteristics and public health implications Risk factors for transmission of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection during the 2015 outbreak in South Korea Clinical implications of 5 cases of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection in a South Korean outbreak Renal complications and their prognosis in Korean patients with Middle East respiratory syndrome-coronavirus from the central MERS-CoV designated hospital Successful treatment of suspected organizing pneumonia in a patient with Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection: a case report cache = ./cache/cord-317688-mr851682.txt txt = ./txt/cord-317688-mr851682.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-318315-r6wqywwe author = Memish, Ziad A. title = Etiology of severe community-acquired pneumonia during the 2013 Hajj—part of the MERS-CoV surveillance program date = 2014-06-23 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3090 sentences = 195 flesch = 51 summary = We aimed to screen Hajj pilgrims admitted to healthcare facilities in 2013 with severe community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) for MERS-CoV and to determine other etiologies. METHODS: Sputum samples were collected from all pilgrims admitted to 15 healthcare facilities in the cities of Makkah and Medina, Saudi Arabia, who were diagnosed with severe CAP on admission, presenting with bilateral pneumonia. 7, 10 In recent years, the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) has also emerged as a cause of serious illness including severe pneumonia. Respiratory tract infections are common illnesses during the Hajj, 15 and pneumonia is the leading cause of hospital admission, including admission to the ICU, during the pilgrimage. 16 In the current study, as part of the Saudi MoH MERS-CoV surveillance, we investigated the etiology of severe CAP in pilgrims attending the 2013 Hajj requiring hospitalization. 7,10 Studies performed during previous Hajj seasons have reported the organism as a cause of respiratory tract infections including penumonia. cache = ./cache/cord-318315-r6wqywwe.txt txt = ./txt/cord-318315-r6wqywwe.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-319006-6f2sl0bp author = Plipat, Tanarak title = Imported case of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infection from Oman to Thailand, June 2015 date = 2017-08-17 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3961 sentences = 197 flesch = 53 summary = title: Imported case of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infection from Oman to Thailand, June 2015 Thailand reported the first Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) case on 18 June 2015 (day 4) in an Omani patient with heart condition who was diagnosed with pneumonia on hospital admission on 15 June 2015 (day 1). From 2012 to 21 July 2017, there have been 2,040 reported laboratory-confirmed cases and 712 deaths from Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infection in 27 countries [1] . A single imported case of Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) in South Korea, identified on 20 May 2015, resulted in 150 laboratory-confirmed cases, amplified by infection in hospitals and the transfer of patients within and between hospitals, and caused 15 deaths within 26 days, mainly among patients, visitors and healthcare personnel [2] . cache = ./cache/cord-319006-6f2sl0bp.txt txt = ./txt/cord-319006-6f2sl0bp.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-317061-0bx704ao author = Wu, Andong title = Prediction and biochemical analysis of putative cleavage sites of the 3C-like protease of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus date = 2015-10-02 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6006 sentences = 287 flesch = 55 summary = The nsp5 of the newly emerging Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) was identified as 3CLpro and its canonical cleavage sites (between nsps) were predicted based on sequence alignment, but the cleavability of these cleavage sites remains to be experimentally confirmed and putative non-canonical cleavage sites (inside one nsp) within the pp1a/1ab awaits further analysis. Some cleavage sites have been identified and confirmed by previous studies, including three cleavage sites of PLpros of human coronavirus 229E (HCoV 229E), mouse hepatitis virus (MHV), SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV and infectious bronchitis virus (IBV), whose cleavages release the first 3 non-structural proteins (Bonilla et al., 1995; Kilianski et al., 2013; Lim and Liu, 1998; Ziebuhr et al., 2007) . In order to set up a more moderate and balanced criteria for protease cleavage site identification, we compared six scanning conditions with different stringency to systematically predict the 3CLpro cleavage sites on pp1a/1ab of five coronaviruses including MERS-CoV. To rapidly evaluate the proteolysis activity of MERS-CoV 3CLpro toward the predicted cleavage sites of different substrates, a sensitive luciferase-based biosensor assay was adopted. cache = ./cache/cord-317061-0bx704ao.txt txt = ./txt/cord-317061-0bx704ao.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-319501-a2x1hvkk author = Wong, Lok-Yin Roy title = A molecular arms race between host innate antiviral response and emerging human coronaviruses date = 2016-01-15 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 7759 sentences = 460 flesch = 51 summary = Particularly, the host pathogen recognition receptors and the signal transduction pathways to mount an effective antiviral response against SARS and MERS coronavirus infection are discussed. This suggests SARS-CoV N may interfere with RNA recognition by host immune sensors such as RIG-I and MDA5 thus achieving suppressive role in IFN production. Our group demonstrated that MERS-CoV ORF4a interacts with PACT, a cellular dsRNA-binding protein that optimally activates RIG-Iand MDA5-induced type I IFN production, in an RNAdependent manner (Siu et al., 2014c) . Infection with SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV has been accompanied with suppression of innate immune response, most notably with the suppression of type I IFN production and signaling pathways. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus nsp1 suppresses host gene expression, including that of type I interferon, in infected cells Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus 4a protein is a double-stranded RNA-binding protein that suppresses pact-induced activation of RIG-I and MDA5 in the innate antiviral response cache = ./cache/cord-319501-a2x1hvkk.txt txt = ./txt/cord-319501-a2x1hvkk.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-319780-rfj9t99r author = Alexander, S.P.H. title = A rational roadmap for SARS‐CoV‐2/COVID‐19 pharmacotherapeutic research and development. IUPHAR Review 29 date = 2020-05-01 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 15196 sentences = 814 flesch = 47 summary = Analysis of the co-crystal structure suggested that the SARS spike protein binds to the active site of angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2, Li et al., 2005) . A truncated version of human recombinant ACE2, lacking the transmembrane domain, mitigated against SARS-CoV infection of cells (Li et al., 2003) and has been used in animal models to reduce symptoms of severe acute lung failure , diabetic nephropathy (Oudit et al., 2010) and cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis . A recent cryo-EM structure suggested that ACE2 and B 0 AT1/SLC6A19 form a heterodimer which pairs up through interfaces between the two ACE2 partners (Figure 1) , with the RBD of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein binding to the peptidase active site of ACE2 suggesting that B 0 AT1/SLC6A19 may facilitate entry of the novel coronavirus. Tumor necrosis factor- convertase (ADAM17) mediates regulated ectodomain shedding of the severe-acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus (SARS-CoV) receptor, angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 (ACE2) cache = ./cache/cord-319780-rfj9t99r.txt txt = ./txt/cord-319780-rfj9t99r.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-319784-lpmsalux author = Alqahtani, Amani S. title = Pilot use of a novel smartphone application to track traveller health behaviour and collect infectious disease data during a mass gathering: Hajj pilgrimage 2014 date = 2015-08-13 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3510 sentences = 179 flesch = 52 summary = title: Pilot use of a novel smartphone application to track traveller health behaviour and collect infectious disease data during a mass gathering: Hajj pilgrimage 2014 Pilot use of a novel smartphone application to track traveller health behaviour and collect infectious disease data during a mass gathering: Hajj pilgrimage 2014 1 Therefore, we conducted a pilot study using a smartphone app to examine its feasibility to track not only Hajj pilgrim KAP regarding preventive measures, but also symptom onset and participation in high-risk activities before, during, and after Hajj 2014. The first screen (first phase) is the pre-Hajj questionnaire, including data on participant demographics, pre-existing chronic diseases, vaccinations received before travel, factors influencing vaccination decision and uptake, perception of the risk of respiratory infection during Hajj, willingness to participate in highrisk activities, such as drinking unpasteurised milk, and awareness of official health recommendations provided by Saudi Arabian authorities. cache = ./cache/cord-319784-lpmsalux.txt txt = ./txt/cord-319784-lpmsalux.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-320663-xypg6evo author = Market, Marisa title = Flattening the COVID-19 Curve With Natural Killer Cell Based Immunotherapies date = 2020-06-23 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 14038 sentences = 659 flesch = 42 summary = A common feature of coronavirus infections is that significant morbidity and mortality is associated with lung injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome resulting from an exaggerated immune response, of which NK cells are an important component. Natural Killer (NK) cells are a key component of the innate immune system and are critical in the response to many viral infections in humans and animal models (1) (2) (3) . Altogether these studies show that during acute CoV infection, inflammatory monocyte-macrophages and neutrophils accumulate in the lungs and produce cytokines and chemokines that induce the activation and migration of lymphocytes, including NK cells, to the lungs, where they could be one of the main producers of IFN-γ (148). Studies have reported that patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 have lower levels of circulating NK cells and these express a greater level of inhibitory receptors (e.g., NKG2A) while producing less IFN-γ (127, 129, 130) . cache = ./cache/cord-320663-xypg6evo.txt txt = ./txt/cord-320663-xypg6evo.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-319877-izn315hb author = de Wit, Emmie title = SARS and MERS: recent insights into emerging coronaviruses date = 2016-06-27 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 9387 sentences = 424 flesch = 43 summary = Scientific advancements since the 2002–2003 severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) pandemic allowed for rapid progress in our understanding of the epidemiology and pathogenesis of MERS-CoV and the development of therapeutics. The downregulation of ACE2 results in the excessive production of angiotensin II by the related enzyme ACE, and it has been suggested that the stimulation of type 1a angiotensin II receptor and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) encode two large polyproteins, pp1a and pp1ab, which are proteolytically cleaved into 16 non-structural proteins (nsps), including papain-like protease (PLpro), 3C-like protease (3CLpro), RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp), helicase (Hel) and exonuclease (ExoN). Both severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) have developed mechanisms to interfere with these signalling pathways, as shown; these subversion strategies involve both structural proteins (membrane (M) and nucleocapsid (N)) and non-structural proteins (nsp1, nsp3b, nsp4a, nsp4b, nsp5, nsp6 and papain-like protease (PLpro); indicated in the figure by just their nsp numbers and letters). cache = ./cache/cord-319877-izn315hb.txt txt = ./txt/cord-319877-izn315hb.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-320746-iuzfexig author = Rasmussen, Sonja A. title = Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus: Update for Clinicians date = 2015-02-20 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 2390 sentences = 101 flesch = 42 summary = Although much recent focus has been on the recognition of Ebola virus disease among travelers from West Africa, cases of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), including travel-associated cases, continue to be reported. Although much recent focus has been appropriately placed on the recognition of Ebola virus disease in travelers returning from West Africa, the recent increase in cases of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infection (including travelassociated cases) is also of concern [1, 2] . Update on the epidemiology of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infection, and guidance for the public, clinicians, and public health authorities First confirmed cases of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infection in the United States, updated information on the epidemiology of MERS-CoV infection, and guidance for the public, clinicians, and public health authorities cache = ./cache/cord-320746-iuzfexig.txt txt = ./txt/cord-320746-iuzfexig.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-320921-eumuid3r author = Widagdo, W. title = Lack of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Transmission in Rabbits date = 2019-04-24 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4829 sentences = 239 flesch = 51 summary = Our data indicate that despite relatively high viral RNA levels produced, low levels of infectious virus are excreted in the upper respiratory tract of rabbits as compared to dromedary camels, thus resulting in a lack of viral transmission. Besides dromedary camels, other animal species, i.e. llamas, alpacas, and pigs have been shown to be susceptible and develop upper respiratory tract infection upon experimental intranasal MERS-CoV inoculation [9] [10] [11] . We found that rabbits inoculated with the MERS-CoV EMC strain and those with the Qatar15 strain developed an equally mild infection and shed similar levels of viral RNA in their nasal and throat swabs (Figure 3 ). We found that rabbits inoculated with the MERS-CoV EMC strain and those with the Qatar15 strain developed an equally mild infection and shed similar levels of viral RNA in their nasal and throat swabs (Figure 3 ). cache = ./cache/cord-320921-eumuid3r.txt txt = ./txt/cord-320921-eumuid3r.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-320238-qbjrlog1 author = Okba, Nisreen M. A. title = Particulate multivalent presentation of the receptor binding domain induces protective immune responses against MERS-CoV date = 2020-05-29 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6185 sentences = 291 flesch = 48 summary = Using an immune-focusing approach, we created self-assembling particles multivalently displaying critical regions of the MERS-CoV spike protein ─fusion peptide, heptad repeat 2, and receptor binding domain (RBD) ─ and tested their immunogenicity and protective capacity in rabbits. The use of self-assembling multimeric protein scaffold particles (MPSP) to present antigens in a multivalent virus-mimicking manner (size, repetitiveness, and geometry), has been shown to enhance vaccine-induced immune responses [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] , and to offer advantages over other multimeric antigen presentation platforms (reviewed in [12] ). We sought to design antigens capable of inducing strong immune responses against critical parts of the viral entry and fusion machinery within the MERS-CoV spike protein through immune focusing and multivalent presentation on self-assembling particles (Figure 1 ). Following the prime, RBD-LS vaccination induced antibody responses of high avidity and MERS-CoV neutralizing capacity. cache = ./cache/cord-320238-qbjrlog1.txt txt = ./txt/cord-320238-qbjrlog1.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-321259-wio2b49i author = Carmona-Gutierrez, Didac title = Digesting the crisis: autophagy and coronaviruses date = 2020-05-04 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4350 sentences = 243 flesch = 35 summary = Of note, cellular manipulation of autophagic levels during infection may also reflect desperate attempts of the cell to reestablish homeostasis, either through restriction of viral entry by actively shunting endocytosis/endosomal trafficking (possibly resulting in autophagy reduction as a sideeffect) [39] or to counteract virally induced cell death by increasing cytoprotective autophagy. Thus, the group-specific accessory proteins, which by definition are not essential for viral replication but are involved in the modulation of host cells and immune evasion [66, 67] , may represent targets for reducing the autophagy-inhibitory effects of CoVs. The FDA-approved anti-malarial drugs chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine have been suggested to be repurposed for the treatment of COVID-19 [68] [69] [70] , but this remains widely controversial [71] [72] [73] . Intriguingly, another recent preprint presents in vitro data showing that SARS-CoV-2 infection restricts autophagy and that, in turn, pro-autophagic compounds -including spermidine -may inhibit viral propagation [85] . cache = ./cache/cord-321259-wio2b49i.txt txt = ./txt/cord-321259-wio2b49i.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-321651-7e8dwcur author = Jazieh, Abdul-Rahman title = Managing Oncology Services During a Major Coronavirus Outbreak: Lessons From the Saudi Arabia Experience date = 2020-03-27 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 2728 sentences = 144 flesch = 47 summary = This article describes the approach used to manage patients with cancer during a large-scale Middle East respiratory syndrome–coronavirus hospital outbreak in Saudi Arabia to ensure continuity of care and minimize harm from treatment interruption or acquiring infection. With recent outbreaks of the new coronavirus in China and other countries, the factors related to oncology patients' care and corresponding outcomes are a major concern for the oncology community; therefore, this article describes the approach used to manage oncology services in response to the MERS-CoV outbreak and the implications of hospital closure. In coordination with the organizational leadership, the oncology service leaders developed a plan to manage the crisis with 3 main objectives: to treat affected patients, prevent further infection to patients and staff, and deliver timely, safe cancer care for all patients. In response to the 2015 coronavirus outbreak in our country, we developed a detailed plan to help manage oncology services to prevent harm to our patients or staff. cache = ./cache/cord-321651-7e8dwcur.txt txt = ./txt/cord-321651-7e8dwcur.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-323533-otosnjde author = Ekins, Sean title = Tilorone, a Broad-Spectrum Antiviral for Emerging Viruses date = 2020-04-21 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 1105 sentences = 72 flesch = 51 summary = After a broad screening of additional viruses, we now describe in vitro activity against Chikungunya virus (CHIK) and Middle Eastern respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV). These results led us to more broadly profile the antiviral spectrum of activity and focus on Chikungunya virus (CHIK) and Middle Eastern respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV). Plates are incubated at 37°C with 5% CO 2 until maximum CPE is observed microscopically in virus control wells (CHIK and MERS-CoV were incubated for 3 days). Tilorone has in vitro activity against CHIK and MERS-CoV. We identified promising micromolar activities for tilorone against CHIK and MERS-CoV with reasonable selectivity indexes ( Table 1 ). Recent virus outbreaks such as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) suggest the urgent need for reassessment of this compound as a broadspectrum antiviral as we have yet to fully appreciate the utility of this drug discovered 50 years ago. Tilorone hydrochloride: an orally active antiviral agent Efficacy of tilorone dihydrochloride against Ebola virus infection cache = ./cache/cord-323533-otosnjde.txt txt = ./txt/cord-323533-otosnjde.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-321131-f8qeytxc author = Zhou, Yanchen title = Protease inhibitors targeting coronavirus and filovirus entry date = 2015-04-30 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5517 sentences = 254 flesch = 45 summary = Abstract In order to gain entry into cells, diverse viruses, including Ebola virus, SARS-coronavirus and the emerging MERS-coronavirus, depend on activation of their envelope glycoproteins by host cell proteases. We report here that the cysteine protease inhibitor K11777, ((2S)-N-[(1E,3S)-1-(benzenesulfonyl)-5-phenylpent-1-en-3-yl]-2-{[(E)-4-methylpiperazine-1-carbonyl] amino}-3-phenylpropanamide) and closely-related vinylsulfones act as broad-spectrum antivirals by targeting cathepsin-mediated cell entry. We report here that the cysteine protease inhibitor K11777, ((2S)-N-[(1E,3S)-1-(benzenesulfonyl)-5-phenylpent-1-en-3-yl]-2-{[(E)-4-methylpiperazine-1-carbonyl] amino}-3-phenylpropanamide) and closely-related vinylsulfones act as broad-spectrum antivirals by targeting cathepsin-mediated cell entry. Cell culture studies demonstrated that endosomal cysteine proteases, in particular cathepsin B (CTSB) and/or L (CTSL), can activate the glycoproteins of filoviruses, SARS-CoV, other coronaviruses, and NiV and Hendra (HeV) viruses to facilitate entry into certain cell lines. The notion that coronaviruses, including SARS-CoV, use both a cathepsin-dependent endosomal pathway and a direct cell-surface serine protease-mediated pathway for entry (Simmons et al., 2013) is supported by our finding that the combination of K11777 and camostat was superior to either compound alone. cache = ./cache/cord-321131-f8qeytxc.txt txt = ./txt/cord-321131-f8qeytxc.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-322354-x61eqaca author = Young Lee, Jun title = Identification of 4-Anilino-6-aminoquinazoline Derivatives as Potential MERS-CoV Inhibitors date = 2020-08-08 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 590 sentences = 47 flesch = 60 summary = A series of 4-anilino-6-aminoquinazoline derivatives were synthesized and evaluated to show high anti-MERS-CoV activities. N(4)-(3-Chloro-4-fluorophenyl)-N(6)-(3-methoxybenzyl)quinazoline-4,6-diamine (1) has been identified in a random screen as a hit compound for inhibiting MERS-CoV infection. [7] [8] [9] Recently outbreak of COVID-19, which is caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), emerged in China and has spread to several other countries. Drug repositioning for an FDA-approved compound library found that numerous compounds inhibited MERS-CoV infection. 10 Through high content screening (HCS) platform of Institut Pasteur Korea (IPK) using the Korea Chemical Bank (KCB), 11 we found several novel compounds that can inhibit MERS-CoV infection. 12 We found that N 4 -(3-chloro-4-fluorophenyl)-N 6 -(3methoxybenzyl)quinazoline-4,6-diamine 1 was effective for inhibiting MERS-CoV infection. We thought that quinazoline compounds can exhibit good bioavailability and be easily extended to treatment of MERS-CoV infection. Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) cache = ./cache/cord-322354-x61eqaca.txt txt = ./txt/cord-322354-x61eqaca.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-321080-pgxxkfc0 author = Wang, Cong title = Combining a Fusion Inhibitory Peptide Targeting the MERS-CoV S2 Protein HR1 Domain and a Neutralizing Antibody Specific for the S1 Protein Receptor-Binding Domain (RBD) Showed Potent Synergism against Pseudotyped MERS-CoV with or without Mutations in RBD date = 2019-01-06 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4553 sentences = 191 flesch = 49 summary = We previously identified a fusion inhibitory peptide (HR2P-M2) targeting the MERS-CoV S2 protein HR1 domain and a highly potent neutralizing monoclonal antibody (m336) specific to the S1 spike protein receptor-binding domain (RBD). However, we herein report that the combination of m336 and HR2P-M2 exhibited potent synergism in inhibiting MERS-CoV S protein-mediated cell–cell fusion and infection by MERS-CoV pseudoviruses with or without mutations in the RBD, resulting in the enhancement of antiviral activity in contrast to either one administered alone. As shown in Figure 2 and Table 1 , combining HR2P-M2 and m336 resulted in strong synergistic inhibitory activity against MERS-CoV pseudovirus infection with CI values of 0.13-0.20 for 50-90% inhibition, including potency enhancement of 12.9-to 18.9-fold for m336 and 8.4-to 12.9-fold for HR2P-M2. cache = ./cache/cord-321080-pgxxkfc0.txt txt = ./txt/cord-321080-pgxxkfc0.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-321918-9jwma2y6 author = Xiu, Siyu title = Inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2 Entry: Current and Future Opportunities date = 2020-06-15 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 10526 sentences = 621 flesch = 52 summary = The spike protein can be divided into two domains; S1 is responsible for angiotensin-converting enzyme II(ACE2) recognition, the recently identified host cell receptor, and S2 mediates membrane fusion (Figure 2 ). 98 99 On the basis of this approach, they identified two small molecules, TGG (12, Table 4 ) and luteolin (13) , that can bind avidly to the SARS-CoV S2 protein and inhibit viral entry of SARS-CoV into Vero E6 cells with IC 50 values of 4.5 and 10.6 μM, respectively. 113 A high-throughput screen (HTS) of a 1000-compound library that resulted in the identification of MDL28170 (17 , Table 4 ) by Bates et al., and in an antiviral activity assay, 17 specifically inhibited cathepsin L-mediated substrate cleavage and blocked SARS-CoV viral entry, with an IC 50 value of 2.5 nM and EC 50 value in the range of 100 nM. cache = ./cache/cord-321918-9jwma2y6.txt txt = ./txt/cord-321918-9jwma2y6.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-324165-afdmsbw2 author = Joo, Heesoo title = The effects of past SARS experience and proximity on declines in numbers of travelers to the Republic of Korea during the 2015 MERS outbreak: A retrospective study date = 2019-08-31 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5124 sentences = 236 flesch = 56 summary = The results from regression models and sensitivity analyses demonstrated that areas with ≥100 SARS cases and closer proximity to the ROK had significantly larger percentage decreases in traveler volumes during the outbreak. This evaluation estimates the changes in numbers of non-citizen short-term visitor arrivals from selected areas to the ROK during the 2015 MERS outbreak and examines the correlation between travel volume declines and previous experience of the most similar sizable outbreak, the 2003 severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) outbreak. Although WHO did not recommend any travel restrictions to the ROK during the 2015 MERS outbreak [17] , WHO noted that raising awareness about Table 4 Monthly marginal percentage change between actual (2015) and baseline projected (average of 2013 and 2014) non-citizen arrivals to the Republic of Korea (ROK) associated with areas that experienced ≥100 probable severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) cases and distance to the Republic of Korea. cache = ./cache/cord-324165-afdmsbw2.txt txt = ./txt/cord-324165-afdmsbw2.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-323093-u3ozc9ry author = Rathnayake, Athri D. title = 3C-like protease inhibitors block coronavirus replication in vitro and improve survival in MERS-CoV–infected mice date = 2020-08-19 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 7158 sentences = 362 flesch = 56 summary = After we observed that treatment with compound 6j resulted in the survival of MERS MA -CoV-infected hDPP4-KI mice, we conducted another study by delaying treatment initiation until 3 dpi. This nucleoside analog was originally developed as an antiviral drug against Ebola virus and has been shown to be effective against both MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV in cell culture assays and in animal models of coronavirus infection (23) (24) (25) (26) . Prophylactic treatment or early therapeutic treatment of infected mice with remdesivir reduced MERS-CoV-or SARS-CoV-mediated weight loss and decreased lung virus titers and lung injury scores compared to those of vehicle-treated animals (23, 26) . The goal of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of 3CLpro inhibitors against human coronaviruses, including SARS-CoV-2, in a FRET enzyme assay and cell culture assays, as well as in a mouse model of MERS-CoV infection. cache = ./cache/cord-323093-u3ozc9ry.txt txt = ./txt/cord-323093-u3ozc9ry.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-323087-3cxyogor author = Widagdo, W. title = Tissue Distribution of the MERS-Coronavirus Receptor in Bats date = 2017-04-26 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3427 sentences = 168 flesch = 48 summary = Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) has been shown to infect both humans and dromedary camels using dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP4) as its receptor. Apart from dromedary camels, insectivorous bats are suggested as another natural reservoir for MERS-like-CoVs. In order to gain insight on the tropism of these viruses in bats, we studied the DPP4 distribution in the respiratory and extra-respiratory tissues of two frugivorous bat species (Epomophorus gambianus and Rousettus aegyptiacus) and two insectivorous bat species (Pipistrellus pipistrellus and Eptesicus serotinus). The limited DPP4 expression in the respiratory tract of the two insectivorous bat species, particularly the common pipistrelle bat, is different from what has been reported for dromedary camels and humans. More importantly, the tissue distribution of DPP4 in insectivorous bats, believed to be one of the natural hosts for MERS-like-CoVs, is different to that in dromedary camels and humans. cache = ./cache/cord-323087-3cxyogor.txt txt = ./txt/cord-323087-3cxyogor.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-326768-uo6482ah author = Hashem, Anwar M. title = MERS‐CoV, influenza and other respiratory viruses among symptomatic pilgrims during 2014 Hajj season date = 2019-02-20 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 1842 sentences = 113 flesch = 48 summary = The aim here was to screen symptomatic pilgrims for Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS‐CoV) and other viral etiologies. 2, [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] [16] [17] [18] [19] [20] The emergence of the novel Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) in Saudi Arabia, its endemicity, and high mortality rates (35%-40%) clearly represent another major public health concern, especially during Hajj. High prevalence of common respiratory viruses and no evidence of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus in Hajj pilgrims returning to Ghana Detection of respiratory viruses among pilgrims in Saudi Arabia during the time of a declared influenza A(H1N1) pandemic MERS-CoV but positive influenza viruses in returning Hajj pilgrims, China Cross-sectional survey and surveillance for influenza viruses and MERS-CoV among Egyptian pilgrims returning from Hajj during 2012-2015. Middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infections in two returning travellers in the Netherlands MERS-CoV, influenza and other respiratory viruses among symptomatic pilgrims during 2014 Hajj season cache = ./cache/cord-326768-uo6482ah.txt txt = ./txt/cord-326768-uo6482ah.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-326864-i1r3bv4p author = Hon, Kam Lun title = Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): latest developments in potential treatments date = 2020-06-29 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6265 sentences = 370 flesch = 46 summary = 4 COVID-19 is a respiratory tract infection that causes mild symptoms in the majority of cases, but can also lead to ISSN: 1740-4398 REVIEW -Coronavirus disease 2019 : latest developments in potential treatments drugsincontext.com mortality and morbidity. SARS-CoV is closely related to civet and bat CoVs, but it is phylogenetically divergent from other coronaviruses associated with human infections, including ISSN: 1740-4398 REVIEW -Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): latest developments in potential treatments drugsincontext.com OC43, NL63, 229E, and HKU1. In a clinical trial involving 199 patients with laboratory-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection, lopinavir-ritonavir treatment was not associated with any clinical improvements compared with standard care. 25 Long and colleagues reported that corticosteroid therapy using methylprednisolone, dexamethasone, and hydrocortisone was beneficial in treating ISSN: 1740-4398 REVIEW -Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): latest developments in potential treatments drugsincontext.com SARS-CoV patients, 78 and significantly prolonged survival time in clinical cases. cache = ./cache/cord-326864-i1r3bv4p.txt txt = ./txt/cord-326864-i1r3bv4p.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-327863-6cw9f7qu author = Majumder, Maimuna S. title = Mortality Risk Factors for Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Outbreak, South Korea, 2015 date = 2015-11-17 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 1378 sentences = 67 flesch = 52 summary = As of July 15, 2015, the South Korean Ministry of Health and Welfare had reported 186 case-patients with Middle East respiratory syndrome in South Korea. For 159 case-patients with known outcomes and complete case histories, we found that older age and preexisting concurrent health conditions were risk factors for death. Univariate logistic regression models for each risk factor showed that older age and having a concurrent health condition were associated with death (both p<0.001); both variables remained significant after we adjusted for all 5 variables in a multivariate logistic regression model (Table) . Despite these limitations, we found that risk factors for death among patients with MERS in South Korea who had known outcomes (age and concurrent health conditions) were similar to those identified for MERS case-patients in Saudi Arabia (8) (9) (10) . cache = ./cache/cord-327863-6cw9f7qu.txt txt = ./txt/cord-327863-6cw9f7qu.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-328298-tm7gds8h author = Gardner, Lauren M. title = Risk of global spread of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) via the air transport network date = 2016-09-05 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4996 sentences = 217 flesch = 54 summary = In order to prevent global outbreaks such as the one seen in South Korea, it is critical for high-risk countries to be prepared and have appropriate screening and triage protocols in place to identify travel-related cases of MERS-CoV. The results provide a country level ranking and corresponding expected relative risk, which can be used by public health authorities in each country to ensure the appropriate screening and triage protocols are in place to identify travel-related cases of MERS-coronavirus. The proposed model quantifies the relative risk of disease spread by MERS-CoV-infected travellers departing from the Middle East and arriving at any given world airport. The analysis quantifies the relative expected risk of MERS-CoV-infected (air travel) passengers arriving at airports based on a set of active transmission regions, the outbreak size at each and travel patterns; the model does not include the potential importation of infected intermediary hosts or intermediary host by-products since the influence of that possibility is yet to be established. cache = ./cache/cord-328298-tm7gds8h.txt txt = ./txt/cord-328298-tm7gds8h.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-319707-j8y9gt2o author = Kato, Verstrepen title = Neurological manifestations of COVID-19, SARS and MERS date = 2020-06-19 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3552 sentences = 188 flesch = 43 summary = The novel coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, is likewise a causative pathogen for severe viral pneumonia with the risk of progression to respiratory failure and systemic manifestations. Articles related to the topic were identified by following terms: "Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome", "Middle East Respiratory Syndrome", Coronavirus disease 2019", "Neurology", "MERS", "SARS", "COVID-19", "Stroke", "Epilepsy", "Guillain-Barré Syndrome", "Encephalitis", "Myelitis", "Meningitis", "Neurological Sequels", "Polyneuropathy" and "Carotid Dissection". Several recent articles report associated cases of encephalitis, acute flaccid paralysis and other neurological symptoms, such as Guillain-Barré syndrome or ADEM, as possible complications of a HCoV infection [6] . Detection of SARS coronavirus RNA in the cerebrospinal fluid of a patient with severe acute respiratory syndrome Neurological complications of middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus: a report of two cases and review of the literature cache = ./cache/cord-319707-j8y9gt2o.txt txt = ./txt/cord-319707-j8y9gt2o.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-326718-jboiufoq author = Deming, Meagan E. title = COVID-19 and Lessons to Be Learned from Prior Coronavirus Outbreaks date = 2020-07-17 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 2539 sentences = 121 flesch = 41 summary = In addition, three novel CoVs have emerged as zoonotic human infections in the past 17 years; SARS-CoV, Middle East respiratory syndrome CoV (MERS-CoV), and the 2019 novel CoV (SARS-CoV-2) (2) have each been associated with lower respiratory symptoms, progressing in a subset of individuals to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and death. Interestingly NL63, an hCoV that also uses angiotensin converting enzyme 2 as the host receptor, but typically causes mild upper respiratory disease, was the cause of a cluster of severe pediatric pneumonias in China in 2018, during which half of the patients were identified with viruses containing a specific substitution in the spike glycoprotein that enhanced binding to and entry via angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (4). It can be hypothesized that the spike glycoprotein of SARS-CoV-2, with its PERSPECTIVE structural similarity and higher affinity binding to angiotensin converting enzyme 2, provokes a similar mechanism of lung pathology leading to ARDS with severe COVID-19. cache = ./cache/cord-326718-jboiufoq.txt txt = ./txt/cord-326718-jboiufoq.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-327685-fymfqvp3 author = Channappanavar, Rudragouda title = Pathogenic human coronavirus infections: causes and consequences of cytokine storm and immunopathology date = 2017-05-02 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5834 sentences = 288 flesch = 33 summary = In contrast, highly pathogenic hCoVs such as severe acute respiratory syndrome CoV (SARS-CoV) and Middle East respiratory syndrome CoV (MERS-CoV) predominantly infect lower airways and cause fatal pneumonia. Severe pneumonia caused by pathogenic hCoVs is often associated with rapid virus replication, massive inflammatory cell infiltration and elevated pro-inflammatory cytokine/chemokine responses resulting in acute lung injury (ALI), and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Although there is no direct evidence for the involvement of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines in lung pathology during SARS and MERS, correlative evidence from patients with severe disease suggests a role for hyper-inflammatory responses in hCoV pathogenesis. Infection of non-human primates (NHPs) with SARS-CoV induced a dysregulated immune response resulting in increased disease severity in aged but not young NHPs, despite similar viral titers in the airways [67] . T cell responses are required for protection from clinical disease and for virus clearance in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-infected mice cache = ./cache/cord-327685-fymfqvp3.txt txt = ./txt/cord-327685-fymfqvp3.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-327867-1wkbjtji author = Da'ar, Omar B. title = Underlying trend, seasonality, prediction, forecasting and the contribution of risk factors: an analysis of globally reported cases of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus date = 2018-06-11 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3186 sentences = 164 flesch = 49 summary = title: Underlying trend, seasonality, prediction, forecasting and the contribution of risk factors: an analysis of globally reported cases of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus This study set out to identify and analyse trends and seasonal variations of monthly global reported cases of the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV). This study set out to identify trends and seasonal variations; made a prediction based on the globally reported cases of the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), extrapolated into the future by forecasting the trend and assessed contributions of various risk factors for the MERS-CoV cases. Using linear time series models and their application to the modelling and prediction of the globally reported MERS-CoV data, the present study identified trends, analysed seasonality, predicted and forecast evolution of MERS-CoV cases and assessed the contribution of various risk factors. cache = ./cache/cord-327867-1wkbjtji.txt txt = ./txt/cord-327867-1wkbjtji.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-328361-hyrke6j2 author = Ithete, Ndapewa Laudika title = Close Relative of Human Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus in Bat, South Africa date = 2013-10-17 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 1186 sentences = 60 flesch = 54 summary = A novel clade 2c betacoronavirus, termed Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS)-CoV, was recently identified as the causative agent of a severe respiratory disease that is mainly affecting humans on the Arabian Peninsula (1) . Extending on previous work (2), we described European Pipistrellus bat-derived CoVs that are closely related to MERS-CoV (3) . Screening for CoVs was done by nested reverse transcription PCR using broadly reactive oligonucleotide primers targeting a conserved region in the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) gene (online Technical Appendix). PCR amplicons for 4 positive specimens yielded alphacoronavirus sequences related to recently described bat alphacoronaviruses from South Africa (4) . A Bayesian phylogenetic analysis of the 816-nt RdRp sequence confirmed the close relationship between PML/2011 and MERS-CoV (Figure) . Genomic characterization of severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus in European bats and classification of coronaviruses based on partial RNA-dependent RNA polymerase gene sequences cache = ./cache/cord-328361-hyrke6j2.txt txt = ./txt/cord-328361-hyrke6j2.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-325902-33pxylb3 author = Hemida, Maged Gomaa title = Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus and the One Health concept date = 2019-08-22 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6356 sentences = 325 flesch = 58 summary = This is due to the animals, especially dromedary camels, play important roles in the transmission and sustainability of the virus, and the virus can be transmitted through aerosols of infected patients into the environment. Experimental MERS-CoV infection in both alpacas and llamas showed a similar pattern to that of dromedary camels (Crameri et al., 2016; Vergara-Alert et al., 2017) , which suggested that both animals might act as a model animal for the study of MERS-CoV in vivo. Very few studies reported the cross-reactivity between MERS-CoV and other coronaviruses such as the bovine coronavirus (BCoV) that might infect dromedary camels. Dromedary camels remain the amplifier of the virus; the close contact of these animals to the human population in certain regions of Africa and Asia may pose a great risk for human infection and indirectly contribute to the spread of the virus. Lack of middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus transmission from infected camels cache = ./cache/cord-325902-33pxylb3.txt txt = ./txt/cord-325902-33pxylb3.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-326851-0jxdnm1l author = Lee, Sang M. title = Lessons Learned from Battling COVID-19: The Korean Experience date = 2020-10-16 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 9665 sentences = 461 flesch = 49 summary = Results: Korea's success rests on its readiness, with the capacity for massive testing and obtaining prompt test results, effective contact tracing based on its world-leading mobile technologies, timely provision of personal protective equipment (PPE) to first responders, effective treatment of infected patients, and invoking citizens' community and civic conscience for the shared goal of defeating the pandemic. More specifically, this study has the following objectives: (1) To analyze Korean experiences with cases where healthcare facilities failed to prevent previous infectious diseases from spreading, and how these failures served the government in devising effective approaches to encounter the COVID-19 pandemic, (2) To dissect cases that showed innovative and successful response measures to deal with the COVID-19 pandemic, and (3) To elaborate on suggestions for crisis management based on the lessons learned from these COVID-19 response cases in Korea. cache = ./cache/cord-326851-0jxdnm1l.txt txt = ./txt/cord-326851-0jxdnm1l.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-329010-n0mz098o author = McKee, Dwight L. title = Candidate drugs against SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 date = 2020-04-29 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5193 sentences = 260 flesch = 41 summary = Further, chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine, and off-label antiviral drugs, such as the nucleotide analogue remdesivir, HIV protease inhibitors lopinavir and ritonavir, broad-spectrum antiviral drugs arbidol and favipiravir as well as antiviral phytochemicals available to date may prevent spread of SARS-CoV-2 and morbidity and mortality of COVID-19 pandemic. Drugs that have recently been shown to target MERS-CoV in mice [15] , and to inhibit Ebola virus RdRP and SARS-CoV-2 proteases in humans, such as remdesivir and ritonavir/lopinavir, also constitute candidate drugs against SARS-CoV-2 and are now investigated for their therapeutic efficacy in COVID-19 patients in 2 international clinical trials (SOLIDARITY Trial and DisCoVeRy Trial). The emergence of the novel beta coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 from Wuhan, Hubei province, China in December 2019 rapidly led to a pandemic involving more than 2,500,000 infected persons and more proven drugs such as camostat mesilate which prevents virus host cell entry by inhibiting TMPRSS2 [8] , and chloroquine phosphate which inhibits terminal phosphorylation of ACE2, or hydroxychloroquine which is metabolized in vivo to chloroquine [44] . cache = ./cache/cord-329010-n0mz098o.txt txt = ./txt/cord-329010-n0mz098o.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-330583-ltkpt80u author = Lee, Kyu-Myoung title = Factors Influencing the Response to Infectious Diseases: Focusing on the Case of SARS and MERS in South Korea date = 2019-04-22 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 9200 sentences = 414 flesch = 37 summary = Following the 2003 the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and the 2015 Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) outbreak in South Korea, this research aims to explore and examine the factors influencing the response to infectious diseases, which encompasses both communicable and non-communicable diseases. As the results conducted meta-analyses to comprehensively analyze the correlations of factors influencing disaster response from a Korean context, the findings show that the legislative factor had direct and indirect influence on the overall process of infectious disease response and that Leadership of the central government, establishment of an intergovernmental response system, the need for communication, information sharing and disclosure and onsite response were identified as key factors influencing effective infectious disease response. However, there is also need for comprehensive discussions that include the establishment of laws; regulations; resources; information on infectious disease response from administrative and policy perspectives; information sharing system; and the establishment of an international cooperation system and national response system involving the central government, the regional government, private organizations and the public for effective response when an actual infectious disease outbreak occurs. cache = ./cache/cord-330583-ltkpt80u.txt txt = ./txt/cord-330583-ltkpt80u.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-330343-p7a8chn4 author = Kelly-Cirino, Cassandra title = An updated roadmap for MERS-CoV research and product development: focus on diagnostics date = 2019-02-01 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5812 sentences = 274 flesch = 40 summary = ► Diagnostic research and development (R&D) needs to include point-of-care testing options, syndromic panels for differential diagnosis, a greater understanding of viral and antibody kinetics, improved access to clinical specimens, and establishment of international reference standards. Diagnostics play a central role in the early detection and control of outbreaks and can enable a more nuanced understanding of the disease kinetics and risk factors for the Middle East respiratory syndrome-coronavirus (MERS-CoV), one of the high-priority pathogens identified by the WHO. Diagnostics play a central role in the early detection and control of outbreaks and can enable a more nuanced understanding of the disease kinetics and risk factors for the Middle East respiratory syndrome-coronavirus (MERS-CoV), one of the high-priority pathogens identified by the WHO. In this review we identified sources for molecular and serological diagnostic tests used in MERS-CoV detection, case management and outbreak investigations, as well as surveillance for humans and animals (camels), and summarised the performance of currently available tests, diagnostic needs, and associated challenges for diagnostic test development and implementation. cache = ./cache/cord-330343-p7a8chn4.txt txt = ./txt/cord-330343-p7a8chn4.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-322760-tsxniu3j author = Sha, Jianping title = Fatality risks for nosocomial outbreaks of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus in the Middle East and South Korea date = 2016-09-23 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4625 sentences = 207 flesch = 55 summary = Thus, older age, pre-existing concurrent diseases, and delayed confirmation increase the odds of a fatal outcome in nosocomial MERS-CoV outbreaks in the Middle East and South Korea. Information on all laboratory-confirmed MERS cases was obtained from various publicly available sources, including WHO Global Alert and Response updates, documents officially released by the local health bureau, news releases from Middle Eastern and South Korean authorities, the Weekly Epidemiological Record, ProMed posts, and literature published from 1 April 2012 to 29 June 2016 (http:// www.who.int/csr/don/archive/disease/coronavirus_infections/ en/). In this study, we compared the mortality risk factors in two different nosocomial outbreaks, based on 51 nosocomial outbreaks of MERS-CoV infection in the Middle East and one large outbreak identified in South Korea. The severity of nosocomial outbreaks and the risk of fatal infection in HCP were significantly lower than the overall rate in the Middle East and South Korea. Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) nosocomial outbreak in South Korea: insights from modeling cache = ./cache/cord-322760-tsxniu3j.txt txt = ./txt/cord-322760-tsxniu3j.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-329876-4cgrjnjo author = Lei, Jian title = Structural and mutational analysis of the interaction between the Middle-East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) papain-like protease and human ubiquitin date = 2016-05-30 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6809 sentences = 421 flesch = 69 summary = title: Structural and mutational analysis of the interaction between the Middle-East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) papain-like protease and human ubiquitin To contribute to an understanding of this process, we present here the X-ray crystal structure of a complex between MERS-CoV PL(pro) and human ubiquitin (Ub) that is devoid of any covalent linkage between the two proteins. The substrate-binding site of MERS-CoV PL pro features significant differences from those of the corresponding SARS-CoV enzyme and human ubiquitin-specific proteases (USPs, such as, USP14) (Hu et al., 2005; Chou et al., 2014; Ratia et al., 2014) . Hence, we crystallized the ubiquitin (Ub) complex of a MERS-CoV PL pro variant that had the active-site Cys111 replaced by serine (C111S) and determined the structure at 3.16 Å ( Figure 1A ). Crystal structure of the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) papain-like protease bound to ubiquitin facilitates targeted disruption of deubiquitinating activity to demonstrate its role in innate immune suppression cache = ./cache/cord-329876-4cgrjnjo.txt txt = ./txt/cord-329876-4cgrjnjo.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-328175-4i3cz20j author = van Doremalen, Neeltje title = Efficacy of antibody-based therapies against Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) in common marmosets date = 2017-07-31 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5150 sentences = 272 flesch = 51 summary = Abstract Cases of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) continue to be identified and with a lack of effective clinical treatment and no preventative strategies, treatment using convalescent plasma or monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) is a potential quick route to an intervention. Here we assess the effect of treatment with marmoset-derived hyperimmune plasma as well as the human mAb m336 on disease outcome in the recently developed marmoset MERS-CoV infection model, which recapitulates severe respiratory disease (Falzarano et al., 2014) . Viral loads in lung tissues from hyperimmune plasma-treated compared to control animals were found to be significantly lower using a onetailed unpaired Student's t-test (average of 4.0 Â 10 4 and 1.2 Â 10 6 TCID 50 equivalent/gram, respectively, p-value ¼ 0.008). In this study, hyperimmune plasma treatment of marmosets inoculated with MERS-CoV resulted in a small (0.5e1 log) but significant reduction in respiratory tract viral loads, as well as reduced disease severity such as observed with radiographs, compared to marmosets treated with non-convalescent plasma or PBS. cache = ./cache/cord-328175-4i3cz20j.txt txt = ./txt/cord-328175-4i3cz20j.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-329959-4yecwdlo author = Lin, Min-Han title = Disulfiram can inhibit MERS and SARS coronavirus papain-like proteases via different modes date = 2017-12-28 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5576 sentences = 319 flesch = 58 summary = Here we show that a clinically available alcohol-aversive drug, disulfiram, can inhibit the papain-like proteases (PL(pro)s) of MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV. The phenomenon of slow-binding inhibition and the irrecoverability of enzyme activity after removing unbound disulfiram indicate covalent inactivation of SARS-CoV PL(pro) by disulfiram, while synergistic inhibition of MERS-CoV PL(pro) by disulfiram and 6-thioguanine or mycophenolic acid implies the potential for combination treatments using these three clinically available drugs. For the inactivation studies, SARS-CoV PL pro (0.05 μM in 20 mM phosphate buffer, pH 6.5) was incubated with different concentrations of disulfiram and peptide substrate, and enzymatic activity was traced for 5 min. On the other hand, the results of kinetic assays, continued inactivation after the removal of disulfiram, reactivation by reductant, and the phenomenon of slow-binding inhibition suggest that disulfiram may act at the active site of SARS-CoV PL pro , forming a covalent adduct with residue Cys112. cache = ./cache/cord-329959-4yecwdlo.txt txt = ./txt/cord-329959-4yecwdlo.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-328366-new4d9jg author = Bleibtreu, A. title = Delayed management of Staphyloccocus aureus infective endocarditis in a Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus possible case hospitalized in 2015 in Paris, France date = 2017-06-30 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 829 sentences = 53 flesch = 54 summary = title: Delayed management of Staphyloccocus aureus infective endocarditis in a Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus possible case hospitalized in 2015 in Paris, France The risk of emerging infectious diseases such as Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) [1] and Ebola epidemics is growing not only as the result of changes in demographic, anthropological, ecological and economic conditions but also because of increasing connectedness and speed of movement in the modern world. In France, since 2012, 1524 patients were classified as possible cases, two were confirmed as MERS-CoV infection, of which one died [4] . A man in his sixties with possible MERS-CoV was admitted to our infectious diseases department at Bichat Claude Bernard Hospital in Paris in 2016. Twelve hours after admission (H12), based on the infectious disease clinical assessment, MERS-CoV diagnosis was no longer considered. Here, the suspicion of MERS-CoV led to a 12-hour delay in performing blood cultures because of isolation. cache = ./cache/cord-328366-new4d9jg.txt txt = ./txt/cord-328366-new4d9jg.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-330913-8aezw81h author = Albahri, A. S. title = Role of biological Data Mining and Machine Learning Techniques in Detecting and Diagnosing the Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19): A Systematic Review date = 2020-05-25 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4767 sentences = 242 flesch = 49 summary = This study reviewed the state-of-the-art techniques for CoV prediction algorithms based on data mining and ML assessment. The main contributions of this study are the exploration of the CoV family by reviewing articles on data mining and ML algorithms, the acquisition of a clear understanding of its enhancements, and how previous research has addressed prediction, regression, and classification methods. Given the multidisciplinary topic of this systematic review, data extraction and classification of the selected studies, including data concerning CoV with AI applications (especially ML techniques), were conducted to evaluate the efficacy of this virus in terms of detection, diagnosis and classification throughout AI enhancements. In [8] , a study was conducted in Saudi Arabia between 2013 and 2017 to improve medical diagnosis systems for binary and multiclass problems in MERS-CoV datasets. In [16] , data mining based on statistical methods was utilised to develop a cloud-based medical system with a high prediction accuracy to prevent MERS-CoV spread within different regions. cache = ./cache/cord-330913-8aezw81h.txt txt = ./txt/cord-330913-8aezw81h.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-333606-5z3kumu9 author = Lee, SangJoon title = Coronaviruses: Innate Immunity, Inflammasome Activation, Inflammatory Cell Death, and Cytokines date = 2020-10-15 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 1178 sentences = 69 flesch = 44 summary = title: Coronaviruses: Innate Immunity, Inflammasome Activation, Inflammatory Cell Death, and Cytokines In this review, we focus on our present understanding of innate immune responses, inflammasome activation, inflammatory cell death pathways, and cytokine secretion during SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2 infection. Despite these limitations, significant work has been done to molecularly characterize the innate immune pathways involved in detecting and controlling CoV infections. patients with severe or critical COVID-19 also found that reduced amounts of type I IFNs in the blood during SARS-CoV-2 infection were associated with increased viral load in the blood, and exacerbation of the inflammatory response [38] . Pyroptosis and necroptosis are similar in that they are lytic forms of cell death driven by the GSDMD pore and MLKL channel, respectively, that release proinflammatory cytokines and other cellular factors to alert the surrounding cells of danger and to recruit innate and adaptive inflammatory cells [54, 55].  Specific CoV infections can activate inflammatory cell death (PANoptosis), thereby inducing cytokine release. cache = ./cache/cord-333606-5z3kumu9.txt txt = ./txt/cord-333606-5z3kumu9.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-331558-6rqd3fmj author = Sun, Chuan-bin title = Role of the Eye in Transmitting Human Coronavirus: What We Know and What We Do Not Know date = 2020-04-24 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5459 sentences = 234 flesch = 48 summary = Although the conjunctiva is directly exposed to extraocular pathogens, and the mucosa of the ocular surface and upper respiratory tract are connected by the nasolacrimal duct and share the same entry receptors for some respiratory viruses, the eye is rarely involved in human CoV infection, conjunctivitis is quite rare in patients with 2019-nCoV infection, and the CoV RNA positive rate by RT-PCR test in tears and conjunctival secretions from patients with 2019-nCoV and SARS-CoV infection is also extremely low. Considering that close doctor-patient contact is quite common in ophthalmic practice and is apt to transmit human CoVs via droplets and fomites, strict hand hygiene and proper personal protection are highly recommended for health care workers to avoid hospital-related viral transmission during ophthalmic practice. Considering that close doctor-patient contact is quite common in ophthalmic practice and is apt to transmit human CoVs via droplets and fomites, strict hand hygiene and proper personal protection are highly recommended for health care workers to avoid hospital-related viral transmission during ophthalmic practice. cache = ./cache/cord-331558-6rqd3fmj.txt txt = ./txt/cord-331558-6rqd3fmj.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-334960-l5q5wc06 author = Park, Su Eun title = Epidemiology, virology, and clinical features of severe acute respiratory syndrome -coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2; Coronavirus Disease-19) date = 2020-04-02 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3757 sentences = 258 flesch = 58 summary = 9) Two novel strains of coronavirus have jumped species from animal to human, spread by human-to-human transmission, and caused severe acute respiratory syndrome leading to high fatality rate in the past 2 decades. 10) Severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated virus (SARS-CoV), previously unknown coronavirus traced to horseshoe bats in southern China, caused 8,096 confirmed cases and 774 deaths (9.6% fatality rate) in 29 countries from November 2002 to July 2003. 19, 20) The virus was initially called 2019-novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) upon its emergence, until the Coronaviridae Study Group of International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses named the virus severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) based on the phylogenetic analysis, on February 11, 2020. 10) Conclusion Within 3 months since the discovery of a novel coronavirus in patients with pneumonia of unknown origin in Wuhan City, China, COVID-19 has spread rapidly throughout the world and is beating SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV in the number of confirmed cases and deaths. cache = ./cache/cord-334960-l5q5wc06.txt txt = ./txt/cord-334960-l5q5wc06.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-332952-d5l60cgc author = nan title = MERS: Progress on the global response, remaining challenges and the way forward date = 2018-09-17 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5561 sentences = 259 flesch = 41 summary = Typical of an emerging zoonosis, Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) has an animal reservoir, i.e. dromedary camels in which the virus causes little to no disease (Mohd et al., 2016) . For example, studies of respiratory pathogens (Yu et al., 2007; Tran et al., 2012; Thompson et al., 2013) and MERS-CoV conducted in the Middle East (Assiri et al., 2013; Oboho et al., 2015; Hunter et al., 2016; Balkhy et al., 2016) and the Republic of Korea (Bin et al., 2016; Kim et al., 2016a Kim et al., , 2016b Nam et al., 2017) illustrate that aerosol-generating procedures and non-invasive ventilation, combined with inappropriate infection prevention and control practices and lack of adherence to standard practices had an important role in facilitating human-to-human transmission in health care settings. The critical care response to a hospital outbreak of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infection: an observational study Sero-prevalence of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) specific antibodies in dromedary camels in Tabuk, Saudi Arabia cache = ./cache/cord-332952-d5l60cgc.txt txt = ./txt/cord-332952-d5l60cgc.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-333738-3xtb8gye author = Rabets, A. title = Development of antibodies to pan-coronavirus spike peptides in convalescent COVID-19 patients date = 2020-08-22 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 2486 sentences = 146 flesch = 49 summary = Investigating patient serum samples after SARS-CoV-2 infection in cross-reactivity studies of immunogenic peptides from Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), we were able to detect the production of antibodies also recognizing MERS virus antigens. Indeed, the peptide of the HR2 domain of the MERS spike protein, previously proven to induce antibodies against MERS-CoV is sharing 74% homology with the corresponding sequence of SARS-CoV-19 virus. If used as an antigen, the peptide of the HR2 domain of the MERS spike protein allows discrimination between post-Covid populations from non-infected ones by the presence of antibodies in blood samples. The high homology of the spike protein domain suggests in addition that the opposite effect can also be true: coronaviral infections producing cross-reactive antibodies affective against SARS-CoV-19. SARS-CoV-2 infections results in the generation of antibodies with significantly strong cross-reactive towards a MERS specific peptide with 76% homology. Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) entry inhibitors targeting spike protein cache = ./cache/cord-333738-3xtb8gye.txt txt = ./txt/cord-333738-3xtb8gye.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-334628-axon4jdc author = Lee, Saemi title = Genetic Characteristics of Coronaviruses from Korean Bats in 2016 date = 2017-07-19 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3227 sentences = 205 flesch = 66 summary = In this study, bat samples (332 oral swabs, 245 fecal samples, 38 urine samples, and 57 bat carcasses) were collected at 33 natural bat habitat sites in South Korea. Thirteen sequences belonging to SARS-like betacoronaviruses showed the highest nucleotide identity (97.1–99.7%) with Bat-CoV-JTMC15 reported in China. Given the import of MERS into South Korea [14] and the presence of SARS in the relatively close geographic location of China [9] (Fig. 3) , together with the fact that bats are a reservoir for coronaviruses, the prevalence of coronavirus infection in Korean bat species should provide valuable information. Oral swabs and other samples (n = 60) were obtained from three species of bats, Rhinolophus ferrumequinum, Miniopterus schreibersii, and Myotis macrodactylus, but coronaviruses were only detected in samples from R. Thirteen sequences from oral swabs were clustered with Bat-CoV B15-21, which was detected in fecal bat samples collected from an abandoned mine in Gangwon province. cache = ./cache/cord-334628-axon4jdc.txt txt = ./txt/cord-334628-axon4jdc.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-334530-krclgmc4 author = Abroug, Fekri title = Family Cluster of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Infections, Tunisia, 2013 date = 2014-09-17 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 1582 sentences = 88 flesch = 58 summary = title: Family Cluster of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Infections, Tunisia, 2013 In 2013 in Tunisia, 3 persons in 1 family were infected with Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV). The index case-patient's respiratory tract samples were negative for MERS-CoV by reverse transcription PCR, but diagnosis was retrospectively confirmed by PCR of serum. A s of May 23, 2014, a total of 635 laboratory-confirmed human cases of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infections had been reported to the World Health Organization; the epidemic has subsequently accelerated (1) . Nasopharyngeal and/or throat swab samples were Family Cluster of MERS-CoV Infections, Tunisia collected a mean of 5 weeks after contact from the other 2 (not ill) children of patient 1, his spouse, and the spouse of patient 3. Clinical features and viral diagnosis of two cases of infection with Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus: a report of nosocomial transmission cache = ./cache/cord-334530-krclgmc4.txt txt = ./txt/cord-334530-krclgmc4.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-336150-l8w7xk0b author = Rathore, Jitendra Singh title = Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), a newly emerged pathogen: an overview date = 2020-08-25 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 7362 sentences = 399 flesch = 54 summary = The essential surface glycoprotein of SARS-CoV-2 known as spike (S) protein, essential for host cell receptor binding, showed only 72% similarity with SARS-CoV at the nucleotide level. Comparative genome analysis of RaTG13, a virus from a Rhinolophusaffinis (i.e. horseshoe) bat sampled from Yunnan province in China in 2013, with SARS-CoV-2, showed that SARS-CoV-2 has 96% similarity at the nucleotide sequence level . Later, it was found that the disease was caused by a virus designated as a novel human coronavirus, MERS-CoV, phylogenetic data showed that it belonged to lineage C of the Betacoronavirusgenus and was highly similar to bat coronaviruses HKU4 (Tylonycterispachypus) and HKU5 (Pipistrelluspipistrellus; Lau et al. When cell lines over-expressed the transmembrane protein 'angiotensin-converting enzyme 2' (ACE2) from humans, bats, pig or civet cats and were infected with SARS-CoV-2, results showed that they became hypersensitized to infection, thus indicating that ACE2 is a SARS-CoV-2 receptor . Recently, neutralizing monoclonal antibodies and nanobodies against the RBD domain of S protein showed protection against SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV (Du et al. cache = ./cache/cord-336150-l8w7xk0b.txt txt = ./txt/cord-336150-l8w7xk0b.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-336775-d4hi9myk author = Kirtipal, Nikhil title = From SARS to SARS-CoV-2, insights on structure, pathogenicity and immunity aspects of pandemic human coronaviruses date = 2020-08-13 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 8606 sentences = 442 flesch = 46 summary = Abstract Human Coronaviruses (HCoV), periodically emerging across the world, are potential threat to humans such as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) – diseases termed as COVID-19. Hence, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is caused by cytokine storm that triggers a destruction in host cells via immune system and subsequently results into multiple organs failure or death as stated in case of SARS-CoV-2 outbreak; similar observations were noted in case of SARS-CoV infection (Kumar et al., 2020) . When developing novel therapeutic strategies to check the immunoregulatory cytokines such as TNFβ and IL6, investigation should be considered on the viral strain and targeted organ specificity; for example, SARS-CoV-2 has more affinity to ACE2 which are scattering on different organs like lung and kidney while MERS-like CoV can even infect T-cells. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha convertase (ADAM17) mediates regulated ectodomain shedding of the severe-acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus (SARS-CoV) receptor, angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 (ACE2) cache = ./cache/cord-336775-d4hi9myk.txt txt = ./txt/cord-336775-d4hi9myk.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-338973-73a7uvyz author = Xu, Jiabao title = Systematic Comparison of Two Animal-to-Human Transmitted Human Coronaviruses: SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV date = 2020-02-22 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 7110 sentences = 426 flesch = 57 summary = After the outbreak of the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) in the world in 2003, human coronaviruses (HCoVs) have been reported as pathogens that cause severe symptoms in respiratory tract infections. Recently, a new emerged HCoV isolated from the respiratory epithelium of unexplained pneumonia patients in the Wuhan seafood market caused a major disease outbreak and has been named the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The source of unexplained pneumonia was first discovered in Wuhan in Dec, 2019, and SARS-CoV-2, a new coronavirus, was isolated from the respiratory epithelium of patients. Hong Kong scholars found that, compared with ribavirin alone, patients treated with lopinavir/ritonavir and ribavirin had lower risk of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) or death caused by SARS-CoV [76, 77] . A high-resolution crystal structure of SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus 3CL hydrolase (Mpro) was announced after the outbreak of COVID-19 in the world [80] , and human coronaviruses (HCoVs) have been treated as severe pathogens in respiratory tract infections. cache = ./cache/cord-338973-73a7uvyz.txt txt = ./txt/cord-338973-73a7uvyz.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-339146-ifdgl2bj author = Lu, Xiaoyan title = Spike gene deletion quasispecies in serum of patient with acute MERS‐CoV infection date = 2016-08-22 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 2201 sentences = 107 flesch = 49 summary = During investigation of a multi‐facility outbreak of MERS‐CoV in Taif, Saudi Arabia, we identified a mixed population of wild‐type and variant sequences with a large 530 nucleotide deletion in the spike gene from the serum of one patient. Serum specimens from Taif patients were screened for MERS-CoV by real-time RT-PCR and positive samples were further subjected to RT-PCR and Sanger sequencing of the spike gene as previously reported [Assiri et al., 2016a] . As previously reported [Assiri et al., 2016a] , realtime RT-PCR testing of serum specimens from a MERS-CoV outbreak in Taif identified two epidemiologically linked case-patients (#27 and #30) with identical spike gene sequences. Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus quasispecies that include homologues of human isolates revealed through whole-genome analysis and virus cultured from dromedary camels in Saudi Arabia cache = ./cache/cord-339146-ifdgl2bj.txt txt = ./txt/cord-339146-ifdgl2bj.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-342144-awtiqxx5 author = Hufert, F. title = Coronaviren: von der banalen Erkältung zum schweren Lungenversagen: Chronologie einer Pandemie date = 2020-04-01 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3305 sentences = 352 flesch = 48 summary = Ein klinischer Nutzen konnte beim Einsatz der eigentlich für die Behandlung von Humane-Immundefizienz(HIV)-Infektionen verwendeten Proteaseinhibitoren Lopinavir und Ritonavir (Kaletra ® ) zur Therapie des SARS-CoV nachgewiesen werden [6] . Im Dezember 2019 trat in China erstmalig ein neues Coronavirus auf, das zunächst als 2019-nCoV bezeichnet wurde und nach aktueller Nomenklatur des International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) nun als SARS-CoV-2 bezeichnet wird [7] . So ist der kombinierte Einsatz der Proteaseinhibitoren Lopinavir und Ritonavir bei SARS-CoV-Patienten von klinischem Nutzen [6] . Eine weitere Studie mit MERS-CoV-Infizierten wird in Saudi-Arabien durchgeführt, bei der mit Lopinavir/Ritonavir plus Interferon-β behandelt wird [30] ; Daten zu den Ergebnissen liegen noch nicht vor. konnte gezeigt werden, dass die zelluläre Protease TMPRSS2 für die Infektiosität von SARS-CoV-2 essenziell ist und eine Hemmung dieser Protease mithilfe von Camostat-Mesilat die Vermehrung des Virus u. cache = ./cache/cord-342144-awtiqxx5.txt txt = ./txt/cord-342144-awtiqxx5.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-339724-roj8ksvc author = Lan, Jiaming title = Tailoring Subunit Vaccine Immunity with Adjuvant Combinations and Delivery Routes Using the Middle East Respiratory Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) Receptor-Binding Domain as an Antigen date = 2014-11-18 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5017 sentences = 249 flesch = 49 summary = title: Tailoring Subunit Vaccine Immunity with Adjuvant Combinations and Delivery Routes Using the Middle East Respiratory Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) Receptor-Binding Domain as an Antigen Interestingly, robust RBD-specific antibody and T-cell responses were induced in mice immunized with the rRBD protein in combination with IFA and CpG ODN, but low level of neutralizing antibodies were elicited. In this study, different adjuvants combination regimens including alum, IFA, CpG and poly(I:C) were compared in an effort to promote balance between Th1 and Th2 immune response to bystander rRBD antigen spanning residues 367-606 of MERS-CoV S in a murine model to develop an effective vaccine against MERS-CoV infection. The results indicated that rRBD protein combined with any adjuvant, including alum, IFA, CpG or poly(I:C), could induce a RBD-specific IgG antibody response in the majority of mice after the second immunisation. cache = ./cache/cord-339724-roj8ksvc.txt txt = ./txt/cord-339724-roj8ksvc.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-339762-lh8czr0a author = Ng, Dianna L. title = Clinicopathologic, Immunohistochemical, and Ultrastructural Findings of a Fatal Case of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Infection in the United Arab Emirates, April 2014 date = 2016-03-31 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3207 sentences = 162 flesch = 38 summary = title: Clinicopathologic, Immunohistochemical, and Ultrastructural Findings of a Fatal Case of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Infection in the United Arab Emirates, April 2014 Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infection causes an acute respiratory illness and is associated with a high case fatality rate; however, the pathogenesis of severe and fatal MERS-CoV infection is unknown. Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infection causes an acute respiratory illness and is associated with a high case fatality rate; however, the pathogenesis of severe and fatal MERS-CoV infection is unknown. Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) was initially isolated from a sputum specimen of a patient who died of respiratory and renal failure in Saudi Arabia in 2012. Although the pathogenesis of severe and fatal MERS-CoV infection is unknown, these postmortem findings provide critical insights, including evidence that pneumocytes are important targets, suggesting that direct cytopathic effects contribute to MERS-CoV respiratory symptoms. cache = ./cache/cord-339762-lh8czr0a.txt txt = ./txt/cord-339762-lh8czr0a.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-340836-eb5a9ln3 author = Aghazadeh-Attari, Javad title = Epidemiological factors and worldwide pattern of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus from 2013 to 2016 date = 2018-04-06 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 2694 sentences = 131 flesch = 52 summary = METHODS: Full details of MERS-CoV cases available on the disease outbreak news section of the World Health Organization official website from January 2013 to November 2016 were retrieved; demographic and clinical information, global distribution status, potential contacts, and probable risk factors for the mortality of laboratory-confirmed MERS-CoV cases were extracted and analyzed by following standard statistical methods. From September 23, 2012, to November 11, 2016, the occurrence of 1,879 laboratory-confirmed cases of MERS-CoV infection, including 659 deaths, was reported to WHO by the National IHR Focal Points of 27 countries in Europe, North Africa, the Middle East, the United States of America, and Asia. The comparison of characteristics of the cases and the effect of various potential risk factors on the final outcome (dead/survived) of laboratory-confirmed MERS-CoV cases in the world (Table 2) reveal that two factors, namely, morbid case being native and travel history, are considered significant in a unifactorial analysis (P-values are <0.05) and with the potential of bearing on the dynamics of the disease. cache = ./cache/cord-340836-eb5a9ln3.txt txt = ./txt/cord-340836-eb5a9ln3.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-338776-2wa30218 author = Zhao, Xiaoyu title = Activation of C-Type Lectin Receptor and (RIG)-I-Like Receptors Contributes to Proinflammatory Response in Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-Infected Macrophages date = 2020-02-15 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4794 sentences = 270 flesch = 40 summary = The cytokine and/or chemokine induction was significantly attenuated by siRNA depletion of retinoic acid-inducible-I-like receptors (RLR) or adaptor, indicating that RLR signaling also contributed to MERS-CoV-induced proinflammatory response. We first used the inhibitors of RLR and CLR signaling pathway to evaluate their potential contribution for mediating the proinflammatory response in MERS-CoV-infected macrophages. To assess the contribution of RLR or CLR pathway to induce proinflammatory response, we measured the expression levels of a series of key proinflammatory cytokines and/or chemokines in MERS-CoV-infected MDMs in the presence of these inhibitors ( Figure 1B ). Overall, the above results suggested that RLR and CLR signaling might be involved in viral recognition and trigger the proinflammatory response upon MERS-CoV infection in macrophages. Our results indicate that CLR and RLR signaling may be involved in mediating the immune activation in MERS-CoV-infected human macrophages. cache = ./cache/cord-338776-2wa30218.txt txt = ./txt/cord-338776-2wa30218.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-341698-k5leys8j author = Park, Seung Won title = Avoiding student infection during a Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) outbreak: a single medical school experience date = 2016-05-27 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 1268 sentences = 75 flesch = 50 summary = In the early summer of 2015, Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) struck South Korea, and students of Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine (SKKUSOM) were at risk of contracting the disease. METHODS: Through a process of reflection-on-action, we examined SKKUSOM's efforts to avoid student infection during the MERS outbreak and derived a few practical guidelines that medical schools can adopt to ensure student safety in outbreaks of infectious disease. Five suggestions are extracted for medical schools to consider in infection outbreaks: instant cessation of clinical clerkships; rational decision making on a school closure; use of information technology; constant communication with hospitals; and open communication with faculty, staff, and students. Through a process of reflection-on-action [6] , we identified the necessary actions taken to ensure student safety and derived practical guidelines that medical schools can take to protect students in the face of outbreaks of infectious disease. cache = ./cache/cord-341698-k5leys8j.txt txt = ./txt/cord-341698-k5leys8j.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-342739-iy9vjpuh author = Schwartz, David A. title = Potential Maternal and Infant Outcomes from Coronavirus 2019-nCoV (SARS-CoV-2) Infecting Pregnant Women: Lessons from SARS, MERS, and Other Human Coronavirus Infections date = 2020-02-10 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 8414 sentences = 406 flesch = 49 summary = In order to assess the potential of the Wuhan 2019-nCoV to cause maternal, fetal and neonatal morbidity and other poor obstetrical outcomes, this communication reviews the published data addressing the epidemiological and clinical effects of SARS, MERS, and other coronavirus infections on pregnant women and their infants. The most common adverse obstetrical outcomes associated with maternal pneumonias from all causes include This newly recognized coronavirus, producing a disease that has been termed COVID-19, is rapidly spreading throughout China, has crossed international borders to infect persons in neighboring countries, and humans infected by the virus are travelling via commercial airlines to other continents. Pregnant women may develop severe disease and fatal maternal and/or fetal outcomes as a result of MERS-CoV infection; however, little is known of the pathophysiology of this infection during pregnancy. cache = ./cache/cord-342739-iy9vjpuh.txt txt = ./txt/cord-342739-iy9vjpuh.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-343196-vlwzzrgc author = Kiambi, Stella title = Detection of distinct MERS-Coronavirus strains in dromedary camels from Kenya, 2017 date = 2018-11-28 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 1494 sentences = 71 flesch = 50 summary = The MERS-CoV RNA-positive animals belonged to two different dromedary camel herds in Dabel and Lombolio, which are both located within Isiolo country. To experimentally confirm the presence of two independently circulating MERS-CoV strains and to rule out sample cross-contamination, we generated complete MERS-CoV genome sequences using a previously established protocol 10 . Other confirmed MERS-CoVpositive samples were assigned to two different MERS-CoV isolates ("Dabel" or "Lombolio") by amplifying and sequencing single-nucleotide polymorphisms in the spike gene and the open reading frame 3 (Supplementary Table) . The previously described clade C African MERS-CoV strains 4,5 had several mutations in the spike protein, which is responsible for cellular receptor interaction, virus entry, and antibody-directed virus neutralization 12 . An explanation for this observation may again be a lack of testing of imported animals and/or the fact that previous clade A/B MERS-CoV infections may have established herd immunity in the Arabian dromedary populations. cache = ./cache/cord-343196-vlwzzrgc.txt txt = ./txt/cord-343196-vlwzzrgc.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-346331-d0s028wl author = Lackey, Kimberly A. title = SARS‐CoV‐2 and human milk: What is the evidence? date = 2020-05-30 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5628 sentences = 300 flesch = 53 summary = Of particular importance to global health is the possibility of vertical transmission from infected mothers to infants through breastfeeding or consumption of human milk. • Limited, weak evidence suggests that some coronaviruses (including SARS-CoV-2) may be present in human milk, but these studies do not report methods of sample collection and validation of reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assays for human milk. Of particular interest in this context are (1) the potential role that breastfeeding could play in vertical transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from women to infants via human milk and (2) the potential protective effects of targeted antibodies and other immunoprotective components in human milk against COVID-19. Milk was submitted to the CDC, where it was analysed using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RTSearch terms, databases and preprint servers used to identify existing literature reporting the possibility of vertical transmission of coronaviruses from mother to infant during breastfeeding as of 17 April 2020 The infant in this study was never tested for SARS-CoV infection. cache = ./cache/cord-346331-d0s028wl.txt txt = ./txt/cord-346331-d0s028wl.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-342691-8jcfzexy author = Ochsner, Scott A. title = Consensus transcriptional regulatory networks of coronavirus-infected human cells date = 2020-09-22 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 10444 sentences = 653 flesch = 47 summary = Among a series of novel use cases, we gather evidence for hypotheses that SARS2 infection efficiently represses E2F family HCTs encoding key drivers of DNA replication and the cell cycle; that progesterone receptor signaling antagonizes SARS2-induced inflammatory signaling in the airway epithelium; and that SARS2 HCTs are enriched for genes involved in epithelial to mesenchymal transition. Here, as a service to the research community to catalyze the development of novel CoV therapeutics, we generated consensomes for infection of human cells by MERS, SARS1 and SARS2 CoVs. Computing the CoV consensomes against those for a broad range of cellular signaling pathway nodes, we discovered robust intersections between genes with high rankings in the CoV consensomes and those of nodes with known roles in the response to CoV infection. To enable researchers to routinely generate mechanistic hypotheses around the interface between CoV infection human cell signaling, we next made the consensomes and accompanying HCT intersection analyses freely available to the research community in the SPP knowledgebase and the Network Data Exchange (NDEx) repository. cache = ./cache/cord-342691-8jcfzexy.txt txt = ./txt/cord-342691-8jcfzexy.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-345046-str19r9a author = Al Ghamdi, Mohammed title = Treatment outcomes for patients with Middle Eastern Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS CoV) infection at a coronavirus referral center in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia date = 2016-04-21 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3438 sentences = 218 flesch = 47 summary = title: Treatment outcomes for patients with Middle Eastern Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS CoV) infection at a coronavirus referral center in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia In this recent cohort, when comparing survivors to nonsurvivors, survival was associated with male gender, vomiting on admission, elevated respiratory rate, abnormal lung exam on physical exam, working as a healthcare worker, history of hypertension, elevated ALT, clearance of MERS CoV on repeat PCR testing, and receiving mycophenolate mofetil or beta interferon (Table 1 ). In analyzing the relationship between severity of illness and treatments administered, beta interferon and mycophenolate mofetil were given to less severely ill patients (Table 3) Discussion MERS-CoV is an emerging disease for which the initial epidemiology has been described, but in-depth clinical studies and the role of therapy in incompletely understood. We present data from a retrospective cohort of ill patients with Mers-CoV and the results of the evaluation of the clinical efficacy of beta interferon beta, alpha interferon, ribavirin and mycophenolate mofetil in addition to routine supportive care. cache = ./cache/cord-345046-str19r9a.txt txt = ./txt/cord-345046-str19r9a.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-341795-zbqfs77n author = Sikkema, R. S. title = Global status of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus in dromedary camels: a systematic review date = 2019-02-21 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5006 sentences = 220 flesch = 53 summary = This systematic review aims to compile and analyse all published data on MERS-coronavirus (CoV) in the global camel population to provide an overview of current knowledge on the distribution, spread and risk factors of infections in dromedary camels. In the field surveys included in this review, MERS-CoV RNA has been described in rectal swab samples, although other field studies report negative results [3, [22] [23] [24] and when viral RNA can be detected, the positivity rate of rectal swabs is lower compared with nasal swab samples [19, [25] [26] [27] . Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus neutralising serum antibodies in dromedary camels: a comparative serological study Longitudinal study of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection in dromedary camel herds in Saudi Arabia Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) RNA and neutralising antibodies in milk collected according to local customs from dromedary camels cache = ./cache/cord-341795-zbqfs77n.txt txt = ./txt/cord-341795-zbqfs77n.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-345591-zwh1xj5u author = Al-Dorzi, Hasan M. title = The critical care response to a hospital outbreak of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infection: an observational study date = 2016-10-24 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5870 sentences = 324 flesch = 49 summary = title: The critical care response to a hospital outbreak of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infection: an observational study BACKGROUND: Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) has caused several hospital outbreaks, including a major outbreak at King Abdulaziz Medical City, a 940-bed tertiary-care hospital in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (August–September 2015). Eight HCWs had MERS requiring ICU admission (median stay = 28 days): Seven developed acute respiratory distress syndrome, four were treated with prone positioning, four needed continuous renal replacement therapy and one had extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. The Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) coronavirus is a recently identified virus that is closely related to the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) [1] , causes severe hypoxemic respiratory failure with multiorgan failure and frequently requires admission to the intensive care unit (ICU) [2, 3] . cache = ./cache/cord-345591-zwh1xj5u.txt txt = ./txt/cord-345591-zwh1xj5u.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-344246-sf9cymhc author = Diriba, Kuma title = The effect of coronavirus infection (SARS-CoV-2, MERS-CoV, and SARS-CoV) during pregnancy and the possibility of vertical maternal–fetal transmission: a systematic review and meta-analysis date = 2020-09-04 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5141 sentences = 253 flesch = 46 summary = Previous outbreaks of coronaviruses include the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-CoV epidemic in 2003 [2] and the Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS)-CoV in 2012 [3] , while the newly emergent coronavirus, initially referred to as 2019-nCoV and subsequently termed SARS-CoV-2, the disease it produces has been termed COVID-19, which causes respiratory infection and can progress to severe pneumonia and, in a small number of cases, death [4] . A systematic review and meta-analysis was aimed to assess the effect of coronavirus infection (SARS-CoV-2, MERS-CoV, and SARS-CoV) during pregnancy and its possibility of vertical maternal-fetal transmission following the methodological framework suggested by Arksey and O'Malley [15] . The primary outcome variable of this study was the pregnancy outcomes observed, listed as follows: preterm birth (PTB; either before 37 or 34 weeks of gestation), preeclampsia, preterm prelabor rupture of membranes, (pPROM), fetal growth restriction (FGR), miscarriage, maternal death, mode of delivery and other clinical feature, laboratory findings and coexisting disease. An analysis of 38 pregnant women with COVID-19, their newborn infants, and maternal-fetal transmission of SARS-CoV-2: maternal coronavirus infections and pregnancy outcomes cache = ./cache/cord-344246-sf9cymhc.txt txt = ./txt/cord-344246-sf9cymhc.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-347374-mryazbnq author = Okba, Nisreen M.A. title = Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2−Specific Antibody Responses in Coronavirus Disease Patients date = 2020-07-17 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3565 sentences = 186 flesch = 51 summary = Using serum samples from patients with PCR-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infections, other coronaviruses, or other respiratory pathogenic infections, we validated and tested various antigens in different in-house and commercial ELISAs. We demonstrated that most PCR-confirmed SARS-CoV-2–infected persons seroconverted by 2 weeks after disease onset. Using a well-characterized cohort of serum samples from PCR-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 and patients PCR-confirmed to be infected with seasonal coronaviruses and other respiratory pathogens, we validated and tested various antigens in different platforms developed in-house, as well as a commercial platform. We evaluated SARS-CoV-2-specific antibody responses in severe and mild cases by using serum samples collected at different times postonset of disease from 3 PCR-confirmed COVID-19 patients from France. We tested serum samples for SARS-CoV-2specific antibodies by using different ELISAs. After infection, all 3 patients seroconverted between days 13 and 21 after onset of disease (Figure 1) , and antibodies were elicited against the SARS-CoV-2 S, S1 subunit, and RBD, but only 2/3 patients had detectable antibodies to the N-terminal (S1 A ) domain. cache = ./cache/cord-347374-mryazbnq.txt txt = ./txt/cord-347374-mryazbnq.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-342756-rgm9ffpk author = Senger, Mario Roberto title = COVID-19: molecular targets, drug repurposing and new avenues for drug discovery date = 2020-10-02 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 16108 sentences = 1024 flesch = 51 summary = Here, we aimed at presenting a critical view of ongoing drug repurposing efforts for COVID-19 as well as discussing opportunities for development of new treatments based on current knowledge of the mechanism of infection and potential targets within. In the following topic, we will review SARS-CoV-2 structure and mechanism of infection in order to discuss molecular targets from the virus or its human host that are being considered for drug repurposing and perhaps future development of new drugs. (128) Its role as a functional receptor of SARS-CoV-2 S protein in host cells makes this protein a potential drug target to treat COVID-19. (138) TMPRSS2 has a major role in SARS-CoV-2 cell entry and replication, and thus represents an interesting therapeutic target since its inhibitors could potentially block virus infection in its initial stages. (199) A robust preclinical drug discovery pipeline comprising in vitro, and in vivo models of SARS-CoV-2 infection is particularly important to identify new antivirals for human COVID-19 treatment. cache = ./cache/cord-342756-rgm9ffpk.txt txt = ./txt/cord-342756-rgm9ffpk.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-346787-uo8k6qic author = Jorgensen, Sarah CJ title = Remdesivir: Review of pharmacology, pre‐clinical data and emerging clinical experience for COVID‐19 date = 2020-05-23 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5476 sentences = 367 flesch = 51 summary = 3 The remdesivir dosing regimen being evaluated in clinical trials (200 mg IV on day 1, then 100 mg IV on days 2 through 5 or 10) was substantiated by in vitro data and bridging the PK with the rhesus monkey experience to humans. Prophylactic and therapeutic remdesivir treatment significantly reduced MERS-CoV-induced clinical signs, viral titers in respiratory specimens and the severity of lung lesions compared to control animals. 14 In the SARS-CoV-2 study, remdesivir was again initiated shortly before viral titers are expected to peak at 12 hours post-inoculation and a dosing regimen equivalent to the regimen being tested in human COVID-19 clinical trials was used (10 mg/kg load ~ 200 mg in humans, then 5 mg/kg daily ~ 100mg daily in humans x 6 days). In a summary of safety data reported by the FDA from the a remdesivir clinical trial comparing 5 and 10day treatment courses in patients with COVID-19, Grade 3 and 4 ALT and/or AST elevations occurred in 7% patients. cache = ./cache/cord-346787-uo8k6qic.txt txt = ./txt/cord-346787-uo8k6qic.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-347460-9vechh4x author = Chang, Feng-Yee title = Immunologic aspects of characteristics, diagnosis, and treatment of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) date = 2020-06-04 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 8050 sentences = 384 flesch = 43 summary = Three components are crucial for SARS-CoV induced diseases: 1) the role of CD8+ T cells in defense against the virus, which causes apoptosis in the infected cells, 2) interactions of the virus with macrophages and dendritic cells, which initiate the early innate and subsequent adaptive immune responses, and 3) type I interferon (IFN) system, an innate response against viral infections, which can inhibit virus replication in the early phase. Existing information suggests that the SARS-CoV-infected airways and alveolar epithelial cells secrete abundant chemokines to attract immune cell infiltrations to the lungs, including macrophages and neutrophils, thereby causing damage due to high levels of proinflammatory cytokines and other mediators secreted by these cell types. After a decade of research on coronavirus, unfortunately, still there are no licensed vaccines, effective specific antivirals, nor drug combinations supported by high-level evidence to treat the infection, especially for newly emerging strains such as SARS-COV-2 [59] . cache = ./cache/cord-347460-9vechh4x.txt txt = ./txt/cord-347460-9vechh4x.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-343184-kptkmgdm author = Crameri, Gary title = Experimental Infection and Response to Rechallenge of Alpacas with Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus date = 2016-06-17 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 1606 sentences = 77 flesch = 47 summary = title: Experimental Infection and Response to Rechallenge of Alpacas with Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus We conducted a challenge/rechallenge trial in which 3 alpacas were infected with Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus. However, the alpaca, a close relative within the Camelidae family, may provide a temperamentally suitable and valuable animal model for MERS-CoV infection, particularly for developing and testing vaccine candidates for camels. We found no previous MERS-CoV challenge trial reported in alpacas, so we chose a preliminary dose and rechallenge time on the basis of our experience with other virus infection trials for other emerging infectious diseases (8) . Our challenge/rechallenge trial was planned as a first stage in the assessment of the alpaca as a potential surrogate for camels for MERS-CoV vaccine testing. Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus neutralising serum antibodies in dromedary camels: a comparative serological study Infection, replication, and transmission of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus in alpacas cache = ./cache/cord-343184-kptkmgdm.txt txt = ./txt/cord-343184-kptkmgdm.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-345081-15s2i6f0 author = Al-Sehaibany, Fares S. title = Middle East respiratory syndrome in children: Dental considerations date = 2017-04-17 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 2655 sentences = 163 flesch = 42 summary = As of January 2016, 1,633 laboratory-confirmed cases of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infection and 587 MERS-related deaths have been reported by the World Health Organization globally. Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus may also spread through aerosols generated during various dental treatments, resulting in transmission between patients and dentists. 1, 17 Viral infections, such as severe acute respiratory syndrome Saudi Med J 2017; Vol. 38 (4) www.smj.org.sa (SARS-CoV), may be transmitted to healthcare workers from infected patients through aerosols. 19 This review is an attempt to discuss MERS-CoV infection among children and those providing dental treatment to them, including precautions and considerations pertaining to the practice of pediatric dentistry. In pediatric dental practice, effective infection control measures for the prevention or minimization of viral infection transmission can be implemented by a) controlling the gag or cough reflex; b) reducing aerosol/ splatter generation; c) managing contaminated air and; d) improving personal protection. cache = ./cache/cord-345081-15s2i6f0.txt txt = ./txt/cord-345081-15s2i6f0.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-347587-auook38y author = Zhao, Guangyu title = A Novel Nanobody Targeting Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) Receptor-Binding Domain Has Potent Cross-Neutralizing Activity and Protective Efficacy against MERS-CoV date = 2018-08-29 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6554 sentences = 363 flesch = 57 summary = title: A Novel Nanobody Targeting Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) Receptor-Binding Domain Has Potent Cross-Neutralizing Activity and Protective Efficacy against MERS-CoV In this study, we developed a novel neutralizing Nb (NbMS10) and its human-Fc-fused version (NbMS10-Fc), both of which target the MERS-CoV spike protein receptor-binding domain (RBD). Identification and characterization of MERS-CoV-RBD-specific Nbs. To construct the Nb (i.e., VHH) library, we immunized llama with recombinant MERS-CoV RBD (residues 377 to 588, EMC2012 strain) containing a C-terminal human IgG1 Fc tag (i.e., RBD-Fc) and isolated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from the immunized llama. To examine of the role of the D539A mutation in DPP4 binding, we carried out an ELISA to detect the binding between DPP4 and The plates were coated with RBD-Fd protein (2 g/ml) and treated with or without DTT, followed by sequential incubation with serial dilutions of NbMS10 or NbMS10-Fc and goat anti-llama and HRP-conjugated anti-goat IgG antibodies. cache = ./cache/cord-347587-auook38y.txt txt = ./txt/cord-347587-auook38y.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-348401-x2q9vyf2 author = Millet, Jean K. title = Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection is inhibited by griffithsin date = 2016-07-15 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4584 sentences = 260 flesch = 56 summary = The MERS-CoV spike protein is a main determinant of virus entry into host cells as it mediates both binding to the DPP4 (dipeptidyl peptidase 4) receptor and fusion of the viral envelope with host cell membrane (Millet and Whittaker, 2014; Raj et al., 2013) . Immunofluorescence assay of MERS-CoV-infected Huh-7, MRC-5, and Vero-81 cells in presence of increasing concentrations of griffithsin. In all conditions, cells were infected with MERS-CoV strain EMC/2012 at an m.o.i. of 10, with griffithsin (1 mg/mL) added or not at different steps during virus entry. Because we have performed our assay using high m.o.i. and a short infection time, these results show the strong inhibitory activity of griffithsin on early steps of the MERS-CoV viral cycle. To better define which stage in the virus life cycle griffithsin acts on, we performed an infection assay using authentic MERS-CoV with griffithsin present at different times during viral entry steps (Fig. 4A) . cache = ./cache/cord-348401-x2q9vyf2.txt txt = ./txt/cord-348401-x2q9vyf2.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-347128-6lyoz8nn author = Kim, Cheorl-Ho title = SARS-CoV-2 Evolutionary Adaptation toward Host Entry and Recognition of Receptor O-Acetyl Sialylation in Virus–Host Interaction date = 2020-06-26 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 15413 sentences = 988 flesch = 53 summary = O-acetylated SAs interact with the lectin-like spike glycoprotein of SARS CoV-2 for the initial attachment of viruses to enter into the host cells. In RNA viruses, the S glycoprotein (PDB: 6VSB) is the biggest protein, heavily glycosylated and its N-terminal domain (NTD) sequence binds to the host receptor to enter the ER of host cells. However, MERS-CoV does not have a similar enzyme and thus MER-CoV binding to SA receptors is mediated by energetically reversible interactions of the lipid rafts with increased SA receptors [75] , thus enhancing dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP4) or carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule 5 (CEACAM5) recognition power and viral entry [76] and membrane-associated 78-kDa glucose-regulated protein (GRP78) [77] . Entry of host cells needs binding of S glycoproteins to the CEACAM receptor, forming S-protein-mediated membrane fusion. For example, impairment of ACE2 receptor glycosylation does not influence S-glycoprotein-ACE2 interaction, however, SARS-CoV-2 virus entry into respiratory epithelial host cells was downregulated [133] . cache = ./cache/cord-347128-6lyoz8nn.txt txt = ./txt/cord-347128-6lyoz8nn.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-349262-gnqbyc6t author = Hemida, Maged Gomaa title = The Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus in the breath of some infected dromedary camels (Camelus dromedarius) date = 2020-10-14 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3172 sentences = 174 flesch = 62 summary = title: The Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus in the breath of some infected dromedary camels (Camelus dromedarius) Dromedary camels remain the currently identified reservoir for the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV). We tested nasal swabs, breath samples from animals within this herd by the real-time PCR. However, the nasal swabs are still the sample of choice in the diagnosis of MERS-CoV among the infected dromedary camel population. Detection of the virus in the air of positive camel's herd [5, 6] may suggest the virus is excreted in the breath of the infected animals in high concentration. The aim of our study was to test the possibility of MERS-CoV shedding in the breath of the infected dromedary camels. Longitudinal study of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection in dromedary camel herds in Saudi Arabia Dromedary camels and the transmission of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) cache = ./cache/cord-349262-gnqbyc6t.txt txt = ./txt/cord-349262-gnqbyc6t.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-346777-zmmnn9b2 author = Lester, Sandra title = Middle East respiratory coronavirus (MERS-CoV) spike (S) protein vesicular stomatitis virus pseudoparticle neutralization assays offer a reliable alternative to the conventional neutralization assay in human seroepidemiological studies date = 2019-09-11 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5372 sentences = 256 flesch = 44 summary = title: Middle East respiratory coronavirus (MERS-CoV) spike (S) protein vesicular stomatitis virus pseudoparticle neutralization assays offer a reliable alternative to the conventional neutralization assay in human seroepidemiological studies The present work describes the generation and validation of S protein-bearing vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) pseudotype particles (VSV-MERS-CoV-S) in which the VSV glycoprotein G gene has been replaced by the luciferase reporter gene, followed by the establishment of a pseudoparticle-based neutralization test to detect MERS-CoV neutralizing antibodies under BSL-2 conditions. These results demonstrate that the MERS-CoV-S protein pseudotyped VSV particle-based neutralization assay would serve as a safe, reliable and highly specific alternative method to detect MERS-CoV neutralizing antibodies to be used for future sero-epidemiological studies. A laboratory-confirmed SARS-CoV patient serum sample and a panel of human sera with confirmed high neutralizing antibody titres to human coronaviruses 229E, HKU1, OC43 and NL63 were used in this study to evaluate the VSV-MERS-CoV-S particle-based neutralization assay for potential cross-neutralization. cache = ./cache/cord-346777-zmmnn9b2.txt txt = ./txt/cord-346777-zmmnn9b2.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-348467-a2e3f161 author = Alqahtani, Amani Salem title = Camel exposure and knowledge about MERS-CoV among Australian Hajj pilgrims in 2014 date = 2016-01-18 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 1567 sentences = 92 flesch = 67 summary = Most departing pilgrims (62%) were aware of a mod-erate to high infection risk from raw camel milk consumption, yet 21% of participants were willing to drink it. Nevertheless, among those who were aware of MERS-CoV, 27% did not fully realize the risk of catching the disease from unpasteurized camel milk, 15% were willing to drink raw camel milk, and 23% were keen to visit camel farm in Saudi Arabia (Table 3) . A unique finding to emerge from our study was that departing pilgrims with knowledge about MERS-CoV were significantly more aware of the risk of drinking raw camel milk (43% vs. Therefore, pilgrims who consume raw milk or other products are at risk of other zoonotic diseases if not MERS-CoV, and therefore, could benefit from appropriate health education. cache = ./cache/cord-348467-a2e3f161.txt txt = ./txt/cord-348467-a2e3f161.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-349643-jtx7ni9b author = Uyeki, Timothy M. title = Development of Medical Countermeasures to Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus date = 2016-07-17 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4805 sentences = 200 flesch = 31 summary = Preclinical development of and research on potential Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) medical countermeasures remain preliminary; advancements are needed before most countermeasures are ready to be tested in human clinical trials. Research priorities include standardization of animal models and virus stocks for studying disease pathogenesis and efficacy of medical countermeasures; development of MERS-CoV diagnostics; improved access to nonhuman primates to support preclinical research; studies to better understand and control MERS-CoV disease, including vaccination studies in camels; and development of a standardized clinical trial protocol. F rom September 2012 through April 27, 2016, a total of 1,728 laboratory-confirmed Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infections, leading to 624 deaths (36% case-fatality proportion), had been reported to the World Health Organization (WHO) (1) . Prophylaxis with a Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV)-specific human monoclonal antibody protects rabbits from MERS-CoV infection cache = ./cache/cord-349643-jtx7ni9b.txt txt = ./txt/cord-349643-jtx7ni9b.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-349781-l93978vq author = Cong, Yu title = MERS-CoV pathogenesis and antiviral efficacy of licensed drugs in human monocyte-derived antigen-presenting cells date = 2018-03-22 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5653 sentences = 311 flesch = 51 summary = Little is known about the pathogenesis and innate antiviral response in primary human monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs) and dendritic cells (MDDCs) upon MERS-CoV infection. In this study, we assessed MERS-CoV replication as well as induction of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines in MDMs and immature and mature MDDCs. Immature MDDCs and MDMs were permissive for MERS-CoV infection, while mature MDDCs were not, with stimulation of proinflammatory cytokine and chemokine upregulation in MDMs, but not in MDDCs. To further evaluate the antiviral activity of well-defined drugs in primary antigen presenting cells (APCs), three compounds (chloroquine, chlorpromazine and toremifine), each with broad-spectrum antiviral activity in immortalized cell lines, were evaluated in MDMs and MDDCs to determine their antiviral effect on MERS-CoV infection. However, MERS-CoV continued to propagate in immature MDDCs up to 8 days pi, demonstrating differential infection and replication capabilities in MDMs and immature MDDCs. To compare the ability of MERS-CoV to induce innate immune responses in three types of APCs, the release of cytokines and chemokines was measured from virus-or mock-infected cells. cache = ./cache/cord-349781-l93978vq.txt txt = ./txt/cord-349781-l93978vq.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-348278-is20odaq author = Al-Tawfiq, Jaffar A. title = Drivers of MERS-CoV transmission: what do we know? date = 2016-02-29 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4626 sentences = 245 flesch = 48 summary = Middle East Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) emerged in 2012 has since resulted in sporadic cases, intra-familial transmission and major outbreaks in healthcare settings. Middle eastern respiratory syndrome corona virus (MERS CoV): case reports from a tertiary care hospital in Saudi Arabia Epidemiological, demographic, and clinical characteristics of 47 cases of middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus disease from Saudi Arabia: a descriptive study Clinical aspects and outcomes of 70 patients with middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection: a single-center experience in Saudi Arabia Middle east respiratory syndrome-coronavirus (MERS-CoV): a case-control study of hospitalized patients Dromedary camels and the transmission of middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) Middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus quasispecies that include homologues of human isolates revealed through whole-genome analysis and virus cultured from dromedary camels in Saudi Arabia Health-care associate transmission of middle east respiratory syndrome corona virus, MERS-CoV, in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia cache = ./cache/cord-348278-is20odaq.txt txt = ./txt/cord-348278-is20odaq.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-350925-1h6pbfwp author = da Silva, Priscilla Gomes title = Airborne spread of infectious SARS-CoV-2: moving forward using lessons from SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV date = 2020-10-08 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5221 sentences = 279 flesch = 49 summary = Transmission of viruses through air can happen via droplets or aerosols generated during coughing, sneezing, talking, singing or breathing (Jones and CoV-2 is that most studies performed only focused on the detection of viral RNA and do not correlate to the infectivity of these viral particles. Therefore, in this systematic review, the viability/stability of aerosols containing SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV viruses will be discussed to provide information on potential mitigation strategies for SARS-CoV-2 airborne transmission. The presence of MERS-CoV was also confirmed by RT-PCR of viral cultures of 4 out of 7 air samples from two hospitals in South Korea (Kim et al., 2016) , and showed to be very stable in aerosol at 20°C and 40% relative humidity (van Doremalen et al., 2013) . cache = ./cache/cord-350925-1h6pbfwp.txt txt = ./txt/cord-350925-1h6pbfwp.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-339152-wfakzb6w author = Trovato, Maria title = Viral Emerging Diseases: Challenges in Developing Vaccination Strategies date = 2020-09-03 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 12000 sentences = 540 flesch = 38 summary = Ebola and Marburg hemorrhagic fevers, Lassa fever, Dengue fever, Yellow fever, West Nile fever, Zika, and Chikungunya vector-borne diseases, Swine flu, Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS), and the recent Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) are examples of zoonoses that have spread throughout the globe with such a significant impact on public health that the scientific community has been called for a rapid intervention in preventing and treating emerging infections. The occurrence of significant disease outbreaks-such as SARS (severe acute respiratory syndrome) originating in China in 2002 (8) , the 2009 H1N1 swine flu pandemic from Mexico (9) , MERS (Middle East respiratory syndrome) that occurred in Saudi Arabia in 2012 (10) , the West African outbreak of Ebola virus (EBOV) in late 2013 (11) , the Zika virus (ZIKV) outbreak originating in Brazil in 2015 (12) , the 2018 health emergence in Nigeria caused by Lassa virus (13) , and the ongoing Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID19) pandemic (14) -has renewed interests in developing strategies to faster prevent, treat, and/or control emerging and re-emerging viruses with high epidemic potential. cache = ./cache/cord-339152-wfakzb6w.txt txt = ./txt/cord-339152-wfakzb6w.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-348821-2u6ki9dv author = Xu, Ping title = Clinical Characteristics of Two Human to Human Transmitted Coronaviruses: Corona Virus Disease 2019 versus Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus. date = 2020-03-10 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3329 sentences = 209 flesch = 51 summary = The aim of this study, therefore, is to perform a systematic review to compare epidemiological, clinical and laboratory features of COVID-19 and MERS-COV population. Thus, the purpose of this study is to perform a systematic review of epidemiological, clinical and laboratory characteristics of patients infected by COVID-19 or MERS-COV disease, and to compare COVID-19 and MERS-COV in the context of their incubation, laboratory features, admission rate of intensive cure unit (ICU) and rate of discharge and fatality, which will provide a comprehensive reference for clinical physicians in treatment of coronavirus diseases. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.03.08.20032821 doi: medRxiv preprint 5 The study that met following criteria were included: (1) reporting clinical characteristics of COVID-19 or MERS-COV disease, (2) minimum sample size of five, (3) confirmed COVID-19 or MERS-COV disease, (4) English literature. Clinical predictors of mortality of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infection: A cohort study Clinical outcomes among hospital patients with Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infection cache = ./cache/cord-348821-2u6ki9dv.txt txt = ./txt/cord-348821-2u6ki9dv.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-349812-nw1nlc1y author = Jang, Won Mo title = Social Distancing and Transmission-reducing Practices during the 2019 Coronavirus Disease and 2015 Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Outbreaks in Korea date = 2020-06-09 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3597 sentences = 198 flesch = 43 summary = To examine the current status of non-pharmaceutical preventive behaviors practiced during the COVID-19 outbreak and factors affecting behavioral activities, we compared to the 2015 Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) outbreak in Korea. 2,3,7,15-18 The current study aimed to quantify and compare the individuals' adherence to social distancing and transmission-reducing behavioral practices during the COVID-19 and MERS-CoV outbreaks in Korea. Sex, age, occupation, self-reported household economic status, residential area, presidential job approval rating, party identification, and affective risk perception as participants' characteristics, were investigated to identify factors influencing non-pharmaceutical preventive behaviors. 2,3,7,15-17,20-22 First, our study showed a marked increase in non-pharmaceutical preventive behaviors such as social distancing, wearing of face masks, and washing of hands, evenly, across all subgroups during COVID-19 compared to 2015 MERS-CoV. In conclusion, the present study suggests, for the first time, the level of the practice rate of non-pharmaceutical preventive behaviors and influencing factors during 2020 COVID-19 and 2015 MERS-CoV in Korea. cache = ./cache/cord-349812-nw1nlc1y.txt txt = ./txt/cord-349812-nw1nlc1y.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-349010-n4s8dzgp author = Al-Tawfiq, Jaffar A. title = Update on therapeutic options for Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) date = 2016-12-24 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4266 sentences = 237 flesch = 47 summary = The Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) emerged as an important virus in 2012 and since then has caused multiple outbreaks in hospitals especially in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and outside the Arabian Peninsula [1] [2] [3] . Based on analysis of SARS data, interferon-ribavirin combination was suggested as a possible therapeutic option for the treatment of MERS-CoV infections [5] . Ribavirin and interferon therapy in patients infected with the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus: an observational study Ribavirin and interferon alfa-2a for severe Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection: a retrospective cohort study Inhibition of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infection by anti-CD26 monoclonal antibody Feasibility, safety, clinical, and laboratory effects of convalescent plasma therapy for patients with Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection: a study protocol Towards the prophylactic and therapeutic use of human neutralizing monoclonal antibodies for Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) cache = ./cache/cord-349010-n4s8dzgp.txt txt = ./txt/cord-349010-n4s8dzgp.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-351413-3nfukrfl author = Al-Ahmadi, Khalid title = Spatiotemporal Clustering of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) Incidence in Saudi Arabia, 2012–2019 date = 2019-07-15 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4542 sentences = 209 flesch = 49 summary = title: Spatiotemporal Clustering of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) Incidence in Saudi Arabia, 2012–2019 We analyzed the spatiotemporal clustering of the MERS-CoV incidence in Saudi Arabia between 2012 and 2019 at the city level by using Kulldorff's spatial scan statistics via SaTScan 9.6 [39] . The results of the spatiotemporal cluster analysis of MERS-CoV infection, using years and months as the time aggregates from 2012 to 2019, showed significant most likely and secondary clusters in Saudi Arabia (Table 3; Table 4 and Figure 5 ; Figure 6 ). Wadi The results of the spatiotemporal cluster analysis of MERS-CoV infection, using years and months as the time aggregates from 2012 to 2019, showed significant most likely and secondary clusters in Saudi Arabia (Table 3; Table 4 and Figure 5 ; Figure 6 ). Community case clusters of middle east respiratory syndrome Coronavirus in Hafr Al-Batin, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: A descriptive genomic study cache = ./cache/cord-351413-3nfukrfl.txt txt = ./txt/cord-351413-3nfukrfl.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-351760-698voi9y author = Han, Hui-Ju title = Neutralizing Monoclonal Antibodies as Promising Therapeutics against Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Infection date = 2018-11-30 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4144 sentences = 206 flesch = 49 summary = The receptor-binding domain (RBD) in the spike protein of MERS-CoV is a major target, and mouse, camel, or human-derived neutralizing mAbs targeting RBD have been developed. In vivo study demonstrated that prophylaxis with m336 reduced virus titers in the lung of rabbits infected with MERS-CoV [15] , and m336 also provided transgenic mice expressing human DPP4 with full prophylactic and therapeutic protection from MERS-CoV [16] . A Conformation-Dependent Neutralizing Monoclonal Antibody Specifically Targeting Receptor-Binding Domain in Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Spike Protein Prophylaxis with a Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV)-Specific Human Monoclonal Antibody Protects Rabbits From MERS-CoV Infection Passive Transfer of a Germline-like Neutralizing Human Monoclonal Antibody Protects Transgenic Mice Against Lethal Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Infection Human Neutralizing Monoclonal Antibody Inhibition of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Replication in the Common Marmoset A Novel Nanobody Targeting Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) Receptor-Binding Domain Has Potent Cross-Neutralizing Activity and Protective Efficacy against MERS-CoV cache = ./cache/cord-351760-698voi9y.txt txt = ./txt/cord-351760-698voi9y.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-351852-ilxaurgt author = Jung, Heeja title = Assessing the Presence of Post-Traumatic Stress and Turnover Intention Among Nurses Post–Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Outbreak: The Importance of Supervisor Support date = 2020-03-09 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3655 sentences = 184 flesch = 57 summary = This study investigated the level of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and turnover intention, the relationship between PTSD and turnover intention, and the buffering effect of supervisor support among nurses post-MERS outbreak. We collected data pertaining to PTSD, turnover intention, supervisor support, work-related factors, and socio-demographic factors through a structured survey distributed to the nurses at the hospitals after the outbreak. To date, there is a lack of studies investigating the relationship between post-traumatic stress and turnover intention among nurses in the event of outbreak epidemics, such as MERS. The purpose of this study was to examine the levels of PTSD and intention to leave among a sample of Korean nurses who were directly involved in the care during the MERS outbreak, as well as the buffering effects of supervisor support on this relationship. cache = ./cache/cord-351852-ilxaurgt.txt txt = ./txt/cord-351852-ilxaurgt.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-351186-llnlto7p author = Park, Yong-Shik title = The first case of the 2015 Korean Middle East Respiratory Syndrome outbreak date = 2015-11-14 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 2862 sentences = 110 flesch = 45 summary = Valuable lessons learned included: (1) epidemiological knowledge on the MERS transmission pattern and medical knowledge on its clinical course; (2) improvement of epidemiological investigative methods via closed-circuit television, global positioning system tracking, and review of Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service records; (3) problems revealed in the existing preventive techniques, including early determination of the various people contacted; (4) experiences with preventive methods used for the first time in Korea, including cohort quarantine; (5) reconsideration of the management systems for infectious disease outbreaks across the country, such as this case, at the levels of central government, local government, and the public; (6) reconsideration of hospital infectious disease management systems, culture involving patient visitation, and emergency room environments. Through personal and phone interviews we contacted employees at business facility in Saudi Arabia who may have had contact with Patient #1 during the incubation period; we investigated the places he visited, presence or absence of MERS symptoms in the individuals he contacted, history of visiting medical facilities in the Middle East, and history of consuming camel milk or meat, among other things. cache = ./cache/cord-351186-llnlto7p.txt txt = ./txt/cord-351186-llnlto7p.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-354536-c9v9kbw8 author = Han, Yan-Jie title = Advances and challenges in the prevention and treatment of COVID-19 date = 2020-07-09 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5268 sentences = 330 flesch = 48 summary = This article introduced the origin, virological characteristics and epidemiological overview of SARS-CoV-2, reviewed the currently known drugs that may prevent and treat coronavirus, explained the characteristics of the new coronavirus and provided novel information for the prevention and treatment of COVID-19. 18 In view of the curative effect of ribavirin in the treatment of diseases caused by SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV, 21 it is expected to become one of the effective drugs to treat coronavirus. 16 The "Pneumonitis Diagnosis and Treatment Scheme for New Coronavirus Infection (Trial Version 7)" states that aerosolized interferon alpha can be used as a trial treatment against SARS-CoV-2 virus to improve the virus clearance effect of respiratory mucosa in patients. 64 It has been revealed that chlorpromazine is a broad-spectrum virus inhibitor that can inhibit HCV, alpha virus, and various coronaviruses including human coronavirus 229E, SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV in vitro. cache = ./cache/cord-354536-c9v9kbw8.txt txt = ./txt/cord-354536-c9v9kbw8.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-349907-dwhyx97y author = Noh, Ji Yeong title = Simultaneous detection of severe acute respiratory syndrome, Middle East respiratory syndrome, and related bat coronaviruses by real-time reverse transcription PCR date = 2017-02-20 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3274 sentences = 138 flesch = 62 summary = Therefore, in this study, a duplex real-time reverse transcription (RT)-PCR method was developed based on primers and probes that target the conserved spike S2 region of SARS-CoV, SARS-like bat CoVs, MERS-CoV, and MERS-related bat CoVs. For the universal detection of SARS-CoV and SARS-like bat CoVs, consensus primers and probes (Fig. 1a) were designed based on the conserved sequences of the spike S2 region by aligning the following reference sequences: human SARS-CoVs Sino1 (GenBank no. The specificity of the real-time RT-PCR method developed in this study was evaluated using RNAs from several RNA viruses, including MERS-CoV (KOR/KNIH/ 002_05_2015), a recombinant plasmid for the bat CoV HKU4 strain, and RNA from a bat fecal sample containing SARS-like bat CoV. The new real-time RT-PCR method also showed positive results for RNA extracted from a fecal sample containing SARS-like bat CoV (B15-21) [7] . cache = ./cache/cord-349907-dwhyx97y.txt txt = ./txt/cord-349907-dwhyx97y.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-352492-6ihyiwgb author = Eickmann, Markus title = Inactivation of Ebola virus and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus in platelet concentrates and plasma by ultraviolet C light and methylene blue plus visible light, respectively date = 2018-05-06 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3005 sentences = 164 flesch = 55 summary = title: Inactivation of Ebola virus and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus in platelet concentrates and plasma by ultraviolet C light and methylene blue plus visible light, respectively STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: PCs and plasma were spiked with high titers of cell culture–derived EBOV and MERS‐CoV, treated with various light doses of ultraviolet C (UVC; THERAFLEX UV‐Platelets) or methylene blue (MB) plus visible light (MB/light; THERAFLEX MB‐Plasma), and assessed for residual viral infectivity. The results of the infectivity assay demonstrated that UVC irradiation dose-dependently inactivated EBOV and MERS-CoV in plasma-reduced PCs (Table 1 ). Although EBOV is highly infectious and low doses of less than 10 plaque-forming units of the virus are sufficient to cause disease, 32 the ability of the UVC-and MB/ light-based systems to reduce MERS-CoV and EBOV infectivity in blood products by several log steps may be sufficient to eliminate or significantly reduce the risk of transmission via the transfusion of PCs or plasma. cache = ./cache/cord-352492-6ihyiwgb.txt txt = ./txt/cord-352492-6ihyiwgb.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-353121-ot7jsx20 author = Choi, Jun Yong title = Absence of neutralizing activity in serum 1 year after successful treatment with antivirals and recovery from MERS in South Korea date = 2019-01-31 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 1390 sentences = 82 flesch = 55 summary = We evaluated the neutralizing activity in serum from three patients >1 year after recovery from Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) associated with mild pneumonia treated with antivirals during the MERS outbreak in South Korea at 2015. We evaluated the neutralizing activity in serum from three patients >1 year after recovery from Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) associated with mild pneumonia treated with antivirals during the MERS outbreak in South Korea at 2015. So, significant neutralizing activity was not demonstrated in any sera of three patients with mild pneumonia >1 year after being successfully treated with antiviral agents and recovering from MERS coronavirus infection. So, significant neutralizing activity was not demonstrated in any sera of three patients with mild pneumonia >1 year after being successfully treated with antiviral agents and recovering from MERS coronavirus infection. In conclusion, neutralizing activity was not demonstrated in any sera of three patients with mild pneumonia >1 year after being successfully treated with antiviral agents and recovering from MERS-CoV infection. cache = ./cache/cord-353121-ot7jsx20.txt txt = ./txt/cord-353121-ot7jsx20.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-352741-0pdeehai author = Geramizadeh, Bita title = Histopathologic Findings of Coronavirus in Lung: A Mini-Review date = 2020-10-12 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 2158 sentences = 143 flesch = 44 summary = In this report, we will review the published reports about the histopathologic findings of lung tissue in the patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 in comparison with 2 other coronaviruses that have caused outbreaks, ie, SARS-CoV-1 and MERS-CoV. The keywords for searching were "lung," " pulmonary," and CoVs, ie, "severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 [SARS-CoV-2])," "coronavirus disease (COVID-19)," "pathology," "biopsy," "autopsy," "histopathology," "severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)," and "Middle East Respiratory syndrome (MERS)." Histological examination of lung in rare cases reported from SARS-CoV-2 showed "edema, bilateral diffuse alveolar damage with cellular fibromyxoid exudates, desquamation of pneumocytes and hyaline membrane formation," indicating acute respiratory distress syndrome. 19 One histopathologic finding in the new SARS-CoV-2infected lung disease that has not been reported in the previous epidemics of coronaviruses is the presence of pulmonary fibrosis that can be indicative of future pulmonary dysfunction if the patient recovers. Lung pathology of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS): a study of 8 autopsy cases from Singapore cache = ./cache/cord-352741-0pdeehai.txt txt = ./txt/cord-352741-0pdeehai.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-354272-99vw735a author = DARLING, N. D. title = Retrospective, epidemiological cluster analysis of the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) epidemic using open source data date = 2017-10-24 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3548 sentences = 154 flesch = 49 summary = title: Retrospective, epidemiological cluster analysis of the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) epidemic using open source data In an effort to better understand the patterns of transmission, a retrospective analysis of epidemiological clusters identified throughout the ongoing MERS-CoV epidemic was conducted using open-source data. Several key search terms were utilized to capture all cluster-related literature, including 'MERS-CoV', 'nosocomial', 'cluster', 'transmission', 'superspreader', 'contact tracing', and 'healthcare worker'. An exported cluster was defined as any cluster that resulted from verified travel of an index case (from an area of known MERS-CoV transmission) within one incubation period (14 days) of symptom onset. If a case was reported from the city during the estimated time in which there was ongoing nosocomial transmission, had no travel or camel exposure in the 14 days prior to illness onset, and had no known household contact with a confirmed MERS-CoV case, the case was included in the case count for that particular nosocomial cluster. cache = ./cache/cord-354272-99vw735a.txt txt = ./txt/cord-354272-99vw735a.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-349287-mwj2qby4 author = Mackay, Ian M. title = MERS coronavirus: diagnostics, epidemiology and transmission date = 2015-12-22 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 14290 sentences = 671 flesch = 51 summary = The first known cases of Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS), associated with infection by a novel coronavirus (CoV), occurred in 2012 in Jordan but were reported retrospectively. Most human cases of MERS have been linked to lapses in infection prevention and control (IPC) in healthcare settings, with approximately 20 % of all virus detections reported among healthcare workers (HCWs) and higher exposures in those with occupations that bring them into close contact with camels. Since asymptomatic zoonoses have been posited [72] , an absence of antibodies to MERS-CoV among some humans who have regular and close contact with camels may reflect the rarity of actively infected animals at butcheries, a limited transmission risk associated with slaughtering DCs [70] , a pre-existing cross-protective immune status or some other factor(s) resulting in a low risk of disease and concurrent seroconversion developing after exposure in this group. First cases of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infections in France, investigations and implications for the prevention of human-tohuman transmission cache = ./cache/cord-349287-mwj2qby4.txt txt = ./txt/cord-349287-mwj2qby4.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-353342-2n6kqyeo author = Corman, Victor M. title = Viral Shedding and Antibody Response in 37 Patients With Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Infection date = 2016-02-15 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4046 sentences = 223 flesch = 52 summary = title: Viral Shedding and Antibody Response in 37 Patients With Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Infection The Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) coronavirus causes isolated cases and outbreaks of severe respiratory disease. We studied 37 adult patients infected with MERS coronavirus for viral load in the lower and upper respiratory tracts (LRT and URT, respectively), blood, stool, and urine. Quantitative data, such as viral loads and antibody titers, could enable comparisons with related diseases, in particular, severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), for which studies of natural history were conducted in the aftermath of the 2002-2003 epidemic [7] . DISCUSSION We studied quantitative viral excretion and serum antibody kinetics of a substantial group of hospitalized patients infected with MERS-CoV. Detection of SARS coronavirus in patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome by conventional and real-time quantitative reverse transcription-PCR assays cache = ./cache/cord-353342-2n6kqyeo.txt txt = ./txt/cord-353342-2n6kqyeo.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-352322-tsjwnvkk author = Khamassi Khbou, Médiha title = Coronaviruses in farm animals: Epidemiology and public health implications date = 2020-09-25 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 8114 sentences = 453 flesch = 49 summary = As consequences of such genomic mutation and recombination the transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) of swine and the bovine CoV (BCoV) likely originated from the closely related canine coronavirus (CCoV) (Pratelli, 2011) . Coronaviruses of farm animals including large and small ruminants, dromedaries, horses, pigs and chickens were reviewed; cetacean CoVs were also considered, as marine mammals are a food source in many countries around the world. Since the first case of human infected by the MERS-CoV was identified in September 2012 in Saudi Arabia (World Health Organization, 2019), interest to dromedaries as sources of the virus increased and the isolated strains were shown to be genetically very similar to those isolated from humans (Omrani, Al-Tawfiq, & Memish, 2015) . Isolation and characterization of porcine epidemic diarrhea viruses associated with the 2013 disease outbreak among swine in the United States Infection with a new porcine respiratory coronavirus in Denmark: Serologic differentiation from transmissible gastroenteritis virus using monoclonal antibodies cache = ./cache/cord-352322-tsjwnvkk.txt txt = ./txt/cord-352322-tsjwnvkk.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-354302-l2kywzro author = Adney, Danielle R. title = Replication and Shedding of MERS-CoV in Upper Respiratory Tract of Inoculated Dromedary Camels date = 2014-12-17 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3289 sentences = 152 flesch = 49 summary = Epidemiologic investigations identified dromedary camels as the likely source of zoonotic transmission of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV). Epidemiologic investigations identified dromedary camels as the likely source of zoonotic transmission of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV). We inoculated 3 adult camels with a human isolate of MERS-CoV and a transient, primarily upper respiratory tract infection developed in each of the 3 animals. We inoculated 3 adult camels with a human isolate of MERS-CoV and a transient, primarily upper respiratory tract infection developed in each of the 3 animals. T he Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) was first recognized in 2012 related to a fatal human case of pneumonia in Saudi Arabia (1) . MERS-CoV shedding started during 1-2 dpi, as detected by the presence of infectious virus and viral RNA by qPCR in nasal swab samples. Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) in dromedary camels cache = ./cache/cord-354302-l2kywzro.txt txt = ./txt/cord-354302-l2kywzro.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-356219-wl9htpp2 author = Farag, Elmoubasher A. B. A. title = High proportion of MERS-CoV shedding dromedaries at slaughterhouse with a potential epidemiological link to human cases, Qatar 2014 date = 2015-07-15 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 1816 sentences = 95 flesch = 57 summary = Two of the earliest Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) cases were men who had visited the Doha central animal market and adjoining slaughterhouse in Qatar. Sequence analysis showed the circulation of at least five different virus strains at these premises, suggesting that this location is a driver of MERS-CoV circulation and a high-risk area for human exposure. D romedary camels are likely the primary source of Middle East respiratory syndrome virus (MERS-CoV) infection in humans, but further evidence is needed to support their role in zoonotic transmission. Analysis of an outbreak associated with a barn in Qatar found dromedaries and humans to be infected with nearly identical strains of MERS-CoV (3) and further support for camels as reservoir came from a study in Saudi Arabia (KSA) that found widespread circulation of different genetic variants of MERS-CoV in camels, with geographic clustering of human and camel MERS-CoV sequences (4) . Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection in dromedary camels in Saudi Arabia cache = ./cache/cord-356219-wl9htpp2.txt txt = ./txt/cord-356219-wl9htpp2.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-356192-8b96rgqa author = Xie, Qian title = Two deletion variants of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus found in a patient with characteristic symptoms date = 2017-04-18 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 2413 sentences = 131 flesch = 52 summary = title: Two deletion variants of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus found in a patient with characteristic symptoms Significant sequence variation of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS CoV) has never been detected since it was first reported in 2012. To predict the function of the E protein of MERS CoV, we aligned the E and ORF5-E protein sequences of MERS CoV with those of two other coronaviruses, SARS-CoV and China Rattus coronavirus HKU24, using MEGA software (version 6.0) [11] . The truncated E protein with a deletion of aa 1-30 lacks the N-terminus and a major part of the hydrophobic transmembrane domain in MERS CoV variant 1, which might directly impair virus packaging and replication [24] . Genomic sequencing and analysis of the first imported Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS CoV) in China Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) entry inhibitors targeting spike protein cache = ./cache/cord-356192-8b96rgqa.txt txt = ./txt/cord-356192-8b96rgqa.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-353732-7hjsux4m author = Arabi, Yaseen M. title = Feasibility of a randomized controlled trial to assess treatment of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infection in Saudi Arabia: a survey of physicians date = 2016-07-12 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 2414 sentences = 114 flesch = 45 summary = The questionnaire was modified for this study to include 26 items that were divided into three main domains of interest: (1) the ability to care for critically ill MERS-CoV patients; (2) laboratory capacity to diagnose MERS-CoV and blood bank ability to prepare convalescent plasma; and (3), research capacity to conduct randomized controlled trials. Therefore, as part of a collaborative effort among colleagues from the Gulf States and Eastern Mediterranean and with the support of the World Health Organization and International Severe Acute Respiratory and Emerging Infection Consortium, we undertook a survey to assess feasibility of conducting a clinical trial of convalescent plasma therapy for patients with MERS-CoV infection in KSA. Our survey results indicate that the research infrastructure at many acute care facilities in Saudi Arabia is likely generally sufficient to conduct a RCT to investigate the efficacy of convalescent plasma treatment for severely ill patients with MERS-CoV. cache = ./cache/cord-353732-7hjsux4m.txt txt = ./txt/cord-353732-7hjsux4m.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-354738-4rxradwz author = Kohl, Claudia title = European Bats as Carriers of Viruses with Zoonotic Potential date = 2014-08-13 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4797 sentences = 289 flesch = 52 summary = In this review, selected viruses detected and isolated in Europe are discussed from our point of view in regard to their human-pathogenic potential. Various publications reviewed bats globally as carriers and potential reservoir hosts of human-pathogenic and zoonotic viruses [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] , while hardly anything is known about human-pathogenicity of European bat viruses apart from lyssaviruses. Similar to the case of the LLOV filovirus, virus isolates and prevalence studies in both humans and bats could improve knowledge and clarify their zoonotic potential. Sero-prevalence studies should be conducted on the orthoreoviruses isolated from European bats, especially as a closely related virus was detected in a diseased child in Slovenia [83] . Other bat viruses detected by using molecular techniques should be isolated (e.g., MERS-like CoV or Bat Bunyavirus) to allow for characterization and follow-up sero-prevalence studies. cache = ./cache/cord-354738-4rxradwz.txt txt = ./txt/cord-354738-4rxradwz.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-354474-hbl2ywix author = Temsah, M. H. title = Knowledge, attitudes and practices of healthcare workers during the early COVID-19 pandemic in a main, academic tertiary care centre in Saudi Arabia date = 2020-08-28 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4146 sentences = 193 flesch = 48 summary = As the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) continues to occur in small outbreaks in Saudi Arabia, we aimed to assess the knowledge, attitudes and intended practices of healthcare workers (HCWs) during the early stage of the COVID-19 pandemic and compare worry levels with previous findings during the MERS-CoV outbreak in 2015. To further understand the knowledge, attitudes and intended practices of HCWs during the early stage of the COVID-19 pandemic, it is particularly beneficial to obtain their input, especially in an area of the world where other respiratory viral illnesses are either endemic, such as MERS-CoV, or seasonal, such as influenza. The perceived adequacy of knowledge, hygienic practice changes and HCW attitudes toward infection control measures were assessed using a series of Likert-based questions (Supplementary Tables S2-S4 ). The level of knowledge of HCWs toward viral infection outbreaks during the current COVID-19 pandemic are much higher compared to the previous study conducted in the same institution during MERS-CoV a few years ago [15] . cache = ./cache/cord-354474-hbl2ywix.txt txt = ./txt/cord-354474-hbl2ywix.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-356007-6b0w36l9 author = Alanazi, Khalid H. title = Scope and extent of healthcare-associated Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus transmission during two contemporaneous outbreaks in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, 2017 date = 2018-12-31 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4028 sentences = 212 flesch = 48 summary = OBJECTIVE: To investigate a Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) outbreak event involving multiple healthcare facilities in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; to characterize transmission; and to explore infection control implications. Of these 10 available HCP, 9 reported prolonged, close contact with an unrecognized patient case before implementation of MERS-CoV IPC measures and with limited PPE use ( Table 3 ). Among the 10 interviewed HCP cases, the time from first positive MERS-CoV result to serum collection was 55-61 days, and 1 was seropositive: a 32-year-old female who had reported headache, muscle aches, and productive cough. Among them, 9 HCP (33%) tested rRT-PCR positive for MERS-CoV; 5 reported contact with index patient B before At hospital B, 34 of 50 MERS-CoV rRT-PCR-negative HCP contacts of cases (68%) were interviewed and provided serum. One was seropositive, a physician who had close, prolonged contact with index B after isolation and while wearing recommended PPE; however, he had previously tested rRT-PCR positive for MERS-CoV in 2013. cache = ./cache/cord-356007-6b0w36l9.txt txt = ./txt/cord-356007-6b0w36l9.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-354582-fniymnmf author = Ma, Zhiqian title = Reverse genetic systems: Rational design of coronavirus live attenuated vaccines with immune sequelae date = 2020-06-30 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 8373 sentences = 423 flesch = 44 summary = In this review, we systematically describe the role of reverse genetics technology in studying the effects of coronavirus proteins on viral virulence and innate immunity, cell and tissue tropism and antiviral drug screening. Recently, reverse genetics techniques, including targeted RNA recombination, in vitro ligation and bacterial artificial chromosome systems, vaccinia virus vectors and transformation associated recombination (TAR) cloning, have been successfully used to manipulate the genome of coronaviruses (Fig. 2 ). Using a recombinant SARS-CoV strain with reduced nsp3 de-ADP-ribosylation activity showed that this mutant strain led to virus attenuation in mice but protected them from an otherwise lethal SARS-CoV infection and significantly enhanced the innate immune response, indicating that it is an important virulence factor for SARS-CoV . The N protein plays an important role in viral pathogenesis since BALB/c mice immunized with recombinant virus MVA-MERS-N exhibit stronger T cell responses and anti-N monoclonal antibodies protect mice from lethal infection by MHV (Nakanaga et al., 1986; Veit et al., 2018) . cache = ./cache/cord-354582-fniymnmf.txt txt = ./txt/cord-354582-fniymnmf.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-353965-0bb729sp author = Halim, Ashraf Abdel title = Clinical characteristics and outcome of ICU admitted MERS corona virus infected patients date = 2016-01-31 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3654 sentences = 201 flesch = 48 summary = There was a statistically significant positive correlation between mortality and old age (r =0.633), obesity (r =0.712), diabetes mellitus (r =0.685), renal failure (r =0.705), chronic heart diseases (0.591), COPD (r =0.523), malignancy (r =0.692), kidney transplantation (r =0.644) and liver cirrhosis (r =0.525) (P <0.05). Our study showed that most of the expired patients presented with bilateral pulmonary infiltrates or unilateral infiltrates, but most of the survivors presented with normal radiology or increased bronchovascular markings, and this difference in the results was statistically highly significant (P < 0.01) ( Table 2) . Also, old age, current smoking, smoking severity, presence of associated co-morbidities like obesity, diabetes mellitus, chronic heart diseases, COPD, malignancy, renal failure, renal transplantation and liver cirrhosis associated with a poor outcome of ICU admitted MERS corona virus infected patients. Also, old age, current smoking, smoking severity, presence of associated co-morbidities like obesity, diabetes mellitus, chronic heart diseases, COPD, malignancy, renal failure, renal transplantation and liver cirrhosis associated with a poor outcome of ICU admitted MERS corona virus infected patients. cache = ./cache/cord-353965-0bb729sp.txt txt = ./txt/cord-353965-0bb729sp.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-353704-lfndq85x author = Ye, Zi-Wei title = Zoonotic origins of human coronaviruses date = 2020-03-15 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 8096 sentences = 434 flesch = 54 summary = In contrast, SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV and the newly-identified SARS-CoV-2 are highly pathogenic, causing severe lower respiratory tract infection in relatively more patients with a higher chance to develop acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and extrapulmonary manifestations. The 2019 novel HCoV (2019-nCoV), which has subsequently been renamed SARS-CoV-2, is the causative agent of the ongoing epidemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID19) , which has claimed more than 3,120 lives and infected more than 91,000 people as of March 3, 2020 [19] . All these four communityacquired HCoVs have been well adapted to humans and are generally less likely to mutate to cause highly pathogenic diseases, though accidents did occur for unknown reasons as in the rare case of a more virulent subtype of HCoV-NL63, which has recently been reported to cause severe lower respiratory tract infection in China [38] . Alternatively, whereas bat alpha-CoVs serve as the gene pool of HCoV-229E, alpacas and dromedary camels might serve as intermediate hosts that transmit viruses to humans, exactly as in the case of MERS-CoV [69] . cache = ./cache/cord-353704-lfndq85x.txt txt = ./txt/cord-353704-lfndq85x.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-356364-ipi81ce3 author = Ho, Bo-Lin title = Critical Assessment of the Important Residues Involved in the Dimerization and Catalysis of MERS Coronavirus Main Protease date = 2015-12-14 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5038 sentences = 277 flesch = 62 summary = In the present study, MERS-CoV main protease (M(pro)) is expressed; the dimerization of the protein and its relationship to catalysis are investigated. The colorimetry-based peptide substrate, TSAVLQ-para-nitroanilide (TQ6-pNA) (purity 95-99% by HPLC; GL Biochem Ltd, Shanghai, China), was used to measure the proteolytic activity of MERS-CoV M pro and its mutants throughout the course of the study as described previously [25, 28] . In addition, although the K d values of wild-type SARS-CoV M pro without or with substrates show no significant difference (Table 2) , it was possible to detect substrate-induced dimerization at a protein concentration of 1 μM by AEC [33] . Biochemical and AUC studies indicated that MERS-CoV M pro shows almost the same proteolytic activity as SARS-CoV M pro ; although it is a monomer in aqueous buffer and displays substrate-induced dimerization (Fig 6) . cache = ./cache/cord-356364-ipi81ce3.txt txt = ./txt/cord-356364-ipi81ce3.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-352527-eeyqh9nc author = Zhou, Yusen title = Advances in MERS-CoV Vaccines and Therapeutics Based on the Receptor-Binding Domain date = 2019-01-14 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5834 sentences = 277 flesch = 44 summary = A number of MERS vaccines have been developed based on viral RBD, including nanoparticles, virus-like particles (VLPs), and recombinant proteins, and their protective efficacy has been evaluated in animal models, including mice with adenovirus 5 (Ad5)-directed expression of human DPP4 (Ad5/hDPP4), hDPP4-transgenic (hDPP4-Tg) mice, and non-human primates (NHPs) [88] [89] [90] [91] [92] [93] [94] . Receptor usage of a novel bat lineage C Betacoronavirus reveals evolution of Middle East respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus spike proteins for human dipeptidyl peptidase 4 binding Recombinant receptor-binding domains of multiple Middle East respiratory syndrome coronaviruses (MERS-CoVs) induce cross-neutralizing antibodies against divergent human and camel MERS-CoVs and antibody escape mutants A conformation-dependent neutralizing monoclonal antibody specifically targeting receptor-binding domain in Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus spike protein A novel nanobody targeting Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) receptor-binding domain has potent cross-neutralizing activity and protective efficacy against MERS-CoV cache = ./cache/cord-352527-eeyqh9nc.txt txt = ./txt/cord-352527-eeyqh9nc.txt ===== Reducing email addresses cord-009476-4emc4o6n cord-009594-0rfbmi0q cord-018239-n7axd9bq cord-259703-9ef3u2mz cord-265282-v3n9ff16 cord-273893-3nd6ptrg 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cord-354474-hbl2ywix cord-353704-lfndq85x cord-356364-ipi81ce3 cord-354738-4rxradwz Creating transaction Updating wrd table ===== Reducing urls cord-009594-0rfbmi0q cord-014546-arw4saeh cord-016842-sow7k53m cord-252397-qlu7dilh cord-024569-d9opzb6m cord-018504-qqsmn72u cord-253337-xdexrlq3 cord-252600-bvh1o64r cord-257587-xjoyrdhj cord-257511-4ftedh1a cord-256020-wrui3i2l cord-259051-6kuh4njb cord-259374-m7q1roay cord-252883-1ub01j2x cord-256750-5m7psxri cord-259443-5sv3dwbs cord-255378-qgklt8wa cord-261421-k1s5iy3u cord-256806-g42n51n9 cord-260334-xo8ruswo cord-264653-ms6zrrnd cord-263391-18x4ann5 cord-265666-27ckjl7w cord-259658-rgrt6e6r cord-262045-r2iqpmmc cord-264901-w285on4x cord-266260-t02jngq0 cord-265380-2gs34xcw cord-265282-v3n9ff16 cord-266464-wuf3s8m0 cord-261876-7rsc803x cord-261163-n9tp9nx7 cord-264267-weat0qs6 cord-267001-csgmc155 cord-265128-i0d4lxko cord-267090-jc1k3fki cord-266987-ikt8r2o1 cord-269386-bnh65bqg cord-266313-b518n9dx cord-269437-0pvqvhqs cord-270534-ebkwv4zo cord-269885-r8molh8c cord-271723-8qoozmgk cord-271681-jmoyy8rb cord-272622-2wceu3o9 cord-273182-djb0ozrt cord-272306-92rz2byz cord-273893-3nd6ptrg cord-274007-zndtddty cord-274122-n9jnu2ah cord-274506-fzcuu4ma cord-278238-w1l8h8g8 cord-278648-hkvurb2k cord-276193-cngz535o cord-279733-c0w9bw5u cord-278182-75u57fw1 cord-280624-7v8xuicg cord-282560-tofppr3b cord-279979-3ecnbqom cord-279255-v861kk0i cord-280029-g1k3zlax cord-278939-z6kiee09 cord-284374-sqxlnk9e cord-284845-on97zu6w cord-286703-ipoj13va cord-287159-bjccnp7u cord-286072-kgpvdb42 cord-286631-3fmg3scx cord-285039-9piio754 cord-287761-73qgx58i cord-286683-mettlmhz cord-289520-i6pv90s9 cord-291679-jfxqipt8 cord-289535-srrfr1es cord-288859-19jwawrm cord-291199-nazl2e97 cord-288389-z0sz1msj cord-293505-1t3hg4wi cord-291916-5yqc3zcx cord-295633-vkjcheaz cord-294856-eeh2a0t8 cord-294656-sx3tpe0y cord-295375-nakxfhxk cord-296237-i9cti2ok cord-298535-wmxlu3l1 cord-298941-xf2ukinp cord-301103-idu4j78a cord-298773-vnmc6nqd cord-301016-9t7v7ipt cord-301547-d4wt9dqp cord-304271-vyayyk50 cord-303917-2tu707ng cord-301313-9595vm0k cord-305745-9lngdjow cord-303941-3lg1bzsi cord-305422-t8azymo7 cord-305134-s7h6bpof cord-306923-eujbxdqi cord-309010-tmfm5u5h cord-310071-d195rumq cord-312692-jv3425w1 cord-309081-v098m4dc cord-304227-rbr2un1u cord-307067-cpc1yefj cord-312741-0au4nctt cord-312434-yx24golq cord-315437-h6xjudm0 cord-317403-1wrsuoy7 cord-317435-4yuw7jo3 cord-317688-mr851682 cord-318181-xxc7vdnt cord-315234-pqn7qhm8 cord-318935-xsfolppr cord-318954-pj5lsvsa cord-317389-trvleobp cord-304057-d2r92nji cord-317061-0bx704ao cord-319780-rfj9t99r cord-320548-oigyut2k cord-320909-p93gxjm2 cord-319447-xanewi59 cord-319689-33h22ikl cord-321918-9jwma2y6 cord-324165-afdmsbw2 cord-321851-ku4z34lu cord-323087-3cxyogor cord-324926-3c5ab73l cord-324978-9qfhsj3n cord-326851-0jxdnm1l cord-326133-d46wbfrx cord-326864-i1r3bv4p cord-326768-uo6482ah cord-327867-1wkbjtji cord-322760-tsxniu3j cord-329876-4cgrjnjo cord-321260-oi37dfsp cord-328000-i9tzr13z cord-329959-4yecwdlo cord-332952-d5l60cgc cord-333144-gyuh2fvl cord-324324-8ybfiz8f cord-337066-pztrwvib cord-333738-3xtb8gye cord-334667-0cah15lg cord-336150-l8w7xk0b cord-338436-0z828org cord-337825-ujq9mxk7 cord-338973-73a7uvyz cord-341056-iwu428pk cord-339762-lh8czr0a cord-340836-eb5a9ln3 cord-338980-pygykil7 cord-342691-8jcfzexy cord-342739-iy9vjpuh cord-340163-ex03l0pc cord-344217-kci4uw7u cord-344330-zsx7wfyj cord-343107-oj1re34k cord-347374-mryazbnq cord-343184-kptkmgdm cord-346787-uo8k6qic cord-342756-rgm9ffpk cord-347460-9vechh4x cord-343528-5283jsnu cord-349262-gnqbyc6t cord-349781-l93978vq cord-346777-zmmnn9b2 cord-349643-jtx7ni9b cord-348821-2u6ki9dv cord-349680-rz2ep5jf cord-351760-698voi9y cord-349812-nw1nlc1y cord-352527-eeyqh9nc cord-351852-ilxaurgt cord-349907-dwhyx97y cord-352741-0pdeehai cord-354272-99vw735a cord-355290-m8875kdy cord-353342-2n6kqyeo cord-352322-tsjwnvkk cord-354582-fniymnmf cord-356192-8b96rgqa cord-356007-6b0w36l9 cord-354474-hbl2ywix Creating transaction Updating url table ===== Reducing named entities cord-002070-8y24j34j cord-009594-0rfbmi0q cord-009476-4emc4o6n cord-007828-c7jxj74b cord-014546-arw4saeh cord-016842-sow7k53m cord-016451-k8m2xz0e cord-252397-qlu7dilh cord-018504-qqsmn72u cord-024569-d9opzb6m cord-253337-xdexrlq3 cord-253238-ptmxkpae cord-103046-w8bm4p44 cord-256300-emsvxxs5 cord-256784-wfaqim7d cord-252600-bvh1o64r cord-018438-1tkevj8v cord-257587-xjoyrdhj cord-252456-971d0sir cord-227268-8k9zaqsy cord-259200-65b267ic cord-256086-8qfeoayb cord-257511-4ftedh1a cord-258892-1xmoeoyh cord-255339-oudj079q cord-018239-n7axd9bq cord-103899-6tqm99g1 cord-104500-m0kfom0x cord-258032-buh1e4tm cord-103739-mmkrwj8t cord-022046-q1exf47s cord-255871-dau9tz6u cord-018016-r7tg0s45 cord-260024-yrhlg6wm cord-256020-wrui3i2l cord-259051-6kuh4njb cord-259374-m7q1roay cord-260420-4s7akmdp cord-255488-nvgz53su cord-258611-uzzs8w1j cord-256750-5m7psxri 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cord-356192-8b96rgqa cord-356007-6b0w36l9 cord-356364-ipi81ce3 cord-353704-lfndq85x Creating transaction Updating ent table ===== Reducing parts of speech cord-009476-4emc4o6n cord-014546-arw4saeh cord-002070-8y24j34j cord-007828-c7jxj74b cord-103046-w8bm4p44 cord-252397-qlu7dilh cord-016451-k8m2xz0e cord-016842-sow7k53m cord-253337-xdexrlq3 cord-009594-0rfbmi0q cord-253238-ptmxkpae cord-256784-wfaqim7d cord-024569-d9opzb6m cord-018504-qqsmn72u cord-256300-emsvxxs5 cord-252600-bvh1o64r cord-018438-1tkevj8v cord-257587-xjoyrdhj cord-252456-971d0sir cord-227268-8k9zaqsy cord-259200-65b267ic cord-257511-4ftedh1a cord-256086-8qfeoayb cord-258892-1xmoeoyh cord-258032-buh1e4tm cord-104500-m0kfom0x cord-018239-n7axd9bq cord-103739-mmkrwj8t cord-022046-q1exf47s cord-255871-dau9tz6u cord-018016-r7tg0s45 cord-260024-yrhlg6wm cord-259051-6kuh4njb cord-258611-uzzs8w1j cord-260420-4s7akmdp cord-256020-wrui3i2l cord-103899-6tqm99g1 cord-259374-m7q1roay cord-255339-oudj079q cord-255488-nvgz53su 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cord-356007-6b0w36l9 cord-354582-fniymnmf cord-356364-ipi81ce3 cord-349287-mwj2qby4 cord-353704-lfndq85x Creating transaction Updating pos table Building ./etc/reader.txt cord-279255-v861kk0i cord-253077-61fmul8c cord-286683-mettlmhz cord-266260-t02jngq0 cord-349287-mwj2qby4 cord-312741-0au4nctt number of items: 515 sum of words: 1,599,537 average size in words: 4,876 average readability score: 49 nouns: coronavirus; infection; virus; patients; syndrome; cells; protein; cases; disease; cov; study; cell; transmission; outbreak; studies; data; treatment; infections; viruses; case; receptor; mice; host; vaccine; analysis; risk; response; health; coronaviruses; days; antibodies; influenza; camels; pneumonia; time; replication; proteins; humans; model; control; spike; results; activity; antibody; animal; number; samples; symptoms; patient; hospital verbs: using; show; including; reporting; infect; associated; based; caused; identified; bound; find; develop; confirmed; increase; suggesting; induced; following; detected; emerging; compared; provide; related; inhibits; neutralizing; occurred; required; tested; indicates; observed; reduce; performed; described; results; considered; expressed; known; treating; contain; demonstrate; determined; target; revealed; lead; needing; prevent; mediated; isolated; collect; made; evaluate adjectives: respiratory; human; viral; severe; clinical; acute; novel; high; immune; different; specific; antiviral; infectious; potential; new; positive; first; several; similar; like; higher; infected; important; anti; significant; available; therapeutic; covid-19; lower; non; effective; common; recent; low; possible; many; negative; single; early; multiple; public; molecular; large; inflammatory; current; previous; medical; global; recombinant; structural adverbs: also; however; well; therefore; highly; respectively; previously; significantly; recently; currently; even; first; still; moreover; furthermore; especially; mainly; approximately; critically; often; particularly; potentially; directly; yet; relatively; less; closely; rapidly; now; additionally; prior; later; together; subsequently; newly; far; likely; finally; interestingly; similarly; generally; already; much; clinically; specifically; worldwide; rather; hence; initially; least pronouns: we; it; their; its; our; they; i; them; he; his; us; you; she; her; your; itself; one; my; themselves; him; rad5; me; ≥100; ourselves; mrnas; oneself; nsp10; yourself; nsp7; nsp15; mg; himself; d509; pdcs; ours; s; nsp4; mir-146a; isgf3; irf3and; http://tools; herself; asc09f; −4.0; βcovs; ys110; ydata; y499; y322; themself proper nouns: MERS; CoV; SARS; East; Middle; CoV-2; COVID-19; RNA; Saudi; Arabia; S; Coronavirus; Fig; China; RBD; Korea; Health; ACE2; CoVs; Respiratory; PCR; IFN; Syndrome; DPP4; C; T; M; CoV.; South; HCoV; Wuhan; Table; Ebola; United; S1; Disease; RT; World; remdesivir; A; N; Organization; Vero; ICU; OC43; TMPRSS2; ELISA; Human; Hajj; sera keywords: mers; sars; east; covid-19; middle; cov; rna; patient; cov-2; coronavirus; china; respiratory; rbd; cell; virus; saudi; dpp4; ace2; ifn; arabia; human; infection; korea; pcr; vaccine; health; hajj; ebola; wuhan; protein; treatment; oc43; icu; h1n1; ebov; case; bat; animal; syndrome; iav; elisa; drug; dna; day; clinical; west; tmprss2; table; response; nl63 one topic; one dimension: cov file(s): https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4880070/ titles(s): Infection, Replication, and Transmission of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus in Alpacas three topics; one dimension: cov; mers; cov file(s): https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128094686000334, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31013648/, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26055715/ titles(s): Animal Models of Human Viral Diseases | Factors Influencing the Response to Infectious Diseases: Focusing on the Case of SARS and MERS in South Korea | Ligand-induced Dimerization of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) Coronavirus nsp5 Protease (3CL(pro)): IMPLICATIONS FOR nsp5 REGULATION AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF ANTIVIRALS five topics; three dimensions: cov sars coronavirus; mers cov cases; cov sars protein; mers cov mice; mers patients cov file(s): https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32903476/, https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17207548, https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21124549, https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines8020251, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29593206/ titles(s): The Impact of Pre-existing Comorbidities and Therapeutic Interventions on COVID-19 | Lessons Learned from Battling COVID-19: The Korean Experience | SARS-CoV-2 Evolutionary Adaptation toward Host Entry and Recognition of Receptor O-Acetyl Sialylation in Virus–Host Interaction | The Potency of an Anti-MERS Coronavirus Subunit Vaccine Depends on a Unique Combinatorial Adjuvant Formulation | Psychiatric Findings in Suspected and Confirmed Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Patients Quarantined in Hospital: A Retrospective Chart Analysis Type: cord title: keyword-mers-cord date: 2021-05-25 time: 15:33 username: emorgan patron: Eric Morgan email: emorgan@nd.edu input: keywords:mers ==== make-pages.sh htm files ==== make-pages.sh complex files ==== make-pages.sh named enities ==== making bibliographics id: cord-323428-jd91k19z author: Ababneh, Mustafa title: Recombinant adenoviral vaccine encoding the spike 1 subunit of the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus elicits strong humoral and cellular immune responses in mice date: 2019-10-11 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: BACKGROUND AND AIM: Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) has rapidly spread throughout the Middle East since its discovery in 2012. The virus poses a significant global public health threat with potentially devastating effects. In this study, a recombinant adenoviral-based vaccine encoding the spike 1 (S1) subunit of the MERS-CoV genome was constructed, and its humoral, and cellular immune responses were evaluated in mice. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Mice were immunized initially by intramuscular injection and boosted 3 weeks later by intranasal application. Expression of the S1 protein in the lungs and kidneys was detected using conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and immunohistochemistry (IHC) targeting specific regions within the S1 subunit at weeks 3, 4, 5, and 6 after the first vaccination. Antigen-specific humoral and cellular immune responses were evaluated in serum and in cell culture following in vitro stimulation with a specific 9-mer epitope within the S1 protein (CYSSLILDY). RESULTS: S1 protein expression was only detected by IHC in the kidneys of the Ad-MERS-S1 group at week 6 from first immunization, and in both lungs and kidneys of Ad-MERS-S1 group by conventional PCR at weeks 3 and 5 post-prime. The vaccine elicited a specific S1-immunoglobulin G antibody response, which was detected in the sera of the vaccinated mice at weeks 4 and 6 from the onset of the first immunization. There was a significant increase in the amount of Th1-related cytokines (interferon-γ and interleukin [IL] 12), and a significant decrease in the Th2-related cytokine IL-4 in splenocyte cell culture of the vaccinated group compared with the control groups. CONCLUSION: The results of this study suggest that this recombinant adenovirus vaccine encoding the S1 subunit of MERS-CoV elicits potentially protective antigen-specific humoral and cellular immune responses in mice. This study demonstrates a promising vaccine for the control and/or prevention of MERS-CoV infection in humans. url: https://doi.org/10.14202/vetworld.2019.1554-1562 doi: 10.14202/vetworld.2019.1554-1562 id: cord-304030-6ve5plea author: Aboagye, James Odame title: Overexpression of the nucleocapsid protein of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus up-regulates CXCL10 date: 2018-10-17 words: 3718.0 sentences: 192.0 pages: flesch: 54.0 cache: ./cache/cord-304030-6ve5plea.txt txt: ./txt/cord-304030-6ve5plea.txt summary: title: Overexpression of the nucleocapsid protein of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus up-regulates CXCL10 In order to determine if the nucleocapsid protein of MERS-CoV (MERS-N) plays a role in viral–host interactions, a murine monoclonal antibody was generated so as to allow detection of the protein in infected cells as well as in overexpression system. The A549 transduced cells expressed relatively high MERS-N protein on both day 2 and 10 post-selection in an antibiotics medium as shown in Figure 2A . Fold regulations of antiviral response genes by MERS-N protein was compared with negative control cells, which were expressing LacZ, by using the 2 − C T method. Out of the nine host genes identified using stably transduced A549 cells, proinflammatory cytokine/chemokines TNF, IL6, IL8, and CXCL10 were reported to be up-regulated in MERS-CoV infected cells [3, 17, 20] . CXCL10 regulation has been reported in MERS patients [18, 19] as well as MERS-CoV infected cells [3, 17, 20] . abstract: Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) causes respiratory diseases in humans and has a high mortality rate. During infection, MERS-CoV regulates several host cellular processes including antiviral response genes. In order to determine if the nucleocapsid protein of MERS-CoV (MERS-N) plays a role in viral–host interactions, a murine monoclonal antibody was generated so as to allow detection of the protein in infected cells as well as in overexpression system. Then, MERS-N was stably overexpressed in A549 cells, and a PCR array containing 84 genes was used to screen for genes transcriptionally regulated by it. Several up-regulated antiviral genes, namely TNF, IL6, IL8, and CXCL10, were selected for independent validation in transiently transfected 293FT cells. Out of these, the overexpression of MERS-N was found to up-regulate CXCL10 at both transcriptional and translational levels. Interestingly, CXCL10 has been reported to be up-regulated in MERS-CoV infected airway epithelial cells and lung fibroblast cells, as well as monocyte-derived macrophages and dendritic cells. High secretions and persistent increase of CXCL10 in MERS-CoV patients have been also associated with severity of disease. To our knowledge, this is the first report showing that the MERS-N protein is one of the contributing factors for CXCL10 up-regulation during infection. In addition, our results showed that a fragment consisting of residues 196–413 in MERS-N is sufficient to up-regulate CXCL10, while the N-terminal domain and serine-arginine (SR)-rich motif of MERS-N do not play a role in this up-regulation. url: https://doi.org/10.1042/bsr20181059 doi: 10.1042/bsr20181059 id: cord-334530-krclgmc4 author: Abroug, Fekri title: Family Cluster of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Infections, Tunisia, 2013 date: 2014-09-17 words: 1582.0 sentences: 88.0 pages: flesch: 58.0 cache: ./cache/cord-334530-krclgmc4.txt txt: ./txt/cord-334530-krclgmc4.txt summary: title: Family Cluster of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Infections, Tunisia, 2013 In 2013 in Tunisia, 3 persons in 1 family were infected with Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV). The index case-patient''s respiratory tract samples were negative for MERS-CoV by reverse transcription PCR, but diagnosis was retrospectively confirmed by PCR of serum. A s of May 23, 2014, a total of 635 laboratory-confirmed human cases of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infections had been reported to the World Health Organization; the epidemic has subsequently accelerated (1) . Nasopharyngeal and/or throat swab samples were Family Cluster of MERS-CoV Infections, Tunisia collected a mean of 5 weeks after contact from the other 2 (not ill) children of patient 1, his spouse, and the spouse of patient 3. Clinical features and viral diagnosis of two cases of infection with Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus: a report of nosocomial transmission abstract: In 2013 in Tunisia, 3 persons in 1 family were infected with Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV). The index case-patient’s respiratory tract samples were negative for MERS-CoV by reverse transcription PCR, but diagnosis was retrospectively confirmed by PCR of serum. Sequences clustered with those from Saudi Arabia and United Arab Emirates. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25148113/ doi: 10.3201/eid2009.140378 id: cord-298974-69xjc5yq author: Adegboye, Oyelola A. title: Network Analysis of MERS Coronavirus within Households, Communities, and Hospitals to Identify Most Centralized and Super-Spreading in the Arabian Peninsula, 2012 to 2016 date: 2018-05-07 words: 4305.0 sentences: 190.0 pages: flesch: 47.0 cache: ./cache/cord-298974-69xjc5yq.txt txt: ./txt/cord-298974-69xjc5yq.txt summary: The transmission connectivity networks of people infected with highly contagious Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) in Saudi Arabia were assessed to identify super-spreading events among the infected patients between 2012 and 2016. e variables considered in this study were age, gender, patient type (whether the patient is a healthcare worker (HCW) or nonhealthcare worker), health outcome (dead or alive) as at the last day of follow-up, patient comorbidity status, types of exposure to known risk factors (animal contact and camel contact indirectly or directly or through consumption of camel products), and place of infection (classified as hospital, community, and household/ family). Patient 1664 was favoured (based on degree, closeness, betweenness, and eigenvector network centrality metrics) as the most important in the transmission network by having the highest number of secondary cases. In this study, several network centrality metrics (degree, betweenness, closeness, eigenvector, and 2-reach) were used to quantify the connectivity among MERS cases and to identify which patient requires prioritization for intervention. abstract: Contact history is crucial during an infectious disease outbreak and vital when seeking to understand and predict the spread of infectious diseases in human populations. The transmission connectivity networks of people infected with highly contagious Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) in Saudi Arabia were assessed to identify super-spreading events among the infected patients between 2012 and 2016. Of the 1379 MERS cases recorded during the study period, 321 (23.3%) cases were linked to hospital infection, out of which 203 (14.7%) cases occurred among healthcare workers. There were 1113 isolated cases while the number of recorded contacts per MERS patient is between 1 (n=210) and 17 (n=1), with a mean of 0.27 (SD = 0.76). Five super-important nodes were identified based on their high number of connected contacts worthy of prioritization (at least degree of 5). The number of secondary cases in each SSE varies (range, 5–17). The eigenvector centrality was significantly (p < 0.05) associated with place of exposure, with hospitals having on average significantly higher eigenvector centrality than other places of exposure. Results suggested that being a healthcare worker has a higher eigenvector centrality score on average than being nonhealthcare workers. Pathogenic droplets are easily transmitted within a confined area of hospitals; therefore, control measures should be put in place to curtail the number of hospital visitors and movements of nonessential staff within the healthcare facility with MERS cases. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29854034/ doi: 10.1155/2018/6725284 id: cord-002070-8y24j34j author: Adney, Danielle R. title: Infection, Replication, and Transmission of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus in Alpacas date: 2016-06-17 words: 3090.0 sentences: 164.0 pages: flesch: 46.0 cache: ./cache/cord-002070-8y24j34j.txt txt: ./txt/cord-002070-8y24j34j.txt summary: Numerous investigators have reported the presence of MERS-CoV RNA or infectious virus in nasal swab specimens of dromedary camels in Saudi Arabia (3, 4, (8) (9) (10) , Qatar (5, (11) (12) (13) , Oman (14) , the United Arab Emirates (15), Nigeria (16) , and Egypt (17) . We have previously demonstrated that dromedary camels can be experimentally infected with MERS-CoV and found that mild upper respiratory tract disease associated with shedding copious amounts of virus by nasal secretions develops during the first week after infection (21) . We report characterization of an alpaca model of MERS-CoV infection in which we evaluated virus shedding and pathology, transmission by contact, and protective immunity 10 weeks after initial infection. Infectious virus was detected in nasal swab specimens from 2 of 3 alpacas co-housed with experimentally infected animals, and each of the 3 co-housed animals had neutralizing antibodies against MERS-CoV, which indicated virus transmission. abstract: Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus is a recently emerged pathogen associated with severe human disease. Zoonotic spillover from camels appears to play a major role in transmission. Because of logistic difficulties in working with dromedaries in containment, a more manageable animal model would be desirable. We report shedding and transmission of this virus in experimentally infected alpacas (n = 3) or those infected by contact (n = 3). Infectious virus was detected in all infected animals and in 2 of 3 in-contact animals. All alpacas seroconverted and were rechallenged 70 days after the original infection. Experimentally infected animals were protected against reinfection, and those infected by contact were partially protected. Necropsy specimens from immunologically naive animals (n = 3) obtained on day 5 postinfection showed virus in the upper respiratory tract. These data demonstrate efficient virus replication and animal-to-animal transmission and indicate that alpacas might be useful surrogates for camels in laboratory studies. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4880070/ doi: 10.3201/eid2206.160192 id: cord-309239-6lso1w0o author: Adney, Danielle R. title: Inoculation of Goats, Sheep, and Horses with MERS-CoV Does Not Result in Productive Viral Shedding date: 2016-08-19 words: 2989.0 sentences: 149.0 pages: flesch: 50.0 cache: ./cache/cord-309239-6lso1w0o.txt txt: ./txt/cord-309239-6lso1w0o.txt summary: The Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) is an emerging pathogen first described from Saudi Arabia in 2012 [1] that can cause severe respiratory disease and death in roughly 36% of infected humans [2] . There is considerable field and experimental evidence that dromedary camels serve as an important reservoir host involved in transmission to humans [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] , but whether other livestock such as goats, sheep, and horses play a role in transmission has only been assessed indirectly. The objective of this study was to determine if goats, sheep, and horses can be infected with MERS-CoV and assess their potential importance in viral transmission. Sheep, goat kids and horses were each inoculated intranasally with 1.4 × 10 6 to 1.9 × 10 6 plaque-forming units (PFU) of a low passage human isolate of MERS-CoV (strain HCoV-EMC/2012) propagated in Vero E6 cells as described previously [11] . abstract: The Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) was first recognized in 2012 and can cause severe disease in infected humans. Dromedary camels are the reservoir for the virus, although, other than nasal discharge, these animals do not display any overt clinical disease. Data from in vitro experiments suggest that other livestock such as sheep, goats, and horses might also contribute to viral transmission, although field data has not identified any seropositive animals. In order to understand if these animals could be infected, we challenged young goats and horses and adult sheep with MERS-CoV by intranasal inoculation. Minimal or no virus shedding was detected in all of the animals. During the four weeks following inoculation, neutralizing antibodies were detected in the young goats, but not in sheep or horses. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27548203/ doi: 10.3390/v8080230 id: cord-354302-l2kywzro author: Adney, Danielle R. title: Replication and Shedding of MERS-CoV in Upper Respiratory Tract of Inoculated Dromedary Camels date: 2014-12-17 words: 3289.0 sentences: 152.0 pages: flesch: 49.0 cache: ./cache/cord-354302-l2kywzro.txt txt: ./txt/cord-354302-l2kywzro.txt summary: Epidemiologic investigations identified dromedary camels as the likely source of zoonotic transmission of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV). Epidemiologic investigations identified dromedary camels as the likely source of zoonotic transmission of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV). We inoculated 3 adult camels with a human isolate of MERS-CoV and a transient, primarily upper respiratory tract infection developed in each of the 3 animals. We inoculated 3 adult camels with a human isolate of MERS-CoV and a transient, primarily upper respiratory tract infection developed in each of the 3 animals. T he Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) was first recognized in 2012 related to a fatal human case of pneumonia in Saudi Arabia (1) . MERS-CoV shedding started during 1-2 dpi, as detected by the presence of infectious virus and viral RNA by qPCR in nasal swab samples. Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) in dromedary camels abstract: In 2012, a novel coronavirus associated with severe respiratory disease in humans emerged in the Middle East. Epidemiologic investigations identified dromedary camels as the likely source of zoonotic transmission of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV). Here we provide experimental support for camels as a reservoir for MERS-CoV. We inoculated 3 adult camels with a human isolate of MERS-CoV and a transient, primarily upper respiratory tract infection developed in each of the 3 animals. Clinical signs of the MERS-CoV infection were benign, but each of the camels shed large quantities of virus from the upper respiratory tract. We detected infectious virus in nasal secretions through 7 days postinoculation, and viral RNA up to 35 days postinoculation. The pattern of shedding and propensity for the upper respiratory tract infection in dromedary camels may help explain the lack of systemic illness among naturally infected camels and the means of efficient camel-to-camel and camel-to-human transmission. url: https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2012.141280 doi: 10.3201/eid2012.141280 id: cord-299986-wuaxatrb author: Afsar, Nasir Ali title: The looming pandemic of COVID-19: What therapeutic options do we have now? date: 2020-04-21 words: 625.0 sentences: 38.0 pages: flesch: 45.0 cache: ./cache/cord-299986-wuaxatrb.txt txt: ./txt/cord-299986-wuaxatrb.txt summary: To critically evaluate the existing options, an attempt has been made to list the drugs considered potentially useful in corona virus infections including the previous outbreaks of SARS and MERS and are tabulated ( Table 1) to derive lessons from the existing scientific literature. Treatment with lopinavir/ritonavir or interferon-β1b improves outcome of MERS-CoV infection in a nonhuman primate model of common marmoset Prophylactic and therapeutic remdesivir (GS-5734) treatment in the rhesus macaque model of MERS-CoV infection Interferon-β and mycophenolic acid are potent inhibitors of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus in cell-based assays Middle Eastern respiratory syndrome corona virus (MERS CoV): case reports from a tertiary care hospital in Saudi Arabia Ribavirin and interferon therapy for critically Ill patients with Middle East respiratory syndrome: a multicenter observational study Corticosteroid therapy for critically Ill patients with Middle East respiratory syndrome abstract: nan url: https://doi.org/10.1097/jcma.0000000000000310 doi: 10.1097/jcma.0000000000000310 id: cord-340836-eb5a9ln3 author: Aghazadeh-Attari, Javad title: Epidemiological factors and worldwide pattern of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus from 2013 to 2016 date: 2018-04-06 words: 2694.0 sentences: 131.0 pages: flesch: 52.0 cache: ./cache/cord-340836-eb5a9ln3.txt txt: ./txt/cord-340836-eb5a9ln3.txt summary: METHODS: Full details of MERS-CoV cases available on the disease outbreak news section of the World Health Organization official website from January 2013 to November 2016 were retrieved; demographic and clinical information, global distribution status, potential contacts, and probable risk factors for the mortality of laboratory-confirmed MERS-CoV cases were extracted and analyzed by following standard statistical methods. From September 23, 2012, to November 11, 2016, the occurrence of 1,879 laboratory-confirmed cases of MERS-CoV infection, including 659 deaths, was reported to WHO by the National IHR Focal Points of 27 countries in Europe, North Africa, the Middle East, the United States of America, and Asia. The comparison of characteristics of the cases and the effect of various potential risk factors on the final outcome (dead/survived) of laboratory-confirmed MERS-CoV cases in the world (Table 2) reveal that two factors, namely, morbid case being native and travel history, are considered significant in a unifactorial analysis (P-values are <0.05) and with the potential of bearing on the dynamics of the disease. abstract: BACKGROUND: Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) is an emerging threat to global health security with high intensity and lethality. This study was conducted to investigate epidemiological factors and patterns related to this disease. METHODS: Full details of MERS-CoV cases available on the disease outbreak news section of the World Health Organization official website from January 2013 to November 2016 were retrieved; demographic and clinical information, global distribution status, potential contacts, and probable risk factors for the mortality of laboratory-confirmed MERS-CoV cases were extracted and analyzed by following standard statistical methods. RESULTS: Details of 1,094 laboratory-confirmed cases were recorded, including 421 related deaths. Significant differences were observed in the presentation of the disease from year to year, and all studied parameters differed during the years under study (all P-values <0.05). Evaluation of the effects of various potential risk factors of the final outcome (dead/survived) revealed that two factors, namely, the morbid case being native and travel history, are significant based on a unifactorial analysis (P <0.05). From 2013 to 2016, these factors remained important. However, factors that were significant in predicting mortality varied in different years. CONCLUSION: These findings point to interesting potential dimensions in the dynamic of this disease. Furthermore, effective national and international preparedness plans and actions are essential to prevent, control, and predict such viral outbreaks; improve patient management; and ensure global health security. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29670390/ doi: 10.2147/ijgm.s160741 id: cord-298535-wmxlu3l1 author: Agnihothram, Sudhakar title: Evaluation of Serologic and Antigenic Relationships Between Middle Eastern Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus and Other Coronaviruses to Develop Vaccine Platforms for the Rapid Response to Emerging Coronaviruses date: 2013-11-18 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Background. Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) emerged in 2012, causing severe acute respiratory disease and pneumonia, with 44% mortality among 136 cases to date. Design of vaccines to limit the virus spread or diagnostic tests to track newly emerging strains requires knowledge of antigenic and serologic relationships between MERS-CoV and other CoVs. Methods. Using synthetic genomics and Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus replicons (VRPs) expressing spike and nucleocapsid proteins from MERS-CoV and other human and bat CoVs, we characterize the antigenic responses (using Western blot and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) and serologic responses (using neutralization assays) against 2 MERS-CoV isolates in comparison with those of other human and bat CoVs. Results. Serologic and neutralization responses against the spike glycoprotein were primarily strain specific, with a very low level of cross-reactivity within or across subgroups. CoV N proteins within but not across subgroups share cross-reactive epitopes with MERS-CoV isolates. Our findings were validated using a convalescent-phase serum specimen from a patient infected with MERS-CoV (NA 01) and human antiserum against SARS-CoV, human CoV NL63, and human CoV OC43. Conclusions. Vaccine design for emerging CoVs should involve chimeric spike protein containing neutralizing epitopes from multiple virus strains across subgroups to reduce immune pathology, and a diagnostic platform should include a panel of nucleocapsid and spike proteins from phylogenetically distinct CoVs. url: https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jit609 doi: 10.1093/infdis/jit609 id: cord-259374-m7q1roay author: Agostini, Maria L. title: Small-Molecule Antiviral β-d-N(4)-Hydroxycytidine Inhibits a Proofreading-Intact Coronavirus with a High Genetic Barrier to Resistance date: 2019-11-26 words: 6093.0 sentences: 357.0 pages: flesch: 48.0 cache: ./cache/cord-259374-m7q1roay.txt txt: ./txt/cord-259374-m7q1roay.txt summary: Here, we demonstrate that NHC inhibits both murine hepatitis virus (MHV) (50% effective concentration [EC(50)] = 0.17 μM) and Middle East respiratory syndrome CoV (MERS-CoV) (EC(50) = 0.56 μM) with minimal cytotoxicity. Here, we demonstrate the potent antiviral activity of a broad-spectrum ribonucleoside analogue, β-d-N(4)-hydroxycytidine (NHC), against two divergent CoVs. Viral proofreading activity does not markedly impact sensitivity to NHC inhibition, suggesting a novel interaction between a nucleoside analogue inhibitor and the CoV replicase. To directly test the effect of NHC treatment on the mutational burden, we treated WT MHV with increasing concentrations of NHC and performed full-genome next-generation sequencing (NGS) on viral populations released after a single round of infection. Our results indicate that NHC decreases the titers of both WT and ExoN(Ϫ) MHV in a dose-dependent manner but that ExoN(Ϫ) MHV demonstrates a statistically Passage in the presence of NHC yields low-level resistance associated with multiple transition mutations. abstract: Coronaviruses (CoVs) have emerged from animal reservoirs to cause severe and lethal disease in humans, but there are currently no FDA-approved antivirals to treat the infections. One class of antiviral compounds, nucleoside analogues, mimics naturally occurring nucleosides to inhibit viral replication. While these compounds have been successful therapeutics for several viral infections, mutagenic nucleoside analogues, such as ribavirin and 5-fluorouracil, have been ineffective at inhibiting CoVs. This has been attributed to the proofreading activity of the viral 3′-5′ exoribonuclease (ExoN). β-d-N(4)-Hydroxycytidine (NHC) (EIDD-1931; Emory Institute for Drug Development) has recently been reported to inhibit multiple viruses. Here, we demonstrate that NHC inhibits both murine hepatitis virus (MHV) (50% effective concentration [EC(50)] = 0.17 μM) and Middle East respiratory syndrome CoV (MERS-CoV) (EC(50) = 0.56 μM) with minimal cytotoxicity. NHC inhibited MHV lacking ExoN proofreading activity similarly to wild-type (WT) MHV, suggesting an ability to evade or overcome ExoN activity. NHC inhibited MHV only when added early during infection, decreased viral specific infectivity, and increased the number and proportion of G:A and C:U transition mutations present after a single infection. Low-level NHC resistance was difficult to achieve and was associated with multiple transition mutations across the genome in both MHV and MERS-CoV. These results point to a virus-mutagenic mechanism of NHC inhibition in CoVs and indicate a high genetic barrier to NHC resistance. Together, the data support further development of NHC for treatment of CoVs and suggest a novel mechanism of NHC interaction with the CoV replication complex that may shed light on critical aspects of replication. IMPORTANCE The emergence of coronaviruses (CoVs) into human populations from animal reservoirs has demonstrated their epidemic capability, pandemic potential, and ability to cause severe disease. However, no antivirals have been approved to treat these infections. Here, we demonstrate the potent antiviral activity of a broad-spectrum ribonucleoside analogue, β-d-N(4)-hydroxycytidine (NHC), against two divergent CoVs. Viral proofreading activity does not markedly impact sensitivity to NHC inhibition, suggesting a novel interaction between a nucleoside analogue inhibitor and the CoV replicase. Further, passage in the presence of NHC generates only low-level resistance, likely due to the accumulation of multiple potentially deleterious transition mutations. Together, these data support a mutagenic mechanism of inhibition by NHC and further support the development of NHC for treatment of CoV infections. url: https://doi.org/10.1128/jvi.01348-19 doi: 10.1128/jvi.01348-19 id: cord-343302-g9vcchrh author: Agrawal, Anurodh Shankar title: Passive Transfer of A Germline-like Neutralizing Human Monoclonal Antibody Protects Transgenic Mice Against Lethal Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Infection date: 2016-08-19 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Middle East Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) has repeatedly caused outbreaks in the Arabian Peninsula. To date, no approved medical countermeasures (MCM) are available to combat MERS-CoV infections. Several neutralizing human monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), including m336, a germline-like human mAb, have been chosen as promising MCM for MERS-CoV. However, their clinical development has been hindered by the lack of a robust animal model that recapitulate the morbidity and mortality of human infections. We assessed the prophylactic and therapeutic efficacy of m336 by using well-characterized transgenic mice shown to be highly sensitive to MERS-CoV infection and disease. We found that mice treated with m336 prior to or post lethal MERS-CoV challenging were fully protected, compared to control mice which sufferered from profound weight loss and uniform death within days after infection. Taken together, these results support further development of m336 and other human monoclonal antibodies as potential therapeutics for MERS-CoV infection. url: https://doi.org/10.1038/srep31629 doi: 10.1038/srep31629 id: cord-264901-w285on4x author: Ahmadzadeh, Jamal title: The risk factors associated with MERS-CoV patient fatality: A global survey date: 2019-07-31 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Risk factors associated with Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infection outcome were established by analyses of WHO data from September 23, 2012 to 18 June 2018. Of the 2220 reported cases, 1408 cases, including 451 MERS-CoV deaths, were analyzed. The case fatality rate was 32% (95% CI: 29.4–34.5). Compared to MERS patients ≤30 years old, those with >30 years had the adjusted odds ratio estimate for death of 2.38 [95% CI: 1.75–3.22]. This index was 1.43 [95% CI: 1.06–1.92] for Saudi patients in comparison to non-Saudi; 1.76 [95% CI: 1.39–2.22] for patient with comorbidity in comparison to those without comorbidity; 0.58 [95% CI: 0.44–0.75] for those who had close contact to a camel in the past 14 days and 0.42 [95% CI: 0.31–0.57] for patients with >14 days with onset of signs and hospital admission compared to patients with ≤14 days. url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0732889318307387 doi: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2019.114876 id: cord-264956-wbi0ird5 author: Ahmed, Anwar E. title: Development of a risk‐prediction model for Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection in dialysis patients date: 2018-04-14 words: 2578.0 sentences: 143.0 pages: flesch: 49.0 cache: ./cache/cord-264956-wbi0ird5.txt txt: ./txt/cord-264956-wbi0ird5.txt summary: An important lesson was learned from the world''s largest Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) outbreaks that occurred in Saudi Arabia and South Korea: that health care-associated infection is a major cause of rapid pathogen spread in health care settings with a high risk of cluster infections. 12, 13 A valid risk-predictive model for MERS-CoV infection in dialysis patients may increase the likelihood of early virus detection. The authors attempt to develop an algorithm that combines demographic, clinical, radiological, and laboratory data to assess the early risk of MERS-CoV infection in dialysis patients who are suspected of having MERS-CoV infection and were diagnosed by real-time reverse transcription-PCR (rRT-PCR) between September 2012 and June 2016. This is the first study to develop a risk-prediction model in dialysis patients who screened for MERS-CoV infection by rRT-PCR. The model accurately predicts high-risk of MERS-CoV infection in dialysis patients. abstract: Introduction The Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS‐CoV) infection can cause transmission clusters and high mortality in hemodialysis facilities. We attempted to develop a risk‐prediction model to assess the early risk of MERS‐CoV infection in dialysis patients. Methods This two‐center retrospective cohort study included 104 dialysis patients who were suspected of MERS‐CoV infection and diagnosed with rRT‐PCR between September 2012 and June 2016 at King Fahd General Hospital in Jeddah and King Abdulaziz Medical City in Riyadh. We retrieved data on demographic, clinical, and radiological findings, and laboratory indices of each patient. Findings A risk‐prediction model to assess early risk for MERS‐CoV in dialysis patients has been developed. Independent predictors of MERS‐CoV infection were identified, including chest pain (OR = 24.194; P = 0.011), leukopenia (OR = 6.080; P = 0.049), and elevated aspartate aminotransferase (AST) (OR = 11.179; P = 0.013). The adequacy of this prediction model was good (P = 0.728), with a high predictive utility (area under curve [AUC] = 76.99%; 95% CI: 67.05% to 86.38%). The prediction of the model had optimism‐corrected bootstrap resampling AUC of 71.79%. The Youden index yielded a value of 0.439 or greater as the best cut‐off for high risk of MERS infection. Discussion This risk‐prediction model in dialysis patients appears to depend markedly on chest pain, leukopenia, and elevated AST. The model accurately predicts the high risk of MERS‐CoV infection in dialysis patients. This could be clinically useful in applying timely intervention and control measures to prevent clusters of infections in dialysis facilities or other health care settings. The predictive utility of the model warrants further validation in external samples and prospective studies. url: https://doi.org/10.1111/hdi.12661 doi: 10.1111/hdi.12661 id: cord-306923-eujbxdqi author: Ahmed, Anwar E. title: Factors associated with recovery delay in a sample of patients diagnosed by MERS‐CoV rRT‐PCR: A Saudi Arabian multicenter retrospective study date: 2018-04-25 words: 2705.0 sentences: 139.0 pages: flesch: 46.0 cache: ./cache/cord-306923-eujbxdqi.txt txt: ./txt/cord-306923-eujbxdqi.txt summary: Data on the time intervals between a patient''s presentation or admission to a healthcare facility and the first specimen sample have been limited in patients suspected and screened for MERS-CoV by a real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR) test, as it might correlate with recovery delay intervals. This chart review study was based on information from multicenters and a large sample size, and it provides valuable information on factors associated with prolonged or shorter recovery delay of patients suspected and screened for MERS-CoV by the rRT-PCR test. The study evidence supports that longer recovery delay was seen in patients with older age, MERS-CoV infection, ICU admission, and abnormal radiology findings in a sample of patients diagnosed by rRT-PCR. Factors associated with recovery delay in a sample of patients diagnosed by MERS-CoV rRT-PCR: A Saudi Arabian multicenter retrospective study abstract: BACKGROUND: Research evidence exists that poor prognosis is common in Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS‐CoV) patients. OBJECTIVES: This study estimates recovery delay intervals and identifies associated factors in a sample of Saudi Arabian patients admitted for suspected MERS‐CoV and diagnosed by rRT‐PCR assay. METHODS: A multicenter retrospective study was conducted on 829 patients admitted between September 2012 and June 2016 and diagnosed by rRT‐PCR procedures to have MERS‐CoV and non‐MERS‐CoV infection in which 396 achieved recovery. Detailed medical charts were reviewed for each patient who achieved recovery. Time intervals in days were calculated from presentation to the initial rRT‐PCR diagnosis (diagnosis delay) and from the initial rRT‐PCR diagnosis to recovery (recovery delay). RESULTS: The median recovery delay in our sample was 5 days. According to the multivariate negative binomial model, elderly (age ≥ 65), MERS‐CoV infection, ICU admission, and abnormal radiology findings were associated with longer recovery delay (adjusted relative risk (aRR): 1.741, 2.138, 2.048, and 1.473, respectively). Camel contact and the presence of respiratory symptoms at presentation were associated with a shorter recovery delay (expedited recovery) (aRR: 0.267 and 0.537, respectively). Diagnosis delay is a positive predictor for recovery delay (r = .421; P = .001). CONCLUSIONS: The study evidence supports that longer recovery delay was seen in patients of older age, MERS‐CoV infection, ICU admission, and abnormal radiology findings. Shorter recovery delay was found in patients who had camel contact and respiratory symptoms at presentation. These findings may help us understand clinical decision making on directing hospital resources toward prompt screening, monitoring, and implementing clinical recovery and treatment strategies. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29624866/ doi: 10.1111/irv.12560 id: cord-318181-xxc7vdnt author: Ahmed, Anwar E. title: Early identification of pneumonia patients at increased risk of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection in Saudi Arabia date: 2018-03-14 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: BACKGROUND: The rapid and accurate identification of individuals who are at high risk of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infection remains a major challenge for the medical and scientific communities. The aim of this study was to develop and validate a risk prediction model for the screening of suspected cases of MERS-CoV infection in patients who have developed pneumonia. METHODS: A two-center, retrospective case–control study was performed. A total of 360 patients with confirmed pneumonia who were evaluated for MERS-CoV infection by real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR) between September 1, 2012 and June 1, 2016 at King Abdulaziz Medical City in Riyadh and King Fahad General Hospital in Jeddah, were included. According to the rRT-PCR results, 135 patients were positive for MERS-CoV and 225 were negative. Demographic characteristics, clinical presentations, and radiological and laboratory findings were collected for each subject. RESULTS: A risk prediction model to identify pneumonia patients at increased risk of MERS-CoV was developed. The model included male sex, contact with a sick patient or camel, diabetes, severe illness, low white blood cell (WBC) count, low alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and high aspartate aminotransferase (AST). The model performed well in predicting MERS-CoV infection (area under the receiver operating characteristics curves (AUC) 0.8162), on internal validation (AUC 0.8037), and on a goodness-of-fit test (p = 0.592). The risk prediction model, which produced an optimal probability cut-off of 0.33, had a sensitivity of 0.716 and specificity of 0.783. CONCLUSIONS: This study provides a simple, practical, and valid algorithm to identify pneumonia patients at increased risk of MERS-CoV infection. This risk prediction model could be useful for the early identification of patients at the highest risk of MERS-CoV infection. Further validation of the prediction model on a large prospective cohort of representative patients with pneumonia is necessary. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29550445/ doi: 10.1016/j.ijid.2018.03.005 id: cord-321260-oi37dfsp author: Ahmed, Anwar E. title: Estimating survival rates in MERS-CoV patients 14 and 45 days after experiencing symptoms and determining the differences in survival rates by demographic data, disease characteristics and regions: a worldwide study date: 2017-12-22 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Although Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) has a recorded 5 years of circulation in 27 countries worldwide, there is no international study to assess whether there is variation in mortality by region. Neither has there been a comprehensive study detailing how the disease characteristics of MERS-CoV influence mortality in patients presenting symptoms. This study aimed to assess how region, patient and disease characteristics influence 14- and 45-day mortality in MERS patients. The author utilised publically available data on MERS-CoV. The study included 883 MERS patients reported between 5 January 2015 and 10 March 2017. Data on patient and disease characteristics were collected. The mean age at MERS-CoV diagnosis was 54.3 years: 69.1% were male, and 86.7% of the cases were reported from Saudi Arabia. About 40% of MERS patients studied were over the age of 60. The study estimated 14- and 45-day survival rates after initial onset of symptoms: 83.67% and 65.9%, respectively. Saudi Arabian MERS patients exhibited 4.1 and 5.0 times higher 14-day (adjusted hazard risk (aHR) = 4.1; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.012–16.921) and 45-day (aHR = 5.0; 95% CI 1.856–13.581) mortality risk compared with MERS patients in the Republic of Korea or other countries. Similarly, Middle Eastern MERS patients showed 5.3 and 4.1 times higher 14-day (aHR = 5.3; 95% CI 1.070–25.902) and 45-day (aHR = 4.1; 95% CI 1.288–113.076) mortality risk compared with MERS patients in the Republic of Korea or other countries. The results demonstrated a link between mortality and geography, disease and patient factors such as regions, symptoms, source of infections, underlying medical conditions, modes of transmission, non-healthcare workers and those of older age. Educational programmes, access to healthcare and early diagnosis could be implemented as modifiable factors to reduce the higher mortality rates in MERS patients. url: https://doi.org/10.1017/s095026881700293x doi: 10.1017/s095026881700293x id: cord-262673-j2ot35lt author: Ahmed-Hassan, Hanaa title: Innate Immune Responses to Highly Pathogenic Coronaviruses and Other Significant Respiratory Viral Infections date: 2020-08-18 words: 8591.0 sentences: 472.0 pages: flesch: 41.0 cache: ./cache/cord-262673-j2ot35lt.txt txt: ./txt/cord-262673-j2ot35lt.txt summary: Furthermore, respiratory epithelial cells and lung macrophages are capable of secreting a broad range of chemokines like IL-8, Macrophage inflammatory protein-1 (MIP-1), RANTES and cytokines including TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β that influence the types of immune cells being recruited to the area in response to acute viral infections (177, 178) . Both Influenza and SARS virus can induce acute lung injury (ALI) which is accompanied by high levels of C5a, leading to the influx and activation of innate immune cells (199) (Figure 1) . Innate immune response of human alveolar type II cells infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus shows poor replication but significant induction of antiviral responses in human monocytederived macrophages and dendritic cells Dynamic innate immune responses of human bronchial epithelial cells to severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus infection Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus nsp1 suppresses host gene expression, including that of type I interferon, in infected cells abstract: The new pandemic virus SARS-CoV-2 emerged in China and spread around the world in <3 months, infecting millions of people, and causing countries to shut down public life and businesses. Nearly all nations were unprepared for this pandemic with healthcare systems stretched to their limits due to the lack of an effective vaccine and treatment. Infection with SARS-CoV-2 can lead to Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). COVID-19 is respiratory disease that can result in a cytokine storm with stark differences in morbidity and mortality between younger and older patient populations. Details regarding mechanisms of viral entry via the respiratory system and immune system correlates of protection or pathogenesis have not been fully elucidated. Here, we provide an overview of the innate immune responses in the lung to the coronaviruses MERS-CoV, SARS-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2. This review provides insight into key innate immune mechanisms that will aid in the development of therapeutics and preventive vaccines for SARS-CoV-2 infection. url: https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2020.01979 doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01979 id: cord-265282-v3n9ff16 author: Ahn, Inkyung title: Investigation of nonlinear epidemiological models for analyzing and controlling the MERS outbreak in Korea date: 2018-01-21 words: 4879.0 sentences: 291.0 pages: flesch: 60.0 cache: ./cache/cord-265282-v3n9ff16.txt txt: ./txt/cord-265282-v3n9ff16.txt summary: For the SIQ based ordinary differential equation (ODE) model, we perform the task of parameter estimation, and apply optimal control theory to the controlled SIQ model, with the goal of minimizing the infectious compartment population and the cost of implementing the quarantine and isolation strategies. Simulation results show that the proposed SIQ model can explain the observed data for the confirmed cases and the quarantined cases in the MERS outbreak very well, and the number of the MERS cases can be controlled reasonably well via the optimal control approach. Simulation results show that the proposed SIQ model can explain the observed data for the confirmed cases and the quarantined cases in the MERS outbreak very well, and the number of the MERS cases can be controlled reasonably well via the optimal control approach. abstract: Abstract Much concern has arisen regarding serious epidemics due to the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) coronavirus. The first MERS case of Korea was reported on 20 May 2015, and since then, the MERS outbreak in Korea has resulted in hundreds of confirmed cases and tens of deaths. Deadly infectious diseases such as MERS have significant direct and indirect social impacts, which include disease-induced mortality and economic losses. Also, a delayed response to the outbreak and underestimating its danger can further aggravate the situation. Hence, an analysis and establishing efficient strategies for preventing the propagation of MERS is a very important and urgent issue. In this paper, we propose a class of nonlinear susceptible-infectious-quarantined (SIQ) models for analyzing and controlling the MERS outbreak in Korea. For the SIQ based ordinary differential equation (ODE) model, we perform the task of parameter estimation, and apply optimal control theory to the controlled SIQ model, with the goal of minimizing the infectious compartment population and the cost of implementing the quarantine and isolation strategies. Simulation results show that the proposed SIQ model can explain the observed data for the confirmed cases and the quarantined cases in the MERS outbreak very well, and the number of the MERS cases can be controlled reasonably well via the optimal control approach. url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtbi.2017.10.004 doi: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2017.10.004 id: cord-310297-sbxlz04w author: Al Awaidy, Salah T. title: Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) in Oman: Current Situation and Going Forward date: 2019-05-17 words: 1316.0 sentences: 92.0 pages: flesch: 57.0 cache: ./cache/cord-310297-sbxlz04w.txt txt: ./txt/cord-310297-sbxlz04w.txt summary: title: Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) in Oman: Current Situation and Going Forward M iddle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) is a zoonotic viral respiratory illness caused by a novel betacoronavirus, which was first reported in Saudi Arabia in 2012. 5 As of January 2019, a total of 2298 laboratoryconfirmed human cases of MERS-CoV from 27 countries have been reported, including 811 associated deaths giving a fatality rate of 35.2%. 9, 10 Between 27 January and 12 February 2019, a total of 13 additional human cases of laboratoryconfirmed MERS-CoV using real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) were reported in Oman. Surveillance for human infection with Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), WHO Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) in dromedary camels Risk factors for primary Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection in camel workers in Qatar during 2013-2014: a case-control study Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus transmission among health care workers: Implication for infection control abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31110623/ doi: 10.5001/omj.2019.36 id: cord-345046-str19r9a author: Al Ghamdi, Mohammed title: Treatment outcomes for patients with Middle Eastern Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS CoV) infection at a coronavirus referral center in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia date: 2016-04-21 words: 3438.0 sentences: 218.0 pages: flesch: 47.0 cache: ./cache/cord-345046-str19r9a.txt txt: ./txt/cord-345046-str19r9a.txt summary: title: Treatment outcomes for patients with Middle Eastern Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS CoV) infection at a coronavirus referral center in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia In this recent cohort, when comparing survivors to nonsurvivors, survival was associated with male gender, vomiting on admission, elevated respiratory rate, abnormal lung exam on physical exam, working as a healthcare worker, history of hypertension, elevated ALT, clearance of MERS CoV on repeat PCR testing, and receiving mycophenolate mofetil or beta interferon (Table 1 ). In analyzing the relationship between severity of illness and treatments administered, beta interferon and mycophenolate mofetil were given to less severely ill patients (Table 3) Discussion MERS-CoV is an emerging disease for which the initial epidemiology has been described, but in-depth clinical studies and the role of therapy in incompletely understood. We present data from a retrospective cohort of ill patients with Mers-CoV and the results of the evaluation of the clinical efficacy of beta interferon beta, alpha interferon, ribavirin and mycophenolate mofetil in addition to routine supportive care. abstract: BACKGROUND: Middle Eastern Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) is a poorly understood disease with no known treatments. We describe the clinical features and treatment outcomes of patients with laboratory confirmed MERS-CoV at a regional referral center in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. METHODS: In 2014, a retrospective chart review was performed on patients with a laboratory confirmed diagnosis of MERS-CoV to determine clinical and treatment characteristics associated with death. Confounding was evaluated and a multivariate logistic regression was performed to assess the independent effect of treatments administered. RESULTS: Fifty-one patients had an overall mortality of 37 %. Most patients were male (78 %) with a mean age of 54 years. Almost a quarter of the patients were healthcare workers (23.5 %) and 41 % had a known exposure to another person with MERS-CoV. Survival was associated with male gender, working as a healthcare worker, history of hypertension, vomiting on admission, elevated respiratory rate, abnormal lung exam, elevated alanine transaminase (ALT), clearance of MERS-CoV on repeat PCR polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing, and mycophenolate mofetil treatment. Survival was reduced in the presence of coronary artery disease, hypotension, hypoxemia, CXR (chest X-ray) abnormalities, leukocytosis, creatinine >1 · 5 mg/dL, thrombocytopenia, anemia, and renal failure. In a multivariate analysis of treatments administered, severity of illness was the greatest predictor of reduced survival. CONCLUSIONS: Care for patients with MERS-CoV remains a challenge. In this retrospective cohort, interferon beta and mycophenolate mofetil treatment were predictors of increased survival in the univariate analysis. Severity of illness was the greatest predictor of reduced survival in the multivariate analysis. Larger randomized trials are needed to better evaluate the efficacy of these treatment regimens for MERS-CoV. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27097824/ doi: 10.1186/s12879-016-1492-4 id: cord-349661-ppw80s0l author: Al Ghobain, Mohammed title: Perception and Attitude of Emergency Room Resident Physicians toward Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Outbreak date: 2017-04-10 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Introduction. Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) outbreaks have had a considerable negative impact on health systems in Saudi Arabia. We aimed to study the psychological impact of a Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) outbreak on emergency room resident physicians (ERRPs). Methods. We assessed the MERS-related psychological impact and concerns of ERRPs using a self-report questionnaire. Results. The majority (91%) of the ERRPs agreed that their work put them at risk of infection, but most (65%) did not agree that they should not be looking after patients infected with MERS. Despite that, 54% of ERRPs reported being afraid of contracting the infection from infected patients and only 4.2% of them were willing to change their current job. The majority of the ERRPs (85%) felt that their job would expose their families to risk of infection. Conclusions. Our study demonstrated the considerable psychological impact of MERS outbreaks on ERRPs. The ERRPs' concerns and the psychological impact of MERS outbreaks should be considered in greater detail by hospital policymakers. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28487774/ doi: 10.1155/2017/6978256 id: cord-323125-qtlevnbt author: Al Hosani, Farida Ismail title: Serologic Follow-up of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Cases and Contacts—Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates date: 2019-02-01 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: BACKGROUND: Although there is evidence of person-to-person transmission of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) in household and healthcare settings, more data are needed to describe and better understand the risk factors and transmission routes in both settings, as well as the extent to which disease severity affects transmission. METHODS: A seroepidemiological investigation was conducted among MERS-CoV case patients (cases) and their household contacts to investigate transmission risk in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates. Cases diagnosed between 1 January 2013 and 9 May 2014 and their household contacts were approached for enrollment. Demographic, clinical, and exposure history data were collected. Sera were screened by MERS-CoV nucleocapsid protein enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and indirect immunofluorescence, with results confirmed by microneutralization assay. RESULTS: Thirty-one of 34 (91%) case patients were asymptomatic or mildly symptomatic and did not require oxygen during hospitalization. MERS-CoV antibodies were detected in 13 of 24 (54%) case patients with available sera, including 1 severely symptomatic, 9 mildly symptomatic, and 3 asymptomatic case patients. No serologic evidence of MERS-CoV transmission was found among 105 household contacts with available sera. CONCLUSIONS: Transmission of MERS-CoV was not documented in this investigation of mostly asymptomatic and mildly symptomatic cases and their household contacts. These results have implications for clinical management of cases and formulation of isolation policies to reduce the risk of transmission. url: https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciy503 doi: 10.1093/cid/ciy503 id: cord-266253-oyid5haj author: Al-Abaidani, I.S. title: Overview of preparedness and response for Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) in Oman date: 2014-10-29 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Several countries in the Middle East and around 22 countries worldwide have reported cases of human infection with the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV). The exceptionally high fatality rate resulting from MERS-CoV infection in conjunction with the paucity of knowledge about this emerging virus has led to major public and international concern. Within the framework of the national acute respiratory illness surveillance, the Ministry of Health in the Sultanate of Oman has announced two confirmed cases of MERS-CoV to date. The aim of this report is to describe the epidemiological aspects of these two cases and to highlight the importance of public health preparedness and response. The absence of secondary cases among contacts of the reported cases can be seen as evidence of the effectiveness of infection prevention and control precautions as an important pillar of the national preparedness and response plan applied in the health care institutions in Oman. url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1201971214016488 doi: 10.1016/j.ijid.2014.10.003 id: cord-298941-xf2ukinp author: Al-Abdallat, Mohammad Mousa title: Hospital-Associated Outbreak of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus: A Serologic, Epidemiologic, and Clinical Description date: 2014-05-14 words: 4827.0 sentences: 225.0 pages: flesch: 41.0 cache: ./cache/cord-298941-xf2ukinp.txt txt: ./txt/cord-298941-xf2ukinp.txt summary: BACKGROUND: In April 2012, the Jordan Ministry of Health investigated an outbreak of lower respiratory illnesses at a hospital in Jordan; 2 fatal cases were retrospectively confirmed by real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR) to be the first detected cases of Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS-CoV). Following the discovery of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) in September 2012 [2] , specimens from the 2 fatal cases in Jordan were retrospectively tested and both yielded positive results for MERS-CoV by real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR), and were reported to the World Health Organization (WHO). Using newly developed serologic assays to determine MERS-CoV antibody responses among case contacts in this outbreak, epidemiologists from the JMoH, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), and regional partners conducted a retrospective seroepidemiologic investigation to (1) confirm whether surviving outbreak members had presence of antibodies to MERS-CoV, (2) ascertain whether viral transmission occurred among household contacts or to other healthcare personnel, and (3) describe the clinical features of all detected MERS-CoV infections in Jordan. abstract: BACKGROUND: In April 2012, the Jordan Ministry of Health investigated an outbreak of lower respiratory illnesses at a hospital in Jordan; 2 fatal cases were retrospectively confirmed by real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR) to be the first detected cases of Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS-CoV). METHODS: Epidemiologic and clinical characteristics of selected potential cases were assessed through serum blood specimens, medical record reviews, and interviews with surviving outbreak members, household contacts, and healthcare personnel. Cases of MERS-CoV infection were identified using 3 US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention serologic tests for detection of anti–MERS-CoV antibodies. RESULTS: Specimens and interviews were obtained from 124 subjects. Seven previously unconfirmed individuals tested positive for anti–MERS-CoV antibodies by at least 2 of 3 serologic tests, in addition to 2 fatal cases identified by rRT-PCR. The case-fatality rate among the 9 total cases was 22%. Six subjects were healthcare workers at the outbreak hospital, yielding an attack rate of 10% among potentially exposed outbreak hospital personnel. There was no evidence of MERS-CoV transmission at 2 transfer hospitals having acceptable infection control practices. CONCLUSIONS: Novel serologic tests allowed for the detection of otherwise unrecognized cases of MERS-CoV infection among contacts in a Jordanian hospital-associated respiratory illness outbreak in April 2012, resulting in a total of 9 test-positive cases. Serologic results suggest that further spread of this outbreak to transfer hospitals did not occur. Most subjects had no major, underlying medical conditions; none were on hemodialysis. Our observed case-fatality rate was lower than has been reported from outbreaks elsewhere. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24829216/ doi: 10.1093/cid/ciu359 id: cord-351413-3nfukrfl author: Al-Ahmadi, Khalid title: Spatiotemporal Clustering of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) Incidence in Saudi Arabia, 2012–2019 date: 2019-07-15 words: 4542.0 sentences: 209.0 pages: flesch: 49.0 cache: ./cache/cord-351413-3nfukrfl.txt txt: ./txt/cord-351413-3nfukrfl.txt summary: title: Spatiotemporal Clustering of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) Incidence in Saudi Arabia, 2012–2019 We analyzed the spatiotemporal clustering of the MERS-CoV incidence in Saudi Arabia between 2012 and 2019 at the city level by using Kulldorff''s spatial scan statistics via SaTScan 9.6 [39] . The results of the spatiotemporal cluster analysis of MERS-CoV infection, using years and months as the time aggregates from 2012 to 2019, showed significant most likely and secondary clusters in Saudi Arabia (Table 3; Table 4 and Figure 5 ; Figure 6 ). Wadi The results of the spatiotemporal cluster analysis of MERS-CoV infection, using years and months as the time aggregates from 2012 to 2019, showed significant most likely and secondary clusters in Saudi Arabia (Table 3; Table 4 and Figure 5 ; Figure 6 ). Community case clusters of middle east respiratory syndrome Coronavirus in Hafr Al-Batin, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: A descriptive genomic study abstract: Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) is a great public health concern globally. Although 83% of the globally confirmed cases have emerged in Saudi Arabia, the spatiotemporal clustering of MERS-CoV incidence has not been investigated. This study analysed the spatiotemporal patterns and clusters of laboratory-confirmed MERS-CoV cases reported in Saudi Arabia between June 2012 and March 2019. Temporal, seasonal, spatial and spatiotemporal cluster analyses were performed using Kulldorff’s spatial scan statistics to determine the time period and geographical areas with the highest MERS-CoV infection risk. A strongly significant temporal cluster for MERS-CoV infection risk was identified between April 5 and May 24, 2014. Most MERS-CoV infections occurred during the spring season (41.88%), with April and May showing significant seasonal clusters. Wadi Addawasir showed a high-risk spatial cluster for MERS-CoV infection. The most likely high-risk MERS-CoV annual spatiotemporal clusters were identified for a group of cities (n = 10) in Riyadh province between 2014 and 2016. A monthly spatiotemporal cluster included Jeddah, Makkah and Taif cities, with the most likely high-risk MERS-CoV infection cluster occurring between April and May 2014. Significant spatiotemporal clusters of MERS-CoV incidence were identified in Saudi Arabia. The findings are relevant to control the spread of the disease. This study provides preliminary risk assessments for the further investigation of the environmental risk factors associated with MERS-CoV clusters. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31311073/ doi: 10.3390/ijerph16142520 id: cord-345591-zwh1xj5u author: Al-Dorzi, Hasan M. title: The critical care response to a hospital outbreak of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infection: an observational study date: 2016-10-24 words: 5870.0 sentences: 324.0 pages: flesch: 49.0 cache: ./cache/cord-345591-zwh1xj5u.txt txt: ./txt/cord-345591-zwh1xj5u.txt summary: title: The critical care response to a hospital outbreak of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infection: an observational study BACKGROUND: Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) has caused several hospital outbreaks, including a major outbreak at King Abdulaziz Medical City, a 940-bed tertiary-care hospital in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (August–September 2015). Eight HCWs had MERS requiring ICU admission (median stay = 28 days): Seven developed acute respiratory distress syndrome, four were treated with prone positioning, four needed continuous renal replacement therapy and one had extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. The Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) coronavirus is a recently identified virus that is closely related to the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) [1] , causes severe hypoxemic respiratory failure with multiorgan failure and frequently requires admission to the intensive care unit (ICU) [2, 3] . abstract: BACKGROUND: Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) has caused several hospital outbreaks, including a major outbreak at King Abdulaziz Medical City, a 940-bed tertiary-care hospital in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (August–September 2015). To learn from our experience, we described the critical care response to the outbreak. METHODS: This observational study was conducted at the Intensive Care Department which covered 5 ICUs with 60 single-bedded rooms. We described qualitatively and, as applicable, quantitatively the response of intensive care services to the outbreak. The clinical course and outcomes of healthcare workers (HCWs) who had MERS were noted. RESULTS: Sixty-three MERS patients were admitted to 3 MERS-designated ICUs during the outbreak (peak census = 27 patients on August 25, 2015, and the last new case on September 13, 2015). Most patients had multiorgan failure. Eight HCWs had MERS requiring ICU admission (median stay = 28 days): Seven developed acute respiratory distress syndrome, four were treated with prone positioning, four needed continuous renal replacement therapy and one had extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. The hospital mortality of ICU MERS patients was 63.4 % (0 % for the HCWs). In response to the outbreak, the number of negative-pressure rooms was increased from 14 to 38 rooms in 3 MERS-designated ICUs. Patients were managed with a nurse-to-patient ratio of 1:0.8. Infection prevention practices were intensified. As a surrogate, surface disinfectant and hand hygiene gel consumption increased by ~30 % and 17 N95 masks were used per patient/day on average. Family visits were restricted to 2 h/day. Although most ICU staff expressed concerns about acquiring MERS, all reported to work normally. During the outbreak, 27.0 % of nurses and 18.4 % of physicians working in the MERS-designated ICUs reported upper respiratory symptoms, and were tested for MERS-CoV. Only 2/196 (1.0 %) ICU nurses and 1/80 (1.3 %) physician tested positive, had mild disease and recovered fully. The total sick leave duration was 138 days for nurses and 30 days for physicians. CONCLUSIONS: Our hospital outbreak of MERS resulted in 63 patients requiring organ support and prolonged ICU stay with a high mortality rate. The ICU response required careful facility and staff management and proper infection control and prevention practices. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27778310/ doi: 10.1186/s13613-016-0203-z id: cord-345081-15s2i6f0 author: Al-Sehaibany, Fares S. title: Middle East respiratory syndrome in children: Dental considerations date: 2017-04-17 words: 2655.0 sentences: 163.0 pages: flesch: 42.0 cache: ./cache/cord-345081-15s2i6f0.txt txt: ./txt/cord-345081-15s2i6f0.txt summary: As of January 2016, 1,633 laboratory-confirmed cases of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infection and 587 MERS-related deaths have been reported by the World Health Organization globally. Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus may also spread through aerosols generated during various dental treatments, resulting in transmission between patients and dentists. 1, 17 Viral infections, such as severe acute respiratory syndrome Saudi Med J 2017; Vol. 38 (4) www.smj.org.sa (SARS-CoV), may be transmitted to healthcare workers from infected patients through aerosols. 19 This review is an attempt to discuss MERS-CoV infection among children and those providing dental treatment to them, including precautions and considerations pertaining to the practice of pediatric dentistry. In pediatric dental practice, effective infection control measures for the prevention or minimization of viral infection transmission can be implemented by a) controlling the gag or cough reflex; b) reducing aerosol/ splatter generation; c) managing contaminated air and; d) improving personal protection. abstract: As of January 2016, 1,633 laboratory-confirmed cases of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infection and 587 MERS-related deaths have been reported by the World Health Organization globally. Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus may occur sporadically in communities or may be transmitted within families or hospitals. The number of confirmed MERS-CoV cases among healthcare workers has been increasing. Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus may also spread through aerosols generated during various dental treatments, resulting in transmission between patients and dentists. As MERS-CoV cases have also been reported among children, pediatric dentists are at risk of MERS-CoV infection. This review discusses MERS-CoV infection in children and healthcare workers, especially pediatric dentists, and considerations pertaining to pediatric dentistry. Although no cases of MERS-CoV transmission between a patient and a dentist have yet been reported, the risk of MERS-CoV transmission from an infected patient may be high due to the unique work environment of dentists (aerosol generation). url: https://doi.org/10.15537/smj.2017.4.15777 doi: 10.15537/smj.2017.4.15777 id: cord-294349-ps3qlho2 author: Al-Sharif, Eman title: Ocular tropism of coronavirus (CoVs): a comparison of the interaction between the animal-to-human transmitted coronaviruses (SARS-CoV-1, SARS-CoV-2, MERS-CoV, CoV-229E, NL63, OC43, HKU1) and the eye date: 2020-09-03 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: PURPOSE: Several studies have reported conflicting results on ocular manifestations and transmission of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) whose causative virus, SARS-CoV-2, belongs to the coronavirus family, the seventh recognized as a human pathogen and the third causing a severe clinical syndrome. COVID-19 primarily affects the lungs, similar to the other human coronaviruses. Comparing the relation between the animal-to-human transmitted coronaviruses (SARS-CoV-1, SARS-Cov-2, MERS-CoV, CoV-229E, NL63, OC43, HKU1) and the eye may contribute to determining their actual eye-tissue tropism and risk of ocular transmission. METHODS: Literature review was conducted via Pubmed.gov, Google Scholar and medRixv using the following keywords: COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, SARS-CoV-1, MERS-CoV, CoV-229E, NL63, OC43, HKU1, conjunctivitis, tear swab, ocular expression, ocular symptoms and human angiotensin converting enzyme-2 expression. Studies with lack in methodology were excluded. RESULTS: Sixteen observational studies were selected. The range for detection of viral RNA in tears was 0–8% for SARS-CoV-1 and 0–5.3% for SARS-CoV-2, while no reports were found for other coronaviruses. Ocular manifestations have been reported for NL63 and SARS-CoV-2. Ocular symptoms in the form of conjunctivitis/conjunctival congestion predominantly were detected in 65 (3.17%) out of 2048 reported patients with COVID-19 (range of 0.8–32%). Eye symptoms were not reported for the other coronaviruses. CONCLUSIONS: Data aggregation for coronaviruses shows a relatively low eye-tissue tropism. Conjunctival congestion is an uncommon manifestation of COVID-19 similar to all human coronaviruses’ infections. In a low percentage of patients, the virus can be excreted in ocular fluids at different stages of the infection, regardless of positive SARS-Cov-2 throat swab. Albeit high viral loads in ocular tissue seem to have relatively low prevalence, the eye should be regarded as a potential source of infection dissemination for COVID-19. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32880786/ doi: 10.1007/s10792-020-01575-2 id: cord-287886-41isp0wj author: Al-Tawfiq, Jaffar A title: Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus disease is rare in children: An update from Saudi Arabia date: 2016-11-08 words: 2271.0 sentences: 131.0 pages: flesch: 55.0 cache: ./cache/cord-287886-41isp0wj.txt txt: ./txt/cord-287886-41isp0wj.txt summary: AIM: To summarize the reported Middle East respiratory syndrome-coronavirus (MERS-CoV) cases, the associated clinical presentations and the outcomes. We also searched MEDLINE and PubMed for the keywords: Middle East respiratory syndrome-coronavirus, MERS-CoV in combination with pediatric, children, childhood, infancy and pregnancy from the initial discovery of the virus in 2012 to 2016. We searched MEDLINE and PubMed for the keywords Middle East respiratory syndrome-coronavirus, MERS-CoV, in combination with pediatric, children, childhood, infancy and pregnancy from the initial discovery of the virus in June 2012 until April 19, 2016. Middle East respiratory syndrome-coronavirus (MERS-CoV) was first isolated in 2012 from a patient in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA). Middle East respiratory syndrome-coronavirus (MERS-CoV) was first isolated in 2012 from a patient in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA). Epidemiological, demographic, and clinical characteristics of 47 cases of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus disease from Saudi Arabia: a descriptive study abstract: AIM: To summarize the reported Middle East respiratory syndrome-coronavirus (MERS-CoV) cases, the associated clinical presentations and the outcomes. METHODS: We searched the Saudi Ministry of Health website, the World Health Organization website, and the Flutracker website. We also searched MEDLINE and PubMed for the keywords: Middle East respiratory syndrome-coronavirus, MERS-CoV in combination with pediatric, children, childhood, infancy and pregnancy from the initial discovery of the virus in 2012 to 2016. The retrieved articles were also read to further find other articles. Relevant data were placed into an excel sheet and analyzed accordingly. Descriptive analytic statistics were used in the final analysis as deemed necessary. RESULTS: From June 2012 to April 19, 2016, there were a total of 31 pediatric MERS-CoV cases. Of these cases 13 (42%) were asymptomatic and the male to female ratio was 1.7:1. The mean age of patients was 9.8 ± 5.4 years. Twenty-five (80.6%) of the cases were reported from the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The most common source of infection was household contact (10 of 15 with reported source) and 5 patients acquired infection within a health care facility. Using real time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction of pediatric patients revealed that 9 out of 552 (1.6%) was positive in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. CONCLUSION: Utilizing serology for MERS-CoV infection in Jordan and Saudi Arabia did not reveal any positive patients. Thus, the number of the pediatric MERS-CoV is low; the exact reason for the low prevalence of the disease in children is not known. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27872828/ doi: 10.5409/wjcp.v5.i4.391 id: cord-271004-gtmo5ixs author: Al-Tawfiq, Jaffar A. title: Influenza is more common than Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) among hospitalized adult Saudi patients date: 2017-10-12 words: 2639.0 sentences: 163.0 pages: flesch: 55.0 cache: ./cache/cord-271004-gtmo5ixs.txt txt: ./txt/cord-271004-gtmo5ixs.txt summary: title: Influenza is more common than Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) among hospitalized adult Saudi patients BACKGROUND: Since the initial description of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV), we adopted a systematic process of screening patients admitted with community acquired pneumonia. An observational, laboratory-based study of outbreaks of middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus in Jeddah and Riyadh, kingdom of Saudi Arabia Epidemiological, demographic, and clinical characteristics of 47 cases of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus disease from Saudi Arabia: a descriptive study Hospital-Associated outbreak of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus: a serologic, epidemiologic, and clinical description Screening for Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection in hospital patients and their healthcare worker and family contacts: a prospective descriptive study Middle East Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus (MERS-CoV): a case-controlstudy of hospitalized patients The critical care response to a hospital outbreak of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infection: an observational study abstract: BACKGROUND: Since the initial description of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV), we adopted a systematic process of screening patients admitted with community acquired pneumonia. Here, we report the result of the surveillance activity in a general hospital in Saudi Arabia over a four year period. MATERIALS AND METHODS: All admitted patients with community acquired pneumonia from 2012 to 2016 were tested for MERS-CoV. In addition, testing for influenza viruses was carried out starting April 2015. RESULTS: During the study period, a total of 2657 patients were screened for MERS-CoV and only 20 (0.74%) tested positive. From January 2015 to December 2016, a total of 1644 patients were tested for both MERS-CoV and influenza. None of the patients tested positive for MERS-CoV and 271 (16.4%) were positive for influenza. The detected influenza viruses were Influenza A (107, 6.5%), pandemic 2009 H1N1 (n = 120, 7.3%), and Influenza B (n = 44, 2.7%). Pandemic H1N1 was the most common influenza in 2015 with a peak in peaked October to December and influenza A other than H1N1 was more common in 2016 with a peak in August and then October to December. CONCLUSIONS: MERS-CoV was a rare cause of community acquired pneumonia and other viral causes including influenza were much more common. Thus, admitted patients are potentially manageable with Oseltamivir or Zanamivir therapy. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29031867/ doi: 10.1016/j.tmaid.2017.10.004 id: cord-307995-8q7efrqk author: Al-Tawfiq, Jaffar A. title: Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus: current situation and travel-associated concerns date: 2016-05-04 words: 4439.0 sentences: 223.0 pages: flesch: 51.0 cache: ./cache/cord-307995-8q7efrqk.txt txt: ./txt/cord-307995-8q7efrqk.txt summary: Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV): summary and risk assessment of current situation in the Republic of Korea and China -as of 19 Screening for Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection in hospital patients and their healthcare worker and family contacts: a prospective descriptive study A family cluster of Middle East Respiratory syndrome coronavirus infections related to a likely unrecognized asymptomatic or mild case Community case clusters of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus in Hafr Al-Batin, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: a descriptive genomic study Transmission and evolution of the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus in Saudi Arabia: a descriptive genomic study KSA MERS-CoV Investigation Team.Hospital outbreak of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus: a case-control study of hospitalized patients Epidemiological, demographic, and clinical characteristics of 47 cases of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus disease from Saudi Arabia: a descriptive study Ribavirin and interferon therapy in patients infected with the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus: an observational study abstract: The emergence of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) in 2012 brought back memories of the occurrence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) in 2002. More than 1500 MERS-CoV cases were recorded in 42 months with a case fatality rate (CFR) of 40%. Meanwhile, 8000 cases of SARS-CoV were confirmed in six months with a CFR of 10%. The clinical presentation of MERS-CoV ranges from mild and non-specific presentation to progressive and severe pneumonia. No predictive signs or symptoms exist to differentiate MERS-CoV from community-acquired pneumonia in hospitalized patients. An apparent heterogeneity was observed in transmission. Most MERS-CoV cases were secondary to large outbreaks in healthcare settings. These cases were secondary to community-acquired cases, which may also cause family outbreaks. Travel-associated MERS infection remains low. However, the virus exhibited a clear tendency to cause large outbreaks outside the Arabian Peninsula as exemplified by the outbreak in the Republic of Korea. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge about MERS-CoV and highlight travel-related issues. url: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11684-016-0446-y doi: 10.1007/s11684-016-0446-y id: cord-343789-6tq0kcfd author: Al-Tawfiq, Jaffar A. title: Ribavirin and interferon therapy in patients infected with the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus: an observational study date: 2014-01-06 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: BACKGROUND: The Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) has been reported to have a high case-fatality rate. Currently, there is no specific therapy or vaccine with proven effectiveness for MERS-CoV infections. METHODS: A combination of ribavirin and interferon therapy was used for the treatment of five MERS-CoV-positive patients. We reviewed the therapeutic schedule and the outcome of these patients. RESULTS: All patients were critically ill with acute respiratory distress syndrome treated with adjunctive corticosteroids and were on mechanical ventilation at the time of initiation of therapy. The median time from admission to therapy with ribavirin and interferon was 19 (range 10–22) days. None of the patients responded to the supportive or therapeutic interventions and all died of their illness. CONCLUSIONS: While ribavirin and interferon may be effective in some patients, our practical experience suggests that critically ill patients with multiple comorbidities who are diagnosed late in the course of their illness may not benefit from combination antiviral therapy as preclinical data suggest. There is clearly an urgent need for a novel effective antiviral therapy for this emerging global threat. url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1201971213003767 doi: 10.1016/j.ijid.2013.12.003 id: cord-348278-is20odaq author: Al-Tawfiq, Jaffar A. title: Drivers of MERS-CoV transmission: what do we know? date: 2016-02-29 words: 4626.0 sentences: 245.0 pages: flesch: 48.0 cache: ./cache/cord-348278-is20odaq.txt txt: ./txt/cord-348278-is20odaq.txt summary: Middle East Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) emerged in 2012 has since resulted in sporadic cases, intra-familial transmission and major outbreaks in healthcare settings. Middle eastern respiratory syndrome corona virus (MERS CoV): case reports from a tertiary care hospital in Saudi Arabia Epidemiological, demographic, and clinical characteristics of 47 cases of middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus disease from Saudi Arabia: a descriptive study Clinical aspects and outcomes of 70 patients with middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection: a single-center experience in Saudi Arabia Middle east respiratory syndrome-coronavirus (MERS-CoV): a case-control study of hospitalized patients Dromedary camels and the transmission of middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) Middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus quasispecies that include homologues of human isolates revealed through whole-genome analysis and virus cultured from dromedary camels in Saudi Arabia Health-care associate transmission of middle east respiratory syndrome corona virus, MERS-CoV, in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia abstract: Middle East Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) emerged in 2012 has since resulted in sporadic cases, intra-familial transmission and major outbreaks in healthcare settings. The clinical picture of MERS-CoV includes asymptomatic infections, mild or moderately symptomatic cases and fatal disease. Transmissions of MERS-CoV within healthcare settings are facilitated by overcrowding, poor compliance with basic infection control measures, unrecognized infections, the superspreaders phenomenon and poor triage systems. The actual contributing factors to the spread of MERS-CoV are yet to be systematically studied, but data to date suggest viral, host and environmental factors play a major role. Here, we summarize the known factors for the diverse transmission of MERS-CoV. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26848513/ doi: 10.1586/17476348.2016.1150784 id: cord-349010-n4s8dzgp author: Al-Tawfiq, Jaffar A. title: Update on therapeutic options for Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) date: 2016-12-24 words: 4266.0 sentences: 237.0 pages: flesch: 47.0 cache: ./cache/cord-349010-n4s8dzgp.txt txt: ./txt/cord-349010-n4s8dzgp.txt summary: The Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) emerged as an important virus in 2012 and since then has caused multiple outbreaks in hospitals especially in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and outside the Arabian Peninsula [1] [2] [3] . Based on analysis of SARS data, interferon-ribavirin combination was suggested as a possible therapeutic option for the treatment of MERS-CoV infections [5] . Ribavirin and interferon therapy in patients infected with the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus: an observational study Ribavirin and interferon alfa-2a for severe Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection: a retrospective cohort study Inhibition of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infection by anti-CD26 monoclonal antibody Feasibility, safety, clinical, and laboratory effects of convalescent plasma therapy for patients with Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection: a study protocol Towards the prophylactic and therapeutic use of human neutralizing monoclonal antibodies for Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) abstract: Introduction: The Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) is an important emerging respiratory pathogen. MERS-CoV resulted in multiple hospital outbreaks within and outside the Arabian Peninsula. The disease has a high case fatality rate, with the need for a therapeutic option. Areas covered: In this review, we provide an overview of the progress in the development of therapeutic strategies for MERS. We searched PubMed, Embase, Cochrane, Scopus, and Google Scholar, using the following terms: ‘MERS’, ‘MERS-CoV’, ‘Middle East respiratory syndrome’ in combination with ‘treatment’ or ‘therapy’. Expert commentary: There are multiple agents tried in vitro and in vivo. None of these agents were used in large clinical studies. Available clinical studies are limited to the use of the combination of interferon and other agents. These clinical studies are based solely on case reports and case series. There are no prospective or randomized trials. There is a need to have prospective and randomized clinical trials for the therapy of MERS-CoV. However, this strategy might be hampered by the sporadic cases outside the large hospital outbreaks. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27937060/ doi: 10.1080/14787210.2017.1271712 id: cord-255339-oudj079q author: Al-Tayib, Omar A. title: An Overview of the Most Significant Zoonotic Viral Pathogens Transmitted from Animal to Human in Saudi Arabia date: 2019-02-22 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Currently, there has been an increasing socioeconomic impact of zoonotic pathogens transmitted from animals to humans worldwide. Recently, in the Arabian Peninsula, including in Saudi Arabia, epidemiological data indicated an actual increase in the number of emerging and/or reemerging cases of several viral zoonotic diseases. Data presented in this review are very relevant because Saudi Arabia is considered the largest country in the Peninsula. We believe that zoonotic pathogens in Saudi Arabia remain an important public health problem; however, more than 10 million Muslim pilgrims from around 184 Islamic countries arrive yearly at Makkah for the Hajj season and/or for the Umrah. Therefore, for health reasons, several countries recommend vaccinations for various zoonotic diseases among preventive protocols that should be complied with before traveling to Saudi Arabia. However, there is a shortage of epidemiological data focusing on the emerging and reemerging of zoonotic pathogens transmitted from animal to humans in different densely populated cities and/or localities in Saudi Arabia. Therefore, further efforts might be needed to control the increasing impacts of zoonotic viral disease. Also, there is a need for a high collaboration to enhance the detection and determination of the prevalence, diagnosis, control, and prevention as well as intervention and reduction in outbreaks of these diseases in Saudi Arabia, particularly those from other countries. Persons in the health field including physicians and veterinarians, pet owners, pet store owners, exporters, border guards, and people involved in businesses related to animal products have adopted various preventive strategies. Some of these measures might pave the way to highly successful prevention and control results on the different transmission routes of these viral zoonotic diseases from or to Saudi Arabia. Moreover, the prevention of these viral pathogens depends on socioeconomic impacts, available data, improved diagnosis, and highly effective therapeutics or prophylaxis. url: https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens8010025 doi: 10.3390/pathogens8010025 id: cord-299608-wqa98m4v author: Al-Turaiki, Isra title: Building predictive models for MERS-CoV infections using data mining techniques date: 2016-09-15 words: 2378.0 sentences: 187.0 pages: flesch: 57.0 cache: ./cache/cord-299608-wqa98m4v.txt txt: ./txt/cord-299608-wqa98m4v.txt summary: title: Building predictive models for MERS-CoV infections using data mining techniques In this paper, we apply two data mining techniques in order to better understand the stability and the possibility of recovery from MERS-CoV infections. In healthcare, data mining techniques have been widely applied in different applications including: modeling health outcomes and predicting patient outcomes, evaluation of treatment effectiveness, hospital ranking, and infection control [3] . In this paper, we build several models to predict the stability of the case and the possibility of recovery from MERS-CoV infection. The classification models were built using a dataset of 699 records and 9 attributes and the best accuracy was achieved using decision trees induction algorithms. A new attribute was created to indicate the record type, such that the dataset can be used to predict the recovery from MERS-CoV. A new attribute was created to indicate the record type, such that the dataset can be used to predict the recovery from MERS-CoV. abstract: BACKGROUND: Recently, the outbreak of MERS-CoV infections caused worldwide attention to Saudi Arabia. The novel virus belongs to the coronaviruses family, which is responsible for causing mild to moderate colds. The control and command center of Saudi Ministry of Health issues a daily report on MERS-CoV infection cases. The infection with MERS-CoV can lead to fatal complications, however little information is known about this novel virus. In this paper, we apply two data mining techniques in order to better understand the stability and the possibility of recovery from MERS-CoV infections. METHOD: The Naive Bayes classifier and J48 decision tree algorithm were used to build our models. The dataset used consists of 1082 records of cases reported between 2013 and 2015. In order to build our prediction models, we split the dataset into two groups. The first group combined recovery and death records. A new attribute was created to indicate the record type, such that the dataset can be used to predict the recovery from MERS-CoV. The second group contained the new case records to be used to predict the stability of the infection based on the current status attribute. RESULTS: The resulting recovery models indicate that healthcare workers are more likely to survive. This could be due to the vaccinations that healthcare workers are required to get on regular basis. As for the stability models using J48, two attributes were found to be important for predicting stability: symptomatic and age. Old patients are at high risk of developing MERS-CoV complications. Finally, the performance of all the models was evaluated using three measures: accuracy, precision, and recall. In general, the accuracy of the models is between 53.6% and 71.58%. CONCLUSION: We believe that the performance of the prediction models can be enhanced with the use of more patient data. As future work, we plan to directly contact hospitals in Riyadh in order to collect more information related to patients with MERS-CoV infections. url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1876034116301460 doi: 10.1016/j.jiph.2016.09.007 id: cord-294907-i836d6im author: Alabdali, Abdullah title: The Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) Outbreak at King Abdul-Aziz Medical City-Riyadh from Emergency Medical Services Perspective date: 2020-05-20 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) is a form of an infectious respiratory disease, discovered in November 2012 in Saudi Arabia. According to the World Health Organization (WHO; Geneva, Switzerland) reports, a total of 2,519 laboratory-confirmed cases and 866 MERS-CoV-related deaths were recorded as of March 5, 2016.(1) The majority of reported cases originated from Saudi Arabia (2,121 cases). Also, MERS-CoV is believed to be of zoonotic origin and has been linked to camels in the Arabian area.(1,2) In this report, the authors discuss the lessons learned from the MERS-CoV outbreak at King Abdul-Aziz Medical City-Riyadh (KAMC-R) from August through September 2015 from the Emergency Medical Services (EMS) perspective. The discussion includes the changes in policies and paramedic’s practice, the training and education in infection control procedures, and the process of transportation of these cases. The authors hope to share their experience in this unique situation and highlight the preparedness and response efforts that took place by the division of EMS during the outbreak. url: https://doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x20000709 doi: 10.1017/s1049023x20000709 id: cord-324978-9qfhsj3n author: Alagaili, Abdulaziz N. title: Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Infection in Dromedary Camels in Saudi Arabia date: 2014-02-25 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: The Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) is proposed to be a zoonotic disease; however, the reservoir and mechanism for transmission of the causative agent, the MERS coronavirus, are unknown. Dromedary camels have been implicated through reports that some victims have been exposed to camels, camels in areas where the disease has emerged have antibodies to the virus, and viral sequences have been recovered from camels in association with outbreaks of the disease among humans. Nonetheless, whether camels mediate transmission to humans is unresolved. Here we provide evidence from a geographic and temporal survey of camels in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia that MERS coronaviruses have been circulating in camels since at least 1992, are distributed countrywide, and can be phylogenetically classified into clades that correlate with outbreaks of the disease among humans. We found no evidence of infection in domestic sheep or domestic goats. url: https://doi.org/10.1128/mbio.00884-14 doi: 10.1128/mbio.00884-14 id: cord-356007-6b0w36l9 author: Alanazi, Khalid H. title: Scope and extent of healthcare-associated Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus transmission during two contemporaneous outbreaks in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, 2017 date: 2018-12-31 words: 4028.0 sentences: 212.0 pages: flesch: 48.0 cache: ./cache/cord-356007-6b0w36l9.txt txt: ./txt/cord-356007-6b0w36l9.txt summary: OBJECTIVE: To investigate a Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) outbreak event involving multiple healthcare facilities in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; to characterize transmission; and to explore infection control implications. Of these 10 available HCP, 9 reported prolonged, close contact with an unrecognized patient case before implementation of MERS-CoV IPC measures and with limited PPE use ( Table 3 ). Among the 10 interviewed HCP cases, the time from first positive MERS-CoV result to serum collection was 55-61 days, and 1 was seropositive: a 32-year-old female who had reported headache, muscle aches, and productive cough. Among them, 9 HCP (33%) tested rRT-PCR positive for MERS-CoV; 5 reported contact with index patient B before At hospital B, 34 of 50 MERS-CoV rRT-PCR-negative HCP contacts of cases (68%) were interviewed and provided serum. One was seropositive, a physician who had close, prolonged contact with index B after isolation and while wearing recommended PPE; however, he had previously tested rRT-PCR positive for MERS-CoV in 2013. abstract: OBJECTIVE: To investigate a Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) outbreak event involving multiple healthcare facilities in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; to characterize transmission; and to explore infection control implications. DESIGN: Outbreak investigation. SETTING: Cases presented in 4 healthcare facilities in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia: a tertiary-care hospital, a specialty pulmonary hospital, an outpatient clinic, and an outpatient dialysis unit. METHODS: Contact tracing and testing were performed following reports of cases at 2 hospitals. Laboratory results were confirmed by real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR) and/or genome sequencing. We assessed exposures and determined seropositivity among available healthcare personnel (HCP) cases and HCP contacts of cases. RESULTS: In total, 48 cases were identified, involving patients, HCP, and family members across 2 hospitals, an outpatient clinic, and a dialysis clinic. At each hospital, transmission was linked to a unique index case. Moreover, 4 cases were associated with superspreading events (any interaction where a case patient transmitted to ≥5 subsequent case patients). All 4 of these patients were severely ill, were initially not recognized as MERS-CoV cases, and subsequently died. Genomic sequences clustered separately, suggesting 2 distinct outbreaks. Overall, 4 (24%) of 17 HCP cases and 3 (3%) of 114 HCP contacts of cases were seropositive. CONCLUSIONS: We describe 2 distinct healthcare-associated outbreaks, each initiated by a unique index case and characterized by multiple superspreading events. Delays in recognition and in subsequent implementation of control measures contributed to secondary transmission. Prompt contact tracing, repeated testing, HCP furloughing, and implementation of recommended transmission-based precautions for suspected cases ultimately halted transmission. url: https://doi.org/10.1017/ice.2018.290 doi: 10.1017/ice.2018.290 id: cord-330913-8aezw81h author: Albahri, A. S. title: Role of biological Data Mining and Machine Learning Techniques in Detecting and Diagnosing the Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19): A Systematic Review date: 2020-05-25 words: 4767.0 sentences: 242.0 pages: flesch: 49.0 cache: ./cache/cord-330913-8aezw81h.txt txt: ./txt/cord-330913-8aezw81h.txt summary: This study reviewed the state-of-the-art techniques for CoV prediction algorithms based on data mining and ML assessment. The main contributions of this study are the exploration of the CoV family by reviewing articles on data mining and ML algorithms, the acquisition of a clear understanding of its enhancements, and how previous research has addressed prediction, regression, and classification methods. Given the multidisciplinary topic of this systematic review, data extraction and classification of the selected studies, including data concerning CoV with AI applications (especially ML techniques), were conducted to evaluate the efficacy of this virus in terms of detection, diagnosis and classification throughout AI enhancements. In [8] , a study was conducted in Saudi Arabia between 2013 and 2017 to improve medical diagnosis systems for binary and multiclass problems in MERS-CoV datasets. In [16] , data mining based on statistical methods was utilised to develop a cloud-based medical system with a high prediction accuracy to prevent MERS-CoV spread within different regions. abstract: Coronaviruses (CoVs) are a large family of viruses that are common in many animal species, including camels, cattle, cats and bats. Animal CoVs, such as Middle East respiratory syndrome-CoV, severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-CoV, and the new virus named SARS-CoV-2, rarely infect and spread among humans. On January 30, 2020, the International Health Regulations Emergency Committee of the World Health Organisation declared the outbreak of the resulting disease from this new CoV called ‘COVID-19’, as a ‘public health emergency of international concern’. This global pandemic has affected almost the whole planet and caused the death of more than 315,131 patients as of the date of this article. In this context, publishers, journals and researchers are urged to research different domains and stop the spread of this deadly virus. The increasing interest in developing artificial intelligence (AI) applications has addressed several medical problems. However, such applications remain insufficient given the high potential threat posed by this virus to global public health. This systematic review addresses automated AI applications based on data mining and machine learning (ML) algorithms for detecting and diagnosing COVID-19. We aimed to obtain an overview of this critical virus, address the limitations of utilising data mining and ML algorithms, and provide the health sector with the benefits of this technique. We used five databases, namely, IEEE Xplore, Web of Science, PubMed, ScienceDirect and Scopus and performed three sequences of search queries between 2010 and 2020. Accurate exclusion criteria and selection strategy were applied to screen the obtained 1305 articles. Only eight articles were fully evaluated and included in this review, and this number only emphasised the insufficiency of research in this important area. After analysing all included studies, the results were distributed following the year of publication and the commonly used data mining and ML algorithms. The results found in all papers were discussed to find the gaps in all reviewed papers. Characteristics, such as motivations, challenges, limitations, recommendations, case studies, and features and classes used, were analysed in detail. This study reviewed the state-of-the-art techniques for CoV prediction algorithms based on data mining and ML assessment. The reliability and acceptability of extracted information and datasets from implemented technologies in the literature were considered. Findings showed that researchers must proceed with insights they gain, focus on identifying solutions for CoV problems, and introduce new improvements. The growing emphasis on data mining and ML techniques in medical fields can provide the right environment for change and improvement. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32451808/ doi: 10.1007/s10916-020-01582-x id: cord-278839-uu2wlpmp author: Alberca, Ricardo Wesley title: Pregnancy, Viral Infection, and COVID-19 date: 2020-07-07 words: 7237.0 sentences: 368.0 pages: flesch: 43.0 cache: ./cache/cord-278839-uu2wlpmp.txt txt: ./txt/cord-278839-uu2wlpmp.txt summary: In 2009, during the H1N1 flu pandemic, an increased ratio of female to male cases was verified, in which pregnant women developed more complications, as severe acute respiratory syndrome, and higher mortality compared to the general population (30, 31) . Additionally, infection by the Lassa virus in pregnant women shows high levels of placental replication, and the risk of maternal-fetal mortality increases with the duration of pregnancy (38, 39) . At first, contagion occurred through contact with some infected animals but, soon there were the first reports of human-to-human transmission (93), The virus was identified as belonging to the coronaviridae family and was designated SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2) (94). Chen and collaborators, verified alteration in calcium and albumin levels in the blood of pregnant women with SARS-CoV-2 infection (124) , which could potentially increase the severity in COVID-19 (125) . abstract: Pregnancy comprises a unique immunological condition, to allow fetal development and to protect the host from pathogenic infections. Viral infections during pregnancy can disrupt immunological tolerance and may generate deleterious effects on the fetus. Despite these possible links between pregnancy and infection-induced morbidity, it is unclear how pregnancy interferes with maternal response to some viral pathogens. In this context, the novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) can induce the coronavirus diseases-2019 (COVID-19) in pregnant women. The potential risk of vertical transmission is unclear, babies born from COVID-19-positive mothers seems to have no serious clinical symptoms, the possible mechanisms are discussed, which highlights that checking the children's outcome and more research is warranted. In this review, we investigate the reports concerning viral infections and COVID-19 during pregnancy, to establish a correlation and possible implications of COVID-19 during pregnancy and neonatal's health. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32733490/ doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01672 id: cord-320928-flsaa1wx author: Aldohyan, Meshal title: The perceived effectiveness of MERS-CoV educational programs and knowledge transfer among primary healthcare workers: a cross-sectional survey date: 2019-03-21 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: BACKGROUND: Knowledge transfer of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) involves the dissemination of created/acquired information on MERS-CoV in hospitals, making this information accessible to all healthcare workers (HCWs). This study evaluated the perceived effectiveness of MERS-CoV educational programs and knowledge transfer among primary care HCWs at a hospital in Saudi Arabia that witnessed the largest outbreak of confirmed MERS-CoV cases in this country. METHODS: A survey was distributed among primary care HCWs at five clinics in Saudi Arabia in 2016. Those with non-direct patient care responsibilities were excluded. Their knowledge was evaluated against facts published by Mayo Clinic Foundation, and its percentage mean score (PMS) ± standard deviation was calculated. HCWs’ perceived effectiveness of educational programs and knowledge transfer was classified as negative or positive. RESULTS: Sample comprised of 404 HCWs, of which 64% were females and 36% were males. Almost 26% were ≤ 30 years old, and 42% had > 10 years of work experience. Almost 46.5% were nurses, 23.0% physicians, 18.1% were pharmacists, and 12.4% were technical staff. PMS for knowledge was 71.1 ± 19.4. The prevalence of negative perceptions towards educational programs was 22.5% and of knowledge transfer was 20.8%. Older(> 40 years of age) and more experienced(> 10 years) HCWs had the highest PMS for knowledge(73.4 ± 18.9,P = 0.005 and 76.9 ± 15.7,P < 0.001 respectively). Negative perceptions of educational programs (49.4 ± 20.7; P < 0.001) and knowledge transfer (46.0 ± 19.7; P = 0.001) were associated with a lower knowledge PMS. Males were 2.4[95% confidence interval 1.4–4.2] times and 2.0[1.1–3.5] times more likely to have negative perceptions of educational programs and knowledge transfer (adjusted (adj.)P = 0.001 and adj. P = 0.023, respectively). Physicians/pharmacists were 1.8[1.03–3.11] and 2.8[1.6–5.0] times more likely to have negative perceptions of both outcomes (adj. P = 0.038 and adj. P = 0.001, respectively). Less experienced HCWs were 2.1[1.3–3.5] times and 4.9[2.6–9.2] times more likely to exhibit negative perceptions of the two outcomes (adj. P < 0.001 each). CONCLUSIONS: A negative perception of the effectiveness of MERS-CoV knowledge transfer was associated with poorer knowledge and was more prevalent among male HCWs, physicians/pharmacists and less experienced HCWs. Hospitals should always refer to efficient knowledge sharing and educational strategies that render beneficial outcomes to patients, HCWs, and the public community. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL: The online version of this article (10.1186/s12879-019-3898-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. url: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-019-3898-2 doi: 10.1186/s12879-019-3898-2 id: cord-299519-hfgmmuy6 author: Alenazi, Thamer H. title: Severe Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) Pneumonia date: 2019-10-26 words: 5548.0 sentences: 290.0 pages: flesch: 49.0 cache: ./cache/cord-299519-hfgmmuy6.txt txt: ./txt/cord-299519-hfgmmuy6.txt summary: A febrile acute respiratory illness with clinical, radiological, or histopathological evidence of pulmonary parenchymal disease (e.g. pneumonia or Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome) that cannot be explained fully by any other etiology AND The person resides or traveled in the Middle East, or in countries where MERS-CoV is known to be circulating in dromedary camels or where human infections have recently occurred AND Testing for MERS-CoV is inconclusive. Ribavirin and interferon therapy in patients infected with the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus: An observational study Epidemiological, demographic, and clinical characteristics of 47 cases of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus disease from Saudi Arabia: A descriptive study Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection during pregnancy: A report of 5 cases from Saudi Arabia An observational, laboratory-based study of outbreaks of middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus in Jeddah and Riyadh, kingdom of Saudi Arabia Ribavirin and interferon alfa-2a for severe Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection: A retrospective cohort study abstract: Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) is a viral respiratory infection, which ranges from asymptomatic infection to severe pneumonia and multiorgan failure, caused by a novel coronavirus named Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV). Majority of cases have been reported from Saudi Arabia. MERS cases occur as sporadic cases or as clusters or hospital outbreaks. Dromedary camels are thought to be a host for MERS-CoV. Direct contact with dromedary camels within 14 days prior to infection was identified as an independent risk factor for MERS. Diagnosis of MERS is based on a positive real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR), obtained from a respiratory specimen. The mainstay of management of MERS-CoV infection is supportive care. There is no specific antiviral therapy for MERS-CoV infection at present, although several modalities of treatment options have been examined or are under investigation. url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/B9780128012383114886 doi: 10.1016/b978-0-12-801238-3.11488-6 id: cord-319780-rfj9t99r author: Alexander, S.P.H. title: A rational roadmap for SARS‐CoV‐2/COVID‐19 pharmacotherapeutic research and development. IUPHAR Review 29 date: 2020-05-01 words: 15196.0 sentences: 814.0 pages: flesch: 47.0 cache: ./cache/cord-319780-rfj9t99r.txt txt: ./txt/cord-319780-rfj9t99r.txt summary: Analysis of the co-crystal structure suggested that the SARS spike protein binds to the active site of angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2, Li et al., 2005) . A truncated version of human recombinant ACE2, lacking the transmembrane domain, mitigated against SARS-CoV infection of cells (Li et al., 2003) and has been used in animal models to reduce symptoms of severe acute lung failure , diabetic nephropathy (Oudit et al., 2010) and cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis . A recent cryo-EM structure suggested that ACE2 and B 0 AT1/SLC6A19 form a heterodimer which pairs up through interfaces between the two ACE2 partners (Figure 1) , with the RBD of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein binding to the peptidase active site of ACE2 suggesting that B 0 AT1/SLC6A19 may facilitate entry of the novel coronavirus. Tumor necrosis factor- convertase (ADAM17) mediates regulated ectodomain shedding of the severe-acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus (SARS-CoV) receptor, angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 (ACE2) abstract: In this review, we identify opportunities for drug discovery in the treatment of COVID‐19 and in so doing, provide a rational roadmap whereby pharmacology and pharmacologists can mitigate against the global pandemic. We assess the scope for targetting key host and viral targets in the mid‐term, by first screening these targets against drugs already licensed; an agenda for drug re‐purposing, which should allow rapid translation to clinical trials. A simultaneous, multi‐pronged approach using conventional drug discovery methodologies aimed at discovering novel chemical and biological means targetting a short‐list of host and viral entities should extend the arsenal of anti‐SARS‐CoV‐2 agents. This longer‐term strategy would provide a deeper pool of drug choices for future‐proofing against acquired drug resistance. Second, there will be further viral threats, which will inevitably evade existing vaccines. This will require a coherent therapeutic strategy which pharmacology and pharmacologists are best placed to provide. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32358833/ doi: 10.1111/bph.15094 id: cord-337835-78i6j11i author: Alfaraj, Sarah H. title: The impact of co-infection of influenza A virus on the severity of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus date: 2017-02-09 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: nan url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0163445317300488 doi: 10.1016/j.jinf.2017.02.001 id: cord-261041-nrmj1qre author: Algaissi, Abdullah title: Evaluation of MERS-CoV Neutralizing Antibodies in Sera Using Live Virus Microneutralization Assay date: 2019-09-14 words: 2578.0 sentences: 205.0 pages: flesch: 69.0 cache: ./cache/cord-261041-nrmj1qre.txt txt: ./txt/cord-261041-nrmj1qre.txt summary: However, using live virus-based MN assay might require working under high containment facilities especially when dealing with high-risk pathogens such as the Middle East respiratory syndrome-coronavirus (MERS-CoV). 5. Next day, change the media by removing old media and add 2 mL or 5 mL of fresh pre-warmed M-2 into a T25 or T175 tissue culture flask, respectively. 3. Seed 1 Â 10 4 Vero E6 cells (100 μL) per well into sterile 96-well tissue culture plate so that they are 90-95% confluent the next day (see Note 8). 3. Seed 1 Â 10 4 Vero E6 cells (100 μL) per well into sterile 96-well tissue culture plate so that they are 90-95% confluent the next day (see Note 8). Remove the 96-well tissue culture plate containing confluent Vero E6 cells and aspirate the media (see Note 15) . abstract: The microneutralization (MN) assay is a standard and important technique in virology, immunology, and epidemiology. It is a highly specific and sensitive assay for evaluating virus-specific neutralizing antibodies (nAbs) in human and animal sera. It provides the most precise answer to whether or not an individual or animal has antibodies that can neutralize or inhibit the infectivity of a specific virus strain. However, using live virus-based MN assay might require working under high containment facilities especially when dealing with high-risk pathogens such as the Middle East respiratory syndrome-coronavirus (MERS-CoV). In this chapter, we describe the isolation, amplification, and titration of MERS-CoV, as well as detailed MN assay to measure nAb levels in sera from different mammalian species. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31883091/ doi: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0211-9_9 id: cord-287527-ep6ug9c3 author: Algaissi, Abdullah title: Elevated Human Dipeptidyl Peptidase 4 Expression Reduces the Susceptibility of hDPP4 Transgenic Mice to Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Infection and Disease date: 2018-09-26 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: BACKGROUND: The ongoing Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infections pose threats to public health worldwide, making an understanding of MERS pathogenesis and development of effective medical countermeasures (MCMs) urgent. METHODS: We used homozygous (+/+) and heterozygous (+/−) human dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (hDPP4) transgenic mice to study the effect of hDPP4 on MERS-CoV infection. Specifically, we determined values of 50% lethal dose (LD(50)) of MERS-CoV for the 2 strains of mice, compared and correlated their levels of soluble (s)hDPP4 expression to susceptibility, and explored recombinant (r)shDPP4 as an effective MCM for MERS infection. RESULTS: hDPP4(+/+) mice were unexpectedly more resistant than hDPP4(+/−) mice to MERS-CoV infection, as judged by increased LD(50), reduced lung viral infection, attenuated morbidity and mortality, and reduced histopathology. Additionally, the resistance to MERS-CoV infection directly correlated with increased serum shDPP4 and serum virus neutralizing activity. Finally, administration of rshDPP4 led to reduced lung virus titer and histopathology. CONCLUSIONS: Our studies suggest that the serum shDPP4 levels play a role in MERS pathogenesis and demonstrate a potential of rshDPP4 as a treatment option for MERS. Additionally, it offers a validated pair of Tg mice strains for characterizing the effect of shDPP4 on MERS pathogenesis. url: https://academic.oup.com/jid/article-pdf/219/5/829/27785783/jiy574.pdf doi: 10.1093/infdis/jiy574 id: cord-262542-vevsgkp6 author: Alharbi, Naif Khalaf title: ChAdOx1 and MVA based vaccine candidates against MERS-CoV elicit neutralising antibodies and cellular immune responses in mice date: 2017-06-27 words: 4923.0 sentences: 244.0 pages: flesch: 49.0 cache: ./cache/cord-262542-vevsgkp6.txt txt: ./txt/cord-262542-vevsgkp6.txt summary: title: ChAdOx1 and MVA based vaccine candidates against MERS-CoV elicit neutralising antibodies and cellular immune responses in mice A single dose of ChAdOx1 MERS with tPA elicited cellular immune responses as well as neutralising antibodies that were boosted to a significantly higher level by MVA MERS. Here, we report development of MERS-CoV vaccine candidates that are based on two different viral vectors: Chimpanzee Adenovirus, Oxford University #1 (ChAdOx1) [26] and Modified Vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) [27, 28] . Previously, we reported the ability of the strong early F11 promoter to enhance cellular immunogenicity of vaccine antigen candidates for malaria and influenza, as compared to utilising p7.5 or mH5 early/late promoters which resulted in a lower level of gene expression immediately after virus infection of target cells, but higher levels at a later stage [31] . abstract: Abstract The Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) has infected more than 1900 humans, since 2012. The syndrome ranges from asymptomatic and mild cases to severe pneumonia and death. The virus is believed to be circulating in dromedary camels without notable symptoms since the 1980s. Therefore, dromedary camels are considered the only animal source of infection. Neither antiviral drugs nor vaccines are approved for veterinary or medical use despite active research on this area. Here, we developed four vaccine candidates against MERS-CoV based on ChAdOx1 and MVA viral vectors, two candidates per vector. All vaccines contained the full-length spike gene of MERS-CoV; ChAdOx1 MERS vaccines were produced with or without the leader sequence of the human tissue plasminogen activator gene (tPA) where MVA MERS vaccines were produced with tPA, but either the mH5 or F11 promoter driving expression of the spike gene. All vaccine candidates were evaluated in a mouse model in prime only or prime-boost regimens. ChAdOx1 MERS with tPA induced higher neutralising antibodies than ChAdOx1 MERS without tPA. A single dose of ChAdOx1 MERS with tPA elicited cellular immune responses as well as neutralising antibodies that were boosted to a significantly higher level by MVA MERS. The humoral immunogenicity of a single dose of ChAdOx1 MERS with tPA was equivalent to two doses of MVA MERS (also with tPA). MVA MERS with mH5 or F11 promoter induced similar antibody levels; however, F11 promoter enhanced the cellular immunogenicity of MVA MERS to significantly higher magnitudes. In conclusion, our study showed that MERS-CoV vaccine candidates could be optimized by utilising different viral vectors, various genetic designs of the vectors, or different regimens to increase immunogenicity. ChAdOx1 and MVA vectored vaccines have been safely evaluated in camels and humans and these MERS vaccine candidates should now be tested in camels and in clinical trials. url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0264410X17306564 doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.05.032 id: cord-303915-14yfs4pa author: Almazán, Fernando title: Engineering a Replication-Competent, Propagation-Defective Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus as a Vaccine Candidate date: 2013-09-10 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) is an emerging coronavirus infecting humans that is associated with acute pneumonia, occasional renal failure, and a high mortality rate and is considered a threat to public health. The construction of a full-length infectious cDNA clone of the MERS-CoV genome in a bacterial artificial chromosome is reported here, providing a reverse genetics system to study the molecular biology of the virus and to develop attenuated viruses as vaccine candidates. Following transfection with the cDNA clone, infectious virus was rescued in both Vero A66 and Huh-7 cells. Recombinant MERS-CoVs (rMERS-CoVs) lacking the accessory genes 3, 4a, 4b, and 5 were successfully rescued from cDNA clones with these genes deleted. The mutant viruses presented growth kinetics similar to those of the wild-type virus, indicating that accessory genes were not essential for MERS-CoV replication in cell cultures. In contrast, an engineered mutant virus lacking the structural E protein (rMERS-CoV-ΔE) was not successfully rescued, since viral infectivity was lost at early passages. Interestingly, the rMERS-CoV-ΔE genome replicated after cDNA clone was transfected into cells. The infectious virus was rescued and propagated in cells expressing the E protein in trans, indicating that this virus was replication competent and propagation defective. Therefore, the rMERS-CoV-ΔE mutant virus is potentially a safe and promising vaccine candidate to prevent MERS-CoV infection. IMPORTANCE Since the emergence of MERS-CoV in the Arabian Peninsula during the summer of 2012, it has already spread to 10 different countries, infecting around 94 persons and showing a mortality rate higher than 50%. This article describes the development of the first reverse genetics system for MERS-CoV, based on the construction of an infectious cDNA clone inserted into a bacterial artificial chromosome. Using this system, a collection of rMERS-CoV deletion mutants has been generated. Interestingly, one of the mutants with the E gene deleted was a replication-competent, propagation-defective virus that could only be grown in the laboratory by providing E protein in trans, whereas it would only survive a single virus infection cycle in vivo. This virus constitutes a vaccine candidate that may represent a balance between safety and efficacy for the induction of mucosal immunity, which is needed to prevent MERS-CoV infection. url: https://doi.org/10.1128/mbio.00650-13 doi: 10.1128/mbio.00650-13 id: cord-297062-dmiplvt2 author: Almekhlafi, Ghaleb A. title: Presentation and outcome of Middle East respiratory syndrome in Saudi intensive care unit patients date: 2016-05-07 words: 4407.0 sentences: 228.0 pages: flesch: 47.0 cache: ./cache/cord-297062-dmiplvt2.txt txt: ./txt/cord-297062-dmiplvt2.txt summary: authors: Almekhlafi, Ghaleb A.; Albarrak, Mohammed M.; Mandourah, Yasser; Hassan, Sahar; Alwan, Abid; Abudayah, Abdullah; Altayyar, Sultan; Mustafa, Mohamed; Aldaghestani, Tareef; Alghamedi, Adnan; Talag, Ali; Malik, Muhammad K.; Omrani, Ali S.; Sakr, Yasser BACKGROUND: Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection is associated with high mortality rates but limited clinical data have been reported. We describe the clinical features and outcomes of patients admitted to an intensive care unit (ICU) with Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infection. METHODS: Retrospective analysis of data from all adult (>18 years old) patients admitted to our 20-bed mixed ICU with Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection between October 1, 2012 and May 31, 2014. We performed a retrospective study to describe the clinical features and outcomes of patients admitted to our ICU with laboratory-confirmed MERS-CoV infection. This report describes the clinical features and outcomes of 31critically ill patients with confirmed Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infection. abstract: BACKGROUND: Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection is associated with high mortality rates but limited clinical data have been reported. We describe the clinical features and outcomes of patients admitted to an intensive care unit (ICU) with Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infection. METHODS: Retrospective analysis of data from all adult (>18 years old) patients admitted to our 20-bed mixed ICU with Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection between October 1, 2012 and May 31, 2014. Diagnosis was confirmed in all patients using real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction on respiratory samples. RESULTS: During the observation period, 31 patients were admitted with MERS-CoV infection (mean age 59 ± 20 years, 22 [71 %] males). Cough and tachypnea were reported in all patients; 22 (77.4 %) patients had bilateral pulmonary infiltrates. Invasive mechanical ventilation was applied in 27 (87.1 %) and vasopressor therapy in 25 (80.6 %) patients during the intensive care unit stay. Twenty-three (74.2 %) patients died in the ICU. Nonsurvivors were older, had greater APACHE II and SOFA scores on admission, and were more likely to have received invasive mechanical ventilation and vasopressor therapy. After adjustment for the severity of illness and the degree of organ dysfunction, the need for vasopressors was an independent risk factor for death in the ICU (odds ratio = 18.33, 95 % confidence interval: 1.11–302.1, P = 0.04). CONCLUSIONS: MERS-CoV infection requiring admission to the ICU is associated with high morbidity and mortality. The need for vasopressor therapy is the main risk factor for death in these patients. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL: The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13054-016-1303-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. url: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13054-016-1303-8 doi: 10.1186/s13054-016-1303-8 id: cord-341056-iwu428pk author: Alnaeem, Abdelmohsen title: The dipeptidyl peptidase-4 expression in some MERS-CoV naturally infected dromedary camels in Saudi Arabia 2018–2019 date: 2020-05-06 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: MERS-CoV usually causes respiratory and renal failure in some patients, which may be the underlying cause of death. Dromedary camels are the only known reservoir of the virus until now. They shed the virus in their body secretions thus potentiate a risk for human infection. MERS-CoV tropism and replication is mainly affected by the presence of certain receptor ligands on the target tissues. The dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) is believed to act as receptors for MERS-CoV. The main objective of this study was to determine the expression levels of the DPP-4 in various organs of some naturally infected camels. We conducted a surveillance study to identify some positive MERS-CoV infected camels. Three positive animals identified by the Real time PCR. Our results are clearly showing the high level of expression of the DPP-4 in various organs of these animals’ particularly nasal turbinate, trachea, and lungs. The expression level may explain at least in part the pathogenesis of MERS-CoV in these organs. These findings confirm the pivotal roles of the DPP4 in the context of the MER-CoV infection in dromedary camels. Further studies are needed for a better understanding of the molecular pathogenesis of MER-CoV infection. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32377556/ doi: 10.1007/s13337-020-00586-y id: cord-321851-ku4z34lu author: Alosaimi, Bandar title: MERS-CoV infection is associated with downregulation of genes encoding Th1 and Th2 cytokines/chemokines and elevated inflammatory innate immune response in the lower respiratory tract date: 2020-02-29 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Abstract MERS-CoV, a highly pathogenic virus in humans, is associated with high morbidity and case fatality. Inflammatory responses have a significant impact on MERS-CoV pathogenesis and disease outcome. However, CD4+ T-cell induced immune responses during acute MERS-CoV infection are barely detectable, with potent inhibition of effector T cells and downregulation of antigen presentation. The local pulmonary immune response, particularly the Th1 and Th2-related immune response during acute severe MERS-CoV infection is not fully understood. In this study, we offer the first insights into the pulmonary gene expression profile of Th1 and Th2-related cytokines/chemokines (Th1 & Th2 responses) during acute MERS-CoV infection using RT2 Profiler PCR Arrays. We also quantified the expression level of primary inflammatory cytokines/chemokines. Our results showed a downregulation of Th2, inadequate (partial) Th1 immune response and high expression levels of inflammatory cytokines IL-1α and IL-1β and the neutrophil chemoattractant chemokine IL-8 (CXCL8) in the lower respiratory tract of MERS-CoV infected patients. Moreover, we identified a high viral load in all included patients. We also observed a correlation between inflammatory cytokines, Th1, and Th2 downregulation and the case fatality rate. Th1 and Th2 response downregulation, high expression of inflammatory cytokines, and high viral load may contribute to lung inflammation, severe infection, the evolution of pneumonia and ARDS, and a higher case fatality rate. Further study of the molecular mechanisms underlying the Th1 and Th2 regulatory pathways will be vital for active vaccine development and the identification of novel therapeutic strategies. url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cyto.2019.154895 doi: 10.1016/j.cyto.2019.154895 id: cord-319784-lpmsalux author: Alqahtani, Amani S. title: Pilot use of a novel smartphone application to track traveller health behaviour and collect infectious disease data during a mass gathering: Hajj pilgrimage 2014 date: 2015-08-13 words: 3510.0 sentences: 179.0 pages: flesch: 52.0 cache: ./cache/cord-319784-lpmsalux.txt txt: ./txt/cord-319784-lpmsalux.txt summary: title: Pilot use of a novel smartphone application to track traveller health behaviour and collect infectious disease data during a mass gathering: Hajj pilgrimage 2014 Pilot use of a novel smartphone application to track traveller health behaviour and collect infectious disease data during a mass gathering: Hajj pilgrimage 2014 1 Therefore, we conducted a pilot study using a smartphone app to examine its feasibility to track not only Hajj pilgrim KAP regarding preventive measures, but also symptom onset and participation in high-risk activities before, during, and after Hajj 2014. The first screen (first phase) is the pre-Hajj questionnaire, including data on participant demographics, pre-existing chronic diseases, vaccinations received before travel, factors influencing vaccination decision and uptake, perception of the risk of respiratory infection during Hajj, willingness to participate in highrisk activities, such as drinking unpasteurised milk, and awareness of official health recommendations provided by Saudi Arabian authorities. abstract: This study examines the feasibility of using a smartphone application (app) to conduct surveys among travellers during the Hajj pilgrimage, where the use of apps has not been evaluated for infectious disease surveillance. A longitudinal study was conducted among pilgrims at the Hajj 2014 using an iPhone app with separate questionnaires for three study phases covering before, during, and after Hajj. Forty-eight pilgrims from 13 countries downloaded the app. Respondents were aged between 21 and 61 (median 36) years and 58.5% (24/41) were male. Of these, 85% (41/48) completed the first phase, 52% (25/41) completed both the second and third phases, and 25 of these reported meningococcal vaccination, with 36% (9/25) receiving other vaccines. All (25) reported hand hygiene use and 64% (16/25) wore a facemask at some point during the pilgrimage. Four (6%) reported close contact with camels. Respiratory symptoms commenced from the 4th day of Hajj, with sore throat (20%) and cough (12%) being the most common. Three participants (12%) reported respiratory symptoms after returning home. Conducting a prospective survey using a smartphone app to collect data on travel-associated infections and traveller compliance to prevention is feasible at mass gatherings and can provide useful data associated with health-related behaviour. url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2210600615000866 doi: 10.1016/j.jegh.2015.07.005 id: cord-331980-m6dflwmm author: Alqahtani, Amani S. title: Association between Australian Hajj Pilgrims’ awareness of MERS-CoV, and their compliance with preventive measures and exposure to camels date: 2016-07-18 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Through a prospective cohort study the relationship between travellers’ awareness of MERS-CoV, and compliance with preventive measures and exposure to camels was evaluated among Australian Hajj pilgrims who attended Hajj in 2015. Only 28% of Australian Hajj pilgrims were aware of MERS-CoV in Saudi Arabia. Those who were aware of MERS-CoV were more likely to receive recommended vaccines [odds ratio (OR) 3.1, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.5–5.9, P < 0.01], but there was no significant difference in avoiding camels or their raw products during Hajj between those who were aware of MERS-CoV and those who were not (OR 1.2, 95% CI: 0.3–5.2, P = 0.7). Hajj pilgrims’ awareness is reflected in some of their practices but not in all. url: https://doi.org/10.1093/jtm/taw046 doi: 10.1093/jtm/taw046 id: cord-348467-a2e3f161 author: Alqahtani, Amani Salem title: Camel exposure and knowledge about MERS-CoV among Australian Hajj pilgrims in 2014 date: 2016-01-18 words: 1567.0 sentences: 92.0 pages: flesch: 67.0 cache: ./cache/cord-348467-a2e3f161.txt txt: ./txt/cord-348467-a2e3f161.txt summary: Most departing pilgrims (62%) were aware of a mod-erate to high infection risk from raw camel milk consumption, yet 21% of participants were willing to drink it. Nevertheless, among those who were aware of MERS-CoV, 27% did not fully realize the risk of catching the disease from unpasteurized camel milk, 15% were willing to drink raw camel milk, and 23% were keen to visit camel farm in Saudi Arabia (Table 3) . A unique finding to emerge from our study was that departing pilgrims with knowledge about MERS-CoV were significantly more aware of the risk of drinking raw camel milk (43% vs. Therefore, pilgrims who consume raw milk or other products are at risk of other zoonotic diseases if not MERS-CoV, and therefore, could benefit from appropriate health education. abstract: [Image: see text] url: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12250-015-3669-1 doi: 10.1007/s12250-015-3669-1 id: cord-309518-seonrtn3 author: Alraddadi, Basem M. title: Noninvasive ventilation in critically ill patients with the Middle East respiratory syndrome date: 2019-03-18 words: 1996.0 sentences: 111.0 pages: flesch: 45.0 cache: ./cache/cord-309518-seonrtn3.txt txt: ./txt/cord-309518-seonrtn3.txt summary: BACKGROUND: Noninvasive ventilation (NIV) has been used in patients with the Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) with acute hypoxemic respiratory failure, but the effectiveness of this approach has not been studied. [9] [10] [11] [12] While NIV may initially avoid the need for intubation and invasive mechanical ventilation (MV) , several studies have reported high failure rates and the need for invasive ventilation among patients with severe acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and an association with increased mortality. 12 In a recent analysis from the LUNG SAFE study on unselected patients with ARDS, NIV was associated with higher intensive care unit (ICU) mortality in patients with the ratio of partial pressure of oxygen to the fraction of inspired oxygen (PaO 2 /FiO 2 ) lower than 150 mm Hg. 12 The role of NIV in AHRF secondary to viral respiratory infections is unclear. abstract: BACKGROUND: Noninvasive ventilation (NIV) has been used in patients with the Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) with acute hypoxemic respiratory failure, but the effectiveness of this approach has not been studied. METHODS: Patients with MERS from 14 Saudi Arabian centers were included in this analysis. Patients who were initially managed with NIV were compared to patients who were managed only with invasive mechanical ventilation (invasive MV). RESULTS: Of 302 MERS critically ill patients, NIV was used initially in 105 (35%) patients, whereas 197 (65%) patients were only managed with invasive MV. Patients who were managed with NIV initially had lower baseline SOFA score and less extensive infiltrates on chest radiograph compared with patients managed with invasive MV. The vast majority (92.4%) of patients who were managed initially with NIV required intubation and invasive mechanical ventilation, and were more likely to require inhaled nitric oxide compared to those who were managed initially with invasive MV. ICU and hospital length of stay were similar between NIV patients and invasive MV patients. The use of NIV was not independently associated with 90‐day mortality (propensity score‐adjusted odds ratio 0.61, 95% CI [0.23, 1.60] P = 0.27). CONCLUSIONS: In patients with MERS and acute hypoxemic respiratory failure, NIV failure was very high. The use of NIV was not associated with improved outcomes. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30884185/ doi: 10.1111/irv.12635 id: cord-288409-idq780jb author: Alsahafi, Abdullah J. title: Knowledge, Attitudes and Behaviours of Healthcare Workers in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia to MERS Coronavirus and Other Emerging Infectious Diseases date: 2016-12-06 words: 2618.0 sentences: 124.0 pages: flesch: 50.0 cache: ./cache/cord-288409-idq780jb.txt txt: ./txt/cord-288409-idq780jb.txt summary: title: Knowledge, Attitudes and Behaviours of Healthcare Workers in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia to MERS Coronavirus and Other Emerging Infectious Diseases Objectives: The aim of this survey was to assess the knowledge, attitudes, infection control practices and educational needs of HCWs in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia to MERS coronavirus and other emerging infectious diseases. The majority of respondents believed that patients with MERS-CoV and other emerging infectious diseases should be managed in specialised centres, but a significant proportion also agreed that general hospitals also had a role in managing such patients. A high proportion of respondents agreed that emergency department overcrowding, poor hand hygiene and mask use contributed to the risk of HCW being infected with MERS-CoV. This study also showed significant proportion with personal experience of MERS-CoV either as HCW at institutions caring for cases or being investigated for possible infection following contact with cases [10] . abstract: Background: The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia has experienced a prolonged outbreak of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) coronavirus since 2012. Healthcare workers (HCWs) form a significant risk group for infection. Objectives: The aim of this survey was to assess the knowledge, attitudes, infection control practices and educational needs of HCWs in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia to MERS coronavirus and other emerging infectious diseases. Methods: 1500 of HCWs from Saudi Ministry of Health were invited to fill a questionnaire developed to cover the survey objectives from 9 September 2015 to 8 November 2015. The response rate was about 81%. Descriptive statistics was used to summarise the responses. Results: 1216 HCWs were included in this survey. A total of 56.5% were nurses and 22% were physicians. The most common sources of MERS-coronavirus (MERS-CoV) information were the Ministry of Health (MOH) memo (74.3%). Only (47.6%) of the physicians, (30.4%) of the nurses and (29.9%) of the other HCWs were aware that asymptomatic MERS-CoV was described. Around half of respondents who having been investigated for MERS-CoV reported that their work performance decreased while they have suspicion of having MERS-CoV and almost two thirds reported having psychological problems during this period. Almost two thirds of the HCWs (61.2%) reported anxiety about contracting MERS-CoV from patients. Conclusions: The knowledge about emerging infectious diseases was poor and there is need for further education and training programs particularly in the use of personal protective equipment, isolation and infection control measures. The self-reported infection control practices were sub-optimal and seem to be overestimated. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27929452/ doi: 10.3390/ijerph13121214 id: cord-311176-dlwph5za author: Alshahrani, Mohammed S. title: Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for severe Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus date: 2018-01-10 words: 3690.0 sentences: 188.0 pages: flesch: 48.0 cache: ./cache/cord-311176-dlwph5za.txt txt: ./txt/cord-311176-dlwph5za.txt summary: The objective of this study is to compare the outcomes of MERS-CoV patients before and after the availability of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) as a rescue therapy in severely hypoxemic patients who failed conventional strategies. METHODS: We collected data retrospectively on MERS-CoV patients with refractory respiratory failure from April 2014 to December 2015 in 5 intensive care units (ICUs) in Saudi Arabia. In this retrospective cohort study, we found that ECMO rescue therapy was associated with lower in-hospital mortality, better oxygenation, and fewer organ failures compared to historical control (usual care) in patients with severe MERS-CoV. described the use of ECMO in two patients with acute respiratory failure secondary to MERS-CoV infection in France, where both patients developed severe hypoxia and increasing oxygen requirements, leading to mechanical ventilation and ECMO use. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for severe influenza A (H1N1) acute respiratory distress syndrome: a prospective observational comparative study abstract: BACKGROUND: Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) is caused by a coronavirus (MERS‐CoV) and is characterized by hypoxemic respiratory failure. The objective of this study is to compare the outcomes of MERS-CoV patients before and after the availability of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) as a rescue therapy in severely hypoxemic patients who failed conventional strategies. METHODS: We collected data retrospectively on MERS-CoV patients with refractory respiratory failure from April 2014 to December 2015 in 5 intensive care units (ICUs) in Saudi Arabia. Patients were classified into two groups: ECMO versus conventional therapy. Our primary outcome was in-hospital mortality; secondary outcomes included ICU and hospital length of stay. RESULTS: Thirty-five patients were included; 17 received ECMO and 18 received conventional therapy. Both groups had similar baseline characteristics. The ECMO group had lower in-hospital mortality (65 vs. 100%, P = 0.02), longer ICU stay (median 25 vs. 8 days, respectively, P < 0.01), and similar hospital stay (median 41 vs. 31 days, P = 0.421). In addition, patients in the ECMO group had better PaO2/FiO2 at days 7 and 14 of admission to the ICU (124 vs. 63, and 138 vs. 36, P < 0.05), and less use of norepinephrine at days 1 and 14 (29 vs. 80%; and 36 vs. 93%, P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: ECMO use, as a rescue therapy, was associated with lower mortality in MERS patients with refractory hypoxemia. The results of this, largest to date, support the use of ECMO as a rescue therapy in patients with severe MERS-CoV. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29330690/ doi: 10.1186/s13613-017-0350-x id: cord-259703-9ef3u2mz author: Alsolamy, Sami title: Infection with Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus. date: 2015 words: 1275.0 sentences: 77.0 pages: flesch: 39.0 cache: ./cache/cord-259703-9ef3u2mz.txt txt: ./txt/cord-259703-9ef3u2mz.txt summary: T he Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) was first recognized as a new febrile respiratory illness in Saudi Arabia in June 2012. Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) -Saudi Arabia: Disease outbreak news Family cluster of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infections Presence of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus antibodies in Saudi Arabia: A nationwide, cross-sectional, serological study Clinical features and viral diagnosis of two cases of infection with Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus: A report of nosocomial transmission Association of higher MERS-CoV virus load with severe disease and death, Saudi Arabia Clinical course and outcomes of critically ill patients with Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection Clinical management of severe acute respiratory infection when Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infection is suspected -Interim guidance Repurposing of clinically developed drugs for treatment of middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection Infection Prevention and Control Recommendations for Hospitalized Patients with Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV). abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26566382/ doi: nan id: cord-351685-n70tkf38 author: Altamimi, Asmaa title: Demographic Variations of MERS-CoV Infection among Suspected and Confirmed Cases: An Epidemiological Analysis of Laboratory-Based Data from Riyadh Regional Laboratory date: 2020-02-19 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Introduction. Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus was first recognized in September 2012 in Saudi Arabia. The clinical presentations of MERS and non-MERS SARI are often similar. Therefore, the identification of suspected cases that may have higher chances of being diagnosed as cases of MERS-CoV is essential. However, the real challenge is to flag these patients through some demographic markers. The nature of these markers has not previously been investigated in Saudi Arabia, and hence, this study aims to identify them. METHODS: It was a surveillance system-based study, for which data from a total of 23,646 suspected patients in Riyadh and Al Qassim regions were analyzed from January 2017 until December 2017 to estimate the prevalence of MERS-CoV among suspected cases and to determine potential demographic risk factors related to the confirmation of the diagnosis. RESULTS: Of 23,646 suspected cases, 119 (0.5%) were confirmed by laboratory results. These confirmed cases (67.2% of which were males) had a mean age of 43.23 years (SD ± 22.8). Around 42.2% of the confirmed cases were aged between 41 and 60 years and about 47% of confirmed cases had their suspected specimen tested in the summer. The study identified three significant and independent predictors for confirmation of the disease: an age between 41 and 60 years, male gender, and summer season admission. CONCLUSION: The study provides evidence that the MERS-CoV epidemic in the subject regions has specific characteristics that might help future plans for the prevention and management of such a contagious disease. Future studies should aim to confirm such findings in other regions of Saudi Arabia as well and explore potential preventable risk factors. url: https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/9629747 doi: 10.1155/2020/9629747 id: cord-287761-73qgx58i author: Aly, Mahmoud title: Occurrence of the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) across the Gulf Corporation Council countries: Four years update date: 2017-10-13 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: The emergence of the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infections has become a global issue of dire concerns. MERS-CoV infections have been identified in many countries all over the world whereas high level occurrences have been documented in the Middle East and Korea. MERS-CoV is mainly spreading across the geographical region of the Middle East, especially in the Arabian Peninsula, while some imported sporadic cases were reported from the Europe, North America, Africa, and lately Asia. The prevalence of MERS-CoV infections across the Gulf Corporation Council (GCC) countries still remains unclear. Therefore, the objective of the current study was to report the prevalence of MERS-CoV in the GCC countries and to also elucidate on its demographics in the Arabian Peninsula. To date, the World Health Organization (WHO) has reported 1,797 laboratory-confirmed cases of MERS-CoV infection since June 2012, involving 687 deaths in 27 different countries worldwide. Within a time span of 4 years from June 2012 to July 2016, we collect samples form MERS-CoV infected individuals from National Guard Hospital, Riyadh, and Ministry of health Saudi Arabia and other GCC countries. Our data comprise a total of 1550 cases (67.1% male and 32.9% female). The age-specific prevalence and distribution of MERS-CoV was as follow: <20 yrs (36 cases: 3.28%), 20–39 yrs (331 cases: 30.15%), 40–59 yrs (314 cases: 28.60%), and the highest-risk elderly group aged ≥60 yrs (417 cases: 37.98%). The case distribution among GCC countries was as follows: Saudi Arabia (1441 cases: 93%), Kuwait (4 cases: 0.3%), Bahrain (1 case: 0.1%), Oman (8 cases: 0.5%), Qatar (16 cases: 1.0%), and United Arab Emirates (80 cases: 5.2%). Thus, MERS-CoV was found to be more prevalent in Saudi Arabia especially in Riyadh, where 756 cases (52.4%) were the worst hit area of the country identified, followed by the western region Makkah where 298 cases (20.6%) were recorded. This prevalence update indicates that the Arabian Peninsula, particularly Saudi Arabia, is the hardest hit region regarding the emerging MERS-CoV infections worldwide. GCC countries including Saudi Arabia now have the infrastructure in place that allows physicians and scientific community to identify and immediately respond to the potential risks posed by new outbreaks of MERS-CoV infections in the region. Given the continuum of emergence and the large magnitude of the disease in our region, more studies will be required to bolster capabilities for timely detection and effective control and prevention of MERS-CoV in our region. url: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0183850 doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0183850 id: cord-016842-sow7k53m author: An, Jisun title: Multidimensional Analysis of the News Consumption of Different Demographic Groups on a Nationwide Scale date: 2017-08-02 words: 6393.0 sentences: 349.0 pages: flesch: 62.0 cache: ./cache/cord-016842-sow7k53m.txt txt: ./txt/cord-016842-sow7k53m.txt summary: Examining 103,133 news articles that are the most popular for different demographic groups in Daum News (the second most popular news portal in South Korea) during the whole year of 2015, we provided multi-level analyses of gender and age differences in news consumption. For this study, we collected and analyzed the daily top 30 news items for each gender (male and female) and age group (10s, 20s, 30s, 40s, and 50s) in Daum News, the second most popular news portal service in South Korea, for the entire year of 2015. We now quantify differences in news consumption across demographic groups in four dimensions: (1) by actual news item, (2) by section, (3) by topic, and (4) by subtopic. We look into news consumption at different levels and find that section and topic preferences are similar across groups, but subtopic preferences are not. abstract: Examining 103,133 news articles that are the most popular for different demographic groups in Daum News (the second most popular news portal in South Korea) during the whole year of 2015, we provided multi-level analyses of gender and age differences in news consumption. We measured such differences in four different levels: (1) by actual news items, (2) by section, (3) by topic, and (4) by subtopic. We characterized the news items at the four levels by using the computational techniques, which are topic modeling and the vector representation of words and news items. We found that differences in news reading behavior across different demographic groups are the most noticeable in subtopic level but neither section nor topic levels. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7121259/ doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-67217-5_9 id: cord-279979-3ecnbqom author: Anthony, S. J. title: Further Evidence for Bats as the Evolutionary Source of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus date: 2017-04-04 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: The evolutionary origins of Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) coronavirus (MERS-CoV) are unknown. Current evidence suggests that insectivorous bats are likely to be the original source, as several 2c CoVs have been described from various species in the family Vespertilionidae. Here, we describe a MERS-like CoV identified from a Pipistrellus cf. hesperidus bat sampled in Uganda (strain PREDICT/PDF-2180), further supporting the hypothesis that bats are the evolutionary source of MERS-CoV. Phylogenetic analysis showed that PREDICT/PDF-2180 is closely related to MERS-CoV across much of its genome, consistent with a common ancestry; however, the spike protein was highly divergent (46% amino acid identity), suggesting that the two viruses may have different receptor binding properties. Indeed, several amino acid substitutions were identified in key binding residues that were predicted to block PREDICT/PDF-2180 from attaching to the MERS-CoV DPP4 receptor. To experimentally test this hypothesis, an infectious MERS-CoV clone expressing the PREDICT/PDF-2180 spike protein was generated. Recombinant viruses derived from the clone were replication competent but unable to spread and establish new infections in Vero cells or primary human airway epithelial cells. Our findings suggest that PREDICT/PDF-2180 is unlikely to pose a zoonotic threat. Recombination in the S1 subunit of the spike gene was identified as the primary mechanism driving variation in the spike phenotype and was likely one of the critical steps in the evolution and emergence of MERS-CoV in humans. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28377531/ doi: 10.1128/mbio.00373-17 id: cord-345827-yo3uq03v author: Antiochia, Riccarda title: Developments in biosensors for CoV detection and future trends date: 2020-10-28 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: This review summarizes the state of art of biosensor technology for Coronavirus (CoV) detection, the current challenges and the future perspectives. Three categories of affinity-based biosensors (ABBs) have been developed, depending on their transduction mechanism, namely electrochemical, optical and piezoelectric biosensors. The biorecognition elements include antibodies and DNA, which undergo important non-covalent binding interactions, with the formation of antigen-antibody and ssDNA/oligonucleotide-complementary strand complexes in immuno- and DNA-sensors, respectively. The analytical performances, the advantages and drawbacks of each type of biosensor are highlighted, discussed, and compared to traditional methods. It is hoped that this review will encourage scientists and academics to design and develop new biosensing platforms for point-of-care (POC) diagnostics to manage the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, providing interesting reference for future studies. url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S0956566320307648 doi: 10.1016/j.bios.2020.112777 id: cord-318954-pj5lsvsa author: Arabi, Yaseen title: Feasibility, safety, clinical, and laboratory effects of convalescent plasma therapy for patients with Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection: a study protocol date: 2015-11-19 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: As of September 30, 2015, a total of 1589 laboratory-confirmed cases of infection with the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) have been reported to the World Health Organization (WHO). At present there is no effective specific therapy against MERS-CoV. The use of convalescent plasma (CP) has been suggested as a potential therapy based on existing evidence from other viral infections. We aim to study the feasibility of CP therapy as well as its safety and clinical and laboratory effects in critically ill patients with MERS-CoV infection. We will also examine the pharmacokinetics of the MERS-CoV antibody response and viral load over the course of MERS-CoV infection. This study will inform a future randomized controlled trial that will examine the efficacy of CP therapy for MERS-CoV infection. In the CP collection phase, potential donors will be tested by the enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and the indirect fluorescent antibody (IFA) techniques for the presence of anti-MERS-CoV antibodies. Subjects with anti-MERS-CoV IFA titer of ≥1:160 and no clinical or laboratory evidence of MERS-CoV infection will be screened for eligibility for plasma donation according to standard donation criteria. In the CP therapy phase, 20 consecutive critically ill patients admitted to intensive care unit with laboratory-confirmed MERS-CoV infection will be enrolled and each will receive 2 units of CP. Post enrollment, patients will be followed for clinical and laboratory outcomes that include anti-MERS-CoV antibodies and viral load. This protocol was developed collaboratively by King Abdullah International Medical Research Center (KAIMRC), Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) Infection Control Center Group and the World Health Organization—International Severe Acute Respiratory and Emerging Infection Consortium (ISARIC-WHO) MERS-CoV Working Group. It was approved in June 2014 by the Ministry of the National Guard Health Affairs Institutional Review Board (IRB). A data safety monitoring board (DSMB) was formulated. The study is registered at http://www.clinicaltrials.gov (NCT02190799). url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26618098/ doi: 10.1186/s40064-015-1490-9 id: cord-346502-x2b0ao3q author: Arabi, Yaseen M title: Ribavirin and Interferon Therapy for Critically Ill Patients With Middle East Respiratory Syndrome: A Multicenter Observational Study date: 2019-06-25 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: BACKGROUND: The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of ribavirin and recombinant interferon (RBV/rIFN) therapy on the outcomes of critically ill patients with Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS), accounting for time-varying confounders. METHODS: This is a retrospective cohort study of critically ill patients with laboratory-confirmed MERS from 14 hospitals in Saudi Arabia diagnosed between September 2012 and January 2018. We evaluated the association of RBV/rIFN with 90-day mortality and MERS coronavirus (MERS-CoV) RNA clearance using marginal structural modeling to account for baseline and time-varying confounders. RESULTS: Of 349 MERS patients, 144 (41.3%) patients received RBV/rIFN (RBV and/or rIFN-α2a, rIFN-α2b, or rIFN-β1a; none received rIFN-β1b). RBV/rIFN was initiated at a median of 2 days (Q1, Q3: 1, 3 days) from intensive care unit admission. Crude 90-day mortality was higher in patients with RBV/rIFN compared to no RBV/rIFN (106/144 [73.6%] vs 126/205 [61.5%]; P = .02]. After adjusting for baseline and time-varying confounders using a marginal structural model, RBV/rIFN was not associated with changes in 90-day mortality (adjusted odds ratio, 1.03 [95% confidence interval {CI}, .73–1.44]; P = .87) or with more rapid MERS-CoV RNA clearance (adjusted hazard ratio, 0.65 [95% CI, .30–1.44]; P = .29). CONCLUSIONS: In this observational study, RBV/rIFN (RBV and/or rIFN-α2a, rIFN-α2b, or rIFN-β1a) therapy was commonly used in critically ill MERS patients but was not associated with reduction in 90-day mortality or in faster MERS-CoV RNA clearance. url: https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciz544 doi: 10.1093/cid/ciz544 id: cord-334667-0cah15lg author: Arabi, Yaseen M. title: Treatment of Middle East respiratory syndrome with a combination of lopinavir/ritonavir and interferon-β1b (MIRACLE trial): statistical analysis plan for a recursive two-stage group sequential randomized controlled trial date: 2020-01-03 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: ABSTRACT: The MIRACLE trial (MERS-CoV Infection tReated with A Combination of Lopinavir/ritonavir and intErferon-β1b) investigates the efficacy of a combination therapy of lopinavir/ritonavir and recombinant interferon-β1b provided with standard supportive care, compared to placebo provided with standard supportive care, in hospitalized patients with laboratory-confirmed MERS. The MIRACLE trial is designed as a recursive, two-stage, group sequential, multicenter, placebo-controlled, double-blind randomized controlled trial. The aim of this article is to describe the statistical analysis plan for the MIRACLE trial. The primary outcome is 90-day mortality. The primary analysis will follow the intention-to-treat principle. The MIRACLE trial is the first randomized controlled trial for MERS treatment. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT02845843. Registered on 27 July 2016. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31900204/ doi: 10.1186/s13063-019-3846-x id: cord-346320-ysgz6adr author: Arabi, Yaseen M. title: Feasibility of Using Convalescent Plasma Immunotherapy for MERS-CoV Infection, Saudi Arabia date: 2016-09-17 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: We explored the feasibility of collecting convalescent plasma for passive immunotherapy of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infection by using ELISA to screen serum samples from 443 potential plasma donors: 196 patients with suspected or laboratory-confirmed MERS-CoV infection, 230 healthcare workers, and 17 household contacts exposed to MERS-CoV. ELISA-reactive samples were further tested by indirect fluorescent antibody and microneutralization assays. Of the 443 tested samples, 12 (2.7%) had a reactive ELISA result, and 9 of the 12 had reactive indirect fluorescent antibody and microneutralization assay titers. Undertaking clinical trials of convalescent plasma for passive immunotherapy of MERS-CoV infection may be feasible, but such trials would be challenging because of the small pool of potential donors with sufficiently high antibody titers. Alternative strategies to identify convalescent plasma donors with adequate antibody titers should be explored, including the sampling of serum from patients with more severe disease and sampling at earlier points during illness. url: https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2209.151164 doi: 10.3201/eid2209.151164 id: cord-353732-7hjsux4m author: Arabi, Yaseen M. title: Feasibility of a randomized controlled trial to assess treatment of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infection in Saudi Arabia: a survey of physicians date: 2016-07-12 words: 2414.0 sentences: 114.0 pages: flesch: 45.0 cache: ./cache/cord-353732-7hjsux4m.txt txt: ./txt/cord-353732-7hjsux4m.txt summary: The questionnaire was modified for this study to include 26 items that were divided into three main domains of interest: (1) the ability to care for critically ill MERS-CoV patients; (2) laboratory capacity to diagnose MERS-CoV and blood bank ability to prepare convalescent plasma; and (3), research capacity to conduct randomized controlled trials. Therefore, as part of a collaborative effort among colleagues from the Gulf States and Eastern Mediterranean and with the support of the World Health Organization and International Severe Acute Respiratory and Emerging Infection Consortium, we undertook a survey to assess feasibility of conducting a clinical trial of convalescent plasma therapy for patients with MERS-CoV infection in KSA. Our survey results indicate that the research infrastructure at many acute care facilities in Saudi Arabia is likely generally sufficient to conduct a RCT to investigate the efficacy of convalescent plasma treatment for severely ill patients with MERS-CoV. abstract: BACKGROUND: The Middle East Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) is an emerging respiratory pathogen with a high mortality rate and no specific treatments available to date. The purpose of this study was to determine the feasibility of conducting a randomized controlled trial (RCT) of convalescent plasma therapy for MERS-CoV-infected patients by using MERS-CoV-specific convalescent plasma obtained from previously recovered patients. METHODS: A survey was adapted from validated questionnaire originally aimed to measure network capacities and capabilities within the International Severe Acute Respiratory and emerging Infection Consortium (ISARIC). The questionnaire was modified for this study to include 26 items that were divided into three main domains of interest: (1) the ability to care for critically ill MERS-CoV patients; (2) laboratory capacity to diagnose MERS-CoV and blood bank ability to prepare convalescent plasma; and (3), research capacity to conduct randomized controlled trials. The questionnaire was emailed to physicians. RESULTS: Of 582 physicians who were invited to the survey, 327 responded (56.2 %). The professional focus of the majority of respondents was critical care (106/249 (43 %)), pediatrics (59/249, (24 %)) or internal medicine (52/249 (21 %)) but none was blood banking. Nearly all respondents (251/263 (95 %)) reported to have access to ICU facilities within their institutions. Most respondents (219/270 (81 %)) reported that intensivists were the most physician group responsible for treatment decisions about critically ill SARI patients. While 125/165 respondents (76 %) reported that they conduct research in ICUs, and 80/161 (49.7 %) had been involved in the conduct of RCTs, including using a placebo comparison (60/161 (37 %)), only 49/226 (21 %) of respondents regularly participated in research networks. CONCLUSIONS: Our survey indicated that in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA), ICUs are the most likely clinical locations for conducting a clinical trial of convalescent plasma therapy for MERS-CoV, and that most ICUs have experience with such research designs. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL: The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12871-016-0198-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. url: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12871-016-0198-x doi: 10.1186/s12871-016-0198-x id: cord-350733-0zghspb8 author: Aronson, Jeffrey K. title: The use of mechanistic reasoning in assessing coronavirus interventions date: 2020-07-15 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: RATIONALE: Evidence‐based medicine (EBM), the dominant approach to assessing the effectiveness of clinical and public health interventions, focuses on the results of association studies. EBM+ is a development of EBM that systematically considers mechanistic studies alongside association studies. AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: To explore examples of the importance of mechanistic evidence to coronavirus research. METHODS: We have reviewed the mechanistic evidence in four major areas that are relevant to the management of COVID‐19. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: (a) Assessment of combination therapy for MERS highlights the need for systematic assessment of mechanistic evidence. (b) That hypertension is a risk factor for severe disease in the case of SARS‐CoV‐2 suggests that altering hypertension treatment might alleviate disease, but the mechanisms are complex, and it is essential to consider and evaluate multiple mechanistic hypotheses. (c) Confidence that public health interventions will be effective requires a detailed assessment of social and psychological components of the mechanisms of their action, in addition to mechanisms of disease. (d) In particular, if vaccination programmes are to be effective, they must be carefully tailored to the social context; again, mechanistic evidence is crucial. We conclude that coronavirus research is best situated within the EBM+ evaluation framework. url: https://doi.org/10.1111/jep.13438 doi: 10.1111/jep.13438 id: cord-271648-m2c5bvuj author: Ashour, Hossam M. title: Insights into the Recent 2019 Novel Coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) in Light of Past Human Coronavirus Outbreaks date: 2020-03-04 words: 7536.0 sentences: 401.0 pages: flesch: 56.0 cache: ./cache/cord-271648-m2c5bvuj.txt txt: ./txt/cord-271648-m2c5bvuj.txt summary: Coronaviruses (CoVs) are RNA viruses that have become a major public health concern since the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-CoV (SARS-CoV) outbreak in 2002. However, unlike SARS-CoV, human-to-human transmission of MERS-CoV is not easy and has not been confirmed except in cases of very close contact with infected patients in health care settings [67] . Similar to the adaptation of SARS-CoV to human host, MERSr-CoVs that are circulating in bats had to undergo several amino acid changes in RBD of S protein to become capable of infecting camels and humans ( Figure 2 ) [74] . S protein of severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus mediates entry into hepatoma cell lines and is targeted by neutralizing antibodies in infected patients Characterization of severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus (SARS-CoV) spike glycoprotein-mediated viral entry Fully human monoclonal antibody directed to proteolytic cleavage site in severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) coronavirus S protein neutralizes the virus in a rhesus macaque SARS model abstract: Coronaviruses (CoVs) are RNA viruses that have become a major public health concern since the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-CoV (SARS-CoV) outbreak in 2002. The continuous evolution of coronaviruses was further highlighted with the emergence of the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome-CoV (MERS-CoV) outbreak in 2012. Currently, the world is concerned about the 2019 novel CoV (SARS-CoV-2) that was initially identified in the city of Wuhan, China in December 2019. Patients presented with severe viral pneumonia and respiratory illness. The number of cases has been mounting since then. As of late February 2020, tens of thousands of cases and several thousand deaths have been reported in China alone, in addition to thousands of cases in other countries. Although the fatality rate of SARS-CoV-2 is currently lower than SARS-CoV, the virus seems to be highly contagious based on the number of infected cases to date. In this review, we discuss structure, genome organization, entry of CoVs into target cells, and provide insights into past and present outbreaks. The future of human CoV outbreaks will not only depend on how the viruses will evolve, but will also depend on how we develop efficient prevention and treatment strategies to deal with this continuous threat. url: https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens9030186 doi: 10.3390/pathogens9030186 id: cord-271681-jmoyy8rb author: Assiri, Abdullah M. title: Epidemiology of a Novel Recombinant Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus in Humans in Saudi Arabia date: 2016-06-14 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: BACKGROUND: Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) causes severe respiratory illness in humans. Fundamental questions about circulating viruses and transmission routes remain. METHODS: We assessed routinely collected epidemiologic data for MERS-CoV cases reported in Saudi Arabia during 1 January– 30 June 2015 and conducted a more detailed investigation of cases reported during February 2015. Available respiratory specimens were obtained for sequencing. RESULTS: During the study period, 216 MERS-CoV cases were reported. Full genome (n = 17) or spike gene sequences (n = 82) were obtained from 99 individuals. Most sequences (72 of 99 [73%]) formed a discrete, novel recombinant subclade (NRC-2015), which was detected in 6 regions and became predominant by June 2015. No clinical differences were noted between clades. Among 87 cases reported during February 2015, 13 had no recognized risks for secondary acquisition; 12 of these 13 also denied camel contact. Most viruses (8 of 9) from these 13 individuals belonged to NRC-2015. DISCUSSIONS: Our findings document the spread and eventual predominance of NRC-2015 in humans in Saudi Arabia during the first half of 2015. Our identification of cases without recognized risk factors but with similar virus sequences indicates the need for better understanding of risk factors for MERS-CoV transmission. url: https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jiw236 doi: 10.1093/infdis/jiw236 id: cord-280624-7v8xuicg author: Ba Abduallah, Mohamed M. title: Comparative analysis of the genome structure and organization of the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS‐CoV) 2012 to 2019 revealing evidence for virus strain barcoding, zoonotic transmission, and selection pressure date: 2020-08-17 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: The Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS‐CoV) emerged in late 2012 in Saudi Arabia. For this study, we conducted a large‐scale comparative genome study of MERS‐CoV from both human and dromedary camels from 2012 to 2019 to map any genetic changes that emerged in the past 8 years. We downloaded 1309 submissions, including 308 full‐length genome sequences of MERS‐CoV available in GenBank from 2012 to 2019. We used bioinformatics tools to describe the genome structure and organization of the virus and to map the most important motifs within various regions/genes throughout the genome over the past 8 years. We also monitored variations/mutations among these sequences since its emergence. Our phylogenetic analyses suggest that the cluster within African camels is derived by S gene. We identified some prominent motifs within the ORF1ab, S gene and ORF‐5, which may be used for barcoding the African camel lineages of MERS‐CoV. Furthermore, we mapped some sequence patterns that support the zoonotic origin of the virus from dromedary camels. Other sequences identified selection pressures, particularly within the N gene and the 5′ UTR. Further studies are required for careful monitoring of the MERS‐CoV genome to identify any potential significant mutations in the future. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32803835/ doi: 10.1002/rmv.2150 id: cord-312740-2ro2p77q author: Babadaei, Mohammad Mahdi Nejadi title: Development of remdesivir repositioning as a nucleotide analog against COVID-19 RNA dependent RNA polymerase date: 2020-05-20 words: 3820.0 sentences: 217.0 pages: flesch: 50.0 cache: ./cache/cord-312740-2ro2p77q.txt txt: ./txt/cord-312740-2ro2p77q.txt summary: A broad-spectrum of antiviral agents are being currently evaluated in clinical trials, and in this review, we specifically focus on the application of Remdesivir (RVD) as a potential anti-viral compound against Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) -CoV, SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2. First, we overview the general information about SARS-CoV-2, followed by application of RDV as a nucleotide analogue which can potentially inhibits RNA-dependent RNA polymerase of COVs. Afterwards, we discussed the kinetics of SARSor MERS-CoV proliferation in animal models which is significantly different compared to that in humans. With Having a considerable number of people worldwide infected with COVID-19, scientists have identified a number of cases of broad-spectrum antiviral agents (BSAAs) that could serve as potential candidates for the treatment of the viral diseases (Andersen et al., 2020; Ianevski et al., 2018) . Corona virus SARS-CoV-2 disease COVID-19: Infection, prevention and clinical advances of the prospective chemical drug therapeutics abstract: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the causative representative of a severe respiratory illness resulted in widespread human infections and deaths in nearly all of the countries since late 2019. There is no therapeutic FDA-approved drug against SARS-CoV-2 infection, although a combination of anti-viral drugs is directly being practiced in some countries. A broad-spectrum of antiviral agents are being currently evaluated in clinical trials, and in this review, we specifically focus on the application of Remdesivir (RVD) as a potential anti-viral compound against Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) -CoV, SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2. First, we overview the general information about SARS-CoV-2, followed by application of RDV as a nucleotide analogue which can potentially inhibits RNA-dependent RNA polymerase of COVs. Afterwards, we discussed the kinetics of SARS- or MERS-CoV proliferation in animal models which is significantly different compared to that in humans. Finally, some ongoing challenges and future perspective on the application of RDV either alone or in combination with other anti-viral agents against CoVs infection were surveyed to determine the efficiency of RDV in preclinical trials. As a result, this paper provides crucial evidence of the potency of RDV to prevent SARS-CoV-2 infections. Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32397906/ doi: 10.1080/07391102.2020.1767210 id: cord-295433-olmein3q author: Banerjee, Arinjay title: Bats and Coronaviruses date: 2019-01-09 words: 5655.0 sentences: 298.0 pages: flesch: 52.0 cache: ./cache/cord-295433-olmein3q.txt txt: ./txt/cord-295433-olmein3q.txt summary: Initial studies investigating animal sources of the virus from "wet markets" in the Guangdong province of China suggested that Himalayan palm civets and raccoon dogs were the most likely hosts responsible for human transmission [22] ; however, the role of bats as the original animal reservoir hosts of SARS-CoV was speculated as similar viruses were detected in them [27, 28] . A recent study found that 16 out of 30 camel workers surveyed in Saudi Arabia show evidence of prior MERS-CoV infection via seroconversion and/or virus-specific CD8+ T cell responses without any history of significant respiratory disease. The primary bat species being used to study the bat immune response to virus infections in vitro and in vivo are Pteropus alecto (black flying fox), Rousettus aegyptiacus (Egyptian rousette), and Artibeus jamaicensis (Jamaican fruit bat). Multiple studies with PEDV, SARS-and MERS-CoVs have identified accessory proteins that can effectively inhibit an IFN response in mammalian cells [12] [13] [14] [91] [92] [93] [94] [95] . abstract: Bats are speculated to be reservoirs of several emerging viruses including coronaviruses (CoVs) that cause serious disease in humans and agricultural animals. These include CoVs that cause severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS), porcine epidemic diarrhea (PED) and severe acute diarrhea syndrome (SADS). Bats that are naturally infected or experimentally infected do not demonstrate clinical signs of disease. These observations have allowed researchers to speculate that bats are the likely reservoirs or ancestral hosts for several CoVs. In this review, we follow the CoV outbreaks that are speculated to have originated in bats. We review studies that have allowed researchers to identify unique adaptation in bats that may allow them to harbor CoVs without severe disease. We speculate about future studies that are critical to identify how bats can harbor multiple strains of CoVs and factors that enable these viruses to “jump” from bats to other mammals. We hope that this review will enable readers to identify gaps in knowledge that currently exist and initiate a dialogue amongst bat researchers to share resources to overcome present limitations. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30634396/ doi: 10.3390/v11010041 id: cord-259443-5sv3dwbs author: Banik, Gouri Rani title: Risk factors for severity and mortality in patients with MERS-CoV: Analysis of publicly available data from Saudi Arabia date: 2016-01-25 words: 1667.0 sentences: 80.0 pages: flesch: 58.0 cache: ./cache/cord-259443-5sv3dwbs.txt txt: ./txt/cord-259443-5sv3dwbs.txt summary: title: Risk factors for severity and mortality in patients with MERS-CoV: Analysis of publicly available data from Saudi Arabia Initially, only limited information such as patients'' age, sex, nationality, address, date of diagnosis, presenting symptoms, and presence of any pre-existing condition were made publicly available; however, since 24 th September 2014, additional information on likely exposure to animals and other suspected MERS cases were added, and it was recorded whether the exposure likely occurred at health care settings or in community settings. In our study, presence of a respiratory disease was not a significant risk factor and we did not explore the association of older age with mortality, because essentially all patients aged ≥ 65 years in our cohort had a pre-existing disease, but age itself could be an independent risk factor, as other studies from Saudi Arabia and South Korea demonstrated that age > 60 years (in some studies ≥ 65 years) was significantly associated with mortality (Feikin et al., 2015; Majumder et al., 2015; Saad et al., 2014) . abstract: [Image: see text] url: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12250-015-3679-z doi: 10.1007/s12250-015-3679-z id: cord-332268-x30svp5y author: Bearden, Donna M. title: COVID-19: a primer for healthcare providers date: 2020-05-20 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: According to the World Health Organization (WHO) the China office was first notified of cases of atypical pneumonia in Wuhan City on 31 December 2019. A viral genome sequence of a novel coronavirus, currently termed SARS-CoV‑2, with a disease process called COVID-19 was released 1 week later via online resources to obtain public health support in control of spread. Since then, the virus rapidly evolved into a global pandemic. Therefore, healthcare providers need to be familiar with the clinical presentation of infected patients and measures to quickly isolate them. The prevention of nosocomial spread is paramount to proper control of COVID-19 and is reviewed. Currently, treatment is supportive. Researchers are working to develop vaccines and identify effective antiviral interventions. Those recently discussed in the literature are briefly reviewed. url: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00508-020-01678-x doi: 10.1007/s00508-020-01678-x id: cord-333882-zrdsr3nh author: Beigel, John H title: Safety and tolerability of a novel, polyclonal human anti-MERS coronavirus antibody produced from transchromosomic cattle: a phase 1 randomised, double-blind, single-dose-escalation study date: 2018-04-30 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Summary Background Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) is a severe respiratory illness with an overall mortality of 35%. There is no licensed or proven treatment. Passive immunotherapy approaches are being developed to prevent and treat several human medical conditions where alternative therapeutic options are absent. We report the safety of a fully human polyclonal IgG antibody (SAB-301) produced from the hyperimmune plasma of transchromosomic cattle immunised with a MERS coronavirus vaccine. Methods We did a phase 1 double-blind, placebo-controlled, single-dose escalation trial at the National Institutes of Health Clinical Center. We recruited healthy participants aged 18–60 years who had normal laboratory parameters at enrolment, a body-mass index of 19–32 kg/m2, and a creatinine clearance of 70 mL/min or more, and who did not have any chronic medical problems that required daily oral medications, a positive rheumatoid factor (≥15 IU/mL), IgA deficiency (<7 mg/dL), or history of allergy to intravenous immunoglobulin or human blood products. Participants were randomly assigned by a computer-generated table, made by a masked pharmacist, to one of six cohorts (containing between three and ten participants each). Cohorts 1 and 2 had three participants, randomly assigned 2:1 to receive active drug SAB-301 versus normal saline placebo; cohorts 3 and 4 had six participants randomised 2:1; and cohorts 5 and 6 had ten participants, randomised 4:1. Participants received 1 mg/kg, 2·5 mg/kg, 5 mg/kg, 10 mg/kg, 20 mg/kg, or 50 mg/kg of SAB-301, or equivalent volume placebo (saline control), on day 0, and were followed up by clinical, laboratory, and pharmacokinetic assessments on days 1, 3, 7, 21, 42, and 90. The primary outcome was safety, and immunogenicity was a secondary outcome. We analysed the intention-to-treat population. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT02788188. Findings Between June 2, 2016, and Jan 4, 2017, we screened 43 participants, of whom 38 were eligible and randomly assigned to receive SAB-301 (n=28) or placebo (n=10). 97 adverse events were reported: 64 adverse events occurred in 23 (82%) of 28 participants receiving SAB-301 (mean 2·3 adverse events per participant). 33 adverse events occurred in all ten participants receiving placebo (mean 3·3 adverse events per participant). The most common adverse events were headache (n=6 [21%] in participants who received SAB-301 and n=2 [20%] in those receiving placebo), albuminuria (n=5 [18%] vs n=2 [20%]), myalgia (n=3 [11%] vs n=1 [10%]), increased creatine kinase (n=3 [11%] vs 1 [10%]), and common cold (n=3 [11%] vs n=2 [20%]). There was one serious adverse event (hospital admission for suicide attempt) in one participant who received 50 mg/kg of SAB-301. The area under the concentration–time curve (AUC) in the 50 mg/kg dose (27 498 μg × days per mL) is comparable to the AUC that was associated with efficacy in a preclinical model. Interpretation Single infusions of SAB-301 up to 50 mg/kg appear to be safe and well tolerated in healthy participants. Human immunoglobulin derived from transchromosomic cattle could offer a new platform technology to produce fully human polyclonal IgG antibodies for other medical conditions. Funding National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, and Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29329957/ doi: 10.1016/s1473-3099(18)30002-1 id: cord-293505-1t3hg4wi author: Bernard-Stoecklin, Sibylle title: Comparative Analysis of Eleven Healthcare-Associated Outbreaks of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (Mers-Cov) from 2015 to 2017 date: 2019-05-14 words: 4165.0 sentences: 205.0 pages: flesch: 44.0 cache: ./cache/cord-293505-1t3hg4wi.txt txt: ./txt/cord-293505-1t3hg4wi.txt summary: Such large healthcare-associated (HCA) outbreaks have mainly been limited to the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) and the United Arabian Emirates (UAE) until the spring 2015, when a single imported case of MERS returning from the Middle East initiated a cluster of 186 cases in the Republic of Korea (ROK) across at least 17 hospitals and much of the country 18 . We analyzed epidemiological datasets of laboratory-confirmed MERS patients and focused our study on eleven healthcare-associated outbreaks that were reported in KSA and ROK since 2015, when policies and procedures for case identification and comprehensive contact identification and follow up became systematic and were implemented by affected countries. We defined a HCA-outbreak as the occurrence of 5 or more laboratory-confirmed MERS-CoV infections with reported epidemiologic links between cases and during which the human-to-human transmission events were documented within a single healthcare facility, with no more than 14 days apart between cases symptom onset. abstract: Since its emergence in 2012, 2,260 cases and 803 deaths due to Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) have been reported to the World Health Organization. Most cases were due to transmission in healthcare settings, sometimes causing large outbreaks. We analyzed epidemiologic and clinical data of laboratory-confirmed MERS-CoV cases from eleven healthcare-associated outbreaks in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and the Republic of Korea between 2015–2017. We quantified key epidemiological differences between outbreaks. Twenty-five percent (n = 105/422) of MERS cases who acquired infection in a hospital setting were healthcare personnel. In multivariate analyses, age ≥65 (OR 4.8, 95%CI: 2.6–8.7) and the presence of underlying comorbidities (OR: 2.7, 95% CI: 1.3–5.7) were associated with increased mortality whereas working as healthcare personnel was protective (OR 0.07, 95% CI: 0.01–0.34). At the start of these outbreaks, the reproduction number ranged from 1.0 to 5.7; it dropped below 1 within 2 to 6 weeks. This study provides a comprehensive characterization of MERS HCA-outbreaks. Our results highlight heterogeneities in the epidemiological profile of healthcare-associated outbreaks. The limitations of our study stress the urgent need for standardized data collection for high-threat respiratory pathogens, such as MERS-CoV. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31089148/ doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-43586-9 id: cord-335567-ssnvr6nj author: Berry, Michael title: Identification of New Respiratory Viruses in the New Millennium date: 2015-03-06 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: The rapid advancement of molecular tools in the past 15 years has allowed for the retrospective discovery of several new respiratory viruses as well as the characterization of novel emergent strains. The inability to characterize the etiological origins of respiratory conditions, particularly in children, led several researchers to pursue the discovery of the underlying etiology of disease. In 2001, this led to the discovery of human metapneumovirus (hMPV) and soon following that the outbreak of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) promoted an increased interest in coronavirology and the latter discovery of human coronavirus (HCoV) NL63 and HCoV-HKU1. Human bocavirus, with its four separate lineages, discovered in 2005, has been linked to acute respiratory tract infections and gastrointestinal complications. Middle East Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) represents the most recent outbreak of a completely novel respiratory virus, which occurred in Saudi Arabia in 2012 and presents a significant threat to human health. This review will detail the most current clinical and epidemiological findings to all respiratory viruses discovered since 2001. url: https://doi.org/10.3390/v7030996 doi: 10.3390/v7030996 id: cord-264653-ms6zrrnd author: Bhatnagar, Tarun title: Lopinavir/ritonavir combination therapy amongst symptomatic coronavirus disease 2019 patients in India: Protocol for restricted public health emergency use date: 2020-04-28 words: 2709.0 sentences: 163.0 pages: flesch: 48.0 cache: ./cache/cord-264653-ms6zrrnd.txt txt: ./txt/cord-264653-ms6zrrnd.txt summary: In view of the earlier evidence about effectiveness of repurposed lopinavir/ritonavir against severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) coronavirus (CoV), as well as preliminary docking studies conducted by the ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Pune, the Central Drugs Standard Control Organization approved the restricted public health use of lopinavir/ritonavir combination amongst symptomatic COVID-19 patients detected in the country. Hospitalized adult patients with laboratory-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection with any one of the following criteria will be eligible to receive lopinavir/ritonavir for 14 days after obtaining written informed consent: (i) respiratory distress with respiratory rate ≥22/min or SpO(2) of <94 per cent; (ii) lung parenchymal infiltrates on chest X-ray; (iii) hypotension defined as systolic blood pressure <90 mmHg or need for vasopressor/inotropic medication; (iv) new-onset organ dysfunction; and (v) high-risk groups age >60 yr, diabetes mellitus, renal failure, chronic lung disease and immunocompromised persons. abstract: As of February 29, 2020, more than 85,000 cases of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) have been reported from China and 53 other countries with 2,924 deaths. On January 30, 2020, the first laboratory-confirmed case of COVID was reported from Kerala, India. In view of the earlier evidence about effectiveness of repurposed lopinavir/ritonavir against severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) coronavirus (CoV), as well as preliminary docking studies conducted by the ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Pune, the Central Drugs Standard Control Organization approved the restricted public health use of lopinavir/ritonavir combination amongst symptomatic COVID-19 patients detected in the country. Hospitalized adult patients with laboratory-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection with any one of the following criteria will be eligible to receive lopinavir/ritonavir for 14 days after obtaining written informed consent: (i) respiratory distress with respiratory rate ≥22/min or SpO(2) of <94 per cent; (ii) lung parenchymal infiltrates on chest X-ray; (iii) hypotension defined as systolic blood pressure <90 mmHg or need for vasopressor/inotropic medication; (iv) new-onset organ dysfunction; and (v) high-risk groups - age >60 yr, diabetes mellitus, renal failure, chronic lung disease and immunocompromised persons. Patients will be monitored to document clinical (hospital length of stay and mortality at 14, 28 and 90 days), laboratory (presence of viral RNA in serial throat swab samples) and safety (adverse events and serious adverse events) outcomes. Treatment outcomes amongst initial cases would be useful in providing guidance about the clinical management of patients with COVID-19. If found useful in managing initial SARS-CoV-2-infected patients, further evaluation using a randomized control trial design is warranted to guide future therapeutic use of this combination. url: https://doi.org/10.4103/ijmr.ijmr_502_20 doi: 10.4103/ijmr.ijmr_502_20 id: cord-309081-v098m4dc author: Bin Saeed, Abdulaziz A. title: Surveillance and Testing for Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus, Saudi Arabia, April 2015–February 2016 date: 2017-04-17 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Saudi Arabia has reported >80% of the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) cases worldwide. During April 2015–February 2016, Saudi Arabia identified and tested 57,363 persons (18.4/10,000 residents) with suspected MERS-CoV infection; 384 (0.7%) tested positive. Robust, extensive, and timely surveillance is critical for limiting virus transmission. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28322710/ doi: 10.3201/eid2304.161793 id: cord-252883-1ub01j2x author: Bleibtreu, A. title: Focus on Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) date: 2019-11-11 words: 6231.0 sentences: 304.0 pages: flesch: 49.0 cache: ./cache/cord-252883-1ub01j2x.txt txt: ./txt/cord-252883-1ub01j2x.txt summary: Since the first case of human infection by the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) in Saudi Arabia in June 2012, more than 2260 cases of confirmed MERS-CoV infection and 803 related deaths have been reported since the 16th of October 2018. The first case of infection attributed to Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) was detected in Saudi Arabia in June 2012 [1] . Despite these viruses being identified in several reports as causing lower respiratory tract infections, it was generally accepted that coronaviruses were of low pathogenicity until the emergence of SARS-CoV (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus) in 2002, a virus with a fatality rate estimated at 10%. Very shortly afterwards, in September 2012, a second patient was admitted to hospital in the United Kingdom for severe respiratory infection related to a novel coronavirus following travel to the Middle East. Clinical features and viral diagnosis of two cases of infection with Middle East Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus: a report of nosocomial transmission abstract: Since the first case of human infection by the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) in Saudi Arabia in June 2012, more than 2260 cases of confirmed MERS-CoV infection and 803 related deaths have been reported since the 16th of October 2018. The vast majority of these cases (71%) were reported in Saudi Arabia but the epidemic has now spread to 27 countries and has not ceased 6 years later, unlike SARS-CoV that disappeared a little less than 2 years after emerging. Due to the high fatality rate observed in MERS-CoV infected patients (36%), much effort has been put into understanding the origin and pathophysiology of this novel coronavirus to prevent it from becoming endemic in humans. This review focuses in particular on the origin, epidemiology and clinical manifestations of MERS-CoV, as well as the diagnosis and treatment of infected patients. The experience gained over recent years on how to manage the different risks related to this kind of epidemic will be key to being prepared for future outbreaks of communicable disease. url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S0399077X19310546 doi: 10.1016/j.medmal.2019.10.004 id: cord-328366-new4d9jg author: Bleibtreu, A. title: Delayed management of Staphyloccocus aureus infective endocarditis in a Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus possible case hospitalized in 2015 in Paris, France date: 2017-06-30 words: 829.0 sentences: 53.0 pages: flesch: 54.0 cache: ./cache/cord-328366-new4d9jg.txt txt: ./txt/cord-328366-new4d9jg.txt summary: title: Delayed management of Staphyloccocus aureus infective endocarditis in a Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus possible case hospitalized in 2015 in Paris, France The risk of emerging infectious diseases such as Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) [1] and Ebola epidemics is growing not only as the result of changes in demographic, anthropological, ecological and economic conditions but also because of increasing connectedness and speed of movement in the modern world. In France, since 2012, 1524 patients were classified as possible cases, two were confirmed as MERS-CoV infection, of which one died [4] . A man in his sixties with possible MERS-CoV was admitted to our infectious diseases department at Bichat Claude Bernard Hospital in Paris in 2016. Twelve hours after admission (H12), based on the infectious disease clinical assessment, MERS-CoV diagnosis was no longer considered. Here, the suspicion of MERS-CoV led to a 12-hour delay in performing blood cultures because of isolation. abstract: nan url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmi.2016.11.021 doi: 10.1016/j.cmi.2016.11.021 id: cord-270534-ebkwv4zo author: Bodmer, Bianca S. title: Live-attenuated bivalent measles virus-derived vaccines targeting Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus induce robust and multifunctional T cell responses against both viruses in an appropriate mouse model date: 2018-06-11 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Cases of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) continue to occur, making it one of the WHO´s targets for accelerated vaccine development. One vaccine candidate is based on live-attenuated measles virus (MV) vaccine encoding the MERS-CoV spike glycoprotein (MERS-S). MV(vac2)-MERS-S(H) induces robust humoral and cellular immunity against MERS-S mediating protection. Here, the induction and nature of immunity after vaccination with MV(vac2)-MERS-S(H) or novel MV(vac2)-MERS-N were further characterized. We focused on the necessity for vector replication and the nature of induced T cells, since functional CD8(+) T cells contribute importantly to clearance of MERS-CoV. While no immunity against MERS-CoV or MV was detected in MV-susceptible mice after immunization with UV-inactivated virus, replication-competent MV(vac2)-MERS-S(H) triggered robust neutralizing antibody titers also in adult mice. Furthermore, a significant fraction of MERS CoV-specific CD8(+) T cells and MV-specific CD4(+) T cells simultaneously expressing IFN-γ and TNF-α were induced, revealing that MV(vac2)-MERS-S(H) induces multifunctional cellular immunity. url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0042682218301697 doi: 10.1016/j.virol.2018.05.028 id: cord-271244-6m8sbbi1 author: Bonilla-Aldana, D. Katterine title: SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV and now the 2019-novel CoV: Have we investigated enough about coronaviruses? – A bibliometric analysis date: 2020-02-29 words: 847.0 sentences: 47.0 pages: flesch: 56.0 cache: ./cache/cord-271244-6m8sbbi1.txt txt: ./txt/cord-271244-6m8sbbi1.txt summary: They were not considered to be highly pathogenic to humans until the outbreaks of severe acute respiratory syndrome corThe coronaviruses that circulated before that time in humans mostly caused mild infections in immunocompetent people [2] . In 2018, the World Health Organization (WHO) held its annual review of the Blueprint list of priority diseases, where coronaviruses were considered and included. These diseases, given their potential to cause public health emergencies of international concern (PHEIC) and the absence of efficacious drugs and vaccines, are considered to need accelerated research and development [3] . In conclusion, it is time to translate research findings into more effective measures, as with other priority diseases [7] , such as a vaccine or effective therapeutic options, aimed at controlling viruses with clear epidemic potential, and to prioritize those interventions, to reduce and control the negative impact of diseases such as those caused by CoV, including the new emerging 2019-nCoV. Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome -a bibliometric analysis of an emerging priority disease abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32007621/ doi: 10.1016/j.tmaid.2020.101566 id: cord-312038-g76cpjp7 author: Brunaugh, Ashlee D. title: Broad-Spectrum, Patient-Adaptable Inhaled Niclosamide-Lysozyme Particles are Efficacious Against Coronaviruses in Lethal Murine Infection Models date: 2020-10-07 words: 11043.0 sentences: 517.0 pages: flesch: 47.0 cache: ./cache/cord-312038-g76cpjp7.txt txt: ./txt/cord-312038-g76cpjp7.txt summary: Utilizing repurposed NIC, and with the goal of developing a therapeutically effective, rapidly scalable and globally distributable antiviral therapy to reduce the spread of SARS-CoV-2, we describe an inhalable NIC formulation that can be administered using three major models or respiratory tract delivery systems: DPI, nasal spray and nebulizer. At the highest dose tested (0.125 µg/mL NIC), Vero cells with an established MERS-CoV infection exhibited an 82.2% ± 0.8% decrease in viral load compared to untreated controls after 24-hours of exposure to NIC-hLYS particles ( Fig 1D) . While brain viral titres did not exhibit further reduction from levels noted in the preliminary efficacy study, the inoculation of Vero E6 cells with viral particles obtained from lung and brain homogenates of surviving animals resulted in no observation of CPE at any of the inoculum concentrations tested, which indicates that remaining viral particles were not active. abstract: Niclosamide (NIC) has demonstrated promising in vitro antiviral efficacy against SARS-CoV-2, the causative agent of the COVID-19 pandemic. Though NIC is already FDA-approved, the oral formulation produces systemic drug levels that are too low to inhibit SARS-CoV-2. As an alternative, direct delivery of NIC to the respiratory tract as an aerosol could target the primary site of for SARS-CoV-2 acquisition and spread. We have developed a niclosamide powder suitable for delivery via dry powder inhaler, nebulizer, and nasal spray through the incorporation of human lysozyme (hLYS) as a carrier molecule. This novel formulation exhibits potent in vitro and in vivo activity against MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 and may protect against methicillin-resistance staphylococcus aureus pneumonia and inflammatory lung damage occurring secondary to CoV infections. The suitability of the formulation for all stages of the disease and low-cost development approach will ensure wide-spread utilization url: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.09.24.310490 doi: 10.1101/2020.09.24.310490 id: cord-289003-vov6o1jx author: Burdet, C. title: Need for integrative thinking to fight against emerging infectious diseases. Proceedings of the 5th seminar on emerging infectious diseases, March 22, 2016 – current trends and proposals date: 2018-02-28 words: 8327.0 sentences: 327.0 pages: flesch: 46.0 cache: ./cache/cord-289003-vov6o1jx.txt txt: ./txt/cord-289003-vov6o1jx.txt summary: Abstract We present here the proceedings of the 5th seminar on emerging infectious diseases, held in Paris on March 22nd, 2016, with seven priority proposals that can be outlined as follows: encourage research on the prediction, screening and early detection of new risks of infection; develop research and surveillance concerning transmission of pathogens between animals and humans, with their reinforcement in particular in intertropical areas ("hot-spots") via public support; pursue aid development and support in these areas of prevention and training for local health personnel, and foster risk awareness in the population; ensure adapted patient care in order to promote adherence to treatment and to epidemic propagation reduction measures; develop greater awareness and better education among politicians and healthcare providers, in order to ensure more adapted response to new types of crises; modify the logic of governance, drawing from all available modes of communication and incorporating new information-sharing tools; develop economic research on the fight against emerging infectious diseases, taking into account specific driving factors in order to create a balance between preventive and curative approaches. abstract: Abstract We present here the proceedings of the 5th seminar on emerging infectious diseases, held in Paris on March 22nd, 2016, with seven priority proposals that can be outlined as follows: encourage research on the prediction, screening and early detection of new risks of infection; develop research and surveillance concerning transmission of pathogens between animals and humans, with their reinforcement in particular in intertropical areas (“hot-spots”) via public support; pursue aid development and support in these areas of prevention and training for local health personnel, and foster risk awareness in the population; ensure adapted patient care in order to promote adherence to treatment and to epidemic propagation reduction measures; develop greater awareness and better education among politicians and healthcare providers, in order to ensure more adapted response to new types of crises; modify the logic of governance, drawing from all available modes of communication and incorporating new information-sharing tools; develop economic research on the fight against emerging infectious diseases, taking into account specific driving factors in order to create a balance between preventive and curative approaches. url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respe.2017.08.001 doi: 10.1016/j.respe.2017.08.001 id: cord-291650-1qy6y7f0 author: Butt, Taimur S. title: Infection control and prevention practices implemented to reduce transmission risk of Middle East respiratory syndrome-coronavirus in a tertiary care institution in Saudi Arabia date: 2016-05-01 words: 2878.0 sentences: 169.0 pages: flesch: 44.0 cache: ./cache/cord-291650-1qy6y7f0.txt txt: ./txt/cord-291650-1qy6y7f0.txt summary: title: Infection control and prevention practices implemented to reduce transmission risk of Middle East respiratory syndrome-coronavirus in a tertiary care institution in Saudi Arabia A-IC measures include administrative support with daily rounds; infection control risk assessment; timely screening, isolation, and specimen analysis; collaboration; epidemic planning; stockpiling; implementation of contingency plans; full personal protective equipment use for advanced airway management; use of a real-time electronic isolation flagging system; infection prevention and control team on-call protocols; pretransfer MERS-CoV testing; and education. Areas of deficiencies addressed at the organization level include insufficient number of staff in highrisk areas, fit testing for high-efficiency particulate respirators (especially for ED, ICU, and direct patient care providers), overcrowding in the ED, ventilation systems in the ED, extended turnaround time of MERS-CoV test results, and awareness of the importance of early identification and isolation of suspected cases. abstract: BACKGROUND: Transmission of Middle East respiratory syndrome-coronavirus (MERS-CoV) among health care workers (HCWs) and patients has been documented with mortality rate approximating 36%. We propose advanced infection control measures (A-IC) used in conjunction with basic infection control measures (B-IC) help reduce pathogen transmission. B-IC include standard and transmission-based precautions. A-IC are initiatives implemented within our center to enhance effectiveness of B-IC. OBJECTIVE: Study effectiveness of combining B-IC and A-IC to prevent transmission of MERS-CoV to HCWs. METHODS: A retrospective observational study was undertaken. A-IC measures include administrative support with daily rounds; infection control risk assessment; timely screening, isolation, and specimen analysis; collaboration; epidemic planning; stockpiling; implementation of contingency plans; full personal protective equipment use for advanced airway management; use of a real-time electronic isolation flagging system; infection prevention and control team on-call protocols; pretransfer MERS-CoV testing; and education. RESULTS: A total of 874 real-time polymerase chain reaction MERS-CoV tests were performed during the period beginning July 1, 2013, and ending January 31, 2015. Six hundred ninety-four non-HCWs were tested, of these 16 tested positive for MERS-CoV and their infection was community acquired. Sixty-nine percent of the confirmed MERS-CoV-positive cases were men, with an average age of 56 years (range, 19-84 years). Of the total tested for MERS-CoV, 180 individuals were HCWs with zero positivity. CONCLUSIONS: Adhering to a combination of B-IC and A-IC reduces the risk of MERS-CoV transmission to HCWs. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26922892/ doi: 10.1016/j.ajic.2016.01.004 id: cord-346389-gbmnoo84 author: Callender, Lauren A. title: The Impact of Pre-existing Comorbidities and Therapeutic Interventions on COVID-19 date: 2020-08-11 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Evidence from the global outbreak of SARS-CoV-2 has clearly demonstrated that individuals with pre-existing comorbidities are at a much greater risk of dying from COVID-19. This is of great concern for individuals living with these conditions, and a major challenge for global healthcare systems and biomedical research. Not all comorbidities confer the same risk, however, many affect the function of the immune system, which in turn directly impacts the response to COVID-19. Furthermore, the myriad of drugs prescribed for these comorbidities can also influence the progression of COVID-19 and limit additional treatment options available for COVID-19. Here, we review immune dysfunction in response to SARS-CoV-2 infection and the impact of pre-existing comorbidities on the development of COVID-19. We explore how underlying disease etiologies and common therapies used to treat these conditions exacerbate COVID-19 progression. Moreover, we discuss the long-term challenges associated with the use of both novel and repurposed therapies for the treatment of COVID-19 in patients with pre-existing comorbidities. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32903476/ doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01991 id: cord-266313-b518n9dx author: Cao, Yu-chen title: Remdesivir for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 causing COVID-19: An evaluation of the evidence date: 2020-04-02 words: 5542.0 sentences: 262.0 pages: flesch: 48.0 cache: ./cache/cord-266313-b518n9dx.txt txt: ./txt/cord-266313-b518n9dx.txt summary: China has also taken immediate action to put remdesivir into clinical trials with the purpose of applying it into clinical therapeutics for Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). When we set our sights on the broad-spectrum antiviral drugs, we found that a drug unlisted, remdesivir, has demonstrated strength in trials related to MERS-CoV and Ebola virus infection. This article starts from the structure, immunogenicity, and pathogenesis of infection of the SARS-CoV-2, and then analyzes the feasibility of conducting trials and putting into clinical use of COVID-19 from the pharmacological characteristics and successful cases of remdesivir. Remdesivir (GS-5734) is a nucleoside analogues drug (Fig. 3B ) with extensive antiviral activity and effective treatment of lethal Ebola and Nipah virus infections in nonhuman primates [21] . The need of treatment on COVID-19 is urgent, so if the results of clinical trials prove it has the potential to benefit the treatment, according to China''s "Compassionate Use", remdesivir will be more immediately used in patients with severe illness. abstract: The novel coronavirus infection that initially found at the end of 2019 has attracted great attention. So far, the number of infectious cases has increased globally to more than 100 thousand and the outbreak has been defined as a pandemic situation, but there are still no “specific drug” available. Relevant reports have pointed out the novel coronavirus has 80% homology with SARS. In the difficulty where new synthesized drug cannot be applied immediately to patients, “conventional drug in new use” becomes a feasible solution. The first medication experience of the recovered patients in the US has led remdesivir to be the “specific drug”. China has also taken immediate action to put remdesivir into clinical trials with the purpose of applying it into clinical therapeutics for Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). We started from the structure, immunogenicity, and pathogenesis of coronavirus infections of the novel coronavirus. Further, we analyzed the pharmacological actions and previous trials of remdesivir to identify the feasibility of conducting experiments on COVID-19. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32247927/ doi: 10.1016/j.tmaid.2020.101647 id: cord-321259-wio2b49i author: Carmona-Gutierrez, Didac title: Digesting the crisis: autophagy and coronaviruses date: 2020-05-04 words: 4350.0 sentences: 243.0 pages: flesch: 35.0 cache: ./cache/cord-321259-wio2b49i.txt txt: ./txt/cord-321259-wio2b49i.txt summary: Of note, cellular manipulation of autophagic levels during infection may also reflect desperate attempts of the cell to reestablish homeostasis, either through restriction of viral entry by actively shunting endocytosis/endosomal trafficking (possibly resulting in autophagy reduction as a sideeffect) [39] or to counteract virally induced cell death by increasing cytoprotective autophagy. Thus, the group-specific accessory proteins, which by definition are not essential for viral replication but are involved in the modulation of host cells and immune evasion [66, 67] , may represent targets for reducing the autophagy-inhibitory effects of CoVs. The FDA-approved anti-malarial drugs chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine have been suggested to be repurposed for the treatment of COVID-19 [68] [69] [70] , but this remains widely controversial [71] [72] [73] . Intriguingly, another recent preprint presents in vitro data showing that SARS-CoV-2 infection restricts autophagy and that, in turn, pro-autophagic compounds -including spermidine -may inhibit viral propagation [85] . abstract: Autophagy is a catabolic pathway with multifaceted roles in cellular homeostasis. This process is also involved in the antiviral response at multiple levels, including the direct elimination of intruding viruses (virophagy), the presentation of viral antigens, the fitness of immune cells, and the inhibition of excessive inflammatory reactions. In line with its central role in immunity, viruses have evolved mechanisms to interfere with or to evade the autophagic process, and in some cases, even to harness autophagy or constituents of the autophagic machinery for their replication. Given the devastating consequences of the current COVID-19 pandemic, the question arises whether manipulating autophagy might be an expedient approach to fight the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2. In this piece, we provide a short overview of the evidence linking autophagy to coronaviruses and discuss whether such links may provide actionable targets for therapeutic interventions. url: https://doi.org/10.15698/mic2020.05.715 doi: 10.15698/mic2020.05.715 id: cord-297418-36j840wm author: Carneiro Leão, Jair title: Coronaviridae ‐ old friends, new enemy! date: 2020-05-31 words: 3978.0 sentences: 263.0 pages: flesch: 53.0 cache: ./cache/cord-297418-36j840wm.txt txt: ./txt/cord-297418-36j840wm.txt summary: However, in recent years, coronaviruses have given rise to significant diseases such as severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS-CoV) and Middle Eastern respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) SARS-CoV infected 8,000 people, from 2002 to 2003 and had a mortality rate of approximately 10% (Marra et al., 2003) . On the other hand, evolutionary analysis based on the ORF1a / 1b, S and N genes suggests that SARS-CoV-2 is more likely to be a new coronavirus that has been introduced independently from animals to humans due to the inherent mutation property of coronaviruses in nature (Lam et al., 2020) . Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is a human disease associated with severe pneumonia and as noted above is caused by SARS-Coronavirus (SARS-CoV) (Drosten et al., 2003) . The species Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus: classifying 2019-nCoV and naming it SARS-CoV-2 Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19): The epidemic and the challenges abstract: Coronaviridae is a family of single‐stranded positive enveloped RNA viruses. This article aimed to review the history of these viruses in the last 60 years since their discovery to understand what lessons can be learned from the past. A review of the PubMed database was carried out, describing taxonomy, classification, virology, genetic recombination, host adaptation, and main symptoms related to each type of virus. SARS‐CoV‐2 is responsible for the ongoing global pandemic, SARS‐CoV and MERS‐CoV were responsible for causing severe respiratory illness and regional epidemics in the past while the four other strains of CoVs (229‐E OC43, NL63, and HKU1) circulate worldwide and normally only cause mild upper respiratory tract infections. Given the enormous diversity of coronavirus viruses in wildlife and their continuous evolution and adaptation to humans, future outbreaks would undoubtedly occur. Restricting or banning all trade in wild animals in wet markets would be a necessary measure to reduce future zoonotic infections. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32475006/ doi: 10.1111/odi.13447 id: cord-018504-qqsmn72u author: Caron, Rosemary M. title: Public Health Lessons: Practicing and Teaching Public Health date: 2014-09-23 words: 9042.0 sentences: 571.0 pages: flesch: 52.0 cache: ./cache/cord-018504-qqsmn72u.txt txt: ./txt/cord-018504-qqsmn72u.txt summary: 5. How would you partner with the local health-care system (i.e., community health centers, hospitals, physician practices) to assure that they are following CDC testing guidelines and to assist with consistent outreach and prevention education efforts? Some examples of how public health works to prevent additional illness include identifying close contacts to the infected person and recommending prophylaxis medication to prevent them from becoming ill (antibiotics, antivirals, vaccine, etc.), providing disease prevention recommendations (washing hands, covering cough, etc.), recognizing outbreaks, and identifying and controlling their source (healthcare-associated outbreaks, foodborne outbreaks, etc.). Further investigation by the New Hampshire Department of Health and Human Services (NHDHHS) revealed that the cause of the outbreak was drug diversion ("…the stealing of narcotic pain medication intended for patients for self use"; NHDHHS 2013, p. abstract: The following four cases represent events that actually occurred at the local, statewide, national, and international levels. A general, succinct overview is provided of each case with references listed should the reader want to access additional resource materials. The concise format of these cases is intended to generate questions. Following the general overview of each case, I examine the lessons learned from the practitioner and educator perspective and I list the skills necessary to address the issues in the case. The reader will note that there are skills that are essential for the public health practitioner to master, whether one is in an internship, entry-level position, or the director of a public health organization and so these skills are consistently listed. I encourage the reader to regularly keep abreast of the news locally and abroad and to set aside time before a staff meeting or supervisory group meeting, or use the first few minutes of a class to discuss these issues. Ask your workforce or students, “Are we ready to handle such an event if it were to occur here?”; “What resources would we need to have accessible?”; “Have we partnered with the correct agencies in the community?”; “Do we have an established, trusted presence in the community?”; “Who else do we need on our team?”; “Do we need training in a specialty area, e.g., emergency preparedness?”; “What skills have we mastered and what skills do we need to obtain?” The discussion-based questions are endless but one runs the risk of not being prepared, either individually, or in their agency, should they not discuss how public health events are occurring around us daily. I encourage you to adapt these selected cases to use in your organization and/or classroom. Discussing these issues and reviewing the lessons learned will only help us to be better prepared public health practitioners and educators of public health students. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7123391/ doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-07290-6_4 id: cord-281364-syg0wo77 author: Caì, Yíngyún title: CD26/DPP4 Cell-Surface Expression in Bat Cells Correlates with Bat Cell Susceptibility to Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) Infection and Evolution of Persistent Infection date: 2014-11-19 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) is a recently isolated betacoronavirus identified as the etiologic agent of a frequently fatal disease in Western Asia, Middle East respiratory syndrome. Attempts to identify the natural reservoirs of MERS-CoV have focused in part on dromedaries. Bats are also suspected to be reservoirs based on frequent detection of other betacoronaviruses in these mammals. For this study, ten distinct cell lines derived from bats of divergent species were exposed to MERS-CoV. Plaque assays, immunofluorescence assays, and transmission electron microscopy confirmed that six bat cell lines can be productively infected. We found that the susceptibility or resistance of these bat cell lines directly correlates with the presence or absence of cell surface-expressed CD26/DPP4, the functional human receptor for MERS-CoV. Human anti-CD26/DPP4 antibodies inhibited infection of susceptible bat cells in a dose-dependent manner. Overexpression of human CD26/DPP4 receptor conferred MERS-CoV susceptibility to resistant bat cell lines. Finally, sequential passage of MERS-CoV in permissive bat cells established persistent infection with concomitant downregulation of CD26/DPP4 surface expression. Together, these results imply that bats indeed could be among the MERS-CoV host spectrum, and that cellular restriction of MERS-CoV is determined by CD26/DPP4 expression rather than by downstream restriction factors. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25409519/ doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0112060 id: cord-280350-ay4cnzn5 author: Chan, Jasper F.W. title: Broad-spectrum antivirals for the emerging Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus date: 2013-10-03 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: OBJECTIVES: Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) has emerged to cause fatal infections in patients in the Middle East and traveler-associated secondary cases in Europe and Africa. Person-to-person transmission is evident in outbreaks involving household and hospital contacts. Effective antivirals are urgently needed. METHODS: We used small compound-based forward chemical genetics to screen a chemical library of 1280 known drugs against influenza A virus in Biosafety Level-2 laboratory. We then assessed the anti-MERS-CoV activities of the identified compounds and of interferons, nelfinavir, and lopinavir because of their reported anti-coronavirus activities in terms of cytopathic effect inhibition, viral yield reduction, and plaque reduction assays in Biosafety Level-3 laboratory. RESULTS: Ten compounds were identified as primary hits in high-throughput screening. Only mycophenolic acid exhibited low EC(50) and high selectivity index. Additionally, ribavirin and interferons also exhibited in-vitro anti-MERS-CoV activity. The serum concentrations achievable at therapeutic doses of mycophenolic acid and interferon-β1b were 60–300 and 3–4 times higher than the concentrations at which in-vitro anti-MERS-CoV activities were demonstrated, whereas that of ribavirin was ∼2 times lower. Combination of mycophenolic acid and interferon-β1b lowered the EC(50) of each drug by 1–3 times. CONCLUSIONS: Interferon-β1b with mycophenolic acid should be considered in treatment trials of MERS. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24096239/ doi: 10.1016/j.jinf.2013.09.029 id: cord-263508-row2mn17 author: Chan, Jasper Fuk-Woo title: The emerging novel Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus: The “knowns” and “unknowns” date: 2013-07-21 words: 4344.0 sentences: 202.0 pages: flesch: 43.0 cache: ./cache/cord-263508-row2mn17.txt txt: ./txt/cord-263508-row2mn17.txt summary: Ten years after the devastating epidemic of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) caused by SARS coronavirus (SARS-CoV), which resulted in a total of 774 deaths among more than 8000 confirmed cases in over 30 countries, the world is facing a new challenge posted by a "SARS-like" infection caused by another novel coronavirus emerging from the Middle East, which was originally named human coronavirus EMC/2012 (HCoV-EMC) and recently renamed by the Coronavirus Study Group of the International Committee for Taxonomy of Viruses as Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV). 6,7,10e14 Although the number of laboratory-confirmed cases remains limited, the severe clinical manifestations with an unusually high mortality rate of over 50%, the spread of the infection beyond the geographical confinement in the Middle East, and the epidemiological evidence of human-to-human transmission arising from the recent clusters of cases in a family in the United Kingdom (Cases 10 to 12), and in hospitals in KSA (Cases 18 to 30, 32 and 33) and France (Cases 31 and 34), have raised significant concerns on the possible emergence of another SARS-like epidemic in the near future. abstract: A novel lineage C betacoronavirus, originally named human coronavirus EMC/2012 (HCoV-EMC) and recently renamed Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), that is phylogenetically closely related to Tylonycteris bat coronavirus HKU4 and Pipistrellus bat coronavirus HKU5, which we discovered in 2007 from bats in Hong Kong, has recently emerged in the Middle East to cause a severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-like infection in humans. The first laboratory-confirmed case, which involved a 60-year-old man from Bisha, the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA), who died of rapidly progressive community-acquired pneumonia and acute renal failure, was announced by the World Health Organization (WHO) on September 23, 2012. Since then, a total of 70 cases, including 39 fatalities, have been reported in the Middle East and Europe. Recent clusters involving epidemiologically-linked household contacts and hospital contacts in the Middle East, Europe, and Africa strongly suggested possible human-to-human transmission. Clinical and laboratory research data generated in the past few months have provided new insights into the possible animal reservoirs, transmissibility, and virulence of MERS-CoV, and the optimal laboratory diagnostic options and potential antiviral targets for MERS-CoV-associated infection. url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0929664613001770 doi: 10.1016/j.jfma.2013.05.010 id: cord-283709-y59h5bw8 author: Chan, Renee W Y title: Tropism and replication of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus from dromedary camels in the human respiratory tract: an in-vitro and ex-vivo study date: 2014-08-28 words: 4858.0 sentences: 225.0 pages: flesch: 53.0 cache: ./cache/cord-283709-y59h5bw8.txt txt: ./txt/cord-283709-y59h5bw8.txt summary: We aimed to compare MERS-CoV isolates from dromedaries in Saudi Arabia and Egypt with a prototype human MERS-CoV to assess virus replication competence and cell tropism in ex-vivo cultures of human bronchus and lung. INTERPRETATION: The similarity of virus tropism and replication competence of human and dromedary MERS-CoV from the Arabian peninsula, and genetically diverse dromedary viruses from Egypt, in ex-vivo cultures of the human respiratory tract suggests that dromedary viruses from Saudi Arabia and Egypt are probably infectious to human beings. We aimed to compare MERS-CoV isolates from dromedaries in Saudi Arabia and Egypt with the prototype human MERS-CoV EMC strain to assess virus replication competence and cell tropism in ex-vivo cultures of human bronchus and lung. To assess the infection potential of dromedary camel Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) strains for humans, genetic analysis should be complemented with phenotypic characterisation in physiologically relevant invitro cell cultures. abstract: BACKGROUND: Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) is a zoonotic infection causing severe viral pneumonia, with index cases having resided in or recently travelled to the Arabian peninsula, and is a global concern for public health. Limited human-to-human transmission, leading to some case clusters, has been reported. MERS-CoV has been reported in dromedary camels but phenotypic characterisation of such viruses is limited. We aimed to compare MERS-CoV isolates from dromedaries in Saudi Arabia and Egypt with a prototype human MERS-CoV to assess virus replication competence and cell tropism in ex-vivo cultures of human bronchus and lung. METHODS: We characterised MERS-CoV viruses from dromedaries in Saudi Arabia and Egypt and compared them with a human MERS-CoV reference strain. We assessed viral replication kinetics and competence in Vero-E6 cells (rhesus monkey), tissue tropism in cultures of ex-vivo human bronchial and lung tissues, and cytokine and chemokine induction, gene expression, and quantification of viral RNA in Calu-3 cells (human respiratory tract). We used mock-infected tissue as negative controls for ex-vivo experiments and influenza A H5N1 as a positive control for cytokine and chemokine induction experiments in Calu-3 cells. FINDINGS: We isolated three dromedary strains, two from Saudi Arabia (Dromedary/Al-Hasa-KFU-HKU13/2013 [AH13] and Dromedary/Al-Hasa-KFU-HKU19D/2013 [AH19D]), and one from Egypt (Dromedary/Egypt-NRCE-HKU270/2013 [NRCE-HKU270]). The human and dromedary MERS-CoV strains had similar viral replication competence in Vero-E6 cells and respiratory tropism in ex-vivo cultures of the human respiratory tract, and had similar ability to evade interferon responses in the human-respiratory-tract-derived cell line Calu-3. INTERPRETATION: The similarity of virus tropism and replication competence of human and dromedary MERS-CoV from the Arabian peninsula, and genetically diverse dromedary viruses from Egypt, in ex-vivo cultures of the human respiratory tract suggests that dromedary viruses from Saudi Arabia and Egypt are probably infectious to human beings. Exposure to zoonotic MERS-CoV is probably occurring in a wider geographical region beyond the Arabian peninsula. FUNDING: King Faisal University, Egyptian National Research Centre, Hong Kong Food and Health Bureau, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, and European Community Seventh Framework Program. url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2213260014701584 doi: 10.1016/s2213-2600(14)70158-4 id: cord-347460-9vechh4x author: Chang, Feng-Yee title: Immunologic aspects of characteristics, diagnosis, and treatment of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) date: 2020-06-04 words: 8050.0 sentences: 384.0 pages: flesch: 43.0 cache: ./cache/cord-347460-9vechh4x.txt txt: ./txt/cord-347460-9vechh4x.txt summary: Three components are crucial for SARS-CoV induced diseases: 1) the role of CD8+ T cells in defense against the virus, which causes apoptosis in the infected cells, 2) interactions of the virus with macrophages and dendritic cells, which initiate the early innate and subsequent adaptive immune responses, and 3) type I interferon (IFN) system, an innate response against viral infections, which can inhibit virus replication in the early phase. Existing information suggests that the SARS-CoV-infected airways and alveolar epithelial cells secrete abundant chemokines to attract immune cell infiltrations to the lungs, including macrophages and neutrophils, thereby causing damage due to high levels of proinflammatory cytokines and other mediators secreted by these cell types. After a decade of research on coronavirus, unfortunately, still there are no licensed vaccines, effective specific antivirals, nor drug combinations supported by high-level evidence to treat the infection, especially for newly emerging strains such as SARS-COV-2 [59] . abstract: On March 11, 2020, the World Health Organization declared the worldwide spread of the infectious disease COVID-19, caused by a new strain of coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, as a pandemic. Like in all other infectious diseases, the host immune system plays a key role in our defense against SARS-CoV-2 infection. However, viruses are able to evade the immune attack and proliferate and, in susceptible individuals, cause severe inflammatory response known as cytokine storm, particularly in the lungs. The advancement in our understanding of the mechanisms underlying the host immune responses promises to facilitate the development of approaches for prevention or treatment of diseases. Components of immune system, such as antibodies, can also be used to develop sensitive and specific diagnostic methods as well as novel therapeutic agents. In this review, we summarize our knowledge about how the host mounts immune responses to infection by SARS-CoV-2. We also describe the diagnostic methods being used for COVID-19 identification and summarize the current status of various therapeutic strategies, including vaccination, being considered for treatment of the disease. url: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12929-020-00663-w doi: 10.1186/s12929-020-00663-w id: cord-327685-fymfqvp3 author: Channappanavar, Rudragouda title: Pathogenic human coronavirus infections: causes and consequences of cytokine storm and immunopathology date: 2017-05-02 words: 5834.0 sentences: 288.0 pages: flesch: 33.0 cache: ./cache/cord-327685-fymfqvp3.txt txt: ./txt/cord-327685-fymfqvp3.txt summary: In contrast, highly pathogenic hCoVs such as severe acute respiratory syndrome CoV (SARS-CoV) and Middle East respiratory syndrome CoV (MERS-CoV) predominantly infect lower airways and cause fatal pneumonia. Severe pneumonia caused by pathogenic hCoVs is often associated with rapid virus replication, massive inflammatory cell infiltration and elevated pro-inflammatory cytokine/chemokine responses resulting in acute lung injury (ALI), and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Although there is no direct evidence for the involvement of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines in lung pathology during SARS and MERS, correlative evidence from patients with severe disease suggests a role for hyper-inflammatory responses in hCoV pathogenesis. Infection of non-human primates (NHPs) with SARS-CoV induced a dysregulated immune response resulting in increased disease severity in aged but not young NHPs, despite similar viral titers in the airways [67] . T cell responses are required for protection from clinical disease and for virus clearance in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-infected mice abstract: Human coronaviruses (hCoVs) can be divided into low pathogenic and highly pathogenic coronaviruses. The low pathogenic CoVs infect the upper respiratory tract and cause mild, cold-like respiratory illness. In contrast, highly pathogenic hCoVs such as severe acute respiratory syndrome CoV (SARS-CoV) and Middle East respiratory syndrome CoV (MERS-CoV) predominantly infect lower airways and cause fatal pneumonia. Severe pneumonia caused by pathogenic hCoVs is often associated with rapid virus replication, massive inflammatory cell infiltration and elevated pro-inflammatory cytokine/chemokine responses resulting in acute lung injury (ALI), and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Recent studies in experimentally infected animal strongly suggest a crucial role for virus-induced immunopathological events in causing fatal pneumonia after hCoV infections. Here we review the current understanding of how a dysregulated immune response may cause lung immunopathology leading to deleterious clinical manifestations after pathogenic hCoV infections. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28466096/ doi: 10.1007/s00281-017-0629-x id: cord-270077-mfl0iagr author: Chefer, Svetlana title: Modeling [(18)F]-FDG lymphoid tissue kinetics to characterize nonhuman primate immune response to Middle East respiratory syndrome-coronavirus aerosol challenge date: 2015-11-16 words: 4480.0 sentences: 225.0 pages: flesch: 52.0 cache: ./cache/cord-270077-mfl0iagr.txt txt: ./txt/cord-270077-mfl0iagr.txt summary: We used [(18)F]-FDG-PET/CT to investigate the host response developing in nonhuman primates after MERS-CoV exposure and applied kinetic modeling to monitor the influx rate constant (K(i)) in responsive lymphoid tissue. The [ 18 F]-FDG mean K i in bone marrow prior to MERS-CoV exposure was five-fold higher (0.03 ± 0.006 SD) compared to that observed in the LNs but did not follow the pattern of LN changes observed after virus challenge (Fig. 3b) . We monitored 18 F-FDG uptake primarily in lymphoid tissues at different locations in response to aerosol MERS-CoV challenge in NHPs. A group of mediastinal LNs showed a specific pattern of changes in K i up to 29 days post-virus exposure that correlates to K i changes in axillary lymph nodes. This study extends the use of kinetic modeling of [ 18 F]-FDG uptake during lung inflammation to host immune response after MERS-CoV exposure in rhesus macaques. abstract: BACKGROUND: The pathogenesis and immune response to Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) caused by a recently discovered coronavirus, MERS-CoV, have not been fully characterized because a suitable animal model is currently not available. (18)F-Fluorodeoxyglucose ([(18)F]-FDG)-positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) as a longitudinal noninvasive approach can be beneficial in providing biomarkers for host immune response. [(18)F]-FDG uptake is increased in activated immune cells in response to virus entry and can be localized by PET imaging. We used [(18)F]-FDG-PET/CT to investigate the host response developing in nonhuman primates after MERS-CoV exposure and applied kinetic modeling to monitor the influx rate constant (K(i)) in responsive lymphoid tissue. METHODS: Multiple [(18)F]-FDG-PET and CT images were acquired on a PET/CT clinical scanner modified to operate in a biosafety level 4 environment prior to and up to 29 days after MERS-CoV aerosol exposure. Time activity curves of various lymphoid tissues were reconstructed to follow the [(18)F]-FDG uptake for approximately 60 min (3,600 s). Image-derived input function was used to calculate K(i) for lymphoid tissues by Patlak plot. RESULTS: Two-way repeated measures analysis of variance revealed alterations in K(i) that was associated with the time point (p < 0.001) after virus exposure and the location of lymphoid tissue (p = 0.0004). As revealed by a statistically significant interaction (p < 0.0001) between these two factors, the pattern of K(i) changes over time differed between three locations but not between subjects. A distinguished pattern of statistically significant elevation in K(i) was observed in mediastinal lymph nodes (LNs) that correlated to K(i) changes in axillary LNs. Changes in LNs K(i) were concurrent with elevations of monocytes in peripheral blood. CONCLUSIONS: [(18)F]-FDG-PET is able to detect subtle changes in host immune response to contain a subclinical virus infection. Full quantitative analysis is the preferred approach rather than semiquantitative analysis using standardized uptake value for detection of the immune response to the virus. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL: The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13550-015-0143-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26573211/ doi: 10.1186/s13550-015-0143-x id: cord-337825-ujq9mxk7 author: Chen, Bin title: Overview of lethal human coronaviruses date: 2020-06-10 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Coronavirus infections of multiple origins have spread to date worldwide, causing severe respiratory diseases. Seven coronaviruses that infect humans have been identified: HCoV-229E, HCoV-OC43, HCoV-NL63, HCoV-HKU1, SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2. Among them, SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV caused outbreaks in 2002 and 2012, respectively. SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) is the most recently discovered. It has created a severe worldwide outbreak beginning in late 2019, leading to date to over 4 million cases globally. Viruses are genetically simple, yet highly diverse. However, the recent outbreaks of SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV, and the ongoing outbreak of SARS-CoV-2, indicate that there remains a long way to go to identify and develop specific therapeutic treatments. Only after gaining a better understanding of their pathogenic mechanisms can we minimize viral pandemics. This paper mainly focuses on SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2. Here, recent studies are summarized and reviewed, with a focus on virus–host interactions, vaccine-based and drug-targeted therapies, and the development of new approaches for clinical diagnosis and treatment. url: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41392-020-0190-2 doi: 10.1038/s41392-020-0190-2 id: cord-259347-3acsko74 author: Cheng, Qi title: Infectivity of human coronavirus in the brain date: 2020-05-28 words: 3981.0 sentences: 185.0 pages: flesch: 42.0 cache: ./cache/cord-259347-3acsko74.txt txt: ./txt/cord-259347-3acsko74.txt summary: A new strain of human coronaviruses (hCoVs), Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), has been identified to be responsible for the current outbreak of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Data from multiple hACE2 transgenic mouse models has revealed that SARS-CoV detection in the brain is significantly delayed compared to that within the lung, consistent with the initial establishment of infection within the respiratory system before dissemination to the CNS [21À23]. In addition, the detection of SARS-CoV in CSF of patients with neurological manifestation has also provided direct evidence for the neuroinvasion and neurovirulence of hCoVs. However, the role of the virus in the process of the disease in acute phase as well as in the long term still remains elusive. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection of mice transgenic for the human Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 virus receptor abstract: A new strain of human coronaviruses (hCoVs), Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), has been identified to be responsible for the current outbreak of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Though major symptoms are primarily generated from the respiratory system, neurological symptoms are being reported in some of the confirmed cases, raising concerns of its potential for intracranial invasion and neurological manifestations, both in the acute phase and in the long-term. At present, it remains unclear the extent to which SARS-CoV-2 is present in the brain, and if so, its pathogenic role in the central nervous system (CNS). Evidence for neuroinvasion and neurovirulence of hCoVs has been recognised in animal and human studies. Given that SARS-CoV-2 belongs to the same family and shares characteristics in terms of receptor binding properties, it is worthwhile exploring its potential CNS manifestations. This review summarises previous findings from hCoVs in relation to the CNS, and compares these with the new strain, aiming to provide a better understanding of the effects of SARS-CoV-2 on the CNS. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32474399/ doi: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2020.102799 id: cord-016451-k8m2xz0e author: Chertow, Daniel S. title: Influenza, Measles, SARS, MERS, and Smallpox date: 2020-01-03 words: 6141.0 sentences: 365.0 pages: flesch: 41.0 cache: ./cache/cord-016451-k8m2xz0e.txt txt: ./txt/cord-016451-k8m2xz0e.txt summary: Influenza, measles, SARS, MERS, and smallpox illnesses are caused by highly infectious viral pathogens that induce critical illness. Measles infects and disrupts tissues throughout the body; however, severe disease is primarily due to lower respiratory tract and neurological complications [72] . Global epidemiology of avian influenza A H5N1 virus infection in humans, 1997-2015: a systematic review of individual case data Transmission of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infections in healthcare settings Viral shedding and antibody response in 37 patients with Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection Viral RNA in blood as indicator of severe outcome in Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection Clinical features and viral diagnosis of two cases of infection with Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus: a report of nosocomial transmission Clinical course and outcomes of critically ill patients with Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection abstract: Influenza, measles, SARS, MERS, and smallpox illnesses are caused by highly infectious viral pathogens that induce critical illness. These biologically diverse viruses enter and replicate within host cells triggering viral- and host-mediated damage that results in pneumonia and multiorgan failure in severe cases. Early case identification and strict infection control limit healthcare transmission. Vaccination allowed smallpox eradication and limits global measles and seasonal influenza mortality. While SARS-coronavirus (CoV) is no longer circulating, MERS-CoV and zoonotic influenza viruses, with pandemic potential, remain persistent threats. Supportive critical care is the mainstay of treatment for severe disease due to these viral infections. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7120728/ doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-33803-9_5 id: cord-341620-nmrkhx5t author: Chirico, Francesco title: Can Air-Conditioning Systems Contribute to the Spread of SARS/MERS/COVID-19 Infection? Insights from a Rapid Review of the Literature date: 2020-08-20 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: The airborne transmission of SARS-CoV-2 is still debated. The aim of this rapid review is to evaluate the COVID-19 risk associated with the presence of air-conditioning systems. Original studies (both observational and experimental researches) written in English and with no limit on time, on the airborne transmission of SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2 coronaviruses that were associated with outbreaks, were included. Searches were made on PubMed/MEDLINE, PubMed Central (PMC), Google Scholar databases, and medRxiv. A snowball strategy was adopted to extend the search. Fourteen studies reporting outbreaks of coronavirus infection associated with the air-conditioning systems were included. All studies were carried out in the Far East. In six out the seven studies on SARS, the role of Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning (HVAC) in the outbreak was indirectly proven by the spatial and temporal pattern of cases, or by airflow-dynamics models. In one report on MERS, the contamination of HVAC by viral particles was demonstrated. In four out of the six studies on SARS-CoV-2, the diffusion of viral particles through HVAC was suspected or supported by computer simulation. In conclusion, there is sufficient evidence of the airborne transmission of coronaviruses in previous Asian outbreaks, and this has been taken into account in the guidelines released by organizations and international agencies for controlling the spread of SARS-CoV-2 in indoor environments. However, the technological differences in HVAC systems prevent the generalization of the results on a worldwide basis. The few COVID-19 investigations available do not provide sufficient evidence that the SARS-CoV-2 virus can be transmitted by HVAC systems. url: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17176052 doi: 10.3390/ijerph17176052 id: cord-272710-uq2idlca author: Cho, Chao-Cheng title: Macro Domain from Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) Is an Efficient ADP-ribose Binding Module: CRYSTAL STRUCTURE AND BIOCHEMICAL STUDIES date: 2016-01-05 words: 4121.0 sentences: 216.0 pages: flesch: 55.0 cache: ./cache/cord-272710-uq2idlca.txt txt: ./txt/cord-272710-uq2idlca.txt summary: title: Macro Domain from Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) Is an Efficient ADP-ribose Binding Module: CRYSTAL STRUCTURE AND BIOCHEMICAL STUDIES The newly emerging Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) encodes the conserved macro domain within non-structural protein 3. This study provides structural and biophysical bases to further evaluate the role of the MERS-CoV macro domain in the host response via ADP-ribose binding but also as a potential target for drug design. Variations in strength of the hydrogen bond and orientation of the side chain in Asp residues may result in differential binding affinities of ADP-ribose observed in macro domains of MERS-CoV (K d 2.95 M), SARS-CoV (K d 24 M) (36), and HCoV-229E (K d 28.9 M) (41) . Structural analysis revealed that differences in the context of hydrogen bonds formed by the conserved Asp with ADPribose and residues in ␣1 helices in macro domains of MERS-CoV, SARS-CoV, and HCoV-229E may result in differential binding affinities for ADP-ribose. abstract: The newly emerging Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) encodes the conserved macro domain within non-structural protein 3. However, the precise biochemical function and structure of the macro domain is unclear. Using differential scanning fluorimetry and isothermal titration calorimetry, we characterized the MERS-CoV macro domain as a more efficient adenosine diphosphate (ADP)-ribose binding module than macro domains from other CoVs. Furthermore, the crystal structure of the MERS-CoV macro domain was determined at 1.43-Å resolution in complex with ADP-ribose. Comparison of macro domains from MERS-CoV and other human CoVs revealed structural differences in the α1 helix alters how the conserved Asp-20 interacts with ADP-ribose and may explain the efficient binding of the MERS-CoV macro domain to ADP-ribose. This study provides structural and biophysical bases to further evaluate the role of the MERS-CoV macro domain in the host response via ADP-ribose binding but also as a potential target for drug design. url: http://www.jbc.org/content/291/10/4894.full.pdf doi: 10.1074/jbc.m115.700542 id: cord-277337-ij0dn77h author: Cho, Hae-Wol title: Outbreak of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome in Korea? date: 2015-08-28 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: nan url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phrp.2015.08.005 doi: 10.1016/j.phrp.2015.08.005 id: cord-295971-jtv1jj2z author: Cho, Sun Young title: MERS-CoV outbreak following a single patient exposure in an emergency room in South Korea: an epidemiological outbreak study date: 2016-07-09 words: 4637.0 sentences: 208.0 pages: flesch: 56.0 cache: ./cache/cord-295971-jtv1jj2z.txt txt: ./txt/cord-295971-jtv1jj2z.txt summary: BACKGROUND: In 2015, a large outbreak of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infection occurred following a single patient exposure in an emergency room at the Samsung Medical Center, a tertiary-care hospital in Seoul, South Korea. INTERPRETATION: Our results showed increased transmission potential of MERS-CoV from a single patient in an overcrowded emergency room and provide compelling evidence that health-care facilities worldwide need to be prepared for emerging infectious diseases. Excluding three patients with confi rmed MERS-CoV infection who were not identifi ed in the initial patient contact investigation (appendix p 5), the overall attack rate for patients in the emergency room was 4% (30 of 675). No MERS-CoV infection was reported in patients and visitors who had been in the emergency room on May 29 during the time period when they were exposed only to zones II (n=81) or III (n=15), while Patient 14 was confi ned to zone IV. abstract: BACKGROUND: In 2015, a large outbreak of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infection occurred following a single patient exposure in an emergency room at the Samsung Medical Center, a tertiary-care hospital in Seoul, South Korea. We aimed to investigate the epidemiology of MERS-CoV outbreak in our hospital. METHODS: We identified all patients and health-care workers who had been in the emergency room with the index case between May 27 and May 29, 2015. Patients were categorised on the basis of their exposure in the emergency room: in the same zone as the index case (group A), in different zones except for overlap at the registration area or the radiology suite (group B), and in different zones (group C). We documented cases of MERS-CoV infection, confirmed by real-time PCR testing of sputum samples. We analysed attack rates, incubation periods of the virus, and risk factors for transmission. FINDINGS: 675 patients and 218 health-care workers were identified as contacts. MERS-CoV infection was confirmed in 82 individuals (33 patients, eight health-care workers, and 41 visitors). The attack rate was highest in group A (20% [23/117] vs 5% [3/58] in group B vs 1% [4/500] in group C; p<0·0001), and was 2% (5/218) in health-care workers. After excluding nine cases (because of inability to determine the date of symptom onset in six cases and lack of data from three visitors), the median incubation period was 7 days (range 2–17, IQR 5–10). The median incubation period was significantly shorter in group A than in group C (5 days [IQR 4–8] vs 11 days [6–12]; p<0·0001). There were no confirmed cases in patients and visitors who visited the emergency room on May 29 and who were exposed only to potentially contaminated environment without direct contact with the index case. The main risk factor for transmission of MERS-CoV was the location of exposure. INTERPRETATION: Our results showed increased transmission potential of MERS-CoV from a single patient in an overcrowded emergency room and provide compelling evidence that health-care facilities worldwide need to be prepared for emerging infectious diseases. FUNDING: None. url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0140673616306237 doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(16)30623-7 id: cord-296026-6qtip2ga author: Cho, Sung-il title: Urgent Call for Research on Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) in Korea date: 2015-07-31 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: nan url: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.15.047 doi: 10.3961/jpmph.15.047 id: cord-284057-pdjz4z8z author: Choi, Jeong Sil title: Crisis prevention and management by infection control nurses during the Middle East respiratory coronavirus outbreak in Korea date: 2016-04-01 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: A Middle East respiratory coronavirus (MERS-CoV) outbreak occurred in Korea between June 20 and July 28, 2015. A total of 186 patients were confirmed as being infected with MERS-CoV, 36 of whom died. Infection control nurses referred to hospital guidelines to address the screening and isolation needs of patients and instigated a variety of infection control activities to prevent MERS-CoV transmission at the frontlines of patient care. Their concerted effort is believed to have been instrumental in ending the outbreak. url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S0196655315011189 doi: 10.1016/j.ajic.2015.10.032 id: cord-318448-3bkp1mtj author: Choi, Jun Yong title: An Outbreak of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Infection in South Korea, 2015 date: 2015-09-01 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26256957/ doi: 10.3349/ymj.2015.56.5.1174 id: cord-353121-ot7jsx20 author: Choi, Jun Yong title: Absence of neutralizing activity in serum 1 year after successful treatment with antivirals and recovery from MERS in South Korea date: 2019-01-31 words: 1390.0 sentences: 82.0 pages: flesch: 55.0 cache: ./cache/cord-353121-ot7jsx20.txt txt: ./txt/cord-353121-ot7jsx20.txt summary: We evaluated the neutralizing activity in serum from three patients >1 year after recovery from Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) associated with mild pneumonia treated with antivirals during the MERS outbreak in South Korea at 2015. We evaluated the neutralizing activity in serum from three patients >1 year after recovery from Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) associated with mild pneumonia treated with antivirals during the MERS outbreak in South Korea at 2015. So, significant neutralizing activity was not demonstrated in any sera of three patients with mild pneumonia >1 year after being successfully treated with antiviral agents and recovering from MERS coronavirus infection. So, significant neutralizing activity was not demonstrated in any sera of three patients with mild pneumonia >1 year after being successfully treated with antiviral agents and recovering from MERS coronavirus infection. In conclusion, neutralizing activity was not demonstrated in any sera of three patients with mild pneumonia >1 year after being successfully treated with antiviral agents and recovering from MERS-CoV infection. abstract: We evaluated the neutralizing activity in serum from three patients >1 year after recovery from Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) associated with mild pneumonia treated with antivirals during the MERS outbreak in South Korea at 2015. The neutralizing activity in serum was measured by pseudovirus inhibition assays. Three-fold diluted serum of subjects showed only 9.7%, 10.3%, and 2.2% reductions in relative light units. So, significant neutralizing activity was not demonstrated in any sera of three patients with mild pneumonia >1 year after being successfully treated with antiviral agents and recovering from MERS coronavirus infection. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30775355/ doi: 10.7774/cevr.2019.8.1.86 id: cord-288859-19jwawrm author: Choi, S. title: High reproduction number of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus in nosocomial outbreaks: mathematical modelling in Saudi Arabia and South Korea date: 2017-09-25 words: 3137.0 sentences: 180.0 pages: flesch: 56.0 cache: ./cache/cord-288859-19jwawrm.txt txt: ./txt/cord-288859-19jwawrm.txt summary: title: High reproduction number of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus in nosocomial outbreaks: mathematical modelling in Saudi Arabia and South Korea Therefore, the IDEA model was used to evaluate and compare the MERS R 0 values from the outbreaks in both KSA and South Korean hospitals. Since the IDEA model is parameterized using epidemic generation time, incidence case counts were aggregated at serial intervals of six, seven and eight days in the present study [10] . The IDEA model was fitted to the daily KSA and Korea MERS-CoV case data according to the onset date. Figure 3 shows that the IDEA model provided well-fitted curves for the cumulative data regarding South Korean MERS symptom-onset dates for all cases. The present study used the IDEA model to estimate R 0 values from the MERS outbreaks in KSA and South Korea. Best-fit reproduction number (R 0 ) by serial intervals of Middle East respiratory syndrome in South Korea, 2015, using the incidence decay with exponential adjustment model. abstract: BACKGROUND: Effective countermeasures against emerging infectious diseases require an understanding of transmission rate and basic reproduction number (R(0)). R(0) for severe acute respiratory syndrome is generally considered to be >1, whereas that for Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) is considered to be <1. However, this does not explain the large-scale outbreaks of MERS that occurred in Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) and South Korean hospitals. Aim: To estimate R(0) in nosocomial outbreaks of MERS. METHODS: R(0) was estimated using the incidence decay with an exponential adjustment model. The KSA and Korean outbreaks were compared using a line listing of MERS cases compiled using publicly available sources. Serial intervals to estimate R(0) were assumed to be six to eight days. Study parameters [R(0) and countermeasures (d)] were estimated by fitting a model to the cumulative incidence epidemic curves using Matlab. FINDINGS: The estimated R(0) in Korea was 3.9 in the best-fit model, with a serial interval of six days. The first outbreak cluster in a hospital in Pyeongtaek had an R(0) of 4.04, and the largest outbreak cluster in a hospital in Samsung had an R(0) of 5.0. Assuming a six-day serial interval, the KSA outbreaks in Jeddah and Riyadh had R(0) values of 3.9 and 1.9, respectively. CONCLUSION: R(0) for the nosocomial MERS outbreaks in KSA and South Korea was estimated to be in the range of 2–5, which is significantly higher than the previous estimate of <1. Therefore, more comprehensive countermeasures are needed to address these infections. url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S0195670117305261 doi: 10.1016/j.jhin.2017.09.017 id: cord-337066-pztrwvib author: Choi, Won Suk title: Clinical Presentation and Outcomes of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome in the Republic of Korea date: 2016-06-30 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: BACKGROUND: From May to July 2015, the Republic of Korea experienced the largest outbreak of Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) outside the Arabian Peninsula. A total of 186 patients, including 36 deaths, had been diagnosed with MERS-coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infection as of September 30th, 2015. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We obtained information of patients who were confirmed to have MERS-CoV infection. MERS-CoV infection was diagnosed using real-time reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction assay. RESULTS: The median age of the patients was 55 years (range, 16 to 86). A total of 55.4% of the patients had one or more coexisting medical conditions. The most common symptom was fever (95.2%). At admission, leukopenia (42.6%), thrombocytopenia (46.6%), and elevation of aspartate aminotransferase (42.7%) were observed. Pneumonia was detected in 68.3% of patients at admission and developed in 80.8% during the disease course. Antiviral agents were used for 74.7% of patients. Mechanical ventilation, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, and convalescent serum were employed for 24.5%, 7.1%, and 3.8% of patients, respectively. Older age, presence of coexisting medical conditions including diabetes or chronic lung disease, presence of dyspnea, hypotension, and leukocytosis at admission, and the use of mechanical ventilation were revealed to be independent predictors of death. CONCLUSION: The clinical features of MERS-CoV infection in the Republic of Korea were similar to those of previous outbreaks in the Middle East. However, the overall mortality rate (20.4%) was lower than that in previous reports. Enhanced surveillance and active management of patients during the outbreak may have resulted in improved outcomes. url: https://doi.org/10.3947/ic.2016.48.2.118 doi: 10.3947/ic.2016.48.2.118 id: cord-325261-bdumhy5b author: Clemente, Valentino title: Deubiquitinating Enzymes in Coronaviruses and Possible Therapeutic Opportunities for COVID-19 date: 2020-05-15 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Following the outbreak of novel severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-coronavirus (CoV)2, the majority of nations are struggling with countermeasures to fight infection, prevent spread and improve patient survival. Considering that the pandemic is a recent event, no large clinical trials have been possible and since coronavirus specific drug are not yet available, there is no strong consensus on how to treat the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) associated viral pneumonia. Coronaviruses code for an important multifunctional enzyme named papain-like protease (PLP), that has many roles in pathogenesis. First, PLP is one of the two viral cysteine proteases, along with 3-chymotripsin-like protease, that is responsible for the production of the replicase proteins required for viral replication. Second, its intrinsic deubiquitinating and deISGylating activities serve to antagonize the host’s immune response that would otherwise hinder infection. Both deubiquitinating and deISGylating functions involve the removal of the small regulatory polypeptides, ubiquitin and ISG15, respectively, from target proteins. Ubiquitin modifications can regulate the innate immune response by affecting regulatory proteins, either by altering their stability via the ubiquitin proteasome pathway or by directly regulating their activity. ISG15 is a ubiquitin-like modifier with pleiotropic effects, typically expressed during the host cell immune response. PLP inhibitors have been evaluated during past coronavirus epidemics, and have showed promising results as an antiviral therapy in vitro. In this review, we recapitulate the roles of PLPs in coronavirus infections, report a list of PLP inhibitors and suggest possible therapeutic strategies for COVID-19 treatment, using both clinical and preclinical drugs. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32429099/ doi: 10.3390/ijms21103492 id: cord-328000-i9tzr13z author: Cockrell, Adam S. title: Modeling pathogenesis of emergent and pre-emergent human coronaviruses in mice date: 2018-07-24 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: The emergence of highly pathogenic human coronaviruses (hCoVs) in the last two decades has illuminated their potential to cause high morbidity and mortality in human populations and disrupt global economies. Global pandemic concerns stem from their high mortality rates, capacity for human-to-human spread by respiratory transmission, and complete lack of approved therapeutic countermeasures. Limiting disease may require the development of virus-directed and host-directed therapeutic strategies due to the acute etiology of hCoV infections. Therefore, understanding how hCoV–host interactions cause pathogenic outcomes relies upon mammalian models that closely recapitulate the pathogenesis of hCoVs in humans. Pragmatism has largely been the driving force underpinning mice as highly effective mammalian models for elucidating hCoV–host interactions that govern pathogenesis. Notably, tractable mouse genetics combined with hCoV reverse genetic systems has afforded the concomitant manipulation of virus and host genetics to evaluate virus–host interaction networks in disease. In addition to assessing etiologies of known hCoVs, mouse models have clinically predictive value as tools to appraise potential disease phenotypes associated with pre-emergent CoVs. Knowledge of CoV pathogenic potential before it crosses the species barrier into the human population provides a highly desirable preclinical platform for addressing global pathogen preparedness, an overarching directive of the World Health Organization. Although we recognize that results obtained in robust mouse models require evaluation in non-human primates, we focus this review on the current state of hCoV mouse models, their use as tractable complex genetic organisms for untangling complex hCoV–host interactions, and as pathogenesis models for preclinical evaluation of novel therapeutic interventions. url: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00335-018-9760-9 doi: 10.1007/s00335-018-9760-9 id: cord-349781-l93978vq author: Cong, Yu title: MERS-CoV pathogenesis and antiviral efficacy of licensed drugs in human monocyte-derived antigen-presenting cells date: 2018-03-22 words: 5653.0 sentences: 311.0 pages: flesch: 51.0 cache: ./cache/cord-349781-l93978vq.txt txt: ./txt/cord-349781-l93978vq.txt summary: Little is known about the pathogenesis and innate antiviral response in primary human monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs) and dendritic cells (MDDCs) upon MERS-CoV infection. In this study, we assessed MERS-CoV replication as well as induction of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines in MDMs and immature and mature MDDCs. Immature MDDCs and MDMs were permissive for MERS-CoV infection, while mature MDDCs were not, with stimulation of proinflammatory cytokine and chemokine upregulation in MDMs, but not in MDDCs. To further evaluate the antiviral activity of well-defined drugs in primary antigen presenting cells (APCs), three compounds (chloroquine, chlorpromazine and toremifine), each with broad-spectrum antiviral activity in immortalized cell lines, were evaluated in MDMs and MDDCs to determine their antiviral effect on MERS-CoV infection. However, MERS-CoV continued to propagate in immature MDDCs up to 8 days pi, demonstrating differential infection and replication capabilities in MDMs and immature MDDCs. To compare the ability of MERS-CoV to induce innate immune responses in three types of APCs, the release of cytokines and chemokines was measured from virus-or mock-infected cells. abstract: Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) presents an emerging threat to public health worldwide by causing severe respiratory disease in humans with high virulence and case fatality rate (about 35%) since 2012. Little is known about the pathogenesis and innate antiviral response in primary human monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs) and dendritic cells (MDDCs) upon MERS-CoV infection. In this study, we assessed MERS-CoV replication as well as induction of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines in MDMs and immature and mature MDDCs. Immature MDDCs and MDMs were permissive for MERS-CoV infection, while mature MDDCs were not, with stimulation of proinflammatory cytokine and chemokine upregulation in MDMs, but not in MDDCs. To further evaluate the antiviral activity of well-defined drugs in primary antigen presenting cells (APCs), three compounds (chloroquine, chlorpromazine and toremifine), each with broad-spectrum antiviral activity in immortalized cell lines, were evaluated in MDMs and MDDCs to determine their antiviral effect on MERS-CoV infection. While chloroquine was not active in these primary cells, chlorpromazine showed strong anti-MERS-CoV activity, but it was associated with high cytotoxicity narrowing the potential window for drug utilization. Unlike in established cells, toremifene had marginal activity when tested in antigen presenting cells, with high apparent cytotoxicity, also limiting its potential as a therapeutic option. These results demonstrate the value of testing drugs in primary cells, in addition to established cell lines, before initiating preclinical or clinical studies for MERS treatment and the importance of carefully assessing cytotoxicity in drug screen assays. Furthermore, these studies also highlight the role of APCs in stimulating a robust protective immune response to MERS-CoV infection. url: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0194868 doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0194868 id: cord-309089-ex9nh1yi author: Coperchini, Francesca title: The Cytokine storm in COVID-19: An overview of the involvement of the chemokine/chemokine-receptor system date: 2020-05-11 words: 6132.0 sentences: 303.0 pages: flesch: 43.0 cache: ./cache/cord-309089-ex9nh1yi.txt txt: ./txt/cord-309089-ex9nh1yi.txt summary: Since the first reports on COVID-19 disease, it appeared clear that Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) accounted for a significant number of deaths among infected patients and that ARDS should be regarded as the hallmark immune-mediated clinical consequence in SARS-CoV-2, similarly to what described for SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV infections [11] . As shown by previous data in the literature, increased circulating levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (eg, Interferon γ, interleukin (IL-) 1B, IL-6, IL-12) and chemokines (CXCL10, and CCL2) are associated with pulmonary inflammation and extensive lung involvement in SARS patients, similarly to what happens in MERS-CoV infection [13] . In mice infected with SARS-CoV, the clinical features of the syndrome showed an age-dependent increase in severity (similarly to what observed in humans), which was related to an increased level of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, paralleled by a reduction in T-cell responses [78] . abstract: In 2019-2020 a new coronavirus named SARS-CoV-2 was identified as the causative agent of a several acute respiratory infection named COVID-19, which is causing a worldwide pandemic. There are still many unresolved questions regarding the pathogenesis of this disease and especially the reasons underlying the extremely different clinical course, ranging from asymptomatic forms to severe manifestations, including the Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS). SARS-CoV-2 showed phylogenetic similarities to both SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV viruses, and some of the clinical features are shared between COVID-19 and previously identified beta-coronavirus infections. Available evidence indicate that the so called “cytokine storm” an uncontrolled over-production of soluble markers of inflammation which, in turn, sustain an aberrant systemic inflammatory response, is a major responsible for the occurrence of ARDS. Chemokines are low molecular weight proteins with powerful chemoattractant activity which play a role in the immune cell recruitment during inflammation. This review will be aimed at providing an overview of the current knowledge on the involvement of the chemokine/chemokine-receptor system in the cytokine storm related to SARS-CoV-2 infection. Basic and clinical evidences obtained from previous SARS and MERS epidemics and available data from COVID-19 will be taken into account. url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1359610120300927?v=s5 doi: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2020.05.003 id: cord-312670-hi3fjne4 author: Corman, V. M. title: Coronaviren als Ursache respiratorischer Infektionen date: 2019-08-27 words: 2307.0 sentences: 257.0 pages: flesch: 49.0 cache: ./cache/cord-312670-hi3fjne4.txt txt: ./txt/cord-312670-hi3fjne4.txt summary: Zusätzlich zu diesen ständig im Menschen zirkulierenden Varianten wurden in den vergangenen Jahren zwei CoV im Menschen gefunden, nämlich SARS-CoV und MERS-CoV, die aus dem Tierreservoir auf den Menschen übergegangen sind und bei einem deutlich größeren Anteil der Infizierten schwere virale Pneumonien mit tödlichem Verlauf auslösen [25, 28] . Obwohl die Mehrzahl der Infektionen mit den vier endemischen CoV nur leichte Atemwegserkrankungen verursacht, können alle HCoV auch schwere Hier steht eine Anzeige. Inwiefern diese sekundären Infektionen auf die intensivmedizinische Behandlung und Beatmung zurückzuführen sind oder ein spezifisches grundsätzliches Risiko einer CoV-Infektion darstellen, ist noch nicht verstanden. Jedoch ist eine spezifische Labordiagnostik bei Verdacht auf eine Infektion mit endemi-schen CoV bei harmlosem Verlauf und Patienten ohne besonderes Risiko für die Entstehung von Komplikationen auch nicht indiziert. Bei der typischerweise unspezifischen Klinik von MERS-CoV-Infektionen sollte auch die Möglichkeit einer Infektion mit anderen Pathogenen in Betracht gezogen werden [26] . RKI (2015) Schwere respiratorische Erkrankungen in Verbindung mit Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV). abstract: BACKGROUND: There are six human pathogenic coronaviruses (CoV), which mainly cause infections of the respiratory system. In everyday clinical practice, it is helpful to know the relevance and characteristics of these pathogens. OBJECTIVE: To present the epidemiology, clinical picture and differences of human pathogenic CoV and to provide information on the diagnostics and treatment of patients suspected of having CoV infections. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Selective literature search, presentation of results and discussion of fundamental works and expert recommendations, including publications by the World Health Organization (WHO), the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) and the Robert Koch Institute. RESULTS: The four endemic human CoVs (HCoV-NL63, HCoV-229E, HCoV-OC43 and HCoV-HKU1) mainly cause mild respiratory tract infections. In addition to these four endemic HCoV, the two epidemic CoV, severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-CoV and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS)-CoV can cause severe pneumonia. The SARS-CoV has not been detected in humans in the last 15 years and MERS-CoV has been circulating mainly on the Arabian Peninsula since 2012; however, neither a specific treatment nor approved vaccines exist for any of the six human pathogenic CoVs. CONCLUSION: All six human CoVs can be diagnosed using RT-PCR on respiratory specimens but this is rarely necessary for the four endemic strains. In current clinical practice SARS-CoV has no importance as it has not been detected in humans for 15 years; however, a possible MERS-CoV infection should be taken into account in patients with typical symptoms and travel history to endemic regions. In this case, rapid diagnostic and general hygiene practices are important to prevent further transmission. url: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00108-019-00671-5 doi: 10.1007/s00108-019-00671-5 id: cord-353342-2n6kqyeo author: Corman, Victor M. title: Viral Shedding and Antibody Response in 37 Patients With Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Infection date: 2016-02-15 words: 4046.0 sentences: 223.0 pages: flesch: 52.0 cache: ./cache/cord-353342-2n6kqyeo.txt txt: ./txt/cord-353342-2n6kqyeo.txt summary: title: Viral Shedding and Antibody Response in 37 Patients With Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Infection The Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) coronavirus causes isolated cases and outbreaks of severe respiratory disease. We studied 37 adult patients infected with MERS coronavirus for viral load in the lower and upper respiratory tracts (LRT and URT, respectively), blood, stool, and urine. Quantitative data, such as viral loads and antibody titers, could enable comparisons with related diseases, in particular, severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), for which studies of natural history were conducted in the aftermath of the 2002-2003 epidemic [7] . DISCUSSION We studied quantitative viral excretion and serum antibody kinetics of a substantial group of hospitalized patients infected with MERS-CoV. Detection of SARS coronavirus in patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome by conventional and real-time quantitative reverse transcription-PCR assays abstract: Background. The Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) coronavirus causes isolated cases and outbreaks of severe respiratory disease. Essential features of the natural history of disease are poorly understood. Methods. We studied 37 adult patients infected with MERS coronavirus for viral load in the lower and upper respiratory tracts (LRT and URT, respectively), blood, stool, and urine. Antibodies and serum neutralizing activities were determined over the course of disease. Results. One hundred ninety-nine LRT samples collected during the 3 weeks following diagnosis yielded virus RNA in 93% of tests. Average (maximum) viral loads were 5 × 10(6) (6 × 10(10)) copies/mL. Viral loads (positive detection frequencies) in 84 URT samples were 1.9 × 10(4) copies/mL (47.6%). Thirty-three percent of all 108 serum samples tested yielded viral RNA. Only 14.6% of stool and 2.4% of urine samples yielded viral RNA. All seroconversions occurred during the first 2 weeks after diagnosis, which corresponds to the second and third week after symptom onset. Immunoglobulin M detection provided no advantage in sensitivity over immunoglobulin G (IgG) detection. All surviving patients, but only slightly more than half of all fatal cases, produced IgG and neutralizing antibodies. The levels of IgG and neutralizing antibodies were weakly and inversely correlated with LRT viral loads. Presence of antibodies did not lead to the elimination of virus from LRT. Conclusions. The timing and intensity of respiratory viral shedding in patients with MERS closely matches that of those with severe acute respiratory syndrome. Blood viral RNA does not seem to be infectious. Extrapulmonary loci of virus replication seem possible. Neutralizing antibodies do not suffice to clear the infection. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26565003/ doi: 10.1093/cid/civ951 id: cord-343184-kptkmgdm author: Crameri, Gary title: Experimental Infection and Response to Rechallenge of Alpacas with Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus date: 2016-06-17 words: 1606.0 sentences: 77.0 pages: flesch: 47.0 cache: ./cache/cord-343184-kptkmgdm.txt txt: ./txt/cord-343184-kptkmgdm.txt summary: title: Experimental Infection and Response to Rechallenge of Alpacas with Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus We conducted a challenge/rechallenge trial in which 3 alpacas were infected with Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus. However, the alpaca, a close relative within the Camelidae family, may provide a temperamentally suitable and valuable animal model for MERS-CoV infection, particularly for developing and testing vaccine candidates for camels. We found no previous MERS-CoV challenge trial reported in alpacas, so we chose a preliminary dose and rechallenge time on the basis of our experience with other virus infection trials for other emerging infectious diseases (8) . Our challenge/rechallenge trial was planned as a first stage in the assessment of the alpaca as a potential surrogate for camels for MERS-CoV vaccine testing. Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus neutralising serum antibodies in dromedary camels: a comparative serological study Infection, replication, and transmission of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus in alpacas abstract: We conducted a challenge/rechallenge trial in which 3 alpacas were infected with Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus. The alpacas shed virus at challenge but were refractory to further shedding at rechallenge on day 21. The trial indicates that alpacas may be suitable models for infection and shedding dynamics of this virus. url: https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2206.160007 doi: 10.3201/eid2206.160007 id: cord-354272-99vw735a author: DARLING, N. D. title: Retrospective, epidemiological cluster analysis of the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) epidemic using open source data date: 2017-10-24 words: 3548.0 sentences: 154.0 pages: flesch: 49.0 cache: ./cache/cord-354272-99vw735a.txt txt: ./txt/cord-354272-99vw735a.txt summary: title: Retrospective, epidemiological cluster analysis of the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) epidemic using open source data In an effort to better understand the patterns of transmission, a retrospective analysis of epidemiological clusters identified throughout the ongoing MERS-CoV epidemic was conducted using open-source data. Several key search terms were utilized to capture all cluster-related literature, including ''MERS-CoV'', ''nosocomial'', ''cluster'', ''transmission'', ''superspreader'', ''contact tracing'', and ''healthcare worker''. An exported cluster was defined as any cluster that resulted from verified travel of an index case (from an area of known MERS-CoV transmission) within one incubation period (14 days) of symptom onset. If a case was reported from the city during the estimated time in which there was ongoing nosocomial transmission, had no travel or camel exposure in the 14 days prior to illness onset, and had no known household contact with a confirmed MERS-CoV case, the case was included in the case count for that particular nosocomial cluster. abstract: The Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) is caused by a novel coronavirus discovered in 2012. Since then, 1806 cases, including 564 deaths, have been reported by the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) and affected countries as of 1 June 2016. Previous literature attributed increases in MERS-CoV transmission to camel breeding season as camels are likely the reservoir for the virus. However, this literature review and subsequent analysis indicate a lack of seasonality. A retrospective, epidemiological cluster analysis was conducted to investigate increases in MERS-CoV transmission and reports of household and nosocomial clusters. Cases were verified and associations between cases were substantiated through an extensive literature review and the Armed Forces Health Surveillance Branch's Tiered Source Classification System. A total of 51 clusters were identified, primarily nosocomial (80·4%) and most occurred in KSA (45·1%). Clusters corresponded temporally with the majority of periods of greatest incidence, suggesting a strong correlation between nosocomial transmission and notable increases in cases. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29061208/ doi: 10.1017/s0950268817002345 id: cord-327867-1wkbjtji author: Da''ar, Omar B. title: Underlying trend, seasonality, prediction, forecasting and the contribution of risk factors: an analysis of globally reported cases of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus date: 2018-06-11 words: 3186.0 sentences: 164.0 pages: flesch: 49.0 cache: ./cache/cord-327867-1wkbjtji.txt txt: ./txt/cord-327867-1wkbjtji.txt summary: title: Underlying trend, seasonality, prediction, forecasting and the contribution of risk factors: an analysis of globally reported cases of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus This study set out to identify and analyse trends and seasonal variations of monthly global reported cases of the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV). This study set out to identify trends and seasonal variations; made a prediction based on the globally reported cases of the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), extrapolated into the future by forecasting the trend and assessed contributions of various risk factors for the MERS-CoV cases. Using linear time series models and their application to the modelling and prediction of the globally reported MERS-CoV data, the present study identified trends, analysed seasonality, predicted and forecast evolution of MERS-CoV cases and assessed the contribution of various risk factors. abstract: This study set out to identify and analyse trends and seasonal variations of monthly global reported cases of the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV). It also made a prediction based on the reported and extrapolated into the future by forecasting the trend. Finally, the study assessed contributions of various risk factors in the reported cases. The motivation for this study is that MERS-CoV remains among the list of blueprint priority and potential pandemic diseases globally. Yet, there is a paucity of empirical literature examining trends and seasonality as the available evidence is generally descriptive and anecdotal. The study is a time series analysis using monthly global reported cases of MERS-CoV by the World Health Organisation between January 2015 and January 2018. We decomposed the series into seasonal, irregular and trend components and identified patterns, smoothened series, generated predictions and employed forecasting techniques based on linear regression. We assessed contributions of various risk factors in MERS-CoV cases over time. Successive months of the MERS-CoV cases suggest a significant decreasing trend (P = 0.026 for monthly series and P = 0.047 for Quarterly series). The MERS-CoV cases are forecast to wane by end 2018. Seasonality component of the cases oscillated below or above the baseline (the centred moving average), but no association with the series over time was noted. The results revealed contributions of risk factors such as camel contact, male, old age and being from Saudi Arabia and Middle East regions to the overall reported cases of MERS-CoV. The trend component and several risk factors for global MERS-CoV cases, including camel contact, male, age and geography/region significantly affected the series. Our statistical models appear to suggest significant predictive capacity and the findings may well inform healthcare practitioners and policymakers about the underlying dynamics that produced the globally reported MERS-CoV cases. url: https://doi.org/10.1017/s0950268818001541 doi: 10.1017/s0950268818001541 id: cord-324324-8ybfiz8f author: Decaro, Nicola title: Novel human coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2): A lesson from animal coronaviruses date: 2020-04-14 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: The recent pandemic caused by the novel human coronavirus, referrred to as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), not only is having a great impact on the health care systems and economies in all continents but it is also causing radical changes of common habits and life styles. The novel coronavirus (CoV) recognises, with high probability, a zoonotic origin but the role of animals in the SARS-CoV-2 epidemiology is still largely unknown. However, CoVs have been known in animals since several decades, so that veterinary coronavirologists have a great expertise on how to face CoV infections in animals, which could represent a model for SARS-CoV-2 infection in humans. In the present paper, we provide an up-to-date review of the literature currently available on animal CoVs, focusing on the molecular mechanisms that are responsible for the emergence of novel CoV strains with different antigenic, biologic and/or pathogenetic features. A full comprehension of the mechanisms driving the evolution of animal CoVs will help better understand the emergence, spreading, and evolution of SARS-CoV-2. url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378113520302935 doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2020.108693 id: cord-326718-jboiufoq author: Deming, Meagan E. title: COVID-19 and Lessons to Be Learned from Prior Coronavirus Outbreaks date: 2020-07-17 words: 2539.0 sentences: 121.0 pages: flesch: 41.0 cache: ./cache/cord-326718-jboiufoq.txt txt: ./txt/cord-326718-jboiufoq.txt summary: In addition, three novel CoVs have emerged as zoonotic human infections in the past 17 years; SARS-CoV, Middle East respiratory syndrome CoV (MERS-CoV), and the 2019 novel CoV (SARS-CoV-2) (2) have each been associated with lower respiratory symptoms, progressing in a subset of individuals to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and death. Interestingly NL63, an hCoV that also uses angiotensin converting enzyme 2 as the host receptor, but typically causes mild upper respiratory disease, was the cause of a cluster of severe pediatric pneumonias in China in 2018, during which half of the patients were identified with viruses containing a specific substitution in the spike glycoprotein that enhanced binding to and entry via angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (4). It can be hypothesized that the spike glycoprotein of SARS-CoV-2, with its PERSPECTIVE structural similarity and higher affinity binding to angiotensin converting enzyme 2, provokes a similar mechanism of lung pathology leading to ARDS with severe COVID-19. abstract: nan url: https://doi.org/10.1513/annalsats.202002-149ps doi: 10.1513/annalsats.202002-149ps id: cord-312434-yx24golq author: Deng, Ziqin title: Bibliometric and Visualization Analysis of Human Coronaviruses: Prospects and Implications for COVID-19 Research date: 2020-09-23 words: 6219.0 sentences: 294.0 pages: flesch: 49.0 cache: ./cache/cord-312434-yx24golq.txt txt: ./txt/cord-312434-yx24golq.txt summary: Here, we apply bibliometric analysis along with visualization tools to analyze 15,207 publications related to human coronavirus from the Scopus database, using indicators on publication and citation, journal, country or territory, affiliation and international cooperation, author, and keyword co-occurrence cluster. Therefore, in order to accurately, effectively and systematically reveal connections within the human coronavirus field, our study applied bibliometrics and visualization methods to analyze human coronaviruses-related publications and citations, countries and affiliations, as well as journal performance, author impact and keyword cooccurrence cluster. According to these keywords, human coronavirus diseases like "SARS, " "MERS" and COVID-19 may have something worthwhile for comparison with other "infectious diseases" like "influenza" in their epidemiological characteristics; "healthcare workers, " "transmission, " "surveillance, " "quarantine, " or "isolation" may be the focuses of these studies, which can help to promote current disease control and prevention measures. abstract: Human coronaviruses, which can cause a range of infectious diseases, have been studied for nearly 60 years. The field has gained renewed interest from researchers around the world due to the COVID-19 outbreak in late 2019. Despite a large amount of research, little is known about the knowledge structure and developing trends of this topic. Here, we apply bibliometric analysis along with visualization tools to analyze 15,207 publications related to human coronavirus from the Scopus database, using indicators on publication and citation, journal, country or territory, affiliation and international cooperation, author, and keyword co-occurrence cluster. The results show that research on human coronavirus is dominated by SARS-CoV. Although there have been many publications, only 626 publications (4.1% of total) have more than 100 citations. The top 20 journals with most publications account for 20.6% of total publications and 41% of total citations. In addition to the United States and some European countries, many Asian and African countries are involved in this research, with China holding an important position in this area. Leading researchers from various fields of human coronavirus research are listed to facilitate collaboration and promote effective disease prevention and control. The keywords co-occurrence analysis reveals that the research focus on virology, public health, drugs and other hotspot fields, and uncovers changes in the direction of coronavirus research. The research map on human coronavirus obtained by our analysis are expected to help researchers to efficiently and effectively explore COVID-19. url: https://doi.org/10.3389/fcimb.2020.581404 doi: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.581404 id: cord-308340-p2iqzyv4 author: Devitt, Elizabeth title: Lack of small animal model hinders MERS coronavirus research date: 2013-08-06 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23921729/ doi: 10.1038/nm0813-952 id: cord-279255-v861kk0i author: Dhama, Kuldeep title: Coronavirus Disease 2019–COVID-19 date: 2020-06-24 words: 23862.0 sentences: 1164.0 pages: flesch: 44.0 cache: ./cache/cord-279255-v861kk0i.txt txt: ./txt/cord-279255-v861kk0i.txt summary: Recently, a new type of viral infection emerged in Wuhan City, China, and initial genomic sequencing data of this virus do not match with previously sequenced CoVs, suggesting a novel CoV strain (2019-nCoV), which has now been termed severe acute respiratory syndrome CoV-2 (SARS-CoV-2). Compared to diseases caused by previously known human CoVs, COVID-19 shows less severe pathogenesis but higher transmission competence, as is evident from the continuously increasing number of confirmed cases globally. Recently, a novel coronavirus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), causing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID19) , emerged in late 2019, and it has posed a global health threat, causing an ongoing pandemic in many countries and territories (1) . Health workers worldwide are currently making efforts to control further disease outbreaks caused by the novel CoV (originally named 2019-nCoV), which was first identified in Wuhan City, Hubei Province, China, on 12 December 2019. abstract: In recent decades, several new diseases have emerged in different geographical areas, with pathogens including Ebola virus, Zika virus, Nipah virus, and coronaviruses (CoVs). Recently, a new type of viral infection emerged in Wuhan City, China, and initial genomic sequencing data of this virus do not match with previously sequenced CoVs, suggesting a novel CoV strain (2019-nCoV), which has now been termed severe acute respiratory syndrome CoV-2 (SARS-CoV-2). Although coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is suspected to originate from an animal host (zoonotic origin) followed by human-to-human transmission, the possibility of other routes should not be ruled out. Compared to diseases caused by previously known human CoVs, COVID-19 shows less severe pathogenesis but higher transmission competence, as is evident from the continuously increasing number of confirmed cases globally. Compared to other emerging viruses, such as Ebola virus, avian H7N9, SARS-CoV, and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), SARS-CoV-2 has shown relatively low pathogenicity and moderate transmissibility. Codon usage studies suggest that this novel virus has been transferred from an animal source, such as bats. Early diagnosis by real-time PCR and next-generation sequencing has facilitated the identification of the pathogen at an early stage. Since no antiviral drug or vaccine exists to treat or prevent SARS-CoV-2, potential therapeutic strategies that are currently being evaluated predominantly stem from previous experience with treating SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and other emerging viral diseases. In this review, we address epidemiological, diagnostic, clinical, and therapeutic aspects, including perspectives of vaccines and preventive measures that have already been globally recommended to counter this pandemic virus. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32580969/ doi: 10.1128/cmr.00028-20 id: cord-327063-ea7a1xfl author: Dhama, Kuldeep title: SARS-CoV-2 jumping the species barrier: zoonotic lessons from SARS, MERS and recent advances to combat this pandemic virus date: 2020-08-02 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by SARS-CoV-2 (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome - Coronavirus-2) of the family Coronaviridae, appeared in China in December 2019. This disease was declared as posing Public Health International Emergency by World Health Organization on January 30, 2020, attained the status of a very high-risk category on February 29, and now having a pandemic status (March 11). COVID-19 has presently spread to more than 215 countries/territories while killing nearly 0.62 million humans out of cumulative confirmed infected asymptomatic or symptomatic cases accounting to almost 15 million as of July 22, 2020, within a short period of just a few months. Researchers worldwide are pacing with high efforts to counter the spread of this virus and to design effective vaccines and therapeutics/drugs. Few of the studies have shown the potential of the animal-human interface and zoonotic links in the origin of SARS-CoV-2. Exploring the possible zoonosis and revealing the factors responsible for its initial transmission from animals to humans will pave ways to design and implement effective preventive and control strategies to counter the COVID-19. The present review presents a comprehensive overview of COVID-19 and SARS-CoV-2, with emphasis on the role of animals and their jumping the cross-species barriers, experiences learned from SARS- and MERS-CoVs, zoonotic links, and spillover events, transmission to humans and rapid spread, and highlights the new advances in diagnosis, vaccine and therapies, preventive and control measures, one health concept along with recent research developments to counter this pandemic disease. url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S1477893920303264 doi: 10.1016/j.tmaid.2020.101830 id: cord-309010-tmfm5u5h author: Dietert, Kristina title: Spectrum of pathogen- and model-specific histopathologies in mouse models of acute pneumonia date: 2017-11-20 words: 7842.0 sentences: 414.0 pages: flesch: 34.0 cache: ./cache/cord-309010-tmfm5u5h.txt txt: ./txt/cord-309010-tmfm5u5h.txt summary: Here, we systematically describe and compare the distinctive histopathological features of established models of acute pneumonia in mice induced by Streptococcus (S.) pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Legionella pneumophila, Escherichia coli, Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) coronavirus, influenza A virus (IAV) and superinfection of IAV-incuced pneumonia with S. Systematic comparisons of the models revealed striking differences in the distribution of lesions, the characteristics of pneumonia induced, principal inflammatory cell types, lesions in adjacent tissues, and the detectability of the pathogens in histological sections. Transnasal infection with MERS-CoV following adenoviral transduction of human DPP4 yielded an expansive, (Fig 7A) interstitial pneumonia with severe alveolar epithelial cell necrosis and infiltration of mainly macrophages, lymphocytes, and fewer neutrophils (Fig 7B) . Different mouse models of acute pneumonia differ widely, with an obvious strong dependence on pathogen-specific features of virulence and spread, route of infection, infectious dose and other factors. abstract: Pneumonia may be caused by a wide range of pathogens and is considered the most common infectious cause of death in humans. Murine acute lung infection models mirror human pathologies in many aspects and contribute to our understanding of the disease and the development of novel treatment strategies. Despite progress in other fields of tissue imaging, histopathology remains the most conclusive and practical read out tool for the descriptive and semiquantitative evaluation of mouse pneumonia and therapeutic interventions. Here, we systematically describe and compare the distinctive histopathological features of established models of acute pneumonia in mice induced by Streptococcus (S.) pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Legionella pneumophila, Escherichia coli, Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) coronavirus, influenza A virus (IAV) and superinfection of IAV-incuced pneumonia with S. pneumoniae. Systematic comparisons of the models revealed striking differences in the distribution of lesions, the characteristics of pneumonia induced, principal inflammatory cell types, lesions in adjacent tissues, and the detectability of the pathogens in histological sections. We therefore identified core criteria for each model suitable for practical semiquantitative scoring systems that take into account the pathogen- and model-specific patterns of pneumonia. Other critical factors that affect experimental pathologies are discussed, including infectious dose, time kinetics, and the genetic background of the mouse strain. The substantial differences between the model-specific pathologies underscore the necessity of pathogen- and model-adapted criteria for the comparative quantification of experimental outcomes. These criteria also allow for the standardized validation and comparison of treatment strategies in preclinical models. url: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0188251 doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0188251 id: cord-344246-sf9cymhc author: Diriba, Kuma title: The effect of coronavirus infection (SARS-CoV-2, MERS-CoV, and SARS-CoV) during pregnancy and the possibility of vertical maternal–fetal transmission: a systematic review and meta-analysis date: 2020-09-04 words: 5141.0 sentences: 253.0 pages: flesch: 46.0 cache: ./cache/cord-344246-sf9cymhc.txt txt: ./txt/cord-344246-sf9cymhc.txt summary: Previous outbreaks of coronaviruses include the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-CoV epidemic in 2003 [2] and the Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS)-CoV in 2012 [3] , while the newly emergent coronavirus, initially referred to as 2019-nCoV and subsequently termed SARS-CoV-2, the disease it produces has been termed COVID-19, which causes respiratory infection and can progress to severe pneumonia and, in a small number of cases, death [4] . A systematic review and meta-analysis was aimed to assess the effect of coronavirus infection (SARS-CoV-2, MERS-CoV, and SARS-CoV) during pregnancy and its possibility of vertical maternal-fetal transmission following the methodological framework suggested by Arksey and O''Malley [15] . The primary outcome variable of this study was the pregnancy outcomes observed, listed as follows: preterm birth (PTB; either before 37 or 34 weeks of gestation), preeclampsia, preterm prelabor rupture of membranes, (pPROM), fetal growth restriction (FGR), miscarriage, maternal death, mode of delivery and other clinical feature, laboratory findings and coexisting disease. An analysis of 38 pregnant women with COVID-19, their newborn infants, and maternal-fetal transmission of SARS-CoV-2: maternal coronavirus infections and pregnancy outcomes abstract: BACKGROUND: Coronavirus is challenging the global health care system from time to time. The pregnant state, with alterations in hormone levels and decreased lung volumes due to a gravid uterus and slightly immunocompromised state may predispose patients to a more rapidly deteriorating clinical course and can get a greater risk of harm for both the mother and fetus. Therefore, this systematic review was aimed to assess the effect of coronavirus infection (SARS-CoV-2, MERS-CoV, and SARS-CoV) during pregnancy and its possibility of vertical maternal–fetal transmission. METHODS: A systematic search was conducted on PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, Google Scholar and the Cochrane Library until the end of April. All authors independently extracted all necessary data using excel spreadsheet form. Only published articles with fully accessible data on pregnant women infected with SARS-CoV, MARS-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2 were included. Data on clinical manifestations, maternal and perinatal outcomes were extracted and analyzed. RESULT: Out of 879 articles reviewed, 39 studies involving 1316 pregnant women were included. The most common clinical features were fever, cough, and myalgia with prevalence ranging from 30 to 97%, while lymphocytopenia and C-reactive protein were the most common abnormal laboratory findings (55–100%). Pneumonia was the most diagnosed clinical symptom of COVID-19 and non-COVID-19 infection with prevalence ranged from 71 to 89%. Bilateral pneumonia (57.9%) and ground-glass opacity (65.8%) were the most common CT imaging reported. The most common treatment options used were hydroxychloroquine (79.7%), ribavirin (65.2%), and oxygen therapy (78.8%). Regarding maternal outcome, the rate of preterm birth < 37 weeks of gestation was 14.3%, preeclampsia (5.9%), miscarriage (14.5%, preterm premature rupture of membranes (9.2%) and fetal growth restriction (2.8%). From the total coronavirus infected pregnant women, 56.9% delivered by cesarean, 31.3% admitted to ICU, while 2.7% were died. Among the perinatal outcomes, fetal distress rated (26.5%), neonatal asphyxia rated (1.4%). Only, 1.2% of neonates had apgar score < 7 at 5 min. Neonate admitted to ICU was rated 11.3%, while the rate of perinatal death was 2.2%. In the current review, none of the studies reported transmission of CoV from the mother to the fetus in utero during the study period. CONCLUSION: Coronavirus infection is more likely to affect pregnant women. Respiratory infectious diseases have demonstrated an increased risk of adverse maternal obstetrical complications than the general population due to physiological changes occurred during pregnancy. None of the studies reported transmission of CoV from the mother to the fetus in utero, which may be due to a very low expression of angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 in early maternal–fetal interface cells. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32887660/ doi: 10.1186/s40001-020-00439-w id: cord-305175-1wg0wodr author: Dolzhikova, I. V. title: Preclinical Studies of Immunogenity, Protectivity, and Safety of the Combined Vector Vaccine for Prevention of the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome date: 2020 words: 4488.0 sentences: 198.0 pages: flesch: 44.0 cache: ./cache/cord-305175-1wg0wodr.txt txt: ./txt/cord-305175-1wg0wodr.txt summary: Studies of its immunogenicity have shown that vaccination of animals (mice and primates) induces a robust humoral immune response that lasts for at least six months. A study of the vaccine protectivity conducted in a model of transgenic mice carrying the human DPP4 receptor gene showed that our vaccination protected 100% of the animals from the lethal infection caused by the MERS-CoV virus (MERS-CoV EMC/2012, 100LD(50) per mouse). For this Studies of the immunogenicity of the combined vector vaccine revealed the induction of long-term humoral immunity in mice, while the mean titer of glycoprotein-specific antibodies equaled 1 : 121,775 two weeks after vaccination at a dose of 10 7 v.p. per mouse. [13] , immunization of transgenic mice carrying the human DPP4 receptor gene with a ChAdOx1 MERS vaccine at a dose 10 8 v.p. per mouse was shown to protect 100% of the animals from a lethal infection with MERS-CoV. abstract: The Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) is an acute inflammatory disease of the respiratory system caused by the MERS-CoV coronavirus. The mortality rate for MERS is about 34.5%. Due to its high mortality rate, the lack of therapeutic and prophylactic agents, and the continuing threat of the spread of MERS beyond its current confines, developing a vaccine is a pressing task, because vaccination would help limit the spread of MERS and reduce its death toll. We have developed a combined vector vaccine for the prevention of MERS based on recombinant human adenovirus serotypes 26 and 5. Studies of its immunogenicity have shown that vaccination of animals (mice and primates) induces a robust humoral immune response that lasts for at least six months. Studies of the cellular immune response in mice after vaccination showed the emergence of a specific CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cell response. A study of the vaccine protectivity conducted in a model of transgenic mice carrying the human DPP4 receptor gene showed that our vaccination protected 100% of the animals from the lethal infection caused by the MERS-CoV virus (MERS-CoV EMC/2012, 100LD(50) per mouse). Studies of the safety and tolerability of the developed vaccine in rodents, rabbits, and primates showed a good safety profile and tolerance in animals; they revealed no contraindications for clinical testing. url: https://doi.org/10.32607/actanaturae.11042 doi: 10.32607/actanaturae.11042 id: cord-279557-hk77e3pp author: Drosten, Christian title: Clinical features and virological analysis of a case of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection date: 2013-06-17 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: BACKGROUND: The Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) is an emerging virus involved in cases and case clusters of severe acute respiratory infection in the Arabian Peninsula, Tunisia, Morocco, France, Italy, Germany, and the UK. We provide a full description of a fatal case of MERS-CoV infection and associated phylogenetic analyses. METHODS: We report data for a patient who was admitted to the Klinikum Schwabing (Munich, Germany) for severe acute respiratory infection. We did diagnostic RT-PCR and indirect immunofluorescence. From time of diagnosis, respiratory, faecal, and urine samples were obtained for virus quantification. We constructed a maximum likelihood tree of the five available complete MERS-CoV genomes. FINDINGS: A 73-year-old man from Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates, was transferred to Klinikum Schwabing on March 19, 2013, on day 11 of illness. He had been diagnosed with multiple myeloma in 2008, and had received several lines of treatment. The patient died on day 18, due to septic shock. MERS-CoV was detected in two samples of bronchoalveolar fluid. Viral loads were highest in samples from the lower respiratory tract (up to 1·2 × 10(6) copies per mL). Maximum virus concentration in urine samples was 2691 RNA copies per mL on day 13; the virus was not present in the urine after renal failure on day 14. Stool samples obtained on days 12 and 16 contained the virus, with up to 1031 RNA copies per g (close to the lowest detection limit of the assay). One of two oronasal swabs obtained on day 16 were positive, but yielded little viral RNA (5370 copies per mL). No virus was detected in blood. The full virus genome was combined with four other available full genome sequences in a maximum likelihood phylogeny, correlating branch lengths with dates of isolation. The time of the common ancestor was halfway through 2011. Addition of novel genome data from an unlinked case treated 6 months previously in Essen, Germany, showed a clustering of viruses derived from Qatar and the United Arab Emirates. INTERPRETATION: We have provided the first complete viral load profile in a case of MERS-CoV infection. MERS-CoV might have shedding patterns that are different from those of severe acute respiratory syndrome and so might need alternative diagnostic approaches. FUNDING: European Union; German Centre for Infection Research; German Research Council; and German Ministry for Education and Research. url: https://doi.org/10.1016/s1473-3099(13)70154-3 doi: 10.1016/s1473-3099(13)70154-3 id: cord-308061-hz7fsn2g author: Drosten, Christian title: Is MERS another SARS? date: 2013-09-30 words: 1063.0 sentences: 66.0 pages: flesch: 54.0 cache: ./cache/cord-308061-hz7fsn2g.txt txt: ./txt/cord-308061-hz7fsn2g.txt summary: Data of a preliminary infection study in lung explants indeed indicate that MERS-CoV reaches higher replication levels and shows broader cell tropism in the lower human respiratory tract than does SARS-CoV. This rate is better than that noted in patients with SARS: only a third of laboratoryconfi rmed cases yielded virus in upper-respiratory-tract samples. 5 The values reported by Assiri and colleagues also show that viral loads in the upper respiratory tract are higher than in patients with MERS who were treated overseas and, thus, who were investigated later in the disease course. Epidemiological, demographic, and clinical characteristics of 47 cases of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus disease from Saudi Arabia: a descriptive study Clinical features and virological analysis of a case of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection Clinical features and viral diagnosis of two cases of infection with Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus: a report of nosocomial transmission abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23891403/ doi: 10.1016/s1473-3099(13)70159-2 id: cord-285900-3rr0j5tk author: Du, Lanying title: Introduction of neutralizing immunogenicity index to the rational design of MERS coronavirus subunit vaccines date: 2016-11-22 words: 6456.0 sentences: 321.0 pages: flesch: 49.0 cache: ./cache/cord-285900-3rr0j5tk.txt txt: ./txt/cord-285900-3rr0j5tk.txt summary: To investigate why masking a negative epitope led to enhanced neutralizing immunogenicity of the MERS-CoV RBD vaccine, we performed a competition assay between neutralizing mAbs and mutant-RBD-induced mouse serum for the binding of wild type MERS-CoV RBD. Using the MERS-CoV RBD as a model, we singly mask selected epitopes using host-derived glycan probes, and then measure the corresponding changes in the vaccine''s overall neutralizing immunogenicity. To apply the NII strategy to vaccine design, we successfully enhanced the efficacy of the MERS-CoV RBD vaccine in virus challenge studies by masking its strong negative epitope (that is, the epitope containing Thr579, with an NII of À 3.0) with a glycan probe. Third, our study demonstrates that masking an immunodominant non-neutralizing epitope with a negative NII value on the surface of the MERS-CoV RBD core structure can shift host immune responses towards the neutralizing epitopes in the RBM region, providing means to overcome the limitation of viral subunit vaccines from vaccine design. abstract: Viral subunit vaccines often contain immunodominant non-neutralizing epitopes that divert host immune responses. These epitopes should be eliminated in vaccine design, but there is no reliable method for evaluating an epitope's capacity to elicit neutralizing immune responses. Here we introduce a new concept ‘neutralizing immunogenicity index' (NII) to evaluate an epitope's neutralizing immunogenicity. To determine the NII, we mask the epitope with a glycan probe and then assess the epitope's contribution to the vaccine's overall neutralizing immunogenicity. As proof-of-concept, we measure the NII for different epitopes on an immunogen comprised of the receptor-binding domain from MERS coronavirus (MERS-CoV). Further, we design a variant form of this vaccine by masking an epitope that has a negative NII score. This engineered vaccine demonstrates significantly enhanced efficacy in protecting transgenic mice from lethal MERS-CoV challenge. Our study may guide the rational design of highly effective subunit vaccines to combat MERS-CoV and other life-threatening viruses. url: https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms13473 doi: 10.1038/ncomms13473 id: cord-273182-djb0ozrt author: Díez, José María title: Cross-neutralization activity against SARS-CoV-2 is present in currently available intravenous immunoglobulins date: 2020-09-09 words: 4326.0 sentences: 260.0 pages: flesch: 50.0 cache: ./cache/cord-273182-djb0ozrt.txt txt: ./txt/cord-273182-djb0ozrt.txt summary: Recently, we reported cross-reactivity in ELISA binding assays against antigens of SARS-CoV, SARS-CoV-2 and MERS-CoV with Flebogamma R DIF 5 and 10% and Gamunex R -C, two currently available intravenous IGs (IVIG) [23] . Six different lots of Flebogamma DIF and Gamunex-C were tested at several dilutions for cross-reactivity against SARS-CoV, SARS-CoV-2 and MERS-CoV by: ELISA techniques; and well-established neutralization assays in cell cultures. For SARS-CoV-2 MAD6 isolate, all IVIG lots, except F1 (inconclusive results) showed a significant neutralizing activity and reached PRNT 50 titers ranging from 4.5 to >5 (Figure 2 ). This neutralizing activity correlates with the cross-reactivity to different coronavirus antigens observed in ELISA-binding assays with IVIG, as shown in a previous study [23] . • Intravenous immunoglobulin products were tested against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 in cell culture neutralization assays. abstract: Background: Cross-reactivity against human coronaviruses with Flebogamma(®) DIF and Gamunex(®)-C, two available intravenous immunoglobulins (IVIG), has been reported. In this study, these IVIG were tested for neutralization activity against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), SARS-CoV and Middle East respiratory syndrome CoV (MERS-CoV). Materials & methods: Neutralization capacity of lots of IVIG manufactured prior to COVID-19 pandemic was assessed against these viruses in cell culture. Infectivity neutralization was quantified by percent reduction in plaque-forming units and/or cytopathic/cytotoxic methods. Results: All IVIG preparations showed neutralization of SARS-CoV-2 isolates. All IVIG lots produced neutralization of SARS-CoV. No IVIG preparation showed significant neutralizing activity against MERS-CoV. Conclusion: The tested IVIG contain antibodies with significant in vitro cross-neutralization capacity against SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV, but not MERS-CoV. These preparations are currently under evaluation as potential therapies for COVID-19. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32900263/ doi: 10.2217/imt-2020-0220 id: cord-296237-i9cti2ok author: Díez, José-María title: Cross-neutralization activity against SARS-CoV-2 is present in currently available intravenous immunoglobulins date: 2020-06-19 words: 3741.0 sentences: 220.0 pages: flesch: 51.0 cache: ./cache/cord-296237-i9cti2ok.txt txt: ./txt/cord-296237-i9cti2ok.txt summary: Recently, ELISA binding cross-reactivity against components of human epidemic coronaviruses with currently available intravenous immunoglobulins (IVIG) Gamunex-C and Flebogamma DIF (5% and 10%) have been reported. Conclusion In cell culture neutralization assays, the tested IVIG products contain antibodies with significant cross-neutralization capacity against SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV. Recently, cross-reactivity in ELISA binding assays against antigens of SARS-CoV, SARS-CoV-2, and MERS-CoV has been reported with currently available intravenous immunoglobulins (IVIG) such as Gamunex-C and Flebogamma DIF 19 . In this study, the neutralization capacity of the IVIG products Gamunex-C and Flebogamma DIF against these epidemic human coronaviruses -SARS-CoV, SARS-CoV-2, and MERS-CoV-was evaluated. Six different lots of Flebogamma DIF and Gamunex-C were tested at several dilutions for cross-reactivity against SARS-CoV, SARS-CoV-2, and MERS-CoV by: i) ELISA techniques; and ii) well-stablished neutralization assays in cell cultures. For SARS-CoV-2 MAD6 isolate, all IVIG lots, except F1 (inconclusive results) showed a significant neutralizing activity and reached PRNT50 titers ranging from 4.5 to >5 (Figure 2 ). abstract: Background There is a crucial need for effective therapies that are immediately available to counteract COVID-19 disease. Recently, ELISA binding cross-reactivity against components of human epidemic coronaviruses with currently available intravenous immunoglobulins (IVIG) Gamunex-C and Flebogamma DIF (5% and 10%) have been reported. In this study, the same products were tested for neutralization activity against SARS-CoV-2, SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV and their potential as an antiviral therapy. Methods The neutralization capacity of six selected lots of IVIG was assessed against SARS-CoV-2 (two different isolates), SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV in cell cultures. Infectivity neutralization was measured by determining the percent reduction in plaque-forming units (PFU) and by cytopathic effects for two IVIG lots in one of the SARS-CoV-2 isolates. Neutralization was quantified using the plaque reduction neutralization test 50 (PRNT50) in the PFU assay and the half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) in the cytopathic/cytotoxic method (calculated as the minus log10 dilution which reduced the viral titer by 50%). Results All IVIG preparations showed neutralization of both SARS-CoV-2 isolates, ranging from 79 to 89.5% with PRNT50 titers from 4.5 to >5 for the PFU method and ranging from 47.0%-64.7% with an IC50 ~1 for the cytopathic method. All IVIG lots produced neutralization of SARS-CoV ranging from 39.5 to 55.1 % and PRNT50 values ranging from 2.0 to 3.3. No IVIG preparation showed significant neutralizing activity against MERS-CoV. Conclusion In cell culture neutralization assays, the tested IVIG products contain antibodies with significant cross-neutralization capacity against SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV. However, no neutralization capacity was demonstrated against MERS-CoV. These preparations are currently available and may be immediately useful for COVID-19 management. url: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.06.19.160879 doi: 10.1101/2020.06.19.160879 id: cord-315316-w7cn9iqp author: Earnest, James T. title: The tetraspanin CD9 facilitates MERS-coronavirus entry by scaffolding host cell receptors and proteases date: 2017-07-31 words: 7820.0 sentences: 418.0 pages: flesch: 48.0 cache: ./cache/cord-315316-w7cn9iqp.txt txt: ./txt/cord-315316-w7cn9iqp.txt summary: Infection by enveloped coronaviruses (CoVs) initiates with viral spike (S) proteins binding to cellular receptors, and is followed by proteolytic cleavage of receptor-bound S proteins, which prompts S protein-mediated virus-cell membrane fusion. Using knockout cell lines, we found that the tetraspanin CD9, but not the tetraspanin CD81, formed cell-surface complexes of dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP4), the MERS-CoV receptor, and the type II transmembrane serine protease (TTSP) member TMPRSS2, a CoV-activating protease. TTSP family members, most notably the transmembrane protease serine type 2 (TMPRSS2), can cleave CoV fusion glycoproteins (termed spike [S] proteins), into unlocked, fusion-catalyzing forms [8, 9, 11] at the cell surface and facilitate a rapid, "early" entry. Even antibodies binding to CD81 suppressed MERS S-mediated entry [14] , indicating that several tetraspanins, including those that are not required per se for clustering hDPP4 and TMPRSS2, organize into cell-surface "webs" [15] and enclose the CoV entry factors. abstract: Infection by enveloped coronaviruses (CoVs) initiates with viral spike (S) proteins binding to cellular receptors, and is followed by proteolytic cleavage of receptor-bound S proteins, which prompts S protein-mediated virus-cell membrane fusion. Infection therefore requires close proximity of receptors and proteases. We considered whether tetraspanins, scaffolding proteins known to facilitate CoV infections, hold receptors and proteases together on cell membranes. Using knockout cell lines, we found that the tetraspanin CD9, but not the tetraspanin CD81, formed cell-surface complexes of dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP4), the MERS-CoV receptor, and the type II transmembrane serine protease (TTSP) member TMPRSS2, a CoV-activating protease. This CD9-facilitated condensation of receptors and proteases allowed MERS-CoV pseudoviruses to enter cells rapidly and efficiently. Without CD9, MERS-CoV viruses were not activated by TTSPs, and they trafficked into endosomes to be cleaved much later and less efficiently by cathepsins. Thus, we identified DPP4:CD9:TTSP as the protein complexes necessary for early, efficient MERS-CoV entry. To evaluate the importance of these complexes in an in vivo CoV infection model, we used recombinant Adenovirus 5 (rAd5) vectors to express human DPP4 in mouse lungs, thereby sensitizing the animals to MERS-CoV infection. When the rAd5-hDPP4 vectors co-expressed small RNAs silencing Cd9 or Tmprss2, the animals were significantly less susceptible, indicating that CD9 and TMPRSS2 facilitated robust in vivo MERS-CoV infection of mouse lungs. Furthermore, the S proteins of virulent mouse-adapted MERS-CoVs acquired a CD9-dependent cell entry character, suggesting that CD9 is a selective agent in the evolution of CoV virulence. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28759649/ doi: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006546 id: cord-321185-kj67rd7g author: Eckerle, Isabella title: Replicative Capacity of MERS Coronavirus in Livestock Cell Lines date: 2014-02-17 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Replicative capacity of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) was assessed in cell lines derived from livestock and peridomestic small mammals on the Arabian Peninsula. Only cell lines originating from goats and camels showed efficient replication of MERS-CoV. These results provide direction in the search for the intermediate host of MERS-CoV. url: https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2002.131182 doi: 10.3201/eid2002.131182 id: cord-018438-1tkevj8v author: Edholm, Christina J. title: Searching for Superspreaders: Identifying Epidemic Patterns Associated with Superspreading Events in Stochastic Models date: 2018-10-25 words: 6319.0 sentences: 390.0 pages: flesch: 57.0 cache: ./cache/cord-018438-1tkevj8v.txt txt: ./txt/cord-018438-1tkevj8v.txt summary: Specifically, we aim to study the disease dynamics in a heterogeneous population consisting of SS and NS individuals, and develop a deterministic model based on ordinary differential equations (ODEs) which is expanded to a stochastic model that is implemented as a continuous-time Markov chain (CTMC) system and approximated by a multitype branching process [1, 2] . In fact, the stochastic threshold (i.e., probability of a disease outbreak) is directly related to the basic reproduction number as defined in Table 3 State transitions and rates for the CTMC model with Poisson rates Similarly, we find that the time to outbreak-where an outbreak is defined as 50 or more people in all of the E, A, and I classes-is reduced when the initial infected individual in a simulated MERS or Ebola disease situation is an SS rather than an NS (Fig. 7a, c) . abstract: The importance of host transmissibility in disease emergence has been demonstrated in historical and recent pandemics that involve infectious individuals, known as superspreaders, who are capable of transmitting the infection to a large number of susceptible individuals. To investigate the impact of superspreaders on epidemic dynamics, we formulate deterministic and stochastic models that incorporate differences in superspreaders versus nonsuperspreaders. In particular, continuous-time Markov chain models are used to investigate epidemic features associated with the presence of superspreaders in a population. We parameterize the models for two case studies, Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) and Ebola. Through mathematical analysis and numerical simulations, we find that the probability of outbreaks increases and time to outbreaks decreases as the prevalence of superspreaders increases in the population. In particular, as disease outbreaks occur more rapidly and more frequently when initiated by superspreaders, our results emphasize the need for expeditious public health interventions. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7123311/ doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-98083-6_1 id: cord-352492-6ihyiwgb author: Eickmann, Markus title: Inactivation of Ebola virus and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus in platelet concentrates and plasma by ultraviolet C light and methylene blue plus visible light, respectively date: 2018-05-06 words: 3005.0 sentences: 164.0 pages: flesch: 55.0 cache: ./cache/cord-352492-6ihyiwgb.txt txt: ./txt/cord-352492-6ihyiwgb.txt summary: title: Inactivation of Ebola virus and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus in platelet concentrates and plasma by ultraviolet C light and methylene blue plus visible light, respectively STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: PCs and plasma were spiked with high titers of cell culture–derived EBOV and MERS‐CoV, treated with various light doses of ultraviolet C (UVC; THERAFLEX UV‐Platelets) or methylene blue (MB) plus visible light (MB/light; THERAFLEX MB‐Plasma), and assessed for residual viral infectivity. The results of the infectivity assay demonstrated that UVC irradiation dose-dependently inactivated EBOV and MERS-CoV in plasma-reduced PCs (Table 1 ). Although EBOV is highly infectious and low doses of less than 10 plaque-forming units of the virus are sufficient to cause disease, 32 the ability of the UVC-and MB/ light-based systems to reduce MERS-CoV and EBOV infectivity in blood products by several log steps may be sufficient to eliminate or significantly reduce the risk of transmission via the transfusion of PCs or plasma. abstract: BACKGROUND: Ebola virus (EBOV) and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS‐CoV) have been identified as potential threats to blood safety. This study investigated the efficacy of the THERAFLEX UV‐Platelets and THERAFLEX MB‐Plasma pathogen inactivation systems to inactivate EBOV and MERS‐CoV in platelet concentrates (PCs) and plasma, respectively. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: PCs and plasma were spiked with high titers of cell culture–derived EBOV and MERS‐CoV, treated with various light doses of ultraviolet C (UVC; THERAFLEX UV‐Platelets) or methylene blue (MB) plus visible light (MB/light; THERAFLEX MB‐Plasma), and assessed for residual viral infectivity. RESULTS: UVC reduced EBOV (≥4.5 log) and MERS‐CoV (≥3.7 log) infectivity in PCs to the limit of detection, and MB/light decreased EBOV (≥4.6 log) and MERS‐CoV (≥3.3 log) titers in plasma to nondetectable levels. CONCLUSIONS: Both THERAFLEX UV‐Platelets (UVC) and THERAFLEX MB‐Plasma (MB/light) effectively reduce EBOV and MERS‐CoV infectivity in platelets and plasma, respectively. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29732571/ doi: 10.1111/trf.14652 id: cord-277781-v9hw1cdi author: Ejima, Keisuke title: Probabilistic differential diagnosis of Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) using the time from immigration to illness onset among imported cases date: 2014-04-07 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Abstract Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) has spread worldwide since 2012. As the clinical symptoms of MERS tend to be non-specific, the incubation period has been shown to complement differential diagnosis, especially to rule out influenza. However, because an infection event is seldom directly observable, the present study aims to construct a diagnostic model that predicts the probability of MERS diagnosis given the time from immigration to illness onset among imported cases which are suspected of MERS. Addressing censoring by considering the transmission dynamics in an exporting country, we demonstrate that the illness onset within 2 days from immigration is suggestive of influenza. Two exceptions to suspect MERS even for those with illness onset within 2 days since immigration are (i) when we observe substantial community transmissions of MERS and (ii) when the cases are at high risk of MERS (e.g. cases with close contact in hospital or household). It is vital to collect the information of the incubation period upon emergence of a novel infectious disease, and moreover, in our model, the fundamental transmission dynamics including the initial growth rate has to be explored to differentiate the disease diagnoses with non-specific symptoms. url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S0022519313005894 doi: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2013.12.024 id: cord-323533-otosnjde author: Ekins, Sean title: Tilorone, a Broad-Spectrum Antiviral for Emerging Viruses date: 2020-04-21 words: 1105.0 sentences: 72.0 pages: flesch: 51.0 cache: ./cache/cord-323533-otosnjde.txt txt: ./txt/cord-323533-otosnjde.txt summary: After a broad screening of additional viruses, we now describe in vitro activity against Chikungunya virus (CHIK) and Middle Eastern respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV). These results led us to more broadly profile the antiviral spectrum of activity and focus on Chikungunya virus (CHIK) and Middle Eastern respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV). Plates are incubated at 37°C with 5% CO 2 until maximum CPE is observed microscopically in virus control wells (CHIK and MERS-CoV were incubated for 3 days). Tilorone has in vitro activity against CHIK and MERS-CoV. We identified promising micromolar activities for tilorone against CHIK and MERS-CoV with reasonable selectivity indexes ( Table 1 ). Recent virus outbreaks such as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) suggest the urgent need for reassessment of this compound as a broadspectrum antiviral as we have yet to fully appreciate the utility of this drug discovered 50 years ago. Tilorone hydrochloride: an orally active antiviral agent Efficacy of tilorone dihydrochloride against Ebola virus infection abstract: Tilorone is a 50-year-old synthetic small-molecule compound with antiviral activity that is proposed to induce interferon after oral administration. This drug is used as a broad-spectrum antiviral in several countries of the Russian Federation. We have recently described activity in vitro and in vivo against the Ebola virus. After a broad screening of additional viruses, we now describe in vitro activity against Chikungunya virus (CHIK) and Middle Eastern respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV). url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32205350/ doi: 10.1128/aac.00440-20 id: cord-259051-6kuh4njb author: Elkholy, Amgad A. title: MERS-CoV infection among healthcare workers and risk factors for death: Retrospective analysis of all laboratory-confirmed cases reported to WHO from 2012 to 2 June 2018 date: 2019-05-02 words: 3280.0 sentences: 155.0 pages: flesch: 42.0 cache: ./cache/cord-259051-6kuh4njb.txt txt: ./txt/cord-259051-6kuh4njb.txt summary: title: MERS-CoV infection among healthcare workers and risk factors for death: Retrospective analysis of all laboratory-confirmed cases reported to WHO from 2012 to 2 June 2018 BACKGROUND: Approximately half of the reported laboratory-confirmed infections of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) have occurred in healthcare settings, and healthcare workers constitute over one third of all secondary infections. This study aimed to describe secondary cases of MERS-CoV infection among healthcare workers and to identify risk factors for death. METHODS: A retrospective analysis was conducted on epidemiological data of laboratory-confirmed MERS-CoV cases reported to the World Health Organization from September 2012 to 2 June 2018. In this study, we use the epidemiological data of all MERS cases reported to date to WHO to describe secondary cases of MERS-CoV infection among healthcare workers and to identify the risk factors for death among healthcare workers with secondary infection. abstract: BACKGROUND: Approximately half of the reported laboratory-confirmed infections of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) have occurred in healthcare settings, and healthcare workers constitute over one third of all secondary infections. This study aimed to describe secondary cases of MERS-CoV infection among healthcare workers and to identify risk factors for death. METHODS: A retrospective analysis was conducted on epidemiological data of laboratory-confirmed MERS-CoV cases reported to the World Health Organization from September 2012 to 2 June 2018. We compared all secondary cases among healthcare workers with secondary cases among non-healthcare workers. Multivariable logistic regression identified risk factors for death. RESULTS: Of the 2223 laboratory-confirmed MERS-CoV cases reported to WHO, 415 were healthcare workers and 1783 were non-healthcare workers. Compared with non-healthcare workers cases, healthcare workers cases were younger (P < 0.001), more likely to be female (P < 0.001), non-nationals (P < 0.001) and asymptomatic (P < 0.001), and have fewer comorbidities (P < 0.001) and higher rates of survival (P < 0.001). Year of infection (2013–2018) and having no comorbidities were independent protective factors against death among secondary healthcare workers cases. CONCLUSION: Being able to protect healthcare workers from high threat respiratory pathogens, such as MERS-CoV is important for being able to reduce secondary transmission of MERS-CoV in healthcare-associated outbreaks. By extension, reducing infection in healthcare workers improves continuity of care for all patients within healthcare facilities. url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiph.2019.04.011 doi: 10.1016/j.jiph.2019.04.011 id: cord-314357-u1m7yr8f author: Elrggal, Mahmoud E. title: Evaluation of preparedness of healthcare student volunteers against Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) in Makkah, Saudi Arabia: a cross-sectional study date: 2018-04-14 words: 2776.0 sentences: 154.0 pages: flesch: 53.0 cache: ./cache/cord-314357-u1m7yr8f.txt txt: ./txt/cord-314357-u1m7yr8f.txt summary: title: Evaluation of preparedness of healthcare student volunteers against Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) in Makkah, Saudi Arabia: a cross-sectional study AIM: To assess the knowledge and attitude of senior medical, dental, nursing and pharmacy students toward Middle East respiratory syndrome-corona virus (MERS-CoV) in Saudi Arabia. An ANOVA test was used to determine the association of study discipline and academic year with the student knowledge score on MERS. Since its first detection in Saudi Arabia in 2012, Middle East respiratory syndrome-corona virus (MERS-CoV) has become a major health problem (Bermingham et al. This study therefore aims to assess the knowledge and attitude of senior medical, dental, nursing and pharmacy students toward MERS in Makkah, Saudi Arabia. Section 2 comprised nine items and was designed to evaluate students'' in-depth knowledge about MERS including causes, sources of transmission, mortality, clinical manifestations, prevention strategies and risk groups for MERS. abstract: AIM: To assess the knowledge and attitude of senior medical, dental, nursing and pharmacy students toward Middle East respiratory syndrome-corona virus (MERS-CoV) in Saudi Arabia. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: A cross-sectional survey using a 21-item questionnaire was conducted for a 3-month period from November 2015–January 2016 in Makkah, Saudi Arabia. The questionnaire was designed to evaluate students’ understanding and perception of MERS-CoV. An ANOVA test was used to determine the association of study discipline and academic year with the student knowledge score on MERS. RESULTS: A total of 364 students were assessed during the study. The majority (62%) of the participants were in the 20–22-year age group. More than half (53%) were pharmacy students followed by (22%) medical students. More than two thirds (71%) of the participants were aware that MERS is caused by the coronavirus. More than half (59%) of the participants believed that MERS can be transmitted through direct or indirect contact with infected camels. A statistically significant association was reported between the study discipline and mean knowledge score (p < 0.0001) with medical students achieving an overall better knowledge score compared with students from other study disciplines. CONCLUSION: Overall, students had good knowledge about MERS epidemiology, transmission and the recommended protective measures. However, students expressed their reluctance to work in healthcare facilities with inadequate MERS infection control isolation policies. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30533343/ doi: 10.1007/s10389-018-0917-5 id: cord-256020-wrui3i2l author: Fadaka, Adewale Oluwaseun title: Understanding the epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis and management of SARS-CoV-2 date: 2020-08-26 words: 7097.0 sentences: 465.0 pages: flesch: 49.0 cache: ./cache/cord-256020-wrui3i2l.txt txt: ./txt/cord-256020-wrui3i2l.txt summary: The disease is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). The disease is caused by SARS-CoV-2, a zoonotic pathogen that acquired mutations as it crossed the species barrier from bat to pangolin enabling it to infect humans. 5 The clinical symptoms of COVID-19 include fever, cough, and pneumonia, which makes the disease enormously dangerous with a high case fatality rate. 11 Symptoms of human SARS-CoV-1 infections include headache, fever and respiratory complications such as cough, dyspnea, and pneumonia. 81 The main goal of SARS-CoV-2 diagnosis is to accurately detect the virus and to minimize further transmissions by timely isolation and treatment of infected patients. 112 This implies that variation in ACE-2 expression in COVID-19 patients is likely to affect susceptibility, symptoms and intervention outcomes following SARS-CoV-2 infection. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19): the epidemic and the challenges Comparative genetic analysis of the novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV/SARS-CoV-2) receptor ACE2 in different populations abstract: The emergence of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in December 2019 has resulted in over 20 million cases and 741,808 deaths globally, affecting more than 200 countries. COVID-19 was declared a pandemic on 11 March 2020 by the World Health Organization. The disease is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). There is limited information on COVID-19, and treatment has so far focused on supportive care and use of repurposed drugs. COVID-19 can be transmitted via person-to-person contact through droplet spread. Some of the recommended precautionary measures to reduce the rate of disease spread include social distancing, good hygiene practices, and avoidance of crowded areas. These measures are effective because the droplets are heavy and can only travel approximately 1 meter in the air, settling quickly on fixed surfaces. Promising strategies to combat SARS-CoV-2 include discovery of therapeutic targets/drugs and vaccines. In this review, we summarize the epidemiology, pathophysiology, and diagnosis of COVID-19. We also address the mechanisms of action of approved repurposed drugs for therapeutic management of the disease. url: https://doi.org/10.1177/0300060520949077 doi: 10.1177/0300060520949077 id: cord-284845-on97zu6w author: Falcinelli, Shane D. title: Integration of Global Analyses of Host Molecular Responses with Clinical Data To Evaluate Pathogenesis and Advance Therapies for Emerging and Re-emerging Viral Infections date: 2016-07-29 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: [Image: see text] Outbreaks associated with emerging and re-emerging viral pathogens continue to increase in frequency and are associated with an increasing burden to global health. In light of this, there is a need to integrate basic and clinical research for investigating the connections between molecular and clinical pathogenesis and for therapeutic development strategies. Here, we will discuss this approach with a focus on the emerging viral pathogens Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), Ebola virus (EBOV), and monkeypox virus (MPXV) from the context of clinical presentation, immunological and molecular features of the diseases, and OMICS-based analyses of pathogenesis. Furthermore, we will highlight the role of global investigations of host kinases, the kinome, for investigating emerging and re-emerging viral pathogens from the context of characterizing cellular responses and identifying novel therapeutic targets. Lastly, we will address how increased integration of clinical and basic research will assist treatment and prevention efforts for emerging pathogens. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27933782/ doi: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.6b00104 id: cord-288389-z0sz1msj author: Fanoy, Ewout B title: Travel-related MERS-CoV cases: an assessment of exposures and risk factors in a group of Dutch travellers returning from the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, May 2014 date: 2014-10-17 words: 2974.0 sentences: 175.0 pages: flesch: 57.0 cache: ./cache/cord-288389-z0sz1msj.txt txt: ./txt/cord-288389-z0sz1msj.txt summary: title: Travel-related MERS-CoV cases: an assessment of exposures and risk factors in a group of Dutch travellers returning from the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, May 2014 BACKGROUND: In May 2014, Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infection, with closely related viral genomes, was diagnosed in two Dutch residents, returning from a pilgrimage to Medina and Mecca, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA). METHODS: All travellers, including the two cases, completed a questionnaire focussing on potential human, animal and food exposures to MERS-CoV. Exposure to MERS-CoV during a hospital visit is considered a likely source of infection for Case 1 but not for Case 2. Investigation of an imported case of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infection in Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infections in two returning travellers in the Netherlands World Health Organization: Case-Control Study to Assess Potential Risk Factors Related to Human Illness Caused by Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) abstract: BACKGROUND: In May 2014, Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infection, with closely related viral genomes, was diagnosed in two Dutch residents, returning from a pilgrimage to Medina and Mecca, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA). These patients travelled with a group of 29 other Dutch travellers. We conducted an epidemiological assessment of the travel group to identify likely source(s) of infection and presence of potential risk factors. METHODS: All travellers, including the two cases, completed a questionnaire focussing on potential human, animal and food exposures to MERS-CoV. The questionnaire was modified from the WHO MERS-CoV questionnaire, taking into account the specific route and activities of the travel group. RESULTS: Twelve non-cases drank unpasteurized camel milk and had contact with camels. Most travellers, including one of the two patients (Case 1), visited local markets, where six of them consumed fruits. Two travellers, including Case 1, were exposed to coughing patients when visiting a hospital in Medina. Four travellers, including Case 1, visited two hospitals in Mecca. All travellers had been in contact with Case 1 while he was sick, with initially non-respiratory complaints. The cases were found to be older than the other travellers and both had co-morbidities. CONCLUSIONS: This epidemiological study revealed the complexity of MERS-CoV outbreak investigations with multiple potential exposures to MERS-CoV reported such as healthcare visits, camel exposure, and exposure to untreated food products. Exposure to MERS-CoV during a hospital visit is considered a likely source of infection for Case 1 but not for Case 2. For Case 2, the most likely source could not be determined. Exposure to MERS-CoV via direct contact with animals or dairy products seems unlikely for the two Dutch cases. Furthermore, exposure to a common but still unidentified source cannot be ruled out. More comprehensive research into sources of infection in the Arabian Peninsula is needed to strengthen and specify the prevention of MERS-CoV infections. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25328533/ doi: 10.1186/1742-7622-11-16 id: cord-325574-4zf9qtlh author: Farag, Elmoubasher title: Drivers of MERS-CoV Emergence in Qatar date: 2018-12-31 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: MERS-CoV (Middle East respiratory syndrome corona virus) antibodies were detected in camels since 1983, but the first human case was only detected in 2012. This study sought to identify and quantify possible drivers for the MERS-CoV emergence and spillover to humans. A list of potential human, animal and environmental drivers for disease emergence were identified from literature. Trends in possible drivers were analyzed from national and international databases, and through structured interviews with experts in Qatar. The discovery and exploitation of oil and gas led to a 5-fold increase in Qatar GDP coupled with a 7-fold population growth in the past 30 years. The lifestyle gradually transformed from Bedouin life to urban sedentary life, along with a sharp increase in obesity and other comorbidities. Owing to substantial governmental support, camel husbandry and competitions flourished, exacerbating the already rapidly occurring desertification that forced banning of free grazing in 2005. Consequently, camels were housed in compact barns alongside their workers. The transition in husbandry leading to high density camel farming along with increased exposure to humans, combined with the increase of camel movement for the racing and breeding industry, have led to a convergence of factors driving spillover of MERS-CoV from camels to humans. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30602691/ doi: 10.3390/v11010022 id: cord-356219-wl9htpp2 author: Farag, Elmoubasher A. B. A. title: High proportion of MERS-CoV shedding dromedaries at slaughterhouse with a potential epidemiological link to human cases, Qatar 2014 date: 2015-07-15 words: 1816.0 sentences: 95.0 pages: flesch: 57.0 cache: ./cache/cord-356219-wl9htpp2.txt txt: ./txt/cord-356219-wl9htpp2.txt summary: Two of the earliest Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) cases were men who had visited the Doha central animal market and adjoining slaughterhouse in Qatar. Sequence analysis showed the circulation of at least five different virus strains at these premises, suggesting that this location is a driver of MERS-CoV circulation and a high-risk area for human exposure. D romedary camels are likely the primary source of Middle East respiratory syndrome virus (MERS-CoV) infection in humans, but further evidence is needed to support their role in zoonotic transmission. Analysis of an outbreak associated with a barn in Qatar found dromedaries and humans to be infected with nearly identical strains of MERS-CoV (3) and further support for camels as reservoir came from a study in Saudi Arabia (KSA) that found widespread circulation of different genetic variants of MERS-CoV in camels, with geographic clustering of human and camel MERS-CoV sequences (4) . Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection in dromedary camels in Saudi Arabia abstract: Two of the earliest Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) cases were men who had visited the Doha central animal market and adjoining slaughterhouse in Qatar. We show that a high proportion of camels presenting for slaughter in Qatar show evidence for nasal MERS-CoV shedding (62/105). Sequence analysis showed the circulation of at least five different virus strains at these premises, suggesting that this location is a driver of MERS-CoV circulation and a high-risk area for human exposure. No correlation between RNA loads and levels of neutralizing antibodies was observed, suggesting limited immune protection and potential for reinfection despite previous exposure. url: https://doi.org/10.3402/iee.v5.28305 doi: 10.3402/iee.v5.28305 id: cord-328835-r9znjkfo author: Favre, Guillaume title: 2019-nCoV epidemic: what about pregnancies? date: 2020-02-06 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: nan url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0140673620303111 doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(20)30311-1 id: cord-293966-5c466xvz author: Fehr, Anthony R. title: Bacterial Artificial Chromosome-Based Lambda Red Recombination with the I-SceI Homing Endonuclease for Genetic Alteration of MERS-CoV date: 2019-09-14 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Over the past two decades, several coronavirus (CoV) infectious clones have been engineered, allowing for the manipulation of their large viral genomes (~30 kb) using unique reverse genetic systems. These reverse genetic systems include targeted recombination, in vitro ligation, vaccinia virus vectors, and bacterial artificial chromosomes (BACs). Quickly after the identification of Middle East respiratory syndrome-CoV (MERS-CoV), both in vitro ligation and BAC-based reverse genetic technologies were engineered for MERS-CoV to study its basic biological properties, develop live-attenuated vaccines, and test antiviral drugs. Here, I will describe how lambda red recombination can be used with the MERS-CoV BAC to quickly and efficiently introduce virtually any type of genetic modification (point mutations, insertions, deletions) into the MERS-CoV genome and recover recombinant virus. url: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-0211-9_5 doi: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0211-9_5 id: cord-301016-9t7v7ipt author: Forni, Diego title: The heptad repeat region is a major selection target in MERS-CoV and related coronaviruses date: 2015-09-25 words: 5087.0 sentences: 247.0 pages: flesch: 46.0 cache: ./cache/cord-301016-9t7v7ipt.txt txt: ./txt/cord-301016-9t7v7ipt.txt summary: We determined that different residues at position 1020 establish distinct interand intra-helical interactions and affect the stability of the six-helix bundle formed by the HRs. A similar effect on stability was observed for a nearby mutation (T1015N) that increases MERS-CoV infection efficiency in vitro. Data herein indicate that the heptad repeat region was a major target of adaptive evolution in MERS-CoV-related viruses; these results are relevant for the design of fusion inhibitor peptides with antiviral function. Motivated by the notion that evolutionary analyses can provide information on the molecular events that underlie host shifts and, more generally, host-pathogen interactions 19 , we investigated the evolutionary history of S proteins in MERS-CoV and related betaCoVs. Specifically, we aimed to determine whether natural selection drove the evolution of specific regions and sites that may contribute to variation in host range or replication efficiency. abstract: Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) originated in bats and spread to humans via zoonotic transmission from camels. We analyzed the evolution of the spike (S) gene in betacoronaviruses (betaCoVs) isolated from different mammals, in bat coronavirus populations, as well as in MERS-CoV strains from the current outbreak. Results indicated several positively selected sites located in the region comprising the two heptad repeats (HR1 and HR2) and their linker. Two sites (R652 and V1060) were positively selected in the betaCoVs phylogeny and correspond to mutations associated with expanded host range in other coronaviruses. During the most recent evolution of MERS-CoV, adaptive mutations in the HR1 (Q/R/H1020) arose in camels or in a previous host and spread to humans. We determined that different residues at position 1020 establish distinct inter- and intra-helical interactions and affect the stability of the six-helix bundle formed by the HRs. A similar effect on stability was observed for a nearby mutation (T1015N) that increases MERS-CoV infection efficiency in vitro. Data herein indicate that the heptad repeat region was a major target of adaptive evolution in MERS-CoV-related viruses; these results are relevant for the design of fusion inhibitor peptides with antiviral function. url: https://doi.org/10.1038/srep14480 doi: 10.1038/srep14480 id: cord-264199-8skyagsz author: Fragaszy, Ellen title: Emerging respiratory infections: influenza, MERS-CoV, and extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis date: 2014-12-31 words: 1050.0 sentences: 52.0 pages: flesch: 49.0 cache: ./cache/cord-264199-8skyagsz.txt txt: ./txt/cord-264199-8skyagsz.txt summary: title: Emerging respiratory infections: influenza, MERS-CoV, and extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis New research on the eff ectiveness of neuraminidase inhibitors to reduce mortality in patients admitted to hospital with infl uenza A H1N1pdm09 has been encouraging. 6 Although the eff ectiveness of antivirals to reduce mortality would ideally be derived from randomised controlled trials, a recent meta-analysis of trials was only able to collect data for fi ve reported deaths, only one of which was due to a respiratory cause. Using whole genome sequencing of 1000 prospectively collected tuberculosis isolates from patients in Russia, Casali and colleagues 8 provided evidence against the theory that acquiring drug resistance typically comes with a fi tness cost and reduced transmissibility. Eff ectiveness of neuraminidase inhibitors in reducing mortality in patients admitted to hospital with infl uenza A H1N1pdm09 virus infection: a meta-analysis of individual participant data abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25466351/ doi: 10.1016/s2213-2600(14)70250-4 id: cord-313517-5ipj2z86 author: Fung, Joshua title: Antigen Capture Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay for Detecting Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus in Humans date: 2019-09-14 words: 2710.0 sentences: 149.0 pages: flesch: 51.0 cache: ./cache/cord-313517-5ipj2z86.txt txt: ./txt/cord-313517-5ipj2z86.txt summary: Though the gold standard for diagnosing MERS-CoV infection in humans is still nucleic acid amplification test (NAAT) of the up-E region, an antigen capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) could also be of use for early diagnosis in less developed locations. In the present method, a step-by-step guide to perform a MERS-CoV nucleocapsid protein (NP) capture ELISA using two NP-specific monoclonal antibodies is provided for readers to develop their in-house workflow or diagnostic kit for clinical use and for mass-screening project of animals (e.g., dromedaries and bats) to better understand the spread and evolution of the virus. Nucleic acid amplification test (NAAT, e.g., real-time reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction [real-time RT-qPCR]), virus isolation, transmission electron microscopy, immunohistochemistry, and serological methods (e.g., antigen capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay [ELISA] and immunofluorescence assay [IFA] ) have been developed and used for MERS-CoV diagnosis [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] . abstract: The Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) is the second novel zoonotic disease infecting humans caused by coronavirus (CoV) in this century. To date, more than 2200 laboratory-confirmed human cases have been identified in 27 countries, and more than 800 MERS-CoV associated deaths have been reported since its outbreak in 2012. Rapid laboratory diagnosis of MERS-CoV is the key to successful containment and prevention of the spread of infection. Though the gold standard for diagnosing MERS-CoV infection in humans is still nucleic acid amplification test (NAAT) of the up-E region, an antigen capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) could also be of use for early diagnosis in less developed locations. In the present method, a step-by-step guide to perform a MERS-CoV nucleocapsid protein (NP) capture ELISA using two NP-specific monoclonal antibodies is provided for readers to develop their in-house workflow or diagnostic kit for clinical use and for mass-screening project of animals (e.g., dromedaries and bats) to better understand the spread and evolution of the virus. url: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-0211-9_7 doi: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0211-9_7 id: cord-292092-o6s5nw49 author: Furuse, Yuki title: Conservation of nucleotide sequences for molecular diagnosis of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus, 2015 date: 2015-09-30 words: 1232.0 sentences: 77.0 pages: flesch: 60.0 cache: ./cache/cord-292092-o6s5nw49.txt txt: ./txt/cord-292092-o6s5nw49.txt summary: title: Conservation of nucleotide sequences for molecular diagnosis of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus, 2015 The present study was performed to assess the protocols used for the molecular diagnosis of MERS-CoV by analyzing the nucleotide sequences of viruses detected between 2012 and 2015, including sequences from the large outbreak in eastern Asia in 2015. 5 The laboratory diagnosis of MERS-CoV infection is mainly performed using real-time reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR) to detect viral RNA in specimens. This study was performed to analyze recent viral genomic nucleic acid sequences and to discuss the efficacy of the RT-PCR protocols for the molecular diagnosis of MERS-CoV infections. First cases of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infections in France, investigations and implications for the prevention of human-to-human transmission Table 1 Conservation of the primer and probe region sequences of the WHO-recommended assays for the molecular diagnosis of MERS-CoV abstract: Infection due to the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) is widespread. The present study was performed to assess the protocols used for the molecular diagnosis of MERS-CoV by analyzing the nucleotide sequences of viruses detected between 2012 and 2015, including sequences from the large outbreak in eastern Asia in 2015. Although the diagnostic protocols were established only 2 years ago, mismatches between the sequences of primers/probes and viruses were found for several of the assays. Such mismatches could lead to a lower sensitivity of the assay, thereby leading to false-negative diagnosis. A slight modification in the primer design is suggested. Protocols for the molecular diagnosis of viral infections should be reviewed regularly after they are established, particularly for viruses that pose a great threat to public health such as MERS-CoV. url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S1201971215002283 doi: 10.1016/j.ijid.2015.09.018 id: cord-280029-g1k3zlax author: Gabutti, Giovanni title: Coronavirus: Update Related to the Current Outbreak of COVID-19 date: 2020-04-08 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: In December 2019, some cases of viral pneumonia were epidemiologically related to a new coronavirus in the province of Hubei, China. Subsequently, there has been an increase in infections attributable to this virus throughout China and worldwide. The World Health Organization (WHO) has officially named the infection coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), and the virus has been classified as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). This appears to be a virus from Rhinolophus bats, but the intermediate host has not yet been identified. The mechanism of infection of SARS-CoV-2 is not yet known; it appears to have affinity for cells located in the lower airways, where it replicates. The interhuman transmission of coronaviruses mainly occurs through saliva droplets and direct and indirect contact via surfaces. As of March 10, 2020, the number of cases worldwide was 113,702. Along with severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and Middle Eastern respiratory syndrome (MERS), COVID-19 appears to cause a severe clinical picture in humans, ranging from mild malaise to death by sepsis/acute respiratory distress syndrome. The prognosis is worse in elderly patients with comorbidities. To date, there is no specific therapy for COVID-19. Prevention of SARS-CoV-2 infection implies strategies that limit the spread of the virus. WHO and other international and national bodies have developed continuously updated strategic objectives and provisions to contain the spread of the virus and infection. url: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40121-020-00295-5 doi: 10.1007/s40121-020-00295-5 id: cord-252600-bvh1o64r author: Galasiti Kankanamalage, Anushka C. title: Structure-guided design of potent and permeable inhibitors of MERS coronavirus 3CL protease that utilize a piperidine moiety as a novel design element date: 2018-04-25 words: 4752.0 sentences: 254.0 pages: flesch: 54.0 cache: ./cache/cord-252600-bvh1o64r.txt txt: ./txt/cord-252600-bvh1o64r.txt summary: We describe herein the structure-guided design and evaluation of a novel class of inhibitors of MERS-CoV 3CL protease that embody a piperidine moiety as a design element that is well-suited to exploiting favorable subsite binding interactions to attain optimal pharmacological activity and PK properties. The structure-guided design of inhibitor (I) encompassed the following steps: (a) we first determined a high resolution X-ray crystal structure of MERS-CoV 3CLpro in complex with GC376 ( Fig. 2/Panel A) . Validation of this idea was obtained by synthesizing extended inhibitor GC813 and determining a high resolution X-ray crystal structure of the MERS-CoV 3CLpro:GC813 complex ( Fig. 2/Panel B) . More importantly, representative aldehyde bisulfite adduct compounds 10a and 10c display potent inhibition toward MERS-CoV in both enzyme and cell-based systems, with low cytotoxicity (CC 50 > 100 mM) ( Table 2 and Fig. 4 ). abstract: Abstract There are currently no approved vaccines or small molecule therapeutics available for the prophylaxis or treatment of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infections. MERS-CoV 3CL protease is essential for viral replication; consequently, it is an attractive target that provides a potentially effective means of developing small molecule therapeutics for combatting MERS-CoV. We describe herein the structure-guided design and evaluation of a novel class of inhibitors of MERS-CoV 3CL protease that embody a piperidine moiety as a design element that is well-suited to exploiting favorable subsite binding interactions to attain optimal pharmacological activity and PK properties. The mechanism of action of the compounds and the structural determinants associated with binding were illuminated using X-ray crystallography. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29544147/ doi: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.03.004 id: cord-267090-jc1k3fki author: Gardner, Emma G. title: A case-crossover analysis of the impact of weather on primary cases of Middle East respiratory syndrome date: 2019-02-04 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: BACKGROUND: Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) is endemic in dromedary camels in the Arabian Peninsula, and zoonotic transmission to people is a sporadic event. In the absence of epidemiological data on the reservoir species, patterns of zoonotic transmission have largely been approximated from primary human cases. This study aimed to identify meteorological factors that may increase the risk of primary MERS infections in humans. METHODS: A case-crossover design was used to identify associations between primary MERS cases and preceding weather conditions within the 2-week incubation period in Saudi Arabia using univariable conditional logistic regression. Cases with symptom onset between January 2015 – December 2017 were obtained from a publicly available line list of human MERS cases maintained by the World Health Organization. The complete case dataset (N = 1191) was reduced to approximate the cases most likely to represent spillover transmission from camels (N = 446). Data from meteorological stations closest to the largest city in each province were used to calculate the daily mean, minimum, and maximum temperature ((ο)C), relative humidity (%), wind speed (m/s), and visibility (m). Weather variables were categorized according to strata; temperature and humidity into tertiles, and visibility and wind speed into halves. RESULTS: Lowest temperature (Odds Ratio = 1.27; 95% Confidence Interval = 1.04–1.56) and humidity (OR = 1.35; 95% CI = 1.10–1.65) were associated with increased cases 8–10 days later. High visibility was associated with an increased number of cases 7 days later (OR = 1.26; 95% CI = 1.01–1.57), while wind speed also showed statistically significant associations with cases 5–6 days later. CONCLUSIONS: Results suggest that primary MERS human cases in Saudi Arabia are more likely to occur when conditions are relatively cold and dry. This is similar to seasonal patterns that have been described for other respiratory diseases in temperate climates. It was hypothesized that low visibility would be positively associated with primary cases of MERS, however the opposite relationship was seen. This may reflect behavioural changes in different weather conditions. This analysis provides key initial evidence of an environmental component contributing to the development of primary MERS-CoV infections. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30717685/ doi: 10.1186/s12879-019-3729-5 id: cord-328298-tm7gds8h author: Gardner, Lauren M. title: Risk of global spread of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) via the air transport network date: 2016-09-05 words: 4996.0 sentences: 217.0 pages: flesch: 54.0 cache: ./cache/cord-328298-tm7gds8h.txt txt: ./txt/cord-328298-tm7gds8h.txt summary: In order to prevent global outbreaks such as the one seen in South Korea, it is critical for high-risk countries to be prepared and have appropriate screening and triage protocols in place to identify travel-related cases of MERS-CoV. The results provide a country level ranking and corresponding expected relative risk, which can be used by public health authorities in each country to ensure the appropriate screening and triage protocols are in place to identify travel-related cases of MERS-coronavirus. The proposed model quantifies the relative risk of disease spread by MERS-CoV-infected travellers departing from the Middle East and arriving at any given world airport. The analysis quantifies the relative expected risk of MERS-CoV-infected (air travel) passengers arriving at airports based on a set of active transmission regions, the outbreak size at each and travel patterns; the model does not include the potential importation of infected intermediary hosts or intermediary host by-products since the influence of that possibility is yet to be established. abstract: Background: Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) emerged from the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) in 2012 and has since spread to 26 countries. All cases reported so far have either been in the Middle East or linked to the region through passenger air travel, with the largest outbreak outside KSA occurring in South Korea. Further international spread is likely due to the high travel volumes of global travel, as well as the occurrence of large annual mass gathering such as the Haj and Umrah pilgrimages that take place in the region. Methods: In this study, a transport network modelling framework was used to quantify the risk of MERS-CoV spreading internationally via air travellers. All regions connected to MERS-CoV affected countries via air travel are considered, and the countries at highest risk of travel-related importations of MERS-CoV were identified, ranked and compared with actual spread of MERS cases. Results: The model identifies all countries that have previously reported a travel acquired case to be in the top 50 at-risk countries. India, Pakistan and Bangladesh are the highest risk countries which have yet to report a case, and should be prepared for the possibility of (pilgrims and general) travellers returning infected with MERS-CoV. In addition, the UK, Egypt, Turkey and the USA are at risk of more cases. Conclusions: We have demonstrated a risk-analysis approach, using travel patterns, to prioritize countries at highest risk for MERS-CoV importations. In order to prevent global outbreaks such as the one seen in South Korea, it is critical for high-risk countries to be prepared and have appropriate screening and triage protocols in place to identify travel-related cases of MERS-CoV. The results from the model can be used by countries to prioritize their airport and hospital screening and triage protocols. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27601536/ doi: 10.1093/jtm/taw063 id: cord-269437-0pvqvhqs author: Gastañaduy, Paul A. title: Update: Severe Respiratory Illness Associated with Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) — Worldwide, 2012–2013 date: 2013-06-14 words: 1908.0 sentences: 99.0 pages: flesch: 46.0 cache: ./cache/cord-269437-0pvqvhqs.txt txt: ./txt/cord-269437-0pvqvhqs.txt summary: CDC continues to work in consultation with the World Health Organization (WHO) and other partners to better understand the public health risk posed by the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV), formerly known as novel coronavirus, which was first reported to cause human infection in September 2012 (1) (2) (3) (4) . CDC continues to work in consultation with the World Health Organization (WHO) and other partners to better understand the public health risk posed by the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV), formerly known as novel coronavirus, which was first reported to cause human infection in September 2012 (1) (2) (3) (4) . Eight clusters (42 cases) have been reported by six countries (France, Italy, Jordan, Saudi Arabia, Tunisia, and the UK) (5) among close contacts or in health-care settings and provide clear evidence of human-to-human transmission of MERS-CoV. Persons who develop severe acute lower respiratory illness within 14 days after traveling from the Arabian Peninsula or neighboring countries should be evaluated according to current guidelines (available at http://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/mers/case-def. abstract: CDC continues to work in consultation with the World Health Organization (WHO) and other partners to better understand the public health risk posed by the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV), formerly known as novel coronavirus, which was first reported to cause human infection in September 2012. The continued reporting of new cases indicates that there is an ongoing risk for transmission to humans in the area of the Arabian Peninsula. New reports of cases outside the region raise concerns about importation to other geographic areas. Nosocomial outbreaks with transmission to health-care personnel highlight the importance of infection control procedures. Recent data suggest that mild respiratory illness might be part of the clinical spectrum of MERS-CoV infection, and presentations might not initially include respiratory symptoms. In addition, patients with comorbidities or immunosuppression might be at increased risk for infection, severe disease, or both. Importantly, the incubation period might be longer than previously estimated. Finally, lower respiratory tract specimens (e.g., sputum, bronchoalveolar lavage, bronchial wash, or tracheal aspirate) should be collected in addition to nasopharyngeal sampling for evaluation of patients under investigation. An Emergency Use Authorization (EUA) was recently issued by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to allow for expanded availability of diagnostic testing in the United States. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23760190/ doi: nan id: cord-271723-8qoozmgk author: Gelman, Ram title: Targeting SARS-CoV-2 receptors as a means for reducing infectivity and improving antiviral and immune response: an algorithm-based method for overcoming resistance to antiviral agents date: 2020-06-18 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: The ongoing severe acute respiratory syndrome pandemic caused by the novel coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is associated with high morbidity and mortality rates, and it has created a pressing global need for effective antiviral therapies against it. COVID-19 disease pathogenesis is characterized by an initial virus-mediated phase, followed by inappropriate hyperactivation of the immune system leading to organ damage. Targeting of the SARS-CoV-2 viral receptors is being explored as a therapeutic option for these patients. In this paper, we summarize several potential receptors associated with the infectivity of SARS-CoV-2 and discuss their association with the immune-mediated inflammatory response. The potential for the development of resistance towards antiviral drugs is also presented. An algorithm-based platform to improve the efficacy of and overcome resistance to viral receptor blockers through the introduction of personalized variability is described. This method is designed to ensure sustained antiviral effectiveness when using SARS-CoV-2 receptor blockers. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32490731/ doi: 10.1080/22221751.2020.1776161 id: cord-267001-csgmc155 author: George, Parakkal Jovvian title: The Potency of an Anti-MERS Coronavirus Subunit Vaccine Depends on a Unique Combinatorial Adjuvant Formulation date: 2020-05-27 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Vaccination is one of the most successful strategies to prevent human infectious diseases. Combinatorial adjuvants have gained increasing interest as they can stimulate multiple immune pathways and enhance the vaccine efficacy of subunit vaccines. We investigated the adjuvanticity of Aluminum (alum) in combination with rASP-1, a protein adjuvant, using the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus MERS-CoV receptor-binding-domain (RBD) vaccine antigen. A highly enhanced anti-MERS-CoV neutralizing antibody response was induced when mice were immunized with rASP-1 and the alum-adjuvanted RBD vaccine in two separate injection sites as compared to mice immunized with RBD + rASP-1 + alum formulated into a single inoculum. The antibodies produced also significantly inhibited the binding of RBD to its cell-associated receptor. Moreover, immunization with rASP-1 co-administered with the alum-adjuvanted RBD vaccine in separate sites resulted in an enhanced frequency of TfH and GC B cells within the draining lymph nodes, both of which were positively associated with the titers of the neutralizing antibody response related to anti-MERS-CoV protective immunity. Our findings not only indicate that this unique combinatorial adjuvanted RBD vaccine regimen improved the immunogenicity of RBD, but also point to the importance of utilizing combinatorial adjuvants for the induction of synergistic protective immune responses. url: https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines8020251 doi: 10.3390/vaccines8020251 id: cord-352741-0pdeehai author: Geramizadeh, Bita title: Histopathologic Findings of Coronavirus in Lung: A Mini-Review date: 2020-10-12 words: 2158.0 sentences: 143.0 pages: flesch: 44.0 cache: ./cache/cord-352741-0pdeehai.txt txt: ./txt/cord-352741-0pdeehai.txt summary: In this report, we will review the published reports about the histopathologic findings of lung tissue in the patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 in comparison with 2 other coronaviruses that have caused outbreaks, ie, SARS-CoV-1 and MERS-CoV. The keywords for searching were "lung," " pulmonary," and CoVs, ie, "severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 [SARS-CoV-2])," "coronavirus disease (COVID-19)," "pathology," "biopsy," "autopsy," "histopathology," "severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)," and "Middle East Respiratory syndrome (MERS)." Histological examination of lung in rare cases reported from SARS-CoV-2 showed "edema, bilateral diffuse alveolar damage with cellular fibromyxoid exudates, desquamation of pneumocytes and hyaline membrane formation," indicating acute respiratory distress syndrome. 19 One histopathologic finding in the new SARS-CoV-2infected lung disease that has not been reported in the previous epidemics of coronaviruses is the presence of pulmonary fibrosis that can be indicative of future pulmonary dysfunction if the patient recovers. Lung pathology of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS): a study of 8 autopsy cases from Singapore abstract: Coronaviruses (CoVs) are important human and animal pathogens. There have been several outbreaks of lung involvement by this category of viruses in the world, ie, severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS-CoV-1) in 2002 and 2003, the Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS-CoV) in 2012, and the new coronavirus (2019-nCoV) outbreak of pneumonia from Wuhan, China, since December 2019. There have been several studies about the clinical features and imaging features, but very few reports have been published about pathologic findings in lung tissue, which was partly because of the lack of tissue diagnosis secondary to suddenness of the outbreak. Overall, less than 30 reports have been published in the literature about histologic findings of lung in these viruses, so far. In this report, we will review the published reports about the histopathologic findings of lung tissue in the patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 in comparison with 2 other coronaviruses that have caused outbreaks, ie, SARS-CoV-1 and MERS-CoV. url: https://doi.org/10.1177/2632010x20951823 doi: 10.1177/2632010x20951823 id: cord-281802-9k6klcno author: German, Matthew title: Acute Respiratory Infections in Travelers Returning from MERS-CoV–Affected Areas date: 2015-09-17 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: We examined which respiratory pathogens were identified during screening for Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus in 177 symptomatic travelers returning to Ontario, Canada, from regions affected by the virus. Influenza A and B viruses (23.1%) and rhinovirus (19.8%) were the most common pathogens identified among these travelers. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26291541/ doi: 10.3201/eid2109.150472 id: cord-317232-qk72i0gv author: Gierer, Stefanie title: Inhibition of Proprotein Convertases Abrogates Processing of the Middle Eastern Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Spike Protein in Infected Cells but Does Not Reduce Viral Infectivity date: 2015-03-15 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infection is associated with a high case-fatality rate, and the potential pandemic spread of the virus is a public health concern. The spike protein of MERS-CoV (MERS-S) facilitates viral entry into host cells, which depends on activation of MERS-S by cellular proteases. Proteolytic activation of MERS-S during viral uptake into target cells has been demonstrated. However, it is unclear whether MERS-S is also cleaved during S protein synthesis in infected cells and whether cleavage is required for MERS-CoV infectivity. Here, we show that MERS-S is processed by proprotein convertases in MERS-S–transfected and MERS-CoV–infected cells and that several RXXR motifs located at the border between the surface and transmembrane subunit of MERS-S are required for efficient proteolysis. However, blockade of proprotein convertases did not impact MERS-S–dependent transduction of target cells expressing high amounts of the viral receptor, DPP4, and did not modulate MERS-CoV infectivity. These results show that MERS-S is a substrate for proprotein convertases and demonstrate that processing by these enzymes is dispensable for S protein activation. Efforts to inhibit MERS-CoV infection by targeting host cell proteases should therefore focus on enzymes that process MERS-S during viral uptake into target cells. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25057042/ doi: 10.1093/infdis/jiu407 id: cord-278182-75u57fw1 author: Goh, Gerard Kian-Meng title: Shell disorder analysis predicts greater resilience of the SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) outside the body and in body fluids date: 2020-03-31 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: The coronavirus (CoV) family consists of viruses that infects a variety of animals including humans with various levels of respiratory and fecal-oral transmission levels depending on the behavior of the viruses' natural hosts and optimal viral fitness. A model to classify and predict the levels of respective respiratory and fecal-oral transmission potentials of the various viruses was built before the outbreak of MERS-CoV using AI and empirically-based molecular tools to predict the disorder level of proteins. Using the percentages of intrinsic disorder (PID) of the nucleocapsid (N) and membrane (M) proteins of CoV, the model easily clustered the viruses into three groups with the SARS-CoV (M PID = 8%, N PID = 50%) falling into Category B, in which viruses have intermediate levels of both respiratory and fecal-oral transmission potentials. Later, MERS-CoV (M PID = 9%, N PID = 44%) was found to be in Category C, which consists of viruses with lower respiratory transmission potential but with higher fecal-oral transmission capabilities. Based on the peculiarities of disorder distribution, the SARS-CoV-2 (M PID = 6%, N PID = 48%) has to be placed in Category B. Our data show however, that the SARS-CoV-2 is very strange with one of the hardest protective outer shell, (M PID = 6%) among coronaviruses. This means that it might be expected to be highly resilient in saliva or other body fluids and outside the body. An infected body is likelier to shed greater numbers of viral particles since the latter is more resistant to antimicrobial enzymes in body fluids. These particles are also likelier to remain active longer. These factors could account for the greater contagiousness of the SARS-CoV-2 and have implications for efforts to prevent its spread. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32244041/ doi: 10.1016/j.micpath.2020.104177 id: cord-273626-zy8qjaai author: Gong, Shu‐ran title: The battle against SARS and MERS coronaviruses: Reservoirs and Animal Models date: 2018-07-28 words: 3257.0 sentences: 183.0 pages: flesch: 56.0 cache: ./cache/cord-273626-zy8qjaai.txt txt: ./txt/cord-273626-zy8qjaai.txt summary: This illness has been named Middle East respiratory syndrome and the pathogen (MERS-CoV) has been shown to be a type of coronavirus that is highly related to SARS-CoV. Another suitable and well-established model is the common marmoset (Saguinus mystax), which can show more severe clinical signs than rhesus macaques when infected with MERS-CoV. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-like virus in Chinese horseshoe bats Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus in dromedary camels: an outbreak investigation Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection in dromedary camels in Saudi Arabia Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) origin and animal reservoir Middle East Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) serology in major livestock species in an affected region in Jordan Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) causes transient lower respiratory tract infection in rhesus macaques Studies of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus pathology in human cases and animal models Infection, replication, and transmission of middle east respiratory syndrome Coronavirus in Alpacas abstract: In humans, infection with the coronavirus, especially the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS‐CoV) and the emerging Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS‐CoV), induces acute respiratory failure, resulting in high mortality. Irregular coronavirus related epidemics indicate that the evolutionary origins of these two pathogens need to be identified urgently and there are still questions related to suitable laboratory animal models. Thus, in this review we aim to highlight key discoveries concerning the animal origin of the virus and summarize and compare current animal models. url: https://doi.org/10.1002/ame2.12017 doi: 10.1002/ame2.12017 id: cord-301633-t8s4s0wo author: Gralinski, Lisa E. title: Return of the Coronavirus: 2019-nCoV date: 2020-01-24 words: 3938.0 sentences: 186.0 pages: flesch: 51.0 cache: ./cache/cord-301633-t8s4s0wo.txt txt: ./txt/cord-301633-t8s4s0wo.txt summary: Similar to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infections, patients exhibited symptoms of viral pneumonia including fever, difficulty breathing, and bilateral lung infiltration in the most severe cases [1] . A range of disease has been observed highlighted by fever, dry cough, shortness of breath, and leukopenia; patients have included mild cases needing supportive care to severe cases requiring extracorporeal membrane oxygenation; however, compared to SARS-CoV (10% mortality) and MERS-CoV (35% mortality), the 2019-nCoV appears to be less virulent at this point with the exception of the elderly and those with underlying health conditions. In the early part of the outbreak, the absence of infection in health care workers argued for inefficient human to human spread and distinguished 2019-nCoV from both SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV. abstract: The emergence of a novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) has awakened the echoes of SARS-CoV from nearly two decades ago. Yet, with technological advances and important lessons gained from previous outbreaks, perhaps the world is better equipped to deal with the most recent emergent group 2B coronavirus. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31991541/ doi: 10.3390/v12020135 id: cord-257511-4ftedh1a author: Gunaratne, Gihan S. title: NAADP-dependent Ca2+ signaling regulates Middle East respiratory syndrome-coronavirus pseudovirus translocation through the endolysosomal system date: 2018-11-30 words: 7982.0 sentences: 462.0 pages: flesch: 44.0 cache: ./cache/cord-257511-4ftedh1a.txt txt: ./txt/cord-257511-4ftedh1a.txt summary: Knockdown of endogenous two-pore channels (TPCs), targets for the Ca2+ mobilizing second messenger NAADP, impaired infectivity in a MERS-CoV spike pseudovirus particle translocation assay. This inhibitory effect was dependent on appropriate subcellular targeting of the active channel as overexpression of a functional TPC2 channel rerouted from acidic Ca 2+ stores to the cell surface (TPC2pm, [25] ) by deletion of the NH 2 -terminal lysosomal targeting motif did not inhibit MERS-CoV pseudovirus infectivity (Fig. 2A) . To examine the effects of TPC regulators on MERS-CoV pseudovirus translocation, a fixed concentration (10μM) primary drug screen was performed in Huh7 cells, with the goal of identifying plasma membrane-permeable compounds with inhibitory activity on MERS-CoV pseudovirus translocation. Addition of the PIKfyve inhibitor YM201636 to reduce PI(3,5)P 2 levels, a phosphoinositide which activates TPC channels, decreased MERS-CoV pseudovirus translocation ( Supplementary Fig. 6 A&B) . abstract: Abstract Middle East Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infections are associated with a significant mortality rate, and existing drugs show poor efficacy. Identifying novel targets/pathways required for MERS infectivity is therefore important for developing novel therapeutics. As an enveloped virus, translocation through the endolysosomal system provides one pathway for cellular entry of MERS-CoV. In this context, Ca2+-permeable channels within the endolysosomal system regulate both the luminal environment and trafficking events, meriting investigation of their role in regulating processing and trafficking of MERS-CoV. Knockdown of endogenous two-pore channels (TPCs), targets for the Ca2+ mobilizing second messenger NAADP, impaired infectivity in a MERS-CoV spike pseudovirus particle translocation assay. This effect was selective as knockdown of the lysosomal cation channel mucolipin-1 (TRPML1) was without effect. Pharmacological inhibition of NAADP-evoked Ca2+ release using several bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloids also blocked MERS pseudovirus translocation. Knockdown of TPC1 (biased endosomally) or TPC2 (biased lysosomally) decreased the activity of furin, a protease which facilitates MERS fusion with cellular membranes. Pharmacological or genetic inhibition of TPC1 activity also inhibited endosomal motility impairing pseudovirus progression through the endolysosomal system. Overall, these data support a selective, spatially autonomous role for TPCs within acidic organelles to support MERS-CoV translocation. url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S0143416018301210 doi: 10.1016/j.ceca.2018.08.003 id: cord-257587-xjoyrdhj author: Gunaratne, Gihan S. title: A screening campaign in sea urchin egg homogenate as a platform for discovering modulators of NAADP-dependent Ca2+ signaling in human cells date: 2018-11-30 words: 7599.0 sentences: 448.0 pages: flesch: 52.0 cache: ./cache/cord-257587-xjoyrdhj.txt txt: ./txt/cord-257587-xjoyrdhj.txt summary: Here, we have performed a pilot screen for novel modulators of NAADP-sensitive Ca 2+ release in the sea urchin egg homogenate system and assessed tractability of the resulting ''hits'' against both endogenous NAADP-evoked Ca 2+ responses and a pseudotyped MERS-CoV translocation assay in human cell lines [25] . Fangchinoline, an inhibitor of NAADPevoked Ca 2+ signals and MERS pseudovirus translocation in a human cell line [25] , decreased the magnitude of NAADP-evoked Ca 2+ release (peak amplitude 47 ± 2% of control response, blue traces in Fig. 1A ) with lesser effects on the size of IP 3 or cADPR-evoked Ca 2+ transients (Fig. 1A) . These final activities (steps ''3'' and ''4'') encompassed: (i) counter-screening for more generalized actions against acidic Ca 2+ stores, for example lysosomotropism [28, 29] , (ii) quantifying effects on NAADP-evoked Ca 2+ signals evoked by single cell microinjection of NAADP, and (iii) correlating effects on Ca 2+ release with bioactivities in the MERS pseudovirus translocation assay. abstract: Abstract The Ca2+ mobilizing second messenger nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NAADP) regulates intracellular trafficking events, including translocation of certain enveloped viruses through the endolysosomal system. Targeting NAADP-evoked Ca2+ signaling may therefore be an effective strategy for discovering novel antivirals as well as therapeutics for other disorders. To aid discovery of novel scaffolds that modulate NAADP-evoked Ca2+ signaling in human cells, we have investigated the potential of using the sea urchin egg homogenate system for a screening campaign. Known pharmacological inhibitors of NAADP-evoked Ca2+ release (but not cADPR- or IP3-evoked Ca2+ release) in this invertebrate system strongly correlated with inhibition of MERS-pseudovirus infectivity in a human cell line. A primary screen of 1534 compounds yielded eighteen ‘hits’ exhibiting >80% inhibition of NAADP-evoked Ca2+ release. A validation pipeline for these candidates yielded seven drugs that inhibited NAADP-evoked Ca2+ release without depleting acidic Ca2+ stores in a human cell line. These candidates displayed a similar penetrance of inhibition in both the sea urchin system and the human cell line, and the extent of inhibition of NAADP-evoked Ca2+ signals correlated well with observed inhibition of infectivity of a Middle East Respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) pseudovirus. These experiments support the potential of this simple, homogenate system for screening campaigns to discover modulators of NAADP, cADPR and IP3-dependent Ca2+ signaling with potential therapeutic value. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30145428/ doi: 10.1016/j.ceca.2018.08.002 id: cord-265128-i0d4lxko author: Gurung, Arun Bahadur title: Unravelling lead antiviral phytochemicals for the inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 M(pro) enzyme through in silico approach date: 2020-05-22 words: 2234.0 sentences: 168.0 pages: flesch: 57.0 cache: ./cache/cord-265128-i0d4lxko.txt txt: ./txt/cord-265128-i0d4lxko.txt summary: Among coronaviruses, the main protease (M(pro)) is an essential drug target which, along with papain-like proteases catalyzes the processing of polyproteins translated from viral RNA and recognizes specific cleavage sites. The present study is aimed at the identification of promising lead molecules for SARS-CoV-2 M(pro) enzyme through virtual screening of antiviral compounds from plants. The binding affinity of selected small drug-like molecules to SARS-CoV-2 M(pro), SARS-CoV M(pro) and MERS-CoV M(pro) were studied using molecular docking. Structure-based drug design primarily relies on molecular docking to identify lead molecules against the target proteins from chemical libraries [12, 13] . The natural products such as traditional medicines and plant-derived compounds (phytochemicals) are the rich sources of promising antiviral drugs [14] . The binding energies and inhibition constants of the phytochemicals with the SARS-CoV-2 M pro enzyme were compared with that of a set of twelve FDA approved antiviral drugs-a) Viral abstract: A new SARS coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) belonging to the genus Betacoronavirus has caused a pandemic known as COVID-19. Among coronaviruses, the main protease (M(pro)) is an essential drug target which, along with papain-like proteases catalyzes the processing of polyproteins translated from viral RNA and recognizes specific cleavage sites. There are no human proteases with similar cleavage specificity and therefore, inhibitors are highly likely to be nontoxic. Therefore, targeting the SARS-CoV-2 M(pro) enzyme with small molecules can block viral replication. The present study is aimed at the identification of promising lead molecules for SARS-CoV-2 M(pro) enzyme through virtual screening of antiviral compounds from plants. The binding affinity of selected small drug-like molecules to SARS-CoV-2 M(pro), SARS-CoV M(pro) and MERS-CoV M(pro) were studied using molecular docking. Bonducellpin D was identified as the best lead molecule which shows higher binding affinity (−9.28 kcal/mol) as compared to the control (−8.24 kcal/mol). The molecular binding was stabilized through four hydrogen bonds with Glu166 and Thr190 as well as hydrophobic interactions via eight residues. The SARS-CoV-2 M(pro) shows identities of 96.08% and 50.65% to that of SARS-CoV M(pro) and MERS-CoV M(pro) respectively at the sequence level. At the structural level, the root mean square deviation (RMSD) between SARS-CoV-2 M(pro) and SARS-CoV M(pro) was found to be 0.517 Å and 0.817 Å between SARS-CoV-2 M(pro) and MERS-CoV M(pro). Bonducellpin D exhibited broad-spectrum inhibition potential against SARS-CoV M(pro) and MERS-CoV M(pro) and therefore is a promising drug candidate, which needs further validations through in vitro and in vivo studies. url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lfs.2020.117831 doi: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.117831 id: cord-260024-yrhlg6wm author: Ha, Kyoo-Man title: A lesson learned from the MERS outbreak in South Korea in 2015 date: 2015-10-24 words: 1418.0 sentences: 81.0 pages: flesch: 51.0 cache: ./cache/cord-260024-yrhlg6wm.txt txt: ./txt/cord-260024-yrhlg6wm.txt summary: The Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (KCDC) under the Ministry of Health and Welfare (MW) insisted on not sharing MERS information from the hospitals with the public at the initial stage of the outbreak under the pretext of hospital protection, although in reality this decision may have been based on nepotism. Considering that the MERS outbreak was not only a health issue but also an emergency management issue, the model for controlling similar epidemics or pandemics in the future-oriented model should involve all stakeholders in an early and co-ordinated response. Although many stakeholders tried to play their own roles during the MERS outbreak in Korea, their responses were somewhat late and unco-ordinated, and thus contributed to the national crisis. The key tenet is that Korea must not consider the MERS outbreak to be a hospital infection control issue. abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26601605/ doi: 10.1016/j.jhin.2015.10.004 id: cord-281529-2rec51xg author: Haagmans, Bart L title: Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus in dromedary camels: an outbreak investigation date: 2013-12-17 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: BACKGROUND: Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) causes severe lower respiratory tract infection in people. Previous studies suggested dromedary camels were a reservoir for this virus. We tested for the presence of MERS-CoV in dromedary camels from a farm in Qatar linked to two human cases of the infection in October, 2013. METHODS: We took nose swabs, rectal swabs, and blood samples from all camels on the Qatari farm. We tested swabs with RT-PCR, with amplification targeting the E gene (upE), nucleocapsid (N) gene, and open reading frame (ORF) 1a. PCR positive samples were tested by different MERS-CoV specific PCRs and obtained sequences were used for phylogentic analysis together with sequences from the linked human cases and other human cases. We tested serum samples from the camels for IgG immunofluorescence assay, protein microarray, and virus neutralisation assay. FINDINGS: We obtained samples from 14 camels on Oct 17, 2013. We detected MERS-CoV in nose swabs from three camels by three independent RT-PCRs and sequencing. The nucleotide sequence of an ORF1a fragment (940 nucleotides) and a 4·2 kb concatenated fragment were very similar to the MERS-CoV from two human cases on the same farm and a MERS-CoV isolate from Hafr-Al-Batin. Eight additional camel nose swabs were positive on one or more RT-PCRs, but could not be confirmed by sequencing. All camels had MERS-CoV spike-binding antibodies that correlated well with the presence of neutralising antibodies to MERS-CoV. INTERPRETATION: Our study provides virological confirmation of MERS-CoV in camels and suggests a recent outbreak affecting both human beings and camels. We cannot conclude whether the people on the farm were infected by the camels or vice versa, or if a third source was responsible. FUNDING: European Union projects EMPERIE (contract number 223498), ANTIGONE (contract number 278976), and the VIRGO consortium. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24355866/ doi: 10.1016/s1473-3099(13)70690-x id: cord-288589-bt9429bh author: Habibzadeh, Farrokh title: Hadj ritual and risk of a pandemic date: 2013-12-31 words: 535.0 sentences: 31.0 pages: flesch: 61.0 cache: ./cache/cord-288589-bt9429bh.txt txt: ./txt/cord-288589-bt9429bh.txt summary: However, since November 2012, Saudi Arabia has also hosted a new fatal viral infection: the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV). The first known occurrence of MERS-CoV in human was reported in a patient with severe acute respiratory infection in April 2012, in Jordan. There are many reasons to convince us that MERS-CoV represents a high risk: a deadly virus that can be transmitted from person to person, a mass gathering of millions of people from different parts of the world at the epicenter of the infection, an incubation period that provides enough time for pilgrims to return home and disseminate the virus, ceremonies that place relatives and friends in close contact with infected individuals when they return, and signs and symptoms that can easily be mistaken for common postpilgrimage flu-like syndromes. Clinical features and viral diagnosis of two cases of infection with Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus: a report of nosocomial transmission Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), update abstract: nan url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajic.2013.08.011 doi: 10.1016/j.ajic.2013.08.011 id: cord-266031-tlrsco40 author: Haghani, Milad title: Covid-19 pandemic and the unprecedented mobilisation of scholarly efforts prompted by a health crisis: Scientometric comparisons across SARS, MERS and 2019-nCoV literature date: 2020-09-21 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: During the current century, each major coronavirus outbreak has triggered a quick and immediate surge of academic publications on its respective topic. The spike in research publications following the 2019 Novel Coronavirus (Covid-19) outbreak, however, has been like no other. The global crisis caused by the Covid-19 pandemic has mobilised scientific efforts at an unprecedented scale. In less than 5 months, more than 12,000 research items and in less than seven months, more than 30,000 items were indexed, while it is projected that the number could exceed 80,000 by the end of 2020, should the current trend continues. With the health crisis affecting all aspects of life, research on Covid-19 seems to have become a focal point of interest across many academic disciplines. Here, scientometric aspects of the Covid-19 literature are analysed and contrasted with those of the two previous major coronavirus diseases, i.e., Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) and Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS). The focus is on the co-occurrence of key-terms, bibliographic coupling and citation relations of journals and collaborations between countries. Interesting recurring patterns across all three literatures were discovered. All three outbreaks have commonly generated three distinct cohorts of studies: (i) studies linked to public health response and epidemic control, (ii) studies on chemical constitution of the virus; and (iii) studies related to treatment, vaccine and clinical care. While studies affiliated with category (i) seem to have been relatively earliest to emerge, they have overall received relatively smaller number of citations compared to publications the two other categories. Covid-19 studies seem to have been disseminated across a broader variety of journals and across a more diverse range of subject areas. Clear links are observed between the geographical origins of each outbreak as well as the local geographical severity of each outbreak and the magnitude of research originated from regions. Covid-19 studies also display the involvement of authors from a broader variety of countries compared to SARS and MERS. Considering the speed at which the Covid-19-related literature is accumulating, an interesting dimension that warrants further exploration could be to assess if the quality and rigour of these publications have been affected. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32981988/ doi: 10.1007/s11192-020-03706-z id: cord-300078-svu06v9c author: Haghani, Milad title: Covid-19 pandemic and the unprecedented mobilisation of scholarly efforts prompted by a health crisis: Scientometric comparisons across SARS, MERS and 2019-nCov literature date: 2020-06-01 words: 6365.0 sentences: 298.0 pages: flesch: 52.0 cache: ./cache/cord-300078-svu06v9c.txt txt: ./txt/cord-300078-svu06v9c.txt summary: To compare the scientometric aspects of the studies on SARS, MERS and Covid-19, three separate datasets of publications on these three topics were retrieved from Scopus through three separate search strategies. Figures A1 and A2 in the Appendix illustrate the map associated with the SARS literature overlaid respectively with the average year of publication and average number of citations associated with the studies where these keywords have occurred. Maps of term occurrences based on the analysis of the title and abstract of studies on SARS, MERS and Covid-19 have also been presented in Figures 7, 8 and 9 respectively. An inspection of the maps overlaid with the average year of publications for SARS and MERS in Figures A1 and A3 in the Appendix suggests that, on average, this cohort of studies are generally the last to emerge in the published domain compared to the two other major clusters, but they receive relatively high citations on average (according to Figures A2, A4 and A6). abstract: During the current century, each major coronavirus outbreak has triggered a quick and immediate surge of academic publications on this topic. The spike in research publications following the 2019 Novel Coronavirus (Covid-19) outbreak, however, has been like no other. The global crisis caused by the Covid-19 pandemic has mobilised scientific efforts in an unprecedented way. In less than five months, more than 12,000 research items have been indexed while the number increasing every day. With the crisis affecting all aspects of life, research on Covid-19 seems to have become a focal point of interest across many academic disciplines. Here, scientometric aspects of the Covid-19 literature are analysed and contrasted with those of the two previous major Coronavirus diseases, i.e. Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) and Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS). The focus is on the co-occurrence of key-terms, bibliographic coupling and citation relations of journals and collaborations between countries. Certain recurring patterns across all three literatures were discovered. All three outbreaks have commonly generated three distinct and major cohort of studies: (i) studies linked to the public health response and epidemic control, (ii) studies associated with the chemical constitution of the virus and (iii) studies related to treatment, vaccine and clinical care. While studies affiliated with the category (i) seem to have been the first to emerge, they overall received least numbers of citations compared to those of the two other categories. Covid-19 studies seem to have been distributed across a broader variety of journals and subject areas. Clear links are observed between the geographical origins of each outbreak or the local geographical severity of each outbreak and the magnitude of research originated from regions. Covid-19 studies also display the involvement of authors from a broader variety of countries compared to SARS and MRS. url: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.05.31.126813 doi: 10.1101/2020.05.31.126813 id: cord-353965-0bb729sp author: Halim, Ashraf Abdel title: Clinical characteristics and outcome of ICU admitted MERS corona virus infected patients date: 2016-01-31 words: 3654.0 sentences: 201.0 pages: flesch: 48.0 cache: ./cache/cord-353965-0bb729sp.txt txt: ./txt/cord-353965-0bb729sp.txt summary: There was a statistically significant positive correlation between mortality and old age (r =0.633), obesity (r =0.712), diabetes mellitus (r =0.685), renal failure (r =0.705), chronic heart diseases (0.591), COPD (r =0.523), malignancy (r =0.692), kidney transplantation (r =0.644) and liver cirrhosis (r =0.525) (P <0.05). Our study showed that most of the expired patients presented with bilateral pulmonary infiltrates or unilateral infiltrates, but most of the survivors presented with normal radiology or increased bronchovascular markings, and this difference in the results was statistically highly significant (P < 0.01) ( Table 2) . Also, old age, current smoking, smoking severity, presence of associated co-morbidities like obesity, diabetes mellitus, chronic heart diseases, COPD, malignancy, renal failure, renal transplantation and liver cirrhosis associated with a poor outcome of ICU admitted MERS corona virus infected patients. Also, old age, current smoking, smoking severity, presence of associated co-morbidities like obesity, diabetes mellitus, chronic heart diseases, COPD, malignancy, renal failure, renal transplantation and liver cirrhosis associated with a poor outcome of ICU admitted MERS corona virus infected patients. abstract: Abstract Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) is a novel respiratory illness firstly reported in Saudi Arabia in 2012. It is caused by a new corona virus, called MERS corona virus (MERS-CoV). Most people who have MERS-CoV infection developed severe acute respiratory illness. Aim of the work This work is done to determine the clinical characteristics and the outcome of intensive care unit (ICU) admitted patients with confirmed MERS-CoV infection. Patients and methods This study included 32 laboratory confirmed MERS corona virus infected patients who were admitted into ICU. It included 20 (62.50%) males and 12 (37.50%) females. The mean age was 43.99±13.03years. Diagnosis was done by real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR) test for corona virus on throat swab, sputum, tracheal aspirate, or bronchoalveolar lavage specimens. Clinical characteristics, co-morbidities and outcome were reported for all subjects. Results The main symptoms among the included patients were: fever (96.87%), cough (93.75%), dyspnea (90.62%), sore throat (75%), runny nose (75%), sputum (50%), headache (43.75%), myalgia (40.62%), chest pain (37.50%), hemoptysis (37.50%), nausea and vomiting (34.37%), abdominal pain (21.87%) and diarrhea (15.62%). The presence of abdominal symptoms is significantly (P <0.05) associated with bad prognosis. Out of the included 32 patients, 18 patients (56.25%) survived and 14 patients (43.75%) expired. There was a statistically significant difference in the duration of symptoms before hospitalization, mechanical ventilation and ICU and total hospital stay between the expired group and survivors (P <0.01). Current smoking and smoking severity were statistically significantly (P <0.01) higher in the expired group compared to survivors. Also, there was a statistically (P <0.05) significant positive correlation between mortality and smoking severity (r =0.640). Most of the expired patients presented with bilateral pulmonary infiltrates or unilateral infiltrates, but most of the survivors presented with normal radiology or increased bronchovascular markings, and this difference in the results was statistically highly significant (P <0.01). There were statistically highly significant (P <0.01) differences in the mean values of APACHE II score (21.11±3.70 vs 24.21±3.82), SOFA score (5.83±2.64 vs 8.85±2.17) and CPIS (7.55±1.14 vs 8.64±1.39) between the expired group and survivors respectively. Also, there was a statistically significant decrease in PH, PaO2, O2 saturation and HCO3 (P <0.05) among the expired group in comparison with the survivors, but no statistical difference regarding PaCO2 (P >0.05). There was a statistically significant positive correlation between mortality and old age (r =0.633), obesity (r =0.712), diabetes mellitus (r =0.685), renal failure (r =0.705), chronic heart diseases (0.591), COPD (r =0.523), malignancy (r =0.692), kidney transplantation (r =0.644) and liver cirrhosis (r =0.525) (P <0.05). There was a statistically (P <0.05) positive correlation between the number of associated co-morbidities and mortality (r =0.735). Conclusions Most MERS corona patients present with fever, cough, dyspnea, sore throat, runny nose and sputum. The presence of abdominal symptoms may indicate bad prognosis. Prolonged duration of symptoms before patients’ hospitalization, prolonged duration of mechanical ventilation and hospital stay, bilateral radiological pulmonary infiltrates, and hypoxemic respiratory failure were found to be strong predictors of mortality in such patients. Also, old age, current smoking, smoking severity, presence of associated co-morbidities like obesity, diabetes mellitus, chronic heart diseases, COPD, malignancy, renal failure, renal transplantation and liver cirrhosis are associated with a poor outcome of ICU admitted MERS corona virus infected patients. url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0422763815301199 doi: 10.1016/j.ejcdt.2015.11.011 id: cord-307405-qk1ruj5q author: Hall, Aron J. title: Health Care Worker Contact with MERS Patient, Saudi Arabia date: 2014-12-17 words: 1748.0 sentences: 77.0 pages: flesch: 43.0 cache: ./cache/cord-307405-qk1ruj5q.txt txt: ./txt/cord-307405-qk1ruj5q.txt summary: To investigate potential transmission of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) to health care workers in a hospital, we serologically tested hospital contacts of the index case-patient in Saudi Arabia, 4 months after his death. To investigate potential transmission of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) to health care workers in a hospital, we serologically tested hospital contacts of the index case-patient in Saudi Arabia, 4 months after his death. Hospital infection control staff administered a brief, standardized questionnaire to both groups of HCWs. Information was collected on HCW demographics, job duties, and symptoms of respiratory disease during June 15-July 4, 2012, which corresponds to the period when the case-patient was hospitalized and an incubation period of 2-10 days, based on MERS-CoV natural history information available at the time of investigation. In October 2013 (4 months after the case-patient''s death), a blood specimen (<20 mL) was collected from each HCW and transported first to the Ministry of Health Western Regional Laboratory in Saudi Arabia and then to the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention for MERS-CoV testing. abstract: To investigate potential transmission of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) to health care workers in a hospital, we serologically tested hospital contacts of the index case-patient in Saudi Arabia, 4 months after his death. None of the 48 contacts showed evidence of MERS-CoV infection. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25418612/ doi: 10.3201/eid2012.141211 id: cord-303941-3lg1bzsi author: Han, Hui-Ju title: Bats as reservoirs of severe emerging infectious diseases date: 2015-07-02 words: 4679.0 sentences: 244.0 pages: flesch: 56.0 cache: ./cache/cord-303941-3lg1bzsi.txt txt: ./txt/cord-303941-3lg1bzsi.txt summary: Although bats are not in close contact with humans, spillover of viruses from bats to intermediate animal hosts, such as horses, pigs, civets, or non-human primates, is thought to be the most likely mode to cause human infection. Currently, bats have been considered to be natural reservoirs of SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, NiV, HeV, Ebola virus, and Marburg viruses. The viruses discussed above tend to be restricted to certain geographic regions with a particular bat reservoir, such as HeV and NiV associated with flying foxes in Australia and Southeast Asia and Ebola virus associated with Egyptian fruit bats in Africa. Bats have been proposed as the natural reservoirs of viruses causing severe diseases in humans, such as NiV and HeV in Southeast Asia and Australia, Ebola and Marburg viruses in Africa, SARS-CoV in Asia and MERS-CoV in Middle East. abstract: Abstract In recent years severe infectious diseases have been constantly emerging, causing panic in the world. Now we know that many of these terrible diseases are caused by viruses originated from bats (Table 1), such as Ebola virus, Marburg, SARS coronavirus (SARS-CoV), MERS coronavirus (MERS-CoV), Nipah virus (NiV) and Hendra virus (HeV). These viruses have co-evolved with bats due to bats’ special social, biological and immunological features. Although bats are not in close contact with humans, spillover of viruses from bats to intermediate animal hosts, such as horses, pigs, civets, or non-human primates, is thought to be the most likely mode to cause human infection. Humans may also become infected with viruses through aerosol by intruding into bat roosting caves or via direct contact with bats, such as catching bats or been bitten by bats. url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S016817021500177X doi: 10.1016/j.virusres.2015.05.006 id: cord-351760-698voi9y author: Han, Hui-Ju title: Neutralizing Monoclonal Antibodies as Promising Therapeutics against Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Infection date: 2018-11-30 words: 4144.0 sentences: 206.0 pages: flesch: 49.0 cache: ./cache/cord-351760-698voi9y.txt txt: ./txt/cord-351760-698voi9y.txt summary: The receptor-binding domain (RBD) in the spike protein of MERS-CoV is a major target, and mouse, camel, or human-derived neutralizing mAbs targeting RBD have been developed. In vivo study demonstrated that prophylaxis with m336 reduced virus titers in the lung of rabbits infected with MERS-CoV [15] , and m336 also provided transgenic mice expressing human DPP4 with full prophylactic and therapeutic protection from MERS-CoV [16] . A Conformation-Dependent Neutralizing Monoclonal Antibody Specifically Targeting Receptor-Binding Domain in Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Spike Protein Prophylaxis with a Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV)-Specific Human Monoclonal Antibody Protects Rabbits From MERS-CoV Infection Passive Transfer of a Germline-like Neutralizing Human Monoclonal Antibody Protects Transgenic Mice Against Lethal Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Infection Human Neutralizing Monoclonal Antibody Inhibition of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Replication in the Common Marmoset A Novel Nanobody Targeting Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) Receptor-Binding Domain Has Potent Cross-Neutralizing Activity and Protective Efficacy against MERS-CoV abstract: Since emerging in 2012, Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) has been a global public health threat with a high fatality rate and worldwide distribution. There are no approved vaccines or therapies for MERS until now. Passive immunotherapy with neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) is an effective prophylactic and therapeutic reagent against emerging viruses. In this article, we review current advances in neutralizing mAbs against MERS-CoV. The receptor-binding domain (RBD) in the spike protein of MERS-CoV is a major target, and mouse, camel, or human-derived neutralizing mAbs targeting RBD have been developed. A major problem with neutralizing mAb therapy is mutant escape under selective pressure, which can be solved by combination of neutralizing mAbs targeting different epitopes. Neutralizing mAbs are currently under preclinical evaluation, and they are promising candidate therapeutic agents against MERS-CoV infection. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30513619/ doi: 10.3390/v10120680 id: cord-354536-c9v9kbw8 author: Han, Yan-Jie title: Advances and challenges in the prevention and treatment of COVID-19 date: 2020-07-09 words: 5268.0 sentences: 330.0 pages: flesch: 48.0 cache: ./cache/cord-354536-c9v9kbw8.txt txt: ./txt/cord-354536-c9v9kbw8.txt summary: This article introduced the origin, virological characteristics and epidemiological overview of SARS-CoV-2, reviewed the currently known drugs that may prevent and treat coronavirus, explained the characteristics of the new coronavirus and provided novel information for the prevention and treatment of COVID-19. 18 In view of the curative effect of ribavirin in the treatment of diseases caused by SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV, 21 it is expected to become one of the effective drugs to treat coronavirus. 16 The "Pneumonitis Diagnosis and Treatment Scheme for New Coronavirus Infection (Trial Version 7)" states that aerosolized interferon alpha can be used as a trial treatment against SARS-CoV-2 virus to improve the virus clearance effect of respiratory mucosa in patients. 64 It has been revealed that chlorpromazine is a broad-spectrum virus inhibitor that can inhibit HCV, alpha virus, and various coronaviruses including human coronavirus 229E, SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV in vitro. abstract: Since the end of 2019, a new type of coronavirus pneumonia (COVID-19) caused by the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) has been spreading rapidly throughout the world. Previously, there were two outbreaks of severe coronavirus caused by different coronaviruses worldwide, namely Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV). This article introduced the origin, virological characteristics and epidemiological overview of SARS-CoV-2, reviewed the currently known drugs that may prevent and treat coronavirus, explained the characteristics of the new coronavirus and provided novel information for the prevention and treatment of COVID-19. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32714083/ doi: 10.7150/ijms.47836 id: cord-271211-frkk6w0a author: Han, Yu title: The transmission and diagnosis of 2019 novel coronavirus infection disease (COVID‐19): A Chinese perspective date: 2020-03-12 words: 2110.0 sentences: 139.0 pages: flesch: 55.0 cache: ./cache/cord-271211-frkk6w0a.txt txt: ./txt/cord-271211-frkk6w0a.txt summary: The Chinese government has taken emergency measures to control the outbreak and has undertaken initial steps in the diagnosis and treatment of 2019 novel coronavirus infection disease (COVID‐19). A study in South Korea showed that many environmental surfaces of patients with MERS were contaminated by MERS-CoV, and virus RNA was detected from environmental surfaces within 5 days after the last positive PCR of patients'' respiratory samples. 12 Guangzhou CDC also found SARS-CoV-2 in the house of a confirmed patient, 13 which serves as evidence of contact transmission. 20 The Lancet also reminded doctors not to ignore SARS-CoV-2 transmission via ocular surfaces as infected droplets and bodily fluids may easily contaminate the human conjunctival epithelium. 27 A study showed that during the outbreak of SARS-CoV, of all exposed health care workers, 7.5% were asymptomatic SARSpositive cases. SARS-CoV-2 viral load in upper respiratory specimens of infected patients abstract: 2019 novel coronavirus (SARS‐CoV‐2), which originated in Wuhan, China, has attracted the world's attention over the last month. The Chinese government has taken emergency measures to control the outbreak and has undertaken initial steps in the diagnosis and treatment of 2019 novel coronavirus infection disease (COVID‐19). However, SARS‐CoV‐2 possesses powerful pathogenicity as well as transmissibility and still holds many mysteries that are yet to be solved, such as whether the virus can be transmitted by asymptomatic patients or by mothers to their infants. Our research presents selected available cases of COVID‐19 in China to better understand the transmission and diagnosis regarding this infectious disease. url: https://doi.org/10.1002/jmv.25749 doi: 10.1002/jmv.25749 id: cord-307811-6e3j0pn7 author: Hao, Wei title: Binding of the SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein to Glycans date: 2020-07-02 words: 5665.0 sentences: 299.0 pages: flesch: 54.0 cache: ./cache/cord-307811-6e3j0pn7.txt txt: ./txt/cord-307811-6e3j0pn7.txt summary: Infection normally starts with the attachment of the virus to cell-surface glycans like heparan sulfate (HS) and sialic acid-containing oligosaccharides. Previous studies of many other viruses suggested that SARS-CoV-2 S protein may use other molecules on host cell surface as attachment factors to facilitate binding to the high-affinity receptor ACE2. 36 A recent study suggested that HS may bind to the receptor binding domain (RBD, the C-terminal region of the S1 subunit, Fig. 2 ) of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein and change its conformation. 38 In this study, we systematically examined and compared the binding of the SARS-CoV-2 S protein subunits, full-length molecule and its trimer to different HS using microarray experiments (Fig. 2) . In addition to binding protein-based receptors, many viruses can interact with cell surface glycans, including GAGs and sialic acid-containing oligosaccharides. abstract: The pandemic of SARS-CoV-2 has caused a high number of deaths in the world. To combat it, it is necessary to develop a better understanding of how the virus infects host cells. Infection normally starts with the attachment of the virus to cell-surface glycans like heparan sulfate (HS) and sialic acid-containing oligosaccharides. In this study, we examined and compared the binding of the subunits and spike (S) proteins of SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV to these glycans. Our results revealed that the S proteins and subunits can bind to HS in a sulfation-dependent manner, the length of HS is not a critical factor for the binding, and no binding with sialic acid residues was detected. Overall, this work suggests that HS binding may be a general mechanism for the attachment of these coronaviruses to host cells, and supports the potential importance of HS in infection and in the development of antiviral agents against these viruses. url: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.05.17.100537 doi: 10.1101/2020.05.17.100537 id: cord-295633-vkjcheaz author: Hao, Xin‐yan title: The characteristics of hDPP4 transgenic mice subjected to aerosol MERS coronavirus infection via an animal nose‐only exposure device date: 2019-10-30 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: BACKGROUND: Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS‐CoV), which is not fully understood in regard to certain transmission routes and pathogenesis and lacks specific therapeutics and vaccines, poses a global threat to public health. METHODS: To simulate the clinical aerosol transmission route, hDPP4 transgenic mice were infected with MERS‐CoV by an animal nose‐only exposure device and compared with instillation‐inoculated mice. The challenged mice were observed for 14 consecutive days and necropsied on days 3, 5, 7, and 9 to analyze viral load, histopathology, viral antigen distribution, and cytokines in tissues. RESULTS: MERS‐CoV aerosol‐infected mice with an incubation period of 5‐7 days showed weight loss on days 7‐11, obvious lung lesions on day 7, high viral loads in the lungs on days 3‐9 and in the brain on days 7‐9, and 60% survival. MERS‐CoV instillation‐inoculated mice exhibited clinical signs on day 1, obvious lung lesions on days 3‐5, continuous weight loss, 0% survival by day 5, and high viral loads in the lungs and brain on days 3‐5. Viral antigen and high levels of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines were detected in the aerosol and instillation groups. Disease, lung lesion, and viral replication progressions were slower in the MERS‐CoV aerosol‐infected mice than in the MERS‐CoV instillation‐inoculated mice. CONCLUSION: hDPP4 transgenic mice were successfully infected with MERS‐CoV aerosols via an animal nose‐only exposure device, and aerosol‐ and instillation‐infected mice simulated the clinical symptoms of moderate diffuse interstitial pneumonia. However, the transgenic mice exposed to aerosol MERS‐CoV developed disease and lung pathology progressions that more closely resembled those observed in humans. url: https://doi.org/10.1002/ame2.12088 doi: 10.1002/ame2.12088 id: cord-304057-d2r92nji author: Harrath, Rafik title: Sero‐prevalence of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS‐CoV) specific antibodies in dromedary camels in Tabuk, Saudi Arabia date: 2018-04-26 words: 1486.0 sentences: 91.0 pages: flesch: 56.0 cache: ./cache/cord-304057-d2r92nji.txt txt: ./txt/cord-304057-d2r92nji.txt summary: title: Sero‐prevalence of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS‐CoV) specific antibodies in dromedary camels in Tabuk, Saudi Arabia A primary sero‐prevalence study of MERS‐CoV preexisting neutralizing antibodies in Dromedary camel serum was conducted in Tabuk, western north region of KSA, in order to assess the seopositivity of these animals and to explain their possible role in the transmission of the infection to Human. 11, 16, 17 Results have shown that a high number (85%) of dromedary camels from the different farms of Tabuk Riyadh and screened by ELISA test showed that 74% of the animals were found to have antibodies to MERS-CoV. 7 In the same study, 264 archived serum samples collected from dromedary camels from 1992 to 2010 in Riyadh and Kharj were also analyzed by ELISA and showed a high seroprevalence (92%) of MERS-CoV neutralizing antibodies. Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus neutralizing serum antibodies in dromedary camels: a comparative serological study Seroprevalence of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) specific antibodies in dromedary camels in abstract: The Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS‐CoV) is a novel Coronavirus which was responsible of the first case of human acute respiratory syndrome in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA), 2012. Dromedary camels are considered as potential reservoirs for the virus and seem to be the only animal host which may transmit the infection to human. Further studies are required to better understand the animal sources of zoonotic transmission route and the risks of this infection. A primary sero‐prevalence study of MERS‐CoV preexisting neutralizing antibodies in Dromedary camel serum was conducted in Tabuk, western north region of KSA, in order to assess the seopositivity of these animals and to explain their possible role in the transmission of the infection to Human. One hundred seventy one (171) serum samples were collected from healthy dromedary camels with different ages and genders in Tabuk city and tested for specific serum IgG by ELISA using the receptor‐binding S1 subunits of spike proteins of MERS‐CoV. 144 (84,21%) of the total camel sera shown the presence of protein‐specific antibodies against MERS‐CoV. These results may provide evidence that MERS‐CoV has previously infected dromedary camels in Tabuk and may support the possible role of camels in the human infection. url: https://doi.org/10.1002/jmv.25186 doi: 10.1002/jmv.25186 id: cord-289520-i6pv90s9 author: Harris, Carlyn title: An evidence-based framework for priority clinical research questions for COVID-19 date: 2020-03-31 words: 4699.0 sentences: 282.0 pages: flesch: 46.0 cache: ./cache/cord-289520-i6pv90s9.txt txt: ./txt/cord-289520-i6pv90s9.txt summary: RESULTS: From the research objectives for SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV, ten themes in the literature were identified: Clinical characterisation, prognosis, diagnosis, clinical management, viral pathogenesis, epidemiological characterisation, infection prevention and control/transmission, susceptibility, psychosocial, and aetiology. Outbreaks, especially of novel agents, create a pressing need to collect data on clinical characterization, treatment, and validation of new diagnostics to inform rapid public health response. We compared our findings to the 2018 systematic review on SARS and MERS to determine which questions have already been addressed, what information is lacking, and provide recommendations for data sharing and clinical study designs to be conducted during the current outbreak. These observational studies are practical in the fast-paced outbreak setting, as they are easier than randomised controlled The First Few X (FFX) WHO Protocol https://www.who.int/publications-detail/the-first-few-x-(ffx)-cases-and-contact-investigation-protocol-for-2019-novel-coronavirus-(2019-ncov)-infection) What are the risk factors for death or severe illness? abstract: BACKGROUND: On 31 December, 2019, the World Health Organization China Country Office was informed of cases of pneumonia of unknown aetiology. Since then, there have been over 75 000 cases globally of the 2019 novel coronavirus (COVID-19), 2000 deaths, and over 14 000 cases recovered. Outbreaks of novel agents represent opportunities for clinical research to inform real-time public health action. In 2018, we conducted a systematic review to identify priority research questions for Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-related coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and Middle East Respiratory Syndrome-related coronavirus (MERS-CoV). Here, we review information available on COVID-19 and provide an evidenced-based framework for priority clinical research in the current outbreak. METHODS: Three bibliographic databases were searched to identify clinical studies published on SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV in the outbreak setting. Studies were grouped thematically according to clinical research questions addressed. In February 2020, available information on COVID19 was reviewed and compared to the results of the SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV systematic review. RESULTS: From the research objectives for SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV, ten themes in the literature were identified: Clinical characterisation, prognosis, diagnosis, clinical management, viral pathogenesis, epidemiological characterisation, infection prevention and control/transmission, susceptibility, psychosocial, and aetiology. For COVID19, some information on clinical presentation, diagnostic testing, and aetiology is available but many clinical research gaps have yet to be filled. CONCLUSIONS: Based on a systematic review of other severe coronaviruses, we summarise the state of clinical research for COVID-19, highlight the research gaps, and provide recommendations for the implementation of standardised protocols. Data based on internationally standardised protocols will inform clinical practice real-time. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32257173/ doi: 10.7189/jogh.10-011001 id: cord-263391-18x4ann5 author: Harvey, Ruth title: Comparison of Serologic Assays for Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus date: 2019-10-17 words: 3042.0 sentences: 134.0 pages: flesch: 43.0 cache: ./cache/cord-263391-18x4ann5.txt txt: ./txt/cord-263391-18x4ann5.txt summary: S ince the emergence of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) in 2012 (1), more than 2,250 laboratory-confirmed cases have been reported to the World Health Organization (WHO); approximately one third of these cases were fatal. The Ministry of Health, Oman; Ministry of Health, Saudi Arabia; and Korea National Institute of Health, South Korea, donated convalescent serum and plasma samples from PCR-confirmed MERS-CoV-infected patients. We included MERS-CoV-negative serum with antibodies against other human coronavirus HCoV-229E, HCoV-NL63, HCoV-OC43, and HCoV-HKU1 (samples 3, 6, 7, 8, 13, 15, and 17) to test specificity of the assays ( Table 2 ). Participants detected pool A, the high-titer MERS-CoV antibody pool (sample 16) in all assays (Table 3) . The low-positive pool (pool C, sample 14) was only detected as positive in a single assay in the study, the Alpha Diagnostic International MERS NP ELISA performed in laboratory 05. abstract: Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) was detected in humans in 2012. Since then, sporadic outbreaks with primary transmission through dromedary camels to humans and outbreaks in healthcare settings have shown that MERS-CoV continues to pose a threat to human health. Several serologic assays for MERS-CoV have been developed globally. We describe a collaborative study to investigate the comparability of serologic assays for MERS-CoV and assess any benefit associated with the introduction of a standard reference reagent for MERS-CoV serology. Our study findings indicate that, when possible, laboratories should use a testing algorithm including >2 tests to ensure correct diagnosis of MERS-CoV. We also demonstrate that the use of a reference reagent greatly improves the agreement between assays, enabling more consistent and therefore more meaningful comparisons between results. url: https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2510.190497 doi: 10.3201/eid2510.190497 id: cord-259200-65b267ic author: Harypursat, Vijay title: Six weeks into the 2019 coronavirus disease outbreak: it is time to consider strategies to impede the emergence of new zoonotic infections date: 2020-05-05 words: 1705.0 sentences: 77.0 pages: flesch: 47.0 cache: ./cache/cord-259200-65b267ic.txt txt: ./txt/cord-259200-65b267ic.txt summary: Subsequent to the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) outbreak in China 2003, and the Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) outbreak in the Middle East in 2012, global concerns regarding the pathogenicity and epidemic/pandemic potential of novel human coronaviruses began to emerge, with some experts predicting that novel coronaviruses could likely again cross the species barrier and present humans with future pandemic-potential infections. 2019-nCoV is the seventh coronavirus species that is now known to infect humans, is also zoonotic in origin, and is the causative organism for the current viral pneumonia epidemic in China. The complete ban on market trading and sale of wild game meat in China on January 26th, 2020 will help prevent zoonotic transmission of 2019-nCoV in the current epidemic and, to a certain degree, help prevent emergence of new zoonotic infections. abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32097202/ doi: 10.1097/cm9.0000000000000760 id: cord-344954-gpb25fga author: Hashem, Anwar M title: A Highly Immunogenic, Protective, and Safe Adenovirus-Based Vaccine Expressing Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus S1-CD40L Fusion Protein in a Transgenic Human Dipeptidyl Peptidase 4 Mouse Model date: 2019-11-15 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: BACKGROUND: Infection control measures have played a major role in limiting human/camel-to-human transmission of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV); however, development of effective and safe human or camel vaccines is warranted. METHODS: We extended and optimized our previous recombinant adenovirus 5 (rAd5)–based vaccine platform characterized by in vivo amplified and CD40-mediated specific responses to generate MERS-CoV S1 subunit-based vaccine. We generated rAd5 constructs expressing CD40-targeted S1 fusion protein (rAd5-S1/F/CD40L), untargeted S1 (rAd5-S1), and Green Fluorescent Protein (rAd5-GFP), and evaluated their efficacy and safety in human dipeptidyl peptidase 4 transgenic (hDPP4 Tg(+)) mice. RESULTS: Immunization of hDPP4 Tg(+) mice with a single dose of rAd5-S1/F/CD40L elicited as robust and significant specific immunoglobulin G and neutralizing antibodies as those induced with 2 doses of rAd5-S1. After MERS-CoV challenge, both vaccines conferred complete protection against morbidity and mortality, as evidenced by significantly undetectable/reduced pulmonary viral loads compared to the control group. However, rAd5-S1– but not rAd5-S1/F/CD40L–immunized mice exhibited marked pulmonary perivascular hemorrhage post–MERS-CoV challenge despite the observed protection. CONCLUSIONS: Incorporation of CD40L into rAd5-based MERS-CoV S1 vaccine targeting molecule and molecular adjuvants not only enhances immunogenicity and efficacy but also prevents inadvertent pulmonary pathology after viral challenge, thereby offering a promising strategy to enhance safety and potency of vaccines. url: https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jiz137 doi: 10.1093/infdis/jiz137 id: cord-326768-uo6482ah author: Hashem, Anwar M. title: MERS‐CoV, influenza and other respiratory viruses among symptomatic pilgrims during 2014 Hajj season date: 2019-02-20 words: 1842.0 sentences: 113.0 pages: flesch: 48.0 cache: ./cache/cord-326768-uo6482ah.txt txt: ./txt/cord-326768-uo6482ah.txt summary: The aim here was to screen symptomatic pilgrims for Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS‐CoV) and other viral etiologies. 2, [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] [16] [17] [18] [19] [20] The emergence of the novel Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) in Saudi Arabia, its endemicity, and high mortality rates (35%-40%) clearly represent another major public health concern, especially during Hajj. High prevalence of common respiratory viruses and no evidence of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus in Hajj pilgrims returning to Ghana Detection of respiratory viruses among pilgrims in Saudi Arabia during the time of a declared influenza A(H1N1) pandemic MERS-CoV but positive influenza viruses in returning Hajj pilgrims, China Cross-sectional survey and surveillance for influenza viruses and MERS-CoV among Egyptian pilgrims returning from Hajj during 2012-2015. Middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infections in two returning travellers in the Netherlands MERS-CoV, influenza and other respiratory viruses among symptomatic pilgrims during 2014 Hajj season abstract: More than two million Muslims visit Makkah, Saudi Arabia, annually to perform the religious rituals of Hajj where the risk of spreading respiratory infections is very common. The aim here was to screen symptomatic pilgrims for Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS‐CoV) and other viral etiologies. Thus, 132 nasopharyngeal samples were collected from pilgrims presenting with acute respiratory symptoms at the healthcare facilities in the holy sites during the 5 days of the 2014 Hajj season. Samples were tested using real‐time reverse transcription polymerase chain reactions and microarray. Demographic data including age, sex, and country of origin were obtained for all participants. While we did not detect MERS‐CoV in any of the samples, several other viruses were detected in 50.8% of the cases. Among the detected viruses, 64.2% of the cases were due to a single‐virus infection and 35.8% were due to the coinfections with up to four viruses. The most common respiratory virus was influenza A, followed by non‐MERS human coronaviruses, rhinoviruses, and influenza B. Together, we found that it was not MERS‐CoV but other respiratory viruses that caused acute respiratory symptoms among pilgrims. The observed high prevalence of influenza viruses underscores the need for more effective surveillance during the Hajj and adoption of stringent vaccination requirements from all pilgrims. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30729547/ doi: 10.1002/jmv.25424 id: cord-275138-033r259v author: Hayden, Frederick G title: Towards improving clinical management of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection date: 2014-07-31 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: nan url: https://doi.org/10.1016/s1473-3099(14)70793-5 doi: 10.1016/s1473-3099(14)70793-5 id: cord-286298-pn9nwl64 author: Helmy, Yosra A. title: The COVID-19 Pandemic: A Comprehensive Review of Taxonomy, Genetics, Epidemiology, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Control date: 2020-04-24 words: 9290.0 sentences: 516.0 pages: flesch: 51.0 cache: ./cache/cord-286298-pn9nwl64.txt txt: ./txt/cord-286298-pn9nwl64.txt summary: Another group of researchers reported that the virus originated from bats based on the genome sequence of SARS-CoV-2, which is 96% identical to bat coronavirus RaTG13. These factors include, but are not limited to: (1) travel to or contact with individuals who have recently visited Wuhan, China, or other places experiencing an outbreak; (2) close contact with persons who are diagnosed positive for the disease, such as healthcare workers caring for patients with SARS-CoV-2; (3) contact with droplets and secretions (produced by sneezing or coughing) from an infected person and eating or handling wild animals native to China such as bats. These factors include, but are not limited to: (1) travel to or contact with individuals who have recently visited Wuhan, China, or other places experiencing an outbreak; (2) close contact with persons who are diagnosed positive for the disease, such as healthcare workers caring for patients with SARS-CoV-2; (3) contact with droplets and secretions (produced by sneezing or coughing) from an infected person and eating or handling wild animals native to China such as bats. abstract: A pneumonia outbreak with unknown etiology was reported in Wuhan, Hubei province, China, in December 2019, associated with the Huanan Seafood Wholesale Market. The causative agent of the outbreak was identified by the WHO as the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), producing the disease named coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19). The virus is closely related (96.3%) to bat coronavirus RaTG13, based on phylogenetic analysis. Human-to-human transmission has been confirmed even from asymptomatic carriers. The virus has spread to at least 200 countries, and more than 1,700,000 confirmed cases and 111,600 deaths have been recorded, with massive global increases in the number of cases daily. Therefore, the WHO has declared COVID-19 a pandemic. The disease is characterized by fever, dry cough, and chest pain with pneumonia in severe cases. In the beginning, the world public health authorities tried to eradicate the disease in China through quarantine but are now transitioning to prevention strategies worldwide to delay its spread. To date, there are no available vaccines or specific therapeutic drugs to treat the virus. There are many knowledge gaps about the newly emerged SARS-CoV-2, leading to misinformation. Therefore, in this review, we provide recent information about the COVID-19 pandemic. This review also provides insights for the control of pathogenic infections in humans such as SARS-CoV-2 infection and future spillovers. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32344679/ doi: 10.3390/jcm9041225 id: cord-303289-qoukiqr7 author: Hemida, M. G. title: Coronavirus infections in horses in Saudi Arabia and Oman date: 2017-03-13 words: 2807.0 sentences: 151.0 pages: flesch: 61.0 cache: ./cache/cord-303289-qoukiqr7.txt txt: ./txt/cord-303289-qoukiqr7.txt summary: We carried out RT‐PCR on 306 nasal and 315 rectal swabs and tested 243 sera for antibodies to detect coronavirus infections in apparently healthy horses in Saudi Arabia and Oman. RNA extracts were tested for evidence of conserved coronavirus nucleic acid genetic sequences using previously reported RT-PCR assays (Chu et al., 2014) , RTqPCR assay for MERS-CoV upE gene (Corman et al., 2012) , RTqPCR assay for ECoV (Miszczak et al., 2014) , and a RTqPCR assay for HKU23 reported below. T A B L E 5 Cross-neutralization titres (denoted as reciprocal titres) for Middle East respiratory coronavirus (MERS-CoV), bovine coronavirus (BCoV) and equine coronavirus (ECoV) in hyperimmune or naturally infected sera known to be positive for different coronaviruses NR460pig antiserum to porcine respiratory coronavirus 1,200 a <20 <20 <20 <20 Similarly, a BCoV immune serum from an experimentally infected gnotobiotic calf showed detectable, but 16-fold reduced antibody titre with ECoV but no cross-reaction with MERS-CoV. abstract: Equine coronaviruses (ECoV) are the only coronavirus known to infect horses. So far, data on ECoV infection in horses remain limited to the USA, France and Japan and its geographic distribution is not well understood. We carried out RT‐PCR on 306 nasal and 315 rectal swabs and tested 243 sera for antibodies to detect coronavirus infections in apparently healthy horses in Saudi Arabia and Oman. We document evidence of infection with ECoV and HKU23 coronavirus by RT‐PCR. There was no conclusive evidence of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection in horses. Serological data suggest that lineage A betacoronavirus infections are commonly infecting horses in Saudi Arabia and Oman but antibody cross‐reactivities between these viruses do not permit us to use serological data alone to identify which coronaviruses are causing these infections. url: https://doi.org/10.1111/tbed.12630 doi: 10.1111/tbed.12630 id: cord-252456-971d0sir author: Hemida, Maged Gomaa title: The SARS-CoV-2 outbreak from a one health perspective date: 2020-03-16 words: 4824.0 sentences: 244.0 pages: flesch: 55.0 cache: ./cache/cord-252456-971d0sir.txt txt: ./txt/cord-252456-971d0sir.txt summary: The SARS-CoV-2 is a new human coronavirus candidate recently detected in China that is now reported in people on inhabited continents. Currently, the case fatality rate is relatively low (⁓3.6%) compared to infections with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV, (10%) and MERS-CoV (32%) [11] . Based on the previous emergence history of SARS-CoV, the presence of a large number of mammals and birds overcrowded in one place may give a chance for pathogens, particularly those with RNA genomes such as coronaviruses and influenza viruses, to emerge. Based on the previous experience from the other emerging diseases, particularly SARS-CoV and influenza viruses, avoiding the mixing of various species of animals, birds, and mammals, is highly suggested [51, 65, 66] . The process of decontamination of the virus-contaminated surfaces by the appropriate disinfectants or virucidal agents was successful in case of other respiratory viruses such as SARS-CoV and avian influenza [59] . abstract: The SARS-CoV-2 is a new human coronavirus candidate recently detected in China that is now reported in people on inhabited continents. The virus shares a high level of identity with some bat coronaviruses and is recognised as a potentially zoonotic virus. We are utilizing the One Health concept to understand the emergence of the virus, as well as to point to some possible control strategies that might reduce the spread of the virus across the globe; thus, containment of such virus would be possible. url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S2352771420300185 doi: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2020.100127 id: cord-325902-33pxylb3 author: Hemida, Maged Gomaa title: Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus and the One Health concept date: 2019-08-22 words: 6356.0 sentences: 325.0 pages: flesch: 58.0 cache: ./cache/cord-325902-33pxylb3.txt txt: ./txt/cord-325902-33pxylb3.txt summary: This is due to the animals, especially dromedary camels, play important roles in the transmission and sustainability of the virus, and the virus can be transmitted through aerosols of infected patients into the environment. Experimental MERS-CoV infection in both alpacas and llamas showed a similar pattern to that of dromedary camels (Crameri et al., 2016; Vergara-Alert et al., 2017) , which suggested that both animals might act as a model animal for the study of MERS-CoV in vivo. Very few studies reported the cross-reactivity between MERS-CoV and other coronaviruses such as the bovine coronavirus (BCoV) that might infect dromedary camels. Dromedary camels remain the amplifier of the virus; the close contact of these animals to the human population in certain regions of Africa and Asia may pose a great risk for human infection and indirectly contribute to the spread of the virus. Lack of middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus transmission from infected camels abstract: Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) is one of the major threats to the healthcare systems in some countries, especially in the Arabian Peninsula. MERS-CoV is considered an ideal example of the One Health concept. This is due to the animals, especially dromedary camels, play important roles in the transmission and sustainability of the virus, and the virus can be transmitted through aerosols of infected patients into the environment. However, there is some debate regarding the origin of MERS-CoV either from bats or other unknown reservoirs. The dromedary camel is the only identified animal reservoir to date. These animals play important roles in sustaining the virus in certain communities and may act as an amplifier of the virus by secreting it in their body fluids, especially in nasal and rectal discharges. MERS-CoV has been detected in the nasal and rectal secretions of infected camels, and MERS-CoV of this origin has full capacity to infect human airway epithelium in both in vitro and in vivo models. Other evidence confirms the direct transmission of MERS-CoV from camels to humans, though the role of camel meat and milk products has yet to be well studied. Human-to-human transmission is well documented through contact with an active infected patient or some silently infected persons. Furthermore, there are some significant risk factors of individuals in close contact with a positive MERS-CoV patient, including sleeping in the same patient room, removing patient waste (urine, stool, and sputum), and touching respiratory secretions from the index case. Outbreaks within family clusters have been reported, whereby some blood relative patients were infected through their wives in the same house were not infected. Some predisposing genetic factors favor MERS-CoV infection in some patients, which is worth investigating in the near future. The presence of other comorbidities may be another factor. Overall, there are many unknown/confirmed aspects of the virus/human/animal network. Here, the most recent advances in this context are discussed, and the possible reasons behind the emergence and sustainability of MERS-CoV in certain regions are presented. Identification of the exact mechanism of transmission of MERS-CoV from camels to humans and searching for new reservoir/s are of high priority. This will reduce the shedding of the virus into the environment, and thus the risk of human infection can be mitigated. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31497405/ doi: 10.7717/peerj.7556 id: cord-349262-gnqbyc6t author: Hemida, Maged Gomaa title: The Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus in the breath of some infected dromedary camels (Camelus dromedarius) date: 2020-10-14 words: 3172.0 sentences: 174.0 pages: flesch: 62.0 cache: ./cache/cord-349262-gnqbyc6t.txt txt: ./txt/cord-349262-gnqbyc6t.txt summary: title: The Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus in the breath of some infected dromedary camels (Camelus dromedarius) Dromedary camels remain the currently identified reservoir for the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV). We tested nasal swabs, breath samples from animals within this herd by the real-time PCR. However, the nasal swabs are still the sample of choice in the diagnosis of MERS-CoV among the infected dromedary camel population. Detection of the virus in the air of positive camel''s herd [5, 6] may suggest the virus is excreted in the breath of the infected animals in high concentration. The aim of our study was to test the possibility of MERS-CoV shedding in the breath of the infected dromedary camels. Longitudinal study of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection in dromedary camel herds in Saudi Arabia Dromedary camels and the transmission of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) abstract: Dromedary camels remain the currently identified reservoir for the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV). The virus is released in the secretions of the infected camels, especially the nasal tract. The virus shedding curve through the nasal secretions was studied. Although human transmission of the virus through the respiratory tract of close contact people with dromedary reported previously, the exact mechanism of transmission is still largely unknown. The main goal of this study was to check the possibility of MERS-CoV shedding in the exhaled air of the infected camels. To achieve this goal, we conducted a follow-up study in one of the dromedary camel herds, December 2018–April 2019. We tested nasal swabs, breath samples from animals within this herd by the real-time PCR. Our results showed that some of the tested nasal swabs and breath were positive from 24 March 2019 until 7 April 2019. The phylogenetic analysis of the obtained S and N gene sequences revealed the detected viruses are clustering together with some human and camel samples from the eastern region, especially from Al-Hufuf city, as well as some samples from Qatar and Jordon. These results are clearly showing the possibility of shedding of the virus in the breath of the infected camels. This could explain, at least in part, the mechanism of transmission of MERS-CoV from animals to humans. This study is confirming the shedding of MERS-CoV in the exhaled air of the infected camels. Further studies are needed for a better understanding of the MERS-CoV. url: https://doi.org/10.1017/s0950268820002459 doi: 10.1017/s0950268820002459 id: cord-282560-tofppr3b author: Henderson, Jack A. title: Assessment of proton-coupled conformational dynamics of SARS and MERS coronavirus papain-like proteases: Implication for designing broad-spectrum antiviral inhibitors date: 2020-09-21 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Broad-spectrum antiviral drugs are urgently needed to stop the Coronavirus Disease 2019 pandemic and prevent future ones. The novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is related to the SARS-CoV and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), which have caused the previous outbreaks. The papain-like protease (PLpro) is an attractive drug target due to its essential roles in the viral life cycle. As a cysteine protease, PLpro is rich in cysteines and histidines, and their protonation/deprotonation modulates catalysis and conformational plasticity. Here, we report the pK(a) calculations and assessment of the proton-coupled conformational dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 in comparison to SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV PLpros using the recently developed graphical processing unit (GPU)-accelerated implicit-solvent continuous constant pH molecular dynamics method with a new asynchronous replica-exchange scheme, which allows computation on a single GPU card. The calculated pK(a)’s support the catalytic roles of the Cys–His–Asp triad. We also found that several residues can switch protonation states at physiological pH among which is C270/271 located on the flexible blocking loop 2 (BL2) of SARS-CoV-2/CoV PLpro. Simulations revealed that the BL2 can open and close depending on the protonation state of C271/270, consistent with the most recent crystal structure evidence. Interestingly, despite the lack of an analogous cysteine, BL2 in MERS-CoV PLpro is also very flexible, challenging a current hypothesis. These findings are supported by the all-atom fixed-charge simulations and provide a starting point for more detailed studies to assist the structure-based design of broad-spectrum inhibitors against CoV PLpros. url: https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0020458 doi: 10.1063/5.0020458 id: cord-305871-w1quh4fx author: Hindawi, Salwa I. title: Inactivation of Middle East respiratory syndrome‐coronavirus in human plasma using amotosalen and ultraviolet A light date: 2017-12-14 words: 4522.0 sentences: 212.0 pages: flesch: 49.0 cache: ./cache/cord-305871-w1quh4fx.txt txt: ./txt/cord-305871-w1quh4fx.txt summary: Furthermore, inoculation of inactivated plasma on Vero E6 cells did not result in any cytopathic effect (CPE) even after 7 days of incubation and three consecutive passages, nor the detection of MERS RNA compared to pretreatment samples which showed complete CPE within 2 to 3 days postinoculation and log viral RNA titer ranging from 9.48 to 10.22 copies/ mL in all three passages. Furthermore, inoculation of inactivated plasma on Vero E6 cells did not result in any cytopathic effect (CPE) even after 7 days of incubation and three consecutive passages, nor the detection of MERS RNA compared to pretreatment samples which showed complete CPE within 2 to 3 days postinoculation and log viral RNA titer ranging from 9.48 to 10.22 copies/ mL in all three passages. Similar to SARS-CoV, there is no proven evidence so far of transfusion-transmitted MERS-CoV infections, 25 but the presence of viral RNA in plasma and serum of acute patients raises this concern especially in endemic areas like Saudi Arabia. abstract: BACKGROUND: Middle East respiratory syndrome‐coronavirus (MERS‐CoV) is a novel zoonotic pathogen. Although the potential for MERS‐CoV transmission through blood transfusion is not clear, MERS‐CoV was recognized as a pathogen of concern for the safety of the blood supply especially after its detection in whole blood, serum, and plasma of infected individuals. Here we investigated the efficacy of amotosalen and ultraviolet A light (UVA) to inactivate MERS‐CoV in fresh‐frozen plasma (FFP). STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Pooled FFP units were spiked with a recent clinical MERS‐CoV isolate. Infectious and genomic viral titers were determined in plasma before and after inactivation with amotosalen/UVA treatment by plaque assay and reverse transcription–quantitative polymerase chain reaction, respectively. In addition, residual replicating or live virus after inactivation was examined by passaging in the permissive Vero E6 cells. RESULTS: The mean MERS‐CoV infectious titer in pretreatment samples was 4.67 ± 0.25 log plaque‐forming units (pfu)/mL, which was reduced to undetectable levels after inactivation with amotosalen/UVA demonstrating a mean log reduction of more than 4.67 ± 0.25 pfu/mL. Furthermore, inoculation of inactivated plasma on Vero E6 cells did not result in any cytopathic effect (CPE) even after 7 days of incubation and three consecutive passages, nor the detection of MERS RNA compared to pretreatment samples which showed complete CPE within 2 to 3 days postinoculation and log viral RNA titer ranging from 9.48 to 10.22 copies/mL in all three passages. CONCLUSION: Our data show that amotosalen/UVA treatment is a potent and effective way to inactivate MERS‐CoV infectious particles in FFP to undetectable levels and to minimize the risk of any possible transfusion‐related MERS‐CoV transmission. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29239484/ doi: 10.1111/trf.14422 id: cord-356364-ipi81ce3 author: Ho, Bo-Lin title: Critical Assessment of the Important Residues Involved in the Dimerization and Catalysis of MERS Coronavirus Main Protease date: 2015-12-14 words: 5038.0 sentences: 277.0 pages: flesch: 62.0 cache: ./cache/cord-356364-ipi81ce3.txt txt: ./txt/cord-356364-ipi81ce3.txt summary: In the present study, MERS-CoV main protease (M(pro)) is expressed; the dimerization of the protein and its relationship to catalysis are investigated. The colorimetry-based peptide substrate, TSAVLQ-para-nitroanilide (TQ6-pNA) (purity 95-99% by HPLC; GL Biochem Ltd, Shanghai, China), was used to measure the proteolytic activity of MERS-CoV M pro and its mutants throughout the course of the study as described previously [25, 28] . In addition, although the K d values of wild-type SARS-CoV M pro without or with substrates show no significant difference (Table 2) , it was possible to detect substrate-induced dimerization at a protein concentration of 1 μM by AEC [33] . Biochemical and AUC studies indicated that MERS-CoV M pro shows almost the same proteolytic activity as SARS-CoV M pro ; although it is a monomer in aqueous buffer and displays substrate-induced dimerization (Fig 6) . abstract: BACKGROUND: A highly pathogenic human coronavirus (CoV), Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), has emerged in Jeddah and other places in Saudi Arabia, and has quickly spread to European and Asian countries since September 2012. Up to the 1(st) October 2015 it has infected at least 1593 people with a global fatality rate of about 35%. Studies to understand the virus are necessary and urgent. In the present study, MERS-CoV main protease (M(pro)) is expressed; the dimerization of the protein and its relationship to catalysis are investigated. METHODS AND RESULTS: The crystal structure of MERS-CoV M(pro) indicates that it shares a similar scaffold to that of other coronaviral M(pro) and consists of chymotrypsin-like domains I and II and a helical domain III of five helices. Analytical ultracentrifugation analysis demonstrated that MERS-CoV M(pro) undergoes a monomer to dimer conversion in the presence of a peptide substrate. Glu169 is a key residue and plays a dual role in both dimerization and catalysis. The mutagenesis of other residues found on the dimerization interface indicate that dimerization of MERS-CoV M(pro) is required for its catalytic activity. One mutation, M298R, resulted in a stable dimer with a higher level of proteolytic activity than the wild-type enzyme. CONCLUSIONS: MERS-CoV M(pro) shows substrate-induced dimerization and potent proteolytic activity. A critical assessment of the residues important to these processes provides insights into the correlation between dimerization and catalysis within the coronaviral M(pro) family. url: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0144865 doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0144865 id: cord-326864-i1r3bv4p author: Hon, Kam Lun title: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): latest developments in potential treatments date: 2020-06-29 words: 6265.0 sentences: 370.0 pages: flesch: 46.0 cache: ./cache/cord-326864-i1r3bv4p.txt txt: ./txt/cord-326864-i1r3bv4p.txt summary: 4 COVID-19 is a respiratory tract infection that causes mild symptoms in the majority of cases, but can also lead to ISSN: 1740-4398 REVIEW -Coronavirus disease 2019 : latest developments in potential treatments drugsincontext.com mortality and morbidity. SARS-CoV is closely related to civet and bat CoVs, but it is phylogenetically divergent from other coronaviruses associated with human infections, including ISSN: 1740-4398 REVIEW -Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): latest developments in potential treatments drugsincontext.com OC43, NL63, 229E, and HKU1. In a clinical trial involving 199 patients with laboratory-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection, lopinavir-ritonavir treatment was not associated with any clinical improvements compared with standard care. 25 Long and colleagues reported that corticosteroid therapy using methylprednisolone, dexamethasone, and hydrocortisone was beneficial in treating ISSN: 1740-4398 REVIEW -Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): latest developments in potential treatments drugsincontext.com SARS-CoV patients, 78 and significantly prolonged survival time in clinical cases. abstract: Many viral respiratory infections can cause severe acute respiratory symptoms leading to mortality and morbidity. In the spring of 2003, the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) outbreak caused by SARS-CoV spread globally. In the summer of 2012, the Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) outbreak caused by MERS-CoV occurred in Saudi Arabia. In the winter of 2019, the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak caused by a novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 occurred in China which rapidly spread worldwide causing a global pandemic. Up until 27 May 2020, there are 5.5 million confirmed cases of COVID-19 and 347,587 COVID-19 related deaths worldwide, and there has also been an unprecedented increase in socioeconomic and psychosocial issues related to COVID-19. This overview aims to review the current developments in preventive treatments and therapies for COVID-19. The development of vaccines for SARS-CoV-2 is ongoing and various clinical trials are currently underway around the world. It is hoped that existing antivirals including remdesivir and lopinavir-ritonavir might have roles in the treatment of COVID-19, but results from trials thus far have not been promising. COVID-19 causes a mild respiratory disease in the majority of cases, but in some cases, cytokine activation causes sepsis and acute respiratory distress syndrome, leading to morbidity and mortality. Immunomodulatory treatments and biologics are also being actively explored as therapeutics for COVID-19. On the other hand, the use of steroidal and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) has been discouraged based on concerns about their adverse effects. Over the past two decades, coronaviruses have caused major epidemics and outbreaks worldwide, whilst modern medicine has been playing catch-up all along. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32655654/ doi: 10.7573/dic.2020-4-15 id: cord-342052-v4y1xc90 author: Horigan, Verity title: Application of a quantitative entry assessment model to compare the relative risk of incursion of zoonotic bat-borne viruses into European Union Member States date: 2017-10-02 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: This paper presents a quantitative assessment model for the risk of entry of zoonotic bat-borne viruses into the European Union (EU). The model considers four routes of introduction: human travel, legal trade of products, live animal imports and illegal import of bushmeat and was applied to five virus outbreak scenarios. Two scenarios were considered for Zaire ebolavirus (wEBOV, cEBOV) and other scenarios for Hendra virus, Marburg virus (MARV) and Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV). The use of the same framework and generic data sources for all EU Member States (MS) allows for a relative comparison of the probability of virus introduction and of the importance of the routes of introduction among MSs. According to the model wEBOV posed the highest risk of an introduction event within the EU, followed by MARV and MERS-CoV. However, the main route of introduction differed, with wEBOV and MERS-CoV most likely through human travel and MARV through legal trade of foodstuffs. The relative risks to EU MSs as entry points also varied between outbreak scenarios, highlighting the heterogeneity in global trade and travel to the EU MSs. The model has the capability to allow for a continual updating of the risk estimate using new data as, and when, it becomes available. The model provides an horizon scanning tool for use when available data are limited and, therefore, the absolute risk estimates often have high uncertainty. Sensitivity analysis suggested virus prevalence in bats has a large influence on the results; a 90% reduction in prevalence reduced the risk of introduction considerably and resulted in the relative ranking of MARV falling below that for MERS-CoV, due to this parameter disproportionately affecting the risk of introduction from the trade route over human travel. url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S2352352217301408 doi: 10.1016/j.mran.2017.09.002 id: cord-265279-0zjpqnqp author: Hoteit, Rouba title: Use of the Human Coronavirus 2012 (MERS) GeneSig kit for MERS-CoV detection date: 2016-04-16 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: INTRODUCTION: Mortality due to MERS-CoV infection is common especially among immunocompromised patients. The pathogenesis and the transmission mode of this virus are still not well understood. The name of the virus is derived from the area of its appearance and the genomic sequence that was used in the development of qRT-PCR assays for MERS-CoV detection was retrieved from the first detected case isolate. The employed assays target various regions including the area upstream of the envelope gene (upE) that is used for screening and the open reading frames (ORF) 1a and 1b used for confirmation. AIM: This study assesses the use of a MERS-CoV specific assay for screening of respiratory samples in anticipation of the possible spread of the virus in the region. METHODS: 46 respiratory specimens were tested using the qualitative one-step qRT-PCR GeneSig Human Coronavirus 2012 (MERS) kit (PrimerDesign™). RESULTS: Out of the 46 tested samples, 45 were negative for MERS-CoV and one sample was found MERS-CoV positive. CONCLUSION: The GeneSig Human Coronavirus 2012 (MERS) kit is very useful for the screening of suspected respiratory cases in the Middle East area as well as other regions. url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S2452014416300218 doi: 10.1016/j.genrep.2016.04.004 id: cord-294918-lm2ixz8n author: Hotez, Peter J. title: Calling for rapid development of a safe and effective MERS vaccine date: 2014-07-31 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Abstract The geographic spread and rapid increase in the cases of Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) caused by a novel coronavirus (MERS-CoV) during the past two months have raised concern about its pandemic potential. Here we call for the rapid development of an effective and safe MERS vaccine to control the spread of MERS-CoV. url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micinf.2014.05.002 doi: 10.1016/j.micinf.2014.05.002 id: cord-317389-trvleobp author: Hoy, Carlton F.O. title: Rapid multiplex microfiber-based immunoassay for anti-MERS-CoV antibody detection date: 2019-10-14 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: On-site multiplex biosensors for innate immunity antibodies are ideal tools for monitoring health status of individuals against various diseases. This study introduces a novel antibody immunoassay testing platform incorporating microfiber-based arrays of antigens to capture specific antibodies. The fabrication and setup of the device revolved around electrospun polystyrene (ESPS) microfibers that act as three-dimensional membrane filters, capable of rapid and multifold analyte capture. In particular, the ESPS microfibers were patterned through localized oxygen plasma to create hydrophilic zones that facilitate fluid flows and immobilizations of antigens. The bulk of this robust antibody immunoassay platform could be installed into a compact syringe-driven cassette device, which could perform multiplex antibody immunoassay for antibodies specifically against Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) with rapid preparation amounting to a total of 5 min, as well as high sensitivity and specificity for the MERS-CoV down to 200 μg/mL. url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214180419301424 doi: 10.1016/j.sbsr.2019.100304 id: cord-291916-5yqc3zcx author: Hozhabri, Hossein title: The Global Emergency of Novel Coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2): An Update of the Current Status and Forecasting date: 2020-08-05 words: 16737.0 sentences: 847.0 pages: flesch: 45.0 cache: ./cache/cord-291916-5yqc3zcx.txt txt: ./txt/cord-291916-5yqc3zcx.txt summary: abstract: Over the past two decades, there have been two major outbreaks where the crossover of animal Betacoronaviruses to humans has resulted in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV). In December 2019, a global public health concern started with the emergence of a new strain of coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2 or 2019 novel coronavirus, 2019-nCoV) which has rapidly spread all over the world from its origin in Wuhan, China. SARS-CoV-2 belongs to the Betacoronavirus genus, which includes human SARS-CoV, MERS and two other human coronaviruses (HCoVs), HCoV-OC43 and HCoV-HKU1. The fatality rate of SARS-CoV-2 is lower than the two previous coronavirus epidemics, but it is faster spreading and the large number of infected people with severe viral pneumonia and respiratory illness, showed SARS-CoV-2 to be highly contagious. Based on the current published evidence, herein we summarize the origin, genetics, epidemiology, clinical manifestations, preventions, diagnosis and up to date treatments of SARS-CoV-2 infections in comparison with those caused by SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV. Moreover, the possible impact of weather conditions on the transmission of SARS-CoV-2 is also discussed. Therefore, the aim of the present review is to reconsider the two previous pandemics and provide a reference for future studies as well as therapeutic approaches. url: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17165648 doi: 10.3390/ijerph17165648 id: cord-294854-rvrgcugn author: Hu, Biying title: The cytokine storm and COVID‐19 date: 2020-06-27 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19), which began in Wuhan, China in December 2019 has caused a large global pandemic and poses a serious threat to public health. More than four million cases of COVID‐19, which is caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2), have been confirmed as of May 11, 2020. SARS‐CoV‐2 is a highly pathogenic and transmissible coronavirus that primarily spreads through respiratory droplets and close contact. A growing body of clinical data suggests that a cytokine storm is associated with COVID‐19 severity and is also a crucial cause of death from COVID‐19. In the absence of antivirals and vaccines for COVID‐19, there is an urgent need to understand the cytokine storm in COVID‐19. Here, we have reviewed the current understanding of the features of SARS‐CoV‐2 and the pathological features, pathophysiological mechanisms, and treatments of the cytokine storm induced by COVID‐19. Additionally, we suggest that the identification and treatment of the cytokine storm are important components for rescuing patients with severe COVID‐19. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32592501/ doi: 10.1002/jmv.26232 id: cord-340163-ex03l0pc author: Hu, Tingting title: A comparison of COVID-19, SARS and MERS date: 2020-08-19 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: In mid-December 2019, a novel atypical pneumonia broke out in Wuhan, Hubei Province, China and was caused by a newly identified coronavirus, initially termed 2019 Novel Coronavirus and subsequently severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). As of 19 May 2020, a total of 4,731,458 individuals were reported as infected with SARS-CoV-2 among 213 countries, areas or territories with recorded cases, and the overall case-fatality rate was 6.6% (316,169 deaths among 4,731,458 recorded cases), according to the World Health Organization. Studies have shown that SARS-CoV-2 is notably similar to (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus) SARS-CoV that emerged in 2002–2003 and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) that spread during 2012, and these viruses all contributed to global pandemics. The ability of SARS-CoV-2 to rapidly spread a pneumonia-like disease from Hubei Province, China, throughout the world has provoked widespread concern. The main symptoms of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) include fever, cough, myalgia, fatigue and lower respiratory signs. At present, nucleic acid tests are widely recommended as the optimal method for detecting SARS-CoV-2. However, obstacles remain, including the global shortage of testing kits and the presentation of false negatives. Experts suggest that almost everyone in China is susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 infection, and to date, there are no effective treatments. In light of the references published, this review demonstrates the biological features, spread, diagnosis and treatment of SARS-CoV-2 as a whole and aims to analyse the similarities and differences among SARS-CoV-2, SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV to provide new ideas and suggestions for prevention, diagnosis and clinical treatment. url: https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.9725 doi: 10.7717/peerj.9725 id: cord-309898-sju15hev author: Hu, Yiwen title: Comparative analysis of nanomechanical features of coronavirus spike proteins and correlation with lethality and infection rate date: 2020-11-02 words: 4295.0 sentences: 219.0 pages: flesch: 50.0 cache: ./cache/cord-309898-sju15hev.txt txt: ./txt/cord-309898-sju15hev.txt summary: The key result of our work is that both, the overall flexibility of upward RBD and the mobility ratio of RBDs in different conformations, represent two significant factors that show a positive scaling with virus lethality and an inverse correlation with the infection rate. Figure 2 depicts data that shows that the lowest-frequency normal modes of MERS-CoV, SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins are all associated with a swing motion of upward receptor-binding domain (RBD) to different extents. Figure 4 provides a correlation diagram for MERS-CoV, SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, where the overall flexibility of upward RBD is evaluated by the average fluctuation of open-state RBD and the mobility ratio is quantified as the ratio of maximum fluctuations over upward and downward RBDs. The data shows that both factors have positive correlation with case fatality rate and inverse relationship with the virus infectivity. abstract: The novel coronavirus disease, COVID-19, has spread rapidly around the world. Its causative virus, SARS-CoV-2, enters human cells through the physical interaction between the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of its spike protein and the human cell receptor ACE2. Here, we provide a novel way in understanding coronavirus spike proteins, connecting their nanomechanical features – specifically its vibrational spectrum and quantitative measures of mobility – with virus lethality and infection rate. The key result of our work is that both, the overall flexibility of upward RBD and the mobility ratio of RBDs in different conformations, represent two significant factors that show a positive scaling with virus lethality and an inverse correlation with the infection rate. Our analysis shows that epidemiological virus properties can be linked directly to pure nanomechanical, vibrational aspects, offering an alternative way of screening new viruses and mutations, and potentially exploring novel ways to prevent infections from occurring. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33163958/ doi: 10.1016/j.matt.2020.10.032 id: cord-313028-0nhgxoim author: Huang, Chaolin title: Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China date: 2020-01-24 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: BACKGROUND: A recent cluster of pneumonia cases in Wuhan, China, was caused by a novel betacoronavirus, the 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV). We report the epidemiological, clinical, laboratory, and radiological characteristics and treatment and clinical outcomes of these patients. METHODS: All patients with suspected 2019-nCoV were admitted to a designated hospital in Wuhan. We prospectively collected and analysed data on patients with laboratory-confirmed 2019-nCoV infection by real-time RT-PCR and next-generation sequencing. Data were obtained with standardised data collection forms shared by WHO and the International Severe Acute Respiratory and Emerging Infection Consortium from electronic medical records. Researchers also directly communicated with patients or their families to ascertain epidemiological and symptom data. Outcomes were also compared between patients who had been admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) and those who had not. FINDINGS: By Jan 2, 2020, 41 admitted hospital patients had been identified as having laboratory-confirmed 2019-nCoV infection. Most of the infected patients were men (30 [73%] of 41); less than half had underlying diseases (13 [32%]), including diabetes (eight [20%]), hypertension (six [15%]), and cardiovascular disease (six [15%]). Median age was 49·0 years (IQR 41·0–58·0). 27 (66%) of 41 patients had been exposed to Huanan seafood market. One family cluster was found. Common symptoms at onset of illness were fever (40 [98%] of 41 patients), cough (31 [76%]), and myalgia or fatigue (18 [44%]); less common symptoms were sputum production (11 [28%] of 39), headache (three [8%] of 38), haemoptysis (two [5%] of 39), and diarrhoea (one [3%] of 38). Dyspnoea developed in 22 (55%) of 40 patients (median time from illness onset to dyspnoea 8·0 days [IQR 5·0–13·0]). 26 (63%) of 41 patients had lymphopenia. All 41 patients had pneumonia with abnormal findings on chest CT. Complications included acute respiratory distress syndrome (12 [29%]), RNAaemia (six [15%]), acute cardiac injury (five [12%]) and secondary infection (four [10%]). 13 (32%) patients were admitted to an ICU and six (15%) died. Compared with non-ICU patients, ICU patients had higher plasma levels of IL2, IL7, IL10, GSCF, IP10, MCP1, MIP1A, and TNFα. INTERPRETATION: The 2019-nCoV infection caused clusters of severe respiratory illness similar to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus and was associated with ICU admission and high mortality. Major gaps in our knowledge of the origin, epidemiology, duration of human transmission, and clinical spectrum of disease need fulfilment by future studies. FUNDING: Ministry of Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, National Natural Science Foundation of China, and Beijing Municipal Science and Technology Commission. url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0140673620301835 doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(20)30183-5 id: cord-255378-qgklt8wa author: Huang, Yi-Ping title: NMR assignments of the macro domain from Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) date: 2016-03-18 words: 1262.0 sentences: 83.0 pages: flesch: 58.0 cache: ./cache/cord-255378-qgklt8wa.txt txt: ./txt/cord-255378-qgklt8wa.txt summary: title: NMR assignments of the macro domain from Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) The newly emerging human pathogen, Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), contains a macro domain in the highly conserved N-terminal region of non-structural protein 3. In this study we report the preliminary structural analysis through solution NMR spectroscopy of the MERS-CoV macro domain. The near complete NMR assignments of MERS-CoV macro domain provide the basis for subsequent structural and biochemical investigation in the context of protein function. Secondary structure elements of MERS-CoV macro domain were identified by calculating the chemical shift deviations of the Ca(DdCa) and Cb(DdCb) from the random coil values and was corroborated by analysis of the chemical shift data using the program TALOS? Six helices and seven b-strands could be deduced for MERS-CoV moacro domain protein based on the secondary chemical shift analysis, which results in residues 21-27, 47-54. abstract: The newly emerging human pathogen, Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), contains a macro domain in the highly conserved N-terminal region of non-structural protein 3. Intense research has shown that macro domains bind ADP-ribose and other derivatives, but it still remains intangible about their exact function. In this study we report the preliminary structural analysis through solution NMR spectroscopy of the MERS-CoV macro domain. The near complete NMR assignments of MERS-CoV macro domain provide the basis for subsequent structural and biochemical investigation in the context of protein function. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26993639/ doi: 10.1007/s12104-016-9676-9 id: cord-342144-awtiqxx5 author: Hufert, F. title: Coronaviren: von der banalen Erkältung zum schweren Lungenversagen: Chronologie einer Pandemie date: 2020-04-01 words: 3305.0 sentences: 352.0 pages: flesch: 48.0 cache: ./cache/cord-342144-awtiqxx5.txt txt: ./txt/cord-342144-awtiqxx5.txt summary: Ein klinischer Nutzen konnte beim Einsatz der eigentlich für die Behandlung von Humane-Immundefizienz(HIV)-Infektionen verwendeten Proteaseinhibitoren Lopinavir und Ritonavir (Kaletra ® ) zur Therapie des SARS-CoV nachgewiesen werden [6] . Im Dezember 2019 trat in China erstmalig ein neues Coronavirus auf, das zunächst als 2019-nCoV bezeichnet wurde und nach aktueller Nomenklatur des International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) nun als SARS-CoV-2 bezeichnet wird [7] . So ist der kombinierte Einsatz der Proteaseinhibitoren Lopinavir und Ritonavir bei SARS-CoV-Patienten von klinischem Nutzen [6] . Eine weitere Studie mit MERS-CoV-Infizierten wird in Saudi-Arabien durchgeführt, bei der mit Lopinavir/Ritonavir plus Interferon-β behandelt wird [30] ; Daten zu den Ergebnissen liegen noch nicht vor. konnte gezeigt werden, dass die zelluläre Protease TMPRSS2 für die Infektiosität von SARS-CoV-2 essenziell ist und eine Hemmung dieser Protease mithilfe von Camostat-Mesilat die Vermehrung des Virus u. abstract: In December 2019 a new human coronavirus emerged in Wuhan, China, which is known as SARS-CoV‑2. The clinical course of the disease known as coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) ranges from mild respiratory symptoms to severe lung failure. The virus is currently rapidly spreading around the world and pushing health systems to the limits of their capacity due to the exponential increase in the number of cases. The origin of SARS-CoV‑2 lies in the bat coronavirus pool and has now emerged in the human population due to interspecies transmission. Molecular diagnostic methods have been established in a very short time and a number of clinical studies on the effectiveness of different antiviral drugs are ongoing. The development of a vaccine using different approaches is also under investigation. Considering the high number of cases and mortality rates of up to 9% there is an urgent need for action. This article summarizes the current state of knowledge on human coronaviruses with a strong focus on the current data on SARS-CoV‑2. Due to the daily changing level of knowledge, the article reflects the status up to 21 March 2020. url: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00112-020-00910-2 doi: 10.1007/s00112-020-00910-2 id: cord-328361-hyrke6j2 author: Ithete, Ndapewa Laudika title: Close Relative of Human Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus in Bat, South Africa date: 2013-10-17 words: 1186.0 sentences: 60.0 pages: flesch: 54.0 cache: ./cache/cord-328361-hyrke6j2.txt txt: ./txt/cord-328361-hyrke6j2.txt summary: A novel clade 2c betacoronavirus, termed Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS)-CoV, was recently identified as the causative agent of a severe respiratory disease that is mainly affecting humans on the Arabian Peninsula (1) . Extending on previous work (2), we described European Pipistrellus bat-derived CoVs that are closely related to MERS-CoV (3) . Screening for CoVs was done by nested reverse transcription PCR using broadly reactive oligonucleotide primers targeting a conserved region in the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) gene (online Technical Appendix). PCR amplicons for 4 positive specimens yielded alphacoronavirus sequences related to recently described bat alphacoronaviruses from South Africa (4) . A Bayesian phylogenetic analysis of the 816-nt RdRp sequence confirmed the close relationship between PML/2011 and MERS-CoV (Figure) . Genomic characterization of severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus in European bats and classification of coronaviruses based on partial RNA-dependent RNA polymerase gene sequences abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24050621/ doi: 10.3201/eid1910.130946 id: cord-312692-jv3425w1 author: Iwata-Yoshikawa, Naoko title: Acute Respiratory Infection in Human Dipeptidyl Peptidase 4-Transgenic Mice Infected with Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus date: 2019-01-09 words: 8499.0 sentences: 437.0 pages: flesch: 55.0 cache: ./cache/cord-312692-jv3425w1.txt txt: ./txt/cord-312692-jv3425w1.txt summary: Rodents are not susceptible to the virus because they do not express functional receptors; therefore, we generated a new animal model of MERS-CoV infection based on transgenic mice expressing human DPP4 (hDPP4). To assess innate immune responses in the lungs of Tg2, non-Tg, and C57BL/6 mice, all animals received intranasal administration of PBS with or without (B) Immunohistochemical analysis of hDPP4 expression in human, Tg2, and non-Tg mouse tissues stained with an anti-hDPP4 polyclonal antibody. Tg2 mice aged 10 and 25 weeks showed increased expression of cytokines and chemokines associated with migration of T cells and activation of macrophages, including IP-10, IL-6, IL-13, MCP-1, IFN-␥, MIP-1␣, MIG, and IL-12, in the lungs at day 5 and/or 7 p.i. This result is the same as that observed in a hDPP4 knock-in mouse model reported by Coleman et al. abstract: Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infection can manifest as a mild illness, acute respiratory distress, organ failure, or death. Several animal models have been established to study disease pathogenesis and to develop vaccines and therapeutic agents. Here, we developed transgenic (Tg) mice on a C57BL/6 background; these mice expressed human CD26/dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (hDPP4), a functional receptor for MERS-CoV, under the control of an endogenous hDPP4 promoter. We then characterized this mouse model of MERS-CoV. The expression profile of hDPP4 in these mice was almost equivalent to that in human tissues, including kidney and lung; however, hDPP4 was overexpressed in murine CD3-positive cells within peripheral blood and lymphoid tissues. Intranasal inoculation of young and adult Tg mice with MERS-CoV led to infection of the lower respiratory tract and pathological evidence of acute multifocal interstitial pneumonia within 7 days, with only transient loss of body weight. However, the immunopathology in young and adult Tg mice was different. On day 5 or 7 postinoculation, lungs of adult Tg mice contained higher levels of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines associated with migration of macrophages. These results suggest that the immunopathology of MERS-CoV infection in the Tg mouse is age dependent. The mouse model described here will increase our understanding of disease pathogenesis and host mediators that protect against MERS-CoV infection. IMPORTANCE Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infections are endemic in the Middle East and a threat to public health worldwide. Rodents are not susceptible to the virus because they do not express functional receptors; therefore, we generated a new animal model of MERS-CoV infection based on transgenic mice expressing human DPP4 (hDPP4). The pattern of hDPP4 expression in this model was similar to that in human tissues (except lymphoid tissue). In addition, MERS-CoV was limited to the respiratory tract. Here, we focused on host factors involved in immunopathology in MERS-CoV infection and clarified differences in antiviral immune responses between young and adult transgenic mice. This new small-animal model could contribute to more in-depth study of the pathology of MERS-CoV infection and aid development of suitable treatments. url: https://jvi.asm.org/content/jvi/93/6/e01818-18.full.pdf doi: 10.1128/jvi.01818-18 id: cord-349812-nw1nlc1y author: Jang, Won Mo title: Social Distancing and Transmission-reducing Practices during the 2019 Coronavirus Disease and 2015 Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Outbreaks in Korea date: 2020-06-09 words: 3597.0 sentences: 198.0 pages: flesch: 43.0 cache: ./cache/cord-349812-nw1nlc1y.txt txt: ./txt/cord-349812-nw1nlc1y.txt summary: To examine the current status of non-pharmaceutical preventive behaviors practiced during the COVID-19 outbreak and factors affecting behavioral activities, we compared to the 2015 Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) outbreak in Korea. 2,3,7,15-18 The current study aimed to quantify and compare the individuals'' adherence to social distancing and transmission-reducing behavioral practices during the COVID-19 and MERS-CoV outbreaks in Korea. Sex, age, occupation, self-reported household economic status, residential area, presidential job approval rating, party identification, and affective risk perception as participants'' characteristics, were investigated to identify factors influencing non-pharmaceutical preventive behaviors. 