id sid tid token lemma pos cord-288670-1vlowf2n 1 1 key key NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 1 2 : : : cord-288670-1vlowf2n 2 1 cord-288670 cord-288670 NNS cord-288670-1vlowf2n 2 2 - - HYPH cord-288670-1vlowf2n 2 3 1vlowf2n 1vlowf2n CD cord-288670-1vlowf2n 2 4 authors author NNS cord-288670-1vlowf2n 2 5 : : : cord-288670-1vlowf2n 2 6 Yang Yang NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 2 7 , , , cord-288670-1vlowf2n 2 8 Naidi Naidi NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 2 9 ; ; : cord-288670-1vlowf2n 2 10 Shen Shen NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 2 11 , , , cord-288670-1vlowf2n 2 12 Han Han NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 2 13 - - HYPH cord-288670-1vlowf2n 2 14 Ming Ming NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 2 15 title title NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 2 16 : : : cord-288670-1vlowf2n 3 1 Targeting target VBG cord-288670-1vlowf2n 3 2 the the DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 3 3 Endocytic Endocytic NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 3 4 Pathway Pathway NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 3 5 and and CC cord-288670-1vlowf2n 3 6 Autophagy Autophagy NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 3 7 Process Process NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 3 8 as as IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 3 9 a a DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 3 10 Novel Novel NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 3 11 Therapeutic Therapeutic NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 3 12 Strategy Strategy NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 3 13 in in IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 3 14 COVID-19 COVID-19 NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 3 15 date date NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 3 16 : : : cord-288670-1vlowf2n 3 17 2020 2020 CD cord-288670-1vlowf2n 3 18 - - HYPH cord-288670-1vlowf2n 3 19 03 03 CD cord-288670-1vlowf2n 3 20 - - SYM cord-288670-1vlowf2n 3 21 15 15 CD cord-288670-1vlowf2n 3 22 journal journal NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 3 23 : : : cord-288670-1vlowf2n 4 1 Int Int NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 4 2 J J NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 4 3 Biol Biol NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 5 1 Sci Sci NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 5 2 DOI DOI NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 6 1 : : : cord-288670-1vlowf2n 6 2 10.7150 10.7150 CD cord-288670-1vlowf2n 6 3 / / SYM cord-288670-1vlowf2n 6 4 ijbs.45498 ijbs.45498 NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 6 5 sha sha NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 6 6 : : : cord-288670-1vlowf2n 7 1 cb41121acc53429b7c16b8351051a42a3066757a cb41121acc53429b7c16b8351051a42a3066757a NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 7 2 doc_id doc_id CD cord-288670-1vlowf2n 7 3 : : : cord-288670-1vlowf2n 7 4 288670 288670 CD cord-288670-1vlowf2n 7 5 cord_uid cord_uid NNS cord-288670-1vlowf2n 7 6 : : : cord-288670-1vlowf2n 8 1 1vlowf2n 1vlowf2n LS cord-288670-1vlowf2n 8 2 Coronaviruses Coronaviruses NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 8 3 ( ( -LRB- cord-288670-1vlowf2n 8 4 CoVs CoVs NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 8 5 ) ) -RRB- cord-288670-1vlowf2n 8 6 are be VBP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 8 7 a a DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 8 8 group group NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 8 9 of of IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 8 10 enveloped envelop VBN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 8 11 , , , cord-288670-1vlowf2n 8 12 single single RB cord-288670-1vlowf2n 8 13 - - HYPH cord-288670-1vlowf2n 8 14 stranded strand VBN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 8 15 positive positive JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 8 16 genomic genomic JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 8 17 RNA rna NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 8 18 viruses virus NNS cord-288670-1vlowf2n 8 19 and and CC cord-288670-1vlowf2n 8 20 some some DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 8 21 of of IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 8 22 them -PRON- PRP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 8 23 are be VBP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 8 24 known know VBN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 8 25 to to TO cord-288670-1vlowf2n 8 26 cause cause VB cord-288670-1vlowf2n 8 27 severe severe JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 8 28 respiratory respiratory JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 8 29 diseases disease NNS cord-288670-1vlowf2n 8 30 in in IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 8 31 human human NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 8 32 , , , cord-288670-1vlowf2n 8 33 including include VBG cord-288670-1vlowf2n 8 34 Severe severe JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 8 35 Acute acute JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 8 36 Respiratory Respiratory NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 8 37 Syndrome Syndrome NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 8 38 ( ( -LRB- cord-288670-1vlowf2n 8 39 SARS SARS NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 8 40 ) ) -RRB- cord-288670-1vlowf2n 8 41 , , , cord-288670-1vlowf2n 8 42 Middle Middle NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 8 43 East East NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 8 44 Respiratory Respiratory NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 8 45 Syndrome Syndrome NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 8 46 ( ( -LRB- cord-288670-1vlowf2n 8 47 MERS MERS NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 8 48 ) ) -RRB- cord-288670-1vlowf2n 8 49 and and CC cord-288670-1vlowf2n 8 50 the the DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 8 51 ongoing ongoing JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 8 52 coronavirus coronavirus NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 8 53 disease-19 disease-19 , cord-288670-1vlowf2n 8 54 ( ( -LRB- cord-288670-1vlowf2n 8 55 COVID-19 COVID-19 NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 8 56 ) ) -RRB- cord-288670-1vlowf2n 8 57 . . . cord-288670-1vlowf2n 9 1 One one CD cord-288670-1vlowf2n 9 2 key key JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 9 3 element element NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 9 4 in in IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 9 5 viral viral JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 9 6 infection infection NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 9 7 is be VBZ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 9 8 the the DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 9 9 process process NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 9 10 of of IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 9 11 viral viral JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 9 12 entry entry NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 9 13 into into IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 9 14 the the DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 9 15 host host NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 9 16 cells cell NNS cord-288670-1vlowf2n 9 17 . . . cord-288670-1vlowf2n 10 1 In in IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 10 2 the the DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 10 3 last last JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 10 4 two two CD cord-288670-1vlowf2n 10 5 decades decade NNS cord-288670-1vlowf2n 10 6 , , , cord-288670-1vlowf2n 10 7 there there EX cord-288670-1vlowf2n 10 8 is be VBZ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 10 9 increasing increase VBG cord-288670-1vlowf2n 10 10 understanding understanding NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 10 11 on on IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 10 12 the the DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 10 13 importance importance NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 10 14 of of IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 10 15 the the DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 10 16 endocytic endocytic JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 10 17 pathway pathway NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 10 18 and and CC cord-288670-1vlowf2n 10 19 the the DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 10 20 autophagy autophagy NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 10 21 process process NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 10 22 in in IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 10 23 viral viral JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 10 24 entry entry NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 10 25 and and CC cord-288670-1vlowf2n 10 26 replication replication NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 10 27 . . . cord-288670-1vlowf2n 11 1 As as IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 11 2 a a DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 11 3 result result NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 11 4 , , , cord-288670-1vlowf2n 11 5 the the DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 11 6 endocytic endocytic JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 11 7 pathway pathway NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 11 8 including include VBG cord-288670-1vlowf2n 11 9 endosome endosome NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 11 10 and and CC cord-288670-1vlowf2n 11 11 lysosome lysosome NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 11 12 has have VBZ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 11 13 become become VBN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 11 14 important important JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 11 15 targets target NNS cord-288670-1vlowf2n 11 16 for for IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 11 17 development development NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 11 18 of of IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 11 19 therapeutic therapeutic JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 11 20 strategies strategy NNS cord-288670-1vlowf2n 11 21 in in IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 11 22 combating combat VBG cord-288670-1vlowf2n 11 23 diseases disease NNS cord-288670-1vlowf2n 11 24 caused cause VBN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 11 25 by by IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 11 26 CoVs CoVs NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 11 27 . . . cord-288670-1vlowf2n 12 1 In in IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 12 2 this this DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 12 3 mini mini JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 12 4 - - NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 12 5 review review NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 12 6 , , , cord-288670-1vlowf2n 12 7 we -PRON- PRP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 12 8 will will MD cord-288670-1vlowf2n 12 9 focus focus VB cord-288670-1vlowf2n 12 10 on on IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 12 11 the the DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 12 12 importance importance NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 12 13 of of IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 12 14 the the DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 12 15 endocytic endocytic JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 12 16 pathway pathway NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 12 17 as as RB cord-288670-1vlowf2n 12 18 well well RB cord-288670-1vlowf2n 12 19 as as IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 12 20 the the DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 12 21 autophagy autophagy NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 12 22 process process NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 12 23 in in IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 12 24 viral viral JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 12 25 infection infection NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 12 26 of of IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 12 27 several several JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 12 28 pathogenic pathogenic JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 12 29 CoVs CoVs NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 12 30 inclusive inclusive JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 12 31 of of IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 12 32 SARS SARS NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 12 33 - - HYPH cord-288670-1vlowf2n 12 34 CoV CoV NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 12 35 , , , cord-288670-1vlowf2n 12 36 MERS MERS NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 12 37 - - HYPH cord-288670-1vlowf2n 12 38 CoV CoV NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 12 39 and and CC cord-288670-1vlowf2n 12 40 the the DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 12 41 new new JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 12 42 CoV cov NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 12 43 named name VBN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 12 44 as as IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 12 45 severe severe JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 12 46 acute acute JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 12 47 respiratory respiratory JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 12 48 syndrome syndrome NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 12 49 coronavirus coronavirus NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 12 50 2 2 CD cord-288670-1vlowf2n 12 51 ( ( -LRB- cord-288670-1vlowf2n 12 52 SARS SARS NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 12 53 - - HYPH cord-288670-1vlowf2n 12 54 CoV-2 CoV-2 NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 12 55 ) ) -RRB- cord-288670-1vlowf2n 12 56 , , , cord-288670-1vlowf2n 12 57 and and CC cord-288670-1vlowf2n 12 58 discuss discuss VB cord-288670-1vlowf2n 12 59 the the DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 12 60 development development NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 12 61 of of IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 12 62 therapeutic therapeutic JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 12 63 agents agent NNS cord-288670-1vlowf2n 12 64 by by IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 12 65 targeting target VBG cord-288670-1vlowf2n 12 66 these these DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 12 67 processes process NNS cord-288670-1vlowf2n 12 68 . . . cord-288670-1vlowf2n 13 1 Such such JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 13 2 knowledge knowledge NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 13 3 will will MD cord-288670-1vlowf2n 13 4 provide provide VB cord-288670-1vlowf2n 13 5 important important JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 13 6 clues clue NNS cord-288670-1vlowf2n 13 7 for for IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 13 8 control control NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 13 9 of of IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 13 10 the the DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 13 11 ongoing ongoing JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 13 12 epidemic epidemic NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 13 13 of of IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 13 14 SARS SARS NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 13 15 - - HYPH cord-288670-1vlowf2n 13 16 CoV-2 CoV-2 NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 13 17 infection infection NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 13 18 and and CC cord-288670-1vlowf2n 13 19 treatment treatment NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 13 20 of of IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 14 1 COVID-19 COVID-19 NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 14 2 . . . cord-288670-1vlowf2n 15 1 Coronaviruses Coronaviruses NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 15 2 ( ( -LRB- cord-288670-1vlowf2n 15 3 CoVs CoVs NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 15 4 ) ) -RRB- cord-288670-1vlowf2n 15 5 are be VBP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 15 6 enveloped envelop VBN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 15 7 viruses virus NNS cord-288670-1vlowf2n 15 8 with with IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 15 9 a a DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 15 10 long long JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 15 11 single single RB cord-288670-1vlowf2n 15 12 - - HYPH cord-288670-1vlowf2n 15 13 stranded strand VBN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 15 14 RNA RNA NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 15 15 ranging range VBG cord-288670-1vlowf2n 15 16 from from IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 15 17 26 26 CD cord-288670-1vlowf2n 15 18 to to TO cord-288670-1vlowf2n 15 19 32 32 CD cord-288670-1vlowf2n 15 20 kilobases kilobase NNS cord-288670-1vlowf2n 15 21 ( ( -LRB- cord-288670-1vlowf2n 15 22 kb kb NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 15 23 ) ) -RRB- cord-288670-1vlowf2n 15 24 in in IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 15 25 size size NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 15 26 [ [ -LRB- cord-288670-1vlowf2n 15 27 1 1 CD cord-288670-1vlowf2n 15 28 ] ] -RRB- cord-288670-1vlowf2n 15 29 . . . cord-288670-1vlowf2n 16 1 CoVs CoVs NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 16 2 belong belong VBP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 16 3 to to IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 16 4 the the DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 16 5 family family NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 16 6 Coronaviridae Coronaviridae NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 16 7 in in IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 16 8 the the DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 16 9 order order NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 16 10 Nidovirales Nidovirales NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 16 11 , , , cord-288670-1vlowf2n 16 12 and and CC cord-288670-1vlowf2n 16 13 have have VBP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 16 14 been be VBN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 16 15 organised organise VBN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 16 16 into into IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 16 17 3 3 CD cord-288670-1vlowf2n 16 18 groups group NNS cord-288670-1vlowf2n 16 19 : : : cord-288670-1vlowf2n 16 20 α α NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 16 21 - - HYPH cord-288670-1vlowf2n 16 22 CoVs CoVs NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 16 23 , , , cord-288670-1vlowf2n 16 24 β β NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 16 25 - - HYPH cord-288670-1vlowf2n 16 26 CoVs CoVs NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 16 27 , , , cord-288670-1vlowf2n 16 28 and and CC cord-288670-1vlowf2n 16 29 γ γ NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 16 30 - - HYPH cord-288670-1vlowf2n 16 31 CoVs CoVs NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 16 32 [ [ -LRB- cord-288670-1vlowf2n 16 33 2 2 CD cord-288670-1vlowf2n 16 34 ] ] -RRB- cord-288670-1vlowf2n 16 35 . . . cord-288670-1vlowf2n 17 1 Two two CD cord-288670-1vlowf2n 17 2 of of IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 17 3 the the DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 17 4 β β NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 17 5 - - HYPH cord-288670-1vlowf2n 17 6 CoVs CoVs NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 17 7 including include VBG cord-288670-1vlowf2n 17 8 severe severe JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 17 9 acute acute JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 17 10 respiratory respiratory JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 17 11 syndrome syndrome NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 17 12 coronavirus coronavirus NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 17 13 ( ( -LRB- cord-288670-1vlowf2n 17 14 SARS SARS NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 17 15 - - HYPH cord-288670-1vlowf2n 17 16 CoV CoV NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 17 17 ) ) -RRB- cord-288670-1vlowf2n 17 18 and and CC cord-288670-1vlowf2n 17 19 Middle Middle NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 17 20 East East NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 17 21 respiratory respiratory JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 17 22 syndrome syndrome NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 17 23 coronavirus coronavirus NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 17 24 ( ( -LRB- cord-288670-1vlowf2n 17 25 MERS MERS NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 17 26 - - HYPH cord-288670-1vlowf2n 17 27 CoV CoV NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 17 28 ) ) -RRB- cord-288670-1vlowf2n 17 29 caused cause VBD cord-288670-1vlowf2n 17 30 severe severe JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 17 31 acute acute JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 17 32 respiratory respiratory JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 17 33 disease disease NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 17 34 outbreaks outbreak NNS cord-288670-1vlowf2n 17 35 in in IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 17 36 China China NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 17 37 in in IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 17 38 [ [ -LRB- cord-288670-1vlowf2n 17 39 2002 2002 CD cord-288670-1vlowf2n 17 40 ] ] -RRB- cord-288670-1vlowf2n 18 1 [ [ -LRB- cord-288670-1vlowf2n 18 2 2003 2003 CD cord-288670-1vlowf2n 18 3 ] ] -RRB- cord-288670-1vlowf2n 18 4 and and CC cord-288670-1vlowf2n 18 5 in in IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 18 6 the the DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 18 7 Middle Middle NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 18 8 East East NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 18 9 in in IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 18 10 2012 2012 CD cord-288670-1vlowf2n 18 11 , , , cord-288670-1vlowf2n 18 12 respectively respectively RB cord-288670-1vlowf2n 18 13 [ [ -LRB- cord-288670-1vlowf2n 18 14 3 3 CD cord-288670-1vlowf2n 18 15 ] ] -RRB- cord-288670-1vlowf2n 18 16 . . . cord-288670-1vlowf2n 19 1 In in IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 19 2 December December NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 19 3 2019 2019 CD cord-288670-1vlowf2n 19 4 , , , cord-288670-1vlowf2n 19 5 a a DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 19 6 novel novel JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 19 7 CoV cov NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 19 8 outbreak outbreak NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 19 9 , , , cord-288670-1vlowf2n 19 10 identified identify VBN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 19 11 and and CC cord-288670-1vlowf2n 19 12 named name VBN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 19 13 as as IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 19 14 severe severe JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 19 15 acute acute JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 19 16 respiratory respiratory JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 19 17 syndrome syndrome NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 19 18 coronavirus coronavirus NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 19 19 2 2 CD cord-288670-1vlowf2n 19 20 ( ( -LRB- cord-288670-1vlowf2n 19 21 SARS SARS NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 19 22 - - HYPH cord-288670-1vlowf2n 19 23 Cov-2 Cov-2 NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 19 24 ) ) -RRB- cord-288670-1vlowf2n 19 25 started start VBD cord-288670-1vlowf2n 19 26 in in IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 19 27 Wuhan Wuhan NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 19 28 , , , cord-288670-1vlowf2n 19 29 Hubei Hubei NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 19 30 province province NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 19 31 , , , cord-288670-1vlowf2n 19 32 China China NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 19 33 . . . cord-288670-1vlowf2n 20 1 The the DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 20 2 SARS SARS NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 20 3 - - HYPH cord-288670-1vlowf2n 20 4 CoV-2 CoV-2 NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 20 5 spread spread VBD cord-288670-1vlowf2n 20 6 very very RB cord-288670-1vlowf2n 20 7 quickly quickly RB cord-288670-1vlowf2n 20 8 in in IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 20 9 China China NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 20 10 and and CC cord-288670-1vlowf2n 20 11 then then RB cord-288670-1vlowf2n 20 12 to to IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 20 13 the the DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 20 14 many many JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 20 15 other other JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 20 16 countries country NNS cord-288670-1vlowf2n 20 17 , , , cord-288670-1vlowf2n 20 18 causing cause VBG cord-288670-1vlowf2n 20 19 coronavirus coronavirus NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 20 20 disease-19 disease-19 CD cord-288670-1vlowf2n 20 21 . . . cord-288670-1vlowf2n 21 1 The the DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 21 2 clinical clinical JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 21 3 futures future NNS cord-288670-1vlowf2n 21 4 of of IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 21 5 COVID-19 COVID-19 NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 21 6 mainly mainly RB cord-288670-1vlowf2n 21 7 include include VBP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 21 8 fever fever NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 21 9 , , , cord-288670-1vlowf2n 21 10 cough cough NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 21 11 and and CC cord-288670-1vlowf2n 21 12 pneumonia pneumonia NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 21 13 [ [ -LRB- cord-288670-1vlowf2n 21 14 4 4 CD cord-288670-1vlowf2n 21 15 ] ] -RRB- cord-288670-1vlowf2n 21 16 . . . cord-288670-1vlowf2n 22 1 Up up IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 22 2 to to IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 22 3 date date NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 22 4 , , , cord-288670-1vlowf2n 22 5 it -PRON- PRP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 22 6 has have VBZ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 22 7 already already RB cord-288670-1vlowf2n 22 8 infected infect VBN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 22 9 more more JJR cord-288670-1vlowf2n 22 10 than than IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 22 11 90,000 90,000 CD cord-288670-1vlowf2n 22 12 people people NNS cord-288670-1vlowf2n 22 13 worldwide worldwide RB cord-288670-1vlowf2n 22 14 and and CC cord-288670-1vlowf2n 22 15 killed kill VBD cord-288670-1vlowf2n 22 16 more more JJR cord-288670-1vlowf2n 22 17 than than IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 22 18 three three CD cord-288670-1vlowf2n 22 19 thousand thousand CD cord-288670-1vlowf2n 22 20 patients patient NNS cord-288670-1vlowf2n 22 21 , , , cord-288670-1vlowf2n 22 22 mainly mainly RB cord-288670-1vlowf2n 22 