2,3,7,15-17,20-22 First, our study showed a marked increase in non-pharmaceutical preventive behaviors such as social distancing, wearing of face masks, and washing of hands, evenly, across all subgroups during COVID-19 compared to 2015 MERS-CoV. In conclusion, the present study suggests, for the first time, the level of the practice rate of non-pharmaceutical preventive behaviors and influencing factors during 2020 COVID-19 and 2015 MERS-CoV in Korea. abstract: BACKGROUND: The absence of effective antiviral medications and vaccines increased the focus on non-pharmaceutical preventive behaviors for mitigating against the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. To examine the current status of non-pharmaceutical preventive behaviors practiced during the COVID-19 outbreak and factors affecting behavioral activities, we compared to the 2015 Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) outbreak in Korea. METHODS: This was a serial cross-sectional population-based study in Korea with four surveys conducted on June 2 and 25, 2015 (MERS-CoV surveys), and February 4, and April 2, 2020 (COVID-19 surveys). Of 25,711 participants selected using random digit dialing numbers, 4,011 participants (aged ≥ 18 years) were successfully interviewed, for the 2020 COVID-19 (n = 2,002) and 2015 MERS-CoV (n = 2,009) epidemics were included. Participants were selected post-stratification by sex, age, and province. The total number of weighted cases in this survey equaled the total number of unweighted cases at the national level. We measured the levels of preventive behaviors (social distancing [avoiding physical contact with others]), and practicing transmission-reducing behaviors such as wearing face mask and handwashing. RESULTS: Between the surveys, respondents who reported practicing social distancing increased from 41.9%–58.2% (MERS-CoV) to 83.4%–92.3% (COVID-19). The response rate for the four surveys ranged between 13.7% and 17.7%. Practicing transmission-reducing behaviors (wearing face masks and handwashing) at least once during COVID-19 (78.8%, 80.2%) also increased compared to that during MERS-CoV (15.5%, 60.3%). The higher affective risk perception groups were more likely to practice transmission-reducing measures (adjusted odds ratio, 3.24–4.81; 95 confidence interval, 1.76–6.96) during both COVID-19 and MERS-CoV. CONCLUSION: The study findings suggest markedly increased proportions of non-pharmaceutical behavioral practices evenly across all subgroups during the two different novel virus outbreaks in Korea. Strategic interventions are needed to attempt based on preventive behavior works. url: https://doi.org/10.3346/jkms.2020.35.e220 doi: 10.3346/jkms.2020.35.e220 id: cord-014546-arw4saeh author: Janies, Daniel A. title: Spread of Middle East Respiratory Coronavirus: Genetic versus Epidemiological Data date: 2017-05-01 words: 851.0 sentences: 60.0 pages: flesch: 61.0 cache: ./cache/cord-014546-arw4saeh.txt txt: ./txt/cord-014546-arw4saeh.txt summary: MERS-CoV was discovered in 2012 in the Middle East and human cases around the world have been carefully reported by the WHO. In 2015, MERS-CoV spread from the Middle East to South Korea which sustained an outbreak. In order to evaluate the relative order and significance of geographic places in spread of the virus, we generated a transmission graph (Figure 1) based on methods described in 1. Places with high betweenness represent key hubs for the spread of the disease. Most important among the places in the MERS-CoV epidemic is Saudi Arabia as measured by the betweenness metric applied to a changes in place mapped to a phylogenetic tree. Saudi Arabia is the source of virus for Jordan, England, Qatar, South Korea, UAE, Indiana, and Egypt. The United Arab Emirates has a bidirectional connection with Saudi Arabia indicating the virus has spread between the two countries. Phylogenetics; Transmission Graph; MERS-CoV; Syndromic; Genetic abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5462161/ doi: 10.5210/ojphi.v9i1.7581 id: cord-321651-7e8dwcur author: Jazieh, Abdul-Rahman title: Managing Oncology Services During a Major Coronavirus Outbreak: Lessons From the Saudi Arabia Experience date: 2020-03-27 words: 2728.0 sentences: 144.0 pages: flesch: 47.0 cache: ./cache/cord-321651-7e8dwcur.txt txt: ./txt/cord-321651-7e8dwcur.txt summary: This article describes the approach used to manage patients with cancer during a large-scale Middle East respiratory syndrome–coronavirus hospital outbreak in Saudi Arabia to ensure continuity of care and minimize harm from treatment interruption or acquiring infection. With recent outbreaks of the new coronavirus in China and other countries, the factors related to oncology patients'' care and corresponding outcomes are a major concern for the oncology community; therefore, this article describes the approach used to manage oncology services in response to the MERS-CoV outbreak and the implications of hospital closure. In coordination with the organizational leadership, the oncology service leaders developed a plan to manage the crisis with 3 main objectives: to treat affected patients, prevent further infection to patients and staff, and deliver timely, safe cancer care for all patients. In response to the 2015 coronavirus outbreak in our country, we developed a detailed plan to help manage oncology services to prevent harm to our patients or staff. abstract: Outbreaks of infectious etiology, particularly those caused by a novel virus that has no known treatment or vaccine, may result in the interruption of medical care provided to patients with cancer and put them at risk for undertreatment in addition to the risk of being exposed to infection, a life-threatening event among patients with cancer. This article describes the approach used to manage patients with cancer during a large-scale Middle East respiratory syndrome–coronavirus hospital outbreak in Saudi Arabia to ensure continuity of care and minimize harm from treatment interruption or acquiring infection. The approach taken toward managing this high-risk situation (COVID-19) could be easily adopted by health care organizations and would be helpful to ensure readiness for the occurrence of future outbreaks of different infectious etiologies like those recent episodes of new coronavirus. url: https://doi.org/10.1200/go.20.00063 doi: 10.1200/go.20.00063 id: cord-269885-r8molh8c author: Jeong, Soo Young title: MERS-CoV Infection in a Pregnant Woman in Korea date: 2017-08-08 words: 1983.0 sentences: 108.0 pages: flesch: 53.0 cache: ./cache/cord-269885-r8molh8c.txt txt: ./txt/cord-269885-r8molh8c.txt summary: We report the first case of MERS-CoV infection during pregnancy occurred outside of the Middle East. We experienced a case of a Korean pregnant woman who was confirmed for a MERS-CoV infection via a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test. Unlike other cases, this case is not only the first MERS-CoV infection during pregnancy occurred outside of the Middle East, but also the first case of MERS confirmed on 3rd trimester of pregnancy showing good outcome of both mother and baby. Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) nosocomial outbreak in South Korea: insights from modeling Interim infection prevention and control recommendations for hospitalized patients with Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) Impact of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) on pregnancy and perinatal outcome Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus infection during pregnancy: a report of 5 cases from Saudi Arabia abstract: Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) is a lethal respiratory disease — caused by MERS-coronavirus (MERS-CoV) which was first identified in 2012. Especially, pregnant women can be expected as highly vulnerable candidates for this viral infection. In May 2015, this virus was spread in Korea and a pregnant woman was confirmed with positive result of MERS-CoV polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Her condition was improved only with conservative treatment. After a full recovery of MERS, the patient manifested abrupt vaginal bleeding with rupture of membrane. Under an impression of placenta abruption, an emergent cesarean section was performed. Our team performed many laboratory tests related to MERS-CoV and all results were negative. We report the first case of MERS-CoV infection during pregnancy occurred outside of the Middle East. Also, this case showed relatively benign maternal course which resulted in full recovery with subsequent healthy full-term delivery without MERS-CoV transmission. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28875620/ doi: 10.3346/jkms.2017.32.10.1717 id: cord-258323-vdeffy4l author: Jiang, Yuting title: Complement Receptor C5aR1 Inhibition Reduces Pyroptosis in hDPP4-Transgenic Mice Infected with MERS-CoV date: 2019-01-09 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) is a highly pathogenic virus with a crude mortality rate of ~35%. Previously, we established a human DPP4 transgenic (hDPP4-Tg) mouse model in which we studied complement overactivation-induced immunopathogenesis. Here, to better understand the pathogenesis of MERS-CoV, we studied the role of pyroptosis in THP-1 cells and hDPP4 Tg mice with MERS-CoV infection. We found that MERS-CoV infection induced pyroptosis and over-activation of complement in human macrophages. The hDPP4-Tg mice infected with MERS-CoV overexpressed caspase-1 in the spleen and showed high IL-1β levels in serum, suggesting that pyroptosis occurred after infection. However, when the C5a-C5aR1 axis was blocked by an anti-C5aR1 antibody (Ab), expression of caspase-1 and IL-1β fell. These data indicate that MERS-CoV infection induces overactivation of complement, which may contribute to pyroptosis and inflammation. Pyroptosis and inflammation were suppressed by inhibiting C5aR1. These results will further our understanding of the pathogenesis of MERS-CoV infection. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30634407/ doi: 10.3390/v11010039 id: cord-274506-fzcuu4ma author: Jo, Seri title: Characteristics of flavonoids as potent MERS‐CoV 3C‐like protease inhibitors date: 2019-09-12 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Middle East respiratory syndrome‐coronavirus (MERS‐CoV) is a zoonotic virus transmitted between animals and human beings. It causes MERS with high mortality rate. However, no vaccine or specific treatment is currently available. Since antiviral activity of some flavonoids is known, we applied a flavonoid library to probe inhibitory compounds against MERS‐CoV 3C‐like protease (3CLpro). Herbacetin, isobavachalcone, quercetin 3‐β‐d‐glucoside and helichrysetin were found to block the enzymatic activity of MERS‐CoV 3CLpro. The binding of the four flavonoids was also confirmed independently using a tryptophan‐based fluorescence method. The systematic comparison of the binding affinity of flavonoids made it possible to infer their scaffolds and functional groups required to bind with MERS‐CoV 3CLpro. An induced‐fit docking analysis revealed that S1 and S2 sites play a role in interaction with flavonoids. The experimental and computational study showed that flavonol and chalcone are favourite scaffolds to bind with the catalytic site of MERS‐CoV 3CLpro. It was also deduced that some flavonoid derivatives with hydrophobic or carbohydrate attached to their core structures have a good inhibitory effect. Therefore, we suggest that flavonoids with these characteristics can be used as templates to develop potent MERS‐CoV 3CLpro inhibitors. url: https://doi.org/10.1111/cbdd.13604 doi: 10.1111/cbdd.13604 id: cord-018016-r7tg0s45 author: John, Maya title: Shiny Framework Based Visualization and Analytics Tool for Middle East Respiratory Syndrome date: 2019-12-04 words: 2524.0 sentences: 153.0 pages: flesch: 64.0 cache: ./cache/cord-018016-r7tg0s45.txt txt: ./txt/cord-018016-r7tg0s45.txt summary: This work deals with developing an application where users can interactively view information about the infection in the form of plots, tables and maps. By viewing the data visualizations, users can analyze MERS cases better, find trends, monitor the disease and help authorities set detection and prevention guidelines. In the case of different cases analysis, the user can view the information as pie charts and maps, or tables. The analysis based on all cases reported in "all cities within Riyadh region" during January to February 2019 is shown in Fig. 2 . The table also has provision for searching values and selecting the number Application page corresponding to "Different Cases Analysis" tab for cities within a region of records to be displayed in a page. In this paper, we have created an interactive visualization tool for MERS Co-V infection cases based on details of cases reported in Saudi Arabia. abstract: People in the Middle East have been affected by the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome CoronaVirus (MERS Co-V) since 2012. New cases are continuously reported especially in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, and the risk of exposure remains an issue. Data visualization plays a vital role in effective analysis of the data. In this paper, we introduce an interactive visualization application for MERS data collected from the Control and Command Centre, Ministry of Health website of Saudi Arabia. The data corresponding to the period from January 1, 2019 to February 28, 2019 was used in the present work. The attributes considered include gender, age, date of reporting, city, region, camel contact, description and status of the patient. The visualization tool has been developed using Shiny framework of R programming language. The application presents information in the form of interactive plots, maps and tables. The salient feature of the tool is that users can view and download data corresponding to the period of their choice. This tool can help decision makers in the detailed analysis of data and hence devise measures to prevent the spread of the disease. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7122755/ doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-36365-9_16 id: cord-305534-936peb1n author: Johnson, Kemmian D. title: Pulmonary and Extra-Pulmonary Clinical Manifestations of COVID-19 date: 2020-08-13 words: 6712.0 sentences: 346.0 pages: flesch: 43.0 cache: ./cache/cord-305534-936peb1n.txt txt: ./txt/cord-305534-936peb1n.txt summary: The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus−2 (SARS-CoV-2) has been recently identified as the culprit of the highly infectious, outbreak named coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in China. While it is known that COVID-19 manifests similarly to the 2003 Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) and the 2012 Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS), primarily affecting the pulmonary system, the impact of the disease extends far beyond the respiratory system and affects other organs of the body. In the severe disease state, the patient''s clinical course is complicated by the development of pneumonia with ARDS, acute hypoxic respiratory failure, and/or death (7) . Several retrospective studies have consistently reported pulmonary manifestations in patients with COVID-19, which include cough, shortness of breath, sputum production, respiratory failure, and ARDS (Table 1) (5, 7, (9) (10) (11) (12) (13) (14) (15) (16) (17) . Clinical course and outcomes of critically ill patients with SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a single-centered, retrospective, observational study abstract: The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus−2 (SARS-CoV-2) has been recently identified as the culprit of the highly infectious, outbreak named coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in China. Now declared a public health emergency, this pandemic is present in more than 200 countries with over 14 million cases and 600,000 deaths as of July 18, 2020. Primarily transmitted through the respiratory tract, the most common clinical presentations of symptomatic individuals infected with SARS-CoV-2 include fever, dyspnea, cough, fatigue, and sore throat. In advanced cases, patients may rapidly develop respiratory failure with acute respiratory distress syndrome, and even progress to death. While it is known that COVID-19 manifests similarly to the 2003 Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) and the 2012 Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS), primarily affecting the pulmonary system, the impact of the disease extends far beyond the respiratory system and affects other organs of the body. The literature regarding the extrapulmonary manifestations (cardiovascular, renal, hepatic, gastrointestinal, ocular, dermatologic, and neurological) of COVID-19 is scant. Herein, we provide a comprehensive review of the organ-specific clinical manifestations of COVID-19, to increase awareness about the various organs affected by SARS-CoV-2 and to provide a brief insight into the similarities and differences in the clinical manifestations of COVID-19 and the earlier SARS and MERS. url: https://doi.org/10.3389/fmed.2020.00526 doi: 10.3389/fmed.2020.00526 id: cord-252397-qlu7dilh author: Johnson, Reed F. title: Intratracheal exposure of common marmosets to MERS-CoV Jordan-n3/2012 or MERS-CoV EMC/2012 isolates does not result in lethal disease date: 2015-11-01 words: 5024.0 sentences: 255.0 pages: flesch: 49.0 cache: ./cache/cord-252397-qlu7dilh.txt txt: ./txt/cord-252397-qlu7dilh.txt summary: Results from a natural history study of MERS-CoV-infected rhesus monkeys indicated that intratracheal inoculation induced a non-lethal disease with limited pathology observed in recovering animals at 28 days post-inoculation and infectious virus could be recovered from lung but not other tissues assayed (Yao et al., 2014) . One subject in the MERS-EMC inoculated group appeared to develop a secondary infection observed by CT that increased to study end, day 25 post-exposure. With the use of CT, we observed that IT inoculation of common marmosets with MERS-JOR or MERS-EMC isolates resulted in a non-lethal disease characterized by limited clinical signs and moderate consolidative lung pathology that did not completely resolve by study end. In this experiment, we sought to determine if there were virus specific differences in disease progression following intratracheal inoculation of common marmosets with Middle Eastern Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus, commonly known as MERS-CoV, with two common laboratory viral isolates (MERS-EMC and MERS-Jordan). abstract: Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) continues to be a threat to human health in the Middle East. Development of countermeasures is ongoing; however, an animal model that faithfully recapitulates human disease has yet to be defined. A recent study indicated that inoculation of common marmosets resulted in inconsistent lethality. Based on these data we sought to compare two isolates of MERS-CoV. We followed disease progression in common marmosets after intratracheal exposure with: MERS-CoV-EMC/2012, MERS-CoV-Jordan-n3/2012, media, or inactivated virus. Our data suggest that common marmosets developed a mild to moderate non-lethal respiratory disease, which was quantifiable by computed tomography (CT), with limited other clinical signs. Based on CT data, clinical data, and virological data, MERS-CoV inoculation of common marmosets results in mild to moderate clinical signs of disease that are likely due to manipulations of the marmoset rather than as a result of robust viral replication. url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0042682215003323 doi: 10.1016/j.virol.2015.07.013 id: cord-293938-40zyv1h8 author: Jonsdottir, Hulda R. title: Coronaviruses and the human airway: a universal system for virus-host interaction studies date: 2016-02-06 words: 5533.0 sentences: 288.0 pages: flesch: 41.0 cache: ./cache/cord-293938-40zyv1h8.txt txt: ./txt/cord-293938-40zyv1h8.txt summary: The emergence of both Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome and Middle East Respiratory syndrome CoVs as well as the yearly circulation of four common CoVs highlights the importance of elucidating the different mechanisms employed by these viruses to evade the host immune response, determine their tropism and identify antiviral compounds. Tracheobronchial HAE cultures recapitulate the primary entry point of human respiratory viruses while the alveolar model allows for elucidation of mechanisms involved in viral infection and pathogenesis in the alveoli. Given the documented history of coronaviruses overcoming the species barrier and causing severe disease in humans, it is important to investigate the zoonotic potential of close evolutionary relatives of common HCoVs in a culture model that recapitulates the aspects of the human airway, e.g. morphology and receptor distribution. The establishment of transgenic animal models for human disease is attainable when either the virus receptor has been identified, which is not the case for all HCoVs, or when viruses can be adapted to a different host. abstract: Human coronaviruses (HCoVs) are large RNA viruses that infect the human respiratory tract. The emergence of both Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome and Middle East Respiratory syndrome CoVs as well as the yearly circulation of four common CoVs highlights the importance of elucidating the different mechanisms employed by these viruses to evade the host immune response, determine their tropism and identify antiviral compounds. Various animal models have been established to investigate HCoV infection, including mice and non-human primates. To establish a link between the research conducted in animal models and humans, an organotypic human airway culture system, that recapitulates the human airway epithelium, has been developed. Currently, different cell culture systems are available to recapitulate the human airways, including the Air-Liquid Interface (ALI) human airway epithelium (HAE) model. Tracheobronchial HAE cultures recapitulate the primary entry point of human respiratory viruses while the alveolar model allows for elucidation of mechanisms involved in viral infection and pathogenesis in the alveoli. These organotypic human airway cultures represent a universal platform to study respiratory virus-host interaction by offering more detailed insights compared to cell lines. Additionally, the epidemic potential of this virus family highlights the need for both vaccines and antivirals. No commercial vaccine is available but various effective antivirals have been identified, some with potential for human treatment. These morphological airway cultures are also well suited for the identification of antivirals, evaluation of compound toxicity and viral inhibition. url: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12985-016-0479-5 doi: 10.1186/s12985-016-0479-5 id: cord-324165-afdmsbw2 author: Joo, Heesoo title: The effects of past SARS experience and proximity on declines in numbers of travelers to the Republic of Korea during the 2015 MERS outbreak: A retrospective study date: 2019-08-31 words: 5124.0 sentences: 236.0 pages: flesch: 56.0 cache: ./cache/cord-324165-afdmsbw2.txt txt: ./txt/cord-324165-afdmsbw2.txt summary: The results from regression models and sensitivity analyses demonstrated that areas with ≥100 SARS cases and closer proximity to the ROK had significantly larger percentage decreases in traveler volumes during the outbreak. This evaluation estimates the changes in numbers of non-citizen short-term visitor arrivals from selected areas to the ROK during the 2015 MERS outbreak and examines the correlation between travel volume declines and previous experience of the most similar sizable outbreak, the 2003 severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) outbreak. Although WHO did not recommend any travel restrictions to the ROK during the 2015 MERS outbreak [17] , WHO noted that raising awareness about Table 4 Monthly marginal percentage change between actual (2015) and baseline projected (average of 2013 and 2014) non-citizen arrivals to the Republic of Korea (ROK) associated with areas that experienced ≥100 probable severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) cases and distance to the Republic of Korea. abstract: Abstract Background The experience of previous sizable outbreaks may affect travelers’ decisions to travel to an area with an ongoing outbreak. Methods We estimated changes in monthly numbers of visitors to the Republic of Korea (ROK) in 2015 compared to projected values by selected areas. We tested whether areas’ experience of a previous SARS outbreak of ≥100 cases or distance to the ROK had a significant effect on travel to the ROK during the MERS outbreak using t-tests and regression models. Results The percentage changes in visitors from areas with a previous SARS outbreak of ≥100 cases decreased more than the percentage changes in visitors from their counterparts in June (52.4% vs. 23.3%) and July (60.0% vs. 31.4%) during the 2015 MERS outbreak. The percentage changes in visitors from the close and intermediate categories decreased more than the far category. The results from regression models and sensitivity analyses demonstrated that areas with ≥100 SARS cases and closer proximity to the ROK had significantly larger percentage decreases in traveler volumes during the outbreak. Conclusions During the 2015 MERS outbreak, areas with a previous sizable SARS outbreak and areas near the ROK showed greater decreases in percentage changes in visitors to the ROK. url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tmaid.2019.05.009 doi: 10.1016/j.tmaid.2019.05.009 id: cord-346787-uo8k6qic author: Jorgensen, Sarah CJ title: Remdesivir: Review of pharmacology, pre‐clinical data and emerging clinical experience for COVID‐19 date: 2020-05-23 words: 5476.0 sentences: 367.0 pages: flesch: 51.0 cache: ./cache/cord-346787-uo8k6qic.txt txt: ./txt/cord-346787-uo8k6qic.txt summary: 3 The remdesivir dosing regimen being evaluated in clinical trials (200 mg IV on day 1, then 100 mg IV on days 2 through 5 or 10) was substantiated by in vitro data and bridging the PK with the rhesus monkey experience to humans. Prophylactic and therapeutic remdesivir treatment significantly reduced MERS-CoV-induced clinical signs, viral titers in respiratory specimens and the severity of lung lesions compared to control animals. 14 In the SARS-CoV-2 study, remdesivir was again initiated shortly before viral titers are expected to peak at 12 hours post-inoculation and a dosing regimen equivalent to the regimen being tested in human COVID-19 clinical trials was used (10 mg/kg load ~ 200 mg in humans, then 5 mg/kg daily ~ 100mg daily in humans x 6 days). In a summary of safety data reported by the FDA from the a remdesivir clinical trial comparing 5 and 10day treatment courses in patients with COVID-19, Grade 3 and 4 ALT and/or AST elevations occurred in 7% patients. abstract: The global pandemic of novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) has created an urgent need for effective antivirals. Remdesivir (formerly GS‐5734) is a nucleoside analogue pro‐drug currently being evaluated in COVID‐19 clinical trials. Its unique structural features allow high concentrations of the active triphosphate metabolite to be delivered intracellularly and it evades proofreading to successfully inhibit viral RNA synthesis. In pre‐clinical models, remdesivir has demonstrated potent antiviral activity against diverse human and zoonotic β‐coronaviruses, including SARS‐CoV‐2. In this article we critically review available data on remdesivir with an emphasis on biochemistry, pharmacology, pharmacokinetics and in vitro activity against coronaviruses as well as clinical experience and current progress in COVID‐19 clinical trials. url: https://doi.org/10.1002/phar.2429 doi: 10.1002/phar.2429 id: cord-267540-9p4rky4c author: Joseph, Iype title: Middle east respiratory syndrome corona virus (MERS CoV): The next steps date: 2015-03-26 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Developing countries are at risk of importing Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Corona Virus (MERS CoV) from the Middle East. Hospitals in the Middle East currently reporting the disease are staffed by immigrants. In the current hot spots for MERS CoV a sizeable portion of the population is from other countries, but many of these countries have yet to detect any importation of MERS CoV. To assess the disease transmission in these countries, supplemental surveillance strategies are urgently needed beyond the currently recommended measures. A few strategies to address the situation are: (i) improving preparedness with enhanced surveillance in particular regions; (ii) targeting certain sentinel groups for surveillance in hot spots; and (iii) limited use of serosurveillance. Recovered, immune patients can be employed to give patient care during outbreaks. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25811387/ doi: 10.1057/jphp.2015.9 id: cord-351852-ilxaurgt author: Jung, Heeja title: Assessing the Presence of Post-Traumatic Stress and Turnover Intention Among Nurses Post–Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Outbreak: The Importance of Supervisor Support date: 2020-03-09 words: 3655.0 sentences: 184.0 pages: flesch: 57.0 cache: ./cache/cord-351852-ilxaurgt.txt txt: ./txt/cord-351852-ilxaurgt.txt summary: This study investigated the level of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and turnover intention, the relationship between PTSD and turnover intention, and the buffering effect of supervisor support among nurses post-MERS outbreak. We collected data pertaining to PTSD, turnover intention, supervisor support, work-related factors, and socio-demographic factors through a structured survey distributed to the nurses at the hospitals after the outbreak. To date, there is a lack of studies investigating the relationship between post-traumatic stress and turnover intention among nurses in the event of outbreak epidemics, such as MERS. The purpose of this study was to examine the levels of PTSD and intention to leave among a sample of Korean nurses who were directly involved in the care during the MERS outbreak, as well as the buffering effects of supervisor support on this relationship. abstract: Background: South Korea faced the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) outbreak for the first time in 2015, which resulted in 186 infected patients and 39 deaths. This study investigated the level of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and turnover intention, the relationship between PTSD and turnover intention, and the buffering effect of supervisor support among nurses post-MERS outbreak. Methods: In total, 300 nurses from three of 15 isolation hospitals in South Korea were invited to participate. We collected data pertaining to PTSD, turnover intention, supervisor support, work-related factors, and socio-demographic factors through a structured survey distributed to the nurses at the hospitals after the outbreak. For the statistical analyses, descriptive statistics and multiple regression were employed. Findings: Of the 147 participants, 33.3% were involved in the direct care of the infected patients, whereas 66.7% were involved in the direct care of the suspected patients. More than half (57.1%) of the nurses experienced PTSD, with 25.1% experienced full PTSD and 32.0% with moderate or some level of PTSD. The mean score of turnover intention was 16.3, with the score range of 4 to 20. The multiple regression analysis revealed that PTSD was positively associated with turnover intention, and supervisor support had a strong buffering effect. Conclusion/Application to Practice: These findings confirmed that after a fatal infectious disease outbreak like MERS, nurses experience high level of PTSD and show high intention to leave. Organizational strategies to help nurses to cope with stress and to prevent turnover intention, especially using supervisor support, would be beneficial. url: https://doi.org/10.1177/2165079919897693 doi: 10.1177/2165079919897693 id: cord-294800-akr4f5p8 author: Kabir, Md. Tanvir title: nCOVID-19 Pandemic: From Molecular Pathogenesis to Potential Investigational Therapeutics date: 2020-07-10 words: 14084.0 sentences: 700.0 pages: flesch: 44.0 cache: ./cache/cord-294800-akr4f5p8.txt txt: ./txt/cord-294800-akr4f5p8.txt summary: They also summarized that as viral load is quite high during the time of hospital admissions, use of potent antiviral agents at an early stage might prove Abbreviations: ACE2, angiotensin converting enzyme 2; AP, antigen presentation; APCs, antigen presentation cells; APN, aminopeptidase N, ARBs, angiotensin II receptor blockers; ARDS, acute respiratory distress syndrome; CDC, Centers for Disease Control; nCOVID-19, novel coronavirus disease 2019; CoVs, coronaviruses; DPP4, dipeptidyl peptidase 4; dsRNA, double-strand RNA; EC 50 , half maximal effective concentration; ED, emergency department; ELISA, enzymelinked immunosorbent assay; EUA, emergency use authorization; FDA, Food and Drug Administration; GGO, ground-glass opacity; HCV, hepatitis C virus; HIV, human immunodeficiency virus;, MHC, major histocompatibility complex; or HLA, human leukocyte antigen; ICU, intensive care unit; IL-6, interleukin 6; LPV/r, lopinavir/ritonavir; mAbs, monoclonal antibodies; MERS, Middle East respiratory syndrome; N7-MTase, N7-methyltransferase; NSAIDs, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs; PRRs, pattern recognition receptors; PUI, patient under investigation; RdRp, RNA-dependent RNA polymerase; RSV, respiratory syncytial virus; S protein, spike protein; SAM, S-adenosyl-methionine; SARS, severe acute respiratory syndrome; SARS-CoV-2, Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2; TMPRSS2, transmembrane serine protease 2; WHO, World Health Organization. abstract: In December 2019, a severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)-related epidemic was first observed in Wuhan, China. In 2020, owing to the highly infectious and deadly nature of the virus, this widespread novel coronavirus disease 2019 (nCOVID-19) became a worldwide pandemic. Studies have revealed that various environmental factors including temperature, humidity, and air pollution may also affect the transmission pattern of COVID-19. Unfortunately, still, there is no specific drug that has been validated in large-scale studies to treat patients with confirmed nCOVID-19. However, remdesivir, an inhibitor of RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp), has appeared as an auspicious antiviral drug. Currently, a large-scale study on remdesivir (i.e., 200 mg on first day, then 100 mg once/day) is ongoing to evaluate its clinical efficacy to treat nCOVID-19. Good antiviral activity against SARS-CoV-2 was not observed with the use of lopinavir/ritonavir (LPV/r). Nonetheless, the combination of umifenovir and LPV/r was found to have better antiviral activity. Furthermore, a combination of hydroxychloroquine (i.e., 200 mg 3 times/day) and azithromycin (i.e., 500 mg on first day, then 250 mg/day from day 2–5) also exhibited good activity. Currently, there are also ongoing studies to evaluate the efficacy of teicoplanin and monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies against SARS-CoV-2. Thus, in this article, we have analyzed the genetic diversity and molecular pathogenesis of nCOVID-19. We also present possible therapeutic options for nCOVID-19 patients. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32754599/ doi: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00616 id: cord-265666-27ckjl7w author: Kang, Hee Sun title: Working experiences of nurses during the Middle East respiratory syndrome outbreak date: 2018-05-30 words: 3131.0 sentences: 203.0 pages: flesch: 58.0 cache: ./cache/cord-265666-27ckjl7w.txt txt: ./txt/cord-265666-27ckjl7w.txt summary: RESULTS: The following 4 major themes emerged: "experiencing burnout owing to the heavy workload," "relying on personal protective equipment for safety," "being busy with catching up with the new guidelines related to Middle East respiratory syndrome," and "caring for suspected or infected patients with caution." Participants experienced burnout because of the high volume of work and expressed safety concerns about being infected. CONCLUSION: This study showed that creating a supportive and safe work environment is essential by ensuring adequate nurse staffing, supplying best‐quality personal protective equipment, and improving communication to provide the quality of care during infection outbreak. The critical care response to a hospital outbreak of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infection: An observational study abstract: AIMS: To explore working experiences of nurses during Middle East respiratory syndrome outbreak. BACKGROUND: Since the first case of Middle East respiratory syndrome was reported on May 20, 2015 in South Korea, 186 people, including health care workers, were infected, and 36 died. DESIGN: A qualitative descriptive study. METHODS: Seven focus groups and 3 individual in‐depth interviews were conducted from August to December 2015. Content analysis was used. RESULTS: The following 4 major themes emerged: “experiencing burnout owing to the heavy workload,” “relying on personal protective equipment for safety,” “being busy with catching up with the new guidelines related to Middle East respiratory syndrome,” and “caring for suspected or infected patients with caution.” Participants experienced burnout because of the high volume of work and expressed safety concerns about being infected. Unclear and frequently changing guidelines were 1 of the common causes of confusion. Participants expressed that they need to be supported while caring for suspected or infected patients. CONCLUSION: This study showed that creating a supportive and safe work environment is essential by ensuring adequate nurse staffing, supplying best‐quality personal protective equipment, and improving communication to provide the quality of care during infection outbreak. url: https://doi.org/10.1111/ijn.12664 doi: 10.1111/ijn.12664 id: cord-338564-68z2pxfz author: Kang, Min title: Contact Tracing for Imported Case of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome, China, 2015 date: 2016-09-17 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Confirmation of an imported case of infection with Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus in China triggered intensive contact tracing and mandatory monitoring. Using a hotline and surveillance video footage was effective for tracing all 110 identified contacts. Contact monitoring detected no secondary transmission of infection in China. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27532887/ doi: 10.3201/eid2209.152116 id: cord-261876-7rsc803x author: Kaslow, David C. title: Certainty of success: three critical parameters in coronavirus vaccine development date: 2020-05-25 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Vaccines for 17 viral pathogens have been licensed for use in humans. Previously, two critical biological parameters of the pathogen and the host–pathogen interaction—incubation period and broadly protective, relative immunogenicity—were proposed to account for much of the past successes in vaccine development, and to be useful in estimating the “certainty of success” of developing an effective vaccine for viral pathogens for which a vaccine currently does not exist. In considering the “certainty of success” in development of human coronavirus vaccines, particularly SARS-CoV-2, a third, related critical parameter is proposed—infectious inoculum intensity, at an individual-level, and force of infection, at a population-level. Reducing the infectious inoculum intensity (and force of infection, at a population-level) is predicted to lengthen the incubation period, which in turn is predicted to reduce the severity of illness, and increase the opportunity for an anamnestic response upon exposure to the circulating virus. Similarly, successfully implementing individual- and population-based behaviors that reduce the infectious inoculum intensity and force of infection, respectively, while testing and deploying COVID-19 vaccines is predicted to increase the “certainty of success” of demonstrating vaccine efficacy and controlling SARS-CoV-2 infection, disease, death, and the pandemic itself. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32509338/ doi: 10.1038/s41541-020-0193-6 id: cord-319707-j8y9gt2o author: Kato, Verstrepen title: Neurological manifestations of COVID-19, SARS and MERS date: 2020-06-19 words: 3552.0 sentences: 188.0 pages: flesch: 43.0 cache: ./cache/cord-319707-j8y9gt2o.txt txt: ./txt/cord-319707-j8y9gt2o.txt summary: The novel coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, is likewise a causative pathogen for severe viral pneumonia with the risk of progression to respiratory failure and systemic manifestations. Articles related to the topic were identified by following terms: "Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome", "Middle East Respiratory Syndrome", Coronavirus disease 2019", "Neurology", "MERS", "SARS", "COVID-19", "Stroke", "Epilepsy", "Guillain-Barré Syndrome", "Encephalitis", "Myelitis", "Meningitis", "Neurological Sequels", "Polyneuropathy" and "Carotid Dissection". Several recent articles report associated cases of encephalitis, acute flaccid paralysis and other neurological symptoms, such as Guillain-Barré syndrome or ADEM, as possible complications of a HCoV infection [6] . Detection of SARS coronavirus RNA in the cerebrospinal fluid of a patient with severe acute respiratory syndrome Neurological complications of middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus: a report of two cases and review of the literature abstract: Since December 2019, the world is affected by an outbreak of a new disease named COVID-19, which is an acronym of ‘coronavirus disease 2019’. Coronaviruses (CoV) were assumed to be associated with mild upper respiratory tract infections, such as common cold. This perception changed in time due to occurrence of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) caused by SARS-CoV in 2002 and the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) caused by MERS-CoV in 2012, both inducing an epidemic severe viral pneumonia with potentially respiratory failure and numerous extra-pulmonary manifestations. The novel coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, is likewise a causative pathogen for severe viral pneumonia with the risk of progression to respiratory failure and systemic manifestations. In this review, we will give a summary of the neurological manifestations due to SARS and MERS, as those might predict the neurological outcome in the novel COVID-19. Additionally, we provide an overview of the current knowledge concerning neurological manifestations associated with COVID-19, to the extent that literature is already available as the pandemic is still ongoing. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32562214/ doi: 10.1007/s13760-020-01412-4 id: cord-290319-decr6wrd author: Kayali, Ghazi title: A more detailed picture of the epidemiology of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus date: 2015-05-31 words: 1619.0 sentences: 81.0 pages: flesch: 53.0 cache: ./cache/cord-290319-decr6wrd.txt txt: ./txt/cord-290319-decr6wrd.txt summary: 7 The virus isolated from dromedaries has spike proteins with conserved receptor-binding domains for the human dipeptidyl peptidase-4 receptor, 8, 9 and MERS-CoV has been detected in camels that were in close contact with people with Middle East respiratory syndrome. The fi ndings from this study suggest that young men in Saudi Arabia who have contact with camels in cultural or occupational settings are becoming infected with MERS-CoV, often without being diagnosed, and might proceed to introduce the virus to the general population in which more severe illness triggers testing for the virus and disease recognition. 6 In The Lancet Infectious Diseases, Mélanie Drolet and colleagues present the fi ndings of a timely systematic review and metaanalysis assessing the population-level and herd eff ects of HPV vaccination programmes so far. abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25863563/ doi: 10.1016/s1473-3099(15)70128-3 id: cord-330343-p7a8chn4 author: Kelly-Cirino, Cassandra title: An updated roadmap for MERS-CoV research and product development: focus on diagnostics date: 2019-02-01 words: 5812.0 sentences: 274.0 pages: flesch: 40.0 cache: ./cache/cord-330343-p7a8chn4.txt txt: ./txt/cord-330343-p7a8chn4.txt summary: ► Diagnostic research and development (R&D) needs to include point-of-care testing options, syndromic panels for differential diagnosis, a greater understanding of viral and antibody kinetics, improved access to clinical specimens, and establishment of international reference standards. Diagnostics play a central role in the early detection and control of outbreaks and can enable a more nuanced understanding of the disease kinetics and risk factors for the Middle East respiratory syndrome-coronavirus (MERS-CoV), one of the high-priority pathogens identified by the WHO. Diagnostics play a central role in the early detection and control of outbreaks and can enable a more nuanced understanding of the disease kinetics and risk factors for the Middle East respiratory syndrome-coronavirus (MERS-CoV), one of the high-priority pathogens identified by the WHO. In this review we identified sources for molecular and serological diagnostic tests used in MERS-CoV detection, case management and outbreak investigations, as well as surveillance for humans and animals (camels), and summarised the performance of currently available tests, diagnostic needs, and associated challenges for diagnostic test development and implementation. abstract: Diagnostics play a central role in the early detection and control of outbreaks and can enable a more nuanced understanding of the disease kinetics and risk factors for the Middle East respiratory syndrome-coronavirus (MERS-CoV), one of the high-priority pathogens identified by the WHO. In this review we identified sources for molecular and serological diagnostic tests used in MERS-CoV detection, case management and outbreak investigations, as well as surveillance for humans and animals (camels), and summarised the performance of currently available tests, diagnostic needs, and associated challenges for diagnostic test development and implementation. A more detailed understanding of the kinetics of infection of MERS-CoV is needed in order to optimise the use of existing assays. Notably, MERS-CoV point-of-care tests are needed in order to optimise supportive care and to minimise transmission risk. However, for new test development, sourcing clinical material continues to be a major challenge to achieving assay validation. Harmonisation and standardisation of laboratory methods are essential for surveillance and for a rapid and effective international response to emerging diseases. Routine external quality assessment, along with well-characterised and up-to-date proficiency panels, would provide insight into MERS-CoV diagnostic performance worldwide. A defined set of Target Product Profiles for diagnostic technologies will be developed by WHO to address these gaps in MERS-CoV outbreak management. url: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2018-001105 doi: 10.1136/bmjgh-2018-001105 id: cord-261421-k1s5iy3u author: Khalafalla, Abdelmalik I. title: MERS-CoV in Upper Respiratory Tract and Lungs of Dromedary Camels, Saudi Arabia, 2013–2014 date: 2015-07-17 words: 3261.0 sentences: 145.0 pages: flesch: 50.0 cache: ./cache/cord-261421-k1s5iy3u.txt txt: ./txt/cord-261421-k1s5iy3u.txt summary: To assess the temporal dynamics of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infection in dromedary camels, specimens were collected at 1–2 month intervals from 2 independent groups of animals during April 2013–May 2014 in Al-Ahsa Province, Saudi Arabia, and tested for MERS-CoV RNA by reverse transcription PCR. Furthermore, MERS-CoV infection in dromedary camels was definitively proven by the detection of virus and virus sequences in respiratory specimens, feces, and milk collected from camels in Qatar (9, 13) , Oman (14) , Saudi Arabia (5, 15, 16) , and Egypt (17) . To address these limitations and to clarify the dynamics of MERS-CoV infection in these animals, we conducted a year-round study in which we collected a large number of specimens from the upper respiratory tracts of live dromedary camels and from the lungs of dromedary camel carcasses. Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection in dromedary camels in Saudi Arabia abstract: To assess the temporal dynamics of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infection in dromedary camels, specimens were collected at 1–2 month intervals from 2 independent groups of animals during April 2013–May 2014 in Al-Ahsa Province, Saudi Arabia, and tested for MERS-CoV RNA by reverse transcription PCR. Of 96 live camels, 28 (29.2%) nasal swab samples were positive; of 91 camel carcasses, 56 (61.5%) lung tissue samples were positive. Positive samples were more commonly found among young animals (<4 years of age) than adults (>4 years of age). The proportions of positive samples varied by month for both groups; detection peaked during November 2013 and January 2014 and declined in March and May 2014. These findings further our understanding of MERS-CoV infection in dromedary camels and may help inform intervention strategies to reduce zoonotic infections. url: https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2107.150070 doi: 10.3201/eid2107.150070 id: cord-352322-tsjwnvkk author: Khamassi Khbou, Médiha title: Coronaviruses in farm animals: Epidemiology and public health implications date: 2020-09-25 words: 8114.0 sentences: 453.0 pages: flesch: 49.0 cache: ./cache/cord-352322-tsjwnvkk.txt txt: ./txt/cord-352322-tsjwnvkk.txt summary: As consequences of such genomic mutation and recombination the transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) of swine and the bovine CoV (BCoV) likely originated from the closely related canine coronavirus (CCoV) (Pratelli, 2011) . Coronaviruses of farm animals including large and small ruminants, dromedaries, horses, pigs and chickens were reviewed; cetacean CoVs were also considered, as marine mammals are a food source in many countries around the world. Since the first case of human infected by the MERS-CoV was identified in September 2012 in Saudi Arabia (World Health Organization, 2019), interest to dromedaries as sources of the virus increased and the isolated strains were shown to be genetically very similar to those isolated from humans (Omrani, Al-Tawfiq, & Memish, 2015) . Isolation and characterization of porcine epidemic diarrhea viruses associated with the 2013 disease outbreak among swine in the United States Infection with a new porcine respiratory coronavirus in Denmark: Serologic differentiation from transmissible gastroenteritis virus using monoclonal antibodies abstract: Coronaviruses (CoVs) are documented in a wide range of animal species, including terrestrial and aquatic, domestic and wild. The geographic distribution of animal CoVs is worldwide and prevalences were reported in several countries across the five continents. The viruses are known to cause mainly gastrointestinal and respiratory diseases with different severity levels. In certain cases, CoV infections are responsible of huge economic losses associated or not to highly public health impact. Despite being enveloped, CoVs are relatively resistant pathogens in the environment. Coronaviruses are characterized by a high mutation and recombination rate, which makes host jumping and cross‐species transmission easy. In fact, increasing contact between different animal species fosters cross‐species transmission, while agriculture intensification, animal trade and herd management are key drivers at the human‐animal interface. If contacts with wild animals are still limited, humans have much more contact with farm animals, during breeding, transport, slaughter and food process, making CoVs a persistent threat to both humans and animals. A global network should be established for the surveillance and monitoring of animal CoVs. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32976707/ doi: 10.1002/vms3.359 id: cord-304054-sn7rswab author: Khan, Gulfaraz title: Chapter 8 The Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus: An Emerging Virus of Global Threat date: 2020-12-31 words: 4275.0 sentences: 210.0 pages: flesch: 51.0 cache: ./cache/cord-304054-sn7rswab.txt txt: ./txt/cord-304054-sn7rswab.txt summary: Abstract Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) is a viral respiratory illness caused by a coronavirus (CoV), first identified in Saudi Arabia in 2012. Although the natural reservoir of MERS-CoV infection and mode of transmission to humans is not known, one factor appears to be common to all primary cases; they are epidemiologically linked to the Middle East region. Cross-sectional surveillance of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) in dromedary camels and other mammals in Egypt Risk factors for primary Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus illness in humans, Saudi Arabia Epidemiological, demographic, and clinical characteristics of 47 cases of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus disease from Saudi Arabia: a descriptive study Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection during pregnancy: a report of 5 cases from Saudi Arabia Clinical features and viral diagnosis of two cases of infection with Middle East Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus: a report of nosocomial transmission Transmission of Middle East Respiratory syndrome coronavirus infections in healthcare settings abstract: Abstract Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) is a viral respiratory illness caused by a coronavirus (CoV), first identified in Saudi Arabia in 2012. Since then, almost 2000 cases have been reported from 27 countries, with Saudi Arabia being the epicenter. This newly emerging virus is highly pathogenic and has a case mortality rate of 35%. It is similar to the CoV causing severe acute respiratory syndrome CoV (SARS-CoV) in that both belong to the genus beta CoVs that are of zoonotic origin and cause lower respiratory infection. The natural reservoir for MERS-CoV remains unknown. Serological studies indicate that most dromedary camels in the Middle East have been infected with this virus, and they maybe the potential intermediate host. However, the mode of transmission from camels to humans is poorly understood. The majority of confirmed human cases have resulted from human-to-human transmission, most probably via respiratory route. Patients most at risk of developing severe MERS-CoV infection appear to be those with underlying conditions such as diabetes, hypertension, obesity, cardiac diseases, chronic respiratory diseases, and cancer. Unlike SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV is considered an ongoing public health problem, particularly for the Middle East region. In this chapter, we outline the prevailing information regarding the emergence and epidemiology of this virus, its mode of transmission and pathogenicity, its clinical features, and the potential strategies for prevention. url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128194003000089 doi: 10.1016/b978-0-12-819400-3.00008-9 id: cord-297853-peqkcix2 author: Khan, Raymond M. title: Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus on inanimate surfaces: A risk for health care transmission date: 2016-11-01 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: The Middle East Respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) has been responsible for multiple health care–associated outbreaks. We investigated whether high-touch surfaces in 3 rooms of laboratory-confirmed MERS-CoV patients were contaminated with MERS-CoV RNA. We found 2 out of 51 surfaces were contaminated with MERS-CoV viral genetic material. Hence, environmental contamination may be a potential source of health care transmission and outbreaks. Meticulous environmental cleaning may be important in preventing transmission within the health care setting. url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S0196655316304345 doi: 10.1016/j.ajic.2016.05.006 id: cord-276769-th7iou21 author: Khan, Suliman title: Coronaviruses disease 2019 (COVID-19): causative agent, mental health concerns, and potential management options date: 2020-07-25 words: 3375.0 sentences: 173.0 pages: flesch: 45.0 cache: ./cache/cord-276769-th7iou21.txt txt: ./txt/cord-276769-th7iou21.txt summary: Despite physical health consequences, COVID-19 pandemic has created stress and anxiety, as result there is an increased risk of mental illnesses both in the infected and normal individuals. Although bats are thought to be the source of origin for SARS-CoV-2, the intermediate animal that caused the transmission of virus to humans, is still unknown [3] . The individuals at higher risk of developing severe disease after contracting the infection should be give the priority for treatment and providing the mangeemtn and health servicesConsidering the importance of COVID-19 in the aspects of the asymptomatic spread of the virus and adverse health impacts, it is deemed necessary to investigate the factors associated with the rate of infectiousness and severity of symptoms. After originating in bats, SARS-CoV-2 emerged in Wuhan, spread all over the world through human to human transmission, and infected millions of individuals. abstract: Coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic started from Wuhan, China has infected more than 6.7 million individuals and killed more than 3,90000 individuals globally. Due to the higher transmissibility and infectiousness, asymptomatic infection, and lack of effective treatment options and vaccine, fatalities and morbidities are increasing day by day globally. Despite physical health consequences, COVID-19 pandemic has created stress and anxiety, as result there is an increased risk of mental illnesses both in the infected and normal individuals. To eradicate these risks, it is necessary to determine the COVID-19 zoonotic source of transmission to humans and clinical manifestations in infected individuals. Although, identification or development of the highly effective therapeutic agents is necessary, however, development of protective strategies against the COVID-19 by enhancing immune responses will be an asset in the current scenarios of the COVID-19 pandemic. In this paper, we discuss the transmission, health consequences, and potential management (therapeutic and preventive) options for COVID-19 disease. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32741731/ doi: 10.1016/j.jiph.2020.07.010 id: cord-256806-g42n51n9 author: Khudhair, Ahmed title: Risk Factors for MERS-CoV Seropositivity among Animal Market and Slaughterhouse Workers, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates, 2014–2017 date: 2019-05-17 words: 4405.0 sentences: 190.0 pages: flesch: 44.0 cache: ./cache/cord-256806-g42n51n9.txt txt: ./txt/cord-256806-g42n51n9.txt summary: title: Risk Factors for MERS-CoV Seropositivity among Animal Market and Slaughterhouse Workers, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates, 2014–2017 Camel contact is a recognized risk factor for Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infection. Our study aimed to identify risk factors for MERS-CoV seropositivity among live-animal market and slaughterhouse workers. The survey consisted of questions covering worker demographics; occupational history; contact with various animal species; travel history; medical history; consumption of raw camel milk, raw camel meat, and camel urine; specific tasks performed with camels; types of personal protective equipment (PPE) worn; and handwashing practices (Appendix 1, https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/EID/article/25/5/18-1728-App1.pdf). Our study investigated risk factors for MERS-CoV seropositivity in animal market and slaughterhouse workers at a site previously associated with zoonotic transmission of MERS-CoV. Among market workers, handling live camels and either administering medications to camels or cleaning equipment were practices associated with significantly increased risk for MERS-CoV seropositivity. abstract: Camel contact is a recognized risk factor for Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infection. Because specific camel exposures associated with MERS-CoV seropositivity are not fully understood, we investigated worker–camel interactions and MERS-CoV seroprevalence. We assessed worker seroprevalence in 2 slaughterhouses and 1 live-animal market in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates, during 2014–2017 and administered an epidemiologic survey in 2016 and 2017. Across 3 sampling rounds during 2014–2017, we sampled 100–235 workers, and 6%–19% were seropositive for MERS-CoV at each sampling round. One (1.4%) of 70 seronegative workers tested at multiple rounds seroconverted. On multivariable analyses, working as a camel salesman, handling live camels or their waste, and having diabetes were associated with seropositivity among all workers, whereas handling live camels and either administering medications or cleaning equipment was associated with seropositivity among market workers. Characterization of high-risk exposures is critical for implementation of preventive measures. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31002068/ doi: 10.3201/eid2505.181728 id: cord-324106-unvycvx4 author: Ki, Hyun Kyun title: Risk of transmission via medical employees and importance of routine infection-prevention policy in a nosocomial outbreak of Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS): a descriptive analysis from a tertiary care hospital in South Korea date: 2019-10-30 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: BACKGROUND: In 2015, South Korea experienced an outbreak of Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS), and our hospital experienced a nosocomial MERS infection. We performed a comprehensive analysis to identify the MERS transmission route and the ability of our routine infection-prevention policy to control this outbreak. METHODS: This is a case–cohort study of retrospectively analysed data from medical charts, closed-circuit television, personal interviews and a national database. We analysed data of people at risk of MERS transmission including 228 in the emergency department (ED) and 218 in general wards (GW). Data of personnel location and movement, personal protection equipment and hand hygiene was recorded. Transmission risk was determined as the extent of exposure to the index patient: 1) high risk: staying within 2 m; 2) intermediate risk: staying in the same room at same time; and 3) low risk: only staying in the same department without contact. RESULTS: The index patient was an old patient admitted to our hospital. 11 transmissions from the index patient were identified; 4 were infected in our hospital. Personnel in the ED exhibited higher rates of compliance with routine infection-prevention methods as observed objectively: 93% wore a surgical mask and 95.6% washed their hands. Only 1.8% of personnel were observed to wear a surgical mask in the GW. ED had a higher percentage of high-risk individuals compared with the GW (14.5% vs. 2.8%), but the attack rate was higher in the GW (16.7%; l/6) than in the ED (3%; 1/33). There were no transmissions in the intermediate- and low-risk groups in the ED. Otherwise 2 patients were infected in the GW among the low-risk group. MERS were transmitted to them indirectly by staff who cared for the index patient. CONCLUSIONS: Our study provide compelling evidence that routine infection-prevention policies can greatly reduce nosocomial transmission of MERS. Conventional isolation is established mainly from contact tracing of patients during a MERS outbreak. But it should be extended to all people treated by any medical employee who has contact with MERS patients. TRIAL REGISTRATION: NCT02605109, date of registration: 11th November 2015. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31666061/ doi: 10.1186/s12890-019-0940-5 id: cord-343196-vlwzzrgc author: Kiambi, Stella title: Detection of distinct MERS-Coronavirus strains in dromedary camels from Kenya, 2017 date: 2018-11-28 words: 1494.0 sentences: 71.0 pages: flesch: 50.0 cache: ./cache/cord-343196-vlwzzrgc.txt txt: ./txt/cord-343196-vlwzzrgc.txt summary: The MERS-CoV RNA-positive animals belonged to two different dromedary camel herds in Dabel and Lombolio, which are both located within Isiolo country. To experimentally confirm the presence of two independently circulating MERS-CoV strains and to rule out sample cross-contamination, we generated complete MERS-CoV genome sequences using a previously established protocol 10 . Other confirmed MERS-CoVpositive samples were assigned to two different MERS-CoV isolates ("Dabel" or "Lombolio") by amplifying and sequencing single-nucleotide polymorphisms in the spike gene and the open reading frame 3 (Supplementary Table) . The previously described clade C African MERS-CoV strains 4,5 had several mutations in the spike protein, which is responsible for cellular receptor interaction, virus entry, and antibody-directed virus neutralization 12 . An explanation for this observation may again be a lack of testing of imported animals and/or the fact that previous clade A/B MERS-CoV infections may have established herd immunity in the Arabian dromedary populations. abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30482895/ doi: 10.1038/s41426-018-0193-z id: cord-347128-6lyoz8nn author: Kim, Cheorl-Ho title: SARS-CoV-2 Evolutionary Adaptation toward Host Entry and Recognition of Receptor O-Acetyl Sialylation in Virus–Host Interaction date: 2020-06-26 words: 15413.0 sentences: 988.0 pages: flesch: 53.0 cache: ./cache/cord-347128-6lyoz8nn.txt txt: ./txt/cord-347128-6lyoz8nn.txt summary: O-acetylated SAs interact with the lectin-like spike glycoprotein of SARS CoV-2 for the initial attachment of viruses to enter into the host cells. In RNA viruses, the S glycoprotein (PDB: 6VSB) is the biggest protein, heavily glycosylated and its N-terminal domain (NTD) sequence binds to the host receptor to enter the ER of host cells. However, MERS-CoV does not have a similar enzyme and thus MER-CoV binding to SA receptors is mediated by energetically reversible interactions of the lipid rafts with increased SA receptors [75] , thus enhancing dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP4) or carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule 5 (CEACAM5) recognition power and viral entry [76] and membrane-associated 78-kDa glucose-regulated protein (GRP78) [77] . Entry of host cells needs binding of S glycoproteins to the CEACAM receptor, forming S-protein-mediated membrane fusion. For example, impairment of ACE2 receptor glycosylation does not influence S-glycoprotein-ACE2 interaction, however, SARS-CoV-2 virus entry into respiratory epithelial host cells was downregulated [133] . abstract: The recently emerged SARS-CoV-2 is the cause of the global health crisis of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. No evidence is yet available for CoV infection into hosts upon zoonotic disease outbreak, although the CoV epidemy resembles influenza viruses, which use sialic acid (SA). Currently, information on SARS-CoV-2 and its receptors is limited. O-acetylated SAs interact with the lectin-like spike glycoprotein of SARS CoV-2 for the initial attachment of viruses to enter into the host cells. SARS-CoV-2 hemagglutinin-esterase (HE) acts as the classical glycan-binding lectin and receptor-degrading enzyme. Most β-CoVs recognize 9-O-acetyl-SAs but switched to recognizing the 4-O-acetyl-SA form during evolution of CoVs. Type I HE is specific for the 9-O-Ac-SAs and type II HE is specific for 4-O-Ac-SAs. The SA-binding shift proceeds through quasi-synchronous adaptations of the SA-recognition sites of the lectin and esterase domains. The molecular switching of HE acquisition of 4-O-acetyl binding from 9-O-acetyl SA binding is caused by protein–carbohydrate interaction (PCI) or lectin–carbohydrate interaction (LCI). The HE gene was transmitted to a β-CoV lineage A progenitor by horizontal gene transfer from a 9-O-Ac-SA–specific HEF, as in influenza virus C/D. HE acquisition, and expansion takes place by cross-species transmission over HE evolution. This reflects viral evolutionary adaptation to host SA-containing glycans. Therefore, CoV HE receptor switching precedes virus evolution driven by the SA-glycan diversity of the hosts. The PCI or LCI stereochemistry potentiates the SA–ligand switch by a simple conformational shift of the lectin and esterase domains. Therefore, examination of new emerging viruses can lead to better understanding of virus evolution toward transitional host tropism. A clear example of HE gene transfer is found in the BCoV HE, which prefers 7,9-di-O-Ac-SAs, which is also known to be a target of the bovine torovirus HE. A more exciting case of such a switching event occurs in the murine CoVs, with the example of the β-CoV lineage A type binding with two different subtypes of the typical 9-O-Ac-SA (type I) and the exclusive 4-O-Ac-SA (type II) attachment factors. The protein structure data for type II HE also imply the virus switching to binding 4-O acetyl SA from 9-O acetyl SA. Principles of the protein–glycan interaction and PCI stereochemistry potentiate the SA–ligand switch via simple conformational shifts of the lectin and esterase domains. Thus, our understanding of natural adaptation can be specified to how carbohydrate/glycan-recognizing proteins/molecules contribute to virus evolution toward host tropism. Under the current circumstances where reliable antiviral therapeutics or vaccination tools are lacking, several trials are underway to examine viral agents. As expected, structural and non-structural proteins of SARS-CoV-2 are currently being targeted for viral therapeutic designation and development. However, the modern global society needs SARS-CoV-2 preventive and therapeutic drugs for infected patients. In this review, the structure and sialobiology of SARS-CoV-2 are discussed in order to encourage and activate public research on glycan-specific interaction-based drug creation in the near future. url: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21124549 doi: 10.3390/ijms21124549 id: cord-279503-w4tn03w0 author: Kim, Hanbi title: Development of Label-Free Colorimetric Assay for MERS-CoV Using Gold Nanoparticles date: 2019-05-07 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: [Image: see text] Worldwide outbreaks of infectious diseases necessitate the development of rapid and accurate diagnostic methods. Colorimetric assays are a representative tool to simply identify the target molecules in specimens through color changes of an indicator (e.g., nanosized metallic particle, and dye molecules). The detection method is used to confirm the presence of biomarkers visually and measure absorbance of the colored compounds at a specific wavelength. In this study, we propose a colorimetric assay based on an extended form of double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) self-assembly shielded gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) under positive electrolyte (e.g., 0.1 M MgCl(2)) for detection of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV). This platform is able to verify the existence of viral molecules through a localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) shift and color changes of AuNPs in the UV–vis wavelength range. We designed a pair of thiol-modified probes at either the 5′ end or 3′ end to organize complementary base pairs with upstream of the E protein gene (upE) and open reading frames (ORF) 1a on MERS-CoV. The dsDNA of the target and probes forms a disulfide-induced long self-assembled complex, which protects AuNPs from salt-induced aggregation and transition of optical properties. This colorimetric assay could discriminate down to 1 pmol/μL of 30 bp MERS-CoV and further be adapted for convenient on-site detection of other infectious diseases, especially in resource-limited settings. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31062580/ doi: 10.1021/acssensors.9b00175 id: cord-303786-snch80z7 author: Kim, Hyun-Chung title: Psychiatric Findings in Suspected and Confirmed Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Patients Quarantined in Hospital: A Retrospective Chart Analysis date: 2018-03-30 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: OBJECTIVE: Little is known about the psychiatric complications or risk factors for depression in suspected or confirmed Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) patients quarantined in hospital. METHODS: A retrospective chart review was performed of all the patients admitted to the acute MERS inpatient unit at the NMC during the 2015 outbreak. RESULTS: 30 (75%) were confirmed to be MERS-CoV positive among 40 admitted cases. Among the 24 MERS survivors, 17 (70.8%) exhibited psychiatric symptoms and 10 (41.7%) received a psychiatric diagnosis and medication during their hospital stay. Suspected MERS patients did not exhibit psychiatric symptoms or receive a psychiatric diagnosis. 27 suspected or confirmed MERS patients (age 41.15±18.64, male 37.0%) completed psychological assessments. A multiple linear regression analysis revealed that the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey-Short form and the Impact of Event Scale-Revised scores were significantly positively correlated with Patient Health Questionnaire-9 scores. CONCLUSION: Our findings indicate that the acute treatment of MERS-CoV infections in quarantine had a significant impact on the patients’ mental health. Furthermore, assessment of the risk factors for depression may identify vulnerable patients who require psychiatric care and attention during hospital quarantine. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29593206/ doi: 10.30773/pi.2017.10.25.1 id: cord-289311-0wgafqdz author: Kim, Jee-Eun title: Neurological Complications during Treatment of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome date: 2017-06-30 words: 3555.0 sentences: 209.0 pages: flesch: 44.0 cache: ./cache/cord-289311-0wgafqdz.txt txt: ./txt/cord-289311-0wgafqdz.txt summary: Since the first case of Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) was reported in Saudi Arabia in 2012, 1,826 laboratory-confirmed cases have been documented in 27 countries, and 35.5% of these patients have died from this novel virus. A triple antiviral treatment regimen comprising subcutaneous pegylated interferon alpha-2a (180 µg per week for 2 weeks), high-dose oral ribavirin [2,000 mg loading dose, followed by 1,200 mg every 8 h (q8h) for 4 days and then 600 mg q8h for 4-6 days], and oral lopinavir/ritonavir (400 mg/100 mg q12h for 10 days) was administered to all patients regardless of disease severity, which was in accordance with the interim recommendations generated during the early period of the Korean MERS epidemic. 10 GI: gastrointestinal, HFNC: high-flow nasal cannula oxygen therapy, IFN: type 1 interferon, IVIG: intravenous immunoglobulin, LR: lopinavir/ritonavir, MERS: Middle East respiratory syndrome, PSI: Pneumonia Severity Index, Rb: ribavirin, SAPS II: Simplified Acute Physiology Score II. abstract: BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) has a high mortality rate and pandemic potential. However, the neurological manifestations of MERS have rarely been reported since it first emerged in 2012. METHODS: We evaluated four patients with laboratory-confirmed MERS coronavirus (CoV) infections who showed neurological complications during MERS treatment. These 4 patients were from a cohort of 23 patients who were treated at a single designated hospital during the 2015 outbreak in the Republic of Korea. The clinical presentations, laboratory findings, and prognoses are described. RESULTS: Four of the 23 admitted MERS patients reported neurological symptoms during or after MERS-CoV treatment. The potential diagnoses in these four cases included Bickerstaff's encephalitis overlapping with Guillain-Barré syndrome, intensive-care-unit-acquired weakness, or other toxic or infectious neuropathies. Neurological complications did not appear concomitantly with respiratory symptoms, instead being delayed by 2–3 weeks. CONCLUSIONS: Neuromuscular complications are not rare during MERS treatment, and they may have previously been underdiagnosed. Understanding the neurological manifestations is important in an infectious disease such as MERS, because these symptoms are rarely evaluated thoroughly during treatment, and they may interfere with the prognosis or require treatment modification. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28748673/ doi: 10.3988/jcn.2017.13.3.227 id: cord-254976-la9g6g5t author: Kim, Ji Soo title: Factors Influencing Emergency Nurses'' Burnout During an Outbreak of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus in Korea date: 2016-11-09 words: 4175.0 sentences: 195.0 pages: flesch: 57.0 cache: ./cache/cord-254976-la9g6g5t.txt txt: ./txt/cord-254976-la9g6g5t.txt summary: PURPOSE: Emergency department (ED) nurses suffer from persistent stress after experiencing the traumatic event of exposure to Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), which can subsequently lead to burnout. CONCLUSIONS: ED nurses taking care of MERS-CoV-infected patients should be aware that burnout is higher for nurses in their divisions than nurses in other hospital departments and that job stress is the biggest influential factor of burnout. The scale for measuring hospital resources for the treatment of MERS-CoV was developed by the researcher based on previous studies reporting material resources as one of the influencing factors of burnout [5, 9, 13, 14] . The participants'' general characteristics, MERS-CoV-related burnout, job stress, fear of MERS infection, available hospital resources for the treatment of MERS-CoV, and support from family and friends were analyzed with frequencies, percentages, means, and standard deviations. abstract: PURPOSE: Emergency department (ED) nurses suffer from persistent stress after experiencing the traumatic event of exposure to Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), which can subsequently lead to burnout. This study aimed to assess ED nurses' burnout level during an outbreak of MERS-CoV and to identify influencing factors in order to provide basic information for lowering and preventing the level of burnout. METHODS: Study participants were ED nurses working in eight hospitals designated for treating MERS-CoV-infected patients in Korea. We performed multiple regression analysis to explore the factors influencing burnout. RESULTS: The ED nurses' burnout was affected by job stress (β = 0.59, p < .001), poor hospital resources for the treatment of MERS-CoV (β = −0.19, p < .001) and poor support from family and friends (β = −0.14, p < .05). These three variables explained 47.3% of the variance in burnout. CONCLUSIONS: ED nurses taking care of MERS-CoV-infected patients should be aware that burnout is higher for nurses in their divisions than nurses in other hospital departments and that job stress is the biggest influential factor of burnout. To be ready for the outbreak of emerging contagious diseases such as MERS-CoV, efforts and preparations should be made to reduce burnout. Job stress should be managed and resolved. Working conditions for mitigating job stress and systematic stress management programs should be provided, and hospital resources for the treatment of MERS-CoV need to be reinforced. Moreover, promoting support from family and friends is required. url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S1976131716302572 doi: 10.1016/j.anr.2016.10.002 id: cord-299720-f0ny4ur5 author: Kim, Seung Woo title: Risk Factors for Transmission of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Infection During the 2015 Outbreak in South Korea date: 2017-03-01 words: 3914.0 sentences: 206.0 pages: flesch: 47.0 cache: ./cache/cord-299720-f0ny4ur5.txt txt: ./txt/cord-299720-f0ny4ur5.txt summary: title: Risk Factors for Transmission of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Infection During the 2015 Outbreak in South Korea Transmission heterogeneity was observed during the 2015 Korean outbreak of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infection. Transmission heterogeneity was a significant characteristic of the 2015 South Korean outbreak of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infection [1] . Epidemiological reports from the outbreak were evaluated to collect data regarding basic demographic characteristics, medical history, MERS-CoV exposure, symptoms and their onset date(s), sampling date(s), contact history, and post-exposure infection control. In the univariate analyses, transmission was associated with underlying respiratory disease, Ct value, interval from symptom onset to diagnosis, number of contacts, and pre-isolation hospitalization or ER visits. It appears that both host infectivity and the number of contacts influenced MERS-CoV transmission, whereas super-spreading events were mostly associated with a greater likelihood of encountering other people under diverse environmental conditions. abstract: BACKGROUND. Transmission heterogeneity was observed during the 2015 Korean outbreak of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infection. Only 22 of 186 cases transmitted the infection, and 5 super-spreading events caused 150 transmissions. We investigated the risk factors for MERS-CoV transmission. METHODS. Epidemiological reports were used to classify patients as nonspreaders, spreaders, or those associated with a super-spreading event (5 or more transmissions). Logistic regression analyses were used to evaluate the factors for MERS-CoV transmission. RESULTS. Compared to nonspreaders, spreaders exhibited a longer interval from symptom onset to isolation (7 days vs 3 days) and more frequent pre-isolation pneumonia diagnoses (68.2% vs 17.1%). Spreaders also exhibited higher values for pre-isolation contacts (149 vs 17.5), pre-isolation hospitalization (68.2% vs 16.5%), and emergency room (ER) visits (50% vs 7.3%). Spreaders exhibited lower cycle thresholds for the upE and ORF1a genes (22.7 vs 27.2 and 23.7 vs 27.9, respectively). In multivariate analysis, transmission was independently associated with the cycle threshold (odds ratio [OR], 0.84; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.75–0.96) and pre-isolation hospitalization or ER visits (OR, 6.82; 95% CI, 2.06–22.84). The super-spreading events exhibited higher values for pre-isolation contacts (777 vs 78), pre-isolation ER visits (100% vs 35.3%), and doctor shopping (100% vs 47.1%) compared to non-super-spreading events. CONCLUSIONS. These findings indicate that transmission is determined by host infectivity and the number of contacts, whereas super-spreading events were determined by the number of contacts and hospital visits. These relationships highlight the importance of rapidly enforcing infection control measures to prevent outbreaks. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27940937/ doi: 10.1093/cid/ciw768 id: cord-266464-wuf3s8m0 author: Kim, So Yeon title: Viral RNA in Blood as Indicator of Severe Outcome in Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Infection date: 2016-10-17 words: 1810.0 sentences: 100.0 pages: flesch: 50.0 cache: ./cache/cord-266464-wuf3s8m0.txt txt: ./txt/cord-266464-wuf3s8m0.txt summary: title: Viral RNA in Blood as Indicator of Severe Outcome in Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Infection We evaluated the diagnostic and clinical usefulness of blood specimens to detect Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection in 21 patients from the 2015 outbreak in South Korea. Respiratory specimens are preferred for viral RNA detection and confirmatory diagnosis of MERS-CoV infection in humans (5) . Our study aimed to evaluate the diagnostic utility of blood specimens for MERS-CoV infection by using large numbers of patients with a single viral origin and to determine the relationship between blood viral detection and clinical characteristics. Between the blood viral RNA-positive and -negative groups, we found no differences in age, duration from symptom onset to diagnosis of MERS-CoV infection, or an invasive procedure before the specimens were obtained (online Technical Appendix Table 3 ). Clinical features and viral diagnosis of two cases of infection with Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus: a report of nosocomial transmission abstract: We evaluated the diagnostic and clinical usefulness of blood specimens to detect Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection in 21 patients from the 2015 outbreak in South Korea. Viral RNA was detected in blood from 33% of patients at initial diagnosis, and the detection preceded a worse clinical course. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27479636/ doi: 10.3201/eid2210.160218 id: cord-280941-ds6x0yym author: Kim, Young-Seok title: Chaperna-Mediated Assembly of Ferritin-Based Middle East Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus Nanoparticles date: 2018-05-17 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: The folding of monomeric antigens and their subsequent assembly into higher ordered structures are crucial for robust and effective production of nanoparticle (NP) vaccines in a timely and reproducible manner. Despite significant advances in in silico design and structure-based assembly, most engineered NPs are refractory to soluble expression and fail to assemble as designed, presenting major challenges in the manufacturing process. The failure is due to a lack of understanding of the kinetic pathways and enabling technical platforms to ensure successful folding of the monomer antigens into regular assemblages. Capitalizing on a novel function of RNA as a molecular chaperone (chaperna: chaperone + RNA), we provide a robust protein-folding vehicle that may be implemented to NP assembly in bacterial hosts. The receptor-binding domain (RBD) of Middle East respiratory syndrome-coronavirus (MERS-CoV) was fused with the RNA-interaction domain (RID) and bacterioferritin, and expressed in Escherichia coli in a soluble form. Site-specific proteolytic removal of the RID prompted the assemblage of monomers into NPs, which was confirmed by electron microscopy and dynamic light scattering. The mutations that affected the RNA binding to RBD significantly increased the soluble aggregation into amorphous structures, reducing the overall yield of NPs of a defined size. This underscored the RNA-antigen interactions during NP assembly. The sera after mouse immunization effectively interfered with the binding of MERS-CoV RBD to the cellular receptor hDPP4. The results suggest that RNA-binding controls the overall kinetic network of the antigen folding pathway in favor of enhanced assemblage of NPs into highly regular and immunologically relevant conformations. The concentration of the ion Fe(2+), salt, and fusion linker also contributed to the assembly in vitro, and the stability of the NPs. The kinetic “pace-keeping” role of chaperna in the super molecular assembly of antigen monomers holds promise for the development and delivery of NPs and virus-like particles as recombinant vaccines and for serological detection of viral infections. url: https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2018.01093 doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01093 id: cord-256537-axbyav1m author: Kimball, Ann Marie title: Emergence of Novel Human Infections: New Insights and New Challenges date: 2016-10-24 words: 4979.0 sentences: 283.0 pages: flesch: 50.0 cache: ./cache/cord-256537-axbyav1m.txt txt: ./txt/cord-256537-axbyav1m.txt summary: In reviewing the new challenges posed by these emergent events, new technologies promise some answers; however, global health security against pandemic threats, particularly given the uneven distribution of global resources for prevention, detection, and response, remains a critical area of challenge. Specifically: (1) it is now well appreciated that influenza can migrate directly from avian sources to humans, and the appreciation of the actual directness of ''species jumping'' has moved forward; (2) new infections have also introduced uncertainty in transmission dynamics with emphasis on super-spreader events as well as nosocomial transmission; (3) infectious particles are not confined to those organisms which contain genetic material; (4) a new paradigm such as ''Planetary Health'' may be necessary for defining these trends; and (5) global preparedness and response is not in place for the next pandemic. To summarize, the recent episodes of respiratory infectious diseases related to influenza, SARS-CoV, and MERS-CoV have demonstrated increasingly direct links between animal and human infections, agile intercontinental geographic spread, and complex transmission dynamics including ''superspreader'' events. abstract: Novel human infections have continued to emerge over the past decade. Their presentation, epidemiology, and microbiology have shifted the paradigms of traditional science. In particular insights into nongenetic or paragenetic mechanisms (plasmid mediated), modes of infection have challenged biology. In reviewing the new challenges posed by these emergent events, new technologies promise some answers; however, global health security against pandemic threats, particularly given the uneven distribution of global resources for prevention, detection, and response, remains a critical area of challenge. url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/B9780128036785001533 doi: 10.1016/b978-0-12-803678-5.00153-3 id: cord-290744-m0vpizuh author: Kindler, E. title: Interaction of SARS and MERS Coronaviruses with the Antiviral Interferon Response date: 2016-09-09 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) and Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) are the most severe coronavirus (CoV)-associated diseases in humans. The causative agents, SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV, are of zoonotic origin but may be transmitted to humans, causing severe and often fatal respiratory disease in their new host. The two coronaviruses are thought to encode an unusually large number of factors that allow them to thrive and replicate in the presence of efficient host defense mechanisms, especially the antiviral interferon system. Here, we review the recent progress in our understanding of the strategies that highly pathogenic coronaviruses employ to escape, dampen, or block the antiviral interferon response in human cells. url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S0065352716300458 doi: 10.1016/bs.aivir.2016.08.006 id: cord-336775-d4hi9myk author: Kirtipal, Nikhil title: From SARS to SARS-CoV-2, insights on structure, pathogenicity and immunity aspects of pandemic human coronaviruses date: 2020-08-13 words: 8606.0 sentences: 442.0 pages: flesch: 46.0 cache: ./cache/cord-336775-d4hi9myk.txt txt: ./txt/cord-336775-d4hi9myk.txt summary: Abstract Human Coronaviruses (HCoV), periodically emerging across the world, are potential threat to humans such as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) – diseases termed as COVID-19. Hence, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is caused by cytokine storm that triggers a destruction in host cells via immune system and subsequently results into multiple organs failure or death as stated in case of SARS-CoV-2 outbreak; similar observations were noted in case of SARS-CoV infection (Kumar et al., 2020) . When developing novel therapeutic strategies to check the immunoregulatory cytokines such as TNFβ and IL6, investigation should be considered on the viral strain and targeted organ specificity; for example, SARS-CoV-2 has more affinity to ACE2 which are scattering on different organs like lung and kidney while MERS-like CoV can even infect T-cells. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha convertase (ADAM17) mediates regulated ectodomain shedding of the severe-acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus (SARS-CoV) receptor, angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 (ACE2) abstract: Abstract Human Coronaviruses (HCoV), periodically emerging across the world, are potential threat to humans such as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) – diseases termed as COVID-19. Current SARS-CoV-2 outbreak have fueled ongoing efforts to exploit various viral target proteins for therapy, but strategies aimed at blocking the viral proteins as in drug and vaccine development have largely failed. In fact, evidence has now shown that coronaviruses undergoes repaid recombination to generate new strains of altered virulence; additionally, escaped the host antiviral defense system and target humoral immune system which further results in severe deterioration of the body such as by cytokine storm. This demands the understanding of phenotypic and genotypic classification, and pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 for the production of potential therapy. In lack of clear clinical evidences for the pathogenesis of COVID-19, comparative analysis of previous pandemic HCoVs associated immunological responses can provide insights into COVID-19 pathogenesis. In this Review, we summarize the possible origin and transmission mode of CoVs and the current understanding on the viral genome integrity of known pandemic virus against SARS-CoV-2. We also consider the host immune response and viral evasion based on available clinical evidences which would be helpful to remodel COVID-19 pathogenesis; and hence, development of therapeutic against broad spectrum of coronaviruses. url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.meegid.2020.104502 doi: 10.1016/j.meegid.2020.104502 id: cord-264267-weat0qs6 author: Kleine-Weber, Hannah title: Polymorphisms in dipeptidyl peptidase 4 reduce host cell entry of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus date: 2020-01-21 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) coronavirus (MERS-CoV) causes a severe respiratory disease in humans. The MERS-CoV spike (S) glycoprotein mediates viral entry into target cells. For this, MERS-CoV S engages the host cell protein dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP4, CD26) and the interface between MERS-CoV S and DPP4 has been resolved on the atomic level. Here, we asked whether naturally-occurring polymorphisms in DPP4, that alter amino acid residues required for MERS-CoV S binding, influence cellular entry of MERS-CoV. By screening of public databases, we identified fourteen such polymorphisms. Introduction of the respective mutations into DPP4 revealed that all except one (Δ346-348) were compatible with robust DPP4 expression. Four polymorphisms (K267E, K267N, A291P and Δ346-348) strongly reduced binding of MERS-CoV S to DPP4 and S protein-driven host cell entry, as determined using soluble S protein and S protein bearing rhabdoviral vectors, respectively. Two polymorphisms (K267E and A291P) were analyzed in the context of authentic MERS-CoV and were found to attenuate viral replication. Collectively, we identified naturally-occurring polymorphisms in DPP4 that negatively impact cellular entry of MERS-CoV and might thus modulate MERS development in infected patients. url: https://doi.org/10.1080/22221751.2020.1713705 doi: 10.1080/22221751.2020.1713705 id: cord-284581-fl2nt4ak author: Kleine-Weber, Hannah title: Spike proteins of novel MERS-coronavirus isolates from North- and West-African dromedary camels mediate robust viral entry into human target cells date: 2019-07-19 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: The highly pathogenic Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS)-related coronavirus (CoV) is transmitted from dromedary camels, the natural reservoir, to humans. For at present unclear reasons, MERS cases have so far only been observed in the Arabian Peninsula, although MERS-CoV also circulates in African dromedary camels. A recent study showed that MERS-CoV found in North/West- (Morocco) and West-African (Burkina Faso and Nigeria) dromedary camels are genetically distinct from Arabian viruses and have reduced replicative capacity in human cells, potentially due to amino acid changes in one or more viral proteins. Here, we show that the spike (S) proteins of the prototypic Arabian MERS-CoV strain, human betacoronavirus 2c EMC/2012, and the above stated African MERS-CoV variants do not appreciably differ in expression, DPP4 binding and ability to drive entry into target cells. Thus, virus-host-interactions at the entry stage may not limit spread of North- and West-African MERS-CoV in human cells. url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0042682219301916 doi: 10.1016/j.virol.2019.07.016 id: cord-291199-nazl2e97 author: Kleine-Weber, Hannah title: Mutations in the Spike Protein of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Transmitted in Korea Increase Resistance to Antibody-Mediated Neutralization date: 2018-11-07 words: 5833.0 sentences: 270.0 pages: flesch: 47.0 cache: ./cache/cord-291199-nazl2e97.txt txt: ./txt/cord-291199-nazl2e97.txt summary: title: Mutations in the Spike Protein of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Transmitted in Korea Increase Resistance to Antibody-Mediated Neutralization These findings indicate that MERS-CoV variants with reduced neutralization sensitivity were transmitted during the Korean outbreak and that the responsible mutations were compatible with robust infection of cells expressing high levels of DPP4. We demonstrate that these mutations reduce sensitivity to antibody-mediated neutralization and are compatible with robust infection of target cells expressing large amounts of the viral receptor DPP4. Incubation of control cells with MDL28170 reduced entry driven by MERS-S WT and S protein variants, and this effect was fully rescued by directed expression of TMPRSS2 (Fig. 5A ). Collectively, our findings and previous work suggest that MERS-CoV variants with at least partial resistance to antibody-mediated neutralization can retain high infectivity for cells expressing robust amounts of DPP4 and can spread between humans. Host cell entry of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus after two-step, furin-mediated activation of the spike protein abstract: Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) poses a threat to public health. The virus is endemic in the Middle East but can be transmitted to other countries by travel activity. The introduction of MERS-CoV into the Republic of Korea by an infected traveler resulted in a hospital outbreak of MERS that entailed 186 cases and 38 deaths. The MERS-CoV spike (S) protein binds to the cellular protein DPP4 via its receptor binding domain (RBD) and mediates viral entry into target cells. During the MERS outbreak in Korea, emergence and spread of viral variants that harbored mutations in the RBD, D510G and I529T, was observed. Counterintuitively, these mutations were found to reduce DPP4 binding and viral entry into target cells. In this study, we investigated whether they also exerted proviral effects. We confirm that changes D510G and I529T reduce S protein binding to DPP4 but show that this reduction only translates into diminished viral entry when expression of DPP4 on target cells is low. Neither mutation modulated S protein binding to sialic acids, S protein activation by host cell proteases, or inhibition of S protein-driven entry by interferon-induced transmembrane proteins. In contrast, changes D510G and I529T increased resistance of S protein-driven entry to neutralization by monoclonal antibodies and sera from MERS patients. These findings indicate that MERS-CoV variants with reduced neutralization sensitivity were transmitted during the Korean outbreak and that the responsible mutations were compatible with robust infection of cells expressing high levels of DPP4. IMPORTANCE MERS-CoV has pandemic potential, and it is important to identify mutations in viral proteins that might augment viral spread. In the course of a large hospital outbreak of MERS in the Republic of Korea in 2015, the spread of a viral variant that contained mutations in the viral spike protein was observed. These mutations were found to reduce receptor binding and viral infectivity. However, it remained unclear whether they also exerted proviral effects. We demonstrate that these mutations reduce sensitivity to antibody-mediated neutralization and are compatible with robust infection of target cells expressing large amounts of the viral receptor DPP4. url: https://doi.org/10.1128/jvi.01381-18 doi: 10.1128/jvi.01381-18 id: cord-321800-0h28pg3b author: Klingelhöfer, Doris title: Coronavirus: An insight into global research until outbreak of COVID-19 and its implications for the future date: 2020-09-23 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: BACKGROUND: The currently prevailing global threat of COVID-19 caused the publication numbers on coronaviruses to explode. The awareness of the scientific and public community is enormous. But what about the sense of all these undertakings and what can be learned about the future for a better understanding? These questions were answered with established bibliometric analyses of the time until the avalanche of publications unfolded. METHODS: Chronological, geographical aspects of publication output on coronavirus were also evaluated under the influence of epidemiological and socio-economic parameters. RESULTS: The trend in publication and citation numbers shows the strong influence of the past pandemics SARS and MERS with an untypical decline afterward. Research is becoming increasingly multidisciplinary over time. The USA and China, as the countries with the highest number of publications, are being displaced by other countries in the consideration of socio-economic and epidemiological aspects, which shows the effect of regional interest in corona research. A significant correlation was found between the number of SARS cases per country and related publications, while no correlation was found for MERS cases and articles. CONCLUSIONS: The results underline the need for sustainable and forward-looking approaches that should not end with the containment of COVID-19. url: https://doi.org/10.7189/jogh.10.020508 doi: 10.7189/jogh.10.020508 id: cord-261163-n9tp9nx7 author: Ko, Jae-Hoon title: Serologic responses of 42 MERS-coronavirus-infected patients according to the disease severity date: 2017-10-31 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Abstract We evaluated serologic response of 42 Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV)-infected patients according to 4 severity groups: asymptomatic infection (Group 0), symptomatic infection without pneumonia (Group 1), pneumonia without respiratory failure (Group 2), and pneumonia progressing to respiratory failure (Group 3). None of the Group 0 patients showed seroconversion, while the seroconversion rate gradually increased with increasing disease severity (0.0%, 60.0%, 93.8%, and 100% in Group 0, 1, 2, 3, respectively; P = 0.001). Group 3 patients showed delayed increment of antibody titers during the fourth week, while Group 2 patients showed robust increment of antibody titer during the third week. Among patients having pneumonia, 75% of deceased patients did not show seroconversion by the third week, while 100% of the survived patients were seroconverted (P = 0.003). url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0732889317302213 doi: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2017.07.006 id: cord-269386-bnh65bqg author: Ko, Jae-Hoon title: Host susceptibility to MERS-CoV infection, a retrospective cohort study of the 2015 Korean MERS outbreak date: 2017-12-06 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: To evaluate host susceptibility factors to Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infection, we conducted a retrospective cohort study from the single largest exposure event of the 2015 Korean MERS outbreak. A total of 175 patients were closely exposed to a super-spreader, 26 of which were infected (14.9%). In a multivariate analysis, history of autologous stem cell transplantation (HR, 31.151; 95% CI, 5.447–178.145; P < 0.001) and tachypnea at ED (HR, 4.392; 95% CI, 1.402–13.761; P = 0.011) were significantly associated with MERS-CoV infection. url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S1341321X17302106 doi: 10.1016/j.jiac.2017.09.008 id: cord-270258-9vgpphiu author: Ko, Jae-Hoon title: Predictive factors for pneumonia development and progression to respiratory failure in MERS-CoV infected patients date: 2016-08-09 words: 3460.0 sentences: 171.0 pages: flesch: 43.0 cache: ./cache/cord-270258-9vgpphiu.txt txt: ./txt/cord-270258-9vgpphiu.txt summary: To identify factors which can predict pneumonia development and progression to respiratory failure at the early course of the disease, we evaluated MERS-CoV infected patients managed in a tertiary care center during the 2015 MERS outbreak in Korea. To identify factors which can predict pneumonia development and progression to respiratory failure at the early course of the disease, we reviewed the electronic medical records of who were diagnosed with MERS-CoV infection and admitted at Samsung Medical Center, a 1950 tertiary care university hospital which managed the largest number of MERS-CoV infected patients as a single center during the 2015 Korean MERS outbreak. The present analysis of predictive factors for pneumonia development and progression to respiratory failure using variables obtained by day 3 of symptom onset could be conducted owing to the observation of entire clinical course of the disease from the exposure to MERS-CoV. abstract: BACKGROUND: After the 2015 Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) outbreak in Korea, prediction of pneumonia development and progression to respiratory failure was emphasized in control of MERS outbreak. METHODS: MERS-CoV infected patients who were managed in a tertiary care center during the 2015 Korean MERS outbreak were reviewed. To analyze predictive factors for pneumonia development and progression to respiratory failure, we evaluated clinical variables measured within three days from symptom onset. RESULTS: A total of 45 patients were included in the study: 13 patients (28.9%) did not develop pneumonia, 19 developed pneumonia without respiratory failure (42.2%), and 13 progressed to respiratory failures (28.9%). The identified predictive factors for pneumonia development included age ≥45 years, fever ≥37.5 °C, thrombocytopenia, lymphopenia, CRP ≥ 2 mg/dL, and a threshold cycle value of PCR less than 28.5. For respiratory failure, the indicators included male, hypertension, low albumin concentration, thrombocytopenia, lymphopenia, and CRP ≥ 4 mg/dL (all P < 0.05). With ≥ two predictive factors for pneumonia development, 100% of patients developed pneumonia. Patients lacking the predictive factors did not progress to respiratory failure. CONCLUSION: For successful control of MERS outbreak, MERS-CoV infected patients with ≥ two predictive factors should be intensively managed from the initial presentation. url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S0163445316302092 doi: 10.1016/j.jinf.2016.08.005 id: cord-354738-4rxradwz author: Kohl, Claudia title: European Bats as Carriers of Viruses with Zoonotic Potential date: 2014-08-13 words: 4797.0 sentences: 289.0 pages: flesch: 52.0 cache: ./cache/cord-354738-4rxradwz.txt txt: ./txt/cord-354738-4rxradwz.txt summary: In this review, selected viruses detected and isolated in Europe are discussed from our point of view in regard to their human-pathogenic potential. Various publications reviewed bats globally as carriers and potential reservoir hosts of human-pathogenic and zoonotic viruses [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] , while hardly anything is known about human-pathogenicity of European bat viruses apart from lyssaviruses. Similar to the case of the LLOV filovirus, virus isolates and prevalence studies in both humans and bats could improve knowledge and clarify their zoonotic potential. Sero-prevalence studies should be conducted on the orthoreoviruses isolated from European bats, especially as a closely related virus was detected in a diseased child in Slovenia [83] . Other bat viruses detected by using molecular techniques should be isolated (e.g., MERS-like CoV or Bat Bunyavirus) to allow for characterization and follow-up sero-prevalence studies. abstract: Bats are being increasingly recognized as reservoir hosts of highly pathogenic and zoonotic emerging viruses (Marburg virus, Nipah virus, Hendra virus, Rabies virus, and coronaviruses). While numerous studies have focused on the mentioned highly human-pathogenic bat viruses in tropical regions, little is known on similar human-pathogenic viruses that may be present in European bats. Although novel viruses are being detected, their zoonotic potential remains unclear unless further studies are conducted. At present, it is assumed that the risk posed by bats to the general public is rather low. In this review, selected viruses detected and isolated in Europe are discussed from our point of view in regard to their human-pathogenic potential. All European bat species and their roosts are legally protected and some European species are even endangered. Nevertheless, the increasing public fear of bats and their viruses is an obstacle to their protection. Educating the public regarding bat lyssaviruses might result in reduced threats to both the public and the bats. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25123684/ doi: 10.3390/v6083110 id: cord-253238-ptmxkpae author: Kopel, Jonathan title: Clinical Insights into the Gastrointestinal Manifestations of COVID-19 date: 2020-05-23 words: 4148.0 sentences: 208.0 pages: flesch: 45.0 cache: ./cache/cord-253238-ptmxkpae.txt txt: ./txt/cord-253238-ptmxkpae.txt summary: Furthermore, testing stool after a patient has been infected with COVID-19 may be necessary to monitor any GI complications, and the potential for fecal-oral transmission after respiratory symptoms has resolved. Despite the limited information on COVID-19 and its GI symptoms, information from SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV provides some insights on the symptoms and disease severity from other CoVs. The MERS-CoV has shown to infect human primary intestinal epithelial cells, small intestine It is also found to transmit via the fecal-oral route [35] . Physicians should monitor for GI symptoms in COVID-19-infected patients and examine whether the virus continues to remain in their stools after their respiratory symptoms have resolved. Epidemiological, demographic, and clinical characteristics of 47 cases of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus disease from Saudi Arabia: a descriptive study Human intestinal tract serves as an alternative infection route for Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus abstract: The month of December 2019 became a critical part of the time of humanity when the first case of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) was reported in the Wuhan, Hubei Province in China. As of April 13th, 2020, there have been approximately 1.9 million cases and 199,000 deaths across the world, which were associated with COVID-19. The COVID-19 is the seventh coronavirus to be identified to infect humans. In the past, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome and Middle East Respiratory Syndrome were the two coronaviruses that infected humans with a high fatality, particularly among the elderly. Fatalities due to COVID-19 are higher in patients older than 50 years of age or those with multimorbid conditions. The COVID-19 is mainly transmitted through respiratory droplets, with the most common symptoms being high fever, cough, myalgia, atypical symptoms included sputum production, headache, hemoptysis and diarrhea. However, the incubation period can range from 2 to 14 days without any symptoms. It is particularly true with gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms in which patients can still shed the virus even after pulmonary symptoms have resolved. Given the high percentage of COVID-19 patients that present with GI symptoms (e.g., nausea and diarrhea), screening patients for GI symptoms remain essential. Recently, cases of fecal–oral transmission of COVID-19 have been confirmed in the USA and China, indicating that the virus can replicate in both the respiratory and digestive tract. Moreover, the epidemiology, clinical characteristics, diagnostic procedures, treatments and prevention of the gastrointestinal manifestations of COVID-19 remain to be elucidated. url: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10620-020-06362-8 doi: 10.1007/s10620-020-06362-8 id: cord-299621-m4kdkmey author: Kumar, A. title: Outbreak of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus, Saudi Arabian experience date: 2017-08-31 words: 1869.0 sentences: 84.0 pages: flesch: 41.0 cache: ./cache/cord-299621-m4kdkmey.txt txt: ./txt/cord-299621-m4kdkmey.txt summary: Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) was first identified from a 60-year-old Saudi male patient admitted to a private hospital in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia on June13, 2012, with history of fever, cough, expectoration, and shortness of breath who eventually expired 11 days after admission from progressive respiratory failure. In April 2012, a cluster of cases of pneumonia occurred in health care workers of an intensive care unit in a hospital in Zarqa, Jordan, of which 2 patients died, both of whom were confirmed to be infected with the novel coronavirus by retrospective analysis of stored sample. New respiratory illness room with portable High efficiency particulate arrestors (HEPA) was created to isolate suspected MERS-CoV infected patients within the Emergency Medical Services. Until date (July 2017), there are no healthcare associated MERS-CoV Infection among patients, visitors and HCWs of our hospital and improved compliance with the IPC policies and procedures were achieved. abstract: Abstract Objective MERS-CoV infection is uncommonly identified among patients visiting healthcare facilities & we were vigilant in screening all patients entering our hospital to prevent cross infection among patients, visitors & healthcare providers and aiming to prevent potential outbreaks with MERS-CoV infection. In spite of our efforts on practicing Failure Mode Effect Analysis for MERS-CoV infection management we ended up having an outbreak with MERS-CoV. Based on our experience, we actively implemented policies, procedures & practices on early identification & appropriate isolation practices along with supplemental infection prevention & control measures for preventing future outbreaks at our healthcare facility. Methods Retrospectively we analyzed our failure in preventing the outbreak of MERS-CoV infection among our hospitalized patients by identifying the outbreak & actively intervening as a team to control the outbreak with the support of Hospital Higher management, Administrators, Quality improvement team, Infection prevention & control team & the active support of all healthcare workers of the facility. Results Following the early identification of MERS-CoV outbreak, we could successfully prevent large scale outbreak both in the hospital & the community. Conclusion Continuous implementation of infection prevention & control standards along with early clinical diagnosis of MERS-CoV infections based on the case definition as laid out by the Ministry of Health will prevent infectious outbreaks at healthcare facilities. url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmrp.2017.07.006 doi: 10.1016/j.cmrp.2017.07.006 id: cord-104500-m0kfom0x author: Kyriakopoulos, Anthony M. title: The Potential Role of Super Spread Events in SARS-COV-2 Pandemic; a Narrative Review date: 2020-09-21 words: 6842.0 sentences: 357.0 pages: flesch: 40.0 cache: ./cache/cord-104500-m0kfom0x.txt txt: ./txt/cord-104500-m0kfom0x.txt summary: A comprehensive search was conducted among literature available in multiple electronic sources to find articles that addressed the "potential role of SSEs on severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-COV-2) pandemic" and were published before 20(th) of August 2020. Specific screening strategies within potential super spreading host groups can also help to efficiently manage severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-COV-2) epidemics, in contrast to the partially effective general restriction measures. However, the respective potential impact of SSEs on SARS-COV-2 outbreak is composed and presented in the current review, thereby implying the warranted effort required for effective SSE preventive strategies, which may lead to overt global community health benefits. Following this initial selection stage, further screening was performed by all reviewers, using the previously described search items to identify parameters determining the global impact of COVID-19 due to SSEs. Identified parameters included the global impact of immunity and vaccination, the holy cup and religion transmission, and the austerity caused by COVID-19 and other coronavirus epidemics due to restrictions applied. abstract: Coronaviruses, members of Coronaviridae family, cause extensive epidemics of vast diseases like severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and Coronavirus Disease-19 (COVID-19) in animals and humans. Super spread events (SSEs) potentiate early outbreak of the disease and its constant spread in later stages. Viral recombination events within species and across hosts lead to natural selection based on advanced infectivity and resistance. In this review, the importance of containment of SSEs was investigated with emphasis on stopping COVID-19 spread and its socio-economic consequences. A comprehensive search was conducted among literature available in multiple electronic sources to find articles that addressed the “potential role of SSEs on severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-COV-2) pandemic” and were published before 20(th) of August 2020. Overall, ninety-eight articles were found eligible and reviewed. Specific screening strategies within potential super spreading host groups can also help to efficiently manage severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-COV-2) epidemics, in contrast to the partially effective general restriction measures. The effect of SSEs on previous SARS epidemics has been documented in detail. However, the respective potential impact of SSEs on SARS-COV-2 outbreak is composed and presented in the current review, thereby implying the warranted effort required for effective SSE preventive strategies, which may lead to overt global community health benefits. This is crucial for SARS-COV-2 pandemic containment as the vaccine(s) development process will take considerable time to safely establish its potential usefulness for future clinical usage. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7587986/ doi: nan id: cord-303670-fma8wq4z author: LIU, Ren-qiang title: Newcastle disease virus-based MERS-CoV candidate vaccine elicits high-level and lasting neutralizing antibodies in Bactrian camels date: 2017-10-31 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Abstract Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), a member of the Coronaviridae family, is the causative pathogen for MERS that is characterized by high fever, pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), as well as extrapulmonary manifestations. Currently, there are no approved treatment regimens or vaccines for MERS. Here, we generated recombinant nonvirulent Newcastle disease virus (NDV) LaSota strain expressing MERS-CoV S protein (designated as rLa-MERS-S), and evaluated its immunogenicity in mice and Bactrian camels. The results revealed that rLa-MERS-S showed similar growth properties to those of LaSota in embryonated chicken eggs, while animal immunization studies showed that rLa-MERS-S induced MERS-CoV neutralizing antibodies in mice and camels. Our findings suggest that recombinant rLa-MERS-S may be a potential MERS-CoV veterinary vaccine candidate for camels and other animals affected by MERS. url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S2095311917616605 doi: 10.1016/s2095-3119(17)61660-5 id: cord-346331-d0s028wl author: Lackey, Kimberly A. title: SARS‐CoV‐2 and human milk: What is the evidence? date: 2020-05-30 words: 5628.0 sentences: 300.0 pages: flesch: 53.0 cache: ./cache/cord-346331-d0s028wl.txt txt: ./txt/cord-346331-d0s028wl.txt summary: Of particular importance to global health is the possibility of vertical transmission from infected mothers to infants through breastfeeding or consumption of human milk. • Limited, weak evidence suggests that some coronaviruses (including SARS-CoV-2) may be present in human milk, but these studies do not report methods of sample collection and validation of reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assays for human milk. Of particular interest in this context are (1) the potential role that breastfeeding could play in vertical transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from women to infants via human milk and (2) the potential protective effects of targeted antibodies and other immunoprotective components in human milk against COVID-19. Milk was submitted to the CDC, where it was analysed using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RTSearch terms, databases and preprint servers used to identify existing literature reporting the possibility of vertical transmission of coronaviruses from mother to infant during breastfeeding as of 17 April 2020 The infant in this study was never tested for SARS-CoV infection. abstract: The novel coronavirus SARS‐CoV‐2 has emerged as one of the most compelling and concerning public health challenges of our time. To address the myriad issues generated by this pandemic, an interdisciplinary breadth of research, clinical and public health communities has rapidly engaged to collectively find answers and solutions. One area of active inquiry is understanding the mode(s) of SARS‐CoV‐2 transmission. Although respiratory droplets are a known mechanism of transmission, other mechanisms are likely. Of particular importance to global health is the possibility of vertical transmission from infected mothers to infants through breastfeeding or consumption of human milk. However, there is limited published literature related to vertical transmission of any human coronaviruses (including SARS‐CoV‐2) via human milk and/or breastfeeding. Results of the literature search reported here (finalized on 17 April 2020) revealed a single study providing some evidence of vertical transmission of human coronavirus 229E; a single study evaluating presence of SARS‐CoV in human milk (it was negative); and no published data on MERS‐CoV and human milk. We identified 13 studies reporting human milk tested for SARS‐CoV‐2; one study (a non‐peer‐reviewed preprint) detected the virus in one milk sample, and another study detected SARS‐CoV‐2 specific IgG in milk. Importantly, none of the studies on coronaviruses and human milk report validation of their collection and analytical methods for use in human milk. These reports are evaluated here, and their implications related to the possibility of vertical transmission of coronaviruses (in particular, SARS‐CoV‐2) during breastfeeding are discussed. url: https://doi.org/10.1111/mcn.13032 doi: 10.1111/mcn.13032 id: cord-294856-eeh2a0t8 author: Lambert, Paul-Henri title: Consensus Summary Report for CEPI/BC March 12-13, 2020 Meeting: Assessment of Risk of Disease Enhancement with COVID-19 Vaccines date: 2020-05-25 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: A novel coronavirus (CoV), Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), emerged in late 2019 in Wuhan, China and has since spread as a global pandemic. Safe and effective vaccines are thus urgently needed to reduce the significant morbidity and mortality of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) disease and ease the major economic impact. There has been an unprecedented rapid response by vaccine developers with now over one hundred vaccine candidates in development and at least six having reached clinical trials. However, a major challenge during rapid development is to avoid safety issues both by thoughtful vaccine design and by thorough evaluation in a timely manner. A syndrome of “disease enhancement” has been reported in the past for a few viral vaccines where those immunized suffered increased severity or death when they later encountered the virus or were found to have an increased frequency of infection. Animal models allowed scientists to determine the underlying mechanism for the former in the case of Respiratory Syncytial virus (RSV) vaccine and have been utilized to design and screen new RSV vaccine candidates. Because some Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) and SARS-CoV-1 vaccines have shown evidence of disease enhancement in some animal models, this is a particular concern for SARS-CoV-2 vaccines. To address this challenge, the Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations (CEPI) and the Brighton Collaboration (BC) Safety Platform for Emergency vACcines (SPEAC) convened a scientific working meeting on March 12 and 13, 2020 of experts in the field of vaccine immunology and coronaviruses to consider what vaccine designs could reduce safety concerns and how animal models and immunological assessments in early clinical trials can help to assess the risk. This report summarizes the evidence presented and provides considerations for safety assessment of COVID-19 vaccine candidates in accelerated vaccine development. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32507409/ doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.05.064 id: cord-305773-ikm1famj author: Lan, Bowen title: Clinical imaging research of the first Middle East respiratory syndrome in China date: 2015-11-23 words: 1632.0 sentences: 95.0 pages: flesch: 59.0 cache: ./cache/cord-305773-ikm1famj.txt txt: ./txt/cord-305773-ikm1famj.txt summary: Based on the first case of Middle East respiratory syndrome found in China, a clinical research in combination with radiological findings was studied. Differential imaging diagnosis on the basis of epidemiological and experimental pathogen detection is helpful for clinical diagnosis of MERS, even in distinguishing from SARS and pneumonia caused by H7N9 avian influenza. Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS), also known as camel flu, is a viral respiratory illness caused by a novel human beta-coronavirus (CoV) [1e3] . On the sixth day after his hospitalization, MERS-COV was negative via the virological detection of sputum, and his body temperature had decreased to be normal, which indicated that the virus has a direct relationship with the fever. 1) Small pieces of high density shadows in the two lower lungs near the heart edge were observed during the early period via chest X-ray examination, suggesting that it firstly progressed to pneumonia (about one week). Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infection: chest CT findings abstract: Middle East respiratory syndrome is a viral respiratory illness caused by a novel human beta-coronavirus. Based on the first case of Middle East respiratory syndrome found in China, a clinical research in combination with radiological findings was studied. Fever was the main clinical manifestation of this patient, and the primary imaging findings were basically the same as viral pneumonia. Differential imaging diagnosis on the basis of epidemiological and experimental pathogen detection is helpful for clinical diagnosis of MERS, even in distinguishing from SARS and pneumonia caused by H7N9 avian influenza. url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrid.2015.11.004 doi: 10.1016/j.jrid.2015.11.004 id: cord-339724-roj8ksvc author: Lan, Jiaming title: Tailoring Subunit Vaccine Immunity with Adjuvant Combinations and Delivery Routes Using the Middle East Respiratory Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) Receptor-Binding Domain as an Antigen date: 2014-11-18 words: 5017.0 sentences: 249.0 pages: flesch: 49.0 cache: ./cache/cord-339724-roj8ksvc.txt txt: ./txt/cord-339724-roj8ksvc.txt summary: title: Tailoring Subunit Vaccine Immunity with Adjuvant Combinations and Delivery Routes Using the Middle East Respiratory Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) Receptor-Binding Domain as an Antigen Interestingly, robust RBD-specific antibody and T-cell responses were induced in mice immunized with the rRBD protein in combination with IFA and CpG ODN, but low level of neutralizing antibodies were elicited. In this study, different adjuvants combination regimens including alum, IFA, CpG and poly(I:C) were compared in an effort to promote balance between Th1 and Th2 immune response to bystander rRBD antigen spanning residues 367-606 of MERS-CoV S in a murine model to develop an effective vaccine against MERS-CoV infection. The results indicated that rRBD protein combined with any adjuvant, including alum, IFA, CpG or poly(I:C), could induce a RBD-specific IgG antibody response in the majority of mice after the second immunisation. abstract: The development of an effective vaccine is critical for prevention of a Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) pandemic. Some studies have indicated the receptor-binding domain (RBD) protein of MERS-CoV spike (S) is a good candidate antigen for a MERS-CoV subunit vaccine. However, highly purified proteins are typically not inherently immunogenic. We hypothesised that humoral and cell-mediated immunity would be improved with a modification of the vaccination regimen. Therefore, the immunogenicity of a novel MERS-CoV RBD-based subunit vaccine was tested in mice using different adjuvant formulations and delivery routes. Different vaccination regimens were compared in BALB/c mice immunized 3 times intramuscularly (i.m.) with a vaccine containing 10 µg of recombinant MERS-CoV RBD in combination with either aluminium hydroxide (alum) alone, alum and polyriboinosinic acid (poly I:C) or alum and cysteine-phosphate-guanine (CpG) oligodeoxynucleotides (ODN). The immune responses of mice vaccinated with RBD, incomplete Freund’s adjuvant (IFA) and CpG ODN by a subcutaneous (s.c.) route were also investigated. We evaluated the induction of RBD-specific humoral immunity (total IgG and neutralizing antibodies) and cellular immunity (ELISpot assay for IFN-γ spot-forming cells and splenocyte cytokine production). Our findings indicated that the combination of alum and CpG ODN optimized the development of RBD-specific humoral and cellular immunity following subunit vaccination. Interestingly, robust RBD-specific antibody and T-cell responses were induced in mice immunized with the rRBD protein in combination with IFA and CpG ODN, but low level of neutralizing antibodies were elicited. Our data suggest that murine immunity following subunit vaccination can be tailored using adjuvant combinations and delivery routes. The vaccination regimen used in this study is promising and could improve the protection offered by the MERS-CoV subunit vaccine by eliciting effective humoral and cellular immune responses. url: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0112602 doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0112602 id: cord-287156-3plpi6i9 author: Lassandro, Giuseppe title: Children in Coronaviruses’ Wonderland: What Clinicians Need to Know date: 2020-07-01 words: 8021.0 sentences: 535.0 pages: flesch: 43.0 cache: ./cache/cord-287156-3plpi6i9.txt txt: ./txt/cord-287156-3plpi6i9.txt summary: Among the seven coronaviruses that affect humans (SARS)-CoV, the Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS)-CoV, and the most recent coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) represent potential life-threatening diseases worldwide. Children appear to be less susceptible to develop severe clinical disease and present usually with mild and aspecific symptoms similar to other respiratory infections typical of childhood. 8, 9 Additionally, three HCoVs responsible for outbreaks involving high case fatality rates have been detected in humans in the last two decades: the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-CoV, the Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS)-CoV and the new coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) ( Table 1) . Principal features of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-CoV, the Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS)-CoV and the most recent coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID19) . Clinical features and viral diagnosis of two cases of infection with Middle East Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus: a report of nosocomial transmission abstract: Human coronaviruses (HCoVs) commonly cause mild upper-respiratory tract illnesses but can lead to more severe and diffusive diseases. A variety of signs and symptoms may be present, and infections can range in severity from the common cold and sore throat to more serious laryngeal or tracheal infections, bronchitis, and pneumonia. Among the seven coronaviruses that affect humans (SARS)-CoV, the Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS)-CoV, and the most recent coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) represent potential life-threatening diseases worldwide. In adults, they may cause severe pneumonia that evolves in respiratory distress syndrome and multiorgan failure with a high mortality rate. Children appear to be less susceptible to develop severe clinical disease and present usually with mild and aspecific symptoms similar to other respiratory infections typical of childhood. However, some children, such as infants, adolescents, or those with underlying diseases may be more at-risk categories and require greater caution from clinicians. Available data on pediatric coronavirus infections are rare and scattered in the literature. The purpose of this review is to provide to clinicians a complete and updated panel useful to recognize and characterize the broad spectrum of clinical manifestations of coronavirus infections in the pediatric age. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32670520/ doi: 10.4084/mjhid.2020.042 id: cord-310071-d195rumq author: Lee, Jacob title: Collaborative Intervention of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome: Rapid Response Team date: 2016-06-30 words: 2055.0 sentences: 131.0 pages: flesch: 60.0 cache: ./cache/cord-310071-d195rumq.txt txt: ./txt/cord-310071-d195rumq.txt summary: The purpose of RRT were to consult the Government controlling MERS-CoV outbreak, and visit hospitals that were exposed to MERS-CoV infected patients and to advise them with an infection control strategy and rehabilitation program that would prevent the exposure of the disease in hospitals. As considering KCDC''s faults, we began to isolate close contacts early about hospitals where there were MERS patients. Through confirming with hospital officials, we conducted a consultation rapidly about closing the hospitals, isolation of patients and medical staffs and infection control in hospital. Therefore, they needed to be sent to the infection control practitioners early, so various hospital staffs were isolated who had close contact with the patients. Because isolating the room was not enough, patients on the 6th and 7th floor (not close contact MERS patient) were transferred to Daejeon Army Hospital. On the June 19th, the 170th patient was confirmed who was transferred to D hospital, had close contact with the 76th patient in the same ward. abstract: On May 20th 2015, a 68 year old man was the first to be diagnosed with Middle East Respiratory Syndrome-Corona Virus (MERS-CoV) in Korea. He travelled to Bahrain, Saudi Arabia, and Qatar for 16 days. On May 4th 2015, the patient entered Korea, with febrile sense and respiratory symptoms that appeared on May 11th. The MERS-CoV Outbreak became worse and several patients had to be admitted throughout various hospitals starting at the beginning of June. This situation led to a nationwide chaos. The Rapid Response Team (RRT) was organized after the Korean government's calling for specialists that were composed of 15 Infectious disease Doctors and 2 Infection Control professionals on the 8th of June 2015. The main purpose of the RRT were: 1) consultation to the Government controlling MERS-CoV outbreak. 2) Visit hospitals that were exposed to MERS-CoV infected patients, and to provide advice regarding infection control strategy for rehabilitating of the exposed hospitals. Since June 8th, the RRT visited more than 10 hospitals and an effective consultation was carried out. Most of the hospitals were recovering from the MERS outbreak since early July. Cooperation between the government and private sector experts was very effective. The efforts of government and private sector experts overcame the initial chaos situation. It could prevent further deterioration of the MERS outbreak. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27433376/ doi: 10.3947/ic.2016.48.2.71 id: cord-349680-rz2ep5jf author: Lee, Jacob title: Better Understanding on MERS Corona Virus Outbreak in Korea date: 2015-06-10 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26130942/ doi: 10.3346/jkms.2015.30.7.835 id: cord-338057-ycmr9prw author: Lee, Jae Hoon title: An Appropriate Lower Respiratory Tract Specimen Is Essential for Diagnosis of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) date: 2015-07-15 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26240502/ doi: 10.3346/jkms.2015.30.8.1207 id: cord-294656-sx3tpe0y author: Lee, Jonggul title: A dynamic compartmental model for the Middle East respiratory syndrome outbreak in the Republic of Korea: A retrospective analysis on control interventions and superspreading events date: 2016-11-07 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Abstract The 2015 Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) outbreak in the Republic of Korea has provided an opportunity to improve our understanding of the spread of MERS linked to healthcare settings. Here we designed a dynamic transmission model to analyze the MERS outbreak in the Republic of Korea based on confirmed cases reported during the period May 20–July 4, 2015. Our model explicitly incorporates superspreading events and time-dependent transmission and isolation rates. Our model was able to provide a good fit to the trajectory of the outbreak and was useful to analyze the role of hypothetical control scenarios. Specifically, we assessed the impact of the timing of control measures, especially associated with a reduction of the transmission rate and diagnostic delays on outbreak size and duration. Early interventions within 1week after the epidemic onset, for instance, including the initial government announcement to the public about the list of hospitals exposed to MERS coronavirus (MERS-CoV), show a promising means to reduce the size ( > 71 % ) and duration ( > 35 % ) of the MERS epidemic. Finally, we also present results of an uncertainty analysis focused on the role of superspreading events. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27521523/ doi: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2016.08.009 id: cord-330583-ltkpt80u author: Lee, Kyu-Myoung title: Factors Influencing the Response to Infectious Diseases: Focusing on the Case of SARS and MERS in South Korea date: 2019-04-22 words: 9200.0 sentences: 414.0 pages: flesch: 37.0 cache: ./cache/cord-330583-ltkpt80u.txt txt: ./txt/cord-330583-ltkpt80u.txt summary: Following the 2003 the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and the 2015 Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) outbreak in South Korea, this research aims to explore and examine the factors influencing the response to infectious diseases, which encompasses both communicable and non-communicable diseases. As the results conducted meta-analyses to comprehensively analyze the correlations of factors influencing disaster response from a Korean context, the findings show that the legislative factor had direct and indirect influence on the overall process of infectious disease response and that Leadership of the central government, establishment of an intergovernmental response system, the need for communication, information sharing and disclosure and onsite response were identified as key factors influencing effective infectious disease response. However, there is also need for comprehensive discussions that include the establishment of laws; regulations; resources; information on infectious disease response from administrative and policy perspectives; information sharing system; and the establishment of an international cooperation system and national response system involving the central government, the regional government, private organizations and the public for effective response when an actual infectious disease outbreak occurs. abstract: Following the 2003 the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and the 2015 Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) outbreak in South Korea, this research aims to explore and examine the factors influencing the response to infectious diseases, which encompasses both communicable and non-communicable diseases. Through a qualitative research method, this research categorizes the factors as inputs, processes and outputs and applies them into the 2003 SARS and MERS outbreak in South Korea. As the results conducted meta-analyses to comprehensively analyze the correlations of factors influencing disaster response from a Korean context, the findings show that the legislative factor had direct and indirect influence on the overall process of infectious disease response and that Leadership of the central government, establishment of an intergovernmental response system, the need for communication, information sharing and disclosure and onsite response were identified as key factors influencing effective infectious disease response. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31013648/ doi: 10.3390/ijerph16081432 id: cord-255871-dau9tz6u author: Lee, Mi-Kyung title: Survey of Clinical Laboratory Practices for 2015 Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Outbreak in the Republic of Korea date: 2015-12-18 words: 2610.0 sentences: 130.0 pages: flesch: 48.0 cache: ./cache/cord-255871-dau9tz6u.txt txt: ./txt/cord-255871-dau9tz6u.txt summary: BACKGROUND: It is crucial to understand the current status of clinical laboratory practices for the largest outbreak of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infections in the Republic of Korea to be well prepared for future emerging infectious diseases. The number of MERS-CoV rRT-PCR tests performed was collected from 32 medical institutions and five referral medical laboratories. A total of 27,009 MERS-CoV rRT-PCR tests were performed at 32 medical institutions (N = 11,502) and five referral medical laboratories (N = 15,507) (Table 1 and Fig. 1 ). The proportion of medical institutions was significantly underestimated because one tertiary care hospital submitted responses for the survey but not the specimen list, and the numbers of MERS-CoV rRT-PCR tests and positive specimens at this institution would have been predominant in the reporting medical institutions. Table 2 shows the current status of clinical laboratories in medical institutions with respect to their response to the outbreak of MERS-CoV infections. abstract: BACKGROUND: It is crucial to understand the current status of clinical laboratory practices for the largest outbreak of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infections in the Republic of Korea to be well prepared for future emerging infectious diseases. METHODS: We conducted a survey of 49 clinical laboratories in medical institutions and referral medical laboratories. A short questionnaire to survey clinical laboratory practices relating to MERS-CoV diagnostic testing was sent by email to the directors and clinical pathologists in charge of the clinical laboratories performing MERS-CoV testing. The survey focused on testing volume, reporting of results, resources, and laboratory safety. RESULTS: A total of 40 clinical laboratories responded to the survey. A total of 27,009 MERS-CoV real-time reverse transcription PCR (rRT-PCR) tests were performed. Most of the specimens were sputum (73.5%). The median turnaround time (TAT) was 5.29 hr (first and third quartile, 4.11 and 7.48 hr) in 26 medical institutions. The median TAT of more than a half of the laboratories (57.7%) was less than 6 hr. Many laboratories were able to perform tests throughout the whole week. Laboratory biosafety preparedness included class II biosafety cabinets (100%); separated pre-PCR, PCR, and post-PCR rooms (88.6%); negative pressure pretreatment rooms (48.6%); and negative pressure sputum collection rooms (20.0%). CONCLUSIONS: Clinical laboratories were able to quickly expand their diagnostic capacity in response to the 2015 MERS-CoV outbreak. Our results show that clinical laboratories play an important role in the maintenance and enhancement of laboratory response in preparation for future emerging infections. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26709263/ doi: 10.3343/alm.2016.36.2.154 id: cord-334628-axon4jdc author: Lee, Saemi title: Genetic Characteristics of Coronaviruses from Korean Bats in 2016 date: 2017-07-19 words: 3227.0 sentences: 205.0 pages: flesch: 66.0 cache: ./cache/cord-334628-axon4jdc.txt txt: ./txt/cord-334628-axon4jdc.txt summary: In this study, bat samples (332 oral swabs, 245 fecal samples, 38 urine samples, and 57 bat carcasses) were collected at 33 natural bat habitat sites in South Korea. Thirteen sequences belonging to SARS-like betacoronaviruses showed the highest nucleotide identity (97.1–99.7%) with Bat-CoV-JTMC15 reported in China. Given the import of MERS into South Korea [14] and the presence of SARS in the relatively close geographic location of China [9] (Fig. 3) , together with the fact that bats are a reservoir for coronaviruses, the prevalence of coronavirus infection in Korean bat species should provide valuable information. Oral swabs and other samples (n = 60) were obtained from three species of bats, Rhinolophus ferrumequinum, Miniopterus schreibersii, and Myotis macrodactylus, but coronaviruses were only detected in samples from R. Thirteen sequences from oral swabs were clustered with Bat-CoV B15-21, which was detected in fecal bat samples collected from an abandoned mine in Gangwon province. abstract: Bats have increasingly been recognized as the natural reservoir of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), coronavirus, and other coronaviruses found in mammals. However, little research has been conducted on bat coronaviruses in South Korea. In this study, bat samples (332 oral swabs, 245 fecal samples, 38 urine samples, and 57 bat carcasses) were collected at 33 natural bat habitat sites in South Korea. RT-PCR and sequencing were performed for specific coronavirus genes to identify the bat coronaviruses in different bat samples. Coronaviruses were detected in 2.7% (18/672) of the samples: 13 oral swabs from one species of the family Rhinolophidae, and four fecal samples and one carcass (intestine) from three species of the family Vespertiliodae. To determine the genetic relationships of the 18 sequences obtained in this study and previously known coronaviruses, the nucleotide sequences of a 392-nt region of the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) gene were analyzed phylogenetically. Thirteen sequences belonging to SARS-like betacoronaviruses showed the highest nucleotide identity (97.1–99.7%) with Bat-CoV-JTMC15 reported in China. The other five sequences were most similar to MERS-like betacoronaviruses. Four nucleotide sequences displayed the highest identity (94.1–95.1%) with Bat-CoV-HKU5 from Hong Kong. The one sequence from a carcass showed the highest nucleotide identity (99%) with Bat-CoV-SC2013 from China. These results suggest that careful surveillance of coronaviruses from bats should be continued, because animal and human infections may result from the genetic variants present in bat coronavirus reservoirs. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28725945/ doi: 10.1007/s00248-017-1033-8 id: cord-326851-0jxdnm1l author: Lee, Sang M. title: Lessons Learned from Battling COVID-19: The Korean Experience date: 2020-10-16 words: 9665.0 sentences: 461.0 pages: flesch: 49.0 cache: ./cache/cord-326851-0jxdnm1l.txt txt: ./txt/cord-326851-0jxdnm1l.txt summary: Results: Korea''s success rests on its readiness, with the capacity for massive testing and obtaining prompt test results, effective contact tracing based on its world-leading mobile technologies, timely provision of personal protective equipment (PPE) to first responders, effective treatment of infected patients, and invoking citizens'' community and civic conscience for the shared goal of defeating the pandemic. More specifically, this study has the following objectives: (1) To analyze Korean experiences with cases where healthcare facilities failed to prevent previous infectious diseases from spreading, and how these failures served the government in devising effective approaches to encounter the COVID-19 pandemic, (2) To dissect cases that showed innovative and successful response measures to deal with the COVID-19 pandemic, and (3) To elaborate on suggestions for crisis management based on the lessons learned from these COVID-19 response cases in Korea. abstract: Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has swept the world like a gigantic tsunami, turning social and economic activities upside down. Methods: This paper presents some of the innovative response strategies implemented by the public health system, healthcare facilities, and government in South Korea, which has been hailed as the model country for its success in containing COVID-19. Korea reinvented its public health infrastructure with a sense of urgency. Results: Korea’s success rests on its readiness, with the capacity for massive testing and obtaining prompt test results, effective contact tracing based on its world-leading mobile technologies, timely provision of personal protective equipment (PPE) to first responders, effective treatment of infected patients, and invoking citizens’ community and civic conscience for the shared goal of defeating the pandemic. The lessons learned from Korea’s response in countering the onslaught of COVID-19 provide unique implications for public healthcare administrators and operations management practitioners. Conclusion: Since many epidemic experts warn of a second wave of COVID-19, the lessons learned from the first wave will be a valuable resource for responding to the resurgence of the virus. url: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17207548 doi: 10.3390/ijerph17207548 id: cord-282279-zmfcfbo8 author: Lee, Sang Min title: Psychological impact of the 2015 MERS outbreak on hospital workers and quarantined hemodialysis patients date: 2018-11-30 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Abstract Objectives This study aimed to assess the immediate stress and psychological impact experienced by quarantined patients undergoing hemodialysis and university hospital workers who treated patients Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) during its outbreak. Design The group of subjects consisted of 1800 hospital practitioners and 73 quarantined patients undergoing hemodialysis. The Impact of Events Scale–Revised (IES-R) was administered to the practitioners twice, once during the hospital shutdown and again one month after the shutdown. The Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview and Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale were administered to patients undergoing hemodialysis. Results During the initial stages of the MERS outbreak, healthcare workers who performed MERS-related tasks scored significantly higher on the total IES-R and its subscales. In the second assessment of the high-risk group, the sleep and numbness subscale scores from the IES-R differed depending on the implementation of home quarantine, and the intrusion subscale scores differed depending on the performance of MERS-related tasks. Conclusion Medical staff that performed MERS-related tasks showed the highest risk for post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms even after time had elapsed. The risk increased even after home quarantine. Prompt and continuous psychiatric intervention is needed in high mortality infectious disease outbreaks. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30343247/ doi: 10.1016/j.comppsych.2018.10.003 id: cord-333606-5z3kumu9 author: Lee, SangJoon title: Coronaviruses: Innate Immunity, Inflammasome Activation, Inflammatory Cell Death, and Cytokines date: 2020-10-15 words: 1178.0 sentences: 69.0 pages: flesch: 44.0 cache: ./cache/cord-333606-5z3kumu9.txt txt: ./txt/cord-333606-5z3kumu9.txt summary: title: Coronaviruses: Innate Immunity, Inflammasome Activation, Inflammatory Cell Death, and Cytokines In this review, we focus on our present understanding of innate immune responses, inflammasome activation, inflammatory cell death pathways, and cytokine secretion during SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2 infection. Despite these limitations, significant work has been done to molecularly characterize the innate immune pathways involved in detecting and controlling CoV infections. patients with severe or critical COVID-19 also found that reduced amounts of type I IFNs in the blood during SARS-CoV-2 infection were associated with increased viral load in the blood, and exacerbation of the inflammatory response [38] . Pyroptosis and necroptosis are similar in that they are lytic forms of cell death driven by the GSDMD pore and MLKL channel, respectively, that release proinflammatory cytokines and other cellular factors to alert the surrounding cells of danger and to recruit innate and adaptive inflammatory cells [54, 55].  Specific CoV infections can activate inflammatory cell death (PANoptosis), thereby inducing cytokine release. abstract: The innate immune system acts as the first line of defense against pathogens, including coronaviruses. SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV are epidemic zoonotic coronaviruses that emerged at the beginning of the 21st century. The recently emerged virus SARS-CoV-2 is a novel strain of coronavirus that has caused the COVID-19 pandemic. Scientific advancements made by studying the SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV outbreaks have provided a foundation for understanding pathogenesis and innate immunity against SARS-CoV-2. In this review, we focus on our present understanding of innate immune responses, inflammasome activation, inflammatory cell death pathways, and cytokine secretion during SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2 infection. We also discuss how the pathogenesis of these viruses influences these biological processes. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33153908/ doi: 10.1016/j.it.2020.10.005 id: cord-329876-4cgrjnjo author: Lei, Jian title: Structural and mutational analysis of the interaction between the Middle-East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) papain-like protease and human ubiquitin date: 2016-05-30 words: 6809.0 sentences: 421.0 pages: flesch: 69.0 cache: ./cache/cord-329876-4cgrjnjo.txt txt: ./txt/cord-329876-4cgrjnjo.txt summary: title: Structural and mutational analysis of the interaction between the Middle-East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) papain-like protease and human ubiquitin To contribute to an understanding of this process, we present here the X-ray crystal structure of a complex between MERS-CoV PL(pro) and human ubiquitin (Ub) that is devoid of any covalent linkage between the two proteins. The substrate-binding site of MERS-CoV PL pro features significant differences from those of the corresponding SARS-CoV enzyme and human ubiquitin-specific proteases (USPs, such as, USP14) (Hu et al., 2005; Chou et al., 2014; Ratia et al., 2014) . Hence, we crystallized the ubiquitin (Ub) complex of a MERS-CoV PL pro variant that had the active-site Cys111 replaced by serine (C111S) and determined the structure at 3.16 Å ( Figure 1A ). Crystal structure of the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) papain-like protease bound to ubiquitin facilitates targeted disruption of deubiquitinating activity to demonstrate its role in innate immune suppression abstract: The papain-like protease (PL(pro)) of Middle-East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) has proteolytic, deubiquitinating, and deISGylating activities. The latter two are involved in the suppression of the antiviral innate immune response of the host cell. To contribute to an understanding of this process, we present here the X-ray crystal structure of a complex between MERS-CoV PL(pro) and human ubiquitin (Ub) that is devoid of any covalent linkage between the two proteins. Five regions of the PL(pro) bind to two areas of the Ub. The C-terminal five residues of Ub, RLRGG, are similar to the P5–P1 residues of the polyprotein substrates of the PL(pro) and are responsible for the major part of the interaction between the two macromolecules. Through sitedirected mutagenesis, we demonstrate that conserved Asp165 and non-conserved Asp164 are important for the catalytic activities of MERS-CoV PL(pro). The enzyme appears not to be optimized for catalytic efficiency; thus, replacement of Phe269 by Tyr leads to increased peptidolytic and deubiquitinating activities. Ubiquitin binding by MERS-CoV PL(pro) involves remarkable differences compared to the corresponding complex with SARS-CoV PL(pro). The structure and the mutational study help understand common and unique features of the deubiquitinating activity of MERS-CoV PL(pro). ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL: Supplementary material is available for this article at 10.1007/s12250-016-3742-4 and is accessible for authorized users. url: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12250-016-3742-4 doi: 10.1007/s12250-016-3742-4 id: cord-265380-2gs34xcw author: Leist, Sarah R. title: Genetically Engineering a Susceptible Mouse Model for MERS-CoV-Induced Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome date: 2019-09-14 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Since 2012, monthly cases of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) continue to cause severe respiratory disease that is fatal in ~35% of diagnosed individuals. The ongoing threat to global public health and the need for novel therapeutic countermeasures have driven the development of animal models that can reproducibly replicate the pathology associated with MERS-CoV in human infections. The inability of MERS-CoV to replicate in the respiratory tracts of mice, hamsters, and ferrets stymied initial attempts to generate small animal models. Identification of human dipeptidyl peptidase IV (hDPP4) as the receptor for MERS-CoV infection opened the door for genetic engineering of mice. Precise molecular engineering of mouse DPP4 (mDPP4) with clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/Cas9 technology maintained inherent expression profiles, and limited MERS-CoV susceptibility to tissues that naturally express mDPP4, notably the lower respiratory tract wherein MERS-CoV elicits severe pulmonary pathology. Here, we describe the generation of the 288–330(+/+) MERS-CoV mouse model in which mice were made susceptible to MERS-CoV by modifying two amino acids on mDPP4 (A288 and T330), and the use of adaptive evolution to generate novel MERS-CoV isolates that cause fatal respiratory disease. The 288–330(+/+) mice are currently being used to evaluate novel drug, antibody, and vaccine therapeutic countermeasures for MERS-CoV. The chapter starts with a historical perspective on the emergence of MERS-CoV and animal models evaluated for MERS-CoV pathogenesis, and then outlines the development of the 288–330(+/+) mouse model, assays for assessing a MERS-CoV pulmonary infection in a mouse model, and describes some of the challenges associated with using genetically engineered mice. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31883094/ doi: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0211-9_12 id: cord-346777-zmmnn9b2 author: Lester, Sandra title: Middle East respiratory coronavirus (MERS-CoV) spike (S) protein vesicular stomatitis virus pseudoparticle neutralization assays offer a reliable alternative to the conventional neutralization assay in human seroepidemiological studies date: 2019-09-11 words: 5372.0 sentences: 256.0 pages: flesch: 44.0 cache: ./cache/cord-346777-zmmnn9b2.txt txt: ./txt/cord-346777-zmmnn9b2.txt summary: title: Middle East respiratory coronavirus (MERS-CoV) spike (S) protein vesicular stomatitis virus pseudoparticle neutralization assays offer a reliable alternative to the conventional neutralization assay in human seroepidemiological studies The present work describes the generation and validation of S protein-bearing vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) pseudotype particles (VSV-MERS-CoV-S) in which the VSV glycoprotein G gene has been replaced by the luciferase reporter gene, followed by the establishment of a pseudoparticle-based neutralization test to detect MERS-CoV neutralizing antibodies under BSL-2 conditions. These results demonstrate that the MERS-CoV-S protein pseudotyped VSV particle-based neutralization assay would serve as a safe, reliable and highly specific alternative method to detect MERS-CoV neutralizing antibodies to be used for future sero-epidemiological studies. A laboratory-confirmed SARS-CoV patient serum sample and a panel of human sera with confirmed high neutralizing antibody titres to human coronaviruses 229E, HKU1, OC43 and NL63 were used in this study to evaluate the VSV-MERS-CoV-S particle-based neutralization assay for potential cross-neutralization. abstract: Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) is a novel zoonotic coronavirus that was identified in 2012. MERS-CoV infection in humans can result in an acute, severe respiratory disease and in some cases multi-organ failure; the global mortality rate is approximately 35 %. The MERS-CoV spike (S) protein is a major target for neutralizing antibodies in infected patients. The MERS-CoV microneutralization test (MNt) is the gold standard method for demonstrating prior infection. However, this method requires the use of live MERS-CoV in biosafety level 3 (BSL-3) containment. The present work describes the generation and validation of S protein-bearing vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) pseudotype particles (VSV-MERS-CoV-S) in which the VSV glycoprotein G gene has been replaced by the luciferase reporter gene, followed by the establishment of a pseudoparticle-based neutralization test to detect MERS-CoV neutralizing antibodies under BSL-2 conditions. Using a panel of human sera from confirmed MERS-CoV patients, the VSV-MERS-CoV particle neutralization assay produced results that were highly comparable to those of the microneutralization test using live MERS-CoV. The results suggest that the VSV-MERS-CoV-S pseudotype neutralization assay offers a highly specific, sensitive and safer alternative method to detect MERS-CoV neutralizing antibodies in human sera. url: https://doi.org/10.1099/acmi.0.000057 doi: 10.1099/acmi.0.000057 id: cord-315909-vwugf0wp author: Letko, Michael title: Studying Evolutionary Adaptation of MERS-CoV date: 2019-09-14 words: 1236.0 sentences: 100.0 pages: flesch: 52.0 cache: ./cache/cord-315909-vwugf0wp.txt txt: ./txt/cord-315909-vwugf0wp.txt summary: Here, we describe methods for in vitro serial passaging of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) to select for mutations which increase replication on semi-permissive cell lines as described in Letko et al., Cell Rep 24, 1730–1737, 2018. Forced adaptation experiments have been used to determine viral mutations that facilitate escape from drugs [4] [5] [6] , monoclonal antibodies [7, 8] , host restriction factors [9] [10] [11] , and species variation in host receptors [12] [13] [14] and to elucidate various viral mechanisms of infection and replication [15] [16] [17] . Below is the method employed to adapt MERS-CoV to a semi-permissive host receptor, Desmodus rotundus DPP4. To increase selective pressures on a viral population which is beginning to show signs of adaptation, one can apply a population bottleneck in the subsequent passage by reducing the amount of viral Evolution of MERS-CoV supernatant passaged to the next cell culture. abstract: Forced viral adaptation is a powerful technique employed to study the ways viruses may overcome various selective pressures that reduce viral replication. Here, we describe methods for in vitro serial passaging of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) to select for mutations which increase replication on semi-permissive cell lines as described in Letko et al., Cell Rep 24, 1730–1737, 2018. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31883083/ doi: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0211-9_1 id: cord-295846-quhnesbr author: Li, Huan title: Impact of corticosteroid therapy on outcomes of persons with SARS-CoV-2, SARS-CoV, or MERS-CoV infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis date: 2020-05-05 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: We performed a meta-analysis to determine safety and efficacy of corticosteroids in SARS-CoV-2, SARS-CoV, and MERS-CoV infections. We searched PubMed, Web of Science, Medline, WanFang Chinese database, and ZhiWang Chinese database using Boolean operators and search terms covering SARS-CoV-2, SARS-CoV, OR MERS-CoV AND corticosteroids to find appropriate studies. Review Manager 5.3 was used to analyze results of meta-analysis. Observational studies were analyzed for quality using the modified Newcastle–Ottawa scale and randomized clinical trials, using the Jadad scale. Subjects were divided into those with severe-only and other (severe and not severe) cohorts based on published criteria. Efficacy endpoints studied included mortality, hospitalization duration, rates of intensive care unit (ICU) admission, use of mechanical ventilation, and a composite endpoint (death, ICU admission, or mechanical ventilation). We included 11 reports including 10 cohort studies and 1 randomized clinical trial involving 5249 subjects (2003–2020). Two discussed the association of corticosteroids and virus clearing and 10 explored how corticosteroids impacted mortality, hospitalization duration, use of mechanical ventilation, and a composite endpoint. Corticosteroid use was associated with delayed virus clearing with a mean difference (MD) = 3.78 days (95% confidence Interval [CI] = 1.16, 6.41 days; I(2) = 0%). There was no significant reduction in deaths with relative Risk Ratio (RR) = 1.07 (90% CI = 0.81; 1.42; I(2) = 80%). Hospitalization duration was prolonged and use of mechanical ventilation increased. In conclusion, corticosteroid use in subjects with SARS-CoV-2, SARS-CoV, and MERS-CoV infections delayed virus clearing and did not convincingly improve survival, reduce hospitalization duration or ICU admission rate and/or use of mechanical ventilation. There were several adverse effects. Because of a preponderance of observational studies in the dataset and selection and publication biases our conclusions, especially regarding SARS-CoV-2, need confirmation in a randomized clinical trial. In the interim we suggest caution using corticosteroids in persons with COVID-19. url: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41375-020-0848-3 doi: 10.1038/s41375-020-0848-3 id: cord-255488-nvgz53su author: Li, Kun title: Development of a Mouse-Adapted MERS Coronavirus date: 2019-09-14 words: 2944.0 sentences: 216.0 pages: flesch: 61.0 cache: ./cache/cord-255488-nvgz53su.txt txt: ./txt/cord-255488-nvgz53su.txt summary: An animal model that supports MERS-CoV infection and causes severe lung disease is useful to study pathogenesis and evaluate therapies and vaccines. To generate a mouse model with associated morbidity and mortality from respiratory disease, we serially passaged HCoV-EMC/2012 strain in the lungs of young hDPP4 KI mice. Alternative strategies for the creation of mouse models of MERS-CoV infection are generation of DPP4 humanized mice and adaptation of the virus to the animals. Similarly, our human DPP4 knock-in mouse model supported MERS-CoV replication but did not lead to a severe lung disease phenotype [33] . Generation of a transgenic mouse model of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection and disease Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus causes multiple organ damage and lethal disease in mice transgenic for human dipeptidyl peptidase 4 Mouse-adapted MERS coronavirus causes lethal lung disease in human DPP4 knockin mice abstract: First identified in 2012, Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) is a novel virus that can cause acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), multiorgan failure, and death, with a case fatality rate of ~35%. An animal model that supports MERS-CoV infection and causes severe lung disease is useful to study pathogenesis and evaluate therapies and vaccines. The murine dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (Dpp4) protein is not a functional receptor for MERS-CoV; thus, mice are resistant to MERS-CoV infection. We generated human DPP4 knock-in (hDPP4 KI) mice by replacing exons 10–12 at the mouse Dpp4 locus with exons 10–12 from the human DPP4 gene. The resultant human DPP4 KI mice are permissive to MERS-CoV (HCoV-EMC/2012 strain) infection but develop no disease. To generate a mouse model with associated morbidity and mortality from respiratory disease, we serially passaged HCoV-EMC/2012 strain in the lungs of young hDPP4 KI mice. After 30 in vivo passages, an adapted virus clone was isolated and designated MERS(MA)6.1.2. This virus clone produced significantly higher titers than the parental clone in the lungs of hDPP4 KI mice and caused diffuse lung injury and a fatal respiratory infection. In this chapter, we will describe in detail the procedures used to mouse adapt MERS-CoV by serial passage of the virus in lungs. We also describe the methods used to isolate virus clones and characterize virus infection. url: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-0211-9_13 doi: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0211-9_13 id: cord-273391-vmtfn78x author: Li, Kun title: Single-Dose, Intranasal Immunization with Recombinant Parainfluenza Virus 5 Expressing Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) Spike Protein Protects Mice from Fatal MERS-CoV Infection date: 2020-04-07 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) can cause severe and fatal acute respiratory disease in humans and remains endemic in the Middle East since first being identified in 2012. There are currently no approved vaccines or therapies available for MERS-CoV. In this study, we evaluated parainfluenza virus 5 (PIV5)-based vaccine expressing the MERS-CoV envelope spike protein (PIV5/MERS-S) in a human DPP4 knockin C57BL/6 congenic mouse model (hDPP4 KI). Following a single-dose intranasal immunization, PIV5-MERS-S induced neutralizing antibody and robust T cell responses in hDPP4 KI mice. A single intranasal administration of 10(4) PFU PIV5-MERS-S provided complete protection against a lethal challenge with mouse-adapted MERS-CoV (MERS(MA)6.1.2) and improved virus clearance in the lung. In comparison, single-dose intramuscular immunization with 10(6) PFU UV-inactivated MERS(MA)6.1.2 mixed with Imject alum provided protection to only 25% of immunized mice. Intriguingly, an influx of eosinophils was observed only in the lungs of mice immunized with inactivated MERS-CoV, suggestive of a hypersensitivity-type response. Overall, our study indicated that PIV5-MERS-S is a promising effective vaccine candidate against MERS-CoV infection. url: https://doi.org/10.1128/mbio.00554-20 doi: 10.1128/mbio.00554-20 id: cord-305582-3hmsknon author: Li, Lei title: Therapeutic strategies for critically ill patients with COVID-19 date: 2020-04-20 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Since the 2019 novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outbreak originated from Wuhan, Hubei Province, China, at the end of 2019, it has become a clinical threat to the general population worldwide. Among people infected with the novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV), the intensive management of the critically ill patients in intensive care unit (ICU) needs substantial medical resource. In the present article, we have summarized the promising drugs, adjunctive agents, respiratory supportive strategies, as well as circulation management, multiple organ function monitoring and appropriate nutritional strategies for the treatment of COVID-19 in the ICU based on the previous experience of treating other viral infections and influenza. These treatments are referable before the vaccine and specific drugs are available for COVID-19. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32307593/ doi: 10.1186/s13613-020-00661-z id: cord-300950-ag0sql4i author: Lin, John title: Potential therapeutic options for coronavirus disease 2019: using knowledge of past outbreaks to guide future treatment date: 2020-06-05 words: 1899.0 sentences: 104.0 pages: flesch: 50.0 cache: ./cache/cord-300950-ag0sql4i.txt txt: ./txt/cord-300950-ag0sql4i.txt summary: Several case reports including the first report of SARS outbreak described the use of the anti-viral drug ribavirin and a corticosteroid in patients with contradictory clinical outcomes. In several studies, lopinavir/ritonavir was shown to have anti-CoV effects in vitro, in MERS-infected primate models, and in SARS-infected humans. Furthermore, in a single MERS patient, a triple-combination therapy of ribavirin, IFN and lopinavir/ ritonavir resolved viremia in 2 days following initiation of treatment. [7] [8] [9] In two reports from China and Korea, the use of lopinavir/ritonavir in patients with COVID-19 improved recovery and reduced viral load. [7, 8] However, Chen et al [9] showed that lopinavir/ ritonavir and the anti-influenza treatment Arbidol had no clinically significant improvement in 134 people with mild COVID-19. [17] In an effort to combat inflammation and improve clinical outcome, corticosteroid use has been described in SARS, MERS, and COVID-19. abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32209887/ doi: 10.1097/cm9.0000000000000816 id: cord-256086-8qfeoayb author: Lin, Leesa title: Tuning in and catching on? Examining the relationship between pandemic communication and awareness and knowledge of MERS in the USA date: 2016-04-15 words: 3653.0 sentences: 164.0 pages: flesch: 43.0 cache: ./cache/cord-256086-8qfeoayb.txt txt: ./txt/cord-256086-8qfeoayb.txt summary: The Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) that was followed closely by major media outlets in the USA provides an opportunity to examine the relationship between exposure to public communication about epidemics and public awareness and knowledge about new risks. 2, 6, 7 One key importance is to study the association between social and individual factors and communication inequalities-differences among people from different socioeconomic positions (SEPs), racial, ethnic and geographical backgrounds, to understand how individuals access, interpret and act on messages they have received 1,5,8 -13 and to identify the best ways to quickly and effectively reach diverse populations with important preventive information. 24, 25 This lesson was reinforced by the experience of recent international pandemic outbreaks of diseases and viruses such as the SARS, avian flu and H1N1 when the constructs of strategic risk communication such as public awareness, media exposure and knowledge about specific threats were further identified and assessed. abstract: BACKGROUND: Large-scale influenza outbreaks over the last decade, such as SARS and H1N1, have brought to global attention the importance of emergency risk communication and prompted the international community to develop communication responses. Since pandemic outbreaks are relatively infrequent, there is a dearth of evidence addressing the following questions: (i) Have the resources invested in strategic and routine communication for past pandemic outbreaks yielded public health preparedness benefits? (ii) Have past efforts sensitized people to pay attention to new pandemic threats? The Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) that was followed closely by major media outlets in the USA provides an opportunity to examine the relationship between exposure to public communication about epidemics and public awareness and knowledge about new risks. METHODS: In December, 2013, we surveyed a nationally representative sample of 627 American adults and examined the associations between people's awareness to prior pandemics and their awareness of and knowledge about MERS. RESULTS: Awareness of prior pandemics was significantly associated with awareness and knowledge of MERS. The most common sources from which people first heard about MERS were also identified. CONCLUSIONS: Communication inequalities were observed between racial/ethnic and socioeconomic positions, suggesting a need for more effective pandemic communication. url: https://doi.org/10.1093/pubmed/fdw028 doi: 10.1093/pubmed/fdw028 id: cord-329959-4yecwdlo author: Lin, Min-Han title: Disulfiram can inhibit MERS and SARS coronavirus papain-like proteases via different modes date: 2017-12-28 words: 5576.0 sentences: 319.0 pages: flesch: 58.0 cache: ./cache/cord-329959-4yecwdlo.txt txt: ./txt/cord-329959-4yecwdlo.txt summary: Here we show that a clinically available alcohol-aversive drug, disulfiram, can inhibit the papain-like proteases (PL(pro)s) of MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV. The phenomenon of slow-binding inhibition and the irrecoverability of enzyme activity after removing unbound disulfiram indicate covalent inactivation of SARS-CoV PL(pro) by disulfiram, while synergistic inhibition of MERS-CoV PL(pro) by disulfiram and 6-thioguanine or mycophenolic acid implies the potential for combination treatments using these three clinically available drugs. For the inactivation studies, SARS-CoV PL pro (0.05 μM in 20 mM phosphate buffer, pH 6.5) was incubated with different concentrations of disulfiram and peptide substrate, and enzymatic activity was traced for 5 min. On the other hand, the results of kinetic assays, continued inactivation after the removal of disulfiram, reactivation by reductant, and the phenomenon of slow-binding inhibition suggest that disulfiram may act at the active site of SARS-CoV PL pro , forming a covalent adduct with residue Cys112. abstract: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) emerged in southern China in late 2002 and caused a global outbreak with a fatality rate around 10% in 2003. Ten years later, a second highly pathogenic human CoV, MERS-CoV, emerged in the Middle East and has spread to other countries in Europe, North Africa, North America and Asia. As of November 2017, MERS-CoV had infected at least 2102 people with a fatality rate of about 35% globally, and hence there is an urgent need to identify antiviral drugs that are active against MERS-CoV. Here we show that a clinically available alcohol-aversive drug, disulfiram, can inhibit the papain-like proteases (PL(pro)s) of MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV. Our findings suggest that disulfiram acts as an allosteric inhibitor of MERS-CoV PL(pro) but as a competitive (or mixed) inhibitor of SARS-CoV PL(pro). The phenomenon of slow-binding inhibition and the irrecoverability of enzyme activity after removing unbound disulfiram indicate covalent inactivation of SARS-CoV PL(pro) by disulfiram, while synergistic inhibition of MERS-CoV PL(pro) by disulfiram and 6-thioguanine or mycophenolic acid implies the potential for combination treatments using these three clinically available drugs. url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.antiviral.2017.12.015 doi: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2017.12.015 id: cord-312741-0au4nctt author: Lin, Panpan title: Coronavirus in human diseases: Mechanisms and advances in clinical treatment date: 2020-10-01 words: 14665.0 sentences: 840.0 pages: flesch: 42.0 cache: ./cache/cord-312741-0au4nctt.txt txt: ./txt/cord-312741-0au4nctt.txt summary: 160, 161 Once the PAMPs from invaded viruses are detected, RIG-I and MDA5 interact with the mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein (MAVs) that is a mitochondrial membrane-bound F I G U R E 2 Escape mechanisms of innate immune response of SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV adaptor molecule, followed by the activation of several kinase complexes and multiple subsequent transcription factors (IRF3, IRF7, and NF-κB). Antiviral peptides analogous derived from these regions exhibited inhibition to the spike protein-mediated cell-cell fusion and viral entry in viruses such as SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, as well as HCoV-229E. Receptor-binding domain of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus spike protein contains multiple conformation-dependent epitopes that induce highly potent neutralizing antibodies Characterization of severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus (SARS-CoV) spike glycoprotein-mediated viral entry Evidence that TMPRSS2 activates the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus spike protein for membrane fusion and reduces viral control by the humoral immune response Inhibition of severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus (SARS-CoV) infectivity by peptides analogous to the viral spike protein abstract: Coronaviruses (CoVs), a subfamily of coronavirinae, are a panel of single‐stranded RNA virus. Human coronavirus (HCoV) strains (HCoV‐229E, HCoV‐OC43, HCoV‐HKU1, HCoV‐NL63) usually cause mild upper respiratory diseases and are believed to be harmless. However, other HCoVs, associated with severe acute respiratory syndrome, Middle East respiratory syndrome, and COVID‐19, have been identified as important pathogens due to their potent infectivity and lethality worldwide. Moreover, currently, no effective antiviral drugs treatments are available so far. In this review, we summarize the biological characters of HCoVs, their association with human diseases, and current therapeutic options for the three severe HCoVs. We also highlight the discussion about novel treatment strategies for HCoVs infections. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33173860/ doi: 10.1002/mco2.26 id: cord-266987-ikt8r2o1 author: Loeffelholz, Michael J. title: Laboratory diagnosis of emerging human coronavirus infections – the state of the art date: 2020-03-30 words: 4734.0 sentences: 269.0 pages: flesch: 46.0 cache: ./cache/cord-266987-ikt8r2o1.txt txt: ./txt/cord-266987-ikt8r2o1.txt summary: The laboratory diagnostic methods for human coronavirus infections have evolved substantially, with the development of novel assays as well as the availability of updated tests for emerging ones. It must be appreciated that no matter how accurate and fast laboratory testing methods are, the diagnosis of viral pneumonias such as caused by SARS-CoV-2 involves collecting the correct specimen from the patient at the right time. The authors recommended to use serology to facilitate the diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infections when an NP swab specimen was collected inappropriately and the molecular assays were performed unsatisfactorily [42] . Several RT-PCR protocols for detection of SARS-CoV-2 RNA have been posted by the World Health Organization at https://www.who.int/emergencies/ diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/technical-guidance/ laboratory-guidance. Considering the increased levels of mortality and infectivity associated with three novel-coronavirus outbreaks, these random-access, safe and simple tests, which offer fast and accurate detection and identification, are likely to have an immediate impact on prompt clinical and epidemiological decisions [7, 63] . abstract: The three unprecedented outbreaks of emerging human coronavirus (HCoV) infections at the beginning of the twenty-first century have highlighted the necessity for readily available, accurate and fast diagnostic testing methods. The laboratory diagnostic methods for human coronavirus infections have evolved substantially, with the development of novel assays as well as the availability of updated tests for emerging ones. Newer laboratory methods are fast, highly sensitive and specific, and are gradually replacing the conventional gold standards. This presentation reviews the current laboratory methods available for testing coronaviruses by focusing on the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak going on in Wuhan. Viral pneumonias typically do not result in the production of purulent sputum. Thus, a nasopharyngeal swab is usually the collection method used to obtain a specimen for testing. Nasopharyngeal specimens may miss some infections; a deeper specimen may need to be obtained by bronchoscopy. Alternatively, repeated testing can be used because over time, the likelihood of the SARS-CoV-2 being present in the nasopharynx increases. Several integrated, random-access, point-of-care molecular devices are currently under development for fast and accurate diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infections. These assays are simple, fast and safe and can be used in the local hospitals and clinics bearing the burden of identifying and treating patients. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32196430/ doi: 10.1080/22221751.2020.1745095 id: cord-273893-3nd6ptrg author: Lu, Guangwen title: Molecular basis of binding between novel human coronavirus MERS-CoV and its receptor CD26 date: 2013-07-07 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: The newly emergent Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) can cause severe pulmonary disease in humans(1,2), representing the second example of a highly pathogenic coronavirus, the first being SARS-CoV(3). CD26 (also known as dipeptidyl peptidase 4, DPP4) was recently identified as the cellular receptor for MERS-CoV(4). The engagement of the MERS-CoV spike protein with CD26 mediates viral attachment to host cells and virus–cell fusion, thereby initiating infection. Here we delineate the molecular basis of this specific interaction by presenting the first crystal structures of both the free receptor binding domain (RBD) of the MERS-CoV spike protein and its complex with CD26. Furthermore, binding between the RBD and CD26 is measured using real-time surface plasmon resonance with a dissociation constant of 16.7 nM. The viral RBD is composed of a core subdomain homologous to that of the SARS-CoV spike protein, and a unique strand-dominated external receptor binding motif that recognizes blades IV and V of the CD26 β-propeller. The atomic details at the interface between the two binding entities reveal a surprising protein–protein contact mediated mainly by hydrophilic residues. Sequence alignment indicates, among betacoronaviruses, a possible structural conservation for the region homologous to the MERS-CoV RBD core, but a high variation in the external receptor binding motif region for virus-specific pathogenesis such as receptor recognition. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version of this article (doi:10.1038/nature12328) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. url: https://doi.org/10.1038/nature12328 doi: 10.1038/nature12328 id: cord-339146-ifdgl2bj author: Lu, Xiaoyan title: Spike gene deletion quasispecies in serum of patient with acute MERS‐CoV infection date: 2016-08-22 words: 2201.0 sentences: 107.0 pages: flesch: 49.0 cache: ./cache/cord-339146-ifdgl2bj.txt txt: ./txt/cord-339146-ifdgl2bj.txt summary: During investigation of a multi‐facility outbreak of MERS‐CoV in Taif, Saudi Arabia, we identified a mixed population of wild‐type and variant sequences with a large 530 nucleotide deletion in the spike gene from the serum of one patient. Serum specimens from Taif patients were screened for MERS-CoV by real-time RT-PCR and positive samples were further subjected to RT-PCR and Sanger sequencing of the spike gene as previously reported [Assiri et al., 2016a] . As previously reported [Assiri et al., 2016a] , realtime RT-PCR testing of serum specimens from a MERS-CoV outbreak in Taif identified two epidemiologically linked case-patients (#27 and #30) with identical spike gene sequences. Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus quasispecies that include homologues of human isolates revealed through whole-genome analysis and virus cultured from dromedary camels in Saudi Arabia abstract: The spike glycoprotein of the Middle East respiratory coronavirus (MERS‐CoV) facilitates receptor binding and cell entry. During investigation of a multi‐facility outbreak of MERS‐CoV in Taif, Saudi Arabia, we identified a mixed population of wild‐type and variant sequences with a large 530 nucleotide deletion in the spike gene from the serum of one patient. The out of frame deletion predicted loss of most of the S2 subunit of the spike protein leaving the S1 subunit with an intact receptor binding domain. This finding documents human infection with a novel genetic variant of MERS‐CoV present as a quasispecies. J. Med. Virol. 89:542–545, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27486688/ doi: 10.1002/jmv.24652 id: cord-279733-c0w9bw5u author: Lui, Pak-Yin title: Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus M protein suppresses type I interferon expression through the inhibition of TBK1-dependent phosphorylation of IRF3 date: 2016-04-20 words: 5238.0 sentences: 281.0 pages: flesch: 48.0 cache: ./cache/cord-279733-c0w9bw5u.txt txt: ./txt/cord-279733-c0w9bw5u.txt summary: title: Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus M protein suppresses type I interferon expression through the inhibition of TBK1-dependent phosphorylation of IRF3 Collectively, our findings suggest a common and conserved mechanism through which highly pathogenic MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV harness their M proteins to suppress type I IFN expression at the level of TBK1-dependent phosphorylation and activation of IRF3 resulting in evasion of the host innate antiviral response. In non-specialized epithelial cells as well as a subset of specialized immune cells that are susceptible to MERS-CoV infection, 16, 18, 27 type I IFN production is an important part of the host innate immune response and is initiated by ubiquitously expressed cytoplasmic viral sensors in the retinoic acid-inducible gene-I (RIG-I)-like receptor (RLR) family in response to the detection of viral pathogen-associated molecular patterns such as double-stranded RNA (dsRNA). Middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus 4a protein is a double-stranded RNA-binding protein that suppresses PACT-induced activation of RIG-I and MDA5 in the innate antiviral response abstract: Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infection has claimed hundreds of lives and has become a global threat since its emergence in Saudi Arabia in 2012. The ability of MERS-CoV to evade the host innate antiviral response may contribute to its severe pathogenesis. Many MERS-CoV-encoded proteins were identified to have interferon (IFN)-antagonizing properties, which correlates well with the reduced IFN levels observed in infected patients and ex vivo models. In this study, we fully characterized the IFN-antagonizing property of the MERS-CoV M protein. Expression of MERS-CoV M protein suppressed type I IFN expression in response to Sendai virus infection or poly(I:C) induction. This suppressive effect was found to be specific for the activation of IFN regulatory factor 3 (IRF3) but not nuclear factor-κB. MERS-CoV M protein interacted with TRAF3 and disrupted TRAF3–TBK1 association leading to reduced IRF3 activation. M proteins from MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV have three highly similar conserved N-terminal transmembrane domains and a C-terminal region. Using chimeric and truncation mutants, the N-terminal transmembrane domains of the MERS-CoV M protein were found to be sufficient for its inhibitory effect on IFN expression, whereas the C-terminal domain was unable to induce this suppression. Collectively, our findings suggest a common and conserved mechanism through which highly pathogenic MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV harness their M proteins to suppress type I IFN expression at the level of TBK1-dependent phosphorylation and activation of IRF3 resulting in evasion of the host innate antiviral response. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27094905/ doi: 10.1038/emi.2016.33 id: cord-271504-t3y1w9ef author: Luo, Zichao title: Combating the Coronavirus Pandemic: Early Detection, Medical Treatment, and a Concerted Effort by the Global Community date: 2020-06-16 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: The World Health Organization (WHO) has declared the outbreak of 2019 novel coronavirus, known as 2019-nCoV, a pandemic, as the coronavirus has now infected over 2.6 million people globally and caused more than 185,000 fatalities as of April 23, 2020. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) causes a respiratory illness with symptoms such as dry cough, fever, sudden loss of smell, and, in more severe cases, difficulty breathing. To date, there is no specific vaccine or treatment proven effective against this viral disease. Early and accurate diagnosis of COVID-19 is thus critical to curbing its spread and improving health outcomes. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) is commonly used to detect the presence of COVID-19. Other techniques, such as recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA), loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP), clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR), and microfluidics, have allowed better disease diagnosis. Here, as part of the effort to expand screening capacity, we review advances and challenges in the rapid detection of COVID-19 by targeting nucleic acids, antigens, or antibodies. We also summarize potential treatments and vaccines against COVID-19 and discuss ongoing clinical trials of interventions to reduce viral progression. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32607499/ doi: 10.34133/2020/6925296 id: cord-258611-uzzs8w1j author: Ma, Xuezheng title: No MERS-CoV but positive influenza viruses in returning Hajj pilgrims, China, 2013–2015 date: 2017-11-10 words: 2148.0 sentences: 124.0 pages: flesch: 52.0 cache: ./cache/cord-258611-uzzs8w1j.txt txt: ./txt/cord-258611-uzzs8w1j.txt summary: BACKGROUND: There is global health concern that the mass movement of pilgrims to and from Mecca annually could contribute to the international spread of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV). DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: The MERS-CoV and respiratory viruses detection results at points of entry in China from 2013 to 2015 indicated that there were no MERS-CoV infection but a 5.7% positive influenza viruses in returning Chinese pilgrims. As of November 2015, there had been 1618 laboratoryconfirmed cases of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infection reported to the World Health Organization, and at least 579 cases had died [1, 2] . Two hypotheses were tested: (1) There is a significant difference in the positive and negative rates of influenza virus detection between Hajj pilgrims with symptoms and those without. In this study, we did not detect any cases of MERS-CoV infection but respiratory virus infections including influenza A and B, hMPV, hRSV, and human coronavirus were detected among Hajj pilgrims returning to China. abstract: BACKGROUND: There is global health concern that the mass movement of pilgrims to and from Mecca annually could contribute to the international spread of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV). In China, about 11,000 Muslim pilgrims participate in the Hajj gathering in Mecca annually. This is the first report of MERS-CoV and respiratory virus molecular screening of returning pilgrims at points of entry in China from 2013 to 2015. METHODS AND RESULTS: A total of 847 returning Hajj pilgrims participated in this study. The test results indicated that of the travelers, 34 tested positive for influenza A virus, 14 for influenza B virus, 4 for metapneumo virus, 2 for respiratory syncytial virus, and 3 for human coronavirus. There was a significant difference in the rates of positive and negative influenza virus tests between Hajj pilgrims with symptoms and those without. The detection rates of influenza virus were not significantly different among the three years studied, at 5.3, 6.0 and 6.3% for 2013, 2014 and 2015, respectively. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: The MERS-CoV and respiratory viruses detection results at points of entry in China from 2013 to 2015 indicated that there were no MERS-CoV infection but a 5.7% positive influenza viruses in returning Chinese pilgrims. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29126397/ doi: 10.1186/s12879-017-2791-0 id: cord-354582-fniymnmf author: Ma, Zhiqian title: Reverse genetic systems: Rational design of coronavirus live attenuated vaccines with immune sequelae date: 2020-06-30 words: 8373.0 sentences: 423.0 pages: flesch: 44.0 cache: ./cache/cord-354582-fniymnmf.txt txt: ./txt/cord-354582-fniymnmf.txt summary: In this review, we systematically describe the role of reverse genetics technology in studying the effects of coronavirus proteins on viral virulence and innate immunity, cell and tissue tropism and antiviral drug screening. Recently, reverse genetics techniques, including targeted RNA recombination, in vitro ligation and bacterial artificial chromosome systems, vaccinia virus vectors and transformation associated recombination (TAR) cloning, have been successfully used to manipulate the genome of coronaviruses (Fig. 2 ). Using a recombinant SARS-CoV strain with reduced nsp3 de-ADP-ribosylation activity showed that this mutant strain led to virus attenuation in mice but protected them from an otherwise lethal SARS-CoV infection and significantly enhanced the innate immune response, indicating that it is an important virulence factor for SARS-CoV . The N protein plays an important role in viral pathogenesis since BALB/c mice immunized with recombinant virus MVA-MERS-N exhibit stronger T cell responses and anti-N monoclonal antibodies protect mice from lethal infection by MHV (Nakanaga et al., 1986; Veit et al., 2018) . abstract: Since the end of 2019, the global COVID-19 outbreak has once again made coronaviruses a hot topic. Vaccines are hoped to be an effective way to stop the spread of the virus. However, there are no clinically approved vaccines available for coronavirus infections. Reverse genetics technology can realize the operation of RNA virus genomes at the DNA level and provide new ideas and strategies for the development of new vaccines. In this review, we systematically describe the role of reverse genetics technology in studying the effects of coronavirus proteins on viral virulence and innate immunity, cell and tissue tropism and antiviral drug screening. An efficient reverse genetics platform is useful for obtaining the ideal attenuated strain to prepare an attenuated live vaccine. url: https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.aivir.2020.06.003 doi: 10.1016/bs.aivir.2020.06.003 id: cord-349287-mwj2qby4 author: Mackay, Ian M. title: MERS coronavirus: diagnostics, epidemiology and transmission date: 2015-12-22 words: 14290.0 sentences: 671.0 pages: flesch: 51.0 cache: ./cache/cord-349287-mwj2qby4.txt txt: ./txt/cord-349287-mwj2qby4.txt summary: The first known cases of Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS), associated with infection by a novel coronavirus (CoV), occurred in 2012 in Jordan but were reported retrospectively. Most human cases of MERS have been linked to lapses in infection prevention and control (IPC) in healthcare settings, with approximately 20 % of all virus detections reported among healthcare workers (HCWs) and higher exposures in those with occupations that bring them into close contact with camels. Since asymptomatic zoonoses have been posited [72] , an absence of antibodies to MERS-CoV among some humans who have regular and close contact with camels may reflect the rarity of actively infected animals at butcheries, a limited transmission risk associated with slaughtering DCs [70] , a pre-existing cross-protective immune status or some other factor(s) resulting in a low risk of disease and concurrent seroconversion developing after exposure in this group. First cases of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infections in France, investigations and implications for the prevention of human-tohuman transmission abstract: The first known cases of Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS), associated with infection by a novel coronavirus (CoV), occurred in 2012 in Jordan but were reported retrospectively. The case first to be publicly reported was from Jeddah, in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA). Since then, MERS-CoV sequences have been found in a bat and in many dromedary camels (DC). MERS-CoV is enzootic in DC across the Arabian Peninsula and in parts of Africa, causing mild upper respiratory tract illness in its camel reservoir and sporadic, but relatively rare human infections. Precisely how virus transmits to humans remains unknown but close and lengthy exposure appears to be a requirement. The KSA is the focal point of MERS, with the majority of human cases. In humans, MERS is mostly known as a lower respiratory tract (LRT) disease involving fever, cough, breathing difficulties and pneumonia that may progress to acute respiratory distress syndrome, multiorgan failure and death in 20 % to 40 % of those infected. However, MERS-CoV has also been detected in mild and influenza-like illnesses and in those with no signs or symptoms. Older males most obviously suffer severe disease and MERS patients often have comorbidities. Compared to severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), another sometimes- fatal zoonotic coronavirus disease that has since disappeared, MERS progresses more rapidly to respiratory failure and acute kidney injury (it also has an affinity for growth in kidney cells under laboratory conditions), is more frequently reported in patients with underlying disease and is more often fatal. Most human cases of MERS have been linked to lapses in infection prevention and control (IPC) in healthcare settings, with approximately 20 % of all virus detections reported among healthcare workers (HCWs) and higher exposures in those with occupations that bring them into close contact with camels. Sero-surveys have found widespread evidence of past infection in adult camels and limited past exposure among humans. Sensitive, validated reverse transcriptase real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-rtPCR)-based diagnostics have been available almost from the start of the emergence of MERS. While the basic virology of MERS-CoV has advanced over the past three years, understanding of the interplay between camel, environment, and human remains limited. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL: The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12985-015-0439-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. url: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12985-015-0439-5 doi: 10.1186/s12985-015-0439-5 id: cord-305134-s7h6bpof author: Mackman, Nigel title: Coagulation Abnormalities and Thrombosis in Patients Infected With SARS-CoV-2 and Other Pandemic Viruses date: 2020-07-13 words: 6412.0 sentences: 443.0 pages: flesch: 41.0 cache: ./cache/cord-305134-s7h6bpof.txt txt: ./txt/cord-305134-s7h6bpof.txt summary: It is likely that multiple systems contribute to thrombosis in COVID-19 patients, such as activation of coagulation, platelet activation, hypofibrinolysis, endothelial cell dysfunction, inflammation, neutrophil extracellular traps, and complement. 60, 82 Taken together, these results indicate that most COVID-19 patients have an activated coagulation system that is associated with increased levels of d-dimer; however, it is unlike classic DIC since there is little change in PT and the thrombocytopenia is generally mild. [95] [96] [97] [98] [99] There is clear evidence for activation of different cell types, such as lung epithelial cells, macrophages, neutrophils, endothelial cells, and platelets, as well as different systems, such as coagulation, inflammation, and complement, in the lungs of COVID-19 patients (Figure) . We found that plasma levels of extracellular vesicle TF activity were increased in severe influenza virus patients and were associated with mortality. Severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infects lung epithelial cells and endothelial cells (ECs), which leads to the recruitment of a variety of immune cells, such as macrophages and neutrophils. abstract: The world is amid a pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus 2. Severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus causes serious respiratory tract infections that can lead to viral pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome, and death. Some patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) have an activated coagulation system characterized by elevated plasma levels of d-dimer—a biomarker of fibrin degradation. Importantly, high levels of D-dimer on hospital admission are associated with increased risk of mortality. Venous thromboembolism is more common than arterial thromboembolism in hospitalized COVID-19 patients. Pulmonary thrombosis and microvascular thrombosis are observed in autopsy studies, and this may contribute to the severe hypoxia observed in COVID-19 patients. It is likely that multiple systems contribute to thrombosis in COVID-19 patients, such as activation of coagulation, platelet activation, hypofibrinolysis, endothelial cell dysfunction, inflammation, neutrophil extracellular traps, and complement. Targeting these different pathways may reduce thrombosis and improve lung function in COVID-19 patients. url: https://doi.org/10.1161/atvbaha.120.314514 doi: 10.1161/atvbaha.120.314514 id: cord-009476-4emc4o6n author: Madani, Tariq A title: Case definition and management of patients with MERS coronavirus in Saudi Arabia date: 2014-09-22 words: 1014.0 sentences: 47.0 pages: flesch: 36.0 cache: ./cache/cord-009476-4emc4o6n.txt txt: ./txt/cord-009476-4emc4o6n.txt summary: 16 outbreak and prevent human-to-human and animalto-human transmission; an appropriate management algorithm, including best-practice guidelines for accurate diagnosis, infection control, intensive care, emergency medicine, and treatment; prioritise research related to the MERS-CoV outbreak such as case-control and cohort studies, seroprevalence studies, and clinical trials; and to eff ectively monitor outbreak control activities. 2 The new case defi nition (appendix) was developed based on reported health-care-associated MERS-CoV pneumonia (added as category 2 in the new case defi nition) and non-respiratory characteristics of patients with confi rmed infection who fi rst presented with acute febrile dengue-like illness with body aches, leucopenia, and thrombocytopenia (added as category 3). WHO Revised interim case defi nition for reporting to WHO-Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV): as of First confi rmed cases of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infection in the United States, updated information on the epidemiology of MERS-CoV infection, and guidance for the public, clinicians, and Public Health Authorities abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7158994/ doi: 10.1016/s1473-3099(14)70918-1 id: cord-344217-kci4uw7u author: Majid, Sabhiya title: Managing the COVID-19 Pandemic: Research Strategies Based on the Evolutionary and Molecular Characteristics of Coronaviruses date: 2020-08-25 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), an ongoing global health emergency, is a highly transmittable and pathogenic viral infection caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Emerging in Wuhan, China, in December 2019, it spread widely across the world causing panic—worst ever economic depression is visibly predictable. Coronaviruses (CoVs) have emerged as a major public health concern having caused three zoonotic outbreaks; severe acute respiratory syndrome-CoV (SARS-CoV) in 2002–2003, Middle East respiratory syndrome-CoV (MERS-CoV) in 2012, and currently this devastating COVID-19. Research strategies focused on understanding the evolutionary origin, transmission, and molecular basis of SARS-CoV-2 and its pathogenesis need to be urgently formulated to manage the current and possible future coronaviral outbreaks. Current response to the COVID-19 outbreak has been largely limited to monitoring/containment. Although frantic global efforts for developing safe and effective prophylactic and therapeutic agents are on, no licensed antiviral treatment or vaccine exists till date. In this review, research strategies for coping with COVID-19 based on evolutionary and molecular aspects of coronaviruses have been proposed. url: https://doi.org/10.1007/s42399-020-00457-z doi: 10.1007/s42399-020-00457-z id: cord-327863-6cw9f7qu author: Majumder, Maimuna S. title: Mortality Risk Factors for Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Outbreak, South Korea, 2015 date: 2015-11-17 words: 1378.0 sentences: 67.0 pages: flesch: 52.0 cache: ./cache/cord-327863-6cw9f7qu.txt txt: ./txt/cord-327863-6cw9f7qu.txt summary: As of July 15, 2015, the South Korean Ministry of Health and Welfare had reported 186 case-patients with Middle East respiratory syndrome in South Korea. For 159 case-patients with known outcomes and complete case histories, we found that older age and preexisting concurrent health conditions were risk factors for death. Univariate logistic regression models for each risk factor showed that older age and having a concurrent health condition were associated with death (both p<0.001); both variables remained significant after we adjusted for all 5 variables in a multivariate logistic regression model (Table) . Despite these limitations, we found that risk factors for death among patients with MERS in South Korea who had known outcomes (age and concurrent health conditions) were similar to those identified for MERS case-patients in Saudi Arabia (8) (9) (10) . abstract: As of July 15, 2015, the South Korean Ministry of Health and Welfare had reported 186 case-patients with Middle East respiratory syndrome in South Korea. For 159 case-patients with known outcomes and complete case histories, we found that older age and preexisting concurrent health conditions were risk factors for death. url: https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2111.151231 doi: 10.3201/eid2111.151231 id: cord-307853-m1q1sjr4 author: Majumder, Satyabrata title: Exploring the intrinsic dynamics of SARS-CoV-2, SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV spike glycoprotein through normal mode analysis using anisotropic network model date: 2020-10-16 words: 3048.0 sentences: 176.0 pages: flesch: 57.0 cache: ./cache/cord-307853-m1q1sjr4.txt txt: ./txt/cord-307853-m1q1sjr4.txt summary: title: Exploring the intrinsic dynamics of SARS-CoV-2, SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV spike glycoprotein through normal mode analysis using anisotropic network model In this study we have examined the intrinsic dynamics of the prefusion, lying state of trimeric S protein of these viruses through Normal Mode Analysis using Anisotropic Network Model. MERS-CoV spike shows unique dynamical motion compared to the other two S protein indicated by low RMSIP, spectral overlap and cosine correlation value. A detailed study to explore the intrinsic dynamical motion of the prefusion lying state spike protein trimer is needed for proper understanding of its function from conformation perspective. RMSIP computes quantitative comparison value between the sets of normal modes and expressed as: Structural alignments of the models were done using PyMol. We have computed the eigenvalues of first hundred non-zero normal modes of the SARS-CoV-2, SARS-CoV, and MERS-CoV spike (S) proteins in the lying state ( Fig. 1 ). abstract: COVID-19 caused by SARS-CoV-2 have become a global pandemic with serious rate of fatalities. SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV have also caused serious outbreak previously but the intensity was much lower than the ongoing SARS-CoV-2. The main infectivity factor of all the three viruses is the spike glycoprotein. In this study we have examined the intrinsic dynamics of the prefusion, lying state of trimeric S protein of these viruses through Normal Mode Analysis using Anisotropic Network Model. The dynamic modes of the S proteins of the aforementioned viruses were compared by root mean square inner product (RMSIP), spectral overlap and cosine correlation matrix. S proteins show homogenous correlated or anticorrelated motions among their domains but direction of C(α) atom among the spike proteins show less similarity. SARS-CoV-2 spike shows high vertically upward motion of the receptor binding motif implying its propensity for binding with the receptor even in the lying state. MERS-CoV spike shows unique dynamical motion compared to the other two S protein indicated by low RMSIP, spectral overlap and cosine correlation value. This study will guide in developing common potential inhibitor molecules against closed state of spike protein of these viruses to prevent conformational switching from lying to standing state. url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmgm.2020.107778 doi: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2020.107778 id: cord-255815-5d9bqji0 author: Malik, Ajamaluddin title: MERS‐CoV papain-like protease (PL(pro)): expression, purification, and spectroscopic/thermodynamic characterization date: 2017-05-30 words: 3925.0 sentences: 243.0 pages: flesch: 59.0 cache: ./cache/cord-255815-5d9bqji0.txt txt: ./txt/cord-255815-5d9bqji0.txt summary: An orthogonal technique based on intrinsic tryptophan fluorescence also showed that MERS-CoV PL(pro) undergoes a single thermal transition and unfolds via a pathway of two-state folding with a T (m) value of 51.4 °C. In a similar experiment, MERS-CoV PL pro was gradually heated from 20 to 80°C at a rate of 1°C/min during which tryptophan fluorescence was measured by exciting at 295 nm and collecting at 330 and 350 nm to obtain the temperature melting curve. Commonly, protein unfolding fluorescence spectra are characterized by a long wavelength shift ''''red-shift.'''' But some proteins, Fig. 2 a Sequence of C-terminal His-tagged MERS-CoV PL pro showing ten Tyr and five Trp residues, which are highlighted in green and blue, respectively. Our result showed that the band intensity of the supernatant samples incubated from 20 to 70°C was apparently unchanged (Fig. 5) , indicating Fig. 3 Thermally induced structural changes in MERS-CoV PL pro as monitored by the intrinsic tryptophan fluorescence spectroscopy. abstract: Within a decade, MERS-CoV emerged with nearly four times higher case fatality rate than an earlier outbreak of SARS-CoV and spread out in 27 countries in short span of time. As an emerging virus, combating it requires an in-depth understanding of its molecular machinery. Therefore, conformational characterization studies of coronavirus proteins are necessary to advance our knowledge of the matter for the development of antiviral therapies. In this study, MERS-CoV papain-like protease (PL(pro)) was recombinantly expressed and purified. Thermal folding pathway and thermodynamic properties were characterized using dynamic multimode spectroscopy (DMS) and thermal shift assay. DMS study showed that the PL(pro) undergoes a single thermal transition and follows a pathway of two-state folding with T (m) and van’t Hoff enthalpy values of 54.4 ± 0.1 °C and 317.1 ± 3.9 kJ/mol, respectively. An orthogonal technique based on intrinsic tryptophan fluorescence also showed that MERS-CoV PL(pro) undergoes a single thermal transition and unfolds via a pathway of two-state folding with a T (m) value of 51.4 °C. Our findings provide significant understandings of the thermodynamic and structural properties of MERS-CoV PL(pro). url: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13205-017-0744-3 doi: 10.1007/s13205-017-0744-3 id: cord-293481-bmfj50fb author: Malin, Jakob J. title: Remdesivir against COVID-19 and Other Viral Diseases date: 2020-10-14 words: 9097.0 sentences: 428.0 pages: flesch: 42.0 cache: ./cache/cord-293481-bmfj50fb.txt txt: ./txt/cord-293481-bmfj50fb.txt summary: Remdesivir or GS-5734 is a prodrug of a nucleoside analog with direct antiviral activity against several single-stranded RNA viruses, including SARS-CoV and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV). Recently, preliminary data from a randomized placebo-controlled clinical trial showed that remdesivir reduces the time to recovery in patients with COVID-19 (5) , leading to an emergency-use authorization (EUA) by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) only 2 days after the first press release from the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) (6) . There were strong arguments for the antiviral effect of remdesivir against coronaviruses emerging from multiple cell-based in vitro models, including primary human airway epithelial (HAE) cell cultures (25) , and, for MERS-CoV, from a mouse model of pulmonary infection (28) . After the outbreak of SARS-CoV-2 in January 2020, remdesivir was rapidly tested in a Vero E6 cell-based model that made use of direct viral quantification by rtPCR along with the antimalaria and immune-modulating drug chloroquine and known antivirals such as ribavirin and penciclovir. abstract: Patients and physicians worldwide are facing tremendous health care hazards that are caused by the ongoing severe acute respiratory distress syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic. Remdesivir (GS-5734) is the first approved treatment for severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). It is a novel nucleoside analog with a broad antiviral activity spectrum among RNA viruses, including ebolavirus (EBOV) and the respiratory pathogens Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), SARS-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2. First described in 2016, the drug was derived from an antiviral library of small molecules intended to target emerging pathogenic RNA viruses. In vivo, remdesivir showed therapeutic and prophylactic effects in animal models of EBOV, MERS-CoV, SARS-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2 infection. However, the substance failed in a clinical trial on ebolavirus disease (EVD), where it was inferior to investigational monoclonal antibodies in an interim analysis. As there was no placebo control in this study, no conclusions on its efficacy in EVD can be made. In contrast, data from a placebo-controlled trial show beneficial effects for patients with COVID-19. Remdesivir reduces the time to recovery of hospitalized patients who require supplemental oxygen and may have a positive impact on mortality outcomes while having a favorable safety profile. Although this is an important milestone in the fight against COVID-19, approval of this drug will not be sufficient to solve the public health issues caused by the ongoing pandemic. Further scientific efforts are needed to evaluate the full potential of nucleoside analogs as treatment or prophylaxis of viral respiratory infections and to develop effective antivirals that are orally bioavailable. url: https://doi.org/10.1128/cmr.00162-20 doi: 10.1128/cmr.00162-20 id: cord-305317-08a1oin2 author: Maltezou, Helena C. title: Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus: Implications for health care facilities date: 2014-12-31 words: 3646.0 sentences: 202.0 pages: flesch: 50.0 cache: ./cache/cord-305317-08a1oin2.txt txt: ./txt/cord-305317-08a1oin2.txt summary: Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) is a novel betacoronavirus of the Coronaviridae family that causes a severe respiratory disease with a high case fatality rate. 2, 3, 6, 8, 22, 24 During the largest so farepublished outbreak of MERS-CoV that occurred in Al-Hasa, Saudi Arabia, in 2013, 4 health care facilities were affected through transfer of patients but also possibly because of repeated introductions of cases from the community. Studies about the effectiveness of infection control measures will provide answers and eventually promote safety in health care facilities both for patients and HCWs. Epidemiological, demographic, and clinical characteristics of 47 cases of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus disease from Saudi Arabia: a descriptive study Investigation of an imported case of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infection in Interim infection prevention and control recommendations for hospitalized patients with Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) abstract: Background Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) is a novel coronavirus that causes a severe respiratory disease with high case fatality rate. Starting in March 2014, a dramatic increase of cases has occurred in the Arabian Peninsula, many of which were acquired in health care settings. As of May 9, 2014, 536 laboratory-confirmed cases and 145 deaths have been reported globally. Methods Review of publicly available data about MERS-CoV health care–associated transmission. Results We identified 11 events of possible or confirmed health care–associated transmission with high morbidity and mortality, mainly among patients with comorbidities. Health care workers are also frequently affected; however, they tend to have milder symptoms and better prognosis. Gaps in infection control were noted in all events. Currently, health care–associated outbreaks are playing a pivotal role in the evolution of the MERS-CoV epidemic in countries in the Arabian Peninsula. Conclusion There is a need to increase infection control capacity in affected areas and areas at increased risk of being affected to prevent transmission in health care settings. Vaccines and antiviral agents are urgently needed. Overall, our knowledge about the epidemiologic characteristics of MERS-CoV that impact health care transmission is very limited. As the MERS-CoV epidemic continues to evolve, issues concerning best infection control measures will arise, and studies to better define their effectiveness in real life are needed. url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0196655314009316 doi: 10.1016/j.ajic.2014.06.019 id: cord-278939-z6kiee09 author: Mani, Janice S. title: Natural product-derived phytochemicals as potential agents against coronaviruses: a review date: 2020-04-30 words: 8148.0 sentences: 435.0 pages: flesch: 46.0 cache: ./cache/cord-278939-z6kiee09.txt txt: ./txt/cord-278939-z6kiee09.txt summary: As previous work has highlighted the potential of traditional Chinese medicines as a source of potential novel drugs (Ling, 2020) , we have not included details on such studies investigating the antiviral activity of remedies comprising portions of numerous plant species in this review. (2020) virtually screened 83 compounds found in Chinese traditional medicines for activity against the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase of SARS-CoV-2, identifying theaflavin, an antioxidant polyphenol, as a potential inhibitor. Several authors have utilised virtual computer docking models to screen for potential compounds that could bind to and inhibit key proteins present in SARS-CoV (Liu and Zhou, 2005; Toney et al., 2004; Wang et al., 2007) , highlighting the potential antiviral activity of compounds such as sabadinine and aurantiamide acetate. Several large in vitro screening studies searching for inhibitory activity of naturally occurring compounds against SARS-CoV have been performed, mainly on Chinese medicinal herbs (Li et al., 2005; Wang et al., 2003) . abstract: Coronaviruses are responsible for a growing economic, social and mortality burden, as the causative agent of diseases such as severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS), avian infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) and COVID-19. However, there is a lack of effective antiviral agents for many coronavirus strains. Naturally existing compounds provide a wealth of chemical diversity, including antiviral activity, and thus may have utility as therapeutic agents against coronaviral infections. The PubMed database was searched for papers including the keywords coronavirus, SARS or MERS, as well as traditional medicine, herbal, remedy or plants, with 55 primary research articles identified. The overwhelming majority of publications focussed on polar compounds. Compounds that show promise for the inhibition of coronavirus in humans include scutellarein, silvestrol, tryptanthrin, saikosaponin B(2), quercetin, myricetin, caffeic acid, psoralidin, isobavachalcone, and lectins such as griffithsin. Other compounds such as lycorine may be suitable if a therapeutic level of antiviral activity can be achieved without exceeding toxic plasma concentrations. It was noted that the most promising small molecules identified as coronavirus inhibitors contained a conjugated fused ring structure with the majority being classified as being polyphenols. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32360300/ doi: 10.1016/j.virusres.2020.197989 id: cord-320663-xypg6evo author: Market, Marisa title: Flattening the COVID-19 Curve With Natural Killer Cell Based Immunotherapies date: 2020-06-23 words: 14038.0 sentences: 659.0 pages: flesch: 42.0 cache: ./cache/cord-320663-xypg6evo.txt txt: ./txt/cord-320663-xypg6evo.txt summary: A common feature of coronavirus infections is that significant morbidity and mortality is associated with lung injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome resulting from an exaggerated immune response, of which NK cells are an important component. Natural Killer (NK) cells are a key component of the innate immune system and are critical in the response to many viral infections in humans and animal models (1) (2) (3) . Altogether these studies show that during acute CoV infection, inflammatory monocyte-macrophages and neutrophils accumulate in the lungs and produce cytokines and chemokines that induce the activation and migration of lymphocytes, including NK cells, to the lungs, where they could be one of the main producers of IFN-γ (148). Studies have reported that patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 have lower levels of circulating NK cells and these express a greater level of inhibitory receptors (e.g., NKG2A) while producing less IFN-γ (127, 129, 130) . abstract: Natural Killer (NK) cells are innate immune responders critical for viral clearance and immunomodulation. Despite their vital role in viral infection, the contribution of NK cells in fighting SARS-CoV-2 has not yet been directly investigated. Insights into pathophysiology and therapeutic opportunities can therefore be inferred from studies assessing NK cell phenotype and function during SARS, MERS, and COVID-19. These studies suggest a reduction in circulating NK cell numbers and/or an exhausted phenotype following infection and hint toward the dampening of NK cell responses by coronaviruses. Reduced circulating NK cell levels and exhaustion may be directly responsible for the progression and severity of COVID-19. Conversely, in light of data linking inflammation with coronavirus disease severity, it is necessary to examine NK cell potential in mediating immunopathology. A common feature of coronavirus infections is that significant morbidity and mortality is associated with lung injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome resulting from an exaggerated immune response, of which NK cells are an important component. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of how NK cells respond in both early and late coronavirus infections, and the implication for ongoing COVID-19 clinical trials. Using this immunological lens, we outline recommendations for therapeutic strategies against COVID-19 in clearing the virus while preventing the harm of immunopathological responses. url: https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2020.01512 doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01512 id: cord-307109-nz8qvuw6 author: Martinez, Miguel Angel title: Compounds with Therapeutic Potential against Novel Respiratory 2019 Coronavirus date: 2020-04-21 words: 3758.0 sentences: 201.0 pages: flesch: 42.0 cache: ./cache/cord-307109-nz8qvuw6.txt txt: ./txt/cord-307109-nz8qvuw6.txt summary: The previous epidemics of infections by high-morbidity human coronaviruses, such as SARS-CoV in 2003 and the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) in 2012, prompted the characterization of compounds that could be potentially active against the currently emerging novel coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2. In addition, a combination of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) protease inhibitors lopinavir/ritonavir and interferon beta (LPV/RTV–IFN-β) was shown to be effective in patients infected with SARS-CoV. To predict new zoonotic coronavirus jumps across species and to understand the rate of virus spread among people, it is crucial to determine whether SARS-CoV-2 is mutating to improve its binding to human receptors for infection. Clinical observations in animals and humans showed that MERS-CoV infections were mediated by both virus replication and host inflammatory responses. However, therapeutic treatment with human monoclonal antibodies did not protect against the severe disease or the loss of lung function induced by MERS-CoV in animal models (20) . abstract: Currently, the expansion of the novel human respiratory coronavirus (known as SARS-CoV-2 [severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2], COVID-2019 [coronavirus disease 2019], or 2019-nCoV [2019 novel coronavirus]) has stressed the need for therapeutic alternatives to alleviate and stop this new epidemic. The previous epidemics of infections by high-morbidity human coronaviruses, such as SARS-CoV in 2003 and the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) in 2012, prompted the characterization of compounds that could be potentially active against the currently emerging novel coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2. The most promising compound is remdesivir (GS-5734), a nucleotide analog prodrug currently in clinical trials for treating Ebola virus infections. Remdesivir inhibited the replication of SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV in tissue cultures, and it displayed efficacy in nonhuman animal models. In addition, a combination of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) protease inhibitors lopinavir/ritonavir and interferon beta (LPV/RTV–IFN-β) was shown to be effective in patients infected with SARS-CoV. LPV/RTV–IFN-β also improved clinical parameters in marmosets and mice infected with MERS-CoV. Remarkably, the therapeutic efficacy of remdesivir appeared to be superior to that of LPV/RTV–IFN-β against MERS-CoV in a transgenic humanized mouse model. The relatively high mortality rates associated with these three novel human coronavirus infections, SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2, have suggested that proinflammatory responses might play a role in the pathogenesis. It remains unknown whether the generated inflammatory state should be targeted. Therapeutics that target the coronavirus alone might not be able to reverse highly pathogenic infections. This minireview aims to provide a summary of therapeutic compounds that have shown potential in fighting SARS-CoV-2 infections. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32152082/ doi: 10.1128/aac.00399-20 id: cord-318585-cp76qr9f author: Matsuyama, Ryota title: Clinical determinants of the severity of Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS): a systematic review and meta-analysis date: 2016-11-29 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: BACKGROUND: While the risk of severe complications of Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) and its determinants have been explored in previous studies, a systematic analysis of published articles with different designs and populations has yet to be conducted. The present study aimed to systematically review the risk of death associated with MERS as well as risk factors for associated complications. METHODS: PubMed and Web of Science databases were searched for clinical and epidemiological studies on confirmed cases of MERS. Eligible articles reported clinical outcomes, especially severe complications or death associated with MERS. Risks of admission to intensive care unit (ICU), mechanical ventilation and death were estimated. Subsequently, potential associations between MERS-associated death and age, sex, underlying medical conditions and study design were explored. RESULTS: A total of 25 eligible articles were identified. The case fatality risk ranged from 14.5 to 100%, with the pooled estimate at 39.1%. The risks of ICU admission and mechanical ventilation ranged from 44.4 to 100% and from 25.0 to 100%, with pooled estimates at 78.2 and 73.0%, respectively. These risks showed a substantial heterogeneity among the identified studies, and appeared to be the highest in case studies focusing on ICU cases. We identified older age, male sex and underlying medical conditions, including diabetes mellitus, renal disease, respiratory disease, heart disease and hypertension, as clinical predictors of death associated with MERS. In ICU case studies, the expected odds ratios (OR) of death among patients with underlying heart disease or renal disease to patients without such comorbidities were 0.6 (95% Confidence Interval (CI): 0.1, 4.3) and 0.6 (95% CI: 0.0, 2.1), respectively, while the ORs were 3.8 (95% CI: 3.4, 4.2) and 2.4 (95% CI: 2.0, 2.9), respectively, in studies with other types of designs. CONCLUSIONS: The heterogeneity for the risk of death and severe manifestations was substantially high among the studies, and varying study designs was one of the underlying reasons for this heterogeneity. A statistical estimation of the risk of MERS death and identification of risk factors must be conducted, particularly considering the study design and potential biases associated with case detection and diagnosis. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL: The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12889-016-3881-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27899100/ doi: 10.1186/s12889-016-3881-4 id: cord-302983-3v5bc80z author: Matterne, Uwe title: Health literacy in the general population in the context of epidemic or pandemic coronavirus outbreak situations: Rapid scoping review date: 2020-10-10 words: 5446.0 sentences: 296.0 pages: flesch: 46.0 cache: ./cache/cord-302983-3v5bc80z.txt txt: ./txt/cord-302983-3v5bc80z.txt summary: title: Health literacy in the general population in the context of epidemic or pandemic coronavirus outbreak situations: Rapid scoping review OBJECTIVE: The aim of this rapid scoping review, for which only studies from the general population were considered, was to describe the extent of existing research on HL in the context of previous coronavirus outbreaks (SARS-CoV-1, MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2). METHODS: We searched major databases and included publications of quantitative and qualitative studies in English and German on any type of research on the functional, critical and communicative domains of HL conducted in the context of the three outbreaks in the general population. Therefore, the aim of this rapid scoping review, for which only studies from the general population were considered, was to describe the extent of existing research on HL in the context of previous coronavirus outbreaks (SARS-CoV-1, MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2). abstract: OBJECTIVE: The aim of this rapid scoping review, for which only studies from the general population were considered, was to describe the extent of existing research on HL in the context of previous coronavirus outbreaks (SARS-CoV-1, MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2). METHODS: We searched major databases and included publications of quantitative and qualitative studies in English and German on any type of research on the functional, critical and communicative domains of HL conducted in the context of the three outbreaks in the general population. We extracted and tabulated relevant data and narratively reported where and when the study was conducted, the design and method used, and how HL was measured. RESULTS: 72 studies were included. Three investigated HL or explicitly referred to the concept of HL, 14 were guided by health behaviour theory. We did not find any study designed to develop or psychometrically evaluate pandemic/epidemic HL instruments, or relate pandemic/epidemic or general HL to a pandemic/epidemic outcome, or any controlled intervention study. Type of assessment of the domains of HL varied widely. CONCLUSION: Theory-driven observational studies and interventions, examining whether pandemic-related HL can be improved are needed. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS: The development and validation of instruments that measure pandemic-related HL is desirable. url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0738399120305474?v=s5 doi: 10.1016/j.pec.2020.10.012 id: cord-286472-pqtem19t author: McFee, R.B. title: MIDDLE EAST RESPIRATORY SYNDROME (MERS) CORONAVIRUS date: 2020-07-28 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: nan url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S0011502920301152 doi: 10.1016/j.disamonth.2020.101053 id: cord-293871-hzes7mwt author: McGuinness, Sarah L. title: Pretravel Considerations for Non-vaccine-Preventable Travel Infections date: 2018-11-26 words: 4022.0 sentences: 234.0 pages: flesch: 45.0 cache: ./cache/cord-293871-hzes7mwt.txt txt: ./txt/cord-293871-hzes7mwt.txt summary: In this chapter, pretravel considerations for major non-vaccine-preventable infectious diseases are covered, including specific advice for dengue, chikungunya, Zika, Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), and avian influenza. These include mosquito-borne infections such as dengue, chikungunya, and Zika, and regionally endemic severe respiratory infections such as Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) and some strains of avian influenza. These include mosquito-borne infections such as dengue, chikungunya, and Zika, and regionally endemic severe respiratory infections such as Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) and some strains of avian influenza. 25 Male-to-female, male-to-male, and femaleto-male transmission to unprotected sexual contacts of returning Following a short incubation period, with symptoms typically beginning 4-7 days (range 3-14 days) after exposure, dengue can present with a wide spectrum of illnesses, from asymptomatic infection to severe and fatal disease. abstract: Pretravel advice should be tailored to the individual following a thorough review of his or her itinerary, planned activities, and host characteristics. In addition to vaccinations and malaria chemoprophylaxis, a pretravel consultation should include advice on regionally endemic or emerging non–vaccine-preventable infections that can cause severe illness or chronic morbidity. These include mosquito-borne infections such as dengue, chikungunya, and Zika, and regionally endemic severe respiratory infections such as Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) and some strains of avian influenza. Zika virus is notable given its capacity for sexual transmission and association with congenital birth defects. Preventive advice for other potentially relevant infections associated with specific exposures or activities (e.g., schistosomiasis and leptospirosis from freshwater exposure) should be provided where relevant. Understanding the epidemiology and prevention of these infections is crucial to providing a comprehensive pretravel consultation. url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780323546966000070 doi: 10.1016/b978-0-323-54696-6.00007-0 id: cord-339386-sxyeuiw1 author: McIntosh, Kenneth title: 157 Coronaviruses, Including Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) and Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) date: 2015-12-31 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: nan url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/B9781455748013001570 doi: 10.1016/b978-1-4557-4801-3.00157-0 id: cord-329010-n0mz098o author: McKee, Dwight L. title: Candidate drugs against SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 date: 2020-04-29 words: 5193.0 sentences: 260.0 pages: flesch: 41.0 cache: ./cache/cord-329010-n0mz098o.txt txt: ./txt/cord-329010-n0mz098o.txt summary: Further, chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine, and off-label antiviral drugs, such as the nucleotide analogue remdesivir, HIV protease inhibitors lopinavir and ritonavir, broad-spectrum antiviral drugs arbidol and favipiravir as well as antiviral phytochemicals available to date may prevent spread of SARS-CoV-2 and morbidity and mortality of COVID-19 pandemic. Drugs that have recently been shown to target MERS-CoV in mice [15] , and to inhibit Ebola virus RdRP and SARS-CoV-2 proteases in humans, such as remdesivir and ritonavir/lopinavir, also constitute candidate drugs against SARS-CoV-2 and are now investigated for their therapeutic efficacy in COVID-19 patients in 2 international clinical trials (SOLIDARITY Trial and DisCoVeRy Trial). The emergence of the novel beta coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 from Wuhan, Hubei province, China in December 2019 rapidly led to a pandemic involving more than 2,500,000 infected persons and more proven drugs such as camostat mesilate which prevents virus host cell entry by inhibiting TMPRSS2 [8] , and chloroquine phosphate which inhibits terminal phosphorylation of ACE2, or hydroxychloroquine which is metabolized in vivo to chloroquine [44] . abstract: Outbreak and pandemic of coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 in 2019/2020 will challenge global health for the future. Because a vaccine against the virus will not be available in the near future, we herein try to offer a pharmacological strategy to combat the virus. There exists a number of candidate drugs that may inhibit infection with and replication of SARS-CoV-2. Such drugs comprise inhibitors of TMPRSS2 serine protease and inhibitors of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). Blockade of ACE2, the host cell receptor for the S protein of SARS-CoV-2 and inhibition of TMPRSS2, which is required for S protein priming may prevent cell entry of SARS-CoV-2. Further, chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine, and off-label antiviral drugs, such as the nucleotide analogue remdesivir, HIV protease inhibitors lopinavir and ritonavir, broad-spectrum antiviral drugs arbidol and favipiravir as well as antiviral phytochemicals available to date may prevent spread of SARS-CoV-2 and morbidity and mortality of COVID-19 pandemic. url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1043661820311671?v=s5 doi: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.104859 id: cord-007828-c7jxj74b author: Memish, Ziad A. title: Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection control: The missing piece? date: 2014-11-25 words: 1934.0 sentences: 125.0 pages: flesch: 50.0 cache: ./cache/cord-007828-c7jxj74b.txt txt: ./txt/cord-007828-c7jxj74b.txt summary: Since the initial occurrence of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) in 2012, 1,2 the disease had caused 837 cases, with a case fatality rate of 34.7%. The World Health Organization (WHO) through its expert technical committees was prompt in developing its first infection control guidelines based on available knowledge on the new emerging virus, but it mostly drew on experience from a similar virus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS). Careful review of the recent increase in the number of cases revealed that about 25% were among HCWs. 4 Of the initial 128 recent MERS-CoV infected patients in Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, most (60%) were infected in the health care setting. Screening for Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection in hospital patients and their healthcare worker and family contacts: a prospective descriptive study Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus: a case-control study of hospitalized patients abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7124258/ doi: 10.1016/j.ajic.2014.08.003 id: cord-297954-87w2itin author: Memish, Ziad A. title: Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV): A cluster analysis with implications for global management of suspected cases date: 2015-07-15 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Since the initial description of the Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) in September 2012, a total of 1038 cases of MERS-CoV including 460 deaths have been reported from Saudi Arabia. From August 24, 2013 to September 3, 2013, a total of 397 patients and contacts were tested for MERS-CoV. Of those tested, there were 18 (4.5%) MERS-CoV cases reported in Al-Madinah al-Munawwarah with one large cluster. In this report, we describe the outcome, epidemiology and clinical characteristics of this cluster of which 4 cases involved healthcare workers. Fourteen cases appeared to be linked to one cluster involving healthcare workers (HCWs), family and patient contacts. Of the 18 cases, five (including 2 HCWs) were community acquired, two were household contacts, and 11 were healthcare associated (including 4 HCWs). All except 4 cases were symptomatic and the case fatality rate was 39% (7 of 18). The outbreak resulted in human to human transmission of an estimated 6 cases. Contact screening showed positive test in 1 of 56 (1.8%) household contacts, and 3 of 250 (1.2%) HCWs. url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1477893915001131 doi: 10.1016/j.tmaid.2015.06.012 id: cord-318315-r6wqywwe author: Memish, Ziad A. title: Etiology of severe community-acquired pneumonia during the 2013 Hajj—part of the MERS-CoV surveillance program date: 2014-06-23 words: 3090.0 sentences: 195.0 pages: flesch: 51.0 cache: ./cache/cord-318315-r6wqywwe.txt txt: ./txt/cord-318315-r6wqywwe.txt summary: We aimed to screen Hajj pilgrims admitted to healthcare facilities in 2013 with severe community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) for MERS-CoV and to determine other etiologies. METHODS: Sputum samples were collected from all pilgrims admitted to 15 healthcare facilities in the cities of Makkah and Medina, Saudi Arabia, who were diagnosed with severe CAP on admission, presenting with bilateral pneumonia. 7, 10 In recent years, the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) has also emerged as a cause of serious illness including severe pneumonia. Respiratory tract infections are common illnesses during the Hajj, 15 and pneumonia is the leading cause of hospital admission, including admission to the ICU, during the pilgrimage. 16 In the current study, as part of the Saudi MoH MERS-CoV surveillance, we investigated the etiology of severe CAP in pilgrims attending the 2013 Hajj requiring hospitalization. 7,10 Studies performed during previous Hajj seasons have reported the organism as a cause of respiratory tract infections including penumonia. abstract: BACKGROUND: Pneumonia is the leading cause of hospital admission during the annual Islamic pilgrimage (Hajj). The etiology of severe pneumonia is complex and includes the newly emerged Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV). Since 2012, the Saudi Ministry of Health (MoH) has required screening for MERS-CoV for all cases of severe pneumonia requiring hospitalization. We aimed to screen Hajj pilgrims admitted to healthcare facilities in 2013 with severe community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) for MERS-CoV and to determine other etiologies. METHODS: Sputum samples were collected from all pilgrims admitted to 15 healthcare facilities in the cities of Makkah and Medina, Saudi Arabia, who were diagnosed with severe CAP on admission, presenting with bilateral pneumonia. The medical records were reviewed to collect information on age, gender, nationality, and patient outcome. Samples were screened for MERS-CoV by PCR, and a respiratory multiplex array was used to detect up to 22 other viral and bacterial respiratory pathogens. RESULTS: Thirty-eight patients met the inclusion criteria; they were predominantly elderly (mean age 58.6 years, range 25–83 years) and male (68.4%), and all were from developing countries. Fourteen of the 38 patients died (36.8%). MERS-CoV was not detected in any of the samples. Other respiratory pathogens were detected in 26 (68.4%) samples. Of these, bacterial pathogens were detected in 84.6% (22/26) and viruses in 80.7% (21/26). Twenty-one (80.7%) samples were positive for more than one respiratory pathogen and 17 (65.3%) were positive for both bacteria and viruses. The most common respiratory virus was human rhinovirus, detected in 57.7% of the positive samples, followed by influenza A virus (23.1%) and human coronaviruses (19.2%). Haemophilus influenzae and Streptococcus pneumoniae were the predominant bacteria, detected in 57.7% and 53.8%, respectively, of the positive samples, followed by Moraxella catarrhalis (36.4%). CONCLUSIONS: MERS-CoV was not the cause of severe CAP in any of the hospitalized pilgrims investigated. However we identified a variety of other respiratory pathogens in the sputum of this small number of patients. This indicates that the etiology of severe CAP in Hajj is complex with implications regarding its management. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24970703/ doi: 10.1016/j.ijid.2014.06.003 id: cord-278648-hkvurb2k author: Menachery, Vineet D. title: Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Nonstructural Protein 16 Is Necessary for Interferon Resistance and Viral Pathogenesis date: 2017-11-15 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Coronaviruses (CoVs) encode a mixture of highly conserved and novel genes, as well as genetic elements necessary for infection and pathogenesis, raising the possibility of common targets for attenuation and therapeutic design. In this study, we focused on highly conserved nonstructural protein 16 (NSP16), a viral 2′O-methyltransferase (2′O-MTase) that encodes critical functions in immune modulation and infection. Using reverse genetics, we disrupted a key motif in the conserved KDKE motif of Middle East respiratory syndrome CoV (MERS-CoV) NSP16 (D130A) and evaluated the effect on viral infection and pathogenesis. While the absence of 2′O-MTase activity had only a marginal impact on propagation and replication in Vero cells, dNSP16 mutant MERS-CoV demonstrated significant attenuation relative to the control both in primary human airway cell cultures and in vivo. Further examination indicated that dNSP16 mutant MERS-CoV had a type I interferon (IFN)-based attenuation and was partially restored in the absence of molecules of IFN-induced proteins with tetratricopeptide repeats. Importantly, the robust attenuation permitted the use of dNSP16 mutant MERS-CoV as a live attenuated vaccine platform protecting from a challenge with a mouse-adapted MERS-CoV strain. These studies demonstrate the importance of the conserved 2′O-MTase activity for CoV pathogenesis and highlight NSP16 as a conserved universal target for rapid live attenuated vaccine design in an expanding CoV outbreak setting. IMPORTANCE Coronavirus (CoV) emergence in both humans and livestock represents a significant threat to global public health, as evidenced by the sudden emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome CoV (SARS-CoV), MERS-CoV, porcine epidemic diarrhea virus, and swine delta CoV in the 21st century. These studies describe an approach that effectively targets the highly conserved 2′O-MTase activity of CoVs for attenuation. With clear understanding of the IFN/IFIT (IFN-induced proteins with tetratricopeptide repeats)-based mechanism, NSP16 mutants provide a suitable target for a live attenuated vaccine platform, as well as therapeutic development for both current and future emergent CoV strains. Importantly, other approaches targeting other conserved pan-CoV functions have not yet proven effective against MERS-CoV, illustrating the broad applicability of targeting viral 2′O-MTase function across CoVs. url: https://doi.org/10.1128/msphere.00346-17 doi: 10.1128/msphere.00346-17 id: cord-283966-eln8ljjj author: Meyer, Benjamin title: Antibodies against MERS Coronavirus in Dromedary Camels, United Arab Emirates, 2003 and 2013 date: 2014-04-17 words: 4017.0 sentences: 207.0 pages: flesch: 49.0 cache: ./cache/cord-283966-eln8ljjj.txt txt: ./txt/cord-283966-eln8ljjj.txt summary: Dromedary camels from the United Arab Emirates were infected at high rates with MERS-CoV or a closely related, probably conspecific, virus long before the first human MERS cases. Animals from the Arabian Peninsula had high neutralizing serum activities overall and reciprocal antibody titers <320-1,280, which support recent infection with MERS-CoV or a highly related virus. Expanding upon these studies, we used in the present study a recombinant MERS-CoV spike protein immunofluroescence assay (rIFA) augmented by a validated protein microarray (10, 21) , followed by MERS-CoV-specific neutralization assay, to screen 651 dromedary serum samples from the United Arabian Emirates. In the tested panel of camel serum samples, vIFA titers corresponded well to titers determined by rIFA and generally equal to or higher than titers in the rIFA (Table 1) To confirm results from affinity assays with results from a functional test, we determined endpoint virus neutralization titers by using a microneutralization test against MERS-CoV and BCoV. abstract: Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) has caused an ongoing outbreak of severe acute respiratory tract infection in humans in the Arabian Peninsula since 2012. Dromedary camels have been implicated as possible viral reservoirs. We used serologic assays to analyze 651 dromedary camel serum samples from the United Arab Emirates; 151 of 651 samples were obtained in 2003, well before onset of the current epidemic, and 500 serum samples were obtained in 2013. Recombinant spike protein–specific immunofluorescence and virus neutralization tests enabled clear discrimination between MERS-CoV and bovine CoV infections. Most (632/651, 97.1%) camels had antibodies against MERS-CoV. This result included all 151 serum samples obtained in 2003. Most (389/651, 59.8%) serum samples had MERS-CoV–neutralizing antibody titers >1,280. Dromedary camels from the United Arab Emirates were infected at high rates with MERS-CoV or a closely related, probably conspecific, virus long before the first human MERS cases. url: https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2004.131746 doi: 10.3201/eid2004.131746 id: cord-355290-m8875kdy author: Meyer, Benjamin title: Serologic Assessment of Possibility for MERS-CoV Infection in Equids date: 2015-01-17 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: nan url: https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2101.141342 doi: 10.3201/eid2101.141342 id: cord-274122-n9jnu2ah author: Mielech, Anna M. title: MERS-CoV papain-like protease has deISGylating and deubiquitinating activities date: 2014-02-01 words: 4845.0 sentences: 242.0 pages: flesch: 51.0 cache: ./cache/cord-274122-n9jnu2ah.txt txt: ./txt/cord-274122-n9jnu2ah.txt summary: Coronaviruses encode papain-like proteases (PLpro) that are often multifunctional enzymes with protease activity to process the viral replicase polyprotein and deubiquitinating (DUB)/deISGylating activity, which is hypothesized to modify the innate immune response to infection. Further, we compared the ability of MERS-CoV PLpro and Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (SARS-CoV) PLpro to block innate immune signaling of proinflammatory cytokines. In this study, we demonstrate the deISGylating and deubiquitinating (DUB) activities of the papain-like protease from MERS-CoV, and provide new information on the potential role of coronavirus protease/DUBs to inhibit the innate immune response. Our results suggest that PLpro might contribute to the modulation of innate immune responses upon SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV infection, however, the exact mechanism and the role of coronavirus PLPs and their associated DUB and deISGylating activities in these processes remains to be determined. abstract: Coronaviruses encode papain-like proteases (PLpro) that are often multifunctional enzymes with protease activity to process the viral replicase polyprotein and deubiquitinating (DUB)/deISGylating activity, which is hypothesized to modify the innate immune response to infection. Here, we investigate the predicted DUB activity of the PLpro domain of the recently described Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV). We found that expression of MERS-CoV PLpro reduces the levels of ubiquitinated and ISGylated host cell proteins; consistent with multifunctional PLpro activity. Further, we compared the ability of MERS-CoV PLpro and Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (SARS-CoV) PLpro to block innate immune signaling of proinflammatory cytokines. We show that expression of SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV PLpros blocks upregulation of cytokines CCL5, IFN-β and CXCL10 in stimulated cells. Overall these results indicate that the PLpro domains of MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV have the potential to modify the innate immune response to viral infection and contribute to viral pathogenesis. url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0042682213006624 doi: 10.1016/j.virol.2013.11.040 id: cord-348401-x2q9vyf2 author: Millet, Jean K. title: Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection is inhibited by griffithsin date: 2016-07-15 words: 4584.0 sentences: 260.0 pages: flesch: 56.0 cache: ./cache/cord-348401-x2q9vyf2.txt txt: ./txt/cord-348401-x2q9vyf2.txt summary: The MERS-CoV spike protein is a main determinant of virus entry into host cells as it mediates both binding to the DPP4 (dipeptidyl peptidase 4) receptor and fusion of the viral envelope with host cell membrane (Millet and Whittaker, 2014; Raj et al., 2013) . Immunofluorescence assay of MERS-CoV-infected Huh-7, MRC-5, and Vero-81 cells in presence of increasing concentrations of griffithsin. In all conditions, cells were infected with MERS-CoV strain EMC/2012 at an m.o.i. of 10, with griffithsin (1 mg/mL) added or not at different steps during virus entry. Because we have performed our assay using high m.o.i. and a short infection time, these results show the strong inhibitory activity of griffithsin on early steps of the MERS-CoV viral cycle. To better define which stage in the virus life cycle griffithsin acts on, we performed an infection assay using authentic MERS-CoV with griffithsin present at different times during viral entry steps (Fig. 4A) . abstract: Highly pathogenic human coronaviruses associated with a severe respiratory syndrome, including Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), have recently emerged. The MERS-CoV epidemic started in 2012 and is still ongoing, with a mortality rate of approximately 35%. No vaccine is available against MERS-CoV and therapeutic options for MERS-CoV infections are limited to palliative and supportive care. A search for specific antiviral treatments is urgently needed. Coronaviruses are enveloped viruses, with the spike proteins present on their surface responsible for virus entry into the target cell. Lectins are attractive anti-coronavirus candidates because of the highly glycosylated nature of the spike protein. We tested the antiviral effect of griffithsin (GRFT), a lectin isolated from the red marine alga Griffithsia sp. against MERS-CoV infection. Our results demonstrate that while displaying no significant cytotoxicity, griffithsin is a potent inhibitor of MERS-CoV infection. Griffithsin also inhibits entry into host cells of particles pseudotyped with the MERS-CoV spike protein, suggesting that griffithsin inhibits spike protein function during entry. Spike proteins have a dual function during entry, they mediate binding to the host cell surface and also the fusion of the viral envelope with host cell membrane. Time course experiments show that griffithsin inhibits MERS-CoV infection at the binding step. In conclusion, we identify griffithsin as a potent inhibitor of MERS-CoV infection at the entry step. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27424494/ doi: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2016.07.011 id: cord-103899-6tqm99g1 author: Mirzaei, Rasoul title: The emerging role of microRNAs in the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection date: 2020-11-13 words: 9756.0 sentences: 554.0 pages: flesch: 47.0 cache: ./cache/cord-103899-6tqm99g1.txt txt: ./txt/cord-103899-6tqm99g1.txt summary: Hence, analyzing the role of these types of nucleotides in antiviral immune responses and the characterization of miRNA target genes might contribute to understanding the mechanisms of the interplay between the host and viruses, and in the future, potentially result in discovering therapeutic strategies for the prevention and treatment of acute COVID-19 infection. This review will summarize the recent discoveries associated with miRNAs in various respiratory infections caused by viruses, especially coronavirus, and address all feasible therapeutic options to mitigate the burden of VRIs. The humoral immunity is immunologically categorized as an acquired immune response in which T helper cells collaborate with B cells to differentiate these types of cells to plasma cells [17] [18] [19] . The immune responses against VRIs, such as IV, hRV, human coronavirus (HcoV), hMPV, and RSV, are correlated with the aberrant expression of several miRNAs in epithelial cells and participate in the pathogenesis of chronic and acute forms of respiratory disorders (Table 1 ) [16] . abstract: The novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has imposed significant public health problems for the human populations worldwide after the 1918 influenza A virus (IVA) (H1N1) pandemic. Although numerous efforts have been made to unravel the mechanisms underlying the coronavirus, a notable gap remains in our perception of the COVID-19 pathogenesis. The innate and adaptive immune systems have a pivotal role in the fate of viral infections, such as COVID-19 pandemic. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are known as short noncoding RNA molecules and appear as indispensable governors of almost any cellular means. Several lines of evidence demonstrate that miRNAs participate in essential mechanisms of cell biology, regulation of the immune system, and the onset and progression of numerous types of disorders. The immune responses to viral respiratory infections (VRIs), including influenza virus (IV), respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), and rhinovirus (RV), are correlated with the ectopic expression of miRNAs. Alterations of the miRNA expression in epithelial cells may contribute to the pathogenesis of chronic and acute airway infections. Hence, analyzing the role of these types of nucleotides in antiviral immune responses and the characterization of miRNA target genes might contribute to understanding the mechanisms of the interplay between the host and viruses, and in the future, potentially result in discovering therapeutic strategies for the prevention and treatment of acute COVID-19 infection. In this article, we present a general review of current studies concerning the function of miRNAs in different VRIs, particularly in coronavirus infection, and address all available therapeutic prospects to mitigate the burden of viral infections. url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S1567576920336717 doi: 10.1016/j.intimp.2020.107204 id: cord-313054-w90eitw9 author: Mobaraki, Kazhal title: Current epidemiological status of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus in the world from 1.1.2017 to 17.1.2018: a cross-sectional study date: 2019-04-27 words: 2189.0 sentences: 116.0 pages: flesch: 54.0 cache: ./cache/cord-313054-w90eitw9.txt txt: ./txt/cord-313054-w90eitw9.txt summary: RESULTS: A total of 229 MERS-CoV cases, including 70 deaths (30.5%), were recorded in the disease outbreak news on world health organization website over the study period. Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infection is considered to cause a new viral epidemic [1] , and was first reported in a patient who died from a severe respiratory illness in a hospital in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, in June 2012 [2, 3] . The occurrence of a large number of MERS-CoV cases and their associated deaths in the world indicate that this disease must be considered as a severe threat to public health [13] because millions of pilgrims from 184 countries converge in Saudi Arabia each year to perform Hajj and Umrah ceremony. Epidemiological, demographic, and clinical characteristics of 47 cases of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus disease from Saudi Arabia: a descriptive study abstract: BACKGROUND: Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) is considered to be responsible for a new viral epidemic and an emergent threat to global health security. This study describes the current epidemiological status of MERS-CoV in the world. METHODS: Epidemiological analysis was performed on data derived from all MERS-CoV cases recorded in the disease outbreak news on WHO website between 1.1.2017 and 17.1.2018. Demographic and clinical information as well as potential contacts and probable risk factors for mortality were extracted based on laboratory-confirmed MERS-CoV cases. RESULTS: A total of 229 MERS-CoV cases, including 70 deaths (30.5%), were recorded in the disease outbreak news on world health organization website over the study period. Based on available details in this study, the case fatality rate in both genders was 30.5% (70/229) [32.1% (55/171) for males and 25.8% (15/58) for females]. The disease occurrence was higher among men [171 cases (74.7%)] than women [58 cases (25.3%)]. Variables such as comorbidities and exposure to MERS-CoV cases were significantly associated with mortality in people affected with MERS-CoV infections, and adjusted odds ratio estimates were 2.2 (95% CI: 1.16, 7.03) and 2.3 (95% CI: 1.35, 8.20), respectively. All age groups had an equal chance of mortality. CONCLUSIONS: In today’s “global village”, there is probability of MERS-CoV epidemic at any time and in any place without prior notice. Thus, health systems in all countries should implement better triage systems for potentially imported cases of MERS-CoV to prevent large epidemics. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31029095/ doi: 10.1186/s12879-019-3987-2 id: cord-256784-wfaqim7d author: Modjarrad, Kayvon title: MERS-CoV vaccine candidates in development: The current landscape date: 2016-06-03 words: 3335.0 sentences: 153.0 pages: flesch: 39.0 cache: ./cache/cord-256784-wfaqim7d.txt txt: ./txt/cord-256784-wfaqim7d.txt summary: Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS-CoV) was first isolated in September 2012 from a patient in Saudi Arabia who presented two months earlier with severe acute respiratory infection and acute renal failure [1] . Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection in dromedary camels in Saudi Arabia A truncated receptor-binding domain of MERS-CoV spike protein potently inhibits MERS-CoV infection and induces strong neutralizing antibody responses: implication for developing therapeutics and vaccines Effects of human anti-spike protein receptor binding domain antibodies on severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus neutralization escape and fitness Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus spike protein delivered by modified vaccinia virus Ankara efficiently induces virus-neutralizing antibodies Systemic and mucosal immunity in mice elicited by a single immunization with human adenovirus type 5 or 41 vector-based vaccines carrying the spike protein of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus Exceptionally potent neutralization of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus by human monoclonal antibodies abstract: Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), an emerging infectious disease of growing global importance, has caused severe acute respiratory disease in more than 1600 people, resulting in more than 600 deaths. The high case fatality rate, growing geographic distribution and vaguely defined epidemiology of MERS-CoV have created an urgent need for effective public health countermeasures, paramount of which is an effective means of prevention through a vaccine or antibody prophylaxis. Despite the relatively few number of cases to-date, research and development of MERS-CoV vaccine candidates is advancing quickly. This review surveys the landscape of these efforts across multiple groups in academia, government and industry. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27083424/ doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.03.104 id: cord-275313-mfyff9ne author: Modjarrad, Kayvon title: Treatment strategies for Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus date: 2016-01-01 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), an emerging infectious disease of growing global importance, has caused severe acute respiratory disease in more than 1600 people, resulting in almost 600 deaths. The high case fatality rate, growing geographic distribution and vaguely defined epidemiology of this novel pathogen have created an urgent need for effective public health countermeasures, including safe and effective treatment strategies. Despite the relatively few numbers of cases to date, research and development of MERS-CoV therapeutic candidates is advancing quickly. This review surveys the landscape of these efforts and assesses their potential for use in affected populations. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26866060/ doi: nan id: cord-312691-ynh84b98 author: Mohd, Hamzah A. title: Predictors of MERS-CoV infection: A large case control study of patients presenting with ILI at a MERS-CoV referral hospital in Saudi Arabia date: 2016-09-24 words: 3296.0 sentences: 167.0 pages: flesch: 56.0 cache: ./cache/cord-312691-ynh84b98.txt txt: ./txt/cord-312691-ynh84b98.txt summary: title: Predictors of MERS-CoV infection: A large case control study of patients presenting with ILI at a MERS-CoV referral hospital in Saudi Arabia BACKGROUND: A case control study to better characterize the clinical features, laboratory, and radiological abnormalities associated with MERS-CoV infection in order to help with early identification of this syndrome from other respiratory infections. METHODS: Eighty patients admitted to a hospital in Riyadh, diagnosed with MERS-CoV infection based on RT-PCR were matched on age, sex, and the presence of a co-morbid condition on a basis of 1:2 to other patients admitted with respiratory symptoms and tested negative for MERS-CoV on RT-PCR. First cases of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infections in France, investigations and implications for the prevention of human-to-human transmission Laboratory-confirmed case of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infection in Malaysia: preparedness and response Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus: a case-control study of hospitalized patients abstract: BACKGROUND: A case control study to better characterize the clinical features, laboratory, and radiological abnormalities associated with MERS-CoV infection in order to help with early identification of this syndrome from other respiratory infections. METHODS: Eighty patients admitted to a hospital in Riyadh, diagnosed with MERS-CoV infection based on RT-PCR were matched on age, sex, and the presence of a co-morbid condition on a basis of 1:2 to other patients admitted with respiratory symptoms and tested negative for MERS-CoV on RT-PCR. RESULTS: None of the reported MERS-CoV presenting symptoms was significantly associated with being infected with MERS-CoV. On the other hand, WBC count was significantly lower in patients with confirmed MERS-CoV infection (median 5.7 vs 9.3, P: 0.0004). Neutrophil count was as well significantly lower in MERS-CoV patients (median 3.7 vs 6.7, P: 0.0001). Both AST, and ALT values were significantly higher in MERS-CoV infected group (AST median 42 vs 36, P: 0.03, and ALT median 33 vs 28, P: 0.003). Overall our MERS-CoV mortality rate was (10%) below the national figure of (40%). CONCLUSIONS: None of the presenting symptoms are specific for MERS-CoV infection. And out of all the investigations WBC, neutrophil counts, AST and ALT values have some predictive utility. url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S1477893916301260 doi: 10.1016/j.tmaid.2016.09.008 id: cord-261533-73721b24 author: Mok, Chris Ka Pun title: T-cell responses to MERS coronavirus infection in people with occupational exposure to dromedary camels in Nigeria: an observational cohort study date: 2020-10-06 words: 4827.0 sentences: 224.0 pages: flesch: 51.0 cache: ./cache/cord-261533-73721b24.txt txt: ./txt/cord-261533-73721b24.txt summary: We therefore aimed to test peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) in workers from an abattoir in Kano, Nigeria, for MERS-CoV-specific T-cell responses to understand if the dromedary-exposed individuals in Africa have been infected by MERS-CoV. Evidence before this study Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) is recognised as one of eight emerging pathogens of greatest threat to global public health, and dromedary camels are the source of human zoonotic infection. Because there was evidence that serological assays for MERS-CoV had suboptimal sensitivity for past infection and because we had previous data showing that T-cell assays for MERS-CoV are specific and potentially more sensitive than antibody detection, we investigated T-cell responses in dromedary-exposed abattoir workers and controls in Nigeria. 61 (53%) of the 115 participants had PBMCs available for additional testing for four endemic human coronaviruses (229E, HKU1, NL63, and OC43), including 18 dromedary-exposed workers positive and ten negative for a MERS-CoV T-cell response and 33 from the negative control groups who were all MERS-CoV T-cell negative. abstract: BACKGROUND: Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) remains of global public health concern. Dromedary camels are the source of zoonotic infection. Over 70% of MERS coronavirus (MERS-CoV)-infected dromedaries are found in Africa but no zoonotic disease has been reported in Africa. We aimed to understand whether individuals with exposure to dromedaries in Africa had been infected by MERS-CoV. METHODS: Workers slaughtering dromedaries in an abattoir in Kano, Nigeria, were compared with abattoir workers without direct dromedary contact, non-abattoir workers from Kano, and controls from Guangzhou, China. Exposure to dromedaries was ascertained using a questionnaire. Serum and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were tested for MERS-CoV specific neutralising antibody and T-cell responses. FINDINGS: None of the participants from Nigeria or Guangdong were MERS-CoV seropositive. 18 (30%) of 61 abattoir workers with exposure to dromedaries, but none of 20 abattoir workers without exposure (p=0·0042), ten non-abattoir workers or 24 controls from Guangzhou (p=0·0002) had evidence of MERS-CoV-specific CD4(+) or CD8(+) T cells in PBMC. T-cell responses to other endemic human coronaviruses (229E, OC43, HKU-1, and NL-63) were observed in all groups with no association with dromedary exposure. Drinking both unpasteurised camel milk and camel urine was significantly and negatively associated with T-cell positivity (odds ratio 0·07, 95% CI 0·01–0·54). INTERPRETATION: Zoonotic infection of dromedary-exposed individuals is taking place in Nigeria and suggests that the extent of MERS-CoV infections in Africa is underestimated. MERS-CoV could therefore adapt to human transmission in Africa rather than the Arabian Peninsula, where attention is currently focused. FUNDING: The National Science and Technology Major Project, National Institutes of Health. url: https://doi.org/10.1016/s1473-3099(20)30599-5 doi: 10.1016/s1473-3099(20)30599-5 id: cord-293127-c27qh5y7 author: Monteleone, Pedro AA title: A review of initial data on pregnancy during the COVID-19 outbreak: implications for assisted reproductive treatments date: 2020 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: The current outbreak of the novel 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) started in China in December 2019 and has since spread to several other countries. On March 25, 2020, a total of 375,498 cases had been confirmed globally with 2,201 cases in Brazil, showing the urgency of reacting to this international public health emergency. While in most cases, mild symptoms are observed, in some cases the infection leads to serious pulmonary disease. As a result, the possible consequences of the COVID-19 outbreak for pregnant women and its potential effects on the management of assisted reproductive treatments, demand attention. In this review, we summarize the latest research progress related to COVID-19 epidemiology and the reported data of pregnant women, and discuss the current evidence of COVID-19 infections during pregnancy and its potential consequences for assisted reproductive treatments. Reported data suggest that symptoms in pregnant women are similar to those in other people, and that there is no evidence for higher maternal or fetal risks. However, considering the initial data and lack of comprehensive knowledge on the pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 during pregnancy, human reproduction societies have recommended postponing the embryo transfers and do not initiate new treatment cycles. New evidence must be considered carefully in order to adjust these recommendations accordingly at any time and to guide assisted reproductive treatments. url: https://doi.org/10.5935/1518-0557.20200030 doi: 10.5935/1518-0557.20200030 id: cord-272306-92rz2byz author: Morra, Mostafa Ebraheem title: Clinical outcomes of current medical approaches for Middle East respiratory syndrome: A systematic review and meta‐analysis date: 2018-04-17 words: 2496.0 sentences: 145.0 pages: flesch: 46.0 cache: ./cache/cord-272306-92rz2byz.txt txt: ./txt/cord-272306-92rz2byz.txt summary: Screening for Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection in hospital patients and their healthcare worker and family contacts: a prospective descriptive study Epidemiological, demographic, and clinical characteristics of 47 cases of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus disease from Saudi Arabia: a descriptive study Clinical features and virological analysis of a case of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection Ribavirin and interferon therapy in patients infected with the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus: an observational study Clinical course and outcomes of critically ill patients with Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection Ribavirin and interferon-alpha2b as primary and preventive treatment for Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus: a preliminary report of two cases Ribavirin and interferon alfa-2a for severe Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection: a retrospective cohort study Clinical outcomes of current medical approaches for Middle East respiratory syndrome: A systematic review and meta-analysis abstract: Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) is a respiratory disease caused by MERS coronavirus. Because of lack of vaccination, various studies investigated the therapeutic efficacy of antiviral drugs and supportive remedies. A systematic literature search from 10 databases was conducted and screened for relevant articles. Studies reporting information about the treatment of MERS coronavirus infection were extracted and analyzed. Despite receiving treatment with ribavirin plus IFN, the case fatality rate was as high as 71% in the IFN‐treatment group and exactly the same in patients who received supportive treatment only. Having chronic renal disease, diabetes mellitus and hypertension increased the risk of mortality (P < .05), and chronic renal disease is the best parameter to predict the mortality. The mean of survival days from onset of illness to death was 46.6 (95% CI, 30.5‐62.6) for the IFN group compared with 18.8 (95% CI, 10.3‐27.4) for the supportive‐only group (P = .001). Delay in starting treatment, older age group, and preexisting comorbidities are associated with worse outcomes. In conclusion, there is no difference between IFN treatment and supportive treatment for MERS patients in terms of mortality. However, ribavirin and IFN combination might have efficacious effects with timely administration and monitoring of adverse events. Large‐scale prospective randomized studies are required to assess the role of antiviral drugs for the treatment of this high mortality infection. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29664167/ doi: 10.1002/rmv.1977 id: cord-260420-4s7akmdp author: Mubareka, Samira title: Bioaerosols and Transmission, a Diverse and Growing Community of Practice date: 2019-02-21 words: 4020.0 sentences: 206.0 pages: flesch: 29.0 cache: ./cache/cord-260420-4s7akmdp.txt txt: ./txt/cord-260420-4s7akmdp.txt summary: There is a need to enhance the knowledge translation for researchers, stakeholders, and private partners to support a growing network of individuals and agencies to achieve common goals to mitigate interand intra-species pathogen transmission via bioaerosols. New developments have enabled progress in this domain, and one of the major turning points has been the recognition that cross-disciplinary collaborations across spheres of human and animal health, microbiology, biophysics, engineering, aerobiology, infection control, public health, occupational health, and industrial hygiene are essential. There is a need to enhance the knowledge translation for researchers, stakeholders, and private partners to support a growing network of individuals and agencies to achieve common goals to mitigate inter-and intra-species pathogen transmission via bioaerosols. A network approach has proven successful in other cross-disciplinary fields, including One Health and eco-health whereby wildlife, computational and evolutionary biologists, microbiologists, virologists, epidemiologists, ecologists, environmental scientists, climatologists, and human, animal, and public health practitioners are collaborating to address challenges in zoonotic diseases research and control (17, 18) . abstract: The transmission of infectious microbes via bioaerosols is of significant concern for both human and animal health. However, gaps in our understanding of respiratory pathogen transmission and methodological heterogeneity persist. New developments have enabled progress in this domain, and one of the major turning points has been the recognition that cross-disciplinary collaborations across spheres of human and animal health, microbiology, biophysics, engineering, aerobiology, infection control, public health, occupational health, and industrial hygiene are essential. Collaborative initiatives support advances in topics such as bioaerosol behavior, dispersion models, risk assessment, risk/exposure effects, and mitigation strategies in clinical, experimental, agricultural, and other field settings. There is a need to enhance the knowledge translation for researchers, stakeholders, and private partners to support a growing network of individuals and agencies to achieve common goals to mitigate inter- and intra-species pathogen transmission via bioaerosols. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30847337/ doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2019.00023 id: cord-261566-fn08b0y2 author: Mudgal, Rajat title: Prospects for mucosal vaccine: shutting the door on SARS-CoV-2 date: 2020-09-15 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: The sudden emergence of a highly transmissible and pathogenic coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 in December 2019 from China and its rapid global spread has posed an international health emergency. The rapid development of an effective vaccine is imperative to control the spread of SARS-CoV-2. A number of concurrent efforts to find an effective therapeutic agent or vaccine for COVID-19 (coronavirus disease 2019) are being undertaken globally. Oral and nasal mucosal surfaces serve as the primary portal of entry for pathogens like coronaviruses in the human body. As evidenced by studies on similar coronaviruses (SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV), mucosal vaccination can provide a safe and effective means for the induction of long-lasting systemic and mucosal immunity to confer protection against SARS-CoV-2. This article summarizes the approaches to an effective mucosal vaccine formulation which can be a rewarding approach to combat the unprecedented threat posed by this emerging global pandemic. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32931361/ doi: 10.1080/21645515.2020.1805992 id: cord-320709-2pnqpljt author: Munster, Vincent J. title: Replication and shedding of MERS-CoV in Jamaican fruit bats (Artibeus jamaicensis) date: 2016-02-22 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: The emergence of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) highlights the zoonotic potential of Betacoronaviruses. Investigations into the origin of MERS-CoV have focused on two potential reservoirs: bats and camels. Here, we investigated the role of bats as a potential reservoir for MERS-CoV. In vitro, the MERS-CoV spike glycoprotein interacted with Jamaican fruit bat (Artibeus jamaicensis) dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP4) receptor and MERS-CoV replicated efficiently in Jamaican fruit bat cells, suggesting there is no restriction at the receptor or cellular level for MERS-CoV. To shed light on the intrinsic host-virus relationship, we inoculated 10 Jamaican fruit bats with MERS-CoV. Although all bats showed evidence of infection, none of the bats showed clinical signs of disease. Virus shedding was detected in the respiratory and intestinal tract for up to 9 days. MERS-CoV replicated transiently in the respiratory and, to a lesser extent, the intestinal tracts and internal organs; with limited histopathological changes observed only in the lungs. Analysis of the innate gene expression in the lungs showed a moderate, transient induction of expression. Our results indicate that MERS-CoV maintains the ability to replicate in bats without clinical signs of disease, supporting the general hypothesis of bats as ancestral reservoirs for MERS-CoV. url: https://doi.org/10.1038/srep21878 doi: 10.1038/srep21878 id: cord-287758-da11ypiy author: Mônica Vitalino de Almeida, Sinara title: COVID-19 therapy: what weapons do we bring into battle? date: 2020-09-10 words: 17412.0 sentences: 1034.0 pages: flesch: 45.0 cache: ./cache/cord-287758-da11ypiy.txt txt: ./txt/cord-287758-da11ypiy.txt summary: The increase in studies related to SARS-CoV-2 during the first semester in 2020 has allowed the rather speedy identification of promising therapeutic targets for both developing immunotherapies and producing/identifying antiviral drugs. 5, 64 So far, structural proteins and enzymes that participate actively in the process of viral replication are the most investigated targets for the development of molecules for anti-CoVs therapies (FIG. Based on results from previous studies as well, nelfinavir was considered a likely therapy for COVID-19 after its indication for clinical trials as a promising anti-SARS drug. 218 In addition to this well-known antitumor effect, imatinib has also shown in-vitro antiviral properties against several virus, such as infectious bronchitis virus (a viral model for studying the role of tyrosine kinase activity during CoV infection), by interfering with virus-cell fusion, 219 and other RNA viruses including coxsackie virus, 220 hepatitis C virus, 221 Ebola, 222 among others, mainly by blocking viral entry or egress from the host cell. abstract: Urgent treatments, in any modality, to fight SARS-CoV-2 infections are desired by society in general, by health professionals, by Estate-leaders and, mainly, by the scientific community, because one thing is certain amidst the numerous uncertainties regarding COVID-19: knowledge is the means to discover or to produce an effective treatment against this global disease. Scientists from several areas in the world are still committed to this mission, as shown by the accelerated scientific production in the first half of 2020 with over 25,000 published articles related to the new coronavirus. Three great lines of publications related to COVID-19 were identified for building this article: The first refers to knowledge production concerning the virus and pathophysiology of COVID-19; the second regards efforts to produce vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 at a speed without precedent in the history of science; the third comprehends the attempts to find a marketed drug that can be used to treat COVID-19 by drug repurposing. In this review, the drugs that have been repurposed so far are grouped according to their chemical class. Their structures will be presented to provide better understanding of their structural similarities and possible correlations with mechanisms of actions. This can help identifying anti-SARS-CoV-2 promising therapeutic agents. url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bmc.2020.115757 doi: 10.1016/j.bmc.2020.115757 id: cord-326133-d46wbfrx author: Nakayasu, Ernesto S. title: MPLEx: a Robust and Universal Protocol for Single-Sample Integrative Proteomic, Metabolomic, and Lipidomic Analyses date: 2016-05-10 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Integrative multi-omics analyses can empower more effective investigation and complete understanding of complex biological systems. Despite recent advances in a range of omics analyses, multi-omic measurements of the same sample are still challenging and current methods have not been well evaluated in terms of reproducibility and broad applicability. Here we adapted a solvent-based method, widely applied for extracting lipids and metabolites, to add proteomics to mass spectrometry-based multi-omics measurements. The metabolite, protein, and lipid extraction (MPLEx) protocol proved to be robust and applicable to a diverse set of sample types, including cell cultures, microbial communities, and tissues. To illustrate the utility of this protocol, an integrative multi-omics analysis was performed using a lung epithelial cell line infected with Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus, which showed the impact of this virus on the host glycolytic pathway and also suggested a role for lipids during infection. The MPLEx method is a simple, fast, and robust protocol that can be applied for integrative multi-omic measurements from diverse sample types (e.g., environmental, in vitro, and clinical). IMPORTANCE In systems biology studies, the integration of multiple omics measurements (i.e., genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics, and lipidomics) has been shown to provide a more complete and informative view of biological pathways. Thus, the prospect of extracting different types of molecules (e.g., DNAs, RNAs, proteins, and metabolites) and performing multiple omics measurements on single samples is very attractive, but such studies are challenging due to the fact that the extraction conditions differ according to the molecule type. Here, we adapted an organic solvent-based extraction method that demonstrated broad applicability and robustness, which enabled comprehensive proteomics, metabolomics, and lipidomics analyses from the same sample. Author Video: An author video summary of this article is available. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27822525/ doi: 10.1128/msystems.00043-16 id: cord-320909-p93gxjm2 author: Natoli, S. title: Does SARS‐Cov‐2 invade the brain? Translational lessons from animal models date: 2020-05-22 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: The current coronavirus disease (COVID‐19) outbreak, caused by the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2), has raised the possibility of potential neurotropic properties of this virus. Indeed, neurological sequelae of SARS‐CoV‐2 infection have already been reported and highlight the relevance of considering the neurological impact of coronavirus (CoV) from a translational perspective. Animal models of SARS and Middle East respiratory syndrome, caused by structurally similar CoVs during the 2002 and 2012 epidemics, have provided valuable data on nervous system involvement by CoVs and the potential for central nervous system spread of SARS‐CoV‐2. One key finding that may unify these pathogens is that all require angiotensin‐converting enzyme 2 as a cell entry receptor. The CoV spike glycoprotein, by which SARS‐CoV‐2 binds to cell membranes, binds angiotensin‐converting enzyme 2 with a higher affinity compared with SARS‐CoV. The expression of this receptor in neurons and endothelial cells hints that SARS‐CoV‐2 may have higher neuroinvasive potential compared with previous CoVs. However, it remains to be determined how such invasiveness might contribute to respiratory failure or cause direct neurological damage. Both direct and indirect mechanisms may be of relevance. Clinical heterogeneity potentially driven by differential host immune‐mediated responses will require extensive investigation. Development of disease models to anticipate emerging neurological complications and to explore mechanisms of direct or immune‐mediated pathogenicity in the short and medium term is therefore of great importance. In this brief review, we describe the current knowledge from models of previous CoV infections and discuss their potential relevance to COVID‐19. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32333487/ doi: 10.1111/ene.14277 id: cord-260334-xo8ruswo author: New, R.R.C. title: Antibody-mediated protection against MERS-CoV in the murine model() date: 2019-07-09 words: 5748.0 sentences: 247.0 pages: flesch: 50.0 cache: ./cache/cord-260334-xo8ruswo.txt txt: ./txt/cord-260334-xo8ruswo.txt summary: Murine antisera with neutralising activity for the coronavirus causative of Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) were induced by immunisation of Balb/c mice with the receptor binding domain (RBD) of the viral Spike protein. To test the neutralising capacity of these antisera in vivo, susceptibility to MERS-CoV was induced in naive recipient Balb/c mice by the administration of an adenovirus vector expressing the human DPP4 receptor (Ad5-hDPP4) for MERS-CoV, prior to the passive transfer of the RBD-specific murine antisera to the transduced mice. The data gained indicate that this dual-route vaccination with novel formulations of the RBD-Fc, induced systemic and mucosal anti-viral immunity with demonstrated in vitro and in vivo neutralisation capacity for clinical strains of MERS-CoV. We have used this transduced mouse model to test the capacity of the antiserum derived from the dual route immunisation to neutralise MERS-CoV in vivo, by passive transfer prior to challenge with the EMC2012 strain and we have demonstrated a significant reduction in viral load in lung tissue in transduced mice. abstract: Murine antisera with neutralising activity for the coronavirus causative of Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) were induced by immunisation of Balb/c mice with the receptor binding domain (RBD) of the viral Spike protein. The murine antisera induced were fully-neutralising in vitro for two separate clinical strains of the MERS coronavirus (MERS-CoV). To test the neutralising capacity of these antisera in vivo, susceptibility to MERS-CoV was induced in naive recipient Balb/c mice by the administration of an adenovirus vector expressing the human DPP4 receptor (Ad5-hDPP4) for MERS-CoV, prior to the passive transfer of the RBD-specific murine antisera to the transduced mice. Subsequent challenge of the recipient transduced mice by the intra-nasal route with a clinical isolate of the MERS-CoV resulted in a significantly reduced viral load in their lungs, compared with transduced mice receiving a negative control antibody. The murine antisera used were derived from mice which had been primed sub-cutaneously with a recombinant fusion of RBD with a human IgG Fc tag (RBD-Fc), adsorbed to calcium phosphate microcrystals and then boosted by the oral route with the same fusion protein in reverse micelles. The data gained indicate that this dual-route vaccination with novel formulations of the RBD-Fc, induced systemic and mucosal anti-viral immunity with demonstrated in vitro and in vivo neutralisation capacity for clinical strains of MERS-CoV. url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S0264410X1930711X doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.05.074 id: cord-339762-lh8czr0a author: Ng, Dianna L. title: Clinicopathologic, Immunohistochemical, and Ultrastructural Findings of a Fatal Case of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Infection in the United Arab Emirates, April 2014 date: 2016-03-31 words: 3207.0 sentences: 162.0 pages: flesch: 38.0 cache: ./cache/cord-339762-lh8czr0a.txt txt: ./txt/cord-339762-lh8czr0a.txt summary: title: Clinicopathologic, Immunohistochemical, and Ultrastructural Findings of a Fatal Case of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Infection in the United Arab Emirates, April 2014 Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infection causes an acute respiratory illness and is associated with a high case fatality rate; however, the pathogenesis of severe and fatal MERS-CoV infection is unknown. Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infection causes an acute respiratory illness and is associated with a high case fatality rate; however, the pathogenesis of severe and fatal MERS-CoV infection is unknown. Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) was initially isolated from a sputum specimen of a patient who died of respiratory and renal failure in Saudi Arabia in 2012. Although the pathogenesis of severe and fatal MERS-CoV infection is unknown, these postmortem findings provide critical insights, including evidence that pneumocytes are important targets, suggesting that direct cytopathic effects contribute to MERS-CoV respiratory symptoms. abstract: Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infection causes an acute respiratory illness and is associated with a high case fatality rate; however, the pathogenesis of severe and fatal MERS-CoV infection is unknown. We describe the histopathologic, immunohistochemical, and ultrastructural findings from the first autopsy performed on a fatal case of MERS-CoV in the world, which was related to a hospital outbreak in the United Arab Emirates in April 2014. The main histopathologic finding in the lungs was diffuse alveolar damage. Evidence of chronic disease, including severe peripheral vascular disease, patchy cardiac fibrosis, and hepatic steatosis, was noted in the other organs. Double staining immunoassays that used anti–MERS-CoV antibodies paired with immunohistochemistry for cytokeratin and surfactant identified pneumocytes and epithelial syncytial cells as important targets of MERS-CoV antigen; double immunostaining with dipeptidyl peptidase 4 showed colocalization in scattered pneumocytes and syncytial cells. No evidence of extrapulmonary MERS-CoV antigens were detected, including the kidney. These results provide critical insights into the pathogenesis of MERS-CoV in humans. url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0002944015006471 doi: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2015.10.024 id: cord-297691-w4cdfwv0 author: Nikaeen, Ghazal title: Application of nanomaterials in treatment, anti-infection and detection of coronaviruses date: 2020-05-07 words: 4537.0 sentences: 228.0 pages: flesch: 39.0 cache: ./cache/cord-297691-w4cdfwv0.txt txt: ./txt/cord-297691-w4cdfwv0.txt summary: In this special report, different strategies of using nanoparticles in dealing with coronaviruses are discussed in three parts: applications in nano-based vaccines, antiviral activity and development of diagnostic sensors. Meanwhile, as nanoparticles have been proven to have immunostimulatory effects [28] , a great deal of attention has been given to development of nano-based therapeutic agent or vaccines against different types of coronaviruses. evaluated the protective immune response stimulated by the administration of gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) conjugated with a type of coronavirus known as swine transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) in immunized mice and rabbits [29] . Recent applications of nanoparticles in developing coronaviruses sensors based on different analytical techniques and related limit of detections. The above studies on the recent applications of NPs in developing sensors based on different analytical techniques for coronaviruses and their related limit of detections are compared in Table 3 . abstract: Nanotechnology and nanomedicine have excellent potential in dealing with a range of different health problems, including viruses, which are considered to be a serious challenge in the medical field. Application of nanobiotechnology could represent a new avenue for the treatment or disinfection of viruses. There is increasing concern regarding the control of coronaviruses, among these, Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 are well known and dangerous examples. This article aims to provide an overview of recent studies on the effectiveness of nanoparticles as diagnostic or antiviral tools against coronaviruses. The possibilities of effectively using nanomaterials as vaccines and nanosensors in this field are also presented. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32378459/ doi: 10.2217/nnm-2020-0117 id: cord-349907-dwhyx97y author: Noh, Ji Yeong title: Simultaneous detection of severe acute respiratory syndrome, Middle East respiratory syndrome, and related bat coronaviruses by real-time reverse transcription PCR date: 2017-02-20 words: 3274.0 sentences: 138.0 pages: flesch: 62.0 cache: ./cache/cord-349907-dwhyx97y.txt txt: ./txt/cord-349907-dwhyx97y.txt summary: Therefore, in this study, a duplex real-time reverse transcription (RT)-PCR method was developed based on primers and probes that target the conserved spike S2 region of SARS-CoV, SARS-like bat CoVs, MERS-CoV, and MERS-related bat CoVs. For the universal detection of SARS-CoV and SARS-like bat CoVs, consensus primers and probes (Fig. 1a) were designed based on the conserved sequences of the spike S2 region by aligning the following reference sequences: human SARS-CoVs Sino1 (GenBank no. The specificity of the real-time RT-PCR method developed in this study was evaluated using RNAs from several RNA viruses, including MERS-CoV (KOR/KNIH/ 002_05_2015), a recombinant plasmid for the bat CoV HKU4 strain, and RNA from a bat fecal sample containing SARS-like bat CoV. The new real-time RT-PCR method also showed positive results for RNA extracted from a fecal sample containing SARS-like bat CoV (B15-21) [7] . abstract: Since severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) coronaviruses (CoVs) share similar characteristics with respect to clinical signs, etiology, and transmission, methods for a rapid and accurate differential diagnosis are important. Therefore, the aim of this study was to develop a duplex real-time reverse transcription (RT)-PCR method for the simultaneous detection of these viruses. Primers and probes that target the conserved spike S2 region of human SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and their related bat CoVs were designed. The results of real-time RT-PCR showed specific reactions for each virus with adequate detection limits of 50–100 copies/mL and 5–100 copies/mL using pUC57-SARS-pS2 (a template for SARS-CoV) and pGEM-MERS-S2 (a template for MERS-CoV), respectively. In addition, this real-time RT-PCR system was able to detect the target viruses SARS-like bat CoV and MERS-CoV in bat fecal samples and sputum of MERS patients, respectively. Therefore, this newly developed real-time RT-PCR method is expected to detect not only SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV in humans but also several bat CoVs that are closely related to these viruses in bats. url: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00705-017-3281-9 doi: 10.1007/s00705-017-3281-9 id: cord-304943-thg4fqi2 author: Noor, Aziz Ullah title: Epidemiology of CoViD-19 Pandemic: Recovery and mortality ratio around the globe date: 2020-05-17 words: 3237.0 sentences: 217.0 pages: flesch: 57.0 cache: ./cache/cord-304943-thg4fqi2.txt txt: ./txt/cord-304943-thg4fqi2.txt summary: SARS-CoV-1 disease was originated in Guangzhou city of China and the start of 2020 was again a challenging year for this country because of extremely contagion 2019-novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) disease outbreak. Chinese health ministry took immediate action to investigate and control the disease, including quarantine measures, continuous observation of contacts, clinical and epidemiological data collection from infected people and development of diagnostic tools and efficient treatment protocols. 9 Previous study revealed that wet markets of southern China including Wuhan and Guangzhou cities have the greater risk of spreading novel corona viruses, because of wild animal trading and the absence of biosecurity measures. In-vitro studies indicated that Remdesivir has been successful in the termination of viral RNA replication, 30, 32 and showed effectiveness against the MERS-CoV, SARS-CoV and other bat originated coronaviruses. Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a descriptive study abstract: Coronavirus Disease 2019 (CoViD-19) is the third type of coronavirus disease after severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) that appears in human population from the past two decades. It is highly contagious and rapidly spread in the human population and compelled global public health institutions on high alert. Due to genetic similarity of this novel coronavirus 2019 with bat virus its emergence from bat to humans is possible. The virus survive in the droplets of coughing and sneezing and spread around the large areas through infected person resulting in its rapid spread among people. Clinical symptoms of CoViD-19 include fever, dry cough, dyspnea, loose stool, nausea and vomiting. The present review discuss the origin of CoViD-19, its rapid spread, mortality rate and recoveries ratio around the world. Since its origin from Wuhan, the CoViD-19 spread very rapidly all across the countries, on April 17, 2020 this disease has affected 210 countries of the globe. The data obtained showed over 2.4 million confirmed cases of CoViD-19. Higher mortality rate was found in Algeria and Belgium as 15% and 13.95%, respectively. Lower mortality rate was found in Qatar 0.17% and Singapore 0.2%. Recovery versus deceased ratio showed that recovery was 68, 59 and 35 times higher than the death in Singapore, Qatar and Thailand respectively. It is concluded that 2019-novel corona virus is a zoonotic pathogen similar to MERS and SARS. Therefore, a barrier should be maintained between and across the human, household and wild animals to avoid such pandemics. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32582319/ doi: 10.12669/pjms.36.covid19-s4.2660 id: cord-292709-4hn55wui author: Nor, Mohd Basri Mat title: Pneumonia in the tropics: Report from the Task Force on tropical diseases by the World Federation of Societies of Intensive and Critical Care Medicine date: 2017-12-31 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Abstract The aetiology of community acquired pneumonia varies according to the region in which it is acquired. This review discusses those causes of CAP that occur in the tropics and might not be readily recognizable when transplanted to other sites. Various forms of pneumonia including the viral causes such as influenza (seasonal and avian varieties), the coronaviruses and the Hantavirus as well as bacterial causes, specifically the pneumonic form of Yersinia pestis and melioidosis are discussed. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29129538/ doi: 10.1016/j.jcrc.2017.11.004 id: cord-315437-h6xjudm0 author: Nyon, Mun Peak title: Engineering a stable CHO cell line for the expression of a MERS-coronavirus vaccine antigen date: 2018-03-27 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Abstract Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) has infected at least 2040 patients and caused 712 deaths since its first appearance in 2012, yet neither pathogen-specific therapeutics nor approved vaccines are available. To address this need, we are developing a subunit recombinant protein vaccine comprising residues 377–588 of the MERS-CoV spike protein receptor-binding domain (RBD), which, when formulated with the AddaVax adjuvant, it induces a significant neutralizing antibody response and protection against MERS-CoV challenge in vaccinated animals. To prepare for the manufacture and first-in-human testing of the vaccine, we have developed a process to stably produce the recombinant MERS S377-588 protein in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. To accomplish this, we transfected an adherent dihydrofolate reductase-deficient CHO cell line (adCHO) with a plasmid encoding S377-588 fused with the human IgG Fc fragment (S377-588-Fc). We then demonstrated the interleukin-2 signal peptide-directed secretion of the recombinant protein into extracellular milieu. Using a gradually increasing methotrexate (MTX) concentration to 5 μM, we increased protein yield by a factor of 40. The adCHO-expressed S377-588-Fc recombinant protein demonstrated functionality and binding specificity identical to those of the protein from transiently transfected HEK293T cells. In addition, hCD26/dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP4) transgenic mice vaccinated with AddaVax-adjuvanted S377-588-Fc could produce neutralizing antibodies against MERS-CoV and survived for at least 21 days after challenge with live MERS-CoV with no evidence of immunological toxicity or eosinophilic immune enhancement. To prepare for large scale-manufacture of the vaccine antigen, we have further developed a high-yield monoclonal suspension CHO cell line. url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S0264410X18302524 doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.02.065 id: cord-301313-9595vm0k author: OKBA, NISREEN M.A. title: SARS-CoV-2 specific antibody responses in COVID-19 patients date: 2020-03-20 words: 4271.0 sentences: 248.0 pages: flesch: 55.0 cache: ./cache/cord-301313-9595vm0k.txt txt: ./txt/cord-301313-9595vm0k.txt summary: Here, we describe development of serological assays for the detection of virus neutralizing antibodies and antibodies to the nucleocapsid (N) protein and various spike (S) domains including the S1 subunit, and receptor binding domain (RBD) of SARS-CoV-2 in ELISA format. Using a wellcharacterized cohort of serum samples from PCR-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 and patients PCR-confirmed to be infected with seasonal coronaviruses and other respiratory pathogens, we validated and tested various antigens in different platforms developed in-house as well as a commercial platform. We evaluated SARS-CoV-2 specific antibody responses in severe and mild cases using serum samples collected at different times post-disease onset from three French PCR-confirmed CoVID-19 patients. We tested sera for SARS-CoV-2 specific antibodies using different ELISAs. Following infections, all three patients seroconverted between days 13 and 21 post onset of disease (Figure 1) , and antibodies were elicited against the SARS-CoV-2 S and S1 subunit including the N-terminal (S1 A ) domain and the receptor binding domain (RBD). abstract: A new coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, has recently emerged to cause a human pandemic. Whereas molecular diagnostic tests were rapidly developed, serologic assays are still lacking, yet urgently needed. Validated serologic assays are important for contact tracing, identifying the viral reservoir and epidemiological studies. Here, we developed serological assays for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing, spike- and nucleocapsid-specific antibodies. Using serum samples from patients with PCR-confirmed infections of SARS-CoV-2, other coronaviruses, or other respiratory pathogenic infections, we validated and tested various antigens in different in-house and commercial ELISAs. We demonstrate that most PCR-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infected individuals seroconverted, as revealed by sensitive and specific in-house ELISAs. We found that commercial S1 IgG or IgA ELISAs were of lower specificity while sensitivity varied between the two, with IgA showing higher sensitivity. Overall, the validated assays described here can be instrumental for the detection of SARS-CoV-2-specific antibodies for diagnostic, seroepidemiological and vaccine evaluation studies. url: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.03.18.20038059 doi: 10.1101/2020.03.18.20038059 id: cord-342691-8jcfzexy author: Ochsner, Scott A. title: Consensus transcriptional regulatory networks of coronavirus-infected human cells date: 2020-09-22 words: 10444.0 sentences: 653.0 pages: flesch: 47.0 cache: ./cache/cord-342691-8jcfzexy.txt txt: ./txt/cord-342691-8jcfzexy.txt summary: Among a series of novel use cases, we gather evidence for hypotheses that SARS2 infection efficiently represses E2F family HCTs encoding key drivers of DNA replication and the cell cycle; that progesterone receptor signaling antagonizes SARS2-induced inflammatory signaling in the airway epithelium; and that SARS2 HCTs are enriched for genes involved in epithelial to mesenchymal transition. Here, as a service to the research community to catalyze the development of novel CoV therapeutics, we generated consensomes for infection of human cells by MERS, SARS1 and SARS2 CoVs. Computing the CoV consensomes against those for a broad range of cellular signaling pathway nodes, we discovered robust intersections between genes with high rankings in the CoV consensomes and those of nodes with known roles in the response to CoV infection. To enable researchers to routinely generate mechanistic hypotheses around the interface between CoV infection human cell signaling, we next made the consensomes and accompanying HCT intersection analyses freely available to the research community in the SPP knowledgebase and the Network Data Exchange (NDEx) repository. abstract: Establishing consensus around the transcriptional interface between coronavirus (CoV) infection and human cellular signaling pathways can catalyze the development of novel anti-CoV therapeutics. Here, we used publicly archived transcriptomic datasets to compute consensus regulatory signatures, or consensomes, that rank human genes based on their rates of differential expression in MERS-CoV (MERS), SARS-CoV-1 (SARS1) and SARS-CoV-2 (SARS2)-infected cells. Validating the CoV consensomes, we show that high confidence transcriptional targets (HCTs) of MERS, SARS1 and SARS2 infection intersect with HCTs of signaling pathway nodes with known roles in CoV infection. Among a series of novel use cases, we gather evidence for hypotheses that SARS2 infection efficiently represses E2F family HCTs encoding key drivers of DNA replication and the cell cycle; that progesterone receptor signaling antagonizes SARS2-induced inflammatory signaling in the airway epithelium; and that SARS2 HCTs are enriched for genes involved in epithelial to mesenchymal transition. The CoV infection consensomes and HCT intersection analyses are freely accessible through the Signaling Pathways Project knowledgebase, and as Cytoscape-style networks in the Network Data Exchange repository. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32963239/ doi: 10.1038/s41597-020-00628-6 id: cord-291590-24psoaer author: Ogando, Natacha S. title: The enzymatic activity of the nsp14 exoribonuclease is critical for replication of Middle East respiratory syndrome-coronavirus date: 2020-06-20 words: 4299.0 sentences: 228.0 pages: flesch: 52.0 cache: ./cache/cord-291590-24psoaer.txt txt: ./txt/cord-291590-24psoaer.txt summary: In line with such a role, ExoN-knockout mutants of mouse hepatitis virus (MHV) and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) were previously found to have a crippled but viable hypermutation phenotype. Remarkably, using an identical reverse genetics approach, an extensive mutagenesis study revealed the corresponding ExoN-knockout mutants of another betacoronavirus, Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), to be non-viable. Our study thus reveals an additional function for MERS-CoV nsp14 ExoN, which apparently is critical for primary viral RNA synthesis, thus differentiating it from the proofreading activity thought to boost long-term replication fidelity in MHV and SARS-CoV. Strikingly, we now established that the equivalent knockout mutants of MERS-CoV ExoN are non-viable and completely deficient in RNA synthesis, thus revealing an additional and more critical function of ExoN in coronavirus replication. abstract: Coronaviruses (CoVs) stand out for their large RNA genome and complex RNA-synthesizing machinery comprising 16 nonstructural proteins (nsps). The bifunctional nsp14 contains an N-terminal 3’-to-5’ exoribonuclease (ExoN) and a C-terminal N7-methyltransferase (N7-MTase) domain. While the latter presumably operates during viral mRNA capping, ExoN is thought to mediate proofreading during genome replication. In line with such a role, ExoN-knockout mutants of mouse hepatitis virus (MHV) and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) were previously found to have a crippled but viable hypermutation phenotype. Remarkably, using an identical reverse genetics approach, an extensive mutagenesis study revealed the corresponding ExoN-knockout mutants of another betacoronavirus, Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), to be non-viable. This is in agreement with observations previously made for alpha- and gammacoronaviruses. Only a single MERS-CoV ExoN active site mutant could be recovered, likely because the introduced D191E substitution is highly conservative in nature. For 11 other MERS-CoV ExoN active site mutants, not a trace of RNA synthesis could be detected, unless – in some cases – reversion had first occurred. Subsequently, we expressed and purified recombinant MERS-CoV nsp14 and established in vitro assays for both its ExoN and N7-MTase activities. All ExoN knockout mutations that were lethal when tested via reverse genetics were found to severely decrease ExoN activity, while not affecting N7-MTase activity. Our study thus reveals an additional function for MERS-CoV nsp14 ExoN, which apparently is critical for primary viral RNA synthesis, thus differentiating it from the proofreading activity thought to boost long-term replication fidelity in MHV and SARS-CoV. Importance The bifunctional nsp14 subunit of the coronavirus replicase contains 3’-to-5’ exoribonuclease (ExoN) and N7-methyltransferase (N7-MTase) domains. For the betacoronaviruses MHV and SARS-CoV, the ExoN domain was reported to promote the fidelity of genome replication, presumably by mediating some form of proofreading. For these viruses, ExoN knockout mutants are alive while displaying an increased mutation frequency. Strikingly, we now established that the equivalent knockout mutants of MERS-CoV ExoN are non-viable and completely deficient in RNA synthesis, thus revealing an additional and more critical function of ExoN in coronavirus replication. Both enzymatic activities of (recombinant) MERS-CoV nsp14 were evaluated using newly developed in vitro assays that can be used to characterize these key replicative enzymes in more detail and explore their potential as target for antiviral drug development. url: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.06.19.162529 doi: 10.1101/2020.06.19.162529 id: cord-292836-1o2ynvy3 author: Ogimi, Chikara title: What’s New With the Old Coronaviruses? date: 2020-04-21 words: 5194.0 sentences: 267.0 pages: flesch: 44.0 cache: ./cache/cord-292836-1o2ynvy3.txt txt: ./txt/cord-292836-1o2ynvy3.txt summary: In this review, we discuss what is known about the virology, epidemiology, and disease associated with pediatric infection with the common community-acquired human coronaviruses, including species 229E, OC43, NL63, and HKU1, and the coronaviruses responsible for past world-wide epidemics due to severe acute respiratory syndrome and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus. By contrast SARS-CoV and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) are highly pathogenic in humans, with high rates of severe pneumonia and fatal outcomes [21] . A large prospective surveillance study conducted in Norway from 2006 to 2015 that enrolled all hospitalized children aged ≤16 years with respiratory tract infections revealed that HCoVs OC43 and NL63 were detected most frequently and were epidemic every second winter [35] . Large surveillance studies of children and adults to evaluate the prevalence of all major respiratory viruses using multiplex PCR have been conducted in many settings, showing that HCoV infections are the fourth or sixth most common virus detected overall and across all age groups [33, 43] . abstract: Coronaviruses contribute to the burden of respiratory diseases in children, frequently manifesting in upper respiratory symptoms considered to be part of the “common cold.” Recent epidemics of novel coronaviruses recognized in the 21st century have highlighted issues of zoonotic origins of transmissible respiratory viruses and potential transmission, disease, and mortality related to these viruses. In this review, we discuss what is known about the virology, epidemiology, and disease associated with pediatric infection with the common community-acquired human coronaviruses, including species 229E, OC43, NL63, and HKU1, and the coronaviruses responsible for past world-wide epidemics due to severe acute respiratory syndrome and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus. url: https://doi.org/10.1093/jpids/piaa037 doi: 10.1093/jpids/piaa037 id: cord-317688-mr851682 author: Oh, Myoung-don title: Middle East respiratory syndrome: what we learned from the 2015 outbreak in the Republic of Korea date: 2018-02-27 words: 5565.0 sentences: 279.0 pages: flesch: 50.0 cache: ./cache/cord-317688-mr851682.txt txt: ./txt/cord-317688-mr851682.txt summary: Middle East Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) was first isolated from a patient with severe pneumonia in 2012. Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) was first isolated from a patient with severe pneumonia in September 2012 [1] . The first patient (index case) with MERS-CoV infection was a 68-year-old Korean man returning from the Middle East. Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) outbreak in South Korea, 2015: epidemiology, characteristics and public health implications Risk factors for transmission of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection during the 2015 outbreak in South Korea Clinical implications of 5 cases of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection in a South Korean outbreak Renal complications and their prognosis in Korean patients with Middle East respiratory syndrome-coronavirus from the central MERS-CoV designated hospital Successful treatment of suspected organizing pneumonia in a patient with Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection: a case report abstract: Middle East Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) was first isolated from a patient with severe pneumonia in 2012. The 2015 Korea outbreak of MERSCoV involved 186 cases, including 38 fatalities. A total of 83% of transmission events were due to five superspreaders, and 44% of the 186 MERS cases were the patients who had been exposed in nosocomial transmission at 16 hospitals. The epidemic lasted for 2 months and the government quarantined 16,993 individuals for 14 days to control the outbreak. This outbreak provides a unique opportunity to fill the gap in our knowledge of MERS-CoV infection. Therefore, in this paper, we review the literature on epidemiology, virology, clinical features, and prevention of MERS-CoV, which were acquired from the 2015 Korea outbreak of MERSCoV. url: https://doi.org/10.3904/kjim.2018.031 doi: 10.3904/kjim.2018.031 id: cord-320238-qbjrlog1 author: Okba, Nisreen M. A. title: Particulate multivalent presentation of the receptor binding domain induces protective immune responses against MERS-CoV date: 2020-05-29 words: 6185.0 sentences: 291.0 pages: flesch: 48.0 cache: ./cache/cord-320238-qbjrlog1.txt txt: ./txt/cord-320238-qbjrlog1.txt summary: Using an immune-focusing approach, we created self-assembling particles multivalently displaying critical regions of the MERS-CoV spike protein ─fusion peptide, heptad repeat 2, and receptor binding domain (RBD) ─ and tested their immunogenicity and protective capacity in rabbits. The use of self-assembling multimeric protein scaffold particles (MPSP) to present antigens in a multivalent virus-mimicking manner (size, repetitiveness, and geometry), has been shown to enhance vaccine-induced immune responses [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] , and to offer advantages over other multimeric antigen presentation platforms (reviewed in [12] ). We sought to design antigens capable of inducing strong immune responses against critical parts of the viral entry and fusion machinery within the MERS-CoV spike protein through immune focusing and multivalent presentation on self-assembling particles (Figure 1 ). Following the prime, RBD-LS vaccination induced antibody responses of high avidity and MERS-CoV neutralizing capacity. abstract: Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) is a WHO priority pathogen for which vaccines are urgently needed. Using an immune-focusing approach, we created self-assembling particles multivalently displaying critical regions of the MERS-CoV spike protein ─fusion peptide, heptad repeat 2, and receptor binding domain (RBD) ─ and tested their immunogenicity and protective capacity in rabbits. Using a “plug-and-display” SpyTag/SpyCatcher system, we coupled RBD to lumazine synthase (LS) particles producing multimeric RBD-presenting particles (RBD-LS). RBD-LS vaccination induced antibody responses of high magnitude and quality (avidity, MERS-CoV neutralizing capacity, and mucosal immunity) with cross-clade neutralization. The antibody responses were associated with blocking viral replication and upper and lower respiratory tract protection against MERS-CoV infection in rabbits. This arrayed multivalent presentation of the viral RBD using the antigen-SpyTag/LS-SpyCatcher is a promising MERS-CoV vaccine candidate and this platform may be applied for the rapid development of vaccines against other emerging viruses such as SARS-CoV-2. url: https://doi.org/10.1080/22221751.2020.1760735 doi: 10.1080/22221751.2020.1760735 id: cord-347374-mryazbnq author: Okba, Nisreen M.A. title: Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2−Specific Antibody Responses in Coronavirus Disease Patients date: 2020-07-17 words: 3565.0 sentences: 186.0 pages: flesch: 51.0 cache: ./cache/cord-347374-mryazbnq.txt txt: ./txt/cord-347374-mryazbnq.txt summary: Using serum samples from patients with PCR-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infections, other coronaviruses, or other respiratory pathogenic infections, we validated and tested various antigens in different in-house and commercial ELISAs. We demonstrated that most PCR-confirmed SARS-CoV-2–infected persons seroconverted by 2 weeks after disease onset. Using a well-characterized cohort of serum samples from PCR-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 and patients PCR-confirmed to be infected with seasonal coronaviruses and other respiratory pathogens, we validated and tested various antigens in different platforms developed in-house, as well as a commercial platform. We evaluated SARS-CoV-2-specific antibody responses in severe and mild cases by using serum samples collected at different times postonset of disease from 3 PCR-confirmed COVID-19 patients from France. We tested serum samples for SARS-CoV-2specific antibodies by using different ELISAs. After infection, all 3 patients seroconverted between days 13 and 21 after onset of disease (Figure 1) , and antibodies were elicited against the SARS-CoV-2 S, S1 subunit, and RBD, but only 2/3 patients had detectable antibodies to the N-terminal (S1 A ) domain. abstract: A new coronavirus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has recently emerged to cause a human pandemic. Although molecular diagnostic tests were rapidly developed, serologic assays are still lacking, yet urgently needed. Validated serologic assays are needed for contact tracing, identifying the viral reservoir, and epidemiologic studies. We developed serologic assays for detection of SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing, spike protein–specific, and nucleocapsid-specific antibodies. Using serum samples from patients with PCR-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infections, other coronaviruses, or other respiratory pathogenic infections, we validated and tested various antigens in different in-house and commercial ELISAs. We demonstrated that most PCR-confirmed SARS-CoV-2–infected persons seroconverted by 2 weeks after disease onset. We found that commercial S1 IgG or IgA ELISAs were of lower specificity, and sensitivity varied between the 2 assays; the IgA ELISA showed higher sensitivity. Overall, the validated assays described can be instrumental for detection of SARS-CoV-2–specific antibodies for diagnostic, seroepidemiologic, and vaccine evaluation studies. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32267220/ doi: 10.3201/eid2607.200841 id: cord-278238-w1l8h8g8 author: Okba, Nisreen MA title: Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus vaccines: current status and novel approaches date: 2017-04-13 words: 5086.0 sentences: 226.0 pages: flesch: 39.0 cache: ./cache/cord-278238-w1l8h8g8.txt txt: ./txt/cord-278238-w1l8h8g8.txt summary: Nisreen MA Okba, V Stalin Raj and Bart L Haagmans Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) is a cause of severe respiratory infection in humans, specifically the elderly and people with comorbidities. The other candidate MVA-S, a viral-vector-based vaccine, induced systemic neutralizing antibodies and mucosal immunity which conferred protection against MERS-CoV challenge and reduced virus shedding in vaccinated camels [52 ] Therefore, this vaccine candidate may provide a means to prevent zoonotic transmission of the virus to the human population. Prophylaxis with a Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV)-specific human monoclonal antibody protects rabbits from MERS-CoV infection T cell responses are required for protection from clinical disease and for virus clearance in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-infected mice The recombinant Nterminal domain of spike proteins is a potential vaccine against Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infection abstract: Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) is a cause of severe respiratory infection in humans, specifically the elderly and people with comorbidities. The re-emergence of lethal coronaviruses calls for international collaboration to produce coronavirus vaccines, which are still lacking to date. Ongoing efforts to develop MERS-CoV vaccines should consider the different target populations (dromedary camels and humans) and the correlates of protection. Extending on our current knowledge of MERS, vaccination of dromedary camels to induce mucosal immunity could be a promising approach to diminish MERS-CoV transmission to humans. In addition, it is equally important to develop vaccines for humans that induce broader reactivity against various coronaviruses to be prepared for a potential next CoV outbreak. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28412285/ doi: 10.1016/j.coviro.2017.03.007 id: cord-263016-28znb322 author: Omrani, A.S. title: Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV): what lessons can we learn? date: 2015-08-22 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: The Middle East Respiratory Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) was first isolated from a patient who died with severe pneumonia in June 2012. As of 19 June 2015, a total of 1,338 MERS-CoV infections have been notified to the World Health Organization (WHO). Clinical illness associated with MERS-CoV ranges from mild upper respiratory symptoms to rapidly progressive pneumonia and multi-organ failure. A significant proportion of patients present with non-respiratory symptoms such as headache, myalgia, vomiting and diarrhoea. A few potential therapeutic agents have been identified but none have been conclusively shown to be clinically effective. Human to human transmission is well documented, but the epidemic potential of MERS-CoV remains limited at present. Healthcare-associated clusters of MERS-CoV have been responsible for the majority of reported cases. The largest outbreaks have been driven by delayed diagnosis, overcrowding and poor infection control practices. However, chains of MERS-CoV transmission can be readily interrupted with implementation of appropriate control measures. As with any emerging infectious disease, guidelines for MERS-CoV case identification and surveillance evolved as new data became available. Sound clinical judgment is required to identify unusual presentations and trigger appropriate control precautions. Evidence from multiple sources implicates dromedary camels as natural hosts of MERS-CoV. Camel to human transmission has been demonstrated, but the exact mechanism of infection remains uncertain. The ubiquitously available social media have facilitated communication and networking amongst healthcare professionals and eventually proved to be important channels for presenting the public with factual material, timely updates and relevant advice. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26452615/ doi: 10.1016/j.jhin.2015.08.002 id: cord-332237-8oykgp0h author: Omrani, Ali S title: Ribavirin and interferon alfa-2a for severe Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection: a retrospective cohort study date: 2014-09-29 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: BACKGROUND: Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infection is associated with high mortality and has no approved antiviral therapy. We aimed to compare ribavirin and interferon alfa-2a treatment for patients with severe MERS-CoV infection with a supportive therapy only. METHODS: In this retrospective cohort study, we included adults (aged ≥16 years) with laboratory-confirmed MERS-CoV infection and pneumonia needing ventilation support, diagnosed between Oct 23, 2012, and May 1, 2014, at the Prince Sultan Military Medical City (Riyadh, Saudi Arabia). All patients received appropriate supportive care and regular clinical and laboratory monitoring, but patients diagnosed after Sept 16, 2013, were also given oral ribavirin (dose based on calculated creatinine clearance, for 8–10 days) and subcutaneous pegylated interferon alfa-2a (180 μg per week for 2 weeks). The primary endpoint was 14-day and 28-day survival from the date of MERS-CoV infection diagnosis. We used χ(2) and Fischer's exact test to analyse categorical variables and the t test to analyse continuous variables. FINDINGS: We analysed 20 patients who received ribavirin and interferon (treatment group; initiated a median of 3 days [range 0–8] after diagnosis) and 24 who did not (comparator group). Baseline clinical and laboratory characteristics were similar between groups, apart from baseline absolute neutrophil count, which was significantly lower in the comparator group (5·88 × 10(9)/L [SD 3·95] vs 9·88 × 10(9)/L [6·63]; p=0·023). 14 (70%) of 20 patients in the treatment group had survived after 14 days, compared with seven (29%) of 24 in the comparator group (p=0·004). After 28 days, six (30%) of 20 and four (17%) of 24, respectively, had survived (p=0·054). Adverse effects were similar between groups, apart from reduction in haemoglobin, which was significantly greater in the treatment group than in the comparator group (4·32 g/L [SD 2·47] vs 2·14 g/L [1·90]; p=0·002). INTERPRETATION: In patients with severe MERS-CoV infection, ribavirin and interferon alfa-2a therapy is associated with significantly improved survival at 14 days, but not at 28 days. Further assessment in appropriately designed randomised trials is recommended. FUNDING: None. url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S147330991470920X doi: 10.1016/s1473-3099(14)70920-x id: cord-292041-a65kfw80 author: Orienti, Isabella title: Pulmonary Delivery of Fenretinide: A Possible Adjuvant Treatment in COVID-19 date: 2020-05-27 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: At present, there is no vaccine or effective standard treatment for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection (or coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19)), which frequently leads to lethal pulmonary inflammatory responses. COVID-19 pathology is characterized by extreme inflammation and amplified immune response with activation of a cytokine storm. A subsequent progression to acute lung injury (ALI) or acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) can take place, which is often followed by death. The causes of these strong inflammatory responses in SARS-CoV-2 infection are still unknown. As uncontrolled pulmonary inflammation is likely the main cause of death in SARS-CoV-2 infection, anti-inflammatory therapeutic interventions are particularly important. Fenretinide N-(4-hydroxyphenyl) retinamide is a bioactive molecule characterized by poly-pharmacological properties and a low toxicity profile. Fenretinide is endowed with antitumor, anti-inflammatory, antiviral, and immunomodulating properties other than efficacy in obesity/diabetic pathologies. Its anti-inflammatory and antiviral activities, in particular, could likely have utility in multimodal therapies for the treatment of ALI/ARDS in COVID-19 patients. Moreover, fenretinide administration by pulmonary delivery systems could further increase its therapeutic value by carrying high drug concentrations to the lungs and triggering a rapid onset of activity. This is particularly important in SARS-CoV-2 infection, where only a narrow time window exists for therapeutic intervention. url: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21113812 doi: 10.3390/ijms21113812 id: cord-286683-mettlmhz author: Ortiz-Prado, Esteban title: Clinical, molecular and epidemiological characterization of the SARS-CoV2 virus and the Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), a comprehensive literature review date: 2020-05-30 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Abstract Coronaviruses are an extensive family of viruses that can cause disease in both animals and humans. The current classification of coronaviruses recognizes 39 species in 27 subgenera that belong to the family Coronaviridae. From those, at least seven coronaviruses are known to cause respiratory infections in humans. Four of these viruses can cause common cold-like symptoms. Those that infect animals can evolve and become infectious to humans. Three recent examples of these viral jumps include SARS CoV, MERS-CoV and SARS CoV-2 virus. They are responsible for causing severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) and the most recently discovered coronavirus disease during 2019 (COVID-19). COVID-19, a respiratory disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, was declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization (WHO) on 11 March 2020. The rapid spread of the disease has taken the scientific and medical community by surprise. Latest figures from 20th May 2020 show more than 5 million people had been infected with the virus, causing more than 330,000 deaths in over 210 countries worldwide. The large amount of information received daily relating to COVID-19 is so abundant and dynamic that medical staff, health authorities, academics and the media are not able to keep up with this new pandemic. In order to offer a clear insight of the extensive literature available, we have conducted a comprehensive literature review of the SARS CoV-2 Virus and the Coronavirus Diseases 2019 (COVID-19). url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2020.115094 doi: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2020.115094 id: cord-313737-cob5hf5q author: Otter, J. A. title: The inaugural Healthcare Infection Society Middle East Summit: ‘No action today. No cure tomorrow.’ date: 2015-11-30 words: 1671.0 sentences: 102.0 pages: flesch: 53.0 cache: ./cache/cord-313737-cob5hf5q.txt txt: ./txt/cord-313737-cob5hf5q.txt summary: 1 The conference opened with Professor Tawfik Khoja outlining the challenges to infection prevention and control in the Middle East. Among the challenges he covered were public reporting and external scrutiny, hand hygiene, antibiotic resistance, the healthcare environment, surveillance and outbreaks, an increasingly elderly population, new threats [such as Ebola and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV)], meticillinresistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), C. Dr Phin highlighted a useful CDC toolkit providing advice on respiratory protection for healthcare workers, and also a recent BMJ review concluding that facemasks may help to prevent the spread of respiratory viruses in the community. As to which interventions we should use for each organism, this depends on organism and setting, although screening, isolation, stewardship, hand hygiene, and cleaning/ disinfection are the pillars of infection control. Dr Muhammad Halwani then gave an overview of infection control in the Middle East, focusing on acinetobacter and pseudomonas. abstract: nan url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0195670115003059 doi: 10.1016/j.jhin.2015.06.021 id: cord-330315-upcf15q5 author: Oudshoorn, Diede title: Expression and Cleavage of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus nsp3-4 Polyprotein Induce the Formation of Double-Membrane Vesicles That Mimic Those Associated with Coronaviral RNA Replication date: 2017-11-21 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Betacoronaviruses, such as Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), are important pathogens causing potentially lethal infections in humans and animals. Coronavirus RNA synthesis is thought to be associated with replication organelles (ROs) consisting of modified endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membranes. These are transformed into double-membrane vesicles (DMVs) containing viral double-stranded RNA and into other membranous elements such as convoluted membranes, together forming a reticulovesicular network. Previous evidence suggested that the nonstructural proteins (nsp’s) 3, 4, and 6 of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV), which contain transmembrane domains, would all be required for DMV formation. We have now expressed MERS-CoV replicase self-cleaving polyprotein fragments encompassing nsp3-4 or nsp3-6, as well as coexpressed nsp3 and nsp4 of either MERS-CoV or SARS-CoV, to characterize the membrane structures induced. Using electron tomography, we demonstrate that for both MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV coexpression of nsp3 and nsp4 is required and sufficient to induce DMVs. Coexpression of MERS-CoV nsp3 and nsp4 either as individual proteins or as a self-cleaving nsp3-4 precursor resulted in very similar DMVs, and in both setups we observed proliferation of zippered ER that appeared to wrap into nascent DMVs. Moreover, when inactivating nsp3-4 polyprotein cleavage by mutagenesis, we established that cleavage of the nsp3/nsp4 junction is essential for MERS-CoV DMV formation. Addition of the third MERS-CoV transmembrane protein, nsp6, did not noticeably affect DMV formation. These findings provide important insight into the biogenesis of coronavirus DMVs, establish strong similarities with other nidoviruses (specifically, the arteriviruses), and highlight possible general principles in viral DMV formation. url: https://doi.org/10.1128/mbio.01658-17 doi: 10.1128/mbio.01658-17 id: cord-301730-flv5lnv8 author: Pandey, Anamika title: Natural Plant Products: A Less Focused Aspect for the COVID-19 Viral Outbreak date: 2020-10-15 words: 7101.0 sentences: 346.0 pages: flesch: 50.0 cache: ./cache/cord-301730-flv5lnv8.txt txt: ./txt/cord-301730-flv5lnv8.txt summary: Despite the previous positive reports of plant-based medications, no successful clinical trials of phyto-anti-COVID drugs could be conducted to date. Medicinal plant extracts have been reported to impede the replication of several viruses including human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), poxvirus, severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) virus, and herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) (Vermani and Garg, 2002; Kotwal et al., 2005; Huang et al., 2006) . Different researchers are investigating diverse plant forms based on ethnopharmacological data to find effective anti-CoV drugs with novel action mechanisms especially targeting viral replication. Moreover, creating an effective phyto-anti-COVID drug during this pandemic may provide an idea on the duration and the strategy required for the development of potent plant-based therapeutics in case of such random viral outbreaks (Figure 1) . abstract: The sudden emergence of COVID-19 caused by a novel coronavirus (nCoV) led the entire world to search for relevant solutions to fight the pandemic. Although continuous trials are being conducted to develop precise vaccines and therapeutic antibodies, a potential remedy is yet to be developed. Plants have largely contributed to the treatment of several human diseases and different phytoconstituents have been previously described to impede the replication of numerous viruses. Despite the previous positive reports of plant-based medications, no successful clinical trials of phyto-anti-COVID drugs could be conducted to date. In this article, we discuss varying perspectives on why phyto-anti-viral drug clinical trials were not successful in the case of COVID-19. The issue has been discussed in light of the usage of plant-based therapeutics in previous coronavirus outbreaks. Through this article, we aim to identify the disadvantages in this research area and suggest some measures to ensure that phytoconstituents can efficiently contribute to future random viral outbreaks. It is emphasized that if used strategically phyto-inhibitors with pre-established clinical data for other diseases can save the time required for long clinical trials. The scientific community should competently tap into phytoconstituents and take their research up to the final stage of clinical trials so that potential phyto-anti-COVID drugs can be developed. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33178237/ doi: 10.3389/fpls.2020.568890 id: cord-256750-5m7psxri author: Park, Hye Yoon title: Posttraumatic stress disorder and depression of survivors 12 months after the outbreak of Middle East respiratory syndrome in South Korea date: 2020-05-15 words: 4564.0 sentences: 196.0 pages: flesch: 48.0 cache: ./cache/cord-256750-5m7psxri.txt txt: ./txt/cord-256750-5m7psxri.txt summary: Acute infectious outbreaks of Emerging Infectious Diseases (EIDs) are known to influence the physical as well as the mental health of affected patients, as observed during similar events such as the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) outbreak [3] , which was associated with such issues during the acute phase [4] and the long-term follow-up phase [5, 6] . Thus, the present study explored mental health issues and related factors in MERS survivors 12 months after the outbreak to determine the long-term psychological outcomes of this population. The univariate analysis revealed that several factors were significantly associated with PTSD, including previous psychiatry history, having a family member who died from MERS, depression and anxiety during the MERSaffected period, greater perceived stigma currently and during the illness, and negative coping strategies (Table S2) . Our study showed that nearly half the assessed MERS survivors experienced significant mental health problems, including PTSD and depression, at 12 months post-MERS. abstract: BACKGROUND: The 2015 outbreak of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) in the Republic of Korea is a recent and representative occurrence of nationwide outbreaks of Emerging Infectious Diseases (EIDs). In addition to physical symptoms, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depression are common following outbreaks of EID. METHODS: The present study investigated the long-term mental health outcomes and related risk factors in survivors of MERS. A prospective nationwide cohort study was conducted 12 months after the MERS outbreak at multi-centers throughout Korea. PTSD and depression as the main mental health outcomes were assessed with the Impact of Event Scale-Revised Korean version (IES-R-K) and the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) respectively. RESULTS: 42.9% of survivors reported PTSD (IES-R-K ≥ 25) and 27.0% reported depression (PHQ-9 ≥ 10) at 12 months post-MERS. A multivariate analysis revealed that anxiety (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 5.76; 95%CI, 1.29–25.58; P = 0.021), and a greater recognition of stigma (aOR, 11.09, 95%CI, 2.28–53.90; P = 0.003) during the MERS-affected period were independent predictors of PTSD at 12 months after the MERS outbreak. Having a family member who died from MERS predicted the development of depression (aOR, 12.08, 95%CI, 1.47–99.19; P = 0.020). CONCLUSION: This finding implies that psychosocial factors, particularly during the outbreak phase, influenced the mental health of patients over a long-term period. Mental health support among the infected subjects and efforts to reduce stigma may improve recovery from psychological distress in an EID outbreak. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32410603/ doi: 10.1186/s12889-020-08726-1 id: cord-318872-0e5zjaz1 author: Park, Ji-Eun title: MERS transmission and risk factors: a systematic review date: 2018-05-02 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: BACKGROUND: Since Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) infection was first reported in 2012, many studies have analysed its transmissibility and severity. However, the methodology and results of these studies have varied, and there has been no systematic review of MERS. This study reviews the characteristics and associated risk factors of MERS. METHOD: We searched international (PubMed, ScienceDirect, Cochrane) and Korean databases (DBpia, KISS) for English- or Korean-language articles using the terms “MERS” and “Middle East respiratory syndrome”. Only human studies with > 20 participants were analysed to exclude studies with low representation. Epidemiologic studies with information on transmissibility and severity of MERS as well as studies containing MERS risk factors were included. RESULT: A total of 59 studies were included. Most studies from Saudi Arabia reported higher mortality (22–69.2%) than those from South Korea (20.4%). While the R(0) value in Saudi Arabia was < 1 in all but one study, in South Korea, the R(0) value was 2.5–8.09 in the early stage and decreased to < 1 in the later stage. The incubation period was 4.5–5.2 days in Saudi Arabia and 6–7.8 days in South Korea. Duration from onset was 4–10 days to confirmation, 2.9–5.3 days to hospitalization, 11–17 days to death, and 14–20 days to discharge. Older age and concomitant disease were the most common factors related to MERS infection, severity, and mortality. CONCLUSION: The transmissibility and severity of MERS differed by outbreak region and patient characteristics. Further studies assessing the risk of MERS should consider these factors. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29716568/ doi: 10.1186/s12889-018-5484-8 id: cord-284374-sqxlnk9e author: Park, Jiyeon title: Infection Prevention Measures for Surgical Procedures during a Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Outbreak in a Tertiary Care Hospital in South Korea date: 2020-01-15 words: 4252.0 sentences: 208.0 pages: flesch: 44.0 cache: ./cache/cord-284374-sqxlnk9e.txt txt: ./txt/cord-284374-sqxlnk9e.txt summary: title: Infection Prevention Measures for Surgical Procedures during a Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Outbreak in a Tertiary Care Hospital in South Korea Our experience with setting up a temporary negative-pressure operation room and our conservative approach for managing MERS-related patients can be referred in cases of future unexpected MERS outbreaks in non-endemic countries. Anesthesiologists were recommended to apply enhanced PPE (including PAPR from the middle of the outbreak) when managing all MERS-related patients because they were most directly exposed to the aerosol-producing high-risk procedures, such as endotracheal intubation and extubation. Almost all hospitals generally have positive-pressure operating rooms and they may experience an outbreak without facilities that are prepared for perioperative management of MERS patients, as our hospital did in 2015. First, although the previous guidelines recommended that asymptomatic MERS-exposed patients be managed as general patients undergoing surgery, we applied standard PPE to HCWs and we performed MERS-CoV PCR screening twice. abstract: In 2015, we experienced the largest in-hospital Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) outbreak outside the Arabian Peninsula. We share the infection prevention measures for surgical procedures during the unexpected outbreak at our hospital. We reviewed all forms of related documents and collected information through interviews with healthcare workers of our hospital. After the onset of outbreak, a multidisciplinary team devised institutional MERS-control guidelines. Two standard operating rooms were converted to temporary negative-pressure rooms by physically decreasing the inflow air volume (−4.7 Pa in the main room and −1.2 Pa in the anteroom). Healthcare workers were equipped with standard or enhanced personal protective equipment according to the MERS-related patient’s profile and symptoms. Six MERS-related patients underwent emergency surgery, including four MERS-exposed and two MERS-confirmed patients. Negative conversion of MERS-CoV polymerase chain reaction tests was noticed for MERS-confirmed patients before surgery. MERS-exposed patients were also tested twice preoperatively, all of which were negative. All operative procedures in MERS-related patients were performed without specific adverse events or perioperative MERS transmission. Our experience with setting up a temporary negative-pressure operation room and our conservative approach for managing MERS-related patients can be referred in cases of future unexpected MERS outbreaks in non-endemic countries. url: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-57216-x doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-57216-x id: cord-253337-xdexrlq3 author: Park, Jung Wan title: Hospital Outbreaks of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome, Daejeon, South Korea, 2015 date: 2017-06-17 words: 4549.0 sentences: 237.0 pages: flesch: 54.0 cache: ./cache/cord-253337-xdexrlq3.txt txt: ./txt/cord-253337-xdexrlq3.txt summary: After the South Korea government recognized the outbreak of MERS in Daejeon, cohort quarantine (isolation of persons who had been in contact with patients with confirmed cases in the hospital ward) was applied. Epidemiologic investigators of the Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention started their outbreak investigation with face-to-face interviews of the index casepatient in Daejeon and the 25 additional case-patients with confirmed MERS-CoV infection. When we checked the closed-circuit television recordings from hospital A to estimate how many persons could have been in contact with the Daejeon index case-patient, we found that he had been in several sections of the hospital ward, in particular those located on the left side of the nurse station. Quarantine policy to prevent additional transmission of MERS, Daejeon, South Korea* Action  The cohort quarantine applied to admitted patients and their caregivers (professional or family) exposed to the MERS case-patients. abstract: From May through July 2015, a total of 26 cases of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome were reported from 2 hospitals in Daejeon, South Korea, including 1 index case and 25 new cases. We examined the epidemiologic features of these cases and found an estimated median incubation period of 6.1 days (8.8 days in hospital A and 4.6 days in hospital B). The overall attack rate was 3.7% (4.7% in hospital A and 3.0% in hospital B), and the attack rates among inpatients and caregivers in the same ward were 12.3% and 22.5%, respectively. The overall case-fatality rate was 44.0% (28.6% in hospital A and 63.6% in hospital B). The use of cohort quarantine may have played a role in preventing community spread, but additional transmission occurred among members of the hospital cohort quarantined together. Caregivers may have contributed in part to the transmission. url: https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2306.160120 doi: 10.3201/eid2306.160120 id: cord-286741-h3oix9zc author: Park, Mee Sook title: Animal models for the risk assessment of viral pandemic potential date: 2020-04-22 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Pandemics affect human lives severely and globally. Experience predicts that there will be a pandemic for sure although the time is unknown. When a viral epidemic breaks out, assessing its pandemic risk is an important part of the process that characterizes genomic property, viral pathogenicity, transmission in animal model, and so forth. In this review, we intend to figure out how a pandemic may occur by looking into the past influenza pandemic events. We discuss interpretations of the experimental evidences resulted from animal model studies and extend implications of viral pandemic potentials and ingredients to emerging viral epidemics. Focusing on the pandemic potential of viral infectious diseases, we suggest what should be assessed to prevent global catastrophes from influenza virus, Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus, dengue and Zika viruses. url: https://doi.org/10.1186/s42826-020-00040-6 doi: 10.1186/s42826-020-00040-6 id: cord-272622-2wceu3o9 author: Park, Mi Hye title: Emergency cesarean section in an epidemic of the middle east respiratory syndrome: a case report date: 2016-06-01 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Only a few reports have been published on women with an infectious respiratory viral pathogen, such as Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) Coronavirus delivering a baby. A laboratory confirmed case of MERS was reported during a MERS outbreak in the Republic of Korea in a woman at gestational week 35 + 4. She recovered, and delivered a healthy baby by emergency cesarean section (C-sec). We present the clinical course and the emergency C-sec in a pregnant woman with MERS. url: https://doi.org/10.4097/kjae.2016.69.3.287 doi: 10.4097/kjae.2016.69.3.287 id: cord-341698-k5leys8j author: Park, Seung Won title: Avoiding student infection during a Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) outbreak: a single medical school experience date: 2016-05-27 words: 1268.0 sentences: 75.0 pages: flesch: 50.0 cache: ./cache/cord-341698-k5leys8j.txt txt: ./txt/cord-341698-k5leys8j.txt summary: In the early summer of 2015, Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) struck South Korea, and students of Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine (SKKUSOM) were at risk of contracting the disease. METHODS: Through a process of reflection-on-action, we examined SKKUSOM''s efforts to avoid student infection during the MERS outbreak and derived a few practical guidelines that medical schools can adopt to ensure student safety in outbreaks of infectious disease. Five suggestions are extracted for medical schools to consider in infection outbreaks: instant cessation of clinical clerkships; rational decision making on a school closure; use of information technology; constant communication with hospitals; and open communication with faculty, staff, and students. Through a process of reflection-on-action [6] , we identified the necessary actions taken to ensure student safety and derived practical guidelines that medical schools can take to protect students in the face of outbreaks of infectious disease. abstract: PURPOSE: In outbreaks of infectious disease, medical students are easily overlooked in the management of healthcare personnel protection although they serve in clinical clerkships in hospitals. In the early summer of 2015, Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) struck South Korea, and students of Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine (SKKUSOM) were at risk of contracting the disease. The purpose of this report is to share SKKUSOM’s experience against the MERS outbreak and provide suggestions for medical schools to consider in the face of similar challenges. METHODS: Through a process of reflection-on-action, we examined SKKUSOM’s efforts to avoid student infection during the MERS outbreak and derived a few practical guidelines that medical schools can adopt to ensure student safety in outbreaks of infectious disease. RESULTS: The school leadership conducted ongoing risk assessment and developed contingency plans to balance student safety and continuity in medical education. They rearranged the clerkships to another hospital and offered distant lectures and tutorials. Five suggestions are extracted for medical schools to consider in infection outbreaks: instant cessation of clinical clerkships; rational decision making on a school closure; use of information technology; constant communication with hospitals; and open communication with faculty, staff, and students. CONCLUSION: Medical schools need to take the initiative and actively seek countermeasures against student infection. It is essential that medical schools keep constant communication with their index hospitals and the involved personnel. In order to assure student learning, medical schools may consider offering distant education with online technology. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27240893/ doi: 10.3946/kjme.2016.30 id: cord-334960-l5q5wc06 author: Park, Su Eun title: Epidemiology, virology, and clinical features of severe acute respiratory syndrome -coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2; Coronavirus Disease-19) date: 2020-04-02 words: 3757.0 sentences: 258.0 pages: flesch: 58.0 cache: ./cache/cord-334960-l5q5wc06.txt txt: ./txt/cord-334960-l5q5wc06.txt summary: 9) Two novel strains of coronavirus have jumped species from animal to human, spread by human-to-human transmission, and caused severe acute respiratory syndrome leading to high fatality rate in the past 2 decades. 10) Severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated virus (SARS-CoV), previously unknown coronavirus traced to horseshoe bats in southern China, caused 8,096 confirmed cases and 774 deaths (9.6% fatality rate) in 29 countries from November 2002 to July 2003. 19, 20) The virus was initially called 2019-novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) upon its emergence, until the Coronaviridae Study Group of International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses named the virus severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) based on the phylogenetic analysis, on February 11, 2020. 10) Conclusion Within 3 months since the discovery of a novel coronavirus in patients with pneumonia of unknown origin in Wuhan City, China, COVID-19 has spread rapidly throughout the world and is beating SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV in the number of confirmed cases and deaths. abstract: A cluster of severe pneumonia of unknown etiology in Wuhan City, Hubei province in China emerged in December 2019. A novel coronavirus named severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) was isolated from lower respiratory tract sample as the causative agent. The current outbreak of infections with SARS-CoV-2 is termed Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) by the World Health Organization (WHO). COVID-19 rapidly spread into at least 114 countries and killed more than 4,000 people by March 11 2020. WHO officially declared COVID-19 a pandemic on March 11, 2020. There have been 2 novel coronavirus outbreaks in the past 2 decades. The outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) in 2002–2003 caused by SARS-CoV had a case fatality rate of around 10% (8,098 confirmed cases and 774 deaths), while Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) caused by MERS-CoV killed 861 people out of a total 2,502 confirmed cases between 2012 and 2019. The purpose of this review is to summarize known-to-date information about SARS-CoV-2, transmission of SARS-CoV-2, and clinical features. url: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2020.00493 doi: 10.3345/cep.2020.00493 id: cord-282293-pdhjl508 author: Park, Wan Beom title: Isolation of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus from a Patient of the 2015 Korean Outbreak date: 2016-01-14 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: During the 2015 outbreak of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) in Korea, 186 persons were infected, resulting in 38 fatalities. We isolated MERS-CoV from the oropharyngeal sample obtained from a patient of the outbreak. Cytopathic effects showing detachment and rounding of cells were observed in Vero cell cultures 3 days after inoculation of the sample. Spherical virus particles were observed by transmission electron microscopy. Full-length genome sequence of the virus isolate was obtained and phylogenetic analyses showed that it clustered with clade B of MERS-CoV. url: https://doi.org/10.3346/jkms.2016.31.2.315 doi: 10.3346/jkms.2016.31.2.315 id: cord-288167-976qxja2 author: Park, Wan Beom title: Replicative virus shedding in the respiratory tract of patients with Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection date: 2018-05-09 words: 1373.0 sentences: 87.0 pages: flesch: 52.0 cache: ./cache/cord-288167-976qxja2.txt txt: ./txt/cord-288167-976qxja2.txt summary: title: Replicative virus shedding in the respiratory tract of patients with Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection BACKGROUND: Information on the duration of replicative Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) shedding is important for infection control. This study examined the duration for detecting MERS-CoV sub-genomic mRNA compared with genomic RNA in diverse respiratory specimens. In the present study, replicative MERS-CoV was detected in sputum or transtracheal aspirate for up to 4 weeks after symptom development in MERS-CoV-infected patients with severe pneumonia. In conclusion, replicative MERS-CoV was detected in lower respiratory tract specimens for up to 4 weeks after symptom development, which was well correlated with the detection of genomic RNA. In upper respiratory tract specimens, the detection of sub-genomic mRNA and genomic RNA did not correlate. Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) genomic RNA (upE) titers in sputum and transtracheal aspirates with vs. abstract: BACKGROUND: Information on the duration of replicative Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) shedding is important for infection control. The detection of MERS-CoV sub-genomic mRNAs indicates that the virus is replicative. This study examined the duration for detecting MERS-CoV sub-genomic mRNA compared with genomic RNA in diverse respiratory specimens. METHODS: Upper and lower respiratory samples were obtained from 17 MERS-CoV-infected patients. MERS-CoV sub-genomic mRNA was detected by reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR) and MERS-CoV genomic RNA by real-time RT-PCR. RESULTS: In sputum and transtracheal aspirate, sub-genomic mRNA was detected for up to 4 weeks after symptoms developed, which correlated with the detection of genomic RNA. In oropharyngeal and nasopharyngeal swab specimens, the detection of sub-genomic mRNA and genomic RNA did not correlate. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that MERS-CoV does not replicate well in the upper respiratory tract. url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S1201971218344114 doi: 10.1016/j.ijid.2018.05.003 id: cord-351186-llnlto7p author: Park, Yong-Shik title: The first case of the 2015 Korean Middle East Respiratory Syndrome outbreak date: 2015-11-14 words: 2862.0 sentences: 110.0 pages: flesch: 45.0 cache: ./cache/cord-351186-llnlto7p.txt txt: ./txt/cord-351186-llnlto7p.txt summary: Valuable lessons learned included: (1) epidemiological knowledge on the MERS transmission pattern and medical knowledge on its clinical course; (2) improvement of epidemiological investigative methods via closed-circuit television, global positioning system tracking, and review of Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service records; (3) problems revealed in the existing preventive techniques, including early determination of the various people contacted; (4) experiences with preventive methods used for the first time in Korea, including cohort quarantine; (5) reconsideration of the management systems for infectious disease outbreaks across the country, such as this case, at the levels of central government, local government, and the public; (6) reconsideration of hospital infectious disease management systems, culture involving patient visitation, and emergency room environments. Through personal and phone interviews we contacted employees at business facility in Saudi Arabia who may have had contact with Patient #1 during the incubation period; we investigated the places he visited, presence or absence of MERS symptoms in the individuals he contacted, history of visiting medical facilities in the Middle East, and history of consuming camel milk or meat, among other things. abstract: This study reviewed problems in the prevention of outbreak and spread of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) and aimed to provide assistance in establishing policies to prevent and manage future outbreaks of novel infectious diseases of foreign origin via in-depth epidemiological investigation of the patient who initiated the MERS outbreak in Korea, 2015. Personal and phone interviews were conducted with the patient and his guardians, and his activities in Saudi Arabia were investigated with the help of the Saudi Arabian Ministry of Health. Clinical courses and test results were confirmed from the medical records. The patient visited 4 medical facilities and contacted 742 people between May 11, 2015, at symptom onset, and May 20, at admission to the National Medical Center; 28 people were infected and diagnosed with MERS thereafter. Valuable lessons learned included: (1) epidemiological knowledge on the MERS transmission pattern and medical knowledge on its clinical course; (2) improvement of epidemiological investigative methods via closed-circuit television, global positioning system tracking, and review of Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service records; (3) problems revealed in the existing preventive techniques, including early determination of the various people contacted; (4) experiences with preventive methods used for the first time in Korea, including cohort quarantine; (5) reconsideration of the management systems for infectious disease outbreaks across the country, such as this case, at the levels of central government, local government, and the public; (6) reconsideration of hospital infectious disease management systems, culture involving patient visitation, and emergency room environments. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26725226/ doi: 10.4178/epih/e2015049 id: cord-265769-96p07nyz author: Perlman, Stanley title: MERS-CoV in Africa—an enigma with relevance to COVID-19 date: 2020-10-06 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: nan url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1473309920305788 doi: 10.1016/s1473-3099(20)30578-8 id: cord-298773-vnmc6nqd author: Pfeiffer, Julie K. title: Is the Debate and “Pause” on Experiments That Alter Pathogens with Pandemic Potential Influencing Future Plans of Graduate Students and Postdoctoral Fellows? date: 2015-01-20 words: 1713.0 sentences: 87.0 pages: flesch: 50.0 cache: ./cache/cord-298773-vnmc6nqd.txt txt: ./txt/cord-298773-vnmc6nqd.txt summary: title: Is the Debate and "Pause" on Experiments That Alter Pathogens with Pandemic Potential Influencing Future Plans of Graduate Students and Postdoctoral Fellows? This letter is about the potential impact of the debate and pause on graduate students and postdoctoral fellows and how their future plans may be affected. To gain initial insight into how the debate and research pause have affected trainees, I created an informal survey 2 days before the National Academy of Sciences meeting. These projects involve a subset of "gain of function" experiments designed to create mouse adapted viral strains, generate drug resistant viruses to understand drug mechanisms of action, understand host immunity by analyzing viruses with resistance to certain host immune pathways, and to study factors that influence transmission by the respiratory route (which was made famous by work from the Kawaoka and Fouchier labs in 2012). Third, the debate and research pause are influencing future plans of virology trainees. abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25604793/ doi: 10.1128/mbio.02525-14 id: cord-319006-6f2sl0bp author: Plipat, Tanarak title: Imported case of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infection from Oman to Thailand, June 2015 date: 2017-08-17 words: 3961.0 sentences: 197.0 pages: flesch: 53.0 cache: ./cache/cord-319006-6f2sl0bp.txt txt: ./txt/cord-319006-6f2sl0bp.txt summary: title: Imported case of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infection from Oman to Thailand, June 2015 Thailand reported the first Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) case on 18 June 2015 (day 4) in an Omani patient with heart condition who was diagnosed with pneumonia on hospital admission on 15 June 2015 (day 1). From 2012 to 21 July 2017, there have been 2,040 reported laboratory-confirmed cases and 712 deaths from Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infection in 27 countries [1] . A single imported case of Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) in South Korea, identified on 20 May 2015, resulted in 150 laboratory-confirmed cases, amplified by infection in hospitals and the transfer of patients within and between hospitals, and caused 15 deaths within 26 days, mainly among patients, visitors and healthcare personnel [2] . abstract: Thailand reported the first Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) case on 18 June 2015 (day 4) in an Omani patient with heart condition who was diagnosed with pneumonia on hospital admission on 15 June 2015 (day 1). Two false negative RT-PCR on upper respiratory tract samples on days 2 and 3 led to a 48-hour diagnosis delay and a decision to transfer the patient out of the negative pressure unit (NPU). Subsequent examination of sputum later on day 3 confirmed MERS coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infection. The patient was immediately moved back into the NPU and then transferred to Bamrasnaradura Infectious Disease Institute. Over 170 contacts were traced; 48 were quarantined and 122 self-monitored for symptoms. High-risk close contacts exhibiting no symptoms, and whose laboratory testing on the 12th day after exposure was negative, were released on the 14th day. The Omani Ministry of Health (MOH) was immediately notified using the International Health Regulation (IHR) mechanism. Outbreak investigation was conducted in Oman, and was both published on the World Health Organization (WHO) intranet and shared with Thailand’s IHR focal point. The key to successful infection control, with no secondary transmission, were the collaborative efforts among hospitals, laboratories and MOHs of both countries. url: https://doi.org/10.2807/1560-7917.es.2017.22.33.30598 doi: 10.2807/1560-7917.es.2017.22.33.30598 id: cord-286631-3fmg3scx author: Pormohammad, Ali title: Comparison of confirmed COVID‐19 with SARS and MERS cases ‐ Clinical characteristics, laboratory findings, radiographic signs and outcomes: A systematic review and meta‐analysis date: 2020-06-05 words: 3669.0 sentences: 212.0 pages: flesch: 47.0 cache: ./cache/cord-286631-3fmg3scx.txt txt: ./txt/cord-286631-3fmg3scx.txt summary: title: Comparison of confirmed COVID‐19 with SARS and MERS cases ‐ Clinical characteristics, laboratory findings, radiographic signs and outcomes: A systematic review and meta‐analysis The trigger for rapid screening and treatment of COVID-19 patients is based on clinical symptoms, laboratory, and radiographic findings that are similar to SARS and MERS infections. In this study, we attempted to distinguish the clinical symptoms, laboratory findings, radiographic signs, and outcomes of confirmed COVID-19, SARS, and MERS patients. Epidemiological, demographic, and clinical characteristics of 47 cases of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus disease from Saudi Arabia: a descriptive study Clinical aspects and outcomes of 70 patients with Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection: a single-center experience in Saudi Arabia Clinical course and outcomes of critically ill patients with Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus: a case-control study of hospitalized patients abstract: INTRODUCTION: Within this large‐scale study, we compared clinical symptoms, laboratory findings, radiographic signs, and outcomes of COVID‐19, SARS, and MERS to find unique features. METHOD: We searched all relevant literature published up to February 28, 2020. Depending on the heterogeneity test, we used either random or fixed‐effect models to analyze the appropriateness of the pooled results. Study has been registered in the PROSPERO database (ID 176106). RESULT: Overall 114 articles included in this study; 52 251 COVID‐19 confirmed patients (20 studies), 10 037 SARS (51 studies), and 8139 MERS patients (43 studies) were included. The most common symptom was fever; COVID‐19 (85.6%, P < .001), SARS (96%, P < .001), and MERS (74%, P < .001), respectively. Analysis showed that 84% of Covid‐19 patients, 86% of SARS patients, and 74.7% of MERS patients had an abnormal chest X‐ray. The mortality rate in COVID‐19 (5.6%, P < .001) was lower than SARS (13%, P < .001) and MERS (35%, P < .001) between all confirmed patients. CONCLUSIONS: At the time of submission, the mortality rate in COVID‐19 confirmed cases is lower than in SARS‐ and MERS‐infected patients. Clinical outcomes and findings would be biased by reporting only confirmed cases, and this should be considered when interpreting the data. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32502331/ doi: 10.1002/rmv.2112 id: cord-295559-yc8q62z8 author: Qian, Zhaohui title: Role of the Spike Glycoprotein of Human Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) in Virus Entry and Syncytia Formation date: 2013-10-03 words: 7303.0 sentences: 303.0 pages: flesch: 50.0 cache: ./cache/cord-295559-yc8q62z8.txt txt: ./txt/cord-295559-yc8q62z8.txt summary: Coronavirus S proteins are Class I viral fusion proteins like the HIV envelope (env), influenza hemagglutinin (HA) and paramyxovirus fusion (F) glycoproteins [17] , which typically require protease cleavage between the S1 and S2 domains ( Figure 1A ) to permit conformational changes in S2, activated by receptor binding and/or low pH, that mediate membrane fusion leading to virus entry and syncytia formation [3, 17, 18] . In addition to entry by endocytosis, we showed that, like SARS-CoV [21, 22] , MERS pseudovirions could enter susceptible Vero E6 cells at the plasma membrane if virions were first bound to cell surface receptors at 4°C at neutral pH in the presence of NH 4 Cl to inhibit acidification of endosomes, and also treated briefly at room temperature with trypsin to cleave the viral S protein. abstract: Little is known about the biology of the emerging human group c betacoronavirus, Middle East Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV). Because coronavirus spike glycoproteins (S) mediate virus entry, affect viral host range, and elicit neutralizing antibodies, analyzing the functions of MERS-CoV S protein is a high research priority. MERS-CoV S on lentivirus pseudovirions mediated entry into a variety of cell types including embryo cells from New World Eptesicus fuscus bats. Surprisingly, a polyclonal antibody to the S protein of MHV, a group a murine betacoronavirus, cross-reacted in immunoblots with the S2 domain of group c MERS-CoV spike protein. MERS pseudovirions released from 293T cells contained only uncleaved S, and pseudovirus entry was blocked by lysosomotropic reagents NH(4)Cl and bafilomycin and inhibitors of cathepsin L. However, when MERS pseudovirions with uncleaved S protein were adsorbed at 4°C to Vero E6 cells, brief trypsin treatment at neutral pH triggered virus entry at the plasma membrane and syncytia formation. When 293T cells producing MERS pseudotypes co-expressed serine proteases TMPRSS-2 or -4, large syncytia formed at neutral pH, and the pseudovirions produced were non-infectious and deficient in S protein. These experiments show that if S protein on MERS pseudovirions is uncleaved, then viruses enter by endocytosis in a cathepsin L-dependent manner, but if MERS-CoV S is cleaved, either during virus maturation by serine proteases or on pseudovirions by trypsin in extracellular fluids, then viruses enter at the plasma membrane at neutral pH and cause massive syncytia formation even in cells that express little or no MERS-CoV receptor. Thus, whether MERS-CoV enters cells within endosomes or at the plasma membrane depends upon the host cell type and tissue, and is determined by the location of host proteases that cleave the viral spike glycoprotein and activate membrane fusion. url: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0076469 doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0076469 id: cord-304271-vyayyk50 author: Qin, Yuan-Yuan title: Effectiveness of glucocorticoid therapy in patients with severe coronavirus disease 2019: protocol of a randomized controlled trial date: 2020-03-05 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: BACKGROUND: At the end of 2019, a novel coronavirus outbreak emerged in Wuhan, China, and its causative organism has been subsequently designated the 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV). The effectiveness of adjunctive glucocorticoid therapy in the management of 2019-nCoV-infected patients with severe lower respiratory tract infections is not clear, and warrants further investigation. METHODS: The present study will be conducted as an open-labeled, randomized, controlled trial. We will enrol 48 subjects from Chongqing Public Health Medical Center. Each eligible subject will be assigned to an intervention group (methylprednisolone via intravenous injection at a dose of 1–2 mg/kg/day for 3 days) or a control group (no glucocorticoid use) randomly, at a 1:1 ratio. Subjects in both groups will be invited for 28 days of follow-up which will be scheduled at four consecutive visit points. We will use the clinical improvement rate as our primary endpoint. Secondary endpoints include the timing of clinical improvement after intervention, duration of mechanical ventilation, duration of hospitalization, overall incidence of adverse events, as well as rate of adverse events at each visit, and mortality at 2 and 4 weeks. DISCUSSION: The present coronavirus outbreak is the third serious global coronavirus outbreak in the past two decades. Oral and parenteral glucocorticoids have been used in the management of severe respiratory symptoms in coronavirus-infected patients in the past. However, there remains no definitive evidence in the literature for or against the utilization of systemic glucocorticoids in seriously ill patients with coronavirus-related severe respiratory disease, or indeed in other types of severe respiratory disease. In this study, we hope to discover evidence either supporting or opposing the systemic therapeutic administration of glucocorticoids in patients with severe coronavirus disease 2019. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov, ChiCTR2000029386, http://www.chictr.org.cn/showproj.aspx?proj=48777. url: https://doi.org/10.1097/cm9.0000000000000791 doi: 10.1097/cm9.0000000000000791 id: cord-329190-kv9n2qj3 author: Rabaan, Ali A. title: A review of candidate therapies for Middle East respiratory syndrome from a molecular perspective date: 2017-09-01 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: There have been 2040 laboratory-confirmed cases of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) in 27 countries, with a mortality rate of 34.9 %. There is no specific therapy. The current therapies have mainly been adapted from severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS-CoV) treatments, including broad-spectrum antibiotics, corticosteroids, interferons, ribavirin, lopinavir–ritonavir or mycophenolate mofetil, and have not been subject to well-organized clinical trials. The development of specific therapies and vaccines is therefore urgently required. We examine existing and potential therapies and vaccines from a molecular perspective. These include viral S protein targeting; inhibitors of host proteases, including TMPRSS2, cathepsin L and furin protease, and of viral M(pro) and the PL(pro) proteases; convalescent plasma; and vaccine candidates. The Medline database was searched using combinations and variations of terms, including ‘Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus’, ‘MERS-CoV’, ‘SARS’, ‘therapy’, ‘molecular’, ‘vaccine’, ‘prophylactic’, ‘S protein’, ‘DPP4’, ‘heptad repeat’, ‘protease’, ‘inhibitor’, ‘anti-viral’, ‘broad-spectrum’, ‘interferon’, ‘convalescent plasma’, ‘lopinavir ritonavir’, ‘antibodies’, ‘antiviral peptides’ and ‘live attenuated viruses’. There are many options for the development of MERS-CoV-specific therapies. Currently, MERS-CoV is not considered to have pandemic potential. However, the high mortality rate and potential for mutations that could increase transmissibility give urgency to the search for direct, effective therapies. Well-designed and controlled clinical trials are needed, both for existing therapies and for prospective direct therapies. url: https://doi.org/10.1099/jmm.0.000565 doi: 10.1099/jmm.0.000565 id: cord-333738-3xtb8gye author: Rabets, A. title: Development of antibodies to pan-coronavirus spike peptides in convalescent COVID-19 patients date: 2020-08-22 words: 2486.0 sentences: 146.0 pages: flesch: 49.0 cache: ./cache/cord-333738-3xtb8gye.txt txt: ./txt/cord-333738-3xtb8gye.txt summary: Investigating patient serum samples after SARS-CoV-2 infection in cross-reactivity studies of immunogenic peptides from Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), we were able to detect the production of antibodies also recognizing MERS virus antigens. Indeed, the peptide of the HR2 domain of the MERS spike protein, previously proven to induce antibodies against MERS-CoV is sharing 74% homology with the corresponding sequence of SARS-CoV-19 virus. If used as an antigen, the peptide of the HR2 domain of the MERS spike protein allows discrimination between post-Covid populations from non-infected ones by the presence of antibodies in blood samples. The high homology of the spike protein domain suggests in addition that the opposite effect can also be true: coronaviral infections producing cross-reactive antibodies affective against SARS-CoV-19. SARS-CoV-2 infections results in the generation of antibodies with significantly strong cross-reactive towards a MERS specific peptide with 76% homology. Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) entry inhibitors targeting spike protein abstract: Coronaviruses are sharing several protein regions notable the spike protein (S) on their enveloped membrane surface, with the S1 subunit recognizing and binding to the cellular receptor, while the S2 subunit mediates viral and cellular membrane fusion. This similarity opens the question whether infection with one coronavirus will confer resistance to other coronaviruses? Investigating patient serum samples after SARS-CoV-2 infection in cross-reactivity studies of immunogenic peptides from Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), we were able to detect the production of antibodies also recognizing MERS virus antigens. The cross-reactive peptide comes from the heptad repeat 2 (HR2) domain of the MERS virus spike protein. Indeed, the peptide of the HR2 domain of the MERS spike protein, previously proven to induce antibodies against MERS-CoV is sharing 74% homology with the corresponding sequence of SARS-CoV-19 virus. Sera samples of 47 convalescent SARS-CoV-2 patients, validated by RT-PCR-negative testes 30 days post-infection, and samples of 40 sera of control patients (not infected with SARS-CoV-2 previously) were used to establish eventual cross-bind reactivity with the MERS peptide antigen. Significantly stronger binding (p<0.0001) was observed for IgG antibodies in convalescent SARS-CoV-2 patients compared to the control group. If used as an antigen, the peptide of the HR2 domain of the MERS spike protein allows discrimination between post-Covid populations from non-infected ones by the presence of antibodies in blood samples. This suggests that polyclonal antibodies established during SARS-CoV-2 infection has the ability to recognize and probably decrease infectiveness of MERS-CoV infections as well as other coronaviruses. The high homology of the spike protein domain suggests in addition that the opposite effect can also be true: coronaviral infections producing cross-reactive antibodies affective against SARS-CoV-19. The collected data prove in addition that despite the core HR2 region being hidden in the native viral conformation, its exposure during cell entry makes it highly immunogenic. Since inhibitory peptides to this region were previously described, this opens new possibilities in fighting coronaviral infections. url: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.08.20.20178566 doi: 10.1101/2020.08.20.20178566 id: cord-338980-pygykil7 author: Rahaman, Jordon title: Avoiding Regions Symptomatic of Conformational and Functional Flexibility to Identify Antiviral Targets in Current and Future Coronaviruses date: 2016-11-09 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Within the last 15 years, two related coronaviruses (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome [SARS]-CoV and Middle East Respiratory Syndrome [MERS]-CoV) expanded their host range to include humans, with increased virulence in their new host. Coronaviruses were recently found to have little intrinsic disorder compared with many other virus families. Because intrinsically disordered regions have been proposed to be important for rewiring interactions between virus and host, we investigated the conservation of intrinsic disorder and secondary structure in coronaviruses in an evolutionary context. We found that regions of intrinsic disorder are rarely conserved among different coronavirus protein families, with the primary exception of the nucleocapsid. Also, secondary structure predictions are only conserved across 50–80% of sites for most protein families, with the implication that 20–50% of sites do not have conserved secondary structure prediction. Furthermore, nonconserved structure sites are significantly less constrained in sequence divergence than either sites conserved in the secondary structure or sites conserved in loop. Avoiding regions symptomatic of conformational flexibility such as disordered sites and sites with nonconserved secondary structure to identify potential broad-specificity antiviral targets, only one sequence motif (five residues or longer) remains from the >10,000 starting sites across all coronaviruses in this study. The identified sequence motif is found within the nonstructural protein (NSP) 12 and constitutes an antiviral target potentially effective against the present day and future coronaviruses. On shorter evolutionary timescales, the SARS and MERS clades have more sequence motifs fulfilling the criteria applied. Interestingly, many motifs map to NSP12 making this a prime target for coronavirus antivirals. url: https://doi.org/10.1093/gbe/evw246 doi: 10.1093/gbe/evw246 id: cord-266260-t02jngq0 author: Ramshaw, Rebecca E. title: A database of geopositioned Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus occurrences date: 2019-12-13 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: As a World Health Organization Research and Development Blueprint priority pathogen, there is a need to better understand the geographic distribution of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) and its potential to infect mammals and humans. This database documents cases of MERS-CoV globally, with specific attention paid to zoonotic transmission. An initial literature search was conducted in PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus; after screening articles according to the inclusion/exclusion criteria, a total of 208 sources were selected for extraction and geo-positioning. Each MERS-CoV occurrence was assigned one of the following classifications based upon published contextual information: index, unspecified, secondary, mammal, environmental, or imported. In total, this database is comprised of 861 unique geo-positioned MERS-CoV occurrences. The purpose of this article is to share a collated MERS-CoV database and extraction protocol that can be utilized in future mapping efforts for both MERS-CoV and other infectious diseases. More broadly, it may also provide useful data for the development of targeted MERS-CoV surveillance, which would prove invaluable in preventing future zoonotic spillover. url: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-019-0330-0 doi: 10.1038/s41597-019-0330-0 id: cord-274007-zndtddty author: Rasmussen, Sonja A. title: Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) and pregnancy: what obstetricians need to know date: 2020-02-24 words: 5912.0 sentences: 330.0 pages: flesch: 50.0 cache: ./cache/cord-274007-zndtddty.txt txt: ./txt/cord-274007-zndtddty.txt summary: For Middle East respiratory syndrome, there were 13 case reports in pregnant women, of which 2 were asymptomatic, identified as part of a contact investigation; 3 patients (23%) died. Principles of management of coronavirus disease 2019 in pregnancy include early isolation, aggressive infection control procedures, oxygen therapy, avoidance of fluid overload, consideration of empiric antibiotics (secondary to bacterial infection risk), laboratory testing for the virus and coinfection, fetal and uterine contraction monitoring, early mechanical ventilation for progressive respiratory failure, individualized delivery planning, and a team-based approach with multispecialty consultations. General principles regarding management of COVID-10 during pregnancy include early isolation, aggressive infection control procedures, testing for SARS-CoV-2 and coinfection, oxygen therapy as needed, avoidance of fluid overload, empiric antibiotics (because of secondary bacterial infection risk), fetal and uterine contraction monitoring, early mechanical ventilation for progressive respiratory failure, individualized delivery planning, and a team-based approach with multispecialty consultations (Box 2). abstract: Coronavirus disease 2019 is an emerging disease with a rapid increase in cases and deaths since its first identification in Wuhan, China, in December 2019. Limited data are available about coronavirus disease 2019 during pregnancy; however, information on illnesses associated with other highly pathogenic coronaviruses (ie, severe acute respiratory syndrome and the Middle East respiratory syndrome) might provide insights into coronavirus disease 2019’s effects during pregnancy. Coronaviruses cause illness ranging in severity from the common cold to severe respiratory illness and death. Currently the primary epidemiologic risk factors for coronavirus disease 2019 include travel from mainland China (especially Hubei Province) or close contact with infected individuals within 14 days of symptom onset. Data suggest an incubation period of ∼5 days (range, 2–14 days). Average age of hospitalized patients has been 49–56 years, with a third to half with an underlying illness. Children have been rarely reported. Men were more frequent among hospitalized cases (54–73%). Frequent manifestations include fever, cough, myalgia, headache, and diarrhea. Abnormal testing includes abnormalities on chest radiographic imaging, lymphopenia, leukopenia, and thrombocytopenia. Initial reports suggest that acute respiratory distress syndrome develops in 17–29% of hospitalized patients. Overall case fatality rate appears to be ∼1%; however, early data may overestimate this rate. In 2 reports describing 18 pregnancies with coronavirus disease 2019, all were infected in the third trimester, and clinical findings were similar to those in nonpregnant adults. Fetal distress and preterm delivery were seen in some cases. All but 2 pregnancies were cesarean deliveries and no evidence of in utero transmission was seen. Data on severe acute respiratory syndrome and Middle East respiratory syndrome in pregnancy are sparse. For severe acute respiratory syndrome, the largest series of 12 pregnancies had a case-fatality rate of 25%. Complications included acute respiratory distress syndrome in 4, disseminated intravascular coagulopathy in 3, renal failure in 3, secondary bacterial pneumonia in 2, and sepsis in 2 patients. Mechanical ventilation was 3 times more likely among pregnant compared with nonpregnant women. Among 7 first-trimester infections, 4 ended in spontaneous abortion. Four of 5 women with severe acute respiratory syndrome after 24 weeks’ gestation delivered preterm. For Middle East respiratory syndrome, there were 13 case reports in pregnant women, of which 2 were asymptomatic, identified as part of a contact investigation; 3 patients (23%) died. Two pregnancies ended in fetal demise and 2 were born preterm. No evidence of in utero transmission was seen in severe acute respiratory syndrome or Middle East respiratory syndrome. Currently no coronavirus-specific treatments have been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration. Because coronavirus disease 2019 might increase the risk for pregnancy complications, management should optimally be in a health care facility with close maternal and fetal monitoring. Principles of management of coronavirus disease 2019 in pregnancy include early isolation, aggressive infection control procedures, oxygen therapy, avoidance of fluid overload, consideration of empiric antibiotics (secondary to bacterial infection risk), laboratory testing for the virus and coinfection, fetal and uterine contraction monitoring, early mechanical ventilation for progressive respiratory failure, individualized delivery planning, and a team-based approach with multispecialty consultations. Information on coronavirus disease 2019 is increasing rapidly. Clinicians should continue to follow the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention website to stay up to date with the latest information (https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-nCoV/hcp/index.html). url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0002937820301976 doi: 10.1016/j.ajog.2020.02.017 id: cord-320746-iuzfexig author: Rasmussen, Sonja A. title: Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus: Update for Clinicians date: 2015-02-20 words: 2390.0 sentences: 101.0 pages: flesch: 42.0 cache: ./cache/cord-320746-iuzfexig.txt txt: ./txt/cord-320746-iuzfexig.txt summary: Although much recent focus has been on the recognition of Ebola virus disease among travelers from West Africa, cases of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), including travel-associated cases, continue to be reported. Although much recent focus has been appropriately placed on the recognition of Ebola virus disease in travelers returning from West Africa, the recent increase in cases of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infection (including travelassociated cases) is also of concern [1, 2] . Update on the epidemiology of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infection, and guidance for the public, clinicians, and public health authorities First confirmed cases of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infection in the United States, updated information on the epidemiology of MERS-CoV infection, and guidance for the public, clinicians, and public health authorities abstract: Although much recent focus has been on the recognition of Ebola virus disease among travelers from West Africa, cases of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), including travel-associated cases, continue to be reported. US clinicians need to be familiar with recommendations regarding when to suspect MERS-CoV, how to make a diagnosis, and what infection control measures need to be instituted when a case is suspected. Infection control is especially critical, given that most cases have been healthcare-associated. Two cases of MERS-CoV were identified in the United States in May 2014; because these cases were detected promptly and appropriate control measures were put in place quickly, no secondary cases occurred. This paper summarizes information that US clinicians need to know to prevent secondary cases of MERS-CoV from occurring in the United States. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25701855/ doi: 10.1093/cid/civ118 id: cord-323093-u3ozc9ry author: Rathnayake, Athri D. title: 3C-like protease inhibitors block coronavirus replication in vitro and improve survival in MERS-CoV–infected mice date: 2020-08-19 words: 7158.0 sentences: 362.0 pages: flesch: 56.0 cache: ./cache/cord-323093-u3ozc9ry.txt txt: ./txt/cord-323093-u3ozc9ry.txt summary: After we observed that treatment with compound 6j resulted in the survival of MERS MA -CoV-infected hDPP4-KI mice, we conducted another study by delaying treatment initiation until 3 dpi. This nucleoside analog was originally developed as an antiviral drug against Ebola virus and has been shown to be effective against both MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV in cell culture assays and in animal models of coronavirus infection (23) (24) (25) (26) . Prophylactic treatment or early therapeutic treatment of infected mice with remdesivir reduced MERS-CoV-or SARS-CoV-mediated weight loss and decreased lung virus titers and lung injury scores compared to those of vehicle-treated animals (23, 26) . The goal of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of 3CLpro inhibitors against human coronaviruses, including SARS-CoV-2, in a FRET enzyme assay and cell culture assays, as well as in a mouse model of MERS-CoV infection. abstract: Pathogenic coronaviruses are a major threat to global public health, as exemplified by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV), Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), and the newly emerged SARS-CoV-2, the causative agent of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). We describe herein the structure-guided optimization of a series of inhibitors of the coronavirus 3C-like protease (3CLpro), an enzyme essential for viral replication. The optimized compounds were effective against several human coronaviruses including MERS-CoV, SARS-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2 in an enzyme assay and in cell-based assays using Huh-7 and Vero E6 cell lines. Two selected compounds showed antiviral effects against SARS-CoV-2 in cultured primary human airway epithelial cells. In a mouse model of MERS-CoV infection, administration of a lead compound 1 day after virus infection increased survival from 0 to 100% and reduced lung viral titers and lung histopathology. These results suggest that this series of compounds has the potential to be developed further as antiviral drugs against human coronaviruses. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32747425/ doi: 10.1126/scitranslmed.abc5332 id: cord-336150-l8w7xk0b author: Rathore, Jitendra Singh title: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), a newly emerged pathogen: an overview date: 2020-08-25 words: 7362.0 sentences: 399.0 pages: flesch: 54.0 cache: ./cache/cord-336150-l8w7xk0b.txt txt: ./txt/cord-336150-l8w7xk0b.txt summary: The essential surface glycoprotein of SARS-CoV-2 known as spike (S) protein, essential for host cell receptor binding, showed only 72% similarity with SARS-CoV at the nucleotide level. Comparative genome analysis of RaTG13, a virus from a Rhinolophusaffinis (i.e. horseshoe) bat sampled from Yunnan province in China in 2013, with SARS-CoV-2, showed that SARS-CoV-2 has 96% similarity at the nucleotide sequence level . Later, it was found that the disease was caused by a virus designated as a novel human coronavirus, MERS-CoV, phylogenetic data showed that it belonged to lineage C of the Betacoronavirusgenus and was highly similar to bat coronaviruses HKU4 (Tylonycterispachypus) and HKU5 (Pipistrelluspipistrellus; Lau et al. When cell lines over-expressed the transmembrane protein ''angiotensin-converting enzyme 2'' (ACE2) from humans, bats, pig or civet cats and were infected with SARS-CoV-2, results showed that they became hypersensitized to infection, thus indicating that ACE2 is a SARS-CoV-2 receptor . Recently, neutralizing monoclonal antibodies and nanobodies against the RBD domain of S protein showed protection against SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV (Du et al. abstract: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a viral pneumonia, responsible for the recent pandemic, and originated from Wuhan, China, in December 2019. The causative agent of the outbreak was identified as coronavirus and designated as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS- CoV-2). Few years back, the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS- CoV) and the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) were reported to be highly pathogenic and caused severe infections in humans. In the current situation SARS-CoV-2 has become the third highly pathogenic coronavirus that is responsible for the present outbreak in human population. At the time of this review, there were more than 14 007 791 confirmed COVID-19 patients which associated with over 597 105 deaths in more then 216 countries across the globe (as reported by World Health Organization). In this review we have discussed about SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV and SARC-CoV-2, their reservoirs, role of spike proteins and immunogenicity. We have also covered the diagnosis, therapeutics and vaccine status of SARS-CoV-2. url: https://doi.org/10.1093/femspd/ftaa042 doi: 10.1093/femspd/ftaa042 id: cord-303272-1w8epdht author: Reusken, Chantal BEM title: Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus neutralising serum antibodies in dromedary camels: a comparative serological study date: 2013-08-09 words: 4483.0 sentences: 236.0 pages: flesch: 56.0 cache: ./cache/cord-303272-1w8epdht.txt txt: ./txt/cord-303272-1w8epdht.txt summary: title: Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus neutralising serum antibodies in dromedary camels: a comparative serological study Cattle (n=80), sheep (n=40), goats (n=40), dromedary camels (n=155), and various other camelid species (n=34) were tested for specific serum IgG by protein microarray using the receptor-binding S1 subunits of spike proteins of MERS-CoV, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus, and human coronavirus OC43. We tested the sera for the presence of IgG antibodies reactive with MERS-CoV, SARS-CoV, and human coronavirus OC43 S1 antigens in a protein microarray. plaque reduction neutralisation tests for bovine coronavirus and MERS-CoV (B): two representative sera are shown (numbers 15 and 5, corresponding to camel ID numbers in table 2) in dilutions of 1/40, 1/160, and 1/640 as well as the virus input control. Sera were tested for IgG antibodies reactive with MERS-CoV, SARS-CoV, and human coronavirus OC43 S1 antigens in a protein microarray (fi gure 1). abstract: BACKGROUND: A new betacoronavirus—Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV)—has been identified in patients with severe acute respiratory infection. Although related viruses infect bats, molecular clock analyses have been unable to identify direct ancestors of MERS-CoV. Anecdotal exposure histories suggest that patients had been in contact with dromedary camels or goats. We investigated possible animal reservoirs of MERS-CoV by assessing specific serum antibodies in livestock. METHODS: We took sera from animals in the Middle East (Oman) and from elsewhere (Spain, Netherlands, Chile). Cattle (n=80), sheep (n=40), goats (n=40), dromedary camels (n=155), and various other camelid species (n=34) were tested for specific serum IgG by protein microarray using the receptor-binding S1 subunits of spike proteins of MERS-CoV, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus, and human coronavirus OC43. Results were confirmed by virus neutralisation tests for MERS-CoV and bovine coronavirus. FINDINGS: 50 of 50 (100%) sera from Omani camels and 15 of 105 (14%) from Spanish camels had protein-specific antibodies against MERS-CoV spike. Sera from European sheep, goats, cattle, and other camelids had no such antibodies. MERS-CoV neutralising antibody titres varied between 1/320 and 1/2560 for the Omani camel sera and between 1/20 and 1/320 for the Spanish camel sera. There was no evidence for cross-neutralisation by bovine coronavirus antibodies. INTERPRETATION: MERS-CoV or a related virus has infected camel populations. Both titres and seroprevalences in sera from different locations in Oman suggest widespread infection. FUNDING: European Union, European Centre For Disease Prevention and Control, Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft. url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S1473309913701646 doi: 10.1016/s1473-3099(13)70164-6 id: cord-268943-arjtjy53 author: Reuss, Annicka title: Contact Investigation for Imported Case of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome, Germany date: 2014-04-17 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: On March 19, 2013, a patient from United Arab Emirates who had severe respiratory infection was transferred to a hospital in Germany, 11 days after symptom onset. Infection with Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) was suspected on March 21 and confirmed on March 23; the patient, who had contact with an ill camel shortly before symptom onset, died on March 26. A contact investigation was initiated to identify possible person-to-person transmission and assess infection control measures. Of 83 identified contacts, 81 were available for follow-up. Ten contacts experienced mild symptoms, but test results for respiratory and serum samples were negative for MERS-CoV. Serologic testing was done for 53 (75%) of 71 nonsymptomatic contacts; all results were negative. Among contacts, the use of FFP2/FFP3 face masks during aerosol exposure was more frequent after MERS-CoV infection was suspected than before. Infection control measures may have prevented nosocomial transmission of the virus. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24655721/ doi: 10.3201/eid2004.131375 id: cord-264408-vk4lt83x author: Ruiz, Sara I. title: Animal Models of Human Viral Diseases date: 2017-06-23 words: 34464.0 sentences: 1865.0 pages: flesch: 47.0 cache: ./cache/cord-264408-vk4lt83x.txt txt: ./txt/cord-264408-vk4lt83x.txt summary: Well-developed animal models are necessary to understand disease progression, pathogenesis, and immunologic responses to viral infections in humans. NHPs including marmosets, cotton-top tamarins, and rhesus macaques infected with Norwalk virus are monitored for the extent of viral shedding; however, no clinical disease is observed in these models. Intracerebral and IN routes of infection resulted in a fatal disease that was highly dependent on dose while intradermal (ID) and subQ inoculations caused only 50% fatality in mice regardless of the amount of virus (liu et al., 1970) . Ferrets infected with Hendra or Nipah virus display the same clinical disease as seen in the hamster model and human cases (Bossart et al., 2009; Pallister et al., 2011) . Characterization studies with IFNAr −/− mice challenged with different routes (IP, IN, IM, and subQ) showed that CCHFV causes acute disease with high viral loads, pathology in liver and lymphoid tissues, increased proinflammatory response, severe thrombocytopenia, coagulopathy, and death, all of which are characteristics of human disease . abstract: As the threat of exposure to emerging and reemerging viruses within a naïve population increases, it is vital that the basic mechanisms of pathogenesis and immune response be thoroughly investigated. Recent outbreaks of Middle East respiratory syndrome corona virus, Ebola virus, Chikungunya virus, and Zika virus illustrate the emerging threats that are encountered. By utilizing animal models in this endeavor, the host response to viruses can be studied in a more complex and integrated context to identify novel drug targets, and assess the efficacy and safety of new products rapidly. This is especially true in the advent and implementation of the FDA animal rule. Although no one animal model is able to recapitulate all aspects of human disease, understanding the current limitations allows for a more targeted experimental design. Important facets to consider prior to an animal study are route of viral exposure, species of animal, biomarkers of disease, and a humane endpoint. This chapter covers the current animal models for medically important human viruses, and demonstrates where the gaps in knowledge exist. url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128094686000334 doi: 10.1016/b978-0-12-809468-6.00033-4 id: cord-018239-n7axd9bq author: Rusoke-Dierich, Olaf title: Travel Medicine date: 2018-03-13 words: 8527.0 sentences: 660.0 pages: flesch: 60.0 cache: ./cache/cord-018239-n7axd9bq.txt txt: ./txt/cord-018239-n7axd9bq.txt summary: The following topics should be included in the travel advice consultation: 5 Vaccinations (general and country specific) 5 Country-specific diseases 5 Malaria prophylaxis 5 Mosquito prophylaxis (wearing bright long-sleeved clothes, avoiding perfume, staying in air-conditioned rooms, using a mosquito net, using insect repellents, staying inside at dawn and dusk) 5 Food consumption and drinking overseas (no consumption of ice cubes, uncooked meals, salads and food, which is exposed to flies, limited alcohol consumption) 5 UV protection (using sun cream, avoiding sun exposure between 11.00 and 15.00 o'' clock, remaining in shaded areas, wearing a hat and covering skin) 5 Fitness assessment for travelling, flying and diving 5 Challenges of different climates and their effects on the personal health (dehydration, hyperthermia) 5 Medications 5 Thrombosis counselling 5 Counselling on symptoms on return, which require review (fever, skin changes, abnormal bleeding, lymphadenopathy, diarrhoea) 5 Sexual transmitted diseases 5 Contraception 5 Rabies abstract: Before travelling to other countries, thorough travel advice should be provided. Not only information about diseases of specific countries but also general advice for travelling should be given on this consultation. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7123067/ doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-73836-9_32 id: cord-298350-pq1dcz3a author: Ryan, Jeffrey R. title: Category C Diseases and Agents date: 2016-03-25 words: 7266.0 sentences: 451.0 pages: flesch: 57.0 cache: ./cache/cord-298350-pq1dcz3a.txt txt: ./txt/cord-298350-pq1dcz3a.txt summary: Specific examples explored in this chapter include Nipah virus, hantavirus, West Nile fever virus, and the coronaviruses that cause severe acute respiratory syndrome and Middle East respiratory syndrome. Remarkably, researchers noted that human case patients had an association with infected animals from a concurrent and severe outbreak of respiratory disease in pigs and that there was a notable absence of illness in children. Research shows that many HPS case patients acquired the virus after having been in frequent contact with rodents or their droppings for long periods (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Special Pathogens Branch, 2007) . Initially, Saint Louis encephalitis virus was believed to be the cause of the human infections until WNV was isolated from the human and animal specimens. Patients infected with the SARS-coronavirus disease are likely to present to health-care facilities. Case-control study of risk factors for human infection with a new zoonotic paramyxovirus, Nipah virus, during a 1998-1999 outbreak of severe encephalitis in Malaysia abstract: This chapter covers Category C diseases and agents. These emerging diseases present a very unique challenge to public health officials and infectious disease specialists. Perhaps they have been with us for millions of years, lurking in a dark corner of the environment, waiting for an opportunity to jump from their natural cycle of transmission to a human host. Or they may represent something totally new. Regardless of their origin, an emerging disease pathogen must be characterized quickly by molecular biologists and microbiologists. The dynamics of disease transmission must be investigated by teams of epidemiologists. Treatment regimens must be formulated by clinicians working on the frontlines of the outbreak. Disease prevention strategies and risk communications must be quickly formulated by public health officials. Finally, media attention for emerging disease outbreaks forces government officials at all levels to address the problem with planning and preparedness activities aimed at preserving the health of the public. Specific examples explored in this chapter include Nipah virus, hantavirus, West Nile fever virus, and the coronaviruses that cause severe acute respiratory syndrome and Middle East respiratory syndrome. url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128020296000050 doi: 10.1016/b978-0-12-802029-6.00005-0 id: cord-286072-kgpvdb42 author: Sa Ribero, Margarida title: Interplay between SARS-CoV-2 and the type I interferon response date: 2020-07-29 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is responsible for the current COVID-19 pandemic. An unbalanced immune response, characterized by a weak production of type I interferons (IFN-Is) and an exacerbated release of proinflammatory cytokines, contributes to the severe forms of the disease. SARS-CoV-2 is genetically related to SARS-CoV and Middle East respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus (MERS-CoV), which caused outbreaks in 2003 and 2013, respectively. Although IFN treatment gave some encouraging results against SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV in animal models, its potential as a therapeutic against COVID-19 awaits validation. Here, we describe our current knowledge of the complex interplay between SARS-CoV-2 infection and the IFN system, highlighting some of the gaps that need to be filled for a better understanding of the underlying molecular mechanisms. In addition to the conserved IFN evasion strategies that are likely shared with SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV, novel counteraction mechanisms are being discovered in SARS-CoV-2–infected cells. Since the last coronavirus epidemic, we have made considerable progress in understanding the IFN-I response, including its spatiotemporal regulation and the prominent role of plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs), which are the main IFN-I–producing cells. While awaiting the results of the many clinical trials that are evaluating the efficacy of IFN-I alone or in combination with antiviral molecules, we discuss the potential benefits of a well-timed IFN-I treatment and propose strategies to boost pDC-mediated IFN responses during the early stages of viral infection. url: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1008737 doi: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008737 id: cord-337089-ksh62ni0 author: Salajegheh Tazerji, Sina title: Transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) to animals: an updated review date: 2020-09-21 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: COVID-19 caused by a novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) originated in Wuhan (Hubei province, China) during late 2019. It has spread across the globe affecting nearly 21 million people with a toll of 0.75 million deaths and restricting the movement of most of the world population during the past 6 months. COVID-19 became the leading health, economic, and humanitarian challenge of the twenty-first century. In addition to the considerable COVID-19 cases, hospitalizations, and deaths in humans, several cases of SARS-CoV-2 infections in animal hosts (dog, cat, tiger, lion, and mink) have been reported. Thus, the concern of pet owners is increasing. Moreover, the dynamics of the disease requires further explanation, mainly concerning the transmission of the virus from humans to animals and vice versa. Therefore, this study aimed to gather information about the reported cases of COVID-19 transmission in animals through a literary review of works published in scientific journals and perform genomic and phylogenetic analyses of SARS-CoV-2 isolated from animal hosts. Although many instances of transmission of the SARS-CoV-2 have been reported, caution and further studies are necessary to avoid the occurrence of maltreatment in animals, and to achieve a better understanding of the dynamics of the disease in the environment, humans, and animals. Future research in the animal–human interface can help formulate and implement preventive measures to combat the further transmission of COVID-19. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32957995/ doi: 10.1186/s12967-020-02534-2 id: cord-293525-c7nwygl1 author: Saldanha, I. F. title: Extension of the known distribution of a novel clade C betacoronavirus in a wildlife host date: 2019-04-03 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Disease surveillance in wildlife populations presents a logistical challenge, yet is critical in gaining a deeper understanding of the presence and impact of wildlife pathogens. Erinaceus coronavirus (EriCoV), a clade C Betacoronavirus, was first described in Western European hedgehogs (Erinaceus europaeus) in Germany. Here, our objective was to determine whether EriCoV is present, and if it is associated with disease, in Great Britain (GB). An EriCoV-specific BRYT-Green(®) real-time reverse transcription PCR assay was used to test 351 samples of faeces or distal large intestinal tract contents collected from casualty or dead hedgehogs from a wide area across GB. Viral RNA was detected in 10.8% (38) samples; however, the virus was not detected in any of the 61 samples tested from Scotland. The full genome sequence of the British EriCoV strain was determined using next generation sequencing; it shared 94% identity with a German EriCoV sequence. Multivariate statistical models using hedgehog case history data, faecal specimen descriptions and post-mortem examination findings found no significant associations indicative of disease associated with EriCoV in hedgehogs. These findings indicate that the Western European hedgehog is a reservoir host of EriCoV in the absence of apparent disease. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31063092/ doi: 10.1017/s0950268819000207 id: cord-313684-61hkogdh author: Samaddar, Arghadip title: Pathophysiology and Potential Therapeutic Candidates for COVID-19: A Poorly Understood Arena date: 2020-09-17 words: 11700.0 sentences: 585.0 pages: flesch: 42.0 cache: ./cache/cord-313684-61hkogdh.txt txt: ./txt/cord-313684-61hkogdh.txt summary: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), an acute onset pneumonia caused by a novel Betacoronavirus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), emerged in the Wuhan City of China in December 2019 and evolved into a global pandemic. These include antivirals (remdesivir, lopinavir/ritonavir, umifenovir, and favipiravir), interferon, antimalarials (chloroquine/hydroxychloroquine), antiparasitic drugs (ivermectin and nitazoxanide), biologics (monoclonal antibodies and interleukin receptor antagonist), cellular therapies (mesenchymal stem cells and natural killer cells), convalescent plasma, and cytokine adsorber. Though several observational studies have claimed many of these agents to be effective based on their in vitro activities and extrapolated evidence from SARS and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) epidemics, the currently available data remains inconclusive because of ill-defined patient selection criteria, small sample size, lack of concurrent controls, and use of intermediary outcomes instead of patient-relevant outcomes. abstract: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), an acute onset pneumonia caused by a novel Betacoronavirus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), emerged in the Wuhan City of China in December 2019 and evolved into a global pandemic. To date, there are no proven drugs or vaccines against this virus. Hence, the situation demands an urgent need to explore all potential therapeutic strategies that can be made available to prevent the disease progression and improve patient outcomes. In absence of clinically proven treatment guidelines, several repurposed drugs and investigational agents are currently being evaluated in clinical trials for their probable benefits in the treatment of COVID-19. These include antivirals (remdesivir, lopinavir/ritonavir, umifenovir, and favipiravir), interferon, antimalarials (chloroquine/hydroxychloroquine), antiparasitic drugs (ivermectin and nitazoxanide), biologics (monoclonal antibodies and interleukin receptor antagonist), cellular therapies (mesenchymal stem cells and natural killer cells), convalescent plasma, and cytokine adsorber. Though several observational studies have claimed many of these agents to be effective based on their in vitro activities and extrapolated evidence from SARS and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) epidemics, the currently available data remains inconclusive because of ill-defined patient selection criteria, small sample size, lack of concurrent controls, and use of intermediary outcomes instead of patient-relevant outcomes. Moreover, there is a need to clearly define the patient populations who warrant therapy and also the timing of initiation of treatment. Understanding the disease pathology responsible for the clinical manifestations of COVID-19 is imperative to identify the potential targets for drug development. This review explains the pathophysiology of COVID-19 and summarizes the potential treatment candidates, which can provide guidance in developing effective therapeutic strategies. url: https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2020.585888 doi: 10.3389/fphar.2020.585888 id: cord-293691-ewerquin author: Sauerhering, Lucie title: Cyclophilin Inhibitors Restrict Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Via Interferon λ In Vitro And In Mice date: 2020-07-02 words: 3428.0 sentences: 191.0 pages: flesch: 43.0 cache: ./cache/cord-293691-ewerquin.txt txt: ./txt/cord-293691-ewerquin.txt summary: RATIONALE: While severe coronavirus infections, including Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) cause lung injury with high mortality rates, protective treatment strategies are not approved for clinical use. METHODS: Calu-3 cells and primary human alveolar epithelial cells (hAEC) were infected with MERS-CoV and treated with CsA or ALV or inhibitors targeting cyclophilin inhibitor-regulated molecules including Calcineurin, NFAT, or MAP kinases. To address the previously proposed antiviral activity of CsA in clinically relevant cells, we infected the human bronchial epithelial cell line Calu-3 and primary human alveolar epithelial cells (hAEC) with MERS-CoV and analyzed intracellular viral RNA and infectious particle release in presence of DMSO or CsA ( Figure 1 ). Our data demonstrated that silencing of IRF1 but not treatment by control siRNA lead to a significant increase in MERS-CoV released viral particles in CsA-treated cells ( Figure 6A , B). abstract: RATIONALE: While severe coronavirus infections, including Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) cause lung injury with high mortality rates, protective treatment strategies are not approved for clinical use. OBJECTIVES: We elucidated the molecular mechanisms by which the cyclophilin inhibitors Cyclosporin A (CsA) and Alisporivir (ALV) restrict MERS-CoV to validate their suitability as readily-available therapy in MERS-CoV infection. METHODS: Calu-3 cells and primary human alveolar epithelial cells (hAEC) were infected with MERS-CoV and treated with CsA or ALV or inhibitors targeting cyclophilin inhibitor-regulated molecules including Calcineurin, NFAT, or MAP kinases. Novel CsA-induced pathways were identified by RNA sequencing and manipulated by gene knockdown or neutralising antibodies. Viral replication was quantified by qRT-PCR and TCID(50). Data were validated in a murine MERS-CoV infection model. RESULTS: CsA and ALV both reduced MERS-CoV titers and viral RNA replication in Calu-3 and hAEC improving epithelial integrity. While neither Calcineurin nor NFAT inhibition reduced MERS-CoV propagation, blockade of c-Jun N-terminal kinase diminished infectious viral particle release but not RNA accumulation. Importantly, CsA induced interferon regulatory factor 1 (IRF1), a pronounced type-III-interferon (IFNλ) response and expression of antiviral genes. Down-regulation of IRF1 or IFNλ increased MERS-CoV propagation in presence of CsA. Importantly, oral application of CsA reduced MERS-CoV replication in vivo, correlating with elevated lung IFNλ levels and improved outcome. CONCLUSIONS: We provide evidence that cyclophilin inhibitors efficiently decrease MERS-CoV replication in vitro and in vivo via upregulation of inflammatory, antiviral cell responses, in particular IFNλ. CsA might therefore represent a promising candidate to treat MERS-CoV infection. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32616594/ doi: 10.1183/13993003.01826-2019 id: cord-284289-8emvca57 author: Schuster, Jennifer E. title: Emerging Respiratory Viruses in Children date: 2018-03-31 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Respiratory viral infections are a leading cause of pediatric disease. Emerging respiratory viruses can cause outbreaks with significant morbidity and mortality or circulate routinely. The rapid identification of pathogens, epidemiologic tracing, description of symptoms, and development of preventative and therapeutic measures are crucial to limiting the spread of these viruses. Some emerging viruses, such as rhinovirus C and influenza C, circulate yearly but were previously undetected due to limited diagnostic methods. Although some pathogens have a geographic focus, globalization dictates that providers be aware of all emerging diseases in order to recognize outbreaks and diagnose and treat patients. url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S089155201730096X doi: 10.1016/j.idc.2017.10.001 id: cord-342739-iy9vjpuh author: Schwartz, David A. title: Potential Maternal and Infant Outcomes from Coronavirus 2019-nCoV (SARS-CoV-2) Infecting Pregnant Women: Lessons from SARS, MERS, and Other Human Coronavirus Infections date: 2020-02-10 words: 8414.0 sentences: 406.0 pages: flesch: 49.0 cache: ./cache/cord-342739-iy9vjpuh.txt txt: ./txt/cord-342739-iy9vjpuh.txt summary: In order to assess the potential of the Wuhan 2019-nCoV to cause maternal, fetal and neonatal morbidity and other poor obstetrical outcomes, this communication reviews the published data addressing the epidemiological and clinical effects of SARS, MERS, and other coronavirus infections on pregnant women and their infants. The most common adverse obstetrical outcomes associated with maternal pneumonias from all causes include This newly recognized coronavirus, producing a disease that has been termed COVID-19, is rapidly spreading throughout China, has crossed international borders to infect persons in neighboring countries, and humans infected by the virus are travelling via commercial airlines to other continents. Pregnant women may develop severe disease and fatal maternal and/or fetal outcomes as a result of MERS-CoV infection; however, little is known of the pathophysiology of this infection during pregnancy. abstract: In early December 2019 a cluster of cases of pneumonia of unknown cause was identified in Wuhan, a city of 11 million persons in the People’s Republic of China. Further investigation revealed these cases to result from infection with a newly identified coronavirus, initially termed 2019-nCoV and subsequently SARS-CoV-2. The infection moved rapidly through China, spread to Thailand and Japan, extended into adjacent countries through infected persons travelling by air, eventually reaching multiple countries and continents. Similar to such other coronaviruses as those causing the Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) and severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), the new coronavirus was reported to spread via natural aerosols from human-to-human. In the early stages of this epidemic the case fatality rate is estimated to be approximately 2%, with the majority of deaths occurring in special populations. Unfortunately, there is limited experience with coronavirus infections during pregnancy, and it now appears certain that pregnant women have become infected during the present 2019-nCoV epidemic. In order to assess the potential of the Wuhan 2019-nCoV to cause maternal, fetal and neonatal morbidity and other poor obstetrical outcomes, this communication reviews the published data addressing the epidemiological and clinical effects of SARS, MERS, and other coronavirus infections on pregnant women and their infants. Recommendations are also made for the consideration of pregnant women in the design, clinical trials, and implementation of future 2019-nCoV vaccines. url: https://doi.org/10.3390/v12020194 doi: 10.3390/v12020194 id: cord-284234-9cd2v6bt author: Sebastian, S title: Safety of drugs during previous and current coronavirus pandemics: Lessons for IBD date: 2020-06-10 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: The Coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has posed challenges in the routine care of patients with inflammatory bowel disease. One of the key challenges needing addressing is the quantification of the risks of immunosuppressive and biologic therapies in IBD patients during the pandemic. The similarities and differences between the previous coronavirus outbreaks and the pathobiology of the infections can give useful information in understanding the risks, and perhaps potential beneficial aspects of drugs used in IBD. Although clinical, immunological and pharmacological data from the experience with the previous coronavirus outbreaks cannot be automatically translated to predict the safety of IBD therapies during COVID-19 pandemic, the signals so far from these outbreaks on IBD patients who are on immunomodulators and biologics are reassuring to patients and clinicians alike. url: https://doi.org/10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjaa120 doi: 10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjaa120 id: cord-312178-tojgojjf author: Segars, James title: Prior and Novel Coronaviruses, COVID-19, and Human Reproduction: What Is Known? date: 2020-04-16 words: 5355.0 sentences: 309.0 pages: flesch: 48.0 cache: ./cache/cord-312178-tojgojjf.txt txt: ./txt/cord-312178-tojgojjf.txt summary: Evidence suggests that COVID-19 infection has a lower maternal case fatality rate than SARS or MERS, but anecdotal reports suggest that infected, asymptomatic women may develop respiratory symptoms postpartum. The rapid spread of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has led to a pandemic of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) across the globe. The novel SARS-CoV-2 virus spreads rapidly, with 2-3 people infected from every index case, a reproduction number (R 0 ) or transmission rate of 2.24 -3.58 (2) . The aim of this review is to summarize what is currently known about the impact of prior coronaviruses and the novel SARS-CoV-2 infection on reproduction and pregnancy. Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infection during pregnancy: Report of two cases & review of the literature An Analysis of 38 Pregnant Women with COVID-19, Their Newborn Infants, and Maternal-Fetal Transmission of SARS-CoV-2: Maternal Coronavirus Infections and Pregnancy Outcomes abstract: Structured Abstract Objective To summarize current understanding of the effects of novel and prior coronaviruses on human reproduction, specifically male and female gametes, and in pregnancy. Design Review of English publications in PubMed and Embase to April 6, 2020. Methods Manuscripts were screened for reports including coronavirus, reproduction, including pathophysiology and pregnancy. Intervention(s) None. Main Outcome Measure(s) Reproductive outcomes; effects on gametes; pregnancy outcomes; neonatal complications. Results Seventy-nine reports formed the basis of the review. Coronavirus binding to cells involves the S1 domain of the spike protein to receptors present in reproductive tissues, including angiotensin converting enzyme-2 (ACE2), CD26, Ezrin, and cyclophilins. SARS-CoV-1 may cause severe orchitis leading to germ cell destruction in males. Reports indicate decreased sperm concentration and motility for 72-90 days following COVID-19 infection. Gonadotropin-dependent expression of ACE2 was found in human ovaries, but it is unclear whether SARS-CoV-2 adversely affects female gametogenesis. Evidence suggests that COVID-19 infection has a lower maternal case fatality rate than SARS or MERS, but anecdotal reports suggest that infected, asymptomatic women may develop respiratory symptoms postpartum. COVID-19 infections in pregnancy are associated with preterm delivery. Postpartum neonatal transmission from mother to child has been reported. Conclusion COVID-19 infection may adversely affect some pregnant women and their offspring. Additional studies are needed to assess effects of SARS-CoV-2 infection on male and female fertility. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32482250/ doi: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2020.04.025 id: cord-301547-d4wt9dqp author: Seng, J. J. B. title: Pandemic related Health literacy - A Systematic Review of literature in COVID-19, SARS and MERS pandemics date: 2020-05-11 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Background: Health literacy plays an essential role in ones ability to acquire and understand critical medical information in the COVID-19 infodemic and other pandemics. Purpose: To summarize the assessment, levels and determinants of pandemic related health literacy and its associated clinical outcomes. Data sources: Medline, Embase, PsychINFO, CINAHL, arXiv, bioRxiv, medRxiv, and Social Science Research Network. The start date was unrestricted and current as of 22 April 2020. Study selection Studies which evaluated health literacy related to novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) or Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) Data extraction Data on the characteristics of study designs, instruments, participants and level of health literacy were collected. Items used in instruments were grouped under the themes of knowledge, attitudes and practices. Determinants of health literacy were grouped into five domains (socio-demographic, medical, psychological/psychiatric, health systems related and others). Data synthesis: Of 2,065 articles screened, 70 articles were included. 21, 17 and 32 studies evaluated health literacy related to COVID-19, SARS and MERS, respectively. The rates of low pandemic health literacy ranged from 4.3 to 57.9% among medical-related populations and 4.0% to 82.5% among non-medical populations. Knowledge about symptoms and transmission of infection; worry about infection and, practices related to mask usage and hand hygiene was most frequently evaluated. Socio-demographic determinants of health literacy were most studied, where higher education level, older age and female gender were associated with better health literacy. No studies evaluated outcomes associated with health literacy. Limitations Non-English articles were excluded. Conclusion: The level of pandemic related health literacy is sub-optimal. Healthcare administrators need to be aware of health literacy determinants when formulating policies in pandemics. url: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.05.07.20094227 doi: 10.1101/2020.05.07.20094227 id: cord-342756-rgm9ffpk author: Senger, Mario Roberto title: COVID-19: molecular targets, drug repurposing and new avenues for drug discovery date: 2020-10-02 words: 16108.0 sentences: 1024.0 pages: flesch: 51.0 cache: ./cache/cord-342756-rgm9ffpk.txt txt: ./txt/cord-342756-rgm9ffpk.txt summary: Here, we aimed at presenting a critical view of ongoing drug repurposing efforts for COVID-19 as well as discussing opportunities for development of new treatments based on current knowledge of the mechanism of infection and potential targets within. In the following topic, we will review SARS-CoV-2 structure and mechanism of infection in order to discuss molecular targets from the virus or its human host that are being considered for drug repurposing and perhaps future development of new drugs. (128) Its role as a functional receptor of SARS-CoV-2 S protein in host cells makes this protein a potential drug target to treat COVID-19. (138) TMPRSS2 has a major role in SARS-CoV-2 cell entry and replication, and thus represents an interesting therapeutic target since its inhibitors could potentially block virus infection in its initial stages. (199) A robust preclinical drug discovery pipeline comprising in vitro, and in vivo models of SARS-CoV-2 infection is particularly important to identify new antivirals for human COVID-19 treatment. abstract: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a highly contagious infection that may break the healthcare system of several countries. Here, we aimed at presenting a critical view of ongoing drug repurposing efforts for COVID-19 as well as discussing opportunities for development of new treatments based on current knowledge of the mechanism of infection and potential targets within. Finally, we also discuss patent protection issues, cost effectiveness and scalability of synthetic routes for some of the most studied repurposing candidates since these are key aspects to meet global demand for COVID-19 treatment. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33027420/ doi: 10.1590/0074-02760200254 id: cord-024569-d9opzb6m author: Seo, Mihye title: Amplifying Panic and Facilitating Prevention: Multifaceted Effects of Traditional and Social Media Use During the 2015 MERS Crisis in South Korea date: 2019-07-26 words: 8116.0 sentences: 421.0 pages: flesch: 44.0 cache: ./cache/cord-024569-d9opzb6m.txt txt: ./txt/cord-024569-d9opzb6m.txt summary: Using two waves of online panel data collected at two different time points during the MERS crisis, I investigate how individuals'' traditional and social media use during the crisis produced various consequences, including increased MERS knowledge, negative emotions such as fear and anxiety, and direct and indirect facilitation of MERS preventive behaviors. I expected that both traditional and social media use in times of crisis could directly and indirectly facilitate preventive behaviors (via MERS knowledge) and negative emotional responses to the MERS situation. I also expect that traditional and social media use about the Korean MERS crisis stimulated negative emotional responses, which in turn influenced both precautionary and panic behaviors in media users. Using two sets of data collected at two different time points during the 2015 MERS crisis in Korea, I investigated how traditional and social media use influenced MERS knowledge, fear and anxiety about the MERS situation, and adoption of preventive behaviors. abstract: In the context of the 2015 Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) outbreak in South Korea, this study examines the multifaceted effects of media use considering the current complex media environment. Analysis of a two-wave online panel survey found that traditional media use had a positive influence on MERS knowledge while social media use did not. However, knowledge did not facilitate preventive behaviors. In contrast, negative emotional responses due to media use stimulated desirable behaviors. Furthermore, social media use directly influenced behavioral responses but traditional media use did not show the same effects. Different functions of traditional and social media during an epidemic are discussed. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7206556/ doi: 10.1177/1077699019857693 id: cord-324671-7xdnmms9 author: Seo, Yae Eun title: Factors Associated with Burnout among Healthcare Workers during an Outbreak of MERS date: 2020-07-08 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: OBJECTIVE: Although healthcare workers (HCWs) experienced significant stress during the 2015 outbreak of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS), the factors associated with this stress remain unknown. Thus, the present study assessed burnout among HCWs during the MERS outbreak to identify the influential factors involved in this process. METHODS: This study was a retrospective chart review of the psychological tests and questionnaires completed by 171 hospital employees from two general hospitals that treated MERS patients. The tests included the Oldenburg Burnout Inventory, Positive Resources Test, the questionnaires assessed exposure to the MERS outbreak event and perceptions about MERS. RESULTS: Of the 171 HCWs, 112 (65.5%) experienced disengagement and 136 (79.5%) suffered from exhaustion. Disengagement was associated with lower levels of purpose and hope, a higher perception of job risk, and exposure to the media. Exhaustion was associated with lower levels of purpose and hope, a higher perception of little control of the infection, a higher perception of job risk, prior experience related to infections, and being female. CONCLUSION: Our results revealed the risk and protective factors associated with burnout among HCWs during an outbreak of MERS. These findings should be considered when determining interventional strategies aimed at ameliorating burnout among HCWs. url: https://doi.org/10.30773/pi.2020.0056 doi: 10.30773/pi.2020.0056 id: cord-322760-tsxniu3j author: Sha, Jianping title: Fatality risks for nosocomial outbreaks of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus in the Middle East and South Korea date: 2016-09-23 words: 4625.0 sentences: 207.0 pages: flesch: 55.0 cache: ./cache/cord-322760-tsxniu3j.txt txt: ./txt/cord-322760-tsxniu3j.txt summary: Thus, older age, pre-existing concurrent diseases, and delayed confirmation increase the odds of a fatal outcome in nosocomial MERS-CoV outbreaks in the Middle East and South Korea. Information on all laboratory-confirmed MERS cases was obtained from various publicly available sources, including WHO Global Alert and Response updates, documents officially released by the local health bureau, news releases from Middle Eastern and South Korean authorities, the Weekly Epidemiological Record, ProMed posts, and literature published from 1 April 2012 to 29 June 2016 (http:// www.who.int/csr/don/archive/disease/coronavirus_infections/ en/). In this study, we compared the mortality risk factors in two different nosocomial outbreaks, based on 51 nosocomial outbreaks of MERS-CoV infection in the Middle East and one large outbreak identified in South Korea. The severity of nosocomial outbreaks and the risk of fatal infection in HCP were significantly lower than the overall rate in the Middle East and South Korea. Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) nosocomial outbreak in South Korea: insights from modeling abstract: Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) was first isolated in 2012. The largest known outbreak outside the Middle East occurred in South Korea in 2015. As of 29 June 2016, 1769 laboratory-confirmed cases (630 deaths; 35.6 % case fatality rate [CFR]) had been reported from 26 countries, particularly in the Middle East. However, the CFR for hospital outbreaks was higher than that of family clusters in the Middle East and Korea. Here, we compared the mortality rates for 51 nosocomial outbreaks in the Middle East and one outbreak of MERS-CoV in South Korea. Our findings showed the CFR in the Middle East was much higher than that in South Korea (25.9 % [56/216] vs. 13.8 % [24/174], p = 0.003). Infected individuals who died were, on average, older than those who survived in both the Middle East (64 years [25–98] vs. 46 years [2–85], p = 0.000) and South Korea (68 years [49–82] vs. 53.5 years [16–87], p = 0.000). Similarly, the co-morbidity rates for the fatal cases were statistically higher than for the nonfatal cases in both the Middle East (64.3 % [36/56] vs. 28.1 % [45/160], p = 0.000) and South Korea (45.8 % [11/24] vs. 12.0 % [18/150], p = 0.000). The median number of days from onset to confirmation of infection in the fatal cases was longer than that for survivors from the Middle East (8 days [1–47] vs. 4 days [0–14], p = 0.009). Thus, older age, pre-existing concurrent diseases, and delayed confirmation increase the odds of a fatal outcome in nosocomial MERS-CoV outbreaks in the Middle East and South Korea. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL: The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s00705-016-3062-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27664026/ doi: 10.1007/s00705-016-3062-x id: cord-268483-joiajgs4 author: Shah, Vibhuti Kumar title: Overview of Immune Response During SARS-CoV-2 Infection: Lessons From the Past date: 2020-08-07 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: After the 1918 flu pandemic, the world is again facing a similar situation. However, the advancement in medical science has made it possible to identify that the novel infectious agent is from the coronavirus family. Rapid genome sequencing by various groups helped in identifying the structure and function of the virus, its immunogenicity in diverse populations, and potential preventive measures. Coronavirus attacks the respiratory system, causing pneumonia and lymphopenia in infected individuals. Viral components like spike and nucleocapsid proteins trigger an immune response in the host to eliminate the virus. These viral antigens can be either recognized by the B cells or presented by MHC complexes to the T cells, resulting in antibody production, increased cytokine secretion, and cytolytic activity in the acute phase of infection. Genetic polymorphism in MHC enables it to present some of the T cell epitopes very well over the other MHC alleles. The association of MHC alleles and its downregulated expression has been correlated with disease severity against influenza and coronaviruses. Studies have reported that infected individuals can, after recovery, induce strong protective responses by generating a memory T-cell pool against SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV. These memory T cells were not persistent in the long term and, upon reactivation, caused local damage due to cross-reactivity. So far, the reports suggest that SARS-CoV-2, which is highly contagious, shows related symptoms in three different stages and develops an exhaustive T-cell pool at higher loads of viral infection. As there are no specific treatments available for this novel coronavirus, numerous small molecular drugs that are being used for the treatment of diseases like SARS, MERS, HIV, ebola, malaria, and tuberculosis are being given to COVID-19 patients, and clinical trials for many such drugs have already begun. A classical immunotherapy of convalescent plasma transfusion from recovered patients has also been initiated for the neutralization of viremia in terminally ill COVID-19 patients. Due to the limitations of plasma transfusion, researchers are now focusing on developing neutralizing antibodies against virus particles along with immuno-modulation of cytokines like IL-6, Type I interferons (IFNs), and TNF-α that could help in combating the infection. This review highlights the similarities of the coronaviruses that caused SARS and MERS to the novel SARS-CoV-2 in relation to their pathogenicity and immunogenicity and also focuses on various treatment strategies that could be employed for curing COVID-19. url: https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2020.01949 doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01949 id: cord-334738-k6002qzb author: Shalhoub, S. title: MERS-CoV in a healthcare worker in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia: an index case investigation date: 2016-04-16 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: In September 2015, a confirmed case of Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) was diagnosed in a healthcare worker in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. Given the absence of confirmed MERS cases in Jeddah at the time, an epidemiological index case investigation took place. The investigation identified a probable source of an index case who had been in hospital in Jordan in August 2015 while there was an ongoing MERS outbreak and who then subsequently sought medical care in Jeddah. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27210272/ doi: 10.1016/j.jhin.2016.04.002 id: cord-268388-kkhuzf3p author: Sharif-Yakan, Ahmad title: Emergence of MERS-CoV in the Middle East: Origins, Transmission, Treatment, and Perspectives date: 2014-12-04 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25474536/ doi: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004457 id: cord-331228-wbd0s4fo author: Shehata, Mahmoud M. title: Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus: a comprehensive review date: 2016-01-20 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: The Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus was first identified in 2012 and has since then remained uncontrolled. Cases have been mostly reported in the Middle East, however travel-associated cases and outbreaks have also occurred. Nosocomial and zoonotic transmission of the virus appear to be the most important routes. The infection is severe and highly fatal thus necessitating rapid and efficacious interventions. Here, we performed a comprehensive review of published literature and summarized the epidemiology of the virus. In addition, we summarized the virological aspects of the infection and reviewed the animal models used as well as vaccination and antiviral tested against it. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26791756/ doi: 10.1007/s11684-016-0430-6 id: cord-338538-uea9kwge author: Shehata, Mahmoud M. title: Bacterial Outer Membrane Vesicles (OMVs)-Based Dual Vaccine for Influenza A H1N1 Virus and MERS-CoV date: 2019-05-28 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Vaccination is the most functional medical intervention to prophylactically control severe diseases caused by human-to-human or animal-to-human transmissible viral pathogens. Annually, seasonal influenza epidemics attack human populations leading to 290–650 thousand deaths/year worldwide. Recently, a novel Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus emerged. Together, those two viruses present a significant public health burden in areas where they circulate. Herein, we generated a bacterial outer membrane vesicles (OMVs)-based vaccine presenting the antigenic stable chimeric fusion protein of the H1-type haemagglutinin (HA) of the pandemic influenza A virus (H1N1) strain from 2009 (H1N1pdm09) and the receptor binding domain (RBD) of the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) (OMVs-H1/RBD). Our results showed that the chimeric antigen could induce specific neutralizing antibodies against both strains leading to protection of immunized mice against H1N1pdm09 and efficient neutralization of MERS-CoV. This study demonstrate that OMVs-based vaccines presenting viral antigens provide a safe and reliable approach to protect against two different viral infections. url: https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines7020046 doi: 10.3390/vaccines7020046 id: cord-312533-4u3bmb0e author: Shen, Li Wen title: TMPRSS2: A potential target for treatment of influenza virus and coronavirus infections date: 2017-08-01 words: 4771.0 sentences: 251.0 pages: flesch: 42.0 cache: ./cache/cord-312533-4u3bmb0e.txt txt: ./txt/cord-312533-4u3bmb0e.txt summary: Recently, a great deal of evidence has suggested that a transmembrane protease, serine 2 (TMPRSS2), a type II transmembrane serine protease (TTSP), plays a critical role in SARS and Abbreviations: ARE, androgen receptor element; AEBSF, 4-(2-Aminomethyl) benzenesulfonyl fluoride hydrochloride; BHH, Bromhexine hydrochloride; CoV, coronavirus; DESC1, serine protease DESC1; EST, (2S,3S)-trans-Epoxysuccinyl-Lleucylamido-3-methylbutane ethyl ester; FDA, Food and Drug Administration; HAT, human airway trypsin-like protease; HAI-2, hepatocyte growth factor activator inhibitor 2; HGF, hepatocyte growth factor; IFITM, Interferon-induced transmembrane protein; MMP-2, matrix metalloproteinase-2; MSPL, transmembrane protease, serine 13; PAI-1, plasminogen activator inhibitor 1; PAR-2, protease activated receptor 2; PPMO, peptide-conjugated phosphorodiamidate morpholino oligomer; RBS, receptor binding subdomain; THE, human tracheal epithelial; TMPRSS2, transmembrane protease, serine 2; TMPRSS4, transmembrane protease serine 4; TTSP, type II transmembrane serine protease; vRNPs, viral ribonucleoproteins. Although FDA-approved inhibitors that specifically inhibit TMPRSS2 are not yet available, some drugs such as camostat and nafamostat that have inhibitory activity against a variety of serine proteases have been approved for the treatment of other diseases and also suppress influenza virus and coronavirus infections. abstract: Influenza virus and coronavirus epidemics or pandemics have occurred in succession worldwide throughout the early 21st century. These epidemics or pandemics pose a major threat to human health. Here, we outline a critical role of the host cell protease TMPRSS2 in influenza virus and coronavirus infections and highlight an antiviral therapeutic strategy targeting TMPRSS2. url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biochi.2017.07.016 doi: 10.1016/j.biochi.2017.07.016 id: cord-311937-6hadssmh author: Sherbini, Nahid title: Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus in Al-Madinah City, Saudi Arabia: Demographic, clinical and survival data date: 2016-06-11 words: 2859.0 sentences: 162.0 pages: flesch: 52.0 cache: ./cache/cord-311937-6hadssmh.txt txt: ./txt/cord-311937-6hadssmh.txt summary: title: Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus in Al-Madinah City, Saudi Arabia: Demographic, clinical and survival data METHODS: A retrospective study was conducted of all confirmed MERS-CoV infections from March 2014 to May 2014 at two tertiary care hospitals in Al-Madinah region (Saudi Arabia). Epidemiology of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) was expanded after exploring the large hospital outbreak in Al-Hasa, Saudi Arabia [2] . We obtained data about demographic characteristics, clinical presentation, laboratory results, diagnosis, incubation period, smoking history, comorbidities, and history of contact with camels or MERS-CoV positive patients in regions within the Madinah area. Epidemiological, demographic, and clinical characteristics of 47 cases of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus disease from Saudi Arabia: a descriptive study Screening for Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection in hospital patients and their healthcare worker and family contacts: a prospective descriptive study Clinical course and outcomes of critically ill patients with Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection abstract: BACKGROUND: Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), is an emerging virus respiratory infection. It has a high mortality rate and a wide spectrum of clinical features. This study describes the clinical characteristics and outcome of MERS infected patients. METHODS: A retrospective study was conducted of all confirmed MERS-CoV infections from March 2014 to May 2014 at two tertiary care hospitals in Al-Madinah region (Saudi Arabia). We gathered data about demographic, clinical presentation, and factors associated with severity and mortality. RESULTS: A total of 29 cases were identified; 20 males (69%) and nine females (31%), age 45 ± 12 years. The death rate was higher for men (52%) than for women (23%). Initial presentation was fever in 22 (75%) cases, cough in 20 (69%) cases, and shortness of breath in 20 (69%) cases. Associated comorbidities were diabetes mellitus in nine (31%) patients and chronic kidney disease (CKD) in eight (27%) patients. Duration of symptoms before hospitalization ranged from 2.9 days to 5 days. Elevated liver enzymes were present in 14 (50%) patients and impaired renal profile present in eight (27%) patients. We also describe in this study radiological patterns and factors associated with mortality. CONCLUSION: MERS-CoV infection transmission continues to occur as clusters in healthcare facilities. The frequency of cases and deaths is higher among men than women and among patients with comorbidities. url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S2210600615300927 doi: 10.1016/j.jegh.2016.05.002 id: cord-287953-prn8cnvo author: Shin, Nina title: Effects of operational decisions on the diffusion of epidemic disease: A system dynamics modeling of the MERS-CoV outbreak in South Korea date: 2017-05-21 words: 6245.0 sentences: 302.0 pages: flesch: 41.0 cache: ./cache/cord-287953-prn8cnvo.txt txt: ./txt/cord-287953-prn8cnvo.txt summary: However, a number of hypotheses were generated to explain the spread, including: excessive patients'' freedom in seeking medical care at only large hospitals, inadequate quarantine, questionable government transparency, such as belated reports of infected hospital names, and the cultural social norm of visiting patients as standard etiquette ( Choe, 2015a ( Choe, , 2015b ; Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2015 ) . Using a macro-level system dynamics modeling approach, our study intends to investigate the effect of operational decisions, such as patient-room design, occupancy control at emergency room and patient-visitor management, on the patient-care performance, such as number of infected patients (secondary infections) and financial burden on patients. The model illustrated in Fig. 3 depicts a high-level overview dynamics model of causal relationships between operational decisions (patient room designs, occupancy control at emergency room, patient-visitor management) and patient care performance (number of infected patients and average cost per patient). abstract: Abstract We evaluated the nosocomial outbreak of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) Coronavirus (CoV) in the Republic of Korea, 2015, from a healthcare operations management perspective. Establishment of healthcare policy in South Korea provides patients’ freedom to select and visit multiple hospitals. Current policy enforces hospitals preference for multi-patient rooms to single-patient rooms, to lower financial burden. Existing healthcare systems tragically contributed to 186 MERS outbreak cases, starting from single “index patient” into three generations of secondary infections. By developing a macro-level health system dynamics model, we provide empirical knowledge to examining the case from both operational and financial perspectives. In our simulation, under base infectivity scenario, high emergency room occupancy circumstance contributed to an estimated average of 101 (917%) more infected patients, compared to when in low occupancy circumstance. Economic patient room design showed an estimated 702% increase in the number of infected patients, despite the overall 98% savings in total expected costs compared to optimal room design. This study provides first time, system dynamics model, performance measurements from an operational perspective. Importantly, the intent of this study was to provide evidence to motivate public, private, and government healthcare administrators’ recognition of current shortcomings, to optimize performance as a whole system, rather than mere individual aspects. url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S002251931730139X doi: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2017.03.020 id: cord-333144-gyuh2fvl author: Siddiqui, Arif Jamal title: Current status and strategic possibilities on potential use of combinational drug therapy against COVID-19 caused by SARS-CoV-2 date: 2020-08-05 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: The spread of new coronavirus infection starting December 2019 as novel SARS-CoV-2, identified as the causing agent of COVID-19, has affected all over the world and been declared as pandemic. Approximately, more than 8,807,398 confirmed cases of COVID-19 infection and 464,483 deaths have been reported globally till the end of 21 June 2020. Until now, there is no specific drug therapy or vaccine available for the treatment of COVID-19. However, some potential antimalarial drugs like hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin, antifilarial drug ivermectin and antiviral drugs have been tested by many research groups worldwide for their possible effect against the COVID-19. Hydroxychloroquine and ivermectin have been identified to act by creating the acidic condition in cells and inhibiting the importin (IMPα/β1) mediated viral import. There is a possibility that some other antimalarial drugs/antibiotics in combination with immunomodulators may help in combatting this pandemic disease. Therefore, this review focuses on the current use of various drugs as single agents (hydroxychloroquine, ivermectin, azithromycin, favipiravir, remdesivir, umifenovir, teicoplanin, nitazoxanide, doxycycline, and dexamethasone) or in combinations with immunomodulators additionally. Furthermore, possible mode of action, efficacy and current stage of clinical trials of various drug combinations against COVID-19 disease has also been discussed in detail. Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma url: https://doi.org/10.1080/07391102.2020.1802345 doi: 10.1080/07391102.2020.1802345 id: cord-341795-zbqfs77n author: Sikkema, R. S. title: Global status of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus in dromedary camels: a systematic review date: 2019-02-21 words: 5006.0 sentences: 220.0 pages: flesch: 53.0 cache: ./cache/cord-341795-zbqfs77n.txt txt: ./txt/cord-341795-zbqfs77n.txt summary: This systematic review aims to compile and analyse all published data on MERS-coronavirus (CoV) in the global camel population to provide an overview of current knowledge on the distribution, spread and risk factors of infections in dromedary camels. In the field surveys included in this review, MERS-CoV RNA has been described in rectal swab samples, although other field studies report negative results [3, [22] [23] [24] and when viral RNA can be detected, the positivity rate of rectal swabs is lower compared with nasal swab samples [19, [25] [26] [27] . Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus neutralising serum antibodies in dromedary camels: a comparative serological study Longitudinal study of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection in dromedary camel herds in Saudi Arabia Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) RNA and neutralising antibodies in milk collected according to local customs from dromedary camels abstract: Dromedary camels have been shown to be the main reservoir for human Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) infections. This systematic review aims to compile and analyse all published data on MERS-coronavirus (CoV) in the global camel population to provide an overview of current knowledge on the distribution, spread and risk factors of infections in dromedary camels. We included original research articles containing laboratory evidence of MERS-CoV infections in dromedary camels in the field from 2013 to April 2018. In general, camels only show minor clinical signs of disease after being infected with MERS-CoV. Serological evidence of MERS-CoV in camels has been found in 20 countries, with molecular evidence for virus circulation in 13 countries. The seroprevalence of MERS-CoV antibodies increases with age in camels, while the prevalence of viral shedding as determined by MERS-CoV RNA detection in nasal swabs decreases. In several studies, camels that were sampled at animal markets or quarantine facilities were seropositive more often than camels at farms as well as imported camels vs. locally bred camels. Some studies show a relatively higher seroprevalence and viral detection during the cooler winter months. Knowledge of the animal reservoir of MERS-CoV is essential to develop intervention and control measures to prevent human infections. url: https://doi.org/10.1017/s095026881800345x doi: 10.1017/s095026881800345x id: cord-331022-tek4u751 author: Sinderewicz, Emilia title: Immune Response to COVID-19: Can We Benefit from the SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV Pandemic Experience? date: 2020-09-09 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: The global range and high fatality rate of the newest human coronavirus (HCoV) pandemic has made SARS-CoV-2 the focus of the scientific world. Next-generation sequencing of the viral genome and a phylogenetic analysis have shown the high homology of SARS-CoV-2 to other HCoVs that have led to local epidemics in the past. The experience acquired in SARS and MERS epidemics may prove useful in understanding the SARS-CoV-2 pathomechanism and lead to effective treatment and potential vaccine development. This study summarizes the immune response to SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2 and focuses on T cell response, humoral immunity, and complement system activation in different stages of HCoVs infections. The study also presents the quantity and frequency of T cell responses, particularly CD4(+) and CD8(+); the profile of cytokine production and secretion; and its relation to T cell type, disease severity, and utility in prognostics of the course of SARS, MERS, and COVID-19 outbreaks. The role of interferons in the therapy of these infections is also discussed. Moreover, the kinetics of specific antibody production, the correlation between humoral and cellular immune response and the immunogenicity of the structural HCoVs proteins and their utility in the development of a vaccine against SARS, MERS, and COVID-19 has been updated. url: https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens9090739 doi: 10.3390/pathogens9090739 id: cord-262045-r2iqpmmc author: Smits, Saskia L. title: Reliable typing of MERS-CoV variants with a small genome fragment date: 2014-12-15 words: 2151.0 sentences: 110.0 pages: flesch: 49.0 cache: ./cache/cord-262045-r2iqpmmc.txt txt: ./txt/cord-262045-r2iqpmmc.txt summary: RESULTS: A reverse-transcription PCR assay for MERS-CoV targeting a 615 bp spike fragment provides a phylogenetic clustering of MERS-CoV variants comparable to that of full-length genomes. In addition, the MERS-CoV variant typing assay was performed on camel samples from a slaughterhouse in Qatar [13] and sequences for 14 MERS-CoV positive animals with cycle threshold values ranging from 12.9 to 32.2 as determined by UpE real time RT-PCR [17, 18] were obtained (Fig. 2) . Subsequent analyses revealed a region in the open reading frame that encodes the spike protein with a number of positions in which nucleotide variation occurs between MERS-CoV variants with a strong phylogenetic signal regarding previously identified clusters of viruses based on full-length MERS-CoV genomes. Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus quasispecies that include homologues of human isolates revealed through whole-genome analysis and virus cultured from dromedary camels in Saudi Arabia abstract: BACKGROUND: Middle East Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) is an emerging pathogen that causes lower respiratory tract infection in humans. Camels are the likely animal source for zoonotic infection, although exact transmission modes remain to be determined. Human-to-human transmission occurs sporadically. The wide geographic distribution of MERS-CoV among dromedary camels and ongoing transmissions to humans provides concern for the evolution of a MERS-CoV variant with efficient human-to-human transmission capabilities. Phylogenetic analysis of MERS-CoV has occurred by analysis of full-length genomes or multiple concatenated genome fragments, which is time-consuming, costly and limited to high viral load samples. OBJECTIVE: To develop a simple, reliable MERS-CoV variant typing assay to facilitate monitoring of MERS-CoV diversity in animals and humans. STUDY DESIGN: Phylogenetic analysis of presently known full-length MERS-CoV genomes was performed to identify genomic regions with sufficient phylogenetic content to allow reliable MERS-CoV variant typing. RT-PCR assays targeting these regions were designed and optimized. RESULTS: A reverse-transcription PCR assay for MERS-CoV targeting a 615 bp spike fragment provides a phylogenetic clustering of MERS-CoV variants comparable to that of full-length genomes. The detection limit corresponds to a cycle treshold value of ∼35 with standard upE real time PCR assays on RNA isolated from MERS-CoV EMC. Nasal swabs from RT-PCR positive camels (Ct values 12.9–32.2) yielded reliable sequence information in 14 samples. CONCLUSIONS: We developed a simple, reliable MERS-CoV variant typing assay which is crucial in monitoring MERS-CoV circulation in real time with relatively little investment on location. url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1386653214004685 doi: 10.1016/j.jcv.2014.12.006 id: cord-103739-mmkrwj8t author: Snijder, Eric J. title: A unifying structural and functional model of the coronavirus replication organelle: tracking down RNA synthesis date: 2020-03-24 words: 3808.0 sentences: 223.0 pages: flesch: 48.0 cache: ./cache/cord-103739-mmkrwj8t.txt txt: ./txt/cord-103739-mmkrwj8t.txt summary: Metabolic labelling of newly-synthesized viral RNA followed by quantitative EM autoradiography revealed abundant viral RNA synthesis associated with DMVs in cells infected with the beta-CoVs MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV, and the gamma-CoV infectious bronchitis virus. In infected cells, the CoV RNA-23 synthesizing machinery associates with modified endoplasmic reticulum membranes that are 24 transformed into the viral replication organelle (RO). In infected cells, the CoV RNA-23 synthesizing machinery associates with modified endoplasmic reticulum membranes that are 24 transformed into the viral replication organelle (RO). 106 double-membrane spherules (DMSs) 107 We first set out to analyse the ultrastructure of MERS-CoV-infected Huh7 cells under sample 108 preparation conditions favourable for autoradiography (see Materials and Methods) (Fig 1, S1 109 Video). Association of polioviral proteins of the P2 89 genomic region with the viral replication complex and virus-induced membrane synthesis as 90 visualized by electron microscopic immunocytochemistry and autoradiography abstract: Zoonotic coronavirus (CoV) infections, like those responsible for the current SARS-CoV-2 epidemic, cause grave international public health concern. In infected cells, the CoV RNA-synthesizing machinery associates with modified endoplasmic reticulum membranes that are transformed into the viral replication organelle (RO). While double-membrane vesicles (DMVs) appear to be a pan-coronavirus RO element, studies to date describe an assortment of additional coronavirus-induced membrane structures. Despite much speculation, it remains unclear which RO element(s) accommodate viral RNA synthesis. Here we provide detailed 2D and 3D analyses of CoV ROs and show that diverse CoVs essentially induce the same membrane modifications, including the small open double-membrane spherules (DMSs) previously thought to be restricted to gamma- and delta-CoV infections and proposed as sites of replication. Metabolic labelling of newly-synthesized viral RNA followed by quantitative EM autoradiography revealed abundant viral RNA synthesis associated with DMVs in cells infected with the beta-CoVs MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV, and the gamma-CoV infectious bronchitis virus. RNA synthesis could not be linked to DMSs or any other cellular or virus-induced structure. Our results provide a unifying model of the CoV RO and clearly establish DMVs as the central hub for viral RNA synthesis and a potential drug target in coronavirus infection. url: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.03.24.005298 doi: 10.1101/2020.03.24.005298 id: cord-301103-idu4j78a author: Sohrab, Sayed S. title: Genetic diversity of MERS-CoV spike protein gene in Saudi Arabia date: 2019-12-09 words: 4256.0 sentences: 221.0 pages: flesch: 53.0 cache: ./cache/cord-301103-idu4j78a.txt txt: ./txt/cord-301103-idu4j78a.txt summary: The nucleotide and amino acid sequences of MERS-CoV Spike protein gene were used to analyze the recombination, genetic diversity and phylogenetic relationship with selected sequences from Saudi Arabia. Recently, in another study, total 530 nucleotides deletion was observed in Spike gene from serum samples collected from Taif, Saudi Arabia and a novel genetic variant of MERS-CoV was designated as a quasispecies [29] . Multiple substitutions of amino acids were observed in RBD, part of Spike gene from a bat sample collected from Uganda and the recombination in the S1 subunit of the Spike gene was observed and it was expected that this variation likely to play an important role in the emergence of MERS-CoV causing disease in human [30] . The detection of MERS-CoV in human and camel determining the genetic diversity among Spike gene will further help researchers as well as health authority to design and develop an effective disease management and control strategies in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. abstract: BACKGROUND: Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) was primarily detected in 2012 and still causing disease in human and camel. Camel and bats have been identified as a potential source of virus for disease spread to human. Although, significant information related to MERS-CoV disease, spread, infection, epidemiology, clinical features have been published, A little information is available on the sequence diversity of Spike protein gene. The Spike protein gene plays a significant role in virus attachment to host cells. Recently, the information about recombinant MERS-CoV has been published. So, this work was designed to identify the emergence of any another recombinant virus in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. METHODS: In this study samples were collected from both human and camels and the Spike protein gene was amplified and sequenced. The nucleotide and amino acid sequences of MERS-CoV Spike protein gene were used to analyze the recombination, genetic diversity and phylogenetic relationship with selected sequences from Saudi Arabia. RESULTS: The nucleotide sequence identity ranged from 65.7% to 99.8% among all the samples collected from human and camels from various locations in the Kingdom. The lowest similarity (65.7%) was observed in samples from Madinah and Dammam. The phylogenetic relationship formed different clusters with multiple isolates from various locations. The sample collected from human in Jeddah hospital formed a closed cluster with human samples collected from Buraydah, while camel sample formed a closed cluster with Hufuf isolates. The phylogenetic tree by using Aminoacid sequences formed closed cluster with Dammam, Makkah and Duba isolates. The amino acid sequences variations were observed in 28/35 samples and two unique amino acid sequences variations were observed in all samples analyzed while total 19 nucleotides sequences variations were observed in the Spike protein gene. The minor recombination events were identified in eight different sequences at various hotspots in both human and camel samples using recombination detection programme. CONCLUSION: The generated information from this study is very valuable and it will be used to design and develop therapeutic compounds and vaccine to control the MERS-CoV disease spread in not only in the Kingdom but also globally. url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S1876034119303454 doi: 10.1016/j.jiph.2019.11.007 id: cord-305745-9lngdjow author: Solnier, Julia title: Flavonoids: A complementary approach to conventional therapy of COVID-19? date: 2020-09-18 words: 9494.0 sentences: 469.0 pages: flesch: 48.0 cache: ./cache/cord-305745-9lngdjow.txt txt: ./txt/cord-305745-9lngdjow.txt summary: Chalcones isolated from Angelica keiskei were shown to inhibit both SARS-CoV proteases PLpro and 3CLpro in enzymatic, FRET-based (Table 2) and molecular docking studies (Park et al. As Table 2 demonstrates, the compounds showed generally higher inhibitory potential against SARS-CoV PLpro than when tested against the other viral proteases using fluorogenic methods, which is likely related to genomic variations in the single amino acid sequences. In particular, herbacetin, quercetin and isobavachalcone (Fig. 3) were identified as promising antiviral leads against SARS-and MERS-CoV based on their broad-spectrum activity against the viral proteases 3CL and PL of both CoVs, the number of relevant literature data, and the availability of the compounds from different plant sources. However, despite some promising inhibitory activities of flavonoids against SARS-and MERS-CoV in vitro, none of these compounds have been tested in vivo using animal and/or human cell models. abstract: COVID-19, the highly contagious novel disease caused by SARS-CoV-2, has become a major international concern as it has spread quickly all over the globe. However, scientific knowledge and therapeutic treatment options for this new coronavirus remain limited. Although previous outbreaks of human coronaviruses (CoVs) such as SARS and MERS stimulated research, there are, to date, no antiviral therapeutics available that specifically target these kinds of viruses. Natural compounds with a great diversity of chemical structures may provide an alternative approach for the discovery of new antivirals. In fact, numerous flavonoids were found to have antiviral effects against SARS-and MERS-CoV by mainly inhibiting the enzymes 3-chymotrypsin-like protease (3CLpro) and papain-like protease (PLpro). In this review, we specifically focused on the search for flavonoids, polyphenolic compounds, which are proven to be effective against human CoVs. We therefore summarized and analyzed the latest progress in research to identify flavonoids for antiviral therapy and proposed strategies for future work on medicinal plants against coronaviruses such as SARS-CoV-2. We discovered quercetin, herbacetin, and isobavachalcone as the most promising flavonoids with anti-CoV potential. url: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11101-020-09720-6 doi: 10.1007/s11101-020-09720-6 id: cord-274480-aywdmj6o author: Song, Wenfei title: Identification of residues on human receptor DPP4 critical for MERS-CoV binding and entry date: 2014-10-21 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infects host cells through binding the receptor binding domain (RBD) on its spike glycoprotein to human receptor dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (hDPP4). Here, we report identification of critical residues on hDPP4 for RBD binding and virus entry through analysis of a panel of hDPP4 mutants. Based on the RBD–hDPP4 crystal structure we reported, the mutated residues were located at the interface between RBD and hDPP4, which potentially changed the polarity, hydrophobic or hydrophilic properties of hDPP4, thereby interfering or disrupting their interaction with RBD. Using surface plasmon resonance (SPR) binding analysis and pseudovirus infection assay, we showed that several residues in hDPP4–RBD binding interface were important on hDPP4–RBD binding and viral entry. These results provide atomic insights into the features of interactions between hDPP4 and MERS-CoV RBD, and also provide potential explanation for cellular and species tropism of MERS-CoV infection. url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S004268221400453X doi: 10.1016/j.virol.2014.10.006 id: cord-283586-o8m6xdra author: Spanakis, Nikolaos title: Virological and serological analysis of a recent Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection case on a triple combination antiviral regimen date: 2014-12-31 words: 3276.0 sentences: 156.0 pages: flesch: 42.0 cache: ./cache/cord-283586-o8m6xdra.txt txt: ./txt/cord-283586-o8m6xdra.txt summary: Abstract Serological, molecular and phylogenetic analyses of a recently imported case of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) in Greece are reported. Although MERS-CoV remained detectable in the respiratory tract secretions of the patient until the fourth week of illness, viraemia was last detected 2 days after initiation of triple combination therapy with pegylated interferon, ribavirin and lopinavir/ritonavir, administered from Day 13 of illness. An upsurge of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infection has been recently described in countries of the Arabian Peninsula resulting in exported cases from these countries to the European Union [1] . Published reports propose the use of known antivirals based on extrapolation of data from: (i) the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) epidemic that was also associated with the circulation of a novel coronavirus; (ii) in vitro data; (iii) animal experimental infections and therapy data; and (iv) limited clinical data for actual MERS-CoV infections [2] [3] [4] . abstract: Abstract Serological, molecular and phylogenetic analyses of a recently imported case of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) in Greece are reported. Although MERS-CoV remained detectable in the respiratory tract secretions of the patient until the fourth week of illness, viraemia was last detected 2 days after initiation of triple combination therapy with pegylated interferon, ribavirin and lopinavir/ritonavir, administered from Day 13 of illness. Phylogenetic analysis of the virus showed close similarity with other human MERS-CoVs from the recent Jeddah outbreak in Saudi Arabia. Immunoglobulin G (IgG) titres peaked 3 weeks after the onset of illness, whilst IgM levels remained constantly elevated during the follow-up period (second to fifth week of illness). Serological testing confirmed by virus neutralisation assay detected an additional case that was a close contact of the patient. url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2014.07.026 doi: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2014.07.026 id: cord-319689-33h22ikl author: Srivastava, Sukrit title: Structural basis of development of multi-epitope vaccine against Middle East respiratory syndrome using in silico approach date: 2018-11-21 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: BACKGROUND: Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) is caused by MERS coronavirus (MERS-CoV). Thus far, MERS outbreaks have been reported from Saudi Arabia (2013 and 2014) and South Korea (2015). No specific vaccine has yet been reported against MERS. PURPOSE: To address the urgent need for an MERS vaccine, in the present study, we have designed two multi-epitope vaccines (MEVs) against MERS utilizing several in silico methods and tools. METHODS: The design of both the multi-epitope vaccines (MEVs) are composed of cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) and helper T lymphocyte (HTL) epitopes, screened form thirteen different proteins of MERS-CoV. Both the MEVs also carry potential B-cell linear epitope regions, B-cell discontinuous epitopes as well as interferon-γ-inducing epitopes. Human β-defensin-2 and β-defensin-3 were used as adjuvants to enhance the immune response of MEVs. To design the MEVs, short peptide molecular linkers were utilized to link screened most potential CTL epitopes, HTL epitopes and the adjuvants. Tertiary models for both the MEVs were generated, refined, and further studied for their molecular interaction with toll-like receptor 3. The cDNAs of both MEVs were generated and analyzed in silico for their expression in a mammalian host cell line (human). RESULTS: Screened CTL and HTL epitopes were found to have high propensity for stable molecular interaction with HLA alleles molecules. CTL epitopes were also found to have favorable molecular interaction within the cavity of transporter associated with antigen processing. The selected CTL and HTL epitopes jointly cover upto 94.0% of worldwide human population. Both the CTL and HTL MEVs molecular models have shown to have stable binding and complex formation propensity with toll-like receptor 3. The cDNA analysis of both the MEVs have shown high expression tendency in mammalian host cell line (human). CONCLUSION: After multistage in silico analysis, both the MEVs are predicted to elicit humoral as well as cell mediated immune response. Epitopes of the designed MEVs are predicted to cover large human population worldwide. Hence both the designed MEVs could be tried in vivo as potential vaccine candidates against MERS. url: https://doi.org/10.2147/idr.s175114 doi: 10.2147/idr.s175114 id: cord-255628-bm4nogig author: Su, Shuo title: MERS in South Korea and China: a potential outbreak threat? date: 2015-06-11 words: 1169.0 sentences: 73.0 pages: flesch: 59.0 cache: ./cache/cord-255628-bm4nogig.txt txt: ./txt/cord-255628-bm4nogig.txt summary: First reported in September, 2012, human infections with Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) can result in severe respiratory disease, characterised by life-threatening pneumonia and renal failure. He was asymptomatic upon return to South Korea on May 4, but tested positive for MERS-CoV on May 20, along with two additional cases: his 64-year-old wife, and a 76-year-old male who was a fellow patient. MERS-CoV infection was confi rmed on May 29, marking the fi rst laboratoryconfirmed case in China (appendix), and the patient was immediately put in isolation. 6 In response, the Chinese health authorities promptly placed 38 high-risk contacts under surveillance, but it is not known whether additional contacts exist and further MERS-CoV infections in China remains a possibility. Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus: a case-control study of hospitalized patients Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV)-Republic of Korea Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV)-China abstract: nan url: https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(15)60859-5 doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(15)60859-5 id: cord-344330-zsx7wfyj author: Su, Shuo title: Epidemiology, Genetic Recombination, and Pathogenesis of Coronaviruses date: 2016-03-21 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Human coronaviruses (HCoVs) were first described in the 1960s for patients with the common cold. Since then, more HCoVs have been discovered, including those that cause severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS), two pathogens that, upon infection, can cause fatal respiratory disease in humans. It was recently discovered that dromedary camels in Saudi Arabia harbor three different HCoV species, including a dominant MERS HCoV lineage that was responsible for the outbreaks in the Middle East and South Korea during 2015. In this review we aim to compare and contrast the different HCoVs with regard to epidemiology and pathogenesis, in addition to the virus evolution and recombination events which have, on occasion, resulted in outbreaks amongst humans. url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0966842X16000718 doi: 10.1016/j.tim.2016.03.003 id: cord-103046-w8bm4p44 author: Suarez, David L. title: Lack of susceptibility of poultry to SARS-CoV-2 and MERS-CoV date: 2020-06-16 words: 565.0 sentences: 44.0 pages: flesch: 58.0 cache: ./cache/cord-103046-w8bm4p44.txt txt: ./txt/cord-103046-w8bm4p44.txt summary: Multiple studies have examined the susceptibility of domestic animals to CoV-2 to establish the risk of zoonotic transmission and two studies have shown chickens and 24 Middle East Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), another coronavirus of 26 high concern associated with zoonotic infection, was first detected in patients with severe acute 27 lower respiratory tract disease in Saudi Arabia in 2012. For MERS-CoV, dromedary 35 camels appear to be the primary natural reservoir of infection to humans, but other domestic 36 animals seem to be susceptible to infection (7, 8) . Because poultry are so widespread and have close and extended contact with humans, 39 and other mammals in many production systems, including live animal markets, susceptibility 40 were conducted with SARS-CoV-2 and MERS-CoV in five common poultry species. Susceptibility of ferrets, cats, 109 dogs, and other domesticated animals to SARS-coronavirus 2. Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS), and SARS-114 Middle East 118 respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection in non-camelid domestic mammals. abstract: Chickens, turkeys, ducks, quail and geese were challenged with SARS-CoV-2 or MERS-CoV. No disease was observed, no virus replication was detected, and antibodies were not detected in serum. Neither virus replicated in embryonating chicken’s eggs. Poultry are unlikely to serve a role in the maintenance of either virus. url: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.06.16.154658 doi: 10.1101/2020.06.16.154658 id: cord-331558-6rqd3fmj author: Sun, Chuan-bin title: Role of the Eye in Transmitting Human Coronavirus: What We Know and What We Do Not Know date: 2020-04-24 words: 5459.0 sentences: 234.0 pages: flesch: 48.0 cache: ./cache/cord-331558-6rqd3fmj.txt txt: ./txt/cord-331558-6rqd3fmj.txt summary: Although the conjunctiva is directly exposed to extraocular pathogens, and the mucosa of the ocular surface and upper respiratory tract are connected by the nasolacrimal duct and share the same entry receptors for some respiratory viruses, the eye is rarely involved in human CoV infection, conjunctivitis is quite rare in patients with 2019-nCoV infection, and the CoV RNA positive rate by RT-PCR test in tears and conjunctival secretions from patients with 2019-nCoV and SARS-CoV infection is also extremely low. Considering that close doctor-patient contact is quite common in ophthalmic practice and is apt to transmit human CoVs via droplets and fomites, strict hand hygiene and proper personal protection are highly recommended for health care workers to avoid hospital-related viral transmission during ophthalmic practice. Considering that close doctor-patient contact is quite common in ophthalmic practice and is apt to transmit human CoVs via droplets and fomites, strict hand hygiene and proper personal protection are highly recommended for health care workers to avoid hospital-related viral transmission during ophthalmic practice. abstract: The outbreak of the current 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV, now named SARS-CoV-2) infection has become a worldwide health threat. Currently, more information is needed so as to further understand the transmission and clinical characteristics of 2019-nCoV infection and the infection control procedures required. Recently, the role of the eye in transmitting 2019-nCoV has been intensively discussed. Previous investigations of other highly infectious human CoVs, that is, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), may provide useful information. In this review, we describe the genomics and morphology of human CoVs, the epidemiology, systemic and ophthalmic manifestations, and mechanisms of human CoV infection, and recommendations for infection control procedures. The role of the eye in the transmission of 2019-nCoV is discussed in detail. Although the conjunctiva is directly exposed to extraocular pathogens, and the mucosa of the ocular surface and upper respiratory tract are connected by the nasolacrimal duct and share the same entry receptors for some respiratory viruses, the eye is rarely involved in human CoV infection, conjunctivitis is quite rare in patients with 2019-nCoV infection, and the CoV RNA positive rate by RT-PCR test in tears and conjunctival secretions from patients with 2019-nCoV and SARS-CoV infection is also extremely low. This suggests that the eye is neither a preferred organ of human CoV infection nor a preferred gateway of entry for human CoVs for infecting the respiratory tract. However, pathogens that the ocular surface is exposed to might be transported to nasal and nasopharyngeal mucosa by constant tear rinsing through the lacrimal duct system and then cause respiratory tract infection. Considering that close doctor-patient contact is quite common in ophthalmic practice and is apt to transmit human CoVs by droplets and fomites, strict hand hygiene and proper personal protection are highly recommended for health care workers to avoid hospital-related viral transmission during ophthalmic practice. url: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2020.00155 doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2020.00155 id: cord-319447-xanewi59 author: Sun, Jiya title: Comparative transcriptome analysis reveals the intensive early-stage responses of host cells to SARS-CoV-2 infection date: 2020-05-01 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has caused a widespread outbreak of highly pathogenic COVID-19. It is therefore important and timely to characterize interactions between the virus and host cell at the molecular level to understand its disease pathogenesis. To gain insights, we performed high-throughput sequencing that generated time-series data simultaneously for bioinformatics analysis of virus genomes and host transcriptomes implicated in SARS-CoV-2 infection. Our analysis results showed that the rapid growth of the virus was accompanied by an early intensive response of host genes. We also systematically compared the molecular footprints of the host cells in response to SARS-CoV-2, SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV. Upon infection, SARS-CoV-2 induced hundreds of up-regulated host genes hallmarked by a significant cytokine production followed by virus-specific host antiviral responses. While the cytokine and antiviral responses triggered by SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV were only observed during the late stage of infection, the host antiviral responses during the SARS-CoV-2 infection were gradually enhanced lagging behind the production of cytokine. The early rapid host responses were potentially attributed to the high efficiency of SARS-CoV-2 entry into host cells, underscored by evidence of a remarkably up-regulated gene expression of TPRMSS2 soon after infection. Taken together, our findings provide novel molecular insights into the mechanisms underlying the infectivity and pathogenicity of SARS-CoV-2. url: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.04.30.071274 doi: 10.1101/2020.04.30.071274 id: cord-277823-vijh6x1l author: TERAMICHI, Takurou title: Evaluation of serological assays available in a biosafety level 2 laboratory and their application for survey of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus among livestock in Ethiopia date: 2019-11-05 words: 2247.0 sentences: 107.0 pages: flesch: 52.0 cache: ./cache/cord-277823-vijh6x1l.txt txt: ./txt/cord-277823-vijh6x1l.txt summary: A serological survey of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) was conducted among dromedary camels and herbivorous animals sharing the same pasturage in Ethiopia. One of camel serum that showed a high antibody titer in the neutralization test by live MERS-CoV was treated as a positive control. According to the results of the previous study, antibody titers of ≥16 are treated as positive in neutralization test using VSV-MERS/GFP. Cows that were antibody positive in the neutralization test using VSV-MERS/GFP or cELISA were different animals and both were antibody negative in the neutralization test using MERS-CoV. S1-ELISA was not sensitive compared to other tests because only 16 serum samples were positive and they required an antibody titer of ≥64 in VSV-MERS/GFP. The present study shows that the neutralization test using VSV-MERS/GFP, S1-ELISA, and cELISA are as specific to MERS-CoV infection as the serological tests, although their sensitivities slightly differ. Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus neutralising serum antibodies in dromedary camels: a comparative serological study abstract: A serological survey of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) was conducted among dromedary camels and herbivorous animals sharing the same pasturage in Ethiopia. The pseudotyped vesicular stomatitis virus coated with the spike protein of MERS-CoV was used in virus neutralization (VN) tests performed in a biosafety level (BSL)-2 laboratory. The results were similar to those obtained from the VN test using live MERS-CoV and were more sensitive than the ELISA performed using synthetic MERS S1 fragment as the antigen as well as the competitive ELISA performed using a monoclonal antibody against MERS-CoV. According to the comprehensive results of the four types of serodiagnosis methods, positive antibodies were detected only in dromedary camels and the remaining herbivorous animals were not infected with the virus. Moreover, using the present procedure, serological tests for MERS-CoV can be conducted even in BSL 2 laboratory. url: https://doi.org/10.1292/jvms.19-0436 doi: 10.1292/jvms.19-0436 id: cord-258032-buh1e4tm author: Tang, Siming title: A Novel Dynamic Model Describing the Spread of the MERS-CoV and the Expression of Dipeptidyl Peptidase 4 date: 2017-08-15 words: 2127.0 sentences: 153.0 pages: flesch: 65.0 cache: ./cache/cord-258032-buh1e4tm.txt txt: ./txt/cord-258032-buh1e4tm.txt summary: In this paper, a class of novel four-dimensional dynamic model describing the infection of MERS-CoV is given, and then global stability of the equilibria of the model is discussed. It is well-known that dynamic models are still playing important roles in describing the interactions among uninfected cells, free viruses, and immune responses (see, e.g., [4] [5] [6] [7] ). Based on basic dynamic model (1) and Figure 1 , we propose the following novel four-dimensional dynamic model which describes the spread of the MERS-CoV and the expression of DPP4:̇= The basic reproductive ratio of the virus for model (2) is (2) always has an infection-free equilibrium 0 = ( 0 , 0, 0, 0 ) = ( / , 0, 0, 1 / ). Figure 2(a) shows the trajectory of model (2) with suitable initial condition, which shows that the infection-free equilibrium 0 is asymptotically stable. abstract: The Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) coronavirus, a newly identified pathogen, causes severe pneumonia in humans. MERS is caused by a coronavirus known as MERS-CoV, which attacks the respiratory system. The recently defined receptor for MERS-CoV, dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP4), is generally expressed in endothelial and epithelial cells and has been shown to be present on cultured human nonciliated bronchiolar epithelium cells. In this paper, a class of novel four-dimensional dynamic model describing the infection of MERS-CoV is given, and then global stability of the equilibria of the model is discussed. Our results show that the spread of MERS-CoV can also be controlled by decreasing the expression rate of DPP4. url: https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/5285810 doi: 10.1155/2017/5285810 id: cord-354474-hbl2ywix author: Temsah, M. H. title: Knowledge, attitudes and practices of healthcare workers during the early COVID-19 pandemic in a main, academic tertiary care centre in Saudi Arabia date: 2020-08-28 words: 4146.0 sentences: 193.0 pages: flesch: 48.0 cache: ./cache/cord-354474-hbl2ywix.txt txt: ./txt/cord-354474-hbl2ywix.txt summary: As the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) continues to occur in small outbreaks in Saudi Arabia, we aimed to assess the knowledge, attitudes and intended practices of healthcare workers (HCWs) during the early stage of the COVID-19 pandemic and compare worry levels with previous findings during the MERS-CoV outbreak in 2015. To further understand the knowledge, attitudes and intended practices of HCWs during the early stage of the COVID-19 pandemic, it is particularly beneficial to obtain their input, especially in an area of the world where other respiratory viral illnesses are either endemic, such as MERS-CoV, or seasonal, such as influenza. The perceived adequacy of knowledge, hygienic practice changes and HCW attitudes toward infection control measures were assessed using a series of Likert-based questions (Supplementary Tables S2-S4 ). The level of knowledge of HCWs toward viral infection outbreaks during the current COVID-19 pandemic are much higher compared to the previous study conducted in the same institution during MERS-CoV a few years ago [15] . abstract: As the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) continues to occur in small outbreaks in Saudi Arabia, we aimed to assess the knowledge, attitudes and intended practices of healthcare workers (HCWs) during the early stage of the COVID-19 pandemic and compare worry levels with previous findings during the MERS-CoV outbreak in 2015. We sent an adapted version of our previously published MERS-CoV questionnaire to the same cohort of HCWs at a tertiary hospital in Saudi Arabia. About 40% of our sample had previous experience with confirmed or suspected MERS-CoV patients, and those had a significantly higher knowledge score (13.16 ± 2.02 vs. 12.58 ± 2.27, P = 0.002) and higher adherence to protective hygienic practices (2.95 ± 0.80 vs. 2.74 ± 0.92, P = 0.003). The knowledge scores on COVID-19 were higher in the current cohort than the previous MERS-CoV outbreak cohort (68% vs. 79.7%, P < 0.001). HCWs from the current cohort who felt greater anxiety from COVID-19 compared to MERS-CoV were less likely to have been exposed to MERS-CoV infected/suspected cases (odds ratio (OR) = 0.646, P = 0.042) and were less likely to have attended the hospital awareness campaign on COVID-19 (OR = 0.654, P = 0.035). We concluded that previous experience with MERS-CoV was associated with increased knowledge and adherence to protective hygienic practices, and reduction of anxiety towards COVID-19. url: https://doi.org/10.1017/s0950268820001958 doi: 10.1017/s0950268820001958 id: cord-271512-owidim7o author: Thabet, Farah title: Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus in children date: 2015 words: 1458.0 sentences: 97.0 pages: flesch: 54.0 cache: ./cache/cord-271512-owidim7o.txt txt: ./txt/cord-271512-owidim7o.txt summary: The Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) is a new human disease caused by a novel coronavirus (CoV). We report a new case of MERS-CoV infection in a 9-month-old child complicated by severe respiratory symptoms, multi-organ dysfunction, and death. T he Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) is a new human disease caused by a novel coronavirus (CoV) first reported in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) in September 2012. Despite all this extensive screening, and in contrast to what was observed by our colleagues dealing with adult cases in the hospital, our pediatric department could identify only one case of MERS-CoV in a 9-month-old child known to have nephrotic syndrome. Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) -update Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) -update Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) -update Screening for Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection in hospital patients and their healthcare worker and family contacts: a prospective descriptive study abstract: The Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) is a new human disease caused by a novel coronavirus (CoV). The disease is reported mainly in adults. Data in children are scarce. The disease caused by MERS-CoV in children presents with a wide range of clinical manifestations, and it is associated with a lower mortality rate compared with adults. Poor outcome is observed mainly in admitted patients with medical comorbidities. We report a new case of MERS-CoV infection in a 9-month-old child complicated by severe respiratory symptoms, multi-organ dysfunction, and death. We reviewed the literature in an attempt to characterize the mode of presentation, the risk factors, and outcome of MERS-CoV infection in the pediatric population. url: https://doi.org/10.15537/smj.2015.4.10243 doi: 10.15537/smj.2015.4.10243 id: cord-258892-1xmoeoyh author: Thomas, Helen Lucy title: Enhanced MERS Coronavirus Surveillance of Travelers from the Middle East to England date: 2014-09-17 words: 1549.0 sentences: 75.0 pages: flesch: 45.0 cache: ./cache/cord-258892-1xmoeoyh.txt txt: ./txt/cord-258892-1xmoeoyh.txt summary: Enhanced surveillance involved the collection of a minimum dataset for each possible case, including demographic data, clinical symptoms, travel and contact history, and results of testing for respiratory pathogens (6) . In addition to testing the 77 persons who met all of the possible case criteria, MERS-CoV testing was conducted on 13 patients who had severe acute respiratory disease but did not meet the travel requirements: 2 had a travel history outside the Middle East, 4 had no travel history in the relevant exposure period, and travel histories of the remaining 7 were unknown. This report on the characteristics of patients traveling to England from the Middle East and tested for MERS-CoV enables a first crude estimation of the positive predictive value of different signs and symptoms during the first year following the emergence of this pathogen. abstract: During the first year of enhanced MERS coronavirus surveillance in England, 77 persons traveling from the Middle East had acute respiratory illness and were tested for the virus. Infection was confirmed in 2 travelers with acute respiratory distress syndrome and 2 of their contacts. Patients with less severe manifestations tested negative. url: https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2009.140817 doi: 10.3201/eid2009.140817 id: cord-252049-rgdynmla author: Tomar, Sakshi title: Ligand-induced Dimerization of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) Coronavirus nsp5 Protease (3CL(pro)): IMPLICATIONS FOR nsp5 REGULATION AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF ANTIVIRALS date: 2015-06-08 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: All coronaviruses, including the recently emerged Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) from the β-CoV subgroup, require the proteolytic activity of the nsp5 protease (also known as 3C-like protease, 3CL(pro)) during virus replication, making it a high value target for the development of anti-coronavirus therapeutics. Kinetic studies indicate that in contrast to 3CL(pro) from other β-CoV 2c members, including HKU4 and HKU5, MERS-CoV 3CL(pro) is less efficient at processing a peptide substrate due to MERS-CoV 3CL(pro) being a weakly associated dimer. Conversely, HKU4, HKU5, and SARS-CoV 3CL(pro) enzymes are tightly associated dimers. Analytical ultracentrifugation studies support that MERS-CoV 3CL(pro) is a weakly associated dimer (K(d) ∼52 μm) with a slow off-rate. Peptidomimetic inhibitors of MERS-CoV 3CL(pro) were synthesized and utilized in analytical ultracentrifugation experiments and demonstrate that MERS-CoV 3CL(pro) undergoes significant ligand-induced dimerization. Kinetic studies also revealed that designed reversible inhibitors act as activators at a low compound concentration as a result of induced dimerization. Primary sequence comparisons and x-ray structural analyses of two MERS-CoV 3CLpro and inhibitor complexes, determined to 1.6 Å, reveal remarkable structural similarity of the dimer interface with 3CL(pro) from HKU4-CoV and HKU5-CoV. Despite this structural similarity, substantial differences in the dimerization ability suggest that long range interactions by the nonconserved amino acids distant from the dimer interface may control MERS-CoV 3CL(pro) dimerization. Activation of MERS-CoV 3CL(pro) through ligand-induced dimerization appears to be unique within the genogroup 2c and may potentially increase the complexity in the development of MERS-CoV 3CL(pro) inhibitors as antiviral agents. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26055715/ doi: 10.1074/jbc.m115.651463 id: cord-022046-q1exf47s author: Toosy, Arshad Haroon title: An Overview of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome in the Middle East date: 2018-09-28 words: 2928.0 sentences: 187.0 pages: flesch: 53.0 cache: ./cache/cord-022046-q1exf47s.txt txt: ./txt/cord-022046-q1exf47s.txt summary: Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) is an emerging infectious zoonotic disease caused by a novel coronavirus (CoV). 4 Surveillance of DCs in KSA has shown that MERS-CoV clade B has been enzootic in the camel population in Arabia Genetic deep sequencing methods (i.e., high-throughput sequencing) have been readily available to researchers since the disease was first reported. 8 Nevertheless, given the prevalence of MERS-CoV infection in the Middle East''s DC population and due to the potential for spillover to the human population in direct contact with DCs, the development of a vaccine for use in DCs may be feasible. Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV): animal to human interaction Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection in dromedary camels in Saudi Arabia Detection of the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus genome in an air sample originating from a camel barn owned by an infected patient abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7152387/ doi: 10.1016/b978-0-323-55228-8.00042-4 id: cord-256300-emsvxxs5 author: Tortorici, M. Alejandra title: Structural insights into coronavirus entry date: 2019-08-22 words: 6535.0 sentences: 325.0 pages: flesch: 49.0 cache: ./cache/cord-256300-emsvxxs5.txt txt: ./txt/cord-256300-emsvxxs5.txt summary: We review here our current understanding of the mechanism used by CoVs to infect host cells based on recent structural and biochemical studies of S glycoprotein ectodomains in prefusion and postfusion states as well as complexes with known receptors or neutralizing antibodies. Recent structural work comparing recombinant S proteins from SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV in isolation and in complex with their cognate receptors or neutralizing antibodies suggested an activation mechanism for coronavirus fusion (Gui et al., 2017; Kirchdoerfer et al., 2018; Song et al., 2018; Walls et al., 2019; Yuan et al., 2017) . Major antigenic determinants of MHV and SARS-CoV S overlap with the fusion peptide region (Daniel et al., 1993; Zhang et al., 2004) and binding of neutralizing antibodies to this site could putatively prevent fusogenic conformational changes, as proposed for influenza virus hemagglutinin or HIV envelope (Corti et al., 2011; Kong et al., 2016; Lang et al., 2017) . abstract: Coronaviruses (CoVs) have caused outbreaks of deadly pneumonia in humans since the beginning of the 21st century. The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) emerged in 2002 and was responsible for an epidemic that spread to five continents with a fatality rate of 10% before being contained in 2003 (with additional cases reported in 2004). The Middle-East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) emerged in the Arabian Peninsula in 2012 and has caused recurrent outbreaks in humans with a fatality rate of 35%. SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV are zoonotic viruses that crossed the species barrier using bats/palm civets and dromedary camels, respectively. No specific treatments or vaccines have been approved against any of the six human coronaviruses, highlighting the need to investigate the principles governing viral entry and cross-species transmission as well as to prepare for zoonotic outbreaks which are likely to occur due to the large reservoir of CoVs found in mammals and birds. Here, we review our understanding of the infection mechanism used by coronaviruses derived from recent structural and biochemical studies. url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0065352719300284 doi: 10.1016/bs.aivir.2019.08.002 id: cord-289535-srrfr1es author: Tregoning, J. S. title: Vaccines for COVID‐19 date: 2020-10-18 words: 14329.0 sentences: 793.0 pages: flesch: 44.0 cache: ./cache/cord-289535-srrfr1es.txt txt: ./txt/cord-289535-srrfr1es.txt summary: One concern with vaccine development for SARS-CoV-2 is that the immune response can cause disease, often in the act of clearing the infection. Preclinical animal studies have demonstrated that DNA vaccines encoding the M, N, 3a or S proteins of the SARS-CoV-1 virus could elicit immune responses [180] [181] [182] . The S protein is the target of the only SARS-CoV-1 DNA vaccine to progress to Phase I clinical trial, delivered by bio-injector, and it was safe and induced neutralizing antibody responses [183] . T cell responses are required for protection from clinical disease and for virus clearance in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-infected mice Targets of T cell responses to SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus in humans with COVID-19 disease and unexposed individuals A SARS DNA vaccine induces neutralizing antibody and cellular immune responses in healthy adults in a Phase I clinical trial abstract: Since the emergence of COVID‐19, caused by the SARS‐CoV‐2 virus at the end of 2019, there has been an explosion of vaccine development. By 24 September 2020, a staggering number of vaccines (more than 200) had started preclinical development, of which 43 had entered clinical trials, including some approaches that have not previously been licensed for human vaccines. Vaccines have been widely considered as part of the exit strategy to enable the return to previous patterns of working, schooling and socializing. Importantly, to effectively control the COVID‐19 pandemic, production needs to be scaled‐up from a small number of preclinical doses to enough filled vials to immunize the world’s population, which requires close engagement with manufacturers and regulators. It will require a global effort to control the virus, necessitating equitable access for all countries to effective vaccines. This review explores the immune responses required to protect against SARS‐CoV‐2 and the potential for vaccine‐induced immunopathology. We describe the profile of the different platforms and the advantages and disadvantages of each approach. The review also addresses the critical steps between promising preclinical leads and manufacturing at scale. The issues faced during this pandemic and the platforms being developed to address it will be invaluable for future outbreak control. Nine months after the outbreak began we are at a point where preclinical and early clinical data are being generated for the vaccines; an overview of this important area will help our understanding of the next phases. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32935331/ doi: 10.1111/cei.13517 id: cord-339152-wfakzb6w author: Trovato, Maria title: Viral Emerging Diseases: Challenges in Developing Vaccination Strategies date: 2020-09-03 words: 12000.0 sentences: 540.0 pages: flesch: 38.0 cache: ./cache/cord-339152-wfakzb6w.txt txt: ./txt/cord-339152-wfakzb6w.txt summary: Ebola and Marburg hemorrhagic fevers, Lassa fever, Dengue fever, Yellow fever, West Nile fever, Zika, and Chikungunya vector-borne diseases, Swine flu, Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS), and the recent Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) are examples of zoonoses that have spread throughout the globe with such a significant impact on public health that the scientific community has been called for a rapid intervention in preventing and treating emerging infections. The occurrence of significant disease outbreaks-such as SARS (severe acute respiratory syndrome) originating in China in 2002 (8) , the 2009 H1N1 swine flu pandemic from Mexico (9) , MERS (Middle East respiratory syndrome) that occurred in Saudi Arabia in 2012 (10) , the West African outbreak of Ebola virus (EBOV) in late 2013 (11) , the Zika virus (ZIKV) outbreak originating in Brazil in 2015 (12) , the 2018 health emergence in Nigeria caused by Lassa virus (13) , and the ongoing Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID19) pandemic (14) -has renewed interests in developing strategies to faster prevent, treat, and/or control emerging and re-emerging viruses with high epidemic potential. abstract: In the last decades, a number of infectious viruses have emerged from wildlife or re-emerged, generating serious threats to the global health and to the economy worldwide. Ebola and Marburg hemorrhagic fevers, Lassa fever, Dengue fever, Yellow fever, West Nile fever, Zika, and Chikungunya vector-borne diseases, Swine flu, Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS), and the recent Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) are examples of zoonoses that have spread throughout the globe with such a significant impact on public health that the scientific community has been called for a rapid intervention in preventing and treating emerging infections. Vaccination is probably the most effective tool in helping the immune system to activate protective responses against pathogens, reducing morbidity and mortality, as proven by historical records. Under health emergency conditions, new and alternative approaches in vaccine design and development are imperative for a rapid and massive vaccination coverage, to manage a disease outbreak and curtail the epidemic spread. This review gives an update on the current vaccination strategies for some of the emerging/re-emerging viruses, and discusses challenges and hurdles to overcome for developing efficacious vaccines against future pathogens. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33013898/ doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.02130 id: cord-338436-0z828org author: Tzou, Philip L. title: Coronavirus Antiviral Research Database (CoV-RDB): An Online Database Designed to Facilitate Comparisons between Candidate Anti-Coronavirus Compounds date: 2020-09-09 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Background: To prioritize the development of antiviral compounds, it is necessary to compare their relative preclinical activity and clinical efficacy. Methods: We reviewed in vitro, animal model, and clinical studies of candidate anti-coronavirus compounds and placed extracted data in an online relational database. Results: As of August 2020, the Coronavirus Antiviral Research Database (CoV-RDB; covdb.stanford.edu) contained over 2800 cell culture, entry assay, and biochemical experiments, 259 animal model studies, and 73 clinical studies from over 400 published papers. SARS-CoV-2, SARS-CoV, and MERS-CoV account for 85% of the data. Approximately 75% of experiments involved compounds with known or likely mechanisms of action, including monoclonal antibodies and receptor binding inhibitors (21%), viral protease inhibitors (17%), miscellaneous host-acting inhibitors (10%), polymerase inhibitors (9%), interferons (7%), fusion inhibitors (5%), and host protease inhibitors (5%). Of 975 compounds with known or likely mechanism, 135 (14%) are licensed in the U.S. for other indications, 197 (20%) are licensed outside the U.S. or are in human trials, and 595 (61%) are pre-clinical investigational compounds. Conclusion: CoV-RDB facilitates comparisons between different candidate antiviral compounds, thereby helping scientists, clinical investigators, public health officials, and funding agencies prioritize the most promising compounds and repurposed drugs for further development. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32916958/ doi: 10.3390/v12091006 id: cord-349643-jtx7ni9b author: Uyeki, Timothy M. title: Development of Medical Countermeasures to Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus date: 2016-07-17 words: 4805.0 sentences: 200.0 pages: flesch: 31.0 cache: ./cache/cord-349643-jtx7ni9b.txt txt: ./txt/cord-349643-jtx7ni9b.txt summary: Preclinical development of and research on potential Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) medical countermeasures remain preliminary; advancements are needed before most countermeasures are ready to be tested in human clinical trials. Research priorities include standardization of animal models and virus stocks for studying disease pathogenesis and efficacy of medical countermeasures; development of MERS-CoV diagnostics; improved access to nonhuman primates to support preclinical research; studies to better understand and control MERS-CoV disease, including vaccination studies in camels; and development of a standardized clinical trial protocol. F rom September 2012 through April 27, 2016, a total of 1,728 laboratory-confirmed Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infections, leading to 624 deaths (36% case-fatality proportion), had been reported to the World Health Organization (WHO) (1) . Prophylaxis with a Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV)-specific human monoclonal antibody protects rabbits from MERS-CoV infection abstract: Preclinical development of and research on potential Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) medical countermeasures remain preliminary; advancements are needed before most countermeasures are ready to be tested in human clinical trials. Research priorities include standardization of animal models and virus stocks for studying disease pathogenesis and efficacy of medical countermeasures; development of MERS-CoV diagnostics; improved access to nonhuman primates to support preclinical research; studies to better understand and control MERS-CoV disease, including vaccination studies in camels; and development of a standardized clinical trial protocol. Partnering with clinical trial networks in affected countries to evaluate safety and efficacy of investigational therapeutics will strengthen efforts to identify successful medical countermeasures. url: https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2207.160022 doi: 10.3201/eid2207.160022 id: cord-253077-61fmul8c author: Vabret, Nicolas title: Immunology of COVID-19: current state of the science date: 2020-05-06 words: 20227.0 sentences: 1120.0 pages: flesch: 45.0 cache: ./cache/cord-253077-61fmul8c.txt txt: ./txt/cord-253077-61fmul8c.txt summary: Lastly, Nonhuman primate (NHP) studies and patient data on SARS-CoV-1 have also shown that virus spike-specific IgG responses can exacerbate acute lung injury due to repolarization of alveolar macrophages into pro-inflammatory phenotypes and enhanced recruitment of inflammatory monocyte via CCL2 and IL-8 (Clay et al., 2012; Liu et al., 2019) . Collectively, these data suggest that cross-talk with monocytes might impair NK cell recognition and killing of SARS-CoV-2infected cells, and antibodies targeting IL-6 and TNF-signaling may benefit enhanced NK cell functions in COVID-19 patients ( Figure 2 ). However, these CD4 T cells lacked phenotypic markers of activation and were specific for C-terminal S protein epitopes that are highly similar to endemic human coronaviruses, suggesting that crossreactive CD4 memory T cells in some populations (e.g., children and younger patients that experience a higher incidence of hCoV infections) may be recruited into an amplified primary SARS-CoV-2-specific response (Braun et al., 2020) . abstract: Abstract The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has affected millions of people worldwide, igniting an unprecedented effort from the scientific community to understand the biological underpinning of COVID19 pathophysiology. In this review, we summarize the current state of knowledge of innate and adaptive immune responses elicited by SARS-CoV-2 infection and the immunological pathways that likely contribute to disease severity and death. We also discuss the rationale and clinical outcome of current therapeutic strategies as well as prospective clinical trials to prevent or treat SARS-CoV-2 infection. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32505227/ doi: 10.1016/j.immuni.2020.05.002 id: cord-352899-bt2xg0ha author: Van Kerkhove, Maria D. title: Interpreting Results From Environmental Contamination Studies of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus date: 2016-10-15 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: nan url: https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciw478 doi: 10.1093/cid/ciw478 id: cord-297652-ut6e1ysz author: Vanden Eynde, Jean Jacques title: COVID-19: A Brief Overview of the Discovery Clinical Trial date: 2020-04-10 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: The outbreak of COVID-19 is leading to a tremendous search for curative treatments. The urgency of the situation favors a repurposing of active drugs but not only antivirals. This short communication focuses on four treatments recommended by WHO and included in the first clinical trial of the European Discovery project. url: https://doi.org/10.3390/ph13040065 doi: 10.3390/ph13040065 id: cord-309734-m8miwtha author: Vergara‐Alert, J. title: Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus experimental transmission using a pig model date: 2017-06-26 words: 1772.0 sentences: 90.0 pages: flesch: 58.0 cache: ./cache/cord-309734-m8miwtha.txt txt: ./txt/cord-309734-m8miwtha.txt summary: Dromedary camels are the main reservoir of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS‐CoV), but other livestock species (i.e., alpacas, llamas, and pigs) are also susceptible to infection with MERS‐CoV. Virus was present in nasal swabs of infected animals, and limited amounts of viral RNA, but no infectious virus were detected in the direct contact pigs. However, other animal species such as non-human primates (rhesus macaques and common marmosets), members of the family Camelidae (alpacas and llamas), rabbits and pigs have been demonstrated to be susceptible to MERS-CoV infection (Crameri et al., 2016; Falzarano et al., 2014; Haagmans et al., 2015; Vergara-Alert, van den Brand, et al., 2017; de Wit et al., 2013 de Wit et al., , 2017 . To study whether MERS-CoV might be transmitted between pigs, an experimental transmission study in this animal model was designed and performed under direct and indirect contact settings. abstract: Dromedary camels are the main reservoir of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS‐CoV), but other livestock species (i.e., alpacas, llamas, and pigs) are also susceptible to infection with MERS‐CoV. Animal‐to‐animal transmission in alpacas was reported, but evidence for transmission in other species has not been proved. This study explored pig‐to‐pig MERS‐CoV transmission experimentally. Virus was present in nasal swabs of infected animals, and limited amounts of viral RNA, but no infectious virus were detected in the direct contact pigs. No virus was detected in the indirect contact group. Furthermore, direct and indirect contact pigs did not develop specific antibodies against MERS‐CoV. Therefore, the role of pigs as reservoir is probably negligible, although it deserves further confirmation. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28653496/ doi: 10.1111/tbed.12668 id: cord-276193-cngz535o author: Volz, A. title: Modified Vaccinia Virus Ankara: History, Value in Basic Research, and Current Perspectives for Vaccine Development date: 2016-08-01 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Safety tested Modified Vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) is licensed as third-generation vaccine against smallpox and serves as a potent vector system for development of new candidate vaccines against infectious diseases and cancer. Historically, MVA was developed by serial tissue culture passage in primary chicken cells of vaccinia virus strain Ankara, and clinically used to avoid the undesirable side effects of conventional smallpox vaccination. Adapted to growth in avian cells MVA lost the ability to replicate in mammalian hosts and lacks many of the genes orthopoxviruses use to conquer their host (cell) environment. As a biologically well-characterized mutant virus, MVA facilitates fundamental research to elucidate the functions of poxvirus host-interaction factors. As extremely safe viral vectors MVA vaccines have been found immunogenic and protective in various preclinical infection models. Multiple recombinant MVA currently undergo clinical testing for vaccination against human immunodeficiency viruses, Mycobacterium tuberculosis or Plasmodium falciparum. The versatility of the MVA vector vaccine platform is readily demonstrated by the swift development of experimental vaccines for immunization against emerging infections such as the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome. Recent advances include promising results from the clinical testing of recombinant MVA-producing antigens of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus H5N1 or Ebola virus. This review summarizes our current knowledge about MVA as a unique strain of vaccinia virus, and discusses the prospects of exploiting this virus as research tool in poxvirus biology or as safe viral vector vaccine to challenge existing and future bottlenecks in vaccinology. url: https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.aivir.2016.07.001 doi: 10.1016/bs.aivir.2016.07.001 id: cord-272932-devmy5yx author: WANG, Wen Ling title: Serological Study of An Imported Case of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome and His Close Contacts in China, 2015 date: 2016-03-31 words: 2117.0 sentences: 99.0 pages: flesch: 56.0 cache: ./cache/cord-272932-devmy5yx.txt txt: ./txt/cord-272932-devmy5yx.txt summary: Moreover, no seroconversion was found among 53 close contacts by anti-MERS IgG antibody enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) of paired serum samples. To evaluate both the serological response of this MERS patient before discharge and the risk of transmission, a set of serum samples from the patient and paired serum samples collected at least 14 d apart from the close contacts of the MERS patient during his trip and hospital admission in China, were tested for MERS-CoV using an inactivated MERS-CoV-based ELISA. We used an inactivated MERS-CoV particle-based ELISA to analyze serum samples from the imported MERS-CoV patient and his close contacts for the presence of IgG against MERS-CoV. A lentivirus-based MERS-CoV pseudovirus neutralization test was performed to confirm the presence of MERS-CoV-specific antibodies in serum samples from the patient. All 53 paired serum samples from the close contacts were below the cut-off value, negative for MERS-CoV by ELISA (Figure 3 ). abstract: The first imported Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) case in China was identified in May 2015. We determined the kinetics of antibody (IgG and IgM) and neutralizing antibodies against MERS-coronavirus (MERS-CoV) in this case before discharge. Moreover, no seroconversion was found among 53 close contacts by anti-MERS IgG antibody enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) of paired serum samples. These findings suggest that neither community nor nosocomial transmission of MERS-CoV occurred in China. url: https://doi.org/10.3967/bes2016.027 doi: 10.3967/bes2016.027 id: cord-321080-pgxxkfc0 author: Wang, Cong title: Combining a Fusion Inhibitory Peptide Targeting the MERS-CoV S2 Protein HR1 Domain and a Neutralizing Antibody Specific for the S1 Protein Receptor-Binding Domain (RBD) Showed Potent Synergism against Pseudotyped MERS-CoV with or without Mutations in RBD date: 2019-01-06 words: 4553.0 sentences: 191.0 pages: flesch: 49.0 cache: ./cache/cord-321080-pgxxkfc0.txt txt: ./txt/cord-321080-pgxxkfc0.txt summary: We previously identified a fusion inhibitory peptide (HR2P-M2) targeting the MERS-CoV S2 protein HR1 domain and a highly potent neutralizing monoclonal antibody (m336) specific to the S1 spike protein receptor-binding domain (RBD). However, we herein report that the combination of m336 and HR2P-M2 exhibited potent synergism in inhibiting MERS-CoV S protein-mediated cell–cell fusion and infection by MERS-CoV pseudoviruses with or without mutations in the RBD, resulting in the enhancement of antiviral activity in contrast to either one administered alone. As shown in Figure 2 and Table 1 , combining HR2P-M2 and m336 resulted in strong synergistic inhibitory activity against MERS-CoV pseudovirus infection with CI values of 0.13-0.20 for 50-90% inhibition, including potency enhancement of 12.9-to 18.9-fold for m336 and 8.4-to 12.9-fold for HR2P-M2. abstract: Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) has continuously posed a threat to public health worldwide, yet no therapeutics or vaccines are currently available to prevent or treat MERS-CoV infection. We previously identified a fusion inhibitory peptide (HR2P-M2) targeting the MERS-CoV S2 protein HR1 domain and a highly potent neutralizing monoclonal antibody (m336) specific to the S1 spike protein receptor-binding domain (RBD). However, m336 was found to have reduced efficacy against MERS-CoV strains with mutations in RBD, and HR2P-M2 showed low potency, thus limiting the clinical application of each when administered separately. However, we herein report that the combination of m336 and HR2P-M2 exhibited potent synergism in inhibiting MERS-CoV S protein-mediated cell–cell fusion and infection by MERS-CoV pseudoviruses with or without mutations in the RBD, resulting in the enhancement of antiviral activity in contrast to either one administered alone. Thus, this combinatorial strategy could be used in clinics for the urgent treatment of MERS-CoV-infected patients. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30621343/ doi: 10.3390/v11010031 id: cord-289096-wuegn0jg author: Wang, Liang title: Bat-Origin Coronaviruses Expand Their Host Range to Pigs date: 2018-04-18 words: 1209.0 sentences: 69.0 pages: flesch: 57.0 cache: ./cache/cord-289096-wuegn0jg.txt txt: ./txt/cord-289096-wuegn0jg.txt summary: Gao 1,3,4, * Infections with bat-origin coronaviruses have caused severe illness in humans by ''host jump''. The host range expansion of coronaviruses (CoVs) from wildlife to humans via genetic recombination and/or mutations on the receptor-binding domain in the spike (S) gene is well established and results in several diseases with high fatality rates, such as severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) [ [4] . Thus, pigs are regarded as mixing vessels for IAVs. However, pigs were not known to be susceptible to bat-origin coronaviruses until recently, when two independent groups reported the detection of novel swine enteric alphacoronaviruses (SeACoVs) distinct from known swine coronaviruses (with one group successfully isolating live virus). The isolation of SeACoV from ill piglets expands our knowledge of the host range of bat-origin coronaviruses, and potentially poses a threat to public health. abstract: Infections with bat-origin coronaviruses have caused severe illness in humans by ‘host jump’. Recently, novel bat-origin coronaviruses were found in pigs. The large number of mutations on the receptor-binding domain allowed the viruses to infect the new host, posing a potential threat to both agriculture and public health. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29680361/ doi: 10.1016/j.tim.2018.03.001 id: cord-316013-7dckgg6b author: Wang, Lili title: Engineering a Novel Antibody-Peptide Bispecific Fusion Protein Against MERS-CoV date: 2019-11-04 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: In recent years, tremendous efforts have been made in the engineering of bispecific or multi-specific antibody-based therapeutics by combining two or more functional antigen-recognizing elements into a single construct. However, to the best of our knowledge there has been no reported cases of effective antiviral antibody-peptide bispecific fusion proteins. We previously developed potent fully human monoclonal antibodies and inhibitory peptides against Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV), a novel coronavirus that causes severe acute respiratory illness with high mortality. Here, we describe the generation of antibody-peptide bispecific fusion proteins, each of which contains an anti-MERS-CoV single-chain antibody m336 (or normal human IgG1 CH3 domain as a control) linked with, or without, a MERS-CoV fusion inhibitory peptide HR2P. We found that one of these fusion proteins, designated as m336 diabody-pep, exhibited more potent inhibitory activity than the antibody or the peptide alone against pseudotyped MERS-CoV infection and MERS-CoV S protein-mediated cell-cell fusion, suggesting its potential to be developed as an effective bispecific immunotherapeutic for clinical use. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31690009/ doi: 10.3390/antib8040053 id: cord-317647-vcktnsv8 author: Wang, Yinhua title: Assessment of the efficacy and safety of Ribavirin in treatment of coronavirus-related pneumonia (SARS, MERS and COVID-19): A protocol for systematic review and meta-analysis date: 2020-09-18 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: BACKGROUND: The new coronavirus-related pneumonia is causing a global pandemic without specific antiviral drug. Ribavirin has activity against extensive RNA and DNA viruses. We plan to systematically review the use of ribavirin in patients with coronavirus-related pneumonia and meta-analyze the data with updated studies. METHODS: EMBASE, PubMed, Cochrane Library, and China National Knowledge Infrastructure will be searched from 2002 to June 2021 without language restriction to identify randomized controlled trials. Subjects consist of patients with coronavirus-related pneumonia. Ribavirin of any dose or route will be compared with the control group of other medication, placebo, or no medication. The primary outcome is the hospital mortality. The secondary outcome includes the hospital length of stay, ventilator-free days in 28 days, median time from start of study treatment to negative nasopharyngeal swab, and adverse events. The Mantel-Haenszel method will be used for analysis of dichotomous data and the risk ratios will be reported with 95% confidence interval; the inverse-variance method will be used for continuous data and the mean differences will be reported. Sensitivity and subgroup analyses will be further performed. The funnel plots or Egger test will be used for detection of publication bias. The GRADE methodology will be used for summarizing the quality of evidence. The trial sequential analysis will be conducted to test whether the current meta-analysis is conclusive. RESULTS: The efficacy and safety of ribavirin for treatment of coronavirus-related pneumonia will be systematically reviewed and summarized. The forthcoming results of the ongoing studies focusing on ribavirin in patients with the 2019 noel coronavirus disease will also be included. CONCLUSION: The relevant studies will be summarized and advanced evidence will be provided. PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER: CRD42020178900 url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32957417/ doi: 10.1097/md.0000000000022379 id: cord-267333-8b7hvorz author: Watson, John T. title: Unraveling the Mysteries of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus date: 2014-06-17 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24983095/ doi: 10.3201/eid2006.140322 id: cord-258281-gxwk8jq9 author: Wenling, Yao title: Pregnancy and COVID-19: management and challenges date: 2020-08-31 words: 5015.0 sentences: 263.0 pages: flesch: 46.0 cache: ./cache/cord-258281-gxwk8jq9.txt txt: ./txt/cord-258281-gxwk8jq9.txt summary: Based on recently published literature and official documents, this review provides an introduction to the pathogenesis, pathology, and clinical features of COVID-19 and has focused on the current researches on clinical features, pregnancy outcomes and placental histopathological analysis from pregnant women infected with SARS-CoV-2 in comparison with SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV. Although there is no unequivocal evidence to support the fetal infection by intrauterine vertical transmission of SARS, MERS and SARS-CoV-2 so far, more and more articles began to report maternal deaths due to COVID-19. There were no cases of vertical transmission identified among pregnant women infected with SARS 44-49 so far, but SARS during pregnancy is associated with high incidences of spontaneous miscarriage, preterm delivery, intrauterine growth restriction, endotracheal intubation and admission to the neonatal intensive care unit [44] [45] [46] . This is a review on pregnant women infected by SARS-CoV-2, SARS, and MERS, including their pathogenesis, clinical manifestations and pregnancy outcomes. Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infection during pregnancy: report of two cases & review of the literature abstract: The consequences of COVID-19 infecting pregnant women and the potential risks of vertical transmission have become a major issue. Since little is currently known about COVID-19 in pregnancy, the understanding of COVID-19 in this particular group will be updated in time, and a comprehensive review will be useful to evaluate the impact of COVID-19 in pregnancy. Based on recently published literature and official documents, this review provides an introduction to the pathogenesis, pathology, and clinical features of COVID-19 and has focused on the current researches on clinical features, pregnancy outcomes and placental histopathological analysis from pregnant women infected with SARS-CoV-2 in comparison with SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV. These viruses trigger a cytokine storm in the body, produce a series of immune responses, and cause changes in peripheral leukocytes and immune system cells leading to pregnancy complications that may be associated with viral infections. The expression of ACE2 receptors in the vascular endothelium may explain the histological changes of placentas from pregnant women infected by SARS-CoV-2. Pregnant women with COVID-19 pneumonia show similar clinical characteristics compared with non-pregnant counterparts. Although there is no unequivocal evidence to support the fetal infection by intrauterine vertical transmission of SARS, MERS and SARS-CoV-2 so far, more and more articles began to report maternal deaths due to COVID-19. In particular, from February 26, 2020 (date of the first COVID-19 case reported in Brazil) until June 18, 2020, Brazil reported 124 maternal deaths. Therefore, pregnant women and neonates require special attention regarding the prevention, diagnosis and management of COVID-19. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32876296/ doi: 10.1590/s1678-9946202062062 id: cord-347889-lpd1olqq author: Weston, Stuart title: A Yeast Suppressor Screen Used To Identify Mammalian SIRT1 as a Proviral Factor for Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Replication date: 2019-05-29 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Viral proteins must intimately interact with the host cell machinery during virus replication. Here, we used the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a system to identify novel functional interactions between viral proteins and eukaryotic cells. Our work demonstrates that when the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) ORF4a accessory gene is expressed in yeast it causes a slow-growth phenotype. ORF4a has been characterized as an interferon antagonist in mammalian cells, and yet yeast lack an interferon system, suggesting further interactions between ORF4a and eukaryotic cells. Using the slow-growth phenotype as a reporter of ORF4a function, we utilized the yeast knockout library collection to perform a suppressor screen where we identified the YDL042C/SIR2 yeast gene as a suppressor of ORF4a function. The mammalian homologue of SIR2 is SIRT1, an NAD-dependent histone deacetylase. We found that when SIRT1 was inhibited by either chemical or genetic manipulation, there was reduced MERS-CoV replication, suggesting that SIRT1 is a proviral factor for MERS-CoV. Moreover, ORF4a inhibited SIRT1-mediated modulation of NF-κB signaling, demonstrating a functional link between ORF4a and SIRT1 in mammalian cells. Overall, the data presented here demonstrate the utility of yeast studies for identifying genetic interactions between viral proteins and eukaryotic cells. We also demonstrate for the first time that SIRT1 is a proviral factor for MERS-CoV replication and that ORF4a has a role in modulating its activity in cells. IMPORTANCE Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) initially emerged in 2012 and has since been responsible for over 2,300 infections, with a case fatality ratio of approximately 35%. We have used the highly characterized model system of Saccharomyces cerevisiae to investigate novel functional interactions between viral proteins and eukaryotic cells that may provide new avenues for antiviral intervention. We identify a functional link between the MERS-CoV ORF4a proteins and the YDL042C/SIR2 yeast gene. The mammalian homologue of SIR2 is SIRT1, an NAD-dependent histone deacetylase. We demonstrate for the first time that SIRT1 is a proviral factor for MERS-CoV replication and that ORF4a has a role in modulating its activity in mammalian cells. url: https://doi.org/10.1128/jvi.00197-19 doi: 10.1128/jvi.00197-19 id: cord-227268-8k9zaqsy author: Wick, W. David title: Stopping the SuperSpreader Epidemic: the lessons from SARS (with, perhaps, applications to MERS) date: 2013-08-29 words: 6789.0 sentences: 297.0 pages: flesch: 55.0 cache: ./cache/cord-227268-8k9zaqsy.txt txt: ./txt/cord-227268-8k9zaqsy.txt summary: This gave rise to the theory that HIV is an SS epidemic; the candidates for the superpreaders are: (a) persons in the primary retroviral-infection period that lasts a few weeks, who have a thousand times the level of virus in blood and semen found in chronically-infected patients; and (b) cases like "patient zero," the Canadian airline attendant with an impressive Rolodex of sexual partners in many cities, described in ''Randy Shilts''s 1987 book, And the Band Played On. priate kind of model is called a "stochastic multi-type branching-process." The adjective "stochastic" refers to random events, as in a dice game; in computer terms, when simulating the model the program makes calls on the random number generator, abbreviated RNG (supplied with your operating system), when making updates. abstract: I discuss the so-called SuperSpreader epidemic, for which SARS is the canonical examples (and, perhaps, MERS will be another). I use simulation by an agent-based model as well as the mathematics of multi-type branching-processes to illustrate how the SS epidemic differs from the more familiar uniform epidemic (e.g., caused by influenza). The conclusions may surprise the reader: (a) The SS epidemic must be described by at least two numbers, such as the mean reproductive number (of"secondary"cases caused by a"primary case"), R0, and the variance of same, call it V0; (b) Even if R0>1, if V0>>R0 the probability that an infection-chain caused by one primary case goes extinct without intervention may be close to one (e.g., 0.97); (c) The SS epidemic may have a long"kindling period"in which sporadic cases appear (transmitted from some unknown host) and generate a cluster of cases, but the chains peter out, perhaps generating a false sense of security that a pandemic will not occur; (d) Interventions such as isolation (or contact-tracing and secondary case isolation) may prove efficacious even without driving R0 below one; (e) The efficacy of such interventions diminishes, but slowly, with increasing V0 at fixed R0. From these considerations, I argue that the SS epidemic has dynamics sufficiently distinct from the uniform case that efficacious public-health interventions can be designed even in the absence of a vaccine or other form of treatment. url: https://arxiv.org/pdf/1308.6534v1.pdf doi: nan id: cord-291694-nokowfdi author: Wickramage, Kolitha title: “Don’t forget the migrants”: exploring preparedness and response strategies to combat the potential spread of MERS-CoV virus through migrant workers in Sri Lanka date: 2013-07-29 words: 3689.0 sentences: 182.0 pages: flesch: 50.0 cache: ./cache/cord-291694-nokowfdi.txt txt: ./txt/cord-291694-nokowfdi.txt summary: From September 2012 to July 2013, 81 laboratory-confirmed cases of infection with Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), including 45 deaths (a case fatality ratio of 55%) have been reported from eight countries. Although the WHO has not yet issued a travel health warning for any country, nor recommended conducting on-arrival screenings at ports of entry, the infectious nature of MERS-CoV means that there is a risk of contracting the disease through infected individuals who have visited the Middle East in the preceding 10 to 14 days. We recommend partnerships between public health authorities, at national and regional levels, with the labor migration industry and migrant worker networks in establishing both institutional and policy mechanisms to ensure effective preparedness and response planning in response to a potential MERS-COV threat through labor migrants from South Asia. abstract: From September 2012 to July 2013, 81 laboratory-confirmed cases of infection with Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), including 45 deaths (a case fatality ratio of 55%) have been reported from eight countries. Human-to-human transmission is now confirmed showing potential for another pandemic of zoonotic disease, with an extremely high mortality rate. Effective surveillance strategies are required in countries with a high influx of migrants from the Middle East to mitigate the probable importation of MERS-CoV. We discuss here the risk of MERS-CoV in major labor sending countries and list the probable strategies for control and prevention of MERS-CoV using Sri Lanka as an example. It is conservatively estimated that 10% of Sri Lanka’s population work as international labor migrants (1.8 to 2 million workers), with 93% residing in the Middle East. An average of 720 workers depart each day, with the majority of these workers (71%) departing to the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (the country with 81.5% of total MERS-CoV cases). We also describe other inbound migration categories such as tourists and resident visa holders relevant to the context of preparedness and planning. The importance of partnerships between public health authorities at national and regional levels with labor migration networks to establish institutional and/or policy mechanisms are highlighted for ensuring effective preparedness and response planning. Strategies that can be taken by public health authorities working in both labor sending and labor receiving counties are also described. The strategies described here may be useful for other labor sending country contexts in Asia with a high frequency and volume of migrant workers to and from the Gulf region. url: https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.2-163.v1 doi: 10.12688/f1000research.2-163.v1 id: cord-306004-amv0los1 author: Widagdo, W. title: Host Determinants of MERS-CoV Transmission and Pathogenesis date: 2019-03-19 words: 4525.0 sentences: 242.0 pages: flesch: 46.0 cache: ./cache/cord-306004-amv0los1.txt txt: ./txt/cord-306004-amv0los1.txt summary: Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) is a zoonotic pathogen that causes respiratory infection in humans, ranging from asymptomatic to severe pneumonia. Differences in the behavior of the virus observed between individuals, as well as between humans and dromedary camels, highlight the role of host factors in MERS-CoV pathogenesis and transmission. MERS-CoV infection in these animals merely causes mild upper respiratory tract infection [17, 18] , but seroepidemiological studies showed that this virus has been circulating in dromedary camels for decades, suggesting the efficient transmission of MERS-CoV in this species [19] [20] [21] [22] . Given the fact that experimental in vivo infection studies and DPP4 expression analysis in different animal species revealed that dromedary camels are not the only animals in which MERS-CoV has an upper respiratory tract tropism [17, 18, 83, 84] , it is then relevant to question whether other animals can potentially spread MERS-CoV as well. abstract: Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) is a zoonotic pathogen that causes respiratory infection in humans, ranging from asymptomatic to severe pneumonia. In dromedary camels, the virus only causes a mild infection but it spreads efficiently between animals. Differences in the behavior of the virus observed between individuals, as well as between humans and dromedary camels, highlight the role of host factors in MERS-CoV pathogenesis and transmission. One of these host factors, the MERS-CoV receptor dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP4), may be a critical determinant because it is variably expressed in MERS-CoV-susceptible species as well as in humans. This could partially explain inter- and intraspecies differences in the tropism, pathogenesis, and transmissibility of MERS-CoV. In this review, we explore the role of DPP4 and other host factors in MERS-CoV transmission and pathogenesis—such as sialic acids, host proteases, and interferons. Further characterization of these host determinants may potentially offer novel insights to develop intervention strategies to tackle ongoing outbreaks. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30893947/ doi: 10.3390/v11030280 id: cord-320921-eumuid3r author: Widagdo, W. title: Lack of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Transmission in Rabbits date: 2019-04-24 words: 4829.0 sentences: 239.0 pages: flesch: 51.0 cache: ./cache/cord-320921-eumuid3r.txt txt: ./txt/cord-320921-eumuid3r.txt summary: Our data indicate that despite relatively high viral RNA levels produced, low levels of infectious virus are excreted in the upper respiratory tract of rabbits as compared to dromedary camels, thus resulting in a lack of viral transmission. Besides dromedary camels, other animal species, i.e. llamas, alpacas, and pigs have been shown to be susceptible and develop upper respiratory tract infection upon experimental intranasal MERS-CoV inoculation [9] [10] [11] . We found that rabbits inoculated with the MERS-CoV EMC strain and those with the Qatar15 strain developed an equally mild infection and shed similar levels of viral RNA in their nasal and throat swabs (Figure 3 ). We found that rabbits inoculated with the MERS-CoV EMC strain and those with the Qatar15 strain developed an equally mild infection and shed similar levels of viral RNA in their nasal and throat swabs (Figure 3 ). abstract: Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) transmission from dromedaries to humans has resulted in major outbreaks in the Middle East. Although some other livestock animal species have been shown to be susceptible to MERS-CoV, it is not fully understood why the spread of the virus in these animal species has not been observed in the field. In this study, we used rabbits to further characterize the transmission potential of MERS-CoV. In line with the presence of MERS-CoV receptor in the rabbit nasal epithelium, high levels of viral RNA were shed from the nose following virus inoculation. However, unlike MERS-CoV-infected dromedaries, these rabbits did not develop clinical manifestations including nasal discharge and did shed only limited amounts of infectious virus from the nose. Consistently, no transmission by contact or airborne routes was observed in rabbits. Our data indicate that despite relatively high viral RNA levels produced, low levels of infectious virus are excreted in the upper respiratory tract of rabbits as compared to dromedary camels, thus resulting in a lack of viral transmission. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31022948/ doi: 10.3390/v11040381 id: cord-323087-3cxyogor author: Widagdo, W. title: Tissue Distribution of the MERS-Coronavirus Receptor in Bats date: 2017-04-26 words: 3427.0 sentences: 168.0 pages: flesch: 48.0 cache: ./cache/cord-323087-3cxyogor.txt txt: ./txt/cord-323087-3cxyogor.txt summary: Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) has been shown to infect both humans and dromedary camels using dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP4) as its receptor. Apart from dromedary camels, insectivorous bats are suggested as another natural reservoir for MERS-like-CoVs. In order to gain insight on the tropism of these viruses in bats, we studied the DPP4 distribution in the respiratory and extra-respiratory tissues of two frugivorous bat species (Epomophorus gambianus and Rousettus aegyptiacus) and two insectivorous bat species (Pipistrellus pipistrellus and Eptesicus serotinus). The limited DPP4 expression in the respiratory tract of the two insectivorous bat species, particularly the common pipistrelle bat, is different from what has been reported for dromedary camels and humans. More importantly, the tissue distribution of DPP4 in insectivorous bats, believed to be one of the natural hosts for MERS-like-CoVs, is different to that in dromedary camels and humans. abstract: Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) has been shown to infect both humans and dromedary camels using dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP4) as its receptor. The distribution of DPP4 in the respiratory tract tissues of humans and camels reflects MERS-CoV tropism. Apart from dromedary camels, insectivorous bats are suggested as another natural reservoir for MERS-like-CoVs. In order to gain insight on the tropism of these viruses in bats, we studied the DPP4 distribution in the respiratory and extra-respiratory tissues of two frugivorous bat species (Epomophorus gambianus and Rousettus aegyptiacus) and two insectivorous bat species (Pipistrellus pipistrellus and Eptesicus serotinus). In the frugivorous bats, DPP4 was present in epithelial cells of both the respiratory and the intestinal tract, similar to what has been reported for camels and humans. In the insectivorous bats, however, DPP4 expression in epithelial cells of the respiratory tract was almost absent. The preferential expression of DPP4 in the intestinal tract of insectivorous bats, suggests that transmission of MERS-like-CoVs mainly occurs via the fecal-oral route. Our results highlight differences in the distribution of DPP4 expression among MERS-CoV susceptible species, which might influence variability in virus tropism, pathogenesis and transmission route. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28446791/ doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-01290-6 id: cord-296517-414grqif author: Wong, Gary title: MERS, SARS, and Ebola: The Role of Super-Spreaders in Infectious Disease date: 2015-10-14 words: 2880.0 sentences: 129.0 pages: flesch: 50.0 cache: ./cache/cord-296517-414grqif.txt txt: ./txt/cord-296517-414grqif.txt summary: In September 2012, Middle East Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) emerged as a novel virus that can result in severe respiratory disease with renal failure, with a case fatality rate of up to 38%. Notably, between May and July 2015, an outbreak of MERS-CoV centered in South Korea killed 36 people out of 186 confirmed cases (Promedmail.org, 2015) , with thousands quarantined as health authorities attempted to control virus spread. The 2015 MERS-CoV outbreak in South Korea began from an imported case, a 68-year-old male with a recent travel history to several Middle Eastern countries, including Bahrain, the United Arab Emirates, Saudi Arabia, and Qatar. Thus, the MERS-CoV outbreak in South Korea was driven primarily by three infected individuals, and approximately 75% of cases can be traced back to three super-spreaders who have each infected a disproportionately high number of contacts ( Figure 1A ). abstract: Super-spreading occurs when a single patient infects a disproportionate number of contacts. The 2015 MERS-CoV, 2003 SARS-CoV, and to a lesser extent 2014–15 Ebola virus outbreaks were driven by super-spreaders. We summarize documented super-spreading in these outbreaks, explore contributing factors, and suggest studies to better understand super-spreading. url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chom.2015.09.013 doi: 10.1016/j.chom.2015.09.013 id: cord-319501-a2x1hvkk author: Wong, Lok-Yin Roy title: A molecular arms race between host innate antiviral response and emerging human coronaviruses date: 2016-01-15 words: 7759.0 sentences: 460.0 pages: flesch: 51.0 cache: ./cache/cord-319501-a2x1hvkk.txt txt: ./txt/cord-319501-a2x1hvkk.txt summary: Particularly, the host pathogen recognition receptors and the signal transduction pathways to mount an effective antiviral response against SARS and MERS coronavirus infection are discussed. This suggests SARS-CoV N may interfere with RNA recognition by host immune sensors such as RIG-I and MDA5 thus achieving suppressive role in IFN production. Our group demonstrated that MERS-CoV ORF4a interacts with PACT, a cellular dsRNA-binding protein that optimally activates RIG-Iand MDA5-induced type I IFN production, in an RNAdependent manner (Siu et al., 2014c) . Infection with SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV has been accompanied with suppression of innate immune response, most notably with the suppression of type I IFN production and signaling pathways. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus nsp1 suppresses host gene expression, including that of type I interferon, in infected cells Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus 4a protein is a double-stranded RNA-binding protein that suppresses pact-induced activation of RIG-I and MDA5 in the innate antiviral response abstract: Coronaviruses have been closely related with mankind for thousands of years. Communityacquired human coronaviruses have long been recognized to cause common cold. However, zoonotic coronaviruses are now becoming more a global concern with the discovery of highly pathogenic severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) coronaviruses causing severe respiratory diseases. Infections by these emerging human coronaviruses are characterized by less robust interferon production. Treatment of patients with recombinant interferon regimen promises beneficial outcomes, suggesting that compromised interferon expression might contribute at least partially to the severity of disease. The mechanisms by which coronaviruses evade host innate antiviral response are under intense investigations. This review focuses on the fierce arms race between host innate antiviral immunity and emerging human coronaviruses. Particularly, the host pathogen recognition receptors and the signal transduction pathways to mount an effective antiviral response against SARS and MERS coronavirus infection are discussed. On the other hand, the counter-measures evolved by SARS and MERS coronaviruses to circumvent host defense are also dissected. With a better understanding of the dynamic interaction between host and coronaviruses, it is hoped that insights on the pathogenesis of newly-identified highly pathogenic human coronaviruses and new strategies in antiviral development can be derived. [Image: see text] url: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12250-015-3683-3 doi: 10.1007/s12250-015-3683-3 id: cord-284286-qfl6hehj author: Woo, Patrick C. Y. title: Isolation and Characterization of Dromedary Camel Coronavirus UAE-HKU23 from Dromedaries of the Middle East: Minimal Serological Cross-Reactivity between MERS Coronavirus and Dromedary Camel Coronavirus UAE-HKU23 date: 2016-05-07 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Recently, we reported the discovery of a dromedary camel coronavirus UAE-HKU23 (DcCoV UAE-HKU23) from dromedaries in the Middle East. In this study, DcCoV UAE-HKU23 was successfully isolated in two of the 14 dromedary fecal samples using HRT-18G cells, with cytopathic effects observed five days after inoculation. Northern blot analysis revealed at least seven distinct RNA species, corresponding to predicted subgenomic mRNAs and confirming the core sequence of transcription regulatory sequence motifs as 5′-UCUAAAC-3′ as we predicted previously. Antibodies against DcCoV UAE-HKU23 were detected in 58 (98.3%) and 59 (100%) of the 59 dromedary sera by immunofluorescence and neutralization antibody tests, respectively. There was significant correlation between the antibody titers determined by immunofluorescence and neutralization assays (Pearson coefficient = 0.525, p < 0.0001). Immunization of mice using recombinant N proteins of DcCoV UAE-HKU23 and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), respectively, and heat-inactivated DcCoV UAE-HKU23 showed minimal cross-antigenicity between DcCoV UAE-HKU23 and MERS-CoV by Western blot and neutralization antibody assays. Codon usage and genetic distance analysis of RdRp, S and N genes showed that the 14 strains of DcCoV UAE-HKU23 formed a distinct cluster, separated from those of other closely related members of Betacoronavirus 1, including alpaca CoV, confirming that DcCoV UAE-HKU23 is a novel member of Betacoronavirus 1. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27164099/ doi: 10.3390/ijms17050691 id: cord-317061-0bx704ao author: Wu, Andong title: Prediction and biochemical analysis of putative cleavage sites of the 3C-like protease of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus date: 2015-10-02 words: 6006.0 sentences: 287.0 pages: flesch: 55.0 cache: ./cache/cord-317061-0bx704ao.txt txt: ./txt/cord-317061-0bx704ao.txt summary: The nsp5 of the newly emerging Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) was identified as 3CLpro and its canonical cleavage sites (between nsps) were predicted based on sequence alignment, but the cleavability of these cleavage sites remains to be experimentally confirmed and putative non-canonical cleavage sites (inside one nsp) within the pp1a/1ab awaits further analysis. Some cleavage sites have been identified and confirmed by previous studies, including three cleavage sites of PLpros of human coronavirus 229E (HCoV 229E), mouse hepatitis virus (MHV), SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV and infectious bronchitis virus (IBV), whose cleavages release the first 3 non-structural proteins (Bonilla et al., 1995; Kilianski et al., 2013; Lim and Liu, 1998; Ziebuhr et al., 2007) . In order to set up a more moderate and balanced criteria for protease cleavage site identification, we compared six scanning conditions with different stringency to systematically predict the 3CLpro cleavage sites on pp1a/1ab of five coronaviruses including MERS-CoV. To rapidly evaluate the proteolysis activity of MERS-CoV 3CLpro toward the predicted cleavage sites of different substrates, a sensitive luciferase-based biosensor assay was adopted. abstract: Coronavirus 3C-like protease (3CLpro) is responsible for the cleavage of coronaviral polyprotein 1a/1ab (pp1a/1ab) to produce the mature non-structural proteins (nsps) of nsp4–16. The nsp5 of the newly emerging Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) was identified as 3CLpro and its canonical cleavage sites (between nsps) were predicted based on sequence alignment, but the cleavability of these cleavage sites remains to be experimentally confirmed and putative non-canonical cleavage sites (inside one nsp) within the pp1a/1ab awaits further analysis. Here, we proposed a method for predicting coronaviral 3CLpro cleavage sites which balances the prediction accuracy and false positive outcomes. By applying this method to MERS-CoV, the 11 canonical cleavage sites were readily identified and verified by the biochemical assays. The Michaelis constant of the canonical cleavage sites of MERS-CoV showed that the substrate specificity of MERS-CoV 3CLpro is relatively conserved. Interestingly, nine putative non-canonical cleavage sites were predicted and three of them could be cleaved by MERS-CoV nsp5. These results pave the way for identification and functional characterization of new nsp products of coronaviruses. url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S0168170215002178 doi: 10.1016/j.virusres.2015.05.018 id: cord-324926-3c5ab73l author: Xia, Shuai title: A pan-coronavirus fusion inhibitor targeting the HR1 domain of human coronavirus spike date: 2019-04-10 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Continuously emerging highly pathogenic human coronaviruses (HCoVs) remain a major threat to human health, as illustrated in past SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV outbreaks. The development of a drug with broad-spectrum HCoV inhibitory activity would address this urgent unmet medical need. Although previous studies have suggested that the HR1 of HCoV spike (S) protein is an important target site for inhibition against specific HCoVs, whether this conserved region could serve as a target for the development of broad-spectrum pan-CoV inhibitor remains controversial. Here, we found that peptide OC43-HR2P, derived from the HR2 domain of HCoV-OC43, exhibited broad fusion inhibitory activity against multiple HCoVs. EK1, the optimized form of OC43-HR2P, showed substantially improved pan-CoV fusion inhibitory activity and pharmaceutical properties. Crystal structures indicated that EK1 can form a stable six-helix bundle structure with both short α-HCoV and long β-HCoV HR1s, further supporting the role of HR1 region as a viable pan-CoV target site. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30989115/ doi: 10.1126/sciadv.aav4580 id: cord-279976-juz9jnfk author: Xie, Mingxuan title: Insight into 2019 novel coronavirus — an updated intrim review and lessons from SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV date: 2020-04-01 words: 3863.0 sentences: 228.0 pages: flesch: 50.0 cache: ./cache/cord-279976-juz9jnfk.txt txt: ./txt/cord-279976-juz9jnfk.txt summary: METHODS: Based on recently published literatures, official documents and selected up-to-date preprint studies, we reviewed the virology and origin, epidemiology, clinical manifestations, pathology and treatment of 2019-nCoV infection, in comparison with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infection. The COVID-19 generally had a high reproductive number, a long incubation period, a short serial interval and a low case fatality rate (much higher in patients with comorbidities) than SARS and MERS. Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CCDC) identified a novel beta-coronavirus called 2019-nCoV, now officially known as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) (Gorbalenya et al., 2020) , that responsible for the pandemic. Further search words were above keywords, "SARS" OR "SARS-CoV" OR "severe acute respiratory syndrome", "MERS" OR "MERS-CoV" OR "middle east respiratory syndrome", in combinations of with "spike protein" OR "genome" OR "reproductive number" OR "incubation period" OR "serial interval" OR "fatality rate" OR "clinical characteristics" OR "pathology" OR "autopsy" OR "treatment". abstract: BACKGROUND: The rapid spread of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by a zoonotic beta-coronavirus entitled 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV), has become a global threat. Awareness of the biological features of 2019-nCoV should be updated in time and needs to be comprehensively summarized to help optimize control measures and make therapeutic decisions. METHODS: Based on recently published literatures, official documents and selected up-to-date preprint studies, we reviewed the virology and origin, epidemiology, clinical manifestations, pathology and treatment of 2019-nCoV infection, in comparison with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infection. RESULTS: The genome of 2019-nCoV partially resembled SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV, and indicating a bat origin. The COVID-19 generally had a high reproductive number, a long incubation period, a short serial interval and a low case fatality rate (much higher in patients with comorbidities) than SARS and MERS. Clinical presentation and pathology of COVID-19 greatly resembled SARS and MERS, with less upper respiratory and gastrointestinal symptoms, and more exudative lesions in post-mortems. Potential treatments included remdesivir, chloroquine, tocilizumab, convalescent plasma and vaccine immunization (when possible). CONCLUSION: The initial experience from the current pandemic and lessons from the previous two pandemics can help improve future preparedness plans and combat disease progression. url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1201971220302046?v=s5 doi: 10.1016/j.ijid.2020.03.071 id: cord-356192-8b96rgqa author: Xie, Qian title: Two deletion variants of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus found in a patient with characteristic symptoms date: 2017-04-18 words: 2413.0 sentences: 131.0 pages: flesch: 52.0 cache: ./cache/cord-356192-8b96rgqa.txt txt: ./txt/cord-356192-8b96rgqa.txt summary: title: Two deletion variants of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus found in a patient with characteristic symptoms Significant sequence variation of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS CoV) has never been detected since it was first reported in 2012. To predict the function of the E protein of MERS CoV, we aligned the E and ORF5-E protein sequences of MERS CoV with those of two other coronaviruses, SARS-CoV and China Rattus coronavirus HKU24, using MEGA software (version 6.0) [11] . The truncated E protein with a deletion of aa 1-30 lacks the N-terminus and a major part of the hydrophobic transmembrane domain in MERS CoV variant 1, which might directly impair virus packaging and replication [24] . Genomic sequencing and analysis of the first imported Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS CoV) in China Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) entry inhibitors targeting spike protein abstract: Significant sequence variation of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS CoV) has never been detected since it was first reported in 2012. A MERS patient came from Korea to China in late May 2015. The patient was 44 years old and had symptoms including high fever, dry cough with a little phlegm, and shortness of breath, which are roughly consistent with those associated with MERS, and had had close contact with individuals with confirmed cases of MERS.After one month of therapy with antiviral, anti-infection, and immune-enhancing agents, the patient recovered in the hospital and was discharged. A nasopharyngeal swab sample was collected for direct sequencing, which revealed two deletion variants of MERS CoV. Deletions of 414 and 419 nt occurred between ORF5 and the E protein, resulting in a partial protein fusion or truncation of ORF5 and the E protein. Functional analysis by bioinformatics and comparison to previous studies implied that the two variants might be defective in their ability to package MERS CoV. However, the mechanism of how these deletions occurred and what effects they have need to be further investigated. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL: The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s00705-017-3361-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. url: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00705-017-3361-x doi: 10.1007/s00705-017-3361-x id: cord-321918-9jwma2y6 author: Xiu, Siyu title: Inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2 Entry: Current and Future Opportunities date: 2020-06-15 words: 10526.0 sentences: 621.0 pages: flesch: 52.0 cache: ./cache/cord-321918-9jwma2y6.txt txt: ./txt/cord-321918-9jwma2y6.txt summary: The spike protein can be divided into two domains; S1 is responsible for angiotensin-converting enzyme II(ACE2) recognition, the recently identified host cell receptor, and S2 mediates membrane fusion (Figure 2 ). 98 99 On the basis of this approach, they identified two small molecules, TGG (12, Table 4 ) and luteolin (13) , that can bind avidly to the SARS-CoV S2 protein and inhibit viral entry of SARS-CoV into Vero E6 cells with IC 50 values of 4.5 and 10.6 μM, respectively. 113 A high-throughput screen (HTS) of a 1000-compound library that resulted in the identification of MDL28170 (17 , Table 4 ) by Bates et al., and in an antiviral activity assay, 17 specifically inhibited cathepsin L-mediated substrate cleavage and blocked SARS-CoV viral entry, with an IC 50 value of 2.5 nM and EC 50 value in the range of 100 nM. abstract: [Image: see text] Recently, a novel coronavirus initially designated 2019-nCoV but now termed SARS-CoV-2 has emerged and raised global concerns due to its virulence. SARS-CoV-2 is the etiological agent of “coronavirus disease 2019”, abbreviated to COVID-19, which despite only being identified at the very end of 2019, has now been classified as a pandemic by the World Health Organization (WHO). At this time, no specific prophylactic or postexposure therapy for COVID-19 are currently available. Viral entry is the first step in the SARS-CoV-2 lifecycle and is mediated by the trimeric spike protein. Being the first stage in infection, entry of SARS-CoV-2 into host cells is an extremely attractive therapeutic intervention point. Within this review, we highlight therapeutic intervention strategies for anti-SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and other coronaviruses and speculate upon future directions for SARS-CoV-2 entry inhibitor designs. url: https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c00502 doi: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c00502 id: cord-338973-73a7uvyz author: Xu, Jiabao title: Systematic Comparison of Two Animal-to-Human Transmitted Human Coronaviruses: SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV date: 2020-02-22 words: 7110.0 sentences: 426.0 pages: flesch: 57.0 cache: ./cache/cord-338973-73a7uvyz.txt txt: ./txt/cord-338973-73a7uvyz.txt summary: After the outbreak of the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) in the world in 2003, human coronaviruses (HCoVs) have been reported as pathogens that cause severe symptoms in respiratory tract infections. Recently, a new emerged HCoV isolated from the respiratory epithelium of unexplained pneumonia patients in the Wuhan seafood market caused a major disease outbreak and has been named the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The source of unexplained pneumonia was first discovered in Wuhan in Dec, 2019, and SARS-CoV-2, a new coronavirus, was isolated from the respiratory epithelium of patients. Hong Kong scholars found that, compared with ribavirin alone, patients treated with lopinavir/ritonavir and ribavirin had lower risk of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) or death caused by SARS-CoV [76, 77] . A high-resolution crystal structure of SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus 3CL hydrolase (Mpro) was announced after the outbreak of COVID-19 in the world [80] , and human coronaviruses (HCoVs) have been treated as severe pathogens in respiratory tract infections. abstract: After the outbreak of the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) in the world in 2003, human coronaviruses (HCoVs) have been reported as pathogens that cause severe symptoms in respiratory tract infections. Recently, a new emerged HCoV isolated from the respiratory epithelium of unexplained pneumonia patients in the Wuhan seafood market caused a major disease outbreak and has been named the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). This virus causes acute lung symptoms, leading to a condition that has been named as “coronavirus disease 2019” (COVID-19). The emergence of SARS-CoV-2 and of SARS-CoV caused widespread fear and concern and has threatened global health security. There are some similarities and differences in the epidemiology and clinical features between these two viruses and diseases that are caused by these viruses. The goal of this work is to systematically review and compare between SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 in the context of their virus incubation, originations, diagnosis and treatment methods, genomic and proteomic sequences, and pathogenic mechanisms. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32098422/ doi: 10.3390/v12020244 id: cord-348821-2u6ki9dv author: Xu, Ping title: Clinical Characteristics of Two Human to Human Transmitted Coronaviruses: Corona Virus Disease 2019 versus Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus. date: 2020-03-10 words: 3329.0 sentences: 209.0 pages: flesch: 51.0 cache: ./cache/cord-348821-2u6ki9dv.txt txt: ./txt/cord-348821-2u6ki9dv.txt summary: The aim of this study, therefore, is to perform a systematic review to compare epidemiological, clinical and laboratory features of COVID-19 and MERS-COV population. Thus, the purpose of this study is to perform a systematic review of epidemiological, clinical and laboratory characteristics of patients infected by COVID-19 or MERS-COV disease, and to compare COVID-19 and MERS-COV in the context of their incubation, laboratory features, admission rate of intensive cure unit (ICU) and rate of discharge and fatality, which will provide a comprehensive reference for clinical physicians in treatment of coronavirus diseases. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.03.08.20032821 doi: medRxiv preprint 5 The study that met following criteria were included: (1) reporting clinical characteristics of COVID-19 or MERS-COV disease, (2) minimum sample size of five, (3) confirmed COVID-19 or MERS-COV disease, (4) English literature. Clinical predictors of mortality of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infection: A cohort study Clinical outcomes among hospital patients with Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infection abstract: After the outbreak of the middle east respiratory syndrome (MERS) worldwide in 2012. Currently, a novel human coronavirus has caused a major disease outbreak, and named corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19). The emergency of MRES-COV and COVID-19 has caused global panic and threatened health security. Unfortunately, the similarities and differences between the two coronavirus diseases remain to be unknown. The aim of this study, therefore, is to perform a systematic review to compare epidemiological, clinical and laboratory features of COVID-19 and MERS-COV population. We searched PubMed, EMBASE and Cochrane Register of Controlled Trials database to identify potential studies reported COVID-19 or MERS-COV. Epidemiological, clinical and laboratory outcomes, the admission rate of intensive cure unit (ICU), discharge rate and fatality rate were evaluated using GraphPad Prism software. Thirty-two studies involving 3770 patients (COVID-19 = 1062, MERS-COV = 2708) were included in this study. The present study revealed that compared with COVID-19 population, MERS-COV population had a higher rate of ICU admission, discharge and fatality and longer incubation time. It pointed out that fever, cough and generalised weakness and myalgia were main clinical manifestations of both COVID-19 and MERS-COV, whereas ARDS was main complication. The most effective drug for MERS-COV is ribavirin and interferon. url: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.03.08.20032821 doi: 10.1101/2020.03.08.20032821 id: cord-259658-rgrt6e6r author: Yan, Bingpeng title: Characterization of the Lipidomic Profile of Human Coronavirus-Infected Cells: Implications for Lipid Metabolism Remodeling upon Coronavirus Replication date: 2019-01-16 words: 5299.0 sentences: 287.0 pages: flesch: 41.0 cache: ./cache/cord-259658-rgrt6e6r.txt txt: ./txt/cord-259658-rgrt6e6r.txt summary: To this end, we utilized the human coronavirus 229E (HCoV-229E) as a model coronavirus to comprehensively characterize the host cell lipid response upon coronavirus infection with an ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (UPLC–MS)-based lipidomics approach. Importantly, supplement of additional LA and AA to coronavirus-infected cells significantly inhibited virus replication of both HCoV-229E and the highly virulent MERS-CoV, suggesting that the LA-AA metabolism axis is a common and essential pathway that could modulate coronavirus replication. To investigate how coronavirus perturbs host lipid metabolism, we performed lipidomics analysis on HCoV-229E-infected Huh7 cells and compared the results with those of the mock-infected cells. Therefore, combining pathway analysis and the authentic standards verification results, our data suggested that the LA-AA metabolism axis was the most significantly perturbed pathway and might be associated with lipids rearrangement or other processes in HCoV-229E infection. abstract: Lipids play numerous indispensable cellular functions and are involved in multiple steps in the replication cycle of viruses. Infections by human-pathogenic coronaviruses result in diverse clinical outcomes, ranging from self-limiting flu-like symptoms to severe pneumonia with extrapulmonary manifestations. Understanding how cellular lipids may modulate the pathogenicity of human-pathogenic coronaviruses remains poor. To this end, we utilized the human coronavirus 229E (HCoV-229E) as a model coronavirus to comprehensively characterize the host cell lipid response upon coronavirus infection with an ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (UPLC–MS)-based lipidomics approach. Our results revealed that glycerophospholipids and fatty acids (FAs) were significantly elevated in the HCoV-229E-infected cells and the linoleic acid (LA) to arachidonic acid (AA) metabolism axis was markedly perturbed upon HCoV-229E infection. Interestingly, exogenous supplement of LA or AA in HCoV-229E-infected cells significantly suppressed HCoV-229E virus replication. Importantly, the inhibitory effect of LA and AA on virus replication was also conserved for the highly pathogenic Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV). Taken together, our study demonstrated that host lipid metabolic remodeling was significantly associated with human-pathogenic coronavirus propagation. Our data further suggested that lipid metabolism regulation would be a common and druggable target for coronavirus infections. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30654597/ doi: 10.3390/v11010073 id: cord-317403-1wrsuoy7 author: Yang, Jeong-Sun title: Middle East Respiratory Syndrome in 3 Persons, South Korea, 2015 date: 2015-11-17 words: 1475.0 sentences: 80.0 pages: flesch: 51.0 cache: ./cache/cord-317403-1wrsuoy7.txt txt: ./txt/cord-317403-1wrsuoy7.txt summary: In May 2015, Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection was laboratory confirmed in South Korea. For the index patient, MERS-CoV RNA was detectable in sputum, throat swab, and serum samples but not in a urine sample collected 9 days after symptom onset ( Table 1) . Because, to our knowledge, cases of MERS-CoV infection in South Korea have not been reported, we had to establish laboratory testing protocols to overcome vulnerabilities in the absence of appropriate epidemiologic support (i.e., generate positive controls to check for contamination and repeat testing). Although the source of infection for the index patient is unclear, phylogenetic analysis of the whole viral genome showed that the isolate from South Korea was closely related to the MERS-CoV strains isolated in Saudi Arabia in 2015. Probable transmission chains of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus and the multiple generations of secondary infection in South Korea abstract: In May 2015, Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection was laboratory confirmed in South Korea. Patients were a man who had visited the Middle East, his wife, and a man who shared a hospital room with the index patient. Rapid laboratory confirmation will facilitate subsequent prevention and control for imported cases. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26488745/ doi: 10.3201/eid2111.151016 id: cord-318935-xsfolppr author: Yang, Jieun title: Associations Between Hand Hygiene Education and Self-Reported Hand-Washing Behaviors Among Korean Adults During MERS-CoV Outbreak date: 2018-07-16 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Background. Hand washing is an effective way to prevent transmission of infectious diseases. Education and promotional materials about hand washing may change individuals’ awareness toward hand washing. Infectious disease outbreak may also affect individuals’ awareness. Aims. Our study aimed to examine associations between hand-washing education and self-reported hand-washing behaviors among Korean adults during the year of the Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) outbreak. Methods. Data from the 2015 Community Health Survey were used for this study. The total study population comprised 222,599 individuals who were older than 20 years of age. A multiple linear regression model was used to investigate associations between hand hygiene education and self-reported hand-washing behaviors. Subgroup analyses stratified by age, sex, income, and MERS outbreak regions were also performed. Results. Individuals who received hand-washing education or saw promotional materials related to hand washing had significantly higher scores for self-reported use of soap or sanitizer (β = 0.177, P < .0001) and self-reported frequency of hand washing (β = 0.481, P < .0001) than those who did not have such experiences. The effect of hand-washing education on self-reported behavior change was greater among older adults, women, and lower income earners. The effect of hand hygiene education on self-reported use of soap or sanitizer was similar regardless of whether the participants lived in MERS regions. Conclusion. Our findings emphasize the importance of education or promotions encouraging hand washing, especially for older adults, women, and lower income earners. In addition, MERS outbreak itself affected individuals’ awareness of hand-washing behaviors. Well-organized campaigns that consider these factors are needed to prevent infectious diseases. url: https://doi.org/10.1177/1090198118783829 doi: 10.1177/1090198118783829 id: cord-288670-1vlowf2n author: Yang, Naidi title: Targeting the Endocytic Pathway and Autophagy Process as a Novel Therapeutic Strategy in COVID-19 date: 2020-03-15 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Coronaviruses (CoVs) are a group of enveloped, single-stranded positive genomic RNA viruses and some of them are known to cause severe respiratory diseases in human, including Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS), Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) and the ongoing coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19). One key element in viral infection is the process of viral entry into the host cells. In the last two decades, there is increasing understanding on the importance of the endocytic pathway and the autophagy process in viral entry and replication. As a result, the endocytic pathway including endosome and lysosome has become important targets for development of therapeutic strategies in combating diseases caused by CoVs. In this mini-review, we will focus on the importance of the endocytic pathway as well as the autophagy process in viral infection of several pathogenic CoVs inclusive of SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV and the new CoV named as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), and discuss the development of therapeutic agents by targeting these processes. Such knowledge will provide important clues for control of the ongoing epidemic of SARS-CoV-2 infection and treatment of COVID-19. url: https://doi.org/10.7150/ijbs.45498 doi: 10.7150/ijbs.45498 id: cord-291679-jfxqipt8 author: Yang, Seongwoo title: Middle East respiratory syndrome risk perception among students at a university in South Korea, 2015 date: 2017-06-01 words: 5627.0 sentences: 310.0 pages: flesch: 48.0 cache: ./cache/cord-291679-jfxqipt8.txt txt: ./txt/cord-291679-jfxqipt8.txt summary: The aim of this study was to determine whether risk perception was associated with personal and social variables, including trust in the media, the health care field, and government. Additionally, we sought to identify the associations of risk perception and social variables with compliance with self-quarantine guidelines and overreaction during the MERS epidemic. In this study, knowledge, trust, personal characteristics, and other social determinants were considered the main factors affecting risk perception and overreaction. Therefore, this section assessed the following personal characteristics: degree of optimism about the health policies of South Korea, willingness to sacrifice for society, responsiveness to an emergency situation, and attitude toward self-quarantine and overreaction. To assess the associations of demographic factors, knowledge, trust in social organizations, intention to sacrifice, and responsiveness to emergency situations with risk perception, multiple linear regression analyses were used. abstract: BACKGROUND: The 2015 Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) outbreak in South Korea was a serious threat to public health, and was exacerbated by the inappropriate responses of major institutions and the public. This study examined the sources of confusion during the MERS outbreak and identified the factors that can affect people's behavior. METHODS: An online survey of the risk perception of university students in South Korea was performed after the epidemic had peaked. The questionnaire addressed the major social determinants in South Korea during the MERS epidemic. The analysis included data from 1,470 subjects who provided complete answers. RESULTS: The students had 53.5% of the essential knowledge about MERS. Women showed higher risk perception than men, and trust in the media was positively associated with risk perception (P < .001). Additionally, risk perception was positively associated with overreaction by the public (odds ratio, 2.80; 95% confidence interval, 2.17-3.60; P < .001). These findings suggest that media content affected the public's perception of MERS risk and that perception of a high level of risk led to overreaction. CONCLUSIONS: Risk perception was associated with most of the social factors examined and overreaction by the public. Therefore, providing accurate information and data to the public, establishing trust, and facilitating the development of an attitude will all be important in future crises. url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S0196655317301347 doi: 10.1016/j.ajic.2017.02.013 id: cord-353495-c3s5n5vo author: Yao, Yanfeng title: An Animal Model of MERS Produced by Infection of Rhesus Macaques With MERS Coronavirus date: 2014-01-15 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: In 2012, a novel coronavirus (CoV) associated with severe respiratory disease, Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS-CoV; previously known as human coronavirus–Erasmus Medical Center or hCoV-EMC), emerged in the Arabian Peninsula. To date, 114 human cases of MERS-CoV have been reported, with 54 fatalities. Animal models for MERS-CoV infection of humans are needed to elucidate MERS pathogenesis and to develop vaccines and antivirals. In this study, we developed rhesus macaques as a model for MERS-CoV using intratracheal inoculation. The infected monkeys showed clinical signs of disease, virus replication, histological lesions, and neutralizing antibody production, indicating that this monkey model is suitable for studies of MERS-CoV infection. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24218506/ doi: 10.1093/infdis/jit590 id: cord-287159-bjccnp7u author: Yavarian, Jila title: Influenza virus but not MERS coronavirus circulation in Iran, 2013–2016: Comparison between pilgrims and general population date: 2017-10-12 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: BACKGROUND: The pilgrimage to Mecca and Karbala bring many Muslims to a confined area. Respiratory tract infections are the most common diseases transmitted during mass gatherings in Hajj, Umrah and Karbala. The aim of this study was to determine and compare the prevalence of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) and influenza virus infections among Iranian general population and pilgrims with severe acute respiratory infections (SARI) returning from Mecca and Karbala during 2013–2016. METHODS: During 2013–2016, a total of 42351 throat swabs were examined for presence of influenza viruses and MERS-CoV in Iranian general population and pilgrims returning from Mecca and Karbala with SARI by using one step RT-PCR kit. RESULTS: None of the patients had MERS-CoV but influenza viruses were detected in 12.7% with high circulation of influenza A/H1N1 (47.1%). CONCLUSION: This study showed the prevalence of influenza infections among Iranian pilgrims and general population and suggests continuing surveillance, infection control and appropriate vaccination especially nowadays that the risk of influenza pandemic threatens the world, meanwhile accurate screening for MERS-CoV is also recommended. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29031546/ doi: 10.1016/j.tmaid.2017.10.007 id: cord-353704-lfndq85x author: Ye, Zi-Wei title: Zoonotic origins of human coronaviruses date: 2020-03-15 words: 8096.0 sentences: 434.0 pages: flesch: 54.0 cache: ./cache/cord-353704-lfndq85x.txt txt: ./txt/cord-353704-lfndq85x.txt summary: In contrast, SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV and the newly-identified SARS-CoV-2 are highly pathogenic, causing severe lower respiratory tract infection in relatively more patients with a higher chance to develop acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and extrapulmonary manifestations. The 2019 novel HCoV (2019-nCoV), which has subsequently been renamed SARS-CoV-2, is the causative agent of the ongoing epidemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID19) , which has claimed more than 3,120 lives and infected more than 91,000 people as of March 3, 2020 [19] . All these four communityacquired HCoVs have been well adapted to humans and are generally less likely to mutate to cause highly pathogenic diseases, though accidents did occur for unknown reasons as in the rare case of a more virulent subtype of HCoV-NL63, which has recently been reported to cause severe lower respiratory tract infection in China [38] . Alternatively, whereas bat alpha-CoVs serve as the gene pool of HCoV-229E, alpacas and dromedary camels might serve as intermediate hosts that transmit viruses to humans, exactly as in the case of MERS-CoV [69] . abstract: Mutation and adaptation have driven the co-evolution of coronaviruses (CoVs) and their hosts, including human beings, for thousands of years. Before 2003, two human CoVs (HCoVs) were known to cause mild illness, such as common cold. The outbreaks of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and the Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) have flipped the coin to reveal how devastating and life-threatening an HCoV infection could be. The emergence of SARS-CoV-2 in central China at the end of 2019 has thrusted CoVs into the spotlight again and surprised us with its high transmissibility but reduced pathogenicity compared to its sister SARS-CoV. HCoV infection is a zoonosis and understanding the zoonotic origins of HCoVs would serve us well. Most HCoVs originated from bats where they are non-pathogenic. The intermediate reservoir hosts of some HCoVs are also known. Identifying the animal hosts has direct implications in the prevention of human diseases. Investigating CoV-host interactions in animals might also derive important insight on CoV pathogenesis in humans. In this review, we present an overview of the existing knowledge about the seven HCoVs, with a focus on the history of their discovery as well as their zoonotic origins and interspecies transmission. Importantly, we compare and contrast the different HCoVs from a perspective of virus evolution and genome recombination. The current CoV disease 2019 (COVID-19) epidemic is discussed in this context. In addition, the requirements for successful host switches and the implications of virus evolution on disease severity are also highlighted. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32226286/ doi: 10.7150/ijbs.45472 id: cord-305422-t8azymo7 author: Yi, Ye title: COVID-19: what has been learned and to be learned about the novel coronavirus disease date: 2020-03-15 words: 8300.0 sentences: 446.0 pages: flesch: 53.0 cache: ./cache/cord-305422-t8azymo7.txt txt: ./txt/cord-305422-t8azymo7.txt summary: The outbreak of Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has thus far killed over 3,000 people and infected over 80,000 in China and elsewhere in the world, resulting in catastrophe for humans. The virus is highly homologous to the coronavirus (CoV) that caused an outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) in 2003; thus, it was named SARS-CoV-2 by the World Health Organization (WHO) on February 11, 2020, and the associated disease was named CoV Disease-19 (COVID-19) [1] . Whenever possible, we will try to compare COVID-19 with SARS and another CoV-caused disease, Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS, an outbreak in 2012). Due to the lack of experience with the novel CoV, physicians can mainly provide supportive care to COVID-19 patients, while attempting a variety of therapies that have been used or proposed before for the treatment of other CoVs such as SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV and other viral diseases ( Table 2) . abstract: The outbreak of Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has thus far killed over 3,000 people and infected over 80,000 in China and elsewhere in the world, resulting in catastrophe for humans. Similar to its homologous virus, SARS-CoV, which caused SARS in thousands of people in 2003, SARS-CoV-2 might also be transmitted from the bats and causes similar symptoms through a similar mechanism. However, COVID-19 has lower severity and mortality than SARS but is much more transmissive and affects more elderly individuals than youth and more men than women. In response to the rapidly increasing number of publications on the emerging disease, this article attempts to provide a timely and comprehensive review of the swiftly developing research subject. We will cover the basics about the epidemiology, etiology, virology, diagnosis, treatment, prognosis, and prevention of the disease. Although many questions still require answers, we hope that this review helps in the understanding and eradication of the threatening disease. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32226295/ doi: 10.7150/ijbs.45134 id: cord-337499-jzpgtkai author: Yong Choi, Sung title: Safe surgical tracheostomy during the COVID-19 pandemic: A protocol based on experiences with Middle East Respiratory Syndrome and COVID-19 outbreaks in South Korea date: 2020-06-17 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: BACKGROUND: A subset of patients with COVID-19 require intensive respiratory care and tracheostomy. Several guidelines on tracheostomy procedures and care of tracheostomized patients have been introduced. In addition to these guidelines, further details of the procedure and perioperative care would be helpful. The purpose of this study is to describe our experience and tracheostomy protocol for patients with MERS or COVID-19. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thirteen patients with MERS were admitted to the ICU, 9 (69.2%) of whom underwent surgical tracheostomy. During the COVID-19 outbreak, surgical tracheostomy was performed in one of seven patients with COVID-19. We reviewed related documents and collected information through interviews with healthcare workers who had participated in designing a tracheostomy protocol. RESULTS: Compared with previous guidelines, our protocol consisted of enhanced PPE, simplified procedures (no limitation in the use of electrocautery and wound suction, no stay suture, and delayed cannula change) and a validated screening strategy for healthcare workers. Our protocol allowed for all associated healthcare workers to continue their routine clinical work and daily life. It guaranteed safe return to general patient care without any related complications or nosocomial transmission during the MERS and COVID-19 outbreaks. CONCLUSION: Our protocol and experience with tracheostomies for MERS and COVID-19 may be helpful to other healthcare workers in building an institutional protocol optimized for their own COVID-19 situation. url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S1368837520302979 doi: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2020.104861 id: cord-282554-hlcgutzf author: Yoo, Jin-Hong title: The Fight against the 2019-nCoV Outbreak: an Arduous March Has Just Begun date: 2020-01-30 words: 598.0 sentences: 51.0 pages: flesch: 67.0 cache: ./cache/cord-282554-hlcgutzf.txt txt: ./txt/cord-282554-hlcgutzf.txt summary: Most coronaviruses cause only mild upper respiratory infections, but sometimes they cause fatal respiratory disease and outbreaks, as experienced in cases of SARS-CoV or MERS-CoV. This disaster has been warned until recently that new mutants of coronavirus can occur anytime. As much as the 2015 MERS-CoV outbreak, we are also learning a lot of lesson from this disaster. Because epidemic is a national disaster, not only medical institutions but also governments have to be active. Our country is excellent at coping with this disaster, thanks to the experiences that we have gained during the 2015 MERS-CoV outbreak. And this outbreak is expected to have a greater amount of transmission than the 2015 MERS-CoV. Health workers, the government, and the people will need to unite to overcome this disaster. Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan Surveillance case definitions for human infection with novel coronavirus (nCoV) abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31997618/ doi: 10.3346/jkms.2020.35.e56 id: cord-314867-qg3hl5ft author: Yoon, Ji Hye title: Study on the 2‐Phenylchroman‐4‐One Derivatives and their anti‐MERS‐CoV Activities date: 2019-07-28 words: 1209.0 sentences: 71.0 pages: flesch: 60.0 cache: ./cache/cord-314867-qg3hl5ft.txt txt: ./txt/cord-314867-qg3hl5ft.txt summary: Bavachin and bavachinin showed good anti-MERS-CoV activities of 2.9 and 7.9 μM respectively by phenotypic cellular screening with vero cell. Total 12 compounds of bavachinin derivatives in four core structures were evaluated to figure out their anti-MERS-CoV activity and cell-cytotoxicity by cellular phenotypic screening method as shown in Table 1 . The further alkylations of phenolic OH of 1a with isopropyl and benzyl group decreased the anti-MERS activities (Entry 3 and 4 in Table 1 ). Interestingly, O-isopropyl Note and O-benzyl derivatives (2c and 2d, respectively) showed similar activity with 2a (non-substituted) better than 2b (Omethylated), but the cytotoxicity for vero cell also increased. As a conclusion, a series of 2-phenylchroman-4-one derivatives were synthesized for the chemical modifications of bavachin, and they exhibited anti-MERS activities in vero cell. We expect the study on bavachin derivatives can contribute to the development of anti-MERS drug. abstract: Study on the 2‐phenylchroman‐4‐one derivatives and their anti‐MERS‐CoVactivities. [Image: see text] url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32313350/ doi: 10.1002/bkcs.11832 id: cord-322354-x61eqaca author: Young Lee, Jun title: Identification of 4-Anilino-6-aminoquinazoline Derivatives as Potential MERS-CoV Inhibitors date: 2020-08-08 words: 590.0 sentences: 47.0 pages: flesch: 60.0 cache: ./cache/cord-322354-x61eqaca.txt txt: ./txt/cord-322354-x61eqaca.txt summary: A series of 4-anilino-6-aminoquinazoline derivatives were synthesized and evaluated to show high anti-MERS-CoV activities. N(4)-(3-Chloro-4-fluorophenyl)-N(6)-(3-methoxybenzyl)quinazoline-4,6-diamine (1) has been identified in a random screen as a hit compound for inhibiting MERS-CoV infection. [7] [8] [9] Recently outbreak of COVID-19, which is caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), emerged in China and has spread to several other countries. Drug repositioning for an FDA-approved compound library found that numerous compounds inhibited MERS-CoV infection. 10 Through high content screening (HCS) platform of Institut Pasteur Korea (IPK) using the Korea Chemical Bank (KCB), 11 we found several novel compounds that can inhibit MERS-CoV infection. 12 We found that N 4 -(3-chloro-4-fluorophenyl)-N 6 -(3methoxybenzyl)quinazoline-4,6-diamine 1 was effective for inhibiting MERS-CoV infection. We thought that quinazoline compounds can exhibit good bioavailability and be easily extended to treatment of MERS-CoV infection. Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) abstract: New therapies for treating coronaviruses are urgently needed. A series of 4-anilino-6-aminoquinazoline derivatives were synthesized and evaluated to show high anti-MERS-CoV activities. N(4)-(3-Chloro-4-fluorophenyl)-N(6)-(3-methoxybenzyl)quinazoline-4,6-diamine (1) has been identified in a random screen as a hit compound for inhibiting MERS-CoV infection. Throughout optimization process, compound 20 was found to exhibit high inhibitory effect (IC(50) = 0.157 μM, SI = 25) with no cytotoxicity and moderate in vivo PK properties. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32781216/ doi: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2020.127472 id: cord-352256-qxdakdk0 author: Yousefi, Bahman title: A global treatments for coronaviruses including COVID‐19 date: 2020-05-11 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: In late December 2019 in Wuhan, China, several patients with viral pneumonia were identified as 2019 novel coronavirus (2019‐nCoV). So far, there are no specific treatments for patients with coronavirus disease‐19 (COVID‐19), and the treatments available today are based on previous experience with similar viruses such as severe acute respiratory syndrome‐related coronavirus (SARS‐CoV), Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS‐CoV), and Influenza virus. In this article, we have tried to reach a therapeutic window of drugs available to patients with COVID‐19. Cathepsin L is required for entry of the 2019‐nCoV virus into the cell as target teicoplanin inhibits virus replication. Angiotensin‐converting‐enzyme 2 (ACE2) in soluble form as a recombinant protein can prevent the spread of coronavirus by restricting binding and entry. In patients with COVID‐19, hydroxychloroquine decreases the inflammatory response and cytokine storm, but overdose causes toxicity and mortality. Neuraminidase inhibitors such as oseltamivir, peramivir, and zanamivir are invalid for 2019‐nCoV and are not recommended for treatment but protease inhibitors such as lopinavir/ritonavir (LPV/r) inhibit the progression of MERS‐CoV disease and can be useful for patients of COVID‐19 and, in combination with Arbidol, has a direct antiviral effect on early replication of SARS‐CoV. Ribavirin reduces hemoglobin concentrations in respiratory patients, and remdesivir improves respiratory symptoms. Use of ribavirin in combination with LPV/r in patients with SARS‐CoV reduces acute respiratory distress syndrome and mortality, which has a significant protective effect with the addition of corticosteroids. Favipiravir increases clinical recovery and reduces respiratory problems and has a stronger antiviral effect than LPV/r. currently, appropriate treatment for patients with COVID‐19 is an ACE2 inhibitor and a clinical problem reducing agent such as favipiravir in addition to hydroxychloroquine and corticosteroids. url: https://doi.org/10.1002/jcp.29785 doi: 10.1002/jcp.29785 id: cord-309621-6jj19xpr author: Yu, Pin title: Comparative pathology of rhesus macaque and common marmoset animal models with Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus date: 2017-02-24 words: 4645.0 sentences: 214.0 pages: flesch: 41.0 cache: ./cache/cord-309621-6jj19xpr.txt txt: ./txt/cord-309621-6jj19xpr.txt summary: The main histopathological findings in the lungs of rhesus macaques and common marmosets were varying degrees of pulmonary lesions, including pneumonia, pulmonary oedema, haemorrhage, degeneration and necrosis of the pneumocytes and bronchial epithelial cells, and inflammatory cell infiltration. Although there have been several studies in animal models on the pathogenic mechanisms of MERS-CoV infection, little is known about the comparative pathology and inflammatory cell response in rhesus macaques or common marmosets infected with this virus. Pathological findings in the rhesus macaque tissues HE stained tissues from rhesus macaques experimentally infected with MERS-CoV demonstrate that MERS-CoV induces lesions that are primarily observed in the lungs, with varying degrees of inflammation, interstitial pneumonia (Fig 1A) , pulmonary oedema (Fig 1B) , haemorrhaging, degeneration and necrosis of pneumocytes and bronchial epithelial cells (Fig 1C) , and the infiltration of inflammatory cells. Using immunohistochemical techniques and an ISH analysis, we confirmed that MERS-CoV protein and viral RNA were distributed in the lungs of rhesus macaques and common marmosets and that they were primarily located in the pneumocytes and inflammatory cells. abstract: Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS), which is caused by a newly discovered coronavirus (CoV), has recently emerged. It causes severe viral pneumonia and is associated with a high fatality rate. However, the pathogenesis, comparative pathology and inflammatory cell response of rhesus macaques and common marmosets experimentally infected with MERS-CoV are unknown. We describe the histopathological, immunohistochemical, and ultrastructural findings from rhesus macaque and common marmoset animal models of MERS-CoV infection. The main histopathological findings in the lungs of rhesus macaques and common marmosets were varying degrees of pulmonary lesions, including pneumonia, pulmonary oedema, haemorrhage, degeneration and necrosis of the pneumocytes and bronchial epithelial cells, and inflammatory cell infiltration. The characteristic inflammatory cells in the lungs of rhesus macaques and common marmosets were eosinophils and neutrophils, respectively. Based on these observations, the lungs of rhesus macaques and common marmosets appeared to develop chronic and acute pneumonia, respectively. MERS-CoV antigens and viral RNA were identified in type I and II pneumocytes, alveolar macrophages and bronchial epithelial cells, and ultrastructural observations showed that viral protein was found in type II pneumocytes and inflammatory cells in both species. Correspondingly, the entry receptor DDP4 was found in type I and II pneumocytes, bronchial epithelial cells, and alveolar macrophages. The rhesus macaque and common marmoset animal models of MERS-CoV can be used as a tool to mimic the oncome of MERS-CoV infections in humans. These models can help to provide a better understanding of the pathogenic process of this virus and to develop effective medications and prophylactic treatments. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28234937/ doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0172093 id: cord-295375-nakxfhxk author: Yu, Yang title: Assessment of the quality of systematic reviews on COVID‐19: A comparative study of previous coronavirus outbreaks date: 2020-04-28 words: 2455.0 sentences: 143.0 pages: flesch: 48.0 cache: ./cache/cord-295375-nakxfhxk.txt txt: ./txt/cord-295375-nakxfhxk.txt summary: In this comparative study, we investigated the present status of conducting SRs on COVID-19, MERS, and SARS, appraised the methodological quality of these SRs using the a measurement tool to assess systematic reviews (AMSTAR 2), and performed a preliminary examination of the potential risk factors associated with the quality of SRs, with the aim of providing suggestions from the aspects of methodological quality for conducting and using SRs during the COVID-19 pandemic. AMSTAR, a measurement tool to assess systematic reviews; MA, meta-analysis quality of most SRs is unsatisfactory, and those on COVID-19 have higher risks of poor quality, despite the rapid actions taken to conduct SRs. Teams that may want to conduct a SR should focus on the study design and focus on improving the quality of the SR. Prevalence of comorbidities in the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV): a systematic review and meta-analysis abstract: Several systematic reviews (SRs) have been conducted on the COVID‐19 outbreak, which together with the SRs on previous coronavirus outbreaks, form important sources of evidence for clinical decision and policy making. Here, we investigated the methodological quality of SRs on COVID‐19, severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS). Online searches were performed to obtain SRs on COVID‐19, SARS, and MERS. The methodological quality of the included SRs was assessed using the AMSTAR‐2 tool. Descriptive statistics were used to present the data. In total, of 49 SRs that were finally included in our study, 17, 16, and 16 SRs were specifically on COVID‐19, MERS, and SARS, respectively. The growth rate of SRs on COVID‐19 was the highest (4.54/month) presently. Of the included SRs, 6, 12, and 31 SRs were of moderate, low, and critically low quality, respectively. SRs on SARS showed the optimum quality among the SRs on the three diseases. Subgroup analyses showed that the SR topic (P < .001), the involvement of a methodologist (P < .001), and funding support (P = .046) were significantly associated with the methodological quality of the SR. According to the adherence scores, adherence to AMSTAR‐2 items sequentially decreased in SRs on SARS, MERS, and COVID‐19. The methodological quality of most SRs on coronavirus outbreaks is unsatisfactory, and those on COVID‐19 have higher risks of poor quality, despite the rapid actions taken to conduct SRs. The quality of SRs should be improved in the future. Readers must exercise caution in accepting and using the results of these SRs. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32301508/ doi: 10.1002/jmv.25901 id: cord-303917-2tu707ng author: Zhang, Lei title: Potential interventions for novel coronavirus in China: A systematic review date: 2020-03-03 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: An outbreak of a novel coronavirus (COVID‐19 or 2019‐CoV) infection has posed significant threats to international health and the economy. In the absence of treatment for this virus, there is an urgent need to find alternative methods to control the spread of disease. Here, we have conducted an online search for all treatment options related to coronavirus infections as well as some RNA‐virus infection and we have found that general treatments, coronavirus‐specific treatments, and antiviral treatments should be useful in fighting COVID‐19. We suggest that the nutritional status of each infected patient should be evaluated before the administration of general treatments and the current children's RNA‐virus vaccines including influenza vaccine should be immunized for uninfected people and health care workers. In addition, convalescent plasma should be given to COVID‐19 patients if it is available. In conclusion, we suggest that all the potential interventions be implemented to control the emerging COVID‐19 if the infection is uncontrollable. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32052466/ doi: 10.1002/jmv.25707 id: cord-294831-pem059zk author: Zhang, Ling-Pu title: Focus on a 2019-novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) date: 2020-06-11 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: A new coronavirus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, was first discovered in Wuhan, China, in December 2019. As of April 7, 2020, the new coronavirus has spread quickly to 184 countries and aroused the attention of the entire world. No targeted drugs have yet been available for intervention and treatment of this virus. The sharing of academic information is crucial to risk assessment and control activities in outbreak countries. In this review, we summarize the epidemiological, genetic and clinical characteristics of the virus as well as laboratory testing and treatments to understand the nature of the virus. We hope this review will be helpful to prevent viral infections in outbreak countries and regions. url: https://doi.org/10.2217/fmb-2020-0063 doi: 10.2217/fmb-2020-0063 id: cord-275216-dnt88ycw author: Zhang, Xue-Yan title: Biological, clinical and epidemiological features of COVID-19, SARS and MERS and AutoDock simulation of ACE2 date: 2020-07-20 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: BACKGROUND: The outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has caused a public catastrophe and global concern. The main symptoms of COVID-19 are fever, cough, myalgia, fatigue and lower respiratory tract infection signs. Almost all populations are susceptible to the virus, and the basic reproduction number (R(0)) is 2.8–3.9. The fight against COVID-19 should have two aspects: one is the treatment of infected patients, and the other is the mobilization of the society to avoid the spread of the virus. The treatment of patients includes supportive treatment, antiviral treatment, and oxygen therapy. For patients with severe acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) and circulatory support are recommended. Plasma therapy and traditional Chinese medicine have also achieved good outcomes. This review is intended to summarize the research on this new coronavirus, to analyze the similarities and differences between COVID-19 and previous outbreaks of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) and to provide guidance regarding new methods of prevention, diagnosis and clinical treatment based on autodock simulations. METHODS: This review compares the multifaceted characteristics of the three coronaviruses including COVID-19, SARS and MERS. Our researchers take the COVID-19, SARS, and MERS as key words and search literatures in the Pubmed database. We compare them horizontally and vertically which respectively means concluding the individual characteristics of each coronavirus and comparing the similarities and differences between the three coronaviruses. RESULTS: We searched for studies on each outbreak and their solutions and found that the main biological differences among SARS-CoV-2, SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV are in ORF1a and the sequence of gene spike coding protein-S. We also found that the types and severity of clinical symptoms vary, which means that the diagnosis and nursing measures also require differentiation. In addition to the common route of transmission including airborne transmission, these three viruses have their own unique routes of transmission such as fecal-oral route of transmission COVID-19. CONCLUSIONS: In evolutionary history, these three coronaviruses have some similar biological features as well as some different mutational characteristics. Their receptors and routes of transmission are not all the same, which makes them different in clinical features and treatments. We discovered through the autodock simulations that Met124 plays a key role in the efficiency of drugs targeting ACE2, such as remdesivir, chloroquine, ciclesonide and niclosamide, and may be a potential target in COVID-19. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32690096/ doi: 10.1186/s40249-020-00691-6 id: cord-343528-5283jsnu author: Zhang, Zhao title: Evolutionary Dynamics of MERS-CoV: Potential Recombination, Positive Selection and Transmission date: 2016-05-04 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) belongs to beta group of coronavirus and was first discovered in 2012. MERS-CoV can infect multiple host species and cause severe diseases in human. We conducted a series of phylogenetic and bioinformatic analyses to study the evolution dynamics of MERS-CoV among different host species with genomic data. Our analyses show: 1) 28 potential recombinant sequences were detected and they can be classified into seven potential recombinant types; 2) The spike (S) protein of MERS-CoV was under strong positive selection when MERS-CoV transmitted from their natural host to human; 3) Six out of nine positive selection sites detected in spike (S) protein are located in its receptor-binding domain which is in direct contact with host cells; 4) MERS-CoV frequently transmitted back and forth between human and camel after it had acquired the human-camel infection capability. Together, these results suggest that potential recombination events might have happened frequently during MERS-CoV’s evolutionary history and the positive selection sites in MERS-CoV’s S protein might enable it to infect human. url: https://doi.org/10.1038/srep25049 doi: 10.1038/srep25049 id: cord-314651-e4uaw5fy author: Zhao, Guangyu title: Multi-Organ Damage in Human Dipeptidyl Peptidase 4 Transgenic Mice Infected with Middle East Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus date: 2015-12-23 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: The Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) causes severe acute respiratory failure and considerable extrapumonary organ dysfuction with substantial high mortality. For the limited number of autopsy reports, small animal models are urgently needed to study the mechanisms of MERS-CoV infection and pathogenesis of the disease and to evaluate the efficacy of therapeutics against MERS-CoV infection. In this study, we developed a transgenic mouse model globally expressing codon-optimized human dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (hDPP4), the receptor for MERS-CoV. After intranasal inoculation with MERS-CoV, the mice rapidly developed severe pneumonia and multi-organ damage, with viral replication being detected in the lungs on day 5 and in the lungs, kidneys and brains on day 9 post-infection. In addition, the mice exhibited systemic inflammation with mild to severe pneumonia accompanied by the injury of liver, kidney and spleen with neutrophil and macrophage infiltration. Importantly, the mice exhibited symptoms of paralysis with high viral burden and viral positive neurons on day 9. Taken together, this study characterizes the tropism of MERS-CoV upon infection. Importantly, this hDPP4-expressing transgenic mouse model will be applicable for studying the pathogenesis of MERS-CoV infection and investigating the efficacy of vaccines and antiviral agents designed to combat MERS-CoV infection. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26701103/ doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0145561 id: cord-347587-auook38y author: Zhao, Guangyu title: A Novel Nanobody Targeting Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) Receptor-Binding Domain Has Potent Cross-Neutralizing Activity and Protective Efficacy against MERS-CoV date: 2018-08-29 words: 6554.0 sentences: 363.0 pages: flesch: 57.0 cache: ./cache/cord-347587-auook38y.txt txt: ./txt/cord-347587-auook38y.txt summary: title: A Novel Nanobody Targeting Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) Receptor-Binding Domain Has Potent Cross-Neutralizing Activity and Protective Efficacy against MERS-CoV In this study, we developed a novel neutralizing Nb (NbMS10) and its human-Fc-fused version (NbMS10-Fc), both of which target the MERS-CoV spike protein receptor-binding domain (RBD). Identification and characterization of MERS-CoV-RBD-specific Nbs. To construct the Nb (i.e., VHH) library, we immunized llama with recombinant MERS-CoV RBD (residues 377 to 588, EMC2012 strain) containing a C-terminal human IgG1 Fc tag (i.e., RBD-Fc) and isolated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from the immunized llama. To examine of the role of the D539A mutation in DPP4 binding, we carried out an ELISA to detect the binding between DPP4 and The plates were coated with RBD-Fd protein (2 g/ml) and treated with or without DTT, followed by sequential incubation with serial dilutions of NbMS10 or NbMS10-Fc and goat anti-llama and HRP-conjugated anti-goat IgG antibodies. abstract: The newly emerged Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) continues to infect humans and camels, calling for efficient, cost-effective, and broad-spectrum strategies to control its spread. Nanobodies (Nbs) are single-domain antibodies derived from camelids and sharks and are potentially cost-effective antivirals with small size and great expression yield. In this study, we developed a novel neutralizing Nb (NbMS10) and its human-Fc-fused version (NbMS10-Fc), both of which target the MERS-CoV spike protein receptor-binding domain (RBD). We further tested their receptor-binding affinity, recognizing epitopes, cross-neutralizing activity, half-life, and efficacy against MERS-CoV infection. Both Nbs can be expressed in yeasts with high yield, bind to MERS-CoV RBD with high affinity, and block the binding of MERS-CoV RBD to the MERS-CoV receptor. The binding site of the Nbs on the RBD was mapped to be around residue Asp539, which is part of a conserved conformational epitope at the receptor-binding interface. NbMS10 and NbMS10-Fc maintained strong cross-neutralizing activity against divergent MERS-CoV strains isolated from humans and camels. Particularly, NbMS10-Fc had significantly extended half-life in vivo; a single-dose treatment of NbMS10-Fc exhibited high prophylactic and therapeutic efficacy by completely protecting humanized mice from lethal MERS-CoV challenge. Overall, this study proves the feasibility of producing cost-effective, potent, and broad-spectrum Nbs against MERS-CoV and has produced Nbs with great potentials as anti-MERS-CoV therapeutics. IMPORTANCE Therapeutic development is critical for preventing and treating continual MERS-CoV infections in humans and camels. Because of their small size, nanobodies (Nbs) have advantages as antiviral therapeutics (e.g., high expression yield and robustness for storage and transportation) and also potential limitations (e.g., low antigen-binding affinity and fast renal clearance). Here, we have developed novel Nbs that specifically target the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of MERS-CoV spike protein. They bind to a conserved site on MERS-CoV RBD with high affinity, blocking RBD's binding to MERS-CoV receptor. Through engineering a C-terminal human Fc tag, the in vivo half-life of the Nbs is significantly extended. Moreover, the Nbs can potently cross-neutralize the infections of diverse MERS-CoV strains isolated from humans and camels. The Fc-tagged Nb also completely protects humanized mice from lethal MERS-CoV challenge. Taken together, our study has discovered novel Nbs that hold promise as potent, cost-effective, and broad-spectrum anti-MERS-CoV therapeutic agents. url: https://doi.org/10.1128/jvi.00837-18 doi: 10.1128/jvi.00837-18 id: cord-338776-2wa30218 author: Zhao, Xiaoyu title: Activation of C-Type Lectin Receptor and (RIG)-I-Like Receptors Contributes to Proinflammatory Response in Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-Infected Macrophages date: 2020-02-15 words: 4794.0 sentences: 270.0 pages: flesch: 40.0 cache: ./cache/cord-338776-2wa30218.txt txt: ./txt/cord-338776-2wa30218.txt summary: The cytokine and/or chemokine induction was significantly attenuated by siRNA depletion of retinoic acid-inducible-I-like receptors (RLR) or adaptor, indicating that RLR signaling also contributed to MERS-CoV-induced proinflammatory response. We first used the inhibitors of RLR and CLR signaling pathway to evaluate their potential contribution for mediating the proinflammatory response in MERS-CoV-infected macrophages. To assess the contribution of RLR or CLR pathway to induce proinflammatory response, we measured the expression levels of a series of key proinflammatory cytokines and/or chemokines in MERS-CoV-infected MDMs in the presence of these inhibitors ( Figure 1B ). Overall, the above results suggested that RLR and CLR signaling might be involved in viral recognition and trigger the proinflammatory response upon MERS-CoV infection in macrophages. Our results indicate that CLR and RLR signaling may be involved in mediating the immune activation in MERS-CoV-infected human macrophages. abstract: BACKGROUND: Human infection with Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) poses an ongoing threat to public health worldwide. The studies of MERS patients with severe disease and experimentally infected animals showed that robust viral replication and intensive proinflammatory response in lung tissues contribute to high pathogenicity of MERS-CoV. We sought to identify pattern recognition receptor (PRR) signaling pathway(s) that mediates the inflammatory cascade in human macrophages upon MERS-CoV infection. METHODS: The potential signaling pathways were manipulated individually by pharmacological inhibition, small interfering ribonucleic acid (siRNA) depletion, and antibody blocking. The MERS-CoV-induced proinflammatory response was evaluated by measuring the expression levels of key cytokines and/or chemokines. Reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction assay, flow cytometry analysis, and Western blotting were applied to evaluate the activation of related PRRs and engagement of adaptors. RESULTS: MERS-CoV replication significantly upregulated C-type lectin receptor (CLR) macrophage-inducible Ca(2+)-dependent lectin receptor (Mincle). The role of Mincle for MERS-CoV-triggered cytokine/chemokine induction was established based on the results of antibody blockage, siRNA depletion of Mincle and its adaptor spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk), and Syk pharmacological inhibition. The cytokine and/or chemokine induction was significantly attenuated by siRNA depletion of retinoic acid-inducible-I-like receptors (RLR) or adaptor, indicating that RLR signaling also contributed to MERS-CoV-induced proinflammatory response. CONCLUSIONS: The CLR and RLR pathways are activated and contribute to the proinflammatory response in MERS-CoV-infected macrophages. url: https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jiz483 doi: 10.1093/infdis/jiz483 id: cord-263042-qdmunb9l author: Zhao, Yongkun title: Passive immunotherapy for Middle East Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus infection with equine immunoglobulin or immunoglobulin fragments in a mouse model date: 2016-11-24 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) is a highly lethal pulmonary infection caused by a coronavirus (CoV), MERS-CoV. With the continuing spread of MERS-CoV, prophylactic and therapeutic treatments are urgently needed. In this study, we prepared purified equine F(ab’)(2) from horses immunized with MERS-CoV virus-like particles (VLPs) expressing MERS-CoV S, M and E proteins. Both IgG and F(ab’)(2) efficiently neutralized MERS-CoV replication in tissue culture. Passive transfer of equine immune antibodies significantly reduced virus titers and accelerated virus clearance from the lungs of MERS-CoV infected mice. Our data show that horses immunized with MERS-CoV VLPs can serve as a primary source of protective F(ab’)(2) for potential use in the prophylactic or therapeutic treatment of exposed or infected patients. url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0166354216303928 doi: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2016.11.016 id: cord-291014-cfnoxhtd author: Zheng, Jian title: Immune responses in influenza A virus and human coronavirus infections: an ongoing battle between the virus and host date: 2018-02-28 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Respiratory viruses, especially influenza A viruses and coronaviruses such as MERS-CoV, represent continuing global threats to human health. Despite significant advances, much needs to be learned. Recent studies in virology and immunology have improved our understanding of the role of the immune system in protection and in the pathogenesis of these infections and of co-evolution of viruses and their hosts. These findings, together with sophisticated molecular structure analyses, omics tools and computer-based models, have helped delineate the interaction between respiratory viruses and the host immune system, which will facilitate the development of novel treatment strategies and vaccines with enhanced efficacy. url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coviro.2017.11.002 doi: 10.1016/j.coviro.2017.11.002 id: cord-285039-9piio754 author: Zhou, Haixia title: Crystallization and Structural Determination of the Receptor-Binding Domain of MERS-CoV Spike Glycoprotein date: 2019-09-14 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Three-dimensional structures of the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of MERS-CoV spike glycoprotein bound to cellular receptor and monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) have been determined by X-ray crystallography, providing structural information about receptor recognition and neutralizing mechanisms of mAbs at the atomic level. In this chapter, we describe the purification, crystallization, and structure determination of the MERS-CoV RBD. url: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-0211-9_4 doi: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0211-9_4 id: cord-343107-oj1re34k author: Zhou, Haixia title: Structural definition of a neutralization epitope on the N-terminal domain of MERS-CoV spike glycoprotein date: 2019-07-11 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Most neutralizing antibodies against Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) target the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the spike glycoprotein and block its binding to the cellular receptor dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP4). The epitopes and mechanisms of mAbs targeting non-RBD regions have not been well characterized yet. Here we report the monoclonal antibody 7D10 that binds to the N-terminal domain (NTD) of the spike glycoprotein and inhibits the cell entry of MERS-CoV with high potency. Structure determination and mutagenesis experiments reveal the epitope and critical residues on the NTD for 7D10 binding and neutralization. Further experiments indicate that the neutralization by 7D10 is not solely dependent on the inhibition of DPP4 binding, but also acts after viral cell attachment, inhibiting the pre-fusion to post-fusion conformational change of the spike. These properties give 7D10 a wide neutralization breadth and help explain its synergistic effects with several RBD-targeting antibodies. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31296843/ doi: 10.1038/s41467-019-10897-4 id: cord-287222-wojyisu0 author: Zhou, Min title: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): a clinical update date: 2020-04-02 words: 5683.0 sentences: 276.0 pages: flesch: 35.0 cache: ./cache/cord-287222-wojyisu0.txt txt: ./txt/cord-287222-wojyisu0.txt summary: Of the first 99 laboratory-confirmed patients, 49 (49%) had been exposed to HSWM, which was reported to be the possible initial source of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) [5] . New Coronavirus Infection Diagnosis and Treatment Scheme (Trial Version) published by Military Support Hubei Medical Team also put forward that for mild to moderate COVID-19 patients, corticosteroids should not be given principally and highdose corticosteroid pulse therapy was not recommended. Clinical findings in a group of patients infected with the 2019 novel coronavirus (SARS-Cov-2) outside of Wuhan, China: retrospective case series Clinical course and outcomes of critically ill patients with SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a single-centered, retrospective, observational study Clinical pathology of critical patient with novel coronavirus pneumonia (COVID-19) abstract: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) has posed a significant threat to global health. It caused a total of 80 868 confirmed cases and 3101 deaths in Chinese mainland until March 8, 2020. This novel virus spread mainly through respiratory droplets and close contact. As disease progressed, a series of complications tend to develop, especially in critically ill patients. Pathological findings showed representative features of acute respiratory distress syndrome and involvement of multiple organs. Apart from supportive care, no specific treatment has been established for COVID-19. The efficacy of some promising antivirals, convalescent plasma transfusion, and tocilizumab needs to be investigated by ongoing clinical trials. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32240462/ doi: 10.1007/s11684-020-0767-8 id: cord-317435-4yuw7jo3 author: Zhou, Yadi title: Network-based drug repurposing for novel coronavirus 2019-nCoV/SARS-CoV-2 date: 2020-03-16 words: 7742.0 sentences: 388.0 pages: flesch: 39.0 cache: ./cache/cord-317435-4yuw7jo3.txt txt: ./txt/cord-317435-4yuw7jo3.txt summary: Using network proximity analyses of drug targets and HCoV–host interactions in the human interactome, we prioritize 16 potential anti-HCoV repurposable drugs (e.g., melatonin, mercaptopurine, and sirolimus) that are further validated by enrichment analyses of drug-gene signatures and HCoV-induced transcriptomics data in human cell lines. The high druggability of HCoV-host interactome motivates us to develop a drug repurposing strategy by specifically targeting cellular proteins associated with HCoVs for potential treatment of 2019-nCoV/SARS-CoV-2. These network proximity analyses offer putative repurposable candidates for potential prevention and treatment of HCoVs. To further validate the 135 repurposable drugs against HCoVs, we first performed gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) using transcriptome data of MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV infected host cells (see Methods). abstract: Human coronaviruses (HCoVs), including severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV, also known as SARS-CoV-2), lead global epidemics with high morbidity and mortality. However, there are currently no effective drugs targeting 2019-nCoV/SARS-CoV-2. Drug repurposing, representing as an effective drug discovery strategy from existing drugs, could shorten the time and reduce the cost compared to de novo drug discovery. In this study, we present an integrative, antiviral drug repurposing methodology implementing a systems pharmacology-based network medicine platform, quantifying the interplay between the HCoV–host interactome and drug targets in the human protein–protein interaction network. Phylogenetic analyses of 15 HCoV whole genomes reveal that 2019-nCoV/SARS-CoV-2 shares the highest nucleotide sequence identity with SARS-CoV (79.7%). Specifically, the envelope and nucleocapsid proteins of 2019-nCoV/SARS-CoV-2 are two evolutionarily conserved regions, having the sequence identities of 96% and 89.6%, respectively, compared to SARS-CoV. Using network proximity analyses of drug targets and HCoV–host interactions in the human interactome, we prioritize 16 potential anti-HCoV repurposable drugs (e.g., melatonin, mercaptopurine, and sirolimus) that are further validated by enrichment analyses of drug-gene signatures and HCoV-induced transcriptomics data in human cell lines. We further identify three potential drug combinations (e.g., sirolimus plus dactinomycin, mercaptopurine plus melatonin, and toremifene plus emodin) captured by the “Complementary Exposure” pattern: the targets of the drugs both hit the HCoV–host subnetwork, but target separate neighborhoods in the human interactome network. In summary, this study offers powerful network-based methodologies for rapid identification of candidate repurposable drugs and potential drug combinations targeting 2019-nCoV/SARS-CoV-2. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32194980/ doi: 10.1038/s41421-020-0153-3 id: cord-321131-f8qeytxc author: Zhou, Yanchen title: Protease inhibitors targeting coronavirus and filovirus entry date: 2015-04-30 words: 5517.0 sentences: 254.0 pages: flesch: 45.0 cache: ./cache/cord-321131-f8qeytxc.txt txt: ./txt/cord-321131-f8qeytxc.txt summary: Abstract In order to gain entry into cells, diverse viruses, including Ebola virus, SARS-coronavirus and the emerging MERS-coronavirus, depend on activation of their envelope glycoproteins by host cell proteases. We report here that the cysteine protease inhibitor K11777, ((2S)-N-[(1E,3S)-1-(benzenesulfonyl)-5-phenylpent-1-en-3-yl]-2-{[(E)-4-methylpiperazine-1-carbonyl] amino}-3-phenylpropanamide) and closely-related vinylsulfones act as broad-spectrum antivirals by targeting cathepsin-mediated cell entry. We report here that the cysteine protease inhibitor K11777, ((2S)-N-[(1E,3S)-1-(benzenesulfonyl)-5-phenylpent-1-en-3-yl]-2-{[(E)-4-methylpiperazine-1-carbonyl] amino}-3-phenylpropanamide) and closely-related vinylsulfones act as broad-spectrum antivirals by targeting cathepsin-mediated cell entry. Cell culture studies demonstrated that endosomal cysteine proteases, in particular cathepsin B (CTSB) and/or L (CTSL), can activate the glycoproteins of filoviruses, SARS-CoV, other coronaviruses, and NiV and Hendra (HeV) viruses to facilitate entry into certain cell lines. The notion that coronaviruses, including SARS-CoV, use both a cathepsin-dependent endosomal pathway and a direct cell-surface serine protease-mediated pathway for entry (Simmons et al., 2013) is supported by our finding that the combination of K11777 and camostat was superior to either compound alone. abstract: Abstract In order to gain entry into cells, diverse viruses, including Ebola virus, SARS-coronavirus and the emerging MERS-coronavirus, depend on activation of their envelope glycoproteins by host cell proteases. The respective enzymes are thus excellent targets for antiviral intervention. In cell culture, activation of Ebola virus, as well as SARS- and MERS-coronavirus can be accomplished by the endosomal cysteine proteases, cathepsin L (CTSL) and cathepsin B (CTSB). In addition, SARS- and MERS-coronavirus can use serine proteases localized at the cell surface, for their activation. However, it is currently unclear which protease(s) facilitate viral spread in the infected host. We report here that the cysteine protease inhibitor K11777, ((2S)-N-[(1E,3S)-1-(benzenesulfonyl)-5-phenylpent-1-en-3-yl]-2-{[(E)-4-methylpiperazine-1-carbonyl]amino}-3-phenylpropanamide) and closely-related vinylsulfones act as broad-spectrum antivirals by targeting cathepsin-mediated cell entry. K11777 is already in advanced stages of development for a number of parasitic diseases, such as Chagas disease, and has proven to be safe and effective in a range of animal models. K11777 inhibition of SARS-CoV and Ebola virus entry was observed in the sub-nanomolar range. In order to assess whether cysteine or serine proteases promote viral spread in the host, we compared the antiviral activity of an optimized K11777-derivative with that of camostat, an inhibitor of TMPRSS2 and related serine proteases. Employing a pathogenic animal model of SARS-CoV infection, we demonstrated that viral spread and pathogenesis of SARS-CoV is driven by serine rather than cysteine proteases and can be effectively prevented by camostat. Camostat has been clinically used to treat chronic pancreatitis, and thus represents an exciting potential therapeutic for respiratory coronavirus infections. Our results indicate that camostat, or similar serine protease inhibitors, might be an effective option for treatment of SARS and potentially MERS, while vinyl sulfone-based inhibitors are excellent lead candidates for Ebola virus therapeutics. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25666761/ doi: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2015.01.011 id: cord-352527-eeyqh9nc author: Zhou, Yusen title: Advances in MERS-CoV Vaccines and Therapeutics Based on the Receptor-Binding Domain date: 2019-01-14 words: 5834.0 sentences: 277.0 pages: flesch: 44.0 cache: ./cache/cord-352527-eeyqh9nc.txt txt: ./txt/cord-352527-eeyqh9nc.txt summary: A number of MERS vaccines have been developed based on viral RBD, including nanoparticles, virus-like particles (VLPs), and recombinant proteins, and their protective efficacy has been evaluated in animal models, including mice with adenovirus 5 (Ad5)-directed expression of human DPP4 (Ad5/hDPP4), hDPP4-transgenic (hDPP4-Tg) mice, and non-human primates (NHPs) [88] [89] [90] [91] [92] [93] [94] . Receptor usage of a novel bat lineage C Betacoronavirus reveals evolution of Middle East respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus spike proteins for human dipeptidyl peptidase 4 binding Recombinant receptor-binding domains of multiple Middle East respiratory syndrome coronaviruses (MERS-CoVs) induce cross-neutralizing antibodies against divergent human and camel MERS-CoVs and antibody escape mutants A conformation-dependent neutralizing monoclonal antibody specifically targeting receptor-binding domain in Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus spike protein A novel nanobody targeting Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) receptor-binding domain has potent cross-neutralizing activity and protective efficacy against MERS-CoV abstract: Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) coronavirus (MERS-CoV) is an infectious virus that was first reported in 2012. The MERS-CoV genome encodes four major structural proteins, among which the spike (S) protein has a key role in viral infection and pathogenesis. The receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the S protein contains a critical neutralizing domain and is an important target for development of MERS vaccines and therapeutics. In this review, we describe the relevant features of the MERS-CoV S-protein RBD, summarize recent advances in the development of MERS-CoV RBD-based vaccines and therapeutic antibodies, and illustrate potential challenges and strategies to further improve their efficacy. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30646569/ doi: 10.3390/v11010060 id: cord-260518-mswb3q67 author: Zumla, Alimuddin title: Taking forward a ‘One Health’ approach for turning the tide against the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus and other zoonotic pathogens with epidemic potential date: 2016-06-15 words: 4039.0 sentences: 188.0 pages: flesch: 43.0 cache: ./cache/cord-260518-mswb3q67.txt txt: ./txt/cord-260518-mswb3q67.txt summary: Since the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia is host to millions of pilgrims each year travelling from all continents, 29 tackling the threat of MERS and other infectious diseases with epidemic potential will require enhanced closer cooperation between those who provide human health, animal health, and environmental health services, locally, nationally, regionally, and internationally: the Middle Eastern, European, African, Asian, and American governments, veterinary groups, the WHO, the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), the African Union, the United Nations International Children''s Emergency Fund (UNICEF), The World Bank, Office International des Epizooties (OIE), CDC, Public Health England, the newly formed Africa CDC, and funding agencies among others. The persistence of MERS-CoV 4 years since its first discovery has created major opportunities for each of the Middle Eastern and African countries to take leadership of the ''One Health'' approach with a view to bringing this under regional and global umbrellas, to tackle new emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases with epidemic potential. abstract: The appearance of novel pathogens of humans with epidemic potential and high mortality rates have threatened global health security for centuries. Over the past few decades new zoonotic infectious diseases of humans caused by pathogens arising from animal reservoirs have included West Nile virus, Yellow fever virus, Ebola virus, Nipah virus, Lassa Fever virus, Hanta virus, Dengue fever virus, Rift Valley fever virus, Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever virus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus, highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses, Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus, and Zika virus. The recent Ebola Virus Disease epidemic in West Africa and the ongoing Zika Virus outbreak in South America highlight the urgent need for local, regional and international public health systems to be be more coordinated and better prepared. The One Health concept focuses on the relationship and interconnectedness between Humans, Animals and the Environment, and recognizes that the health and wellbeing of humans is intimately connected to the health of animals and their environment (and vice versa). Critical to the establishment of a One Health platform is the creation of a multidisciplinary team with a range of expertise including public health officers, physicians, veterinarians, animal husbandry specialists, agriculturalists, ecologists, vector biologists, viral phylogeneticists, and researchers to co-operate, collaborate to learn more about zoonotic spread between animals, humans and the environment and to monitor, respond to and prevent major outbreaks. We discuss the unique opportunities for Middle Eastern and African stakeholders to take leadership in building equitable and effective partnerships with all stakeholders involved in human and health systems to take forward a ‘One Health’ approach to control such zoonotic pathogens with epidemic potential. url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1201971216310967 doi: 10.1016/j.ijid.2016.06.012 id: cord-275404-hv3y4x4g author: Zumla, Alimuddin title: Infection control and MERS-CoV in health-care workers date: 2014-05-20 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24857701/ doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(14)60852-7 id: cord-291367-rtmsrh16 author: Zumla, Alimuddin title: Middle East Respiratory Syndrome - need for increased vigilance and watchful surveillance for MERS-CoV in sub-Saharan Africa date: 2015-07-02 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: nan url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2015.06.020 doi: 10.1016/j.ijid.2015.06.020 id: cord-320548-oigyut2k author: Zumla, Alimuddin title: Emerging novel and antimicrobial-resistant respiratory tract infections: new drug development and therapeutic options date: 2014-09-01 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: The emergence and spread of antimicrobial-resistant bacterial, viral, and fungal pathogens for which diminishing treatment options are available is of major global concern. New viral respiratory tract infections with epidemic potential, such as severe acute respiratory syndrome, swine-origin influenza A H1N1, and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection, require development of new antiviral agents. The substantial rise in the global numbers of patients with respiratory tract infections caused by pan-antibiotic-resistant Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and multiazole-resistant fungi has focused attention on investments into development of new drugs and treatment regimens. Successful treatment outcomes for patients with respiratory tract infections across all health-care settings will necessitate rapid, precise diagnosis and more effective and pathogen-specific therapies. This Series paper describes the development and use of new antimicrobial agents and immune-based and host-directed therapies for a range of conventional and emerging viral, bacterial, and fungal causes of respiratory tract infections. url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S147330991470828X doi: 10.1016/s1473-3099(14)70828-x id: cord-350925-1h6pbfwp author: da Silva, Priscilla Gomes title: Airborne spread of infectious SARS-CoV-2: moving forward using lessons from SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV date: 2020-10-08 words: 5221.0 sentences: 279.0 pages: flesch: 49.0 cache: ./cache/cord-350925-1h6pbfwp.txt txt: ./txt/cord-350925-1h6pbfwp.txt summary: Transmission of viruses through air can happen via droplets or aerosols generated during coughing, sneezing, talking, singing or breathing (Jones and CoV-2 is that most studies performed only focused on the detection of viral RNA and do not correlate to the infectivity of these viral particles. Therefore, in this systematic review, the viability/stability of aerosols containing SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV viruses will be discussed to provide information on potential mitigation strategies for SARS-CoV-2 airborne transmission. The presence of MERS-CoV was also confirmed by RT-PCR of viral cultures of 4 out of 7 air samples from two hospitals in South Korea (Kim et al., 2016) , and showed to be very stable in aerosol at 20°C and 40% relative humidity (van Doremalen et al., 2013) . abstract: Background Although an increasing body of data reports the detection of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in air, this does not correlate to the presence of infectious viruses, thus not evaluating the risk for airborne COVID-19. Hence there is a marked knowledge gap that requires urgent attention. Therefore, in this systematic review, viability/stability of airborne SARS-CoV-2, SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV viruses is discussed. Methods A systematic literature review was performed on PubMed/MEDLINE, Web of Science and Scopus to assess the stability and viability of SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 on air samples. Results and discussion The initial search identified 27 articles. Following screening of titles and abstracts and removing duplicates, 11 articles were considered relevant. Temperatures ranging from 20 °C to 25 °C and relative humidity ranging from 40% to 50% were reported to have a protective effect on viral viability for airborne SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV. As no data is yet available on the conditions influencing viability for airborne SARS-CoV-2, and given the genetic similarity to SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV, one could extrapolate that the same conditions would apply. Nonetheless, the effect of these conditions seems to be residual considering the increasing number of cases in the south of USA, Brazil and India, where high temperatures and humidities have been observed. Conclusion Higher temperatures and high relative humidity can have a modest effect on SARS-CoV-2 viability in the environment, as reported in previous studies to this date. However, these studies are experimental, and do not support the fact that the virus has efficiently spread in the tropical regions of the globe, with other transmission routes such as the contact and droplet ones probably being responsible for the majority of cases reported in these regions, along with other factors such as human mobility patterns and contact rates. Further studies are needed to investigate the extent of aerosol transmission of SARS-CoV-2 as this would have important implications for public health and infection-control policies. url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969720363312?v=s5 doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142802 id: cord-286703-ipoj13va author: de Wilde, Adriaan H. title: Alisporivir inhibits MERS- and SARS-coronavirus replication in cell culture, but not SARS-coronavirus infection in a mouse model date: 2017-01-15 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Currently, there is no registered treatment for infections with emerging zoonotic coronaviruses like SARS- and MERS-coronavirus. We here report that in cultured cells low-micromolar concentrations of alisporivir, a non-immunosuppressive cyclosporin A-analog, inhibit the replication of four different coronaviruses, including MERS- and SARS-coronavirus. Ribavirin was found to further potentiate the antiviral effect of alisporivir in these cell culture-based infection models, but this combination treatment was unable to improve the outcome of SARS-CoV infection in a mouse model. Nevertheless, our data provide a basis to further explore the potential of Cyp inhibitors as host-directed, broad-spectrum inhibitors of coronavirus replication. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27840112/ doi: 10.1016/j.virusres.2016.11.011 id: cord-319877-izn315hb author: de Wit, Emmie title: SARS and MERS: recent insights into emerging coronaviruses date: 2016-06-27 words: 9387.0 sentences: 424.0 pages: flesch: 43.0 cache: ./cache/cord-319877-izn315hb.txt txt: ./txt/cord-319877-izn315hb.txt summary: Scientific advancements since the 2002–2003 severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) pandemic allowed for rapid progress in our understanding of the epidemiology and pathogenesis of MERS-CoV and the development of therapeutics. The downregulation of ACE2 results in the excessive production of angiotensin II by the related enzyme ACE, and it has been suggested that the stimulation of type 1a angiotensin II receptor and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) encode two large polyproteins, pp1a and pp1ab, which are proteolytically cleaved into 16 non-structural proteins (nsps), including papain-like protease (PLpro), 3C-like protease (3CLpro), RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp), helicase (Hel) and exonuclease (ExoN). Both severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) have developed mechanisms to interfere with these signalling pathways, as shown; these subversion strategies involve both structural proteins (membrane (M) and nucleocapsid (N)) and non-structural proteins (nsp1, nsp3b, nsp4a, nsp4b, nsp5, nsp6 and papain-like protease (PLpro); indicated in the figure by just their nsp numbers and letters). abstract: The emergence of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) in 2012 marked the second introduction of a highly pathogenic coronavirus into the human population in the twenty-first century. The continuing introductions of MERS-CoV from dromedary camels, the subsequent travel-related viral spread, the unprecedented nosocomial outbreaks and the high case-fatality rates highlight the need for prophylactic and therapeutic measures. Scientific advancements since the 2002–2003 severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) pandemic allowed for rapid progress in our understanding of the epidemiology and pathogenesis of MERS-CoV and the development of therapeutics. In this Review, we detail our present understanding of the transmission and pathogenesis of SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV, and discuss the current state of development of measures to combat emerging coronaviruses. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version of this article (doi:10.1038/nrmicro.2016.81) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. url: https://doi.org/10.1038/nrmicro.2016.81 doi: 10.1038/nrmicro.2016.81 id: cord-349300-x50tvq3a author: de Wit, Emmie title: Prophylactic and therapeutic remdesivir (GS-5734) treatment in the rhesus macaque model of MERS-CoV infection date: 2020-03-24 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: The continued emergence of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) cases with a high case fatality rate stresses the need for the availability of effective antiviral treatments. Remdesivir (GS-5734) effectively inhibited MERS coronavirus (MERS-CoV) replication in vitro, and showed efficacy against Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS)-CoV in a mouse model. Here, we tested the efficacy of prophylactic and therapeutic remdesivir treatment in a nonhuman primate model of MERS-CoV infection, the rhesus macaque. Prophylactic remdesivir treatment initiated 24 h prior to inoculation completely prevented MERS-CoV−induced clinical disease, strongly inhibited MERS-CoV replication in respiratory tissues, and prevented the formation of lung lesions. Therapeutic remdesivir treatment initiated 12 h postinoculation also provided a clear clinical benefit, with a reduction in clinical signs, reduced virus replication in the lungs, and decreased presence and severity of lung lesions. The data presented here support testing of the efficacy of remdesivir treatment in the context of a MERS clinical trial. It may also be considered for a wider range of coronaviruses, including the currently emerging novel coronavirus 2019-nCoV. url: https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1922083117 doi: 10.1073/pnas.1922083117 id: cord-009594-0rfbmi0q author: nan title: NEWS date: 2014-11-26 words: 10467.0 sentences: 536.0 pages: flesch: 56.0 cache: ./cache/cord-009594-0rfbmi0q.txt txt: ./txt/cord-009594-0rfbmi0q.txt summary: Late last year, the American Veterinary Medical Association held a forum called ''The Conversation'' , 1 which involved veterinarians, ethicists and animal scientists who presented on the scientific, social, political, market, and legal aspects of how and why animal welfare decisions are made. We want to develop and advocate for good evidence-based policies that will provide the right number of veterinarians, with the right skills, in the right places, to meet Australia''s need for veterinary services into the future. Some additional skills and experience that are useful include being a member of community organisations, being a member of other boards and committees, a commitment to animal health and welfare, and the ability to prepare reports for the AVA Board. The AVA has been working closely with the Australian Department of Agriculture and human health groups to join this global campaign to promote responsible use of antibiotics. abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7159774/ doi: 10.1111/avj.139 id: cord-304227-rbr2un1u author: nan title: Updated Information on the Epidemiology of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) Infection and Guidance for the Public, Clinicians, and Public Health Authorities, 2012–2013 date: 2013-09-27 words: 2041.0 sentences: 97.0 pages: flesch: 45.0 cache: ./cache/cord-304227-rbr2un1u.txt txt: ./txt/cord-304227-rbr2un1u.txt summary: title: Updated Information on the Epidemiology of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) Infection and Guidance for the Public, Clinicians, and Public Health Authorities, 2012–2013 This report summarizes epidemiologic information and provides updates to CDC guidance about patient evaluation, case definitions, travel, and infection control as of September 20, 2013. This report summarizes epidemiologic information and provides updates to CDC guidance about patient evaluation, case definitions, travel, and infection control as of September 20, 2013. Health-care providers in the United States should continue to evaluate patients for MERS-CoV infection if they develop fever and pneumonia or acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) within 14 days after traveling from countries in or near the Arabian Peninsula. CDC continues to recommend that clusters ¶ of patients with severe acute respiratory illness (e.g., fever and pneumonia requiring hospitalization) be evaluated for common respiratory pathogens and reported to local and state public health departments. More detailed MERS-CoV-related interim guidance about patient evaluation, case definitions, travel, and infection control is available at http://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/mers/index. abstract: The Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) was first reported to cause human infection in September 2012. In July 2013, the World Health Organization (WHO) International Health Regulations Emergency Committee determined that MERS-CoV did not meet criteria for a "public health emergency of international concern," but was nevertheless of "serious and great concern". This report summarizes epidemiologic information and provides updates to CDC guidance about patient evaluation, case definitions, travel, and infection control as of September 20, 2013. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24067584/ doi: nan id: cord-315234-pqn7qhm8 author: nan title: An Unexpected Outbreak of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Infection in the Republic of Korea, 2015 date: 2015-06-30 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: This report includes a summary of a current outbreak of the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus infection in the Republic of Korea as of June 23, 2015. Epidemiologic, clinical, and laboratory investigations of this outbreak are ongoing. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26157591/ doi: 10.3947/ic.2015.47.2.120 id: cord-332952-d5l60cgc author: nan title: MERS: Progress on the global response, remaining challenges and the way forward date: 2018-09-17 words: 5561.0 sentences: 259.0 pages: flesch: 41.0 cache: ./cache/cord-332952-d5l60cgc.txt txt: ./txt/cord-332952-d5l60cgc.txt summary: Typical of an emerging zoonosis, Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) has an animal reservoir, i.e. dromedary camels in which the virus causes little to no disease (Mohd et al., 2016) . For example, studies of respiratory pathogens (Yu et al., 2007; Tran et al., 2012; Thompson et al., 2013) and MERS-CoV conducted in the Middle East (Assiri et al., 2013; Oboho et al., 2015; Hunter et al., 2016; Balkhy et al., 2016) and the Republic of Korea (Bin et al., 2016; Kim et al., 2016a Kim et al., , 2016b Nam et al., 2017) illustrate that aerosol-generating procedures and non-invasive ventilation, combined with inappropriate infection prevention and control practices and lack of adherence to standard practices had an important role in facilitating human-to-human transmission in health care settings. The critical care response to a hospital outbreak of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infection: an observational study Sero-prevalence of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) specific antibodies in dromedary camels in Tabuk, Saudi Arabia abstract: This article summarizes progress in research on Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) since a FAO-OIE-WHO Global Technical Meeting held at WHO Headquarters in Geneva on 25–27 September 2017. The meeting reviewed the latest scientific findings and identified and prioritized the global activities necessary to prevent, manage and control the disease. Critical needs for research and technical guidance identified during the meeting have been used to update the WHO R&D MERS-CoV Roadmap for diagnostics, therapeutics and vaccines and a broader public health research agenda. Since the 2017 meeting, progress has been made on several key actions in animal populations, at the animal/human interface and in human populations. This report also summarizes the latest scientific studies on MERS since 2017, including data from more than 50 research studies examining the presence of MERS-CoV infection in dromedary camels. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30236531/ doi: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2018.09.002 id: cord-307067-cpc1yefj author: van Doremalen, Neeltje title: A single dose of ChAdOx1 MERS provides protective immunity in rhesus macaques date: 2020-06-10 words: 6244.0 sentences: 329.0 pages: flesch: 50.0 cache: ./cache/cord-307067-cpc1yefj.txt txt: ./txt/cord-307067-cpc1yefj.txt summary: For Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), we show that rhesus macaques seroconverted rapidly after a single intramuscular vaccination with ChAdOx1 MERS. A prime-boost regimen of ChAdOx1 MERS boosted antibody titers, and viral replication was completely absent from the respiratory tract tissue of these rhesus macaques. Viral load was higher for lower respiratory tract tissue obtained from animals vaccinated with ChAdOx1 GFP (n = 6) than from animals receiving a prime-only (n = 6) or a prime-boost regimen of ChAdOx1 MERS (n = 2) (Fig. 4B ). Notably, antigenic differences have been reported between S proteins from the Middle East and Africa (8), potentially affecting the efficacy of a vaccine based In conclusion, we show that a single vaccination with ChAdOx1 MERS results in protection against disease progression and virus replication associated with MERS-CoV challenge in the rhesus macaque, and a prime-boost regimen reduced viral replication further. abstract: Developing a vaccine to protect against the lethal effects of the many strains of coronavirus is critical given the current global pandemic. For Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), we show that rhesus macaques seroconverted rapidly after a single intramuscular vaccination with ChAdOx1 MERS. The vaccine protected against respiratory injury and pneumonia and reduced viral load in lung tissue by several orders of magnitude. MERS-CoV replication in type I and II pneumocytes of ChAdOx1 MERS–vaccinated animals was absent. A prime-boost regimen of ChAdOx1 MERS boosted antibody titers, and viral replication was completely absent from the respiratory tract tissue of these rhesus macaques. We also found that antibodies elicited by ChAdOx1 MERS in rhesus macaques neutralized six different MERS-CoV strains. Transgenic human dipeptidyl peptidase 4 mice vaccinated with ChAdOx1 MERS were completely protected against disease and lethality for all different MERS-CoV strains. The data support further clinical development of ChAdOx1 MERS. url: https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aba8399 doi: 10.1126/sciadv.aba8399 id: cord-328175-4i3cz20j author: van Doremalen, Neeltje title: Efficacy of antibody-based therapies against Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) in common marmosets date: 2017-07-31 words: 5150.0 sentences: 272.0 pages: flesch: 51.0 cache: ./cache/cord-328175-4i3cz20j.txt txt: ./txt/cord-328175-4i3cz20j.txt summary: Abstract Cases of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) continue to be identified and with a lack of effective clinical treatment and no preventative strategies, treatment using convalescent plasma or monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) is a potential quick route to an intervention. Here we assess the effect of treatment with marmoset-derived hyperimmune plasma as well as the human mAb m336 on disease outcome in the recently developed marmoset MERS-CoV infection model, which recapitulates severe respiratory disease (Falzarano et al., 2014) . Viral loads in lung tissues from hyperimmune plasma-treated compared to control animals were found to be significantly lower using a onetailed unpaired Student''s t-test (average of 4.0 Â 10 4 and 1.2 Â 10 6 TCID 50 equivalent/gram, respectively, p-value ¼ 0.008). In this study, hyperimmune plasma treatment of marmosets inoculated with MERS-CoV resulted in a small (0.5e1 log) but significant reduction in respiratory tract viral loads, as well as reduced disease severity such as observed with radiographs, compared to marmosets treated with non-convalescent plasma or PBS. abstract: Abstract Cases of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) continue to be identified and with a lack of effective clinical treatment and no preventative strategies, treatment using convalescent plasma or monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) is a potential quick route to an intervention. Passive immunotherapy via either convalescent plasma or mAbs has proven to be effective for other infectious agents. Following infection with MERS-CoV, common marmosets were treated with high titer hyperimmune plasma or the mAb m336, at 6 and 48 h post inoculation. Both treatments reduced signs of clinical disease, but reduction in viral loads in the respiratory tract were only found in the hyperimmune plasma group. A decrease in gross pathology was found only in the mAb-treated group, but no histological differences were observed between treated and control animals. While both hyperimmune plasma and the m336 treatments reduced the severity of disease in the common marmoset, neither treatment resulted in full protection against disease. url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0166354216305381 doi: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2017.03.025 ==== make-pages.sh questions [ERIC WAS HERE] ==== make-pages.sh search /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/make-pages.sh: line 77: /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/tmp/search.htm: No such file or directory Traceback (most recent call last): File "/data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/tsv2htm-search.py", line 51, in with open( TEMPLATE, 'r' ) as handle : htm = handle.read() FileNotFoundError: [Errno 2] No such file or directory: '/data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/tmp/search.htm' ==== make-pages.sh topic modeling corpus Zipping study carrel