23 in in IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 22 24 Wuhan Wuhan NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 22 25 , , , cord-288670-1vlowf2n 22 26 China China NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 22 27 . . . cord-288670-1vlowf2n 23 1 SARS SARS NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 23 2 - - HYPH cord-288670-1vlowf2n 23 3 Cov-2 Cov-2 NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 23 4 shares share VBZ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 23 5 a a DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 23 6 high high JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 23 7 sequence sequence NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 23 8 identity identity NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 23 9 ( ( -LRB- cord-288670-1vlowf2n 23 10 around around IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 23 11 80 80 CD cord-288670-1vlowf2n 23 12 % % NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 23 13 ) ) -RRB- cord-288670-1vlowf2n 23 14 with with IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 23 15 SARS SARS NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 23 16 - - HYPH cord-288670-1vlowf2n 23 17 CoV CoV NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 23 18 and and CC cord-288670-1vlowf2n 23 19 a a DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 23 20 96.2 96.2 CD cord-288670-1vlowf2n 23 21 % % NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 23 22 sequence sequence NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 23 23 identity identity NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 23 24 with with IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 23 25 BatCoV BatCoV NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 23 26 RaTG13 RaTG13 NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 23 27 , , , cord-288670-1vlowf2n 23 28 a a DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 23 29 bat bat NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 23 30 CoV cov NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 23 31 [ [ -LRB- cord-288670-1vlowf2n 23 32 5 5 CD cord-288670-1vlowf2n 23 33 ] ] -RRB- cord-288670-1vlowf2n 23 34 . . . cord-288670-1vlowf2n 24 1 Although although IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 24 2 some some DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 24 3 initial initial JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 24 4 cases case NNS cord-288670-1vlowf2n 24 5 were be VBD cord-288670-1vlowf2n 24 6 linked link VBN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 24 7 to to IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 24 8 a a DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 24 9 local local JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 24 10 seafood seafood NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 24 11 market market NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 24 12 in in IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 24 13 Wuhan Wuhan NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 24 14 , , , cord-288670-1vlowf2n 24 15 its -PRON- PRP$ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 24 16 origin origin NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 24 17 , , , cord-288670-1vlowf2n 24 18 intermediate intermediate JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 24 19 hosts host NNS cord-288670-1vlowf2n 24 20 and and CC cord-288670-1vlowf2n 24 21 how how WRB cord-288670-1vlowf2n 24 22 it -PRON- PRP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 24 23 was be VBD cord-288670-1vlowf2n 24 24 transmitted transmit VBN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 24 25 to to IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 24 26 humans human NNS cord-288670-1vlowf2n 24 27 are be VBP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 24 28 still still RB cord-288670-1vlowf2n 24 29 largely largely RB cord-288670-1vlowf2n 24 30 unknown unknown JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 24 31 [ [ -LRB- cord-288670-1vlowf2n 24 32 4 4 CD cord-288670-1vlowf2n 24 33 ] ] -RRB- cord-288670-1vlowf2n 24 34 . . . cord-288670-1vlowf2n 25 1 In in IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 25 2 this this DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 25 3 mini mini JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 25 4 - - NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 25 5 review review NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 25 6 , , , cord-288670-1vlowf2n 25 7 we -PRON- PRP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 25 8 will will MD cord-288670-1vlowf2n 25 9 mainly mainly RB cord-288670-1vlowf2n 25 10 focus focus VB cord-288670-1vlowf2n 25 11 on on IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 25 12 β β NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 25 13 - - HYPH cord-288670-1vlowf2n 25 14 CoV CoV NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 25 15 , , , cord-288670-1vlowf2n 25 16 which which WDT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 25 17 is be VBZ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 25 18 inclusive inclusive JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 25 19 of of IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 25 20 SARS SARS NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 25 21 - - HYPH cord-288670-1vlowf2n 25 22 CoV CoV NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 25 23 , , , cord-288670-1vlowf2n 25 24 MERS MERS NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 25 25 - - HYPH cord-288670-1vlowf2n 25 26 CoV CoV NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 25 27 , , , cord-288670-1vlowf2n 25 28 and and CC cord-288670-1vlowf2n 25 29 the the DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 25 30 current current JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 25 31 emerging emerge VBG cord-288670-1vlowf2n 25 32 SARS SARS NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 25 33 - - HYPH cord-288670-1vlowf2n 25 34 CoV-2 CoV-2 NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 25 35 to to TO cord-288670-1vlowf2n 25 36 discuss discuss VB cord-288670-1vlowf2n 25 37 the the DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 25 38 implication implication NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 25 39 of of IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 25 40 the the DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 25 41 endocytic endocytic JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 25 42 pathway pathway NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 25 43 and and CC cord-288670-1vlowf2n 25 44 autophagy autophagy NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 25 45 process process NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 25 46 in in IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 25 47 the the DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 25 48 infection infection NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 25 49 of of IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 25 50 these these DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 25 51 pathogenic pathogenic JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 25 52 CoVs covs NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 25 53 and and CC cord-288670-1vlowf2n 25 54 therapeutic therapeutic JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 25 55 potential potential NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 25 56 of of IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 25 57 targeting target VBG cord-288670-1vlowf2n 25 58 these these DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 25 59 processes process NNS cord-288670-1vlowf2n 25 60 . . . cord-288670-1vlowf2n 26 1 This this DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 26 2 review review NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 26 3 will will MD cord-288670-1vlowf2n 26 4 also also RB cord-288670-1vlowf2n 26 5 include include VB cord-288670-1vlowf2n 26 6 the the DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 26 7 well well RB cord-288670-1vlowf2n 26 8 - - HYPH cord-288670-1vlowf2n 26 9 studied study VBN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 26 10 mouse mouse NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 26 11 hepatitis hepatitis NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 26 12 virus virus NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 26 13 ( ( -LRB- cord-288670-1vlowf2n 26 14 MHV MHV NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 26 15 ) ) -RRB- cord-288670-1vlowf2n 26 16 since since IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 26 17 it -PRON- PRP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 26 18 is be VBZ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 26 19 often often RB cord-288670-1vlowf2n 26 20 used use VBN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 26 21 as as IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 26 22 a a DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 26 23 safe safe JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 26 24 mode mode NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 26 25 to to TO cord-288670-1vlowf2n 26 26 study study VB cord-288670-1vlowf2n 26 27 CoV cov NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 26 28 infection infection NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 26 29 . . . cord-288670-1vlowf2n 27 1 Macroautophagy Macroautophagy NNS cord-288670-1vlowf2n 27 2 or or CC cord-288670-1vlowf2n 27 3 autophagy autophagy NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 27 4 refers refer VBZ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 27 5 to to IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 27 6 an an DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 27 7 evolutionarily evolutionarily RB cord-288670-1vlowf2n 27 8 conserved conserved JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 27 9 process process NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 27 10 in in IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 27 11 which which WDT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 27 12 the the DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 27 13 intracellular intracellular JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 27 14 components component NNS cord-288670-1vlowf2n 27 15 such such JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 27 16 as as IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 27 17 protein protein NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 27 18 aggregates aggregate NNS cord-288670-1vlowf2n 27 19 and and CC cord-288670-1vlowf2n 27 20 damaged damage VBN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 27 21 organelles organelle NNS cord-288670-1vlowf2n 27 22 are be VBP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 27 23 engulfed engulf VBN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 27 24 into into IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 27 25 a a DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 27 26 double double JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 27 27 - - HYPH cord-288670-1vlowf2n 27 28 membrane membrane NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 27 29 structure structure NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 27 30 called call VBN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 27 31 autophagosome autophagosome NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 27 32 , , , cord-288670-1vlowf2n 27 33 which which WDT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 27 34 eventually eventually RB cord-288670-1vlowf2n 27 35 fuses fuse VBZ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 27 36 with with IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 27 37 lysosome lysosome NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 27 38 to to TO cord-288670-1vlowf2n 27 39 form form VB cord-288670-1vlowf2n 27 40 autolysosome autolysosome NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 27 41 for for IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 27 42 degradation degradation NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 27 43 [ [ -LRB- cord-288670-1vlowf2n 27 44 6 6 CD cord-288670-1vlowf2n 27 45 , , , cord-288670-1vlowf2n 27 46 7 7 CD cord-288670-1vlowf2n 27 47 ] ] -RRB- cord-288670-1vlowf2n 28 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-288670-1vlowf2n 28 2 Figure figure NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 28 3 1 1 CD cord-288670-1vlowf2n 28 4 ) ) -RRB- cord-288670-1vlowf2n 28 5 . . . cord-288670-1vlowf2n 29 1 The the DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 29 2 whole whole JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 29 3 autophagy autophagy NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 29 4 process process NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 29 5 is be VBZ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 29 6 controlled control VBN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 29 7 by by IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 29 8 a a DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 29 9 group group NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 29 10 of of IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 29 11 proteins protein NNS cord-288670-1vlowf2n 29 12 encoded encode VBN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 29 13 by by IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 29 14 autophagy autophagy NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 29 15 - - HYPH cord-288670-1vlowf2n 29 16 related relate VBN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 29 17 - - HYPH cord-288670-1vlowf2n 29 18 genes gene NNS cord-288670-1vlowf2n 29 19 ( ( -LRB- cord-288670-1vlowf2n 29 20 ATGs atg NNS cord-288670-1vlowf2n 29 21 ) ) -RRB- cord-288670-1vlowf2n 29 22 in in IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 29 23 several several JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 29 24 consecutive consecutive JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 29 25 stages stage NNS cord-288670-1vlowf2n 29 26 [ [ -LRB- cord-288670-1vlowf2n 29 27 8 8 CD cord-288670-1vlowf2n 29 28 , , , cord-288670-1vlowf2n 29 29 9 9 CD cord-288670-1vlowf2n 29 30 ] ] -RRB- cord-288670-1vlowf2n 29 31 . . . cord-288670-1vlowf2n 30 1 First first RB cord-288670-1vlowf2n 30 2 , , , cord-288670-1vlowf2n 30 3 the the DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 30 4 induction induction NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 30 5 or or CC cord-288670-1vlowf2n 30 6 initiation initiation NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 30 7 stage stage NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 30 8 is be VBZ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 30 9 controlled control VBN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 30 10 by by IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 30 11 the the DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 30 12 ULK1 ULK1 NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 30 13 / / SYM cord-288670-1vlowf2n 30 14 Atg1 Atg1 NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 30 15 complex complex NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 30 16 , , , cord-288670-1vlowf2n 30 17 downstream downstream RB cord-288670-1vlowf2n 30 18 of of IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 30 19 the the DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 30 20 mechanistic mechanistic JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 30 21 target target NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 30 22 of of IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 30 23 rapamycin rapamycin NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 30 24 complex complex NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 30 25 1 1 CD cord-288670-1vlowf2n 30 26 ( ( -LRB- cord-288670-1vlowf2n 30 27 mTORC1 mtorc1 NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 30 28 ) ) -RRB- cord-288670-1vlowf2n 30 29 . . . cord-288670-1vlowf2n 31 1 Second second RB cord-288670-1vlowf2n 31 2 , , , cord-288670-1vlowf2n 31 3 the the DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 31 4 nucleation nucleation NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 31 5 / / SYM cord-288670-1vlowf2n 31 6 expansion expansion NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 31 7 / / SYM cord-288670-1vlowf2n 31 8 elongation elongation NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 31 9 stage stage NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 31 10 is be VBZ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 31 11 mediated mediate VBN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 31 12 by by IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 31 13 the the DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 31 14 ATG14-Beclin1-hVPS34 ATG14-Beclin1-hVPS34 NNS cord-288670-1vlowf2n 31 15 / / SYM cord-288670-1vlowf2n 31 16 class class NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 31 17 III iii CD cord-288670-1vlowf2n 31 18 phosphatidylinositol phosphatidylinositol JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 31 19 3-kinases 3-kinases CD cord-288670-1vlowf2n 32 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-288670-1vlowf2n 32 2 PI3 PI3 NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 32 3 K K NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 32 4 ) ) -RRB- cord-288670-1vlowf2n 32 5 complex complex NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 32 6 , , , cord-288670-1vlowf2n 32 7 as as RB cord-288670-1vlowf2n 32 8 well well RB cord-288670-1vlowf2n 32 9 as as IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 32 10 the the DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 32 11 two two CD cord-288670-1vlowf2n 32 12 ubiquitin ubiquitin NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 32 13 - - HYPH cord-288670-1vlowf2n 32 14 like like JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 32 15 conjugation conjugation NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 32 16 systems system NNS cord-288670-1vlowf2n 32 17 ( ( -LRB- cord-288670-1vlowf2n 32 18 ATG5-ATG12 ATG5-ATG12 NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 32 19 and and CC cord-288670-1vlowf2n 32 20 LC3 LC3 NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 32 21 / / SYM cord-288670-1vlowf2n 32 22 ATG8 ATG8 NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 32 23 ) ) -RRB- cord-288670-1vlowf2n 32 24 . . . cord-288670-1vlowf2n 33 1 The the DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 33 2 third third JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 33 3 and and CC cord-288670-1vlowf2n 33 4 last last JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 33 5 stage stage NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 33 6 of of IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 33 7 autophagy autophagy NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 33 8 is be VBZ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 33 9 the the DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 33 10 maturation maturation NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 33 11 / / SYM cord-288670-1vlowf2n 33 12 fusion fusion NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 33 13 / / SYM cord-288670-1vlowf2n 33 14 degradation degradation NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 33 15 in in IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 33 16 which which WDT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 33 17 autophagosome autophagosome NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 33 18 fuses fuse NNS cord-288670-1vlowf2n 33 19 with with IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 33 20 lysosome lysosome NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 33 21 to to TO cord-288670-1vlowf2n 33 22 form form VB cord-288670-1vlowf2n 33 23 autolysosome autolysosome NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 33 24 where where WRB cord-288670-1vlowf2n 33 25 the the DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 33 26 luminal luminal JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 33 27 contents content NNS cord-288670-1vlowf2n 33 28 are be VBP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 33 29 degraded degrade VBN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 33 30 ( ( -LRB- cord-288670-1vlowf2n 33 31 Figure figure NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 33 32 1 1 CD cord-288670-1vlowf2n 33 33 ) ) -RRB- cord-288670-1vlowf2n 33 34 . . . cord-288670-1vlowf2n 34 1 At at IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 34 2 present present NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 34 3 , , , cord-288670-1vlowf2n 34 4 the the DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 34 5 biological biological JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 34 6 functions function NNS cord-288670-1vlowf2n 34 7 of of IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 34 8 autophagy autophagy NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 34 9 have have VBP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 34 10 been be VBN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 34 11 extensively extensively RB cord-288670-1vlowf2n 34 12 studied study VBN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 34 13 . . . cord-288670-1vlowf2n 35 1 Autophagy Autophagy NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 35 2 plays play VBZ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 35 3 an an DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 35 4 important important JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 35 5 role role NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 35 6 in in IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 35 7 various various JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 35 8 physiological physiological JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 35 9 and and CC cord-288670-1vlowf2n 35 10 pathological pathological JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 35 11 processes process NNS cord-288670-1vlowf2n 35 12 , , , cord-288670-1vlowf2n 35 13 including include VBG cord-288670-1vlowf2n 35 14 cell cell NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 35 15 survival survival NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 35 16 , , , cord-288670-1vlowf2n 35 17 cell cell NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 35 18 death death NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 35 19 , , , cord-288670-1vlowf2n 35 20 aging aging NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 35 21 , , , cord-288670-1vlowf2n 35 22 immunity immunity NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 35 23 and and CC cord-288670-1vlowf2n 35 24 metabolism metabolism NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 35 25 [ [ -LRB- cord-288670-1vlowf2n 35 26 10 10 CD cord-288670-1vlowf2n 35 27 , , , cord-288670-1vlowf2n 35 28 11 11 CD cord-288670-1vlowf2n 35 29 ] ] -RRB- cord-288670-1vlowf2n 35 30 . . . cord-288670-1vlowf2n 36 1 More more RBR cord-288670-1vlowf2n 36 2 importantly importantly RB cord-288670-1vlowf2n 36 3 , , , cord-288670-1vlowf2n 36 4 accumulating accumulate VBG cord-288670-1vlowf2n 36 5 evidence evidence NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 36 6 has have VBZ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 36 7 highlighted highlight VBN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 36 8 the the DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 36 9 importance importance NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 36 10 of of IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 36 11 autophagy autophagy NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 36 12 in in IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 36 13 many many JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 36 14 human human JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 36 15 diseases disease NNS cord-288670-1vlowf2n 36 16 , , , cord-288670-1vlowf2n 36 17 such such JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 36 18 as as IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 36 19 cancer cancer NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 36 20 , , , cord-288670-1vlowf2n 36 21 neurodegenerative neurodegenerative JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 36 22 diseases disease NNS cord-288670-1vlowf2n 36 23 , , , cord-288670-1vlowf2n 36 24 metabolic metabolic JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 36 25 disorders disorder NNS cord-288670-1vlowf2n 36 26 , , , cord-288670-1vlowf2n 36 27 as as RB cord-288670-1vlowf2n 36 28 well well RB cord-288670-1vlowf2n 36 29 as as IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 36 30 immunity immunity NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 36 31 and and CC cord-288670-1vlowf2n 36 32 infection infection NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 36 33 [ [ -LRB- cord-288670-1vlowf2n 36 34 12 12 CD cord-288670-1vlowf2n 36 35 , , , cord-288670-1vlowf2n 36 36 13 13 CD cord-288670-1vlowf2n 36 37 ] ] -RRB- cord-288670-1vlowf2n 36 38 . . . cord-288670-1vlowf2n 37 1 Among among IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 37 2 them -PRON- PRP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 37 3 , , , cord-288670-1vlowf2n 37 4 the the DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 37 5 implication implication NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 37 6 of of IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 37 7 autophagy autophagy NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 37 8 in in IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 37 9 viral viral JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 37 10 infection infection NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 37 11 has have VBZ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 37 12 also also RB cord-288670-1vlowf2n 37 13 been be VBN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 37 14 widely widely RB cord-288670-1vlowf2n 37 15 investigated investigate VBN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 37 16 and and CC cord-288670-1vlowf2n 37 17 deeply deeply RB cord-288670-1vlowf2n 37 18 appreciated appreciate VBN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 37 19 . . . cord-288670-1vlowf2n 38 1 In in IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 38 2 the the DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 38 3 course course NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 38 4 of of IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 38 5 autophagy autophagy NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 38 6 , , , cord-288670-1vlowf2n 38 7 lysosome lysosome NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 38 8 plays play VBZ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 38 9 an an DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 38 10 essential essential JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 38 11 role role NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 38 12 in in IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 38 13 the the DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 38 14 maturation maturation NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 38 15 / / SYM cord-288670-1vlowf2n 38 16 degradation degradation NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 38 17 stage stage NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 38 18 of of IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 38 19 autophagy autophagy NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 38 20 , , , cord-288670-1vlowf2n 38 21 as as IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 38 22 the the DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 38 23 contents content NNS cord-288670-1vlowf2n 38 24 in in IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 38 25 the the DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 38 26 autophagosomes autophagosome NNS cord-288670-1vlowf2n 38 27 are be VBP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 38 28 eventually eventually RB cord-288670-1vlowf2n 38 29 degraded degrade VBN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 38 30 by by IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 38 31 lysosomes lysosome NNS cord-288670-1vlowf2n 38 32 , , , cord-288670-1vlowf2n 38 33 via via IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 38 34 autophagosome autophagosome NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 38 35 - - HYPH cord-288670-1vlowf2n 38 36 lysosome lysosome NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 38 37 fusion fusion NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 38 38 [ [ -LRB- cord-288670-1vlowf2n 38 39 14 14 CD cord-288670-1vlowf2n 38 40 ] ] -RRB- cord-288670-1vlowf2n 38 41 [ [ -LRB- cord-288670-1vlowf2n 38 42 15 15 CD cord-288670-1vlowf2n 38 43 ] ] -RRB- cord-288670-1vlowf2n 38 44 [ [ -LRB- cord-288670-1vlowf2n 38 45 16 16 CD cord-288670-1vlowf2n 38 46 ] ] -RRB- cord-288670-1vlowf2n 38 47 . . . cord-288670-1vlowf2n 39 1 Lysosome Lysosome NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 39 2 , , , cord-288670-1vlowf2n 39 3 first first RB cord-288670-1vlowf2n 39 4 discovered discover VBN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 39 5 by by IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 39 6 the the DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 39 7 Nobel Nobel NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 39 8 laureate laureate NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 39 9 Christian Christian NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 39 10 de de NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 39 11 Duve Duve NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 39 12 in in IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 39 13 the the DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 39 14 1950s 1950 NNS cord-288670-1vlowf2n 39 15 , , , cord-288670-1vlowf2n 39 16 is be VBZ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 39 17 the the DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 39 18 most most RBS cord-288670-1vlowf2n 39 19 important important JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 39 20 digestive digestive JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 39 21 organelle organelle NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 39 22 present present JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 39 23 in in IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 39 24 almost almost RB cord-288670-1vlowf2n 39 25 all all DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 39 26 eukaryotic eukaryotic JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 39 27 cells cell NNS cord-288670-1vlowf2n 39 28 and and CC cord-288670-1vlowf2n 39 29 with with IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 39 30 an an DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 39 31 array array NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 39 32 of of IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 39 33 important important JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 39 34 biological biological JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 39 35 functions function NNS cord-288670-1vlowf2n 39 36 , , , cord-288670-1vlowf2n 39 37 including include VBG cord-288670-1vlowf2n 39 38 endocytosis endocytosis NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 39 39 , , , cord-288670-1vlowf2n 39 40 exocytosis exocytosis NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 39 41 , , , cord-288670-1vlowf2n 39 42 macropinocytosis macropinocytosis NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 39 43 , , , cord-288670-1vlowf2n 39 44 plasma plasma NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 39 45 membrane membrane NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 39 46 repair repair NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 39 47 , , , cord-288670-1vlowf2n 39 48 defense defense NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 39 49 against against IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 39 50 pathogens pathogen NNS cord-288670-1vlowf2n 39 51 , , , cord-288670-1vlowf2n 39 52 cell cell NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 39 53 death death NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 39 54 , , , cord-288670-1vlowf2n 39 55 signal signal NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 39 56 transduction transduction NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 39 57 , , , cord-288670-1vlowf2n 39 58 and and CC cord-288670-1vlowf2n 39 59 autophagy autophagy NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 39 60 [ [ -LRB- cord-288670-1vlowf2n 39 61 14 14 CD cord-288670-1vlowf2n 39 62 , , , cord-288670-1vlowf2n 39 63 17 17 CD cord-288670-1vlowf2n 39 64 ] ] -RRB- cord-288670-1vlowf2n 39 65 . . . cord-288670-1vlowf2n 40 1 Lysosome Lysosome NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 40 2 is be VBZ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 40 3 featured feature VBN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 40 4 by by IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 40 5 its -PRON- PRP$ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 40 6 acidic acidic JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 40 7 internal internal JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 40 8 pH ph NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 40 9 which which WDT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 40 10 is be VBZ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 40 11 generated generate VBN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 40 12 by by IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 40 13 the the DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 40 14 action action NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 40 15 of of IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 40 16 a a DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 40 17 V V NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 40 18 - - HYPH cord-288670-1vlowf2n 40 19 ATPase ATPase NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 40 20 , , , cord-288670-1vlowf2n 40 21 a a DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 40 22 proton proton NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 40 23 - - HYPH cord-288670-1vlowf2n 40 24 pumping pump VBG cord-288670-1vlowf2n 40 25 membrane membrane NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 40 26 protein protein NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 40 27 complex complex NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 40 28 [ [ -LRB- cord-288670-1vlowf2n 40 29 18 18 CD cord-288670-1vlowf2n 40 30 ] ] -RRB- cord-288670-1vlowf2n 40 31 . . . cord-288670-1vlowf2n 41 1 Lysosome Lysosome NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 41 2 contains contain VBZ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 41 3 more more JJR cord-288670-1vlowf2n 41 4 than than IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 41 5 50 50 CD cord-288670-1vlowf2n 41 6 acid acid NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 41 7 hydrolases hydrolase NNS cord-288670-1vlowf2n 41 8 , , , cord-288670-1vlowf2n 41 9 including include VBG cord-288670-1vlowf2n 41 10 proteases protease NNS cord-288670-1vlowf2n 41 11 , , , cord-288670-1vlowf2n 41 12 peptidases peptidase NNS cord-288670-1vlowf2n 41 13 , , , cord-288670-1vlowf2n 41 14 phosphatases phosphatase NNS cord-288670-1vlowf2n 41 15 , , , cord-288670-1vlowf2n 41 16 nucleases nuclease NNS cord-288670-1vlowf2n 41 17 , , , cord-288670-1vlowf2n 41 18 glycosidases glycosidase NNS cord-288670-1vlowf2n 41 19 , , , cord-288670-1vlowf2n 41 20 sulfatases sulfatases NNPS cord-288670-1vlowf2n 41 21 , , , cord-288670-1vlowf2n 41 22 and and CC cord-288670-1vlowf2n 41 23 lipases lipase NNS cord-288670-1vlowf2n 41 24 designated designate VBD cord-288670-1vlowf2n 41 25 for for IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 41 26 all all DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 41 27 types type NNS cord-288670-1vlowf2n 41 28 of of IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 41 29 macromolecules macromolecule NNS cord-288670-1vlowf2n 41 30 [ [ -LRB- cord-288670-1vlowf2n 41 31 19 19 CD cord-288670-1vlowf2n 41 32 ] ] -RRB- cord-288670-1vlowf2n 41 33 . . . cord-288670-1vlowf2n 42 1 On on IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 42 2 the the DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 42 3 other other JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 42 4 hand hand NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 42 5 , , , cord-288670-1vlowf2n 42 6 lysosome lysosome NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 42 7 is be VBZ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 42 8 also also RB cord-288670-1vlowf2n 42 9 a a DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 42 10 key key JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 42 11 component component NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 42 12 of of IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 42 13 the the DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 42 14 endocytic endocytic JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 42 15 pathway pathway NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 42 16 , , , cord-288670-1vlowf2n 42 17 also also RB cord-288670-1vlowf2n 42 18 termed term VBD cord-288670-1vlowf2n 42 19 as as IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 42 20 the the DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 42 21 endolysosomal endolysosomal JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 42 22 network network NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 42 23 [ [ -LRB- cord-288670-1vlowf2n 42 24 20 20 CD cord-288670-1vlowf2n 42 25 ] ] -RRB- cord-288670-1vlowf2n 42 26 ( ( -LRB- cord-288670-1vlowf2n 42 27 Figure figure NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 42 28 1 1 CD cord-288670-1vlowf2n 42 29 ) ) -RRB- cord-288670-1vlowf2n 42 30 . . . cord-288670-1vlowf2n 43 1 In in IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 43 2 addition addition NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 43 3 to to TO cord-288670-1vlowf2n 43 4 autophagy autophagy VB cord-288670-1vlowf2n 43 5 as as IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 43 6 described describe VBN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 43 7 above above RB cord-288670-1vlowf2n 43 8 , , , cord-288670-1vlowf2n 43 9 lysosome lysosome NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 43 10 receives receive VBZ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 43 11 cargos cargo NNS cord-288670-1vlowf2n 43 12 from from IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 43 13 other other JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 43 14 processes process NNS cord-288670-1vlowf2n 43 15 including include VBG cord-288670-1vlowf2n 43 16 endocytosis endocytosis NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 43 17 through through IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 43 18 the the DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 43 19 endocytic endocytic JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 43 20 pathway pathway NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 43 21 . . . cord-288670-1vlowf2n 44 1 Briefly briefly RB cord-288670-1vlowf2n 44 2 , , , cord-288670-1vlowf2n 44 3 following follow VBG cord-288670-1vlowf2n 44 4 endocytosis endocytosis NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 44 5 , , , cord-288670-1vlowf2n 44 6 internalized internalize VBN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 44 7 cargos cargo NNS cord-288670-1vlowf2n 44 8 first first RB cord-288670-1vlowf2n 44 9 enter enter VB cord-288670-1vlowf2n 44 10 the the DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 44 11 early early JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 44 12 endosomes endosome NNS cord-288670-1vlowf2n 44 13 ( ( -LRB- cord-288670-1vlowf2n 44 14 EE EE NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 44 15 ) ) -RRB- cord-288670-1vlowf2n 44 16 where where WRB cord-288670-1vlowf2n 44 17 the the DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 44 18 cargos cargo NNS cord-288670-1vlowf2n 44 19 are be VBP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 44 20 sorted sort VBN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 44 21 for for IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 44 22 two two CD cord-288670-1vlowf2n 44 23 destinations destination NNS cord-288670-1vlowf2n 44 24 : : : cord-288670-1vlowf2n 44 25 they -PRON- PRP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 44 26 are be VBP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 44 27 either either RB cord-288670-1vlowf2n 44 28 retrieved retrieve VBN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 44 29 for for IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 44 30 recycling recycling NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 44 31 to to IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 44 32 the the DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 44 33 plasma plasma NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 44 34 membrane membrane NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 44 35 / / , cord-288670-1vlowf2n 44 36 the the DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 44 37 secretory secretory JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 44 38 pathway pathway NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 44 39 , , , cord-288670-1vlowf2n 44 40 or or CC cord-288670-1vlowf2n 44 41 are be VBP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 44 42 delivered deliver VBN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 44 43 to to IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 44 44 the the DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 44 45 late late JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 44 46 endosome endosome NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 44 47 ( ( -LRB- cord-288670-1vlowf2n 44 48 LE LE NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 44 49 ) ) -RRB- cord-288670-1vlowf2n 44 50 and and CC cord-288670-1vlowf2n 44 51 then then RB cord-288670-1vlowf2n 44 52 fuse fuse VB cord-288670-1vlowf2n 44 53 with with IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 44 54 lysosome lysosome NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 44 55 for for IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 44 56 degradation degradation NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 44 57 [ [ -LRB- cord-288670-1vlowf2n 44 58 20 20 CD cord-288670-1vlowf2n 44 59 , , , cord-288670-1vlowf2n 44 60 21 21 CD cord-288670-1vlowf2n 44 61 ] ] -RRB- cord-288670-1vlowf2n 44 62 . . . cord-288670-1vlowf2n 45 1 The the DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 45 2 main main JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 45 3 biological biological JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 45 4 functions function NNS cord-288670-1vlowf2n 45 5 of of IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 45 6 the the DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 45 7 endocytic endocytic JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 45 8 pathway pathway NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 45 9 are be VBP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 45 10 for for IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 45 11 retrieval retrieval NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 45 12 and and CC cord-288670-1vlowf2n 45 13 recycling recycling NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 45 14 of of IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 45 15 internalized internalize VBN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 45 16 cargo cargo NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 45 17 proteins protein NNS cord-288670-1vlowf2n 45 18 , , , cord-288670-1vlowf2n 45 19 and and CC cord-288670-1vlowf2n 45 20 such such JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 45 21 functions function NNS cord-288670-1vlowf2n 45 22 are be VBP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 45 23 known know VBN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 45 24 to to TO cord-288670-1vlowf2n 45 25 play play VB cord-288670-1vlowf2n 45 26 critical critical JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 45 27 roles role NNS cord-288670-1vlowf2n 45 28 in in IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 45 29 the the DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 45 30 pathology pathology NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 45 31 of of IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 45 32 important important JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 45 33 human human JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 45 34 diseases disease NNS cord-288670-1vlowf2n 45 35 , , , cord-288670-1vlowf2n 45 36 in in IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 45 37 particularly particularly RB cord-288670-1vlowf2n 45 38 neurodegenerative neurodegenerative JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 45 39 diseases disease NNS cord-288670-1vlowf2n 45 40 and and CC cord-288670-1vlowf2n 45 41 viral viral JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 45 42 infection infection NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 45 43 [ [ -LRB- cord-288670-1vlowf2n 45 44 22 22 CD cord-288670-1vlowf2n 45 45 , , , cord-288670-1vlowf2n 45 46 23 23 CD cord-288670-1vlowf2n 45 47 ] ] -RRB- cord-288670-1vlowf2n 45 48 . . . cord-288670-1vlowf2n 46 1 In in IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 46 2 the the DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 46 3 past past JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 46 4 one one NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 46 5 and and CC cord-288670-1vlowf2n 46 6 a a DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 46 7 half half NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 46 8 decades decade NNS cord-288670-1vlowf2n 46 9 , , , cord-288670-1vlowf2n 46 10 the the DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 46 11 implication implication NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 46 12 of of IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 46 13 autophagy autophagy NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 46 14 in in IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 46 15 CoV cov NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 46 16 infection infection NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 46 17 has have VBZ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 46 18 attracted attract VBN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 46 19 substantial substantial JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 46 20 attention attention NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 46 21 , , , cord-288670-1vlowf2n 46 22 Figure figure NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 46 23 1 1 CD cord-288670-1vlowf2n 46 24 . . . cord-288670-1vlowf2n 47 1 Involvement involvement NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 47 2 of of IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 47 3 the the DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 47 4 endocytic endocytic JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 47 5 pathway pathway NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 47 6 and and CC cord-288670-1vlowf2n 47 7 autophagy autophagy NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 47 8 in in IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 47 9 the the DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 47 10 entry entry NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 47 11 and and CC cord-288670-1vlowf2n 47 12 replication replication NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 47 13 of of IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 47 14 CoVs CoVs NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 47 15 in in IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 47 16 host host NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 47 17 cells cell NNS cord-288670-1vlowf2n 47 18 . . . cord-288670-1vlowf2n 48 1 Entry entry NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 48 2 of of IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 48 3 CoVs CoVs NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 48 4 into into IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 48 5 the the DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 48 6 host host NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 48 7 cells cell NNS cord-288670-1vlowf2n 48 8 is be VBZ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 48 9 mainly mainly RB cord-288670-1vlowf2n 48 10 mediated mediate VBN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 48 11 by by IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 48 12 the the DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 48 13 endocytic endocytic JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 48 14 pathway pathway NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 48 15 , , , cord-288670-1vlowf2n 48 16 meanwhile meanwhile RB cord-288670-1vlowf2n 48 17 the the DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 48 18 autophagy autophagy NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 48 19 has have VBZ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 48 20 also also RB cord-288670-1vlowf2n 48 21 been be VBN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 48 22 implicated implicate VBN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 48 23 in in IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 48 24 the the DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 48 25 viral viral JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 48 26 replication replication NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 48 27 in in IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 48 28 the the DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 48 29 cells cell NNS cord-288670-1vlowf2n 48 30 , , , cord-288670-1vlowf2n 48 31 a a DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 48 32 process process NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 48 33 partly partly RB cord-288670-1vlowf2n 48 34 related relate VBN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 48 35 to to IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 48 36 the the DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 48 37 formation formation NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 48 38 of of IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 48 39 DMV DMV NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 48 40 in in IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 48 41 the the DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 48 42 host host NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 48 43 cells cell NNS cord-288670-1vlowf2n 48 44 . . . cord-288670-1vlowf2n 49 1 As as IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 49 2 a a DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 49 3 result result NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 49 4 , , , cord-288670-1vlowf2n 49 5 several several JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 49 6 groups group NNS cord-288670-1vlowf2n 49 7 of of IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 49 8 inhibitors inhibitor NNS cord-288670-1vlowf2n 49 9 including include VBG cord-288670-1vlowf2n 49 10 the the DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 49 11 lysosomotropic lysosomotropic JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 49 12 agents agent NNS cord-288670-1vlowf2n 49 13 such such JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 49 14 as as IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 49 15 CQ CQ NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 49 16 and and CC cord-288670-1vlowf2n 49 17 inhibitors inhibitor NNS cord-288670-1vlowf2n 49 18 for for IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 49 19 clathrin clathrin NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 49 20 - - HYPH cord-288670-1vlowf2n 49 21 mediated mediate VBN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 49 22 endocytosis endocytosis NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 49 23 such such JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 49 24 as as IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 49 25 chlorpromazine chlorpromazine NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 49 26 have have VBP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 49 27 been be VBN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 49 28 proposed propose VBN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 49 29 to to TO cord-288670-1vlowf2n 49 30 have have VB cord-288670-1vlowf2n 49 31 therapeutic therapeutic JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 49 32 efficacy efficacy NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 49 33 against against IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 49 34 CoVs CoVs NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 49 35 - - HYPH cord-288670-1vlowf2n 49 36 induced induce VBN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 49 37 diseases disease NNS cord-288670-1vlowf2n 49 38 including include VBG cord-288670-1vlowf2n 49 39 COVID-19 covid-19 VBP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 49 40 . . . cord-288670-1vlowf2n 50 1 probably probably RB cord-288670-1vlowf2n 50 2 due due IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 50 3 to to IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 50 4 the the DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 50 5 SARS SARS NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 50 6 outbreak outbreak NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 50 7 in in IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 50 8 2002 2002 CD cord-288670-1vlowf2n 50 9 - - SYM cord-288670-1vlowf2n 50 10 2003 2003 CD cord-288670-1vlowf2n 50 11 and and CC cord-288670-1vlowf2n 50 12 the the DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 50 13 emerging emerge VBG cord-288670-1vlowf2n 50 14 field field NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 50 15 of of IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 50 16 autophagy autophagy NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 50 17 research research NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 50 18 at at IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 50 19 the the DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 50 20 same same JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 50 21 period period NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 50 22 . . . cord-288670-1vlowf2n 51 1 At at IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 51 2 present present JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 51 3 , , , cord-288670-1vlowf2n 51 4 various various JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 51 5 reports report NNS cord-288670-1vlowf2n 51 6 have have VBP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 51 7 converged converge VBN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 51 8 onto onto IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 51 9 two two CD cord-288670-1vlowf2n 51 10 important important JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 51 11 questions question NNS cord-288670-1vlowf2n 51 12 : : : cord-288670-1vlowf2n 51 13 whether whether IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 51 14 CoV cov NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 51 15 induces induce VBZ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 51 16 autophagy autophagy NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 51 17 and and CC cord-288670-1vlowf2n 51 18 whether whether IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 51 19 the the DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 51 20 autophagy autophagy NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 51 21 machinery machinery NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 51 22 or or CC cord-288670-1vlowf2n 51 23 ATG ATG NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 51 24 proteins protein NNS cord-288670-1vlowf2n 51 25 are be VBP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 51 26 involved involve VBN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 51 27 in in IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 51 28 the the DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 51 29 infection infection NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 51 30 and and CC cord-288670-1vlowf2n 51 31 replication replication NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 51 32 of of IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 51 33 CoVs CoVs NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 51 34 . . . cord-288670-1vlowf2n 52 1 The the DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 52 2 first first JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 52 3 report report NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 52 4 demonstrating demonstrate VBG cord-288670-1vlowf2n 52 5 the the DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 52 6 involvement involvement NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 52 7 of of IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 52 8 autophagy autophagy NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 52 9 in in IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 52 10 viral viral JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 52 11 replication replication NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 52 12 was be VBD cord-288670-1vlowf2n 52 13 based base VBN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 52 14 on on IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 52 15 MHV MHV NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 52 16 [ [ -LRB- cord-288670-1vlowf2n 52 17 24 24 CD cord-288670-1vlowf2n 52 18 ] ] -RRB- cord-288670-1vlowf2n 52 19 , , , cord-288670-1vlowf2n 52 20 in in IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 52 21 which which WDT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 52 22 the the DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 52 23 authors author NNS cord-288670-1vlowf2n 52 24 made make VBD cord-288670-1vlowf2n 52 25 several several JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 52 26 important important JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 52 27 observations observation NNS cord-288670-1vlowf2n 52 28 . . . cord-288670-1vlowf2n 53 1 First first RB cord-288670-1vlowf2n 53 2 , , , cord-288670-1vlowf2n 53 3 MHV MHV NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 53 4 induced induce VBD cord-288670-1vlowf2n 53 5 the the DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 53 6 formation formation NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 53 7 of of IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 53 8 double double JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 53 9 - - HYPH cord-288670-1vlowf2n 53 10 membrane membrane NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 53 11 vesicles vesicle NNS cord-288670-1vlowf2n 53 12 ( ( -LRB- cord-288670-1vlowf2n 53 13 DMVs dmv NNS cord-288670-1vlowf2n 53 14 ) ) -RRB- cord-288670-1vlowf2n 53 15 , , , cord-288670-1vlowf2n 53 16 with with IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 53 17 resemblance resemblance NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 53 18 to to IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 53 19 autophagosome autophagosome NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 53 20 , , , cord-288670-1vlowf2n 53 21 a a DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 53 22 hallmark hallmark NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 53 23 of of IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 53 24 autophagy autophagy NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 53 25 . . . cord-288670-1vlowf2n 54 1 Second second RB cord-288670-1vlowf2n 54 2 , , , cord-288670-1vlowf2n 54 3 the the DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 54 4 viral viral JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 54 5 replication replication NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 54 6 complexes complex NNS cord-288670-1vlowf2n 54 7 at at IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 54 8 DMVs dmv NNS cord-288670-1vlowf2n 54 9 co co VBD cord-288670-1vlowf2n 54 10 - - VBN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 54 11 localized localize VBN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 54 12 with with IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 54 13 the the DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 54 14 autophagy autophagy NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 54 15 proteins protein NNS cord-288670-1vlowf2n 54 16 , , , cord-288670-1vlowf2n 54 17 LC3 LC3 NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 54 18 and and CC cord-288670-1vlowf2n 54 19 ATG12 ATG12 NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 54 20 . . . cord-288670-1vlowf2n 55 1 Third third JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 55 2 and and CC cord-288670-1vlowf2n 55 3 more more RBR cord-288670-1vlowf2n 55 4 importantly importantly RB cord-288670-1vlowf2n 55 5 , , , cord-288670-1vlowf2n 55 6 MHV MHV NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 55 7 replication replication NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 55 8 was be VBD cord-288670-1vlowf2n 55 9 impaired impair VBN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 55 10 in in IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 55 11 ATG5 atg5 JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 55 12 knockout knockout NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 55 13 embryonic embryonic JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 55 14 stem stem NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 55 15 cells cell NNS cord-288670-1vlowf2n 55 16 . . . cord-288670-1vlowf2n 56 1 Therefore therefore RB cord-288670-1vlowf2n 56 2 , , , cord-288670-1vlowf2n 56 3 the the DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 56 4 authors author NNS cord-288670-1vlowf2n 56 5 concluded conclude VBD cord-288670-1vlowf2n 56 6 that that IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 56 7 autophagy autophagy NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 56 8 is be VBZ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 56 9 implicated implicate VBN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 56 10 in in IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 56 11 the the DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 56 12 formation formation NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 56 13 of of IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 56 14 DMV DMV NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 56 15 as as RB cord-288670-1vlowf2n 56 16 well well RB cord-288670-1vlowf2n 56 17 as as IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 56 18 in in IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 56 19 the the DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 56 20 replication replication NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 56 21 of of IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 56 22 MHV MHV NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 56 23 [ [ -LRB- cord-288670-1vlowf2n 56 24 24 24 CD cord-288670-1vlowf2n 56 25 ] ] -RRB- cord-288670-1vlowf2n 56 26 . . . cord-288670-1vlowf2n 57 1 In in IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 57 2 a a DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 57 3 follow follow NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 57 4 - - HYPH cord-288670-1vlowf2n 57 5 up up NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 57 6 study study NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 57 7 , , , cord-288670-1vlowf2n 57 8 the the DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 57 9 same same JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 57 10 group group NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 57 11 also also RB cord-288670-1vlowf2n 57 12 examined examine VBD cord-288670-1vlowf2n 57 13 the the DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 57 14 SARS SARS NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 57 15 - - HYPH cord-288670-1vlowf2n 57 16 CoVs CoVs NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 57 17 and and CC cord-288670-1vlowf2n 57 18 found find VBD cord-288670-1vlowf2n 57 19 similar similar JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 57 20 colocalization colocalization NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 57 21 of of IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 57 22 the the DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 57 23 key key JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 57 24 viral viral JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 57 25 replication replication NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 57 26 proteins protein NNS cord-288670-1vlowf2n 57 27 with with IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 57 28 endogenous endogenous JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 57 29 LC3 lc3 NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 57 30 , , , cord-288670-1vlowf2n 57 31 a a DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 57 32 protein protein NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 57 33 marker marker NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 57 34 for for IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 57 35 autophagosome autophagosome NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 57 36 [ [ -LRB- cord-288670-1vlowf2n 57 37 25 25 CD cord-288670-1vlowf2n 57 38 ] ] -RRB- cord-288670-1vlowf2n 57 39 , , , cord-288670-1vlowf2n 57 40 suggesting suggest VBG cord-288670-1vlowf2n 57 41 a a DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 57 42 similar similar JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 57 43 function function NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 57 44 of of IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 57 45 autophagy autophagy NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 57 46 in in IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 57 47 the the DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 57 48 replication replication NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 57 49 of of IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 57 50 SARS SARS NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 57 51 - - HYPH cord-288670-1vlowf2n 57 52 CoVs CoVs NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 57 53 . . . cord-288670-1vlowf2n 58 1 Cottam Cottam NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 58 2 et et NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 58 3 al al NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 58 4 used use VBD cord-288670-1vlowf2n 58 5 another another DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 58 6 CoV cov NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 58 7 ( ( -LRB- cord-288670-1vlowf2n 58 8 infectious infectious JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 58 9 bronchitis bronchitis NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 58 10 virus virus NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 58 11 , , , cord-288670-1vlowf2n 58 12 IBV IBV NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 58 13 ) ) -RRB- cord-288670-1vlowf2n 58 14 and and CC cord-288670-1vlowf2n 58 15 found find VBD cord-288670-1vlowf2n 58 16 that that IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 58 17 one one CD cord-288670-1vlowf2n 58 18 of of IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 58 19 the the DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 58 20 key key JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 58 21 viral viral JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 58 22 replicase replicase NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 58 23 protein protein NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 58 24 nsp6 nsp6 NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 58 25 is be VBZ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 58 26 capable capable JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 58 27 of of IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 58 28 inducing induce VBG cord-288670-1vlowf2n 58 29 autophagy autophagy NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 58 30 [ [ -LRB- cord-288670-1vlowf2n 58 31 26 26 CD cord-288670-1vlowf2n 58 32 ] ] -RRB- cord-288670-1vlowf2n 58 33 . . . cord-288670-1vlowf2n 59 1 Notably notably RB cord-288670-1vlowf2n 59 2 , , , cord-288670-1vlowf2n 59 3 this this DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 59 4 nsp6 nsp6 NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 59 5 also also RB cord-288670-1vlowf2n 59 6 presents present VBZ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 59 7 in in IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 59 8 MHV MHV NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 59 9 and and CC cord-288670-1vlowf2n 59 10 SARS SARS NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 59 11 - - HYPH cord-288670-1vlowf2n 59 12 CoV CoV NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 59 13 , , , cord-288670-1vlowf2n 59 14 and and CC cord-288670-1vlowf2n 59 15 thus thus RB cord-288670-1vlowf2n 59 16 it -PRON- PRP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 59 17 would would MD cord-288670-1vlowf2n 59 18 be be VB cord-288670-1vlowf2n 59 19 of of IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 59 20 interest interest NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 59 21 to to TO cord-288670-1vlowf2n 59 22 further further RB cord-288670-1vlowf2n 59 23 test test VB cord-288670-1vlowf2n 59 24 the the DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 59 25 effects effect NNS cord-288670-1vlowf2n 59 26 of of IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 59 27 nsp6 nsp6 NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 59 28 in in IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 59 29 these these DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 59 30 two two CD cord-288670-1vlowf2n 59 31 CoVs cov NNS cord-288670-1vlowf2n 59 32 on on IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 59 33 autophagy autophagy NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 59 34 . . . cord-288670-1vlowf2n 60 1 However however RB cord-288670-1vlowf2n 60 2 , , , cord-288670-1vlowf2n 60 3 several several JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 60 4 subsequent subsequent JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 60 5 studies study NNS cord-288670-1vlowf2n 60 6 have have VBP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 60 7 challenged challenge VBN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 60 8 the the DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 60 9 notion notion NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 60 10 that that IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 60 11 autophagy autophagy NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 60 12 is be VBZ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 60 13 implicated implicate VBN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 60 14 in in IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 60 15 CoV cov NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 60 16 infection infection NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 60 17 . . . cord-288670-1vlowf2n 61 1 For for IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 61 2 instance instance NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 61 3 , , , cord-288670-1vlowf2n 61 4 in in IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 61 5 Vero Vero NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 61 6 cells cell NNS cord-288670-1vlowf2n 61 7 infected infect VBN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 61 8 with with IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 61 9 SARS SARS NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 61 10 - - HYPH cord-288670-1vlowf2n 61 11 CoVs CoVs NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 61 12 , , , cord-288670-1vlowf2n 61 13 Snijder Snijder NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 61 14 et et NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 61 15 al al NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 61 16 failed fail VBD cord-288670-1vlowf2n 61 17 to to TO cord-288670-1vlowf2n 61 18 detect detect VB cord-288670-1vlowf2n 61 19 colocalization colocalization NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 61 20 of of IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 61 21 LC3 lc3 JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 61 22 or or CC cord-288670-1vlowf2n 61 23 GFP GFP NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 61 24 - - HYPH cord-288670-1vlowf2n 61 25 LC3 LC3 NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 61 26 with with IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 61 27 the the DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 61 28 viral viral JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 61 29 replication replication NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 61 30 - - HYPH cord-288670-1vlowf2n 61 31 transcription transcription NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 61 32 complexes complex NNS cord-288670-1vlowf2n 61 33 of of IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 61 34 SARS SARS NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 61 35 - - HYPH cord-288670-1vlowf2n 61 36 CoV CoV NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 61 37 examined examine VBD cord-288670-1vlowf2n 61 38 using use VBG cord-288670-1vlowf2n 61 39 immunofluorescence immunofluorescence NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 61 40 staining stain VBG cord-288670-1vlowf2n 61 41 [ [ -LRB- cord-288670-1vlowf2n 61 42 27 27 CD cord-288670-1vlowf2n 61 43 ] ] -RRB- cord-288670-1vlowf2n 61 44 . . . cord-288670-1vlowf2n 62 1 Further further JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 62 2 studies study NNS cord-288670-1vlowf2n 62 3 also also RB cord-288670-1vlowf2n 62 4 demonstrated demonstrate VBD cord-288670-1vlowf2n 62 5 that that IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 62 6 either either CC cord-288670-1vlowf2n 62 7 ATG5 ATG5 NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 62 8 or or CC cord-288670-1vlowf2n 62 9 ATG7 ATG7 NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 62 10 , , , cord-288670-1vlowf2n 62 11 two two CD cord-288670-1vlowf2n 62 12 of of IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 62 13 the the DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 62 14 key key JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 62 15 autophagy autophagy NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 62 16 proteins protein NNS cord-288670-1vlowf2n 62 17 in in IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 62 18 control control NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 62 19 of of IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 62 20 autophagosome autophagosome JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 62 21 biogenesis biogenesis NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 62 22 , , , cord-288670-1vlowf2n 62 23 is be VBZ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 62 24 not not RB cord-288670-1vlowf2n 62 25 required require VBN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 62 26 for for IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 62 27 viral viral JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 62 28 replication replication NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 62 29 in in IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 62 30 cells cell NNS cord-288670-1vlowf2n 62 31 infected infect VBN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 62 32 by by IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 62 33 MHV MHV NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 62 34 [ [ -LRB- cord-288670-1vlowf2n 62 35 28 28 CD cord-288670-1vlowf2n 62 36 , , , cord-288670-1vlowf2n 62 37 29 29 CD cord-288670-1vlowf2n 62 38 ] ] -RRB- cord-288670-1vlowf2n 62 39 or or CC cord-288670-1vlowf2n 62 40 by by IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 62 41 SARS SARS NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 62 42 - - HYPH cord-288670-1vlowf2n 62 43 CoVs CoVs NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 62 44 [ [ -LRB- cord-288670-1vlowf2n 62 45 30 30 CD cord-288670-1vlowf2n 62 46 ] ] -RRB- cord-288670-1vlowf2n 62 47 . . . cord-288670-1vlowf2n 63 1 In in IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 63 2 those those DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 63 3 studies study NNS cord-288670-1vlowf2n 63 4 , , , cord-288670-1vlowf2n 63 5 cells cell NNS cord-288670-1vlowf2n 63 6 with with IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 63 7 deletion deletion NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 63 8 of of IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 63 9 either either CC cord-288670-1vlowf2n 63 10 ATG5 ATG5 NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 63 11 or or CC cord-288670-1vlowf2n 63 12 ATG7 ATG7 NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 63 13 failed fail VBD cord-288670-1vlowf2n 63 14 to to TO cord-288670-1vlowf2n 63 15 impair impair VB cord-288670-1vlowf2n 63 16 the the DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 63 17 viral viral JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 63 18 replication replication NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 63 19 rate rate NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 63 20 . . . cord-288670-1vlowf2n 64 1 Similarly similarly RB cord-288670-1vlowf2n 64 2 , , , cord-288670-1vlowf2n 64 3 virus virus NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 64 4 infection infection NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 64 5 was be VBD cord-288670-1vlowf2n 64 6 not not RB cord-288670-1vlowf2n 64 7 inhibited inhibit VBN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 64 8 by by IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 64 9 the the DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 64 10 knockdown knockdown NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 64 11 of of IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 64 12 ATG5 ATG5 NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 64 13 [ [ -LRB- cord-288670-1vlowf2n 64 14 26 26 CD cord-288670-1vlowf2n 64 15 ] ] -RRB- cord-288670-1vlowf2n 64 16 . . . cord-288670-1vlowf2n 65 1 Thus thus RB cord-288670-1vlowf2n 65 2 , , , cord-288670-1vlowf2n 65 3 all all PDT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 65 4 these these DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 65 5 observations observation NNS cord-288670-1vlowf2n 65 6 suggest suggest VBP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 65 7 that that IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 65 8 the the DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 65 9 autophagy autophagy NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 65 10 machinery machinery NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 65 11 is be VBZ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 65 12 not not RB cord-288670-1vlowf2n 65 13 directly directly RB cord-288670-1vlowf2n 65 14 implicated implicate VBN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 65 15 in in IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 65 16 the the DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 65 17 viral viral JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 65 18 replication replication NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 65 19 process process NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 65 20 . . . cord-288670-1vlowf2n 66 1 Intriguingly intriguingly RB cord-288670-1vlowf2n 66 2 , , , cord-288670-1vlowf2n 66 3 there there EX cord-288670-1vlowf2n 66 4 is be VBZ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 66 5 evidence evidence NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 66 6 suggesting suggest VBG cord-288670-1vlowf2n 66 7 the the DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 66 8 possible possible JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 66 9 inhibitory inhibitory JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 66 10 effect effect NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 66 11 of of IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 66 12 CoV cov NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 66 13 on on IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 66 14 the the DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 66 15 autophagy autophagy NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 66 16 process process NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 66 17 . . . cord-288670-1vlowf2n 67 1 For for IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 67 2 instance instance NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 67 3 , , , cord-288670-1vlowf2n 67 4 a a DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 67 5 study study NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 67 6 using use VBG cord-288670-1vlowf2n 67 7 SARS SARS NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 67 8 - - HYPH cord-288670-1vlowf2n 67 9 CoV CoV NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 67 10 and and CC cord-288670-1vlowf2n 67 11 MERS MERS NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 67 12 - - HYPH cord-288670-1vlowf2n 67 13 CoV CoV NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 67 14 in in IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 67 15 HEK293 HEK293 NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 67 16 T T NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 67 17 , , , cord-288670-1vlowf2n 67 18 HeLa HeLa NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 67 19 and and CC cord-288670-1vlowf2n 67 20 MCF-7 MCF-7 NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 67 21 cells cell NNS cord-288670-1vlowf2n 67 22 found find VBD cord-288670-1vlowf2n 67 23 that that IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 67 24 overexpression overexpression NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 67 25 of of IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 67 26 membrane membrane NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 67 27 - - HYPH cord-288670-1vlowf2n 67 28 associated associate VBN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 67 29 papainlike papainlike NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 67 30 protease protease NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 67 31 PLP2 PLP2 NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 67 32 ( ( -LRB- cord-288670-1vlowf2n 67 33 PLP2-TM PLP2-TM NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 67 34 ) ) -RRB- cord-288670-1vlowf2n 67 35 of of IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 67 36 SARS SARS NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 67 37 - - HYPH cord-288670-1vlowf2n 67 38 CoV CoV NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 67 39 and and CC cord-288670-1vlowf2n 67 40 MERS MERS NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 67 41 - - HYPH cord-288670-1vlowf2n 67 42 CoV CoV NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 67 43 led lead VBD cord-288670-1vlowf2n 67 44 to to IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 67 45 blockage blockage NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 67 46 of of IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 67 47 autophagosomeslysosomes autophagosomeslysosomes NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 67 48 fusion fusion NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 67 49 and and CC cord-288670-1vlowf2n 67 50 suppression suppression NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 67 51 of of IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 67 52 the the DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 67 53 autophagic autophagic NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 67 54 flux flux NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 67 55 [ [ -LRB- cord-288670-1vlowf2n 67 56 31 31 CD cord-288670-1vlowf2n 67 57 ] ] -RRB- cord-288670-1vlowf2n 67 58 . . . cord-288670-1vlowf2n 68 1 Consistently consistently RB cord-288670-1vlowf2n 68 2 , , , cord-288670-1vlowf2n 68 3 a a DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 68 4 more more RBR cord-288670-1vlowf2n 68 5 recent recent JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 68 6 report report NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 68 7 found find VBD cord-288670-1vlowf2n 68 8 that that IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 68 9 MERS MERS NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 68 10 - - HYPH cord-288670-1vlowf2n 68 11 CoV CoV NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 68 12 blocks block VBZ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 68 13 the the DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 68 14 fusion fusion NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 68 15 of of IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 68 16 autophagosomes autophagosome NNS cord-288670-1vlowf2n 68 17 and and CC cord-288670-1vlowf2n 68 18 lysosomes lysosome NNS cord-288670-1vlowf2n 68 19 and and CC cord-288670-1vlowf2n 68 20 induction induction NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 68 21 of of IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 68 22 autophagy autophagy NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 68 23 reduces reduce VBZ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 68 24 the the DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 68 25 replication replication NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 68 26 of of IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 68 27 MERS MERS NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 68 28 - - HYPH cord-288670-1vlowf2n 68 29 CoV CoV NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 68 30 [ [ -LRB- cord-288670-1vlowf2n 68 31 32 32 CD cord-288670-1vlowf2n 68 32 ] ] -RRB- cord-288670-1vlowf2n 68 33 . . . cord-288670-1vlowf2n 69 1 Thus thus RB cord-288670-1vlowf2n 69 2 , , , cord-288670-1vlowf2n 69 3 it -PRON- PRP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 69 4 appears appear VBZ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 69 5 that that IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 69 6 there there EX cord-288670-1vlowf2n 69 7 is be VBZ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 69 8 certain certain JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 69 9 type type NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 69 10 of of IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 69 11 interplay interplay NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 69 12 between between IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 69 13 the the DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 69 14 autophagy autophagy NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 69 15 machinery machinery NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 69 16 and and CC cord-288670-1vlowf2n 69 17 CoVs CoVs NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 69 18 , , , cord-288670-1vlowf2n 69 19 and and CC cord-288670-1vlowf2n 69 20 the the DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 69 21 exact exact JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 69 22 nature nature NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 69 23 of of IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 69 24 such such JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 69 25 interaction interaction NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 69 26 remains remain VBZ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 69 27 to to TO cord-288670-1vlowf2n 69 28 be be VB cord-288670-1vlowf2n 69 29 further further RB cord-288670-1vlowf2n 69 30 elucidated elucidate VBN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 69 31 . . . cord-288670-1vlowf2n 70 1 Taken take VBN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 70 2 together together RB cord-288670-1vlowf2n 70 3 , , , cord-288670-1vlowf2n 70 4 as as IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 70 5 summarized summarize VBN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 70 6 in in IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 70 7 Table Table NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 70 8 1 1 CD cord-288670-1vlowf2n 70 9 , , , cord-288670-1vlowf2n 70 10 it -PRON- PRP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 70 11 is be VBZ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 70 12 still still RB cord-288670-1vlowf2n 70 13 controversial controversial JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 71 1 whether whether IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 71 2 and and CC cord-288670-1vlowf2n 71 3 how how WRB cord-288670-1vlowf2n 71 4 autophagy autophagy NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 71 5 is be VBZ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 71 6 implicated implicate VBN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 71 7 in in IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 71 8 the the DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 71 9 infection infection NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 71 10 of of IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 71 11 CoVs CoVs NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 71 12 . . . cord-288670-1vlowf2n 72 1 The the DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 72 2 discrepancies discrepancy NNS cord-288670-1vlowf2n 72 3 in in IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 72 4 the the DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 72 5 literature literature NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 72 6 is be VBZ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 72 7 probably probably RB cord-288670-1vlowf2n 72 8 due due JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 72 9 to to IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 72 10 the the DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 72 11 different different JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 72 12 viruses virus NNS cord-288670-1vlowf2n 72 13 used use VBN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 72 14 , , , cord-288670-1vlowf2n 72 15 different different JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 72 16 cells cell NNS cord-288670-1vlowf2n 72 17 tested test VBN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 72 18 and and CC cord-288670-1vlowf2n 72 19 even even RB cord-288670-1vlowf2n 72 20 the the DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 72 21 different different JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 72 22 techniques technique NNS cord-288670-1vlowf2n 72 23 used use VBN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 72 24 in in IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 72 25 study study NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 72 26 of of IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 72 27 autophagy autophagy NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 72 28 . . . cord-288670-1vlowf2n 73 1 More More JJR cord-288670-1vlowf2n 73 2 work work NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 73 3 is be VBZ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 73 4 thus thus RB cord-288670-1vlowf2n 73 5 needed need VBN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 73 6 to to TO cord-288670-1vlowf2n 73 7 clarify clarify VB cord-288670-1vlowf2n 73 8 those those DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 73 9 important important JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 73 10 issues issue NNS cord-288670-1vlowf2n 73 11 . . . cord-288670-1vlowf2n 73 12 _SP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 74 1 One one CD cord-288670-1vlowf2n 74 2 of of IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 74 3 the the DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 74 4 key key JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 74 5 determining determine VBG cord-288670-1vlowf2n 74 6 factors factor NNS cord-288670-1vlowf2n 74 7 in in IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 74 8 viral viral JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 74 9 infection infection NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 74 10 is be VBZ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 74 11 the the DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 74 12 entry entry NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 74 13 of of IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 74 14 the the DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 74 15 virus virus NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 74 16 into into IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 74 17 the the DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 74 18 host host NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 74 19 cells cell NNS cord-288670-1vlowf2n 74 20 . . . cord-288670-1vlowf2n 75 1 At at IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 75 2 present present NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 75 3 , , , cord-288670-1vlowf2n 75 4 it -PRON- PRP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 75 5 is be VBZ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 75 6 widely widely RB cord-288670-1vlowf2n 75 7 believed believe VBN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 75 8 that that IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 75 9 CoVs CoVs NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 75 10 enter enter VB cord-288670-1vlowf2n 75 11 the the DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 75 12 host host NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 75 13 cells cell NNS cord-288670-1vlowf2n 75 14 via via IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 75 15 two two CD cord-288670-1vlowf2n 75 16 routes route NNS cord-288670-1vlowf2n 75 17 : : : cord-288670-1vlowf2n 76 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-288670-1vlowf2n 76 2 i i NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 76 3 ) ) -RRB- cord-288670-1vlowf2n 77 1 the the DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 77 2 endocytic endocytic JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 77 3 pathway pathway NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 77 4 and and CC cord-288670-1vlowf2n 77 5 ( ( -LRB- cord-288670-1vlowf2n 77 6 ii ii NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 77 7 ) ) -RRB- cord-288670-1vlowf2n 77 8 non non JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 77 9 - - JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 77 10 endosomal endosomal JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 77 11 pathway pathway NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 77 12 [ [ -LRB- cord-288670-1vlowf2n 77 13 33 33 CD cord-288670-1vlowf2n 77 14 ] ] -RRB- cord-288670-1vlowf2n 77 15 , , , cord-288670-1vlowf2n 77 16 as as IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 77 17 partly partly RB cord-288670-1vlowf2n 77 18 illustrated illustrate VBN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 77 19 in in IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 77 20 Figure Figure NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 77 21 1 1 CD cord-288670-1vlowf2n 77 22 . . . cord-288670-1vlowf2n 78 1 Among among IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 78 2 them -PRON- PRP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 78 3 , , , cord-288670-1vlowf2n 78 4 the the DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 78 5 endocytic endocytic JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 78 6 pathway pathway NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 78 7 is be VBZ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 78 8 considered consider VBN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 78 9 to to TO cord-288670-1vlowf2n 78 10 be be VB cord-288670-1vlowf2n 78 11 particularly particularly RB cord-288670-1vlowf2n 78 12 important important JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 78 13 and and CC cord-288670-1vlowf2n 78 14 has have VBZ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 78 15 been be VBN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 78 16 extensively extensively RB cord-288670-1vlowf2n 78 17 studied study VBN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 78 18 . . . cord-288670-1vlowf2n 79 1 As as IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 79 2 discussed discuss VBN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 79 3 earlier early RBR cord-288670-1vlowf2n 79 4 , , , cord-288670-1vlowf2n 79 5 CoVs CoVs NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 79 6 are be VBP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 79 7 enveloped envelop VBN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 79 8 and and CC cord-288670-1vlowf2n 79 9 plus plus JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 79 10 - - HYPH cord-288670-1vlowf2n 79 11 strand strand NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 79 12 RNA RNA NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 79 13 virus virus NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 79 14 and and CC cord-288670-1vlowf2n 79 15 they -PRON- PRP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 79 16 contain contain VBP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 79 17 a a DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 79 18 set set NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 79 19 of of IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 79 20 four four CD cord-288670-1vlowf2n 79 21 proteins protein NNS cord-288670-1vlowf2n 79 22 that that WDT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 79 23 encapsidate encapsidate VBP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 79 24 the the DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 79 25 viral viral JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 79 26 genomic genomic JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 79 27 RNA RNA NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 79 28 : : : cord-288670-1vlowf2n 79 29 the the DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 79 30 nucleocapsid nucleocapsid NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 79 31 protein protein NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 79 32 ( ( -LRB- cord-288670-1vlowf2n 79 33 N N NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 79 34 ) ) -RRB- cord-288670-1vlowf2n 79 35 , , , cord-288670-1vlowf2n 79 36 the the DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 79 37 membrane membrane NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 79 38 glycoprotein glycoprotein NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 79 39 ( ( -LRB- cord-288670-1vlowf2n 79 40 M M NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 79 41 ) ) -RRB- cord-288670-1vlowf2n 79 42 , , , cord-288670-1vlowf2n 79 43 the the DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 79 44 envelope envelope NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 79 45 protein protein NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 79 46 ( ( -LRB- cord-288670-1vlowf2n 79 47 E E NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 79 48 ) ) -RRB- cord-288670-1vlowf2n 79 49 , , , cord-288670-1vlowf2n 79 50 and and CC cord-288670-1vlowf2n 79 51 the the DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 79 52 spike spike NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 79 53 glycoprotein glycoprotein NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 79 54 ( ( -LRB- cord-288670-1vlowf2n 79 55 S s NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 79 56 ) ) -RRB- cord-288670-1vlowf2n 79 57 [ [ -LRB- cord-288670-1vlowf2n 79 58 34 34 CD cord-288670-1vlowf2n 79 59 ] ] -RRB- cord-288670-1vlowf2n 79 60 . . . cord-288670-1vlowf2n 80 1 Among among IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 80 2 them -PRON- PRP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 80 3 , , , cord-288670-1vlowf2n 80 4 the the DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 80 5 function function NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 80 6 of of IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 80 7 the the DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 80 8 S S NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 80 9 protein protein NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 80 10 is be VBZ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 80 11 mainly mainly RB cord-288670-1vlowf2n 80 12 involved involve VBN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 80 13 in in IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 80 14 the the DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 80 15 process process NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 80 16 of of IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 80 17 viral viral JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 80 18 entry entry NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 80 19 into into IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 80 20 the the DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 80 21 host host NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 80 22 cells cell NNS cord-288670-1vlowf2n 80 23 via via IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 80 24 proteolytic proteolytic JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 80 25 cleavage cleavage NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 80 26 to to TO cord-288670-1vlowf2n 80 27 form form VB cord-288670-1vlowf2n 80 28 two two CD cord-288670-1vlowf2n 80 29 subunits subunit NNS cord-288670-1vlowf2n 80 30 , , , cord-288670-1vlowf2n 80 31 S1 s1 NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 80 32 and and CC cord-288670-1vlowf2n 80 33 S2 S2 NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 80 34 [ [ -LRB- cord-288670-1vlowf2n 80 35 35 35 CD cord-288670-1vlowf2n 80 36 ] ] -RRB- cord-288670-1vlowf2n 80 37 . . . cord-288670-1vlowf2n 81 1 These these DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 81 2 two two CD cord-288670-1vlowf2n 81 3 subunits subunit NNS cord-288670-1vlowf2n 81 4 have have VBP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 81 5 distinct distinct JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 81 6 functions function NNS cord-288670-1vlowf2n 81 7 : : : cord-288670-1vlowf2n 81 8 S1 s1 NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 81 9 is be VBZ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 81 10 responsible responsible JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 81 11 for for IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 81 12 receptor receptor NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 81 13 - - HYPH cord-288670-1vlowf2n 81 14 binding binding NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 81 15 , , , cord-288670-1vlowf2n 81 16 while while IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 81 17 S2 S2 NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 81 18 is be VBZ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 81 19 mainly mainly RB cord-288670-1vlowf2n 81 20 for for IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 81 21 membrane membrane NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 81 22 fusion fusion NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 81 23 and and CC cord-288670-1vlowf2n 81 24 both both DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 81 25 are be VBP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 81 26 essential essential JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 81 27 for for IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 81 28 viral viral JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 81 29 entry entry NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 81 30 via via IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 81 31 the the DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 81 32 endocytic endocytic JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 81 33 pathway pathway NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 81 34 and and CC cord-288670-1vlowf2n 81 35 infection infection NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 81 36 into into IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 81 37 the the DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 81 38 host host NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 81 39 cells cell NNS cord-288670-1vlowf2n 81 40 . . . cord-288670-1vlowf2n 82 1 The the DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 82 2 first first JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 82 3 report report NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 82 4 showing show VBG cord-288670-1vlowf2n 82 5 the the DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 82 6 relevance relevance NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 82 7 of of IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 82 8 endosome endosome NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 82 9 - - HYPH cord-288670-1vlowf2n 82 10 lysosome lysosome NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 82 11 in in IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 82 12 CoVs CoVs NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 82 13 was be VBD cord-288670-1vlowf2n 82 14 from from IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 82 15 a a DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 82 16 morphological morphological JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 82 17 study study NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 82 18 in in IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 82 19 which which WDT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 82 20 two two CD cord-288670-1vlowf2n 82 21 CoVs CoVs NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 82 22 ( ( -LRB- cord-288670-1vlowf2n 82 23 IBV IBV NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 82 24 and and CC cord-288670-1vlowf2n 82 25 Porcine Porcine NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 82 26 Epidemic Epidemic NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 82 27 Diarrhea diarrhea NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 82 28 Virus virus NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 82 29 ( ( -LRB- cord-288670-1vlowf2n 82 30 PEDV PEDV NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 82 31 ) ) -RRB- cord-288670-1vlowf2n 82 32 ) ) -RRB- cord-288670-1vlowf2n 82 33 were be VBD cord-288670-1vlowf2n 82 34 found find VBN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 82 35 to to TO cord-288670-1vlowf2n 82 36 accumulate accumulate VB cord-288670-1vlowf2n 82 37 in in IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 82 38 the the DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 82 39 lysosomes lysosome NNS cord-288670-1vlowf2n 82 40 of of IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 82 41 cells cell NNS cord-288670-1vlowf2n 82 42 after after IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 82 43 infection infection NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 82 44 [ [ -LRB- cord-288670-1vlowf2n 82 45 36 36 CD cord-288670-1vlowf2n 82 46 ] ] -RRB- cord-288670-1vlowf2n 82 47 , , , cord-288670-1vlowf2n 82 48 indicating indicate VBG cord-288670-1vlowf2n 82 49 that that IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 82 50 the the DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 82 51 possible possible JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 82 52 functional functional JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 82 53 implication implication NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 82 54 of of IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 82 55 lysosome lysosome NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 82 56 in in IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 82 57 CoVs CoVs NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 82 58 infection infection NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 82 59 . . . cord-288670-1vlowf2n 83 1 Subsequent subsequent JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 83 2 studies study NNS cord-288670-1vlowf2n 83 3 have have VBP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 83 4 firmly firmly RB cord-288670-1vlowf2n 83 5 established establish VBN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 83 6 that that IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 83 7 the the DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 83 8 endocytic endocytic JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 83 9 pathway pathway NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 83 10 is be VBZ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 83 11 the the DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 83 12 key key JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 83 13 mechanisms mechanism NNS cord-288670-1vlowf2n 83 14 controlling control VBG cord-288670-1vlowf2n 83 15 the the DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 83 16 entry entry NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 83 17 of of IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 83 18 CoVs CoVs NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 83 19 into into IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 83 20 the the DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 83 21 host host NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 83 22 cells cell NNS cord-288670-1vlowf2n 83 23 , , , cord-288670-1vlowf2n 83 24 and and CC cord-288670-1vlowf2n 83 25 thus thus RB cord-288670-1vlowf2n 83 26 the the DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 83 27 endocytic endocytic JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 83 28 pathway pathway NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 83 29 has have VBZ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 83 30 been be VBN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 83 31 widely widely RB cord-288670-1vlowf2n 83 32 investigated investigate VBN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 83 33 as as IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 83 34 the the DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 83 35 target target NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 83 36 of of IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 83 37 anti anti JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 83 38 - - JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 83 39 viral viral JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 83 40 therapies therapy NNS cord-288670-1vlowf2n 83 41 , , , cord-288670-1vlowf2n 83 42 as as IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 83 43 summarized summarize VBN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 83 44 in in IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 83 45 Table Table NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 83 46 2 2 CD cord-288670-1vlowf2n 83 47 . . . cord-288670-1vlowf2n 84 1 Among among IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 84 2 all all PDT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 84 3 these these DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 84 4 studies study NNS cord-288670-1vlowf2n 84 5 , , , cord-288670-1vlowf2n 84 6 there there EX cord-288670-1vlowf2n 84 7 are be VBP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 84 8 several several JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 84 9 important important JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 84 10 points point NNS cord-288670-1vlowf2n 84 11 to to TO cord-288670-1vlowf2n 84 12 be be VB cord-288670-1vlowf2n 84 13 highlighted highlight VBN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 84 14 . . . cord-288670-1vlowf2n 85 1 First first RB cord-288670-1vlowf2n 85 2 , , , cord-288670-1vlowf2n 85 3 different different JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 85 4 CoVs covs NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 85 5 including include VBG cord-288670-1vlowf2n 85 6 MHV MHV NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 85 7 , , , cord-288670-1vlowf2n 85 8 SARS SARS NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 85 9 - - HYPH cord-288670-1vlowf2n 85 10 CoV CoV NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 85 11 and and CC cord-288670-1vlowf2n 85 12 MERS MERS NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 85 13 - - HYPH cord-288670-1vlowf2n 85 14 CoV CoV NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 85 15 have have VBP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 85 16 been be VBN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 85 17 consistently consistently RB cord-288670-1vlowf2n 85 18 demonstrated demonstrate VBN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 85 19 to to TO cord-288670-1vlowf2n 85 20 engage engage VB cord-288670-1vlowf2n 85 21 the the DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 85 22 endocytic endocytic JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 85 23 pathway pathway NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 85 24 as as IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 85 25 the the DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 85 26 main main JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 85 27 mechanism mechanism NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 85 28 for for IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 85 29 viral viral JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 85 30 entry entry NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 85 31 into into IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 85 32 a a DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 85 33 variety variety NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 85 34 types type NNS cord-288670-1vlowf2n 85 35 of of IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 85 36 host host NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 85 37 cells cell NNS cord-288670-1vlowf2n 85 38 . . . cord-288670-1vlowf2n 86 1 Among among IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 86 2 them -PRON- PRP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 86 3 , , , cord-288670-1vlowf2n 86 4 clathrin clathrin NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 86 5 - - HYPH cord-288670-1vlowf2n 86 6 dependent dependent JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 86 7 endocytosis endocytosis NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 86 8 and and CC cord-288670-1vlowf2n 86 9 cathepsinmediated cathepsinmediated NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 86 10 S S NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 86 11 protein protein NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 86 12 cleavage cleavage NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 86 13 are be VBP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 86 14 two two CD cord-288670-1vlowf2n 86 15 critical critical JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 86 16 steps step NNS cord-288670-1vlowf2n 86 17 for for IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 86 18 the the DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 86 19 viral viral JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 86 20 entry entry NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 86 21 and and CC cord-288670-1vlowf2n 86 22 infection infection NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 86 23 . . . cord-288670-1vlowf2n 87 1 In in IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 87 2 fact fact NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 87 3 , , , cord-288670-1vlowf2n 87 4 this this DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 87 5 mechanism mechanism NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 87 6 is be VBZ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 87 7 also also RB cord-288670-1vlowf2n 87 8 applicable applicable JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 87 9 to to IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 87 10 many many JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 87 11 other other JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 87 12 CoVs CoVs NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 87 13 such such JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 87 14 as as IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 87 15 IBV IBV NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 87 16 [ [ -LRB- cord-288670-1vlowf2n 87 17 37 37 CD cord-288670-1vlowf2n 87 18 ] ] -RRB- cord-288670-1vlowf2n 87 19 , , , cord-288670-1vlowf2n 87 20 which which WDT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 87 21 is be VBZ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 87 22 out out IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 87 23 of of IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 87 24 the the DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 87 25 scope scope NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 87 26 of of IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 87 27 this this DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 87 28 review review NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 87 29 . . . cord-288670-1vlowf2n 88 1 Second second RB cord-288670-1vlowf2n 88 2 , , , cord-288670-1vlowf2n 88 3 despite despite IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 88 4 the the DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 88 5 general general JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 88 6 understanding understanding NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 88 7 for for IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 88 8 the the DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 88 9 role role NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 88 10 of of IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 88 11 the the DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 88 12 endocytic endocytic JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 88 13 pathway pathway NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 88 14 for for IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 88 15 viral viral JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 88 16 entry entry NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 88 17 , , , cord-288670-1vlowf2n 88 18 there there EX cord-288670-1vlowf2n 88 19 are be VBP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 88 20 discrepancies discrepancy NNS cord-288670-1vlowf2n 88 21 of of IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 88 22 the the DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 88 23 exact exact JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 88 24 mechanisms mechanism NNS cord-288670-1vlowf2n 88 25 among among IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 88 26 different different JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 88 27 reports report NNS cord-288670-1vlowf2n 88 28 even even RB cord-288670-1vlowf2n 88 29 with with IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 88 30 the the DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 88 31 same same JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 88 32 CoV. CoV. NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 89 1 For for IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 89 2 instance instance NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 89 3 , , , cord-288670-1vlowf2n 89 4 Wang Wang NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 89 5 et et NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 89 6 al al NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 89 7 found find VBD cord-288670-1vlowf2n 89 8 that that IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 89 9 SARS SARS NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 89 10 - - HYPH cord-288670-1vlowf2n 89 11 CoVs CoVs NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 89 12 engage engage VBP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 89 13 clathrin clathrin NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 89 14 - - : cord-288670-1vlowf2n 89 15 and and CC cord-288670-1vlowf2n 89 16 caveolae caveolae JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 89 17 - - HYPH cord-288670-1vlowf2n 89 18 independent independent JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 89 19 endocytic endocytic JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 89 20 pathway pathway NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 89 21 as as IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 89 22 the the DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 89 23 key key JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 89 24 mechanism mechanism NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 89 25 for for IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 89 26 viral viral JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 89 27 entry entry NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 89 28 [ [ -LRB- cord-288670-1vlowf2n 89 29 38 38 CD cord-288670-1vlowf2n 89 30 ] ] -RRB- cord-288670-1vlowf2n 89 31 , , , cord-288670-1vlowf2n 89 32 which which WDT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 89 33 is be VBZ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 89 34 inconsistent inconsistent JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 89 35 with with IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 89 36 an an DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 89 37 earlier early JJR cord-288670-1vlowf2n 89 38 report report NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 89 39 in in IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 89 40 which which WDT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 89 41 SARS SARS NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 89 42 - - HYPH cord-288670-1vlowf2n 89 43 CoV CoV NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 89 44 entry entry NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 89 45 into into IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 89 46 HepG2 HepG2 NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 89 47 cells cell NNS cord-288670-1vlowf2n 89 48 is be VBZ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 89 49 mostly mostly RB cord-288670-1vlowf2n 89 50 mediated mediate VBN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 89 51 by by IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 89 52 the the DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 89 53 clathrin clathrin NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 89 54 - - HYPH cord-288670-1vlowf2n 89 55 dependent dependent JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 89 56 pathway pathway NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 89 57 [ [ -LRB- cord-288670-1vlowf2n 89 58 39 39 CD cord-288670-1vlowf2n 89 59 ] ] -RRB- cord-288670-1vlowf2n 89 60 . . . cord-288670-1vlowf2n 90 1 Part part NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 90 2 of of IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 90 3 the the DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 90 4 reason reason NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 90 5 for for IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 90 6 such such JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 90 7 discrepancies discrepancy NNS cord-288670-1vlowf2n 90 8 is be VBZ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 90 9 the the DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 90 10 different different JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 90 11 cell cell NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 90 12 types type NNS cord-288670-1vlowf2n 90 13 used use VBN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 90 14 in in IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 90 15 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 90 16 studies study NNS cord-288670-1vlowf2n 90 17 , , , cord-288670-1vlowf2n 90 18 as as IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 90 19 shown show VBN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 90 20 in in IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 90 21 Table Table NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 90 22 2 2 CD cord-288670-1vlowf2n 90 23 . . . cord-288670-1vlowf2n 91 1 Therefore therefore RB cord-288670-1vlowf2n 91 2 , , , cord-288670-1vlowf2n 91 3 it -PRON- PRP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 91 4 is be VBZ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 91 5 possible possible JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 91 6 that that IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 91 7 the the DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 91 8 exact exact JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 91 9 nature nature NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 91 10 of of IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 91 11 the the DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 91 12 entry entry NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 91 13 is be VBZ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 91 14 context context NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 91 15 - - HYPH cord-288670-1vlowf2n 91 16 dependent dependent JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 91 17 , , , cord-288670-1vlowf2n 91 18 including include VBG cord-288670-1vlowf2n 91 19 the the DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 91 20 type type NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 91 21 of of IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 91 22 the the DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 91 23 virus virus NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 91 24 and and CC cord-288670-1vlowf2n 91 25 the the DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 91 26 type type NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 91 27 of of IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 91 28 the the DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 91 29 cells cell NNS cord-288670-1vlowf2n 91 30 . . . cord-288670-1vlowf2n 92 1 Third third RB cord-288670-1vlowf2n 92 2 , , , cord-288670-1vlowf2n 92 3 at at IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 92 4 present present NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 92 5 , , , cord-288670-1vlowf2n 92 6 the the DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 92 7 entry entry NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 92 8 mechanisms mechanism NNS cord-288670-1vlowf2n 92 9 and and CC cord-288670-1vlowf2n 92 10 the the DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 92 11 implication implication NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 92 12 of of IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 92 13 the the DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 92 14 endocytic endocytic JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 92 15 pathway pathway NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 92 16 of of IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 92 17 the the DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 92 18 new new JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 92 19 emerging emerge VBG cord-288670-1vlowf2n 92 20 SARS SARS NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 92 21 - - HYPH cord-288670-1vlowf2n 92 22 CoV-2 CoV-2 NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 92 23 have have VBP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 92 24 not not RB cord-288670-1vlowf2n 92 25 been be VBN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 92 26 reported report VBN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 92 27 directly directly RB cord-288670-1vlowf2n 92 28 . . . cord-288670-1vlowf2n 93 1 It -PRON- PRP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 93 2 is be VBZ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 93 3 now now RB cord-288670-1vlowf2n 93 4 known know VBN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 93 5 that that IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 93 6 SARS SARS NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 93 7 - - HYPH cord-288670-1vlowf2n 93 8 CoV-2 CoV-2 NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 93 9 utilizes utilize VBZ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 93 10 the the DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 93 11 same same JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 93 12 receptor receptor NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 93 13 of of IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 93 14 SARS SARS NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 93 15 - - HYPH cord-288670-1vlowf2n 93 16 CoV CoV NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 93 17 , , , cord-288670-1vlowf2n 93 18 which which WDT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 93 19 is be VBZ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 93 20 angiotensin angiotensin NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 93 21 converting convert VBG cord-288670-1vlowf2n 93 22 enzyme enzyme NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 93 23 II II NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 93 24 ( ( -LRB- cord-288670-1vlowf2n 93 25 ACE2 ACE2 NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 93 26 ) ) -RRB- cord-288670-1vlowf2n 93 27 for for IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 93 28 viral viral JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 93 29 entry entry NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 93 30 into into IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 93 31 the the DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 93 32 host host NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 93 33 cells cell NNS cord-288670-1vlowf2n 93 34 [ [ -LRB- cord-288670-1vlowf2n 93 35 5 5 CD cord-288670-1vlowf2n 93 36 , , , cord-288670-1vlowf2n 93 37 40 40 CD cord-288670-1vlowf2n 93 38 ] ] -RRB- cord-288670-1vlowf2n 93 39 . . . cord-288670-1vlowf2n 94 1 ACE2 ACE2 NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 94 2 transcripts transcript NNS cord-288670-1vlowf2n 94 3 was be VBD cord-288670-1vlowf2n 94 4 originally originally RB cord-288670-1vlowf2n 94 5 only only RB cord-288670-1vlowf2n 94 6 found find VBN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 94 7 in in IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 94 8 heart heart NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 94 9 , , , cord-288670-1vlowf2n 94 10 kidney kidney NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 94 11 and and CC cord-288670-1vlowf2n 94 12 testis testis NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 94 13 of of IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 94 14 human human JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 94 15 [ [ -LRB- cord-288670-1vlowf2n 94 16 41 41 CD cord-288670-1vlowf2n 94 17 ] ] -RRB- cord-288670-1vlowf2n 94 18 . . . cord-288670-1vlowf2n 95 1 However however RB cord-288670-1vlowf2n 95 2 , , , cord-288670-1vlowf2n 95 3 it -PRON- PRP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 95 4 was be VBD cord-288670-1vlowf2n 95 5 later later RB cord-288670-1vlowf2n 95 6 found find VBN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 95 7 that that IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 95 8 ACE2 ACE2 NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 95 9 protein protein NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 95 10 expresses express VBZ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 95 11 abundantly abundantly RB cord-288670-1vlowf2n 95 12 in in IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 95 13 the the DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 95 14 epithelia epithelium NNS cord-288670-1vlowf2n 95 15 of of IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 95 16 the the DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 95 17 human human JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 95 18 lung lung NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 95 19 and and CC cord-288670-1vlowf2n 95 20 small small JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 95 21 intestine intestine NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 95 22 [ [ -LRB- cord-288670-1vlowf2n 95 23 42 42 CD cord-288670-1vlowf2n 95 24 ] ] -RRB- cord-288670-1vlowf2n 95 25 . . . cord-288670-1vlowf2n 96 1 Since since IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 96 2 SARS SARS NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 96 3 - - HYPH cord-288670-1vlowf2n 96 4 CoV-2 CoV-2 NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 96 5 also also RB cord-288670-1vlowf2n 96 6 binds bind VBZ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 96 7 to to IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 96 8 the the DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 96 9 same same JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 96 10 ACE2 ACE2 NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 96 11 receptor receptor NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 96 12 as as IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 96 13 SARS SARS NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 96 14 - - HYPH cord-288670-1vlowf2n 96 15 CoV CoV NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 96 16 [ [ -LRB- cord-288670-1vlowf2n 96 17 5 5 CD cord-288670-1vlowf2n 96 18 ] ] -RRB- cord-288670-1vlowf2n 96 19 and and CC cord-288670-1vlowf2n 96 20 SARS SARS NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 96 21 - - HYPH cord-288670-1vlowf2n 96 22 CoV-2 CoV-2 NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 96 23 is be VBZ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 96 24 also also RB cord-288670-1vlowf2n 96 25 susceptible susceptible JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 96 26 to to IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 96 27 the the DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 96 28 inhibitory inhibitory JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 96 29 effect effect NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 96 30 of of IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 96 31 chloroquine chloroquine NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 96 32 ( ( -LRB- cord-288670-1vlowf2n 96 33 CQ CQ NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 96 34 ) ) -RRB- cord-288670-1vlowf2n 96 35 , , , cord-288670-1vlowf2n 96 36 a a DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 96 37 lysosomotropic lysosomotropic JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 96 38 agent agent NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 96 39 [ [ -LRB- cord-288670-1vlowf2n 96 40 43 43 CD cord-288670-1vlowf2n 96 41 ] ] -RRB- cord-288670-1vlowf2n 97 1 , , , cord-288670-1vlowf2n 97 2 it -PRON- PRP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 97 3 is be VBZ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 97 4 highly highly RB cord-288670-1vlowf2n 97 5 possible possible JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 97 6 that that IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 97 7 this this DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 97 8 new new JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 97 9 CoV cov NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 97 10 utilizes utilize VBZ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 97 11 the the DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 97 12 same same JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 97 13 endocytic endocytic JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 97 14 pathway pathway NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 97 15 for for IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 97 16 entry entry NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 97 17 into into IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 97 18 the the DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 97 19 host host NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 97 20 cells cell NNS cord-288670-1vlowf2n 97 21 . . . cord-288670-1vlowf2n 98 1 Understanding understand VBG cord-288670-1vlowf2n 98 2 this this DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 98 3 mechanism mechanism NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 98 4 is be VBZ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 98 5 important important JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 98 6 in in IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 98 7 the the DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 98 8 search search NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 98 9 of of IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 98 10 effective effective JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 98 11 therapeutic therapeutic JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 98 12 agents agent NNS cord-288670-1vlowf2n 98 13 in in IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 98 14 the the DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 98 15 treatment treatment NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 98 16 of of IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 98 17 COVID-19 covid-19 NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 98 18 caused cause VBN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 98 19 by by IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 98 20 this this DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 98 21 new new JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 98 22 CoV. CoV. NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 98 23 Finally finally RB cord-288670-1vlowf2n 98 24 , , , cord-288670-1vlowf2n 98 25 in in IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 98 26 almost almost RB cord-288670-1vlowf2n 98 27 all all PDT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 98 28 the the DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 98 29 studies study NNS cord-288670-1vlowf2n 98 30 listed list VBN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 98 31 in in IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 98 32 Table Table NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 98 33 2 2 CD cord-288670-1vlowf2n 98 34 , , , cord-288670-1vlowf2n 98 35 different different JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 98 36 inhibitors inhibitor NNS cord-288670-1vlowf2n 98 37 of of IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 98 38 the the DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 98 39 endocytic endocytic JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 98 40 pathway pathway NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 98 41 have have VBP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 98 42 been be VBN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 98 43 used use VBN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 98 44 in in IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 98 45 blocking block VBG cord-288670-1vlowf2n 98 46 viral viral JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 98 47 entry entry NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 98 48 and and CC cord-288670-1vlowf2n 98 49 infection infection NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 98 50 . . . cord-288670-1vlowf2n 99 1 Among among IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 99 2 them -PRON- PRP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 99 3 , , , cord-288670-1vlowf2n 99 4 three three CD cord-288670-1vlowf2n 99 5 groups group NNS cord-288670-1vlowf2n 99 6 of of IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 99 7 inhibitors inhibitor NNS cord-288670-1vlowf2n 99 8 are be VBP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 99 9 believed believe VBN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 99 10 to to TO cord-288670-1vlowf2n 99 11 be be VB cord-288670-1vlowf2n 99 12 particularly particularly RB cord-288670-1vlowf2n 99 13 important important JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 99 14 and and CC cord-288670-1vlowf2n 99 15 clinically clinically RB cord-288670-1vlowf2n 99 16 relevant relevant JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 99 17 . . . cord-288670-1vlowf2n 100 1 The the DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 100 2 first first JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 100 3 group group NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 100 4 are be VBP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 100 5 the the DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 100 6 lysosomotropic lysosomotropic JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 100 7 agents agent NNS cord-288670-1vlowf2n 100 8 which which WDT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 100 9 are be VBP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 100 10 capable capable JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 100 11 of of IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 100 12 accumulating accumulate VBG cord-288670-1vlowf2n 100 13 inside inside RB cord-288670-1vlowf2n 100 14 and and CC cord-288670-1vlowf2n 100 15 neutralizing neutralize VBG cord-288670-1vlowf2n 100 16 the the DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 100 17 endosome endosome NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 100 18 - - HYPH cord-288670-1vlowf2n 100 19 lysosomal lysosomal VBG cord-288670-1vlowf2n 100 20 acidic acidic JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 100 21 pH ph NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 100 22 and and CC cord-288670-1vlowf2n 100 23 thus thus RB cord-288670-1vlowf2n 100 24 blocking block VBG cord-288670-1vlowf2n 100 25 the the DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 100 26 protease protease NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 100 27 activity activity NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 100 28 to to TO cord-288670-1vlowf2n 100 29 inhibit inhibit VB cord-288670-1vlowf2n 100 30 the the DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 100 31 viral viral JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 100 32 entry entry NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 100 33 . . . cord-288670-1vlowf2n 101 1 In in IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 101 2 this this DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 101 3 group group NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 101 4 , , , cord-288670-1vlowf2n 101 5 CQ CQ NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 101 6 is be VBZ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 101 7 an an DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 101 8 ancient ancient JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 101 9 anti anti JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 101 10 - - JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 101 11 malaria malaria JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 101 12 drug drug NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 101 13 and and CC cord-288670-1vlowf2n 101 14 clinically clinically RB cord-288670-1vlowf2n 101 15 available available JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 101 16 , , , cord-288670-1vlowf2n 101 17 as as IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 101 18 shown show VBN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 101 19 in in IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 101 20 Figure figure NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 101 21 1 1 CD cord-288670-1vlowf2n 101 22 . . . cord-288670-1vlowf2n 102 1 The the DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 102 2 second second JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 102 3 group group NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 102 4 are be VBP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 102 5 direct direct JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 102 6 endosomal endosomal NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 102 7 - - HYPH cord-288670-1vlowf2n 102 8 lysosomal lysosomal NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 102 9 protease protease NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 102 10 inhibitors inhibitor NNS cord-288670-1vlowf2n 102 11 such such JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 102 12 as as IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 102 13 E64d E64d NNS cord-288670-1vlowf2n 102 14 . . . cord-288670-1vlowf2n 103 1 And and CC cord-288670-1vlowf2n 103 2 the the DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 103 3 third third JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 103 4 group group NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 103 5 are be VBP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 103 6 inhibitors inhibitor NNS cord-288670-1vlowf2n 103 7 for for IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 103 8 the the DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 103 9 clathrin clathrin NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 103 10 - - HYPH cord-288670-1vlowf2n 103 11 mediated mediate VBN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 103 12 endocytosis endocytosis NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 103 13 such such JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 103 14 as as IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 103 15 chlorpromazine chlorpromazine NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 103 16 , , , cord-288670-1vlowf2n 103 17 which which WDT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 103 18 is be VBZ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 103 19 also also RB cord-288670-1vlowf2n 103 20 clinically clinically RB cord-288670-1vlowf2n 103 21 available available JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 103 22 ( ( -LRB- cord-288670-1vlowf2n 103 23 Figure figure NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 103 24 1 1 CD cord-288670-1vlowf2n 103 25 ) ) -RRB- cord-288670-1vlowf2n 103 26 . . . cord-288670-1vlowf2n 104 1 The the DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 104 2 details detail NNS cord-288670-1vlowf2n 104 3 of of IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 104 4 such such JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 104 5 inhibitors inhibitor NNS cord-288670-1vlowf2n 104 6 are be VBP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 104 7 to to TO cord-288670-1vlowf2n 104 8 be be VB cord-288670-1vlowf2n 104 9 discussed discuss VBN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 104 10 in in IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 104 11 the the DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 104 12 section section NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 104 13 below below RB cord-288670-1vlowf2n 104 14 . . . cord-288670-1vlowf2n 105 1 Taken take VBN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 105 2 together together RB cord-288670-1vlowf2n 105 3 , , , cord-288670-1vlowf2n 105 4 establishing establish VBG cord-288670-1vlowf2n 105 5 the the DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 105 6 role role NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 105 7 of of IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 105 8 endocytic endocytic JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 105 9 pathway pathway NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 105 10 in in IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 105 11 viral viral JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 105 12 entry entry NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 105 13 is be VBZ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 105 14 a a DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 105 15 major major JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 105 16 breakthrough breakthrough NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 105 17 in in IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 105 18 the the DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 105 19 mechanistic mechanistic JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 105 20 understanding understanding NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 105 21 of of IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 105 22 the the DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 105 23 CoVs CoVs NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 105 24 infection infection NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 105 25 , , , cord-288670-1vlowf2n 105 26 which which WDT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 105 27 offers offer VBZ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 105 28 great great JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 105 29 opportunity opportunity NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 105 30 in in IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 105 31 development development NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 105 32 of of IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 105 33 novel novel JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 105 34 therapeutic therapeutic JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 105 35 strategies strategy NNS cord-288670-1vlowf2n 105 36 for for IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 105 37 treatment treatment NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 105 38 of of IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 105 39 diseases disease NNS cord-288670-1vlowf2n 105 40 such such JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 105 41 as as IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 105 42 SARS SARS NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 105 43 and and CC cord-288670-1vlowf2n 105 44 COVID-19 COVID-19 NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 105 45 . . . cord-288670-1vlowf2n 106 1 Lysosomotropic lysosomotropic JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 106 2 agents agent NNS cord-288670-1vlowf2n 106 3 targeting target VBG cord-288670-1vlowf2n 106 4 endosomal/ endosomal/ JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 106 5 lysosomal lysosomal NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 106 6 pH pH NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 106 7 CQ CQ NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 106 8 , , , cord-288670-1vlowf2n 106 9 a a DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 106 10 well well RB cord-288670-1vlowf2n 106 11 - - HYPH cord-288670-1vlowf2n 106 12 known know VBN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 106 13 anti anti JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 106 14 - - JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 106 15 malarial malarial JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 106 16 drug drug NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 106 17 , , , cord-288670-1vlowf2n 106 18 is be VBZ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 106 19 probably probably RB cord-288670-1vlowf2n 106 20 the the DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 106 21 most most RBS cord-288670-1vlowf2n 106 22 well well RB cord-288670-1vlowf2n 106 23 - - HYPH cord-288670-1vlowf2n 106 24 studied study VBN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 106 25 lysosomotropic lysosomotropic JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 106 26 agent agent NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 106 27 that that WDT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 106 28 accumulates accumulate VBZ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 106 29 in in IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 106 30 the the DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 106 31 acidic acidic JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 106 32 organelles organelle NNS cord-288670-1vlowf2n 106 33 such such JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 106 34 as as IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 106 35 endosomes endosome NNS cord-288670-1vlowf2n 106 36 and and CC cord-288670-1vlowf2n 106 37 lysosomes lysosome NNS cord-288670-1vlowf2n 106 38 and and CC cord-288670-1vlowf2n 106 39 neutralizes neutralize VBZ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 106 40 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 106 41 pH ph XX cord-288670-1vlowf2n 106 42 [ [ -LRB- cord-288670-1vlowf2n 106 43 57 57 CD cord-288670-1vlowf2n 106 44 ] ] -RRB- cord-288670-1vlowf2n 106 45 . . . cord-288670-1vlowf2n 107 1 At at IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 107 2 present present NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 107 3 , , , cord-288670-1vlowf2n 107 4 it -PRON- PRP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 107 5 has have VBZ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 107 6 been be VBN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 107 7 well well RB cord-288670-1vlowf2n 107 8 studied study VBN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 107 9 that that IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 107 10 CQ CQ NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 107 11 has have VBZ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 107 12 a a DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 107 13 wide wide JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 107 14 - - HYPH cord-288670-1vlowf2n 107 15 spectrum spectrum NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 107 16 of of IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 107 17 anti anti JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 107 18 - - JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 107 19 viral viral JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 107 20 effects effect NNS cord-288670-1vlowf2n 107 21 including include VBG cord-288670-1vlowf2n 107 22 anti anti JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 107 23 - - JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 107 24 CoVs covs JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 107 25 , , , cord-288670-1vlowf2n 107 26 anti anti JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 107 27 - - JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 107 28 HIV HIV NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 107 29 , , , cord-288670-1vlowf2n 107 30 and and CC cord-288670-1vlowf2n 107 31 anti anti JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 107 32 - - JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 107 33 type type JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 107 34 A a NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 107 35 and and CC cord-288670-1vlowf2n 107 36 B b NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 107 37 influenza influenza NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 107 38 viruses virus NNS cord-288670-1vlowf2n 107 39 [ [ -LRB- cord-288670-1vlowf2n 107 40 58 58 CD cord-288670-1vlowf2n 107 41 ] ] -RRB- cord-288670-1vlowf2n 107 42 . . . cord-288670-1vlowf2n 108 1 The the DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 108 2 anti anti JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 108 3 - - JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 108 4 viral viral JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 108 5 effects effect NNS cord-288670-1vlowf2n 108 6 of of IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 108 7 CQ CQ NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 108 8 and and CC cord-288670-1vlowf2n 108 9 its -PRON- PRP$ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 108 10 analogs analog NNS cord-288670-1vlowf2n 108 11 have have VBP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 108 12 been be VBN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 108 13 reviewed review VBN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 108 14 elsewhere elsewhere RB cord-288670-1vlowf2n 108 15 [ [ -LRB- cord-288670-1vlowf2n 108 16 59 59 CD cord-288670-1vlowf2n 108 17 ] ] -RRB- cord-288670-1vlowf2n 108 18 . . . cord-288670-1vlowf2n 109 1 Here here RB cord-288670-1vlowf2n 109 2 we -PRON- PRP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 109 3 would would MD cord-288670-1vlowf2n 109 4 like like VB cord-288670-1vlowf2n 109 5 to to TO cord-288670-1vlowf2n 109 6 focus focus VB cord-288670-1vlowf2n 109 7 on on IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 109 8 the the DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 109 9 effect effect NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 109 10 of of IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 109 11 CQ CQ NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 109 12 on on IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 109 13 CoVs CoVs NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 109 14 , , , cord-288670-1vlowf2n 109 15 as as IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 109 16 summarized summarize VBN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 109 17 in in IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 109 18 Table Table NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 109 19 2 2 CD cord-288670-1vlowf2n 109 20 . . . cord-288670-1vlowf2n 110 1 For for IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 110 2 instance instance NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 110 3 , , , cord-288670-1vlowf2n 110 4 CQ CQ NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 110 5 has have VBZ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 110 6 been be VBN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 110 7 shown show VBN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 110 8 to to TO cord-288670-1vlowf2n 110 9 inhibit inhibit VB cord-288670-1vlowf2n 110 10 MERS MERS NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 110 11 - - HYPH cord-288670-1vlowf2n 110 12 CoV cov NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 110 13 replication replication NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 110 14 in in IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 110 15 vitro vitro FW cord-288670-1vlowf2n 110 16 via via IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 110 17 a a DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 110 18 screening screening NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 110 19 of of IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 110 20 an an DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 110 21 FDA FDA NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 110 22 - - HYPH cord-288670-1vlowf2n 110 23 approved approve VBN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 110 24 compound compound NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 110 25 library library NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 110 26 [ [ -LRB- cord-288670-1vlowf2n 110 27 60 60 CD cord-288670-1vlowf2n 110 28 ] ] -RRB- cord-288670-1vlowf2n 110 29 . . . cord-288670-1vlowf2n 111 1 Treatment treatment NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 111 2 with with IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 111 3 CQ CQ NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 111 4 at at IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 111 5 a a DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 111 6 clinically clinically RB cord-288670-1vlowf2n 111 7 relevant relevant JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 111 8 concentration concentration NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 111 9 , , , cord-288670-1vlowf2n 111 10 either either CC cord-288670-1vlowf2n 111 11 before before IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 111 12 or or CC cord-288670-1vlowf2n 111 13 after after IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 111 14 SARS SARS NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 111 15 - - HYPH cord-288670-1vlowf2n 111 16 CoV CoV NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 111 17 infection infection NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 111 18 into into IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 111 19 the the DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 111 20 Vero Vero NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 111 21 E6 E6 NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 111 22 cells cell NNS cord-288670-1vlowf2n 111 23 , , , cord-288670-1vlowf2n 111 24 was be VBD cord-288670-1vlowf2n 111 25 found find VBN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 111 26 to to TO cord-288670-1vlowf2n 111 27 be be VB cord-288670-1vlowf2n 111 28 effective effective JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 111 29 in in IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 111 30 suppressing suppress VBG cord-288670-1vlowf2n 111 31 viral viral JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 111 32 infection infection NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 111 33 , , , cord-288670-1vlowf2n 111 34 indicating indicate VBG cord-288670-1vlowf2n 111 35 its -PRON- PRP$ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 111 36 application application NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 111 37 in in IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 111 38 both both CC cord-288670-1vlowf2n 111 39 prophylactic prophylactic JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 111 40 and and CC cord-288670-1vlowf2n 111 41 therapeutic therapeutic JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 111 42 conditions condition NNS cord-288670-1vlowf2n 111 43 [ [ -LRB- cord-288670-1vlowf2n 111 44 47 47 CD cord-288670-1vlowf2n 111 45 ] ] -RRB- cord-288670-1vlowf2n 111 46 . . . cord-288670-1vlowf2n 112 1 Similar similar JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 112 2 results result NNS cord-288670-1vlowf2n 112 3 were be VBD cord-288670-1vlowf2n 112 4 also also RB cord-288670-1vlowf2n 112 5 found find VBN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 112 6 in in IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 112 7 another another DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 112 8 lysosomotropic lysosomotropic JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 112 9 agent agent NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 112 10 , , , cord-288670-1vlowf2n 112 11 ammonium ammonium NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 112 12 chloride chloride NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 112 13 ( ( -LRB- cord-288670-1vlowf2n 112 14 NH4Cl NH4Cl NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 112 15 ) ) -RRB- cord-288670-1vlowf2n 112 16 [ [ -LRB- cord-288670-1vlowf2n 112 17 47 47 CD cord-288670-1vlowf2n 112 18 ] ] -RRB- cord-288670-1vlowf2n 112 19 . . . cord-288670-1vlowf2n 113 1 It -PRON- PRP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 113 2 is be VBZ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 113 3 known know VBN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 113 4 that that IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 113 5 the the DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 113 6 cleavage cleavage NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 113 7 of of IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 113 8 the the DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 113 9 Spike Spike NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 113 10 Glycoprotein Glycoprotein NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 113 11 ( ( -LRB- cord-288670-1vlowf2n 113 12 S s NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 113 13 protein protein NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 113 14 ) ) -RRB- cord-288670-1vlowf2n 113 15 by by IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 113 16 proteases protease NNS cord-288670-1vlowf2n 113 17 is be VBZ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 113 18 required require VBN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 113 19 for for IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 113 20 the the DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 113 21 SARS SARS NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 113 22 - - HYPH cord-288670-1vlowf2n 113 23 CoV CoV NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 113 24 entry entry NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 113 25 to to IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 113 26 the the DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 113 27 cells cell NNS cord-288670-1vlowf2n 113 28 via via IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 113 29 a a DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 113 30 pH ph NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 113 31 - - HYPH cord-288670-1vlowf2n 113 32 dependent dependent JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 113 33 manner manner NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 113 34 [ [ -LRB- cord-288670-1vlowf2n 113 35 45 45 CD cord-288670-1vlowf2n 113 36 ] ] -RRB- cord-288670-1vlowf2n 113 37 . . . cord-288670-1vlowf2n 114 1 Mechanistically Mechanistically NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 114 2 , , , cord-288670-1vlowf2n 114 3 it -PRON- PRP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 114 4 is be VBZ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 114 5 believed believe VBN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 114 6 that that IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 114 7 the the DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 114 8 neutralization neutralization NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 114 9 of of IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 114 10 endo endo NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 114 11 - - HYPH cord-288670-1vlowf2n 114 12 lysosomal lysosomal JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 114 13 pH ph NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 114 14 by by IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 114 15 CQ CQ NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 114 16 inhibits inhibit VBZ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 114 17 the the DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 114 18 protease protease NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 114 19 activities activity NNS cord-288670-1vlowf2n 114 20 and and CC cord-288670-1vlowf2n 114 21 prevents prevent VBZ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 114 22 the the DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 114 23 cleavage cleavage NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 114 24 of of IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 114 25 S s NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 114 26 protein protein NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 114 27 and and CC cord-288670-1vlowf2n 114 28 subsequently subsequently RB cord-288670-1vlowf2n 114 29 impairs impair VBZ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 114 30 the the DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 114 31 viral viral JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 114 32 entry entry NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 114 33 into into IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 114 34 the the DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 114 35 host host NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 114 36 cell cell NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 114 37 . . . cord-288670-1vlowf2n 115 1 Interestingly interestingly RB cord-288670-1vlowf2n 115 2 , , , cord-288670-1vlowf2n 115 3 Wang Wang NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 115 4 et et NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 115 5 al al NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 115 6 showed show VBD cord-288670-1vlowf2n 115 7 that that IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 115 8 in in IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 115 9 cells cell NNS cord-288670-1vlowf2n 115 10 treated treat VBN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 115 11 with with IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 115 12 CQ CQ NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 115 13 , , , cord-288670-1vlowf2n 115 14 NH4Cl NH4Cl NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 115 15 or or CC cord-288670-1vlowf2n 115 16 Bafilomycin Bafilomycin NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 115 17 A1 A1 NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 115 18 ( ( -LRB- cord-288670-1vlowf2n 115 19 an an DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 115 20 endo endo NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 115 21 / / SYM cord-288670-1vlowf2n 115 22 lysosomal lysosomal JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 115 23 V v NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 115 24 - - HYPH cord-288670-1vlowf2n 115 25 ATPase ATPase NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 115 26 inhibitor inhibitor NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 115 27 ) ) -RRB- cord-288670-1vlowf2n 115 28 , , , cord-288670-1vlowf2n 115 29 the the DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 115 30 viral viral JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 115 31 receptor receptor NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 115 32 ACE2 ACE2 NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 115 33 was be VBD cord-288670-1vlowf2n 115 34 trapped trap VBN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 115 35 within within IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 115 36 perinuclear perinuclear NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 115 37 vacuoles vacuole NNS cord-288670-1vlowf2n 115 38 [ [ -LRB- cord-288670-1vlowf2n 115 39 38 38 CD cord-288670-1vlowf2n 115 40 ] ] -RRB- cord-288670-1vlowf2n 115 41 , , , cord-288670-1vlowf2n 115 42 suggesting suggest VBG cord-288670-1vlowf2n 115 43 that that IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 115 44 these these DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 115 45 lysosomotropic lysosomotropic JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 115 46 agents agent NNS cord-288670-1vlowf2n 115 47 may may MD cord-288670-1vlowf2n 115 48 also also RB cord-288670-1vlowf2n 115 49 affect affect VB cord-288670-1vlowf2n 115 50 the the DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 115 51 function function NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 115 52 of of IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 115 53 ACE2 ACE2 NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 115 54 . . . cord-288670-1vlowf2n 116 1 Since since IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 116 2 ACE2 ACE2 NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 116 3 serves serve VBZ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 116 4 as as IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 116 5 the the DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 116 6 viral viral JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 116 7 receptor receptor NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 116 8 for for IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 116 9 both both DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 116 10 SARS SARS NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 116 11 - - HYPH cord-288670-1vlowf2n 116 12 CoV CoV NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 116 13 and and CC cord-288670-1vlowf2n 116 14 SARS SARS NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 116 15 - - HYPH cord-288670-1vlowf2n 116 16 CoV-2 CoV-2 NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 116 17 , , , cord-288670-1vlowf2n 116 18 such such JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 116 19 observations observation NNS cord-288670-1vlowf2n 116 20 further far RBR cord-288670-1vlowf2n 116 21 support support VBP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 116 22 the the DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 116 23 notion notion NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 116 24 for for IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 116 25 the the DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 116 26 potent potent JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 116 27 anti anti JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 116 28 - - JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 116 29 viral viral JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 116 30 activity activity NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 116 31 of of IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 116 32 those those DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 116 33 lysosomotropic lysosomotropic JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 116 34 agents agent NNS cord-288670-1vlowf2n 116 35 . . . cord-288670-1vlowf2n 117 1 Indeed indeed RB cord-288670-1vlowf2n 117 2 , , , cord-288670-1vlowf2n 117 3 a a DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 117 4 very very RB cord-288670-1vlowf2n 117 5 recent recent JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 117 6 study study NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 117 7 showed show VBD cord-288670-1vlowf2n 117 8 that that IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 117 9 CQ CQ NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 117 10 inhibits inhibit VBZ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 117 11 the the DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 117 12 SARS SARS NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 117 13 - - HYPH cord-288670-1vlowf2n 117 14 CoV-2 CoV-2 NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 117 15 infection infection NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 117 16 at at IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 117 17 both both DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 117 18 entry entry NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 117 19 and and CC cord-288670-1vlowf2n 117 20 post post JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 117 21 - - JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 117 22 entry entry JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 117 23 stages stage NNS cord-288670-1vlowf2n 117 24 in in IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 117 25 Vero Vero NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 117 26 E6 E6 NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 117 27 cells cell NNS cord-288670-1vlowf2n 117 28 [ [ -LRB- cord-288670-1vlowf2n 117 29 43 43 CD cord-288670-1vlowf2n 117 30 ] ] -RRB- cord-288670-1vlowf2n 117 31 . . . cord-288670-1vlowf2n 118 1 In in IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 118 2 addition addition NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 118 3 to to IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 118 4 its -PRON- PRP$ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 118 5 direct direct JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 118 6 effects effect NNS cord-288670-1vlowf2n 118 7 on on IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 118 8 CoVs CoVs NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 118 9 , , , cord-288670-1vlowf2n 118 10 there there EX cord-288670-1vlowf2n 118 11 is be VBZ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 118 12 evidence evidence NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 118 13 of of IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 118 14 the the DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 118 15 combinational combinational JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 118 16 activity activity NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 118 17 of of IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 118 18 CQ CQ NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 118 19 with with IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 118 20 other other JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 118 21 therapeutic therapeutic JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 118 22 agents agent NNS cord-288670-1vlowf2n 118 23 for for IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 118 24 treatment treatment NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 118 25 of of IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 118 26 SARS SARS NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 118 27 , , , cord-288670-1vlowf2n 118 28 MERS MERS NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 118 29 and and CC cord-288670-1vlowf2n 118 30 possibly possibly RB cord-288670-1vlowf2n 118 31 COVID-19 covid-19 VB cord-288670-1vlowf2n 118 32 . . . cord-288670-1vlowf2n 119 1 For for IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 119 2 instance instance NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 119 3 , , , cord-288670-1vlowf2n 119 4 He -PRON- PRP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 119 5 et et FW cord-288670-1vlowf2n 119 6 al al NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 119 7 reported report VBD cord-288670-1vlowf2n 119 8 that that IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 119 9 CQ CQ NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 119 10 has have VBZ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 119 11 synergistic synergistic JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 119 12 effect effect NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 119 13 on on IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 119 14 glucocorticoid glucocorticoid NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 119 15 signaling signal VBG cord-288670-1vlowf2n 119 16 by by IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 119 17 stabilizing stabilize VBG cord-288670-1vlowf2n 119 18 glucocorticoid glucocorticoid NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 119 19 receptor receptor NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 119 20 [ [ -LRB- cord-288670-1vlowf2n 119 21 61 61 CD cord-288670-1vlowf2n 119 22 ] ] -RRB- cord-288670-1vlowf2n 119 23 . . . cord-288670-1vlowf2n 120 1 Since since IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 120 2 glucocorticoid glucocorticoid NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 120 3 is be VBZ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 120 4 one one CD cord-288670-1vlowf2n 120 5 of of IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 120 6 the the DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 120 7 recommended recommend VBN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 120 8 therapy therapy NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 120 9 for for IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 120 10 severe severe JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 120 11 SARS SARS NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 120 12 patients patient NNS cord-288670-1vlowf2n 120 13 [ [ -LRB- cord-288670-1vlowf2n 120 14 62 62 CD cord-288670-1vlowf2n 120 15 ] ] -RRB- cord-288670-1vlowf2n 120 16 , , , cord-288670-1vlowf2n 120 17 it -PRON- PRP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 120 18 is be VBZ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 120 19 possible possible JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 120 20 that that IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 120 21 CQ CQ NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 120 22 may may MD cord-288670-1vlowf2n 120 23 can can MD cord-288670-1vlowf2n 120 24 be be VB cord-288670-1vlowf2n 120 25 used use VBN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 120 26 for for IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 120 27 treatment treatment NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 120 28 of of IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 120 29 COVID-19 COVID-19 NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 120 30 in in IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 120 31 combination combination NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 120 32 of of IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 120 33 glucocorticoids glucocorticoid NNS cord-288670-1vlowf2n 120 34 and and CC cord-288670-1vlowf2n 120 35 clinical clinical JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 120 36 trials trial NNS cord-288670-1vlowf2n 120 37 are be VBP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 120 38 thus thus RB cord-288670-1vlowf2n 120 39 needed need VBN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 120 40 to to TO cord-288670-1vlowf2n 120 41 test test VB cord-288670-1vlowf2n 120 42 the the DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 120 43 efficacy efficacy NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 120 44 of of IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 120 45 such such JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 120 46 combined combine VBN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 120 47 therapy therapy NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 120 48 . . . cord-288670-1vlowf2n 121 1 At at IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 121 2 present present NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 121 3 , , , cord-288670-1vlowf2n 121 4 CQ CQ NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 121 5 phosphate phosphate NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 121 6 has have VBZ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 121 7 been be VBN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 121 8 listed list VBN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 121 9 as as IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 121 10 a a DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 121 11 new new JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 121 12 therapeutic therapeutic JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 121 13 in in IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 121 14 the the DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 121 15 sixth sixth JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 121 16 version version NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 121 17 of of IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 121 18 " " `` cord-288670-1vlowf2n 121 19 Guidelines Guidelines NNPS cord-288670-1vlowf2n 121 20 for for IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 121 21 the the DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 121 22 Prevention Prevention NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 121 23 , , , cord-288670-1vlowf2n 121 24 Diagnosis Diagnosis NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 121 25 , , , cord-288670-1vlowf2n 121 26 and and CC cord-288670-1vlowf2n 121 27 Treatment Treatment NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 121 28 of of IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 121 29 COVID-19 COVID-19 NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 121 30 " " '' cord-288670-1vlowf2n 121 31 issued issue VBN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 121 32 by by IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 121 33 the the DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 121 34 National National NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 121 35 Health Health NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 121 36 Commission Commission NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 121 37 of of IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 121 38 the the DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 121 39 People People NNPS cord-288670-1vlowf2n 121 40 's 's POS cord-288670-1vlowf2n 121 41 Republic Republic NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 121 42 of of IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 121 43 China China NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 121 44 . . . cord-288670-1vlowf2n 122 1 And and CC cord-288670-1vlowf2n 122 2 a a DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 122 3 number number NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 122 4 of of IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 122 5 clinical clinical JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 122 6 trials trial NNS cord-288670-1vlowf2n 122 7 with with IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 122 8 CQ CQ NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 122 9 have have VBP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 122 10 been be VBN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 122 11 initiated initiate VBN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 122 12 in in IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 122 13 China China NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 122 14 [ [ -LRB- cord-288670-1vlowf2n 122 15 63 63 CD cord-288670-1vlowf2n 122 16 ] ] -RRB- cord-288670-1vlowf2n 122 17 . . . cord-288670-1vlowf2n 123 1 The the DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 123 2 current current JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 123 3 suggested suggest VBD cord-288670-1vlowf2n 123 4 dosage dosage NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 123 5 of of IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 123 6 CQ CQ NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 123 7 for for IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 123 8 COVID-19 COVID-19 NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 123 9 is be VBZ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 123 10 as as RB cord-288670-1vlowf2n 123 11 high high JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 123 12 as as IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 123 13 500 500 CD cord-288670-1vlowf2n 123 14 mg mg NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 123 15 , , , cord-288670-1vlowf2n 123 16 with with IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 123 17 treatment treatment NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 123 18 not not RB cord-288670-1vlowf2n 123 19 exceeding exceed VBG cord-288670-1vlowf2n 123 20 10 10 CD cord-288670-1vlowf2n 123 21 days day NNS cord-288670-1vlowf2n 123 22 . . . cord-288670-1vlowf2n 124 1 However however RB cord-288670-1vlowf2n 124 2 , , , cord-288670-1vlowf2n 124 3 the the DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 124 4 usage usage NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 124 5 of of IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 124 6 CQ CQ NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 124 7 phosphate phosphate NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 124 8 should should MD cord-288670-1vlowf2n 124 9 be be VB cord-288670-1vlowf2n 124 10 evaluated evaluate VBN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 124 11 carefully carefully RB cord-288670-1vlowf2n 124 12 as as IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 124 13 it -PRON- PRP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 124 14 may may MD cord-288670-1vlowf2n 124 15 also also RB cord-288670-1vlowf2n 124 16 have have VB cord-288670-1vlowf2n 124 17 side side NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 124 18 effects effect NNS cord-288670-1vlowf2n 124 19 such such JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 124 20 as as IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 124 21 retinopathy retinopathy NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 124 22 [ [ -LRB- cord-288670-1vlowf2n 124 23 64 64 CD cord-288670-1vlowf2n 124 24 ] ] -RRB- cord-288670-1vlowf2n 124 25 and and CC cord-288670-1vlowf2n 124 26 cautions caution NNS cord-288670-1vlowf2n 124 27 should should MD cord-288670-1vlowf2n 124 28 be be VB cord-288670-1vlowf2n 124 29 taken take VBN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 124 30 for for IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 124 31 close close JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 124 32 monitoring monitoring NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 124 33 of of IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 124 34 the the DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 124 35 potential potential JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 124 36 side side NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 124 37 effect effect NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 124 38 throughout throughout IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 124 39 the the DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 124 40 whole whole JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 124 41 treatment treatment NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 124 42 period period NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 124 43 . . . cord-288670-1vlowf2n 125 1 The the DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 125 2 dosage dosage NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 125 3 should should MD cord-288670-1vlowf2n 125 4 be be VB cord-288670-1vlowf2n 125 5 reduced reduce VBN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 125 6 or or CC cord-288670-1vlowf2n 125 7 stopped stop VBN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 125 8 if if IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 125 9 reduction reduction NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 125 10 in in IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 125 11 haemoglobin haemoglobin NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 125 12 concentration concentration NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 125 13 , , , cord-288670-1vlowf2n 125 14 lymphocyte lymphocyte NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 125 15 count count NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 125 16 and and CC cord-288670-1vlowf2n 125 17 platelet platelet NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 125 18 count count NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 125 19 , , , cord-288670-1vlowf2n 125 20 or or CC cord-288670-1vlowf2n 125 21 the the DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 125 22 eyesight eyesight NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 125 23 are be VBP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 125 24 observed observe VBN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 125 25 . . . cord-288670-1vlowf2n 126 1 In in IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 126 2 addition addition NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 126 3 , , , cord-288670-1vlowf2n 126 4 since since IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 126 5 CQ CQ NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 126 6 is be VBZ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 126 7 the the DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 126 8 substrate substrate NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 126 9 of of IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 126 10 cytochrome cytochrome NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 126 11 P450 p450 NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 126 12 ( ( -LRB- cord-288670-1vlowf2n 126 13 CYP CYP NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 126 14 ) ) -RRB- cord-288670-1vlowf2n 126 15 enzymes enzyme NNS cord-288670-1vlowf2n 126 16 which which WDT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 126 17 are be VBP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 126 18 responsible responsible JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 126 19 for for IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 126 20 the the DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 126 21 metabolism metabolism NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 126 22 of of IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 126 23 multiple multiple JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 126 24 drugs drug NNS cord-288670-1vlowf2n 126 25 , , , cord-288670-1vlowf2n 126 26 it -PRON- PRP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 126 27 might may MD cord-288670-1vlowf2n 126 28 interfere interfere VB cord-288670-1vlowf2n 126 29 with with IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 126 30 other other JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 126 31 medications medication NNS cord-288670-1vlowf2n 126 32 such such JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 126 33 as as IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 126 34 digitoxin digitoxin NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 126 35 ( ( -LRB- cord-288670-1vlowf2n 126 36 a a DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 126 37 cardiac cardiac JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 126 38 glycoside glycoside NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 126 39 ) ) -RRB- cord-288670-1vlowf2n 126 40 and and CC cord-288670-1vlowf2n 126 41 tamoxifen tamoxifen NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 126 42 ( ( -LRB- cord-288670-1vlowf2n 126 43 used use VBN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 126 44 for for IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 126 45 treatment treatment NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 126 46 of of IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 126 47 breast breast NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 126 48 cancer cancer NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 126 49 ) ) -RRB- cord-288670-1vlowf2n 126 50 . . . cord-288670-1vlowf2n 127 1 More More JJR cord-288670-1vlowf2n 127 2 details detail NNS cord-288670-1vlowf2n 127 3 of of IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 127 4 the the DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 127 5 toxicity toxicity NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 127 6 and and CC cord-288670-1vlowf2n 127 7 precautious precautious JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 127 8 of of IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 127 9 CQ CQ NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 127 10 can can MD cord-288670-1vlowf2n 127 11 be be VB cord-288670-1vlowf2n 127 12 referred refer VBN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 127 13 elsewhere elsewhere RB cord-288670-1vlowf2n 127 14 [ [ -LRB- cord-288670-1vlowf2n 127 15 65 65 CD cord-288670-1vlowf2n 127 16 ] ] -RRB- cord-288670-1vlowf2n 127 17 . . . cord-288670-1vlowf2n 128 1 Cathepsins cathepsin NNS cord-288670-1vlowf2n 128 2 are be VBP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 128 3 endosomal endosomal JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 128 4 and and CC cord-288670-1vlowf2n 128 5 lysosomal lysosomal JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 128 6 cysteine cysteine NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 128 7 proteases protease NNS cord-288670-1vlowf2n 128 8 that that WDT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 128 9 play play VBP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 128 10 important important JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 128 11 roles role NNS cord-288670-1vlowf2n 128 12 in in IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 128 13 protein protein NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 128 14 degradation degradation NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 128 15 in in IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 128 16 various various JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 128 17 cellular cellular JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 128 18 processes process NNS cord-288670-1vlowf2n 128 19 including include VBG cord-288670-1vlowf2n 128 20 both both CC cord-288670-1vlowf2n 128 21 the the DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 128 22 endocytic endocytic JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 128 23 pathway pathway NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 128 24 and and CC cord-288670-1vlowf2n 128 25 autophagy autophagy NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 128 26 [ [ -LRB- cord-288670-1vlowf2n 128 27 64 64 CD cord-288670-1vlowf2n 128 28 ] ] -RRB- cord-288670-1vlowf2n 128 29 . . . cord-288670-1vlowf2n 129 1 The the DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 129 2 role role NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 129 3 of of IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 129 4 cathepsins cathepsin NNS cord-288670-1vlowf2n 129 5 in in IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 129 6 viral viral JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 129 7 infection infection NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 129 8 was be VBD cord-288670-1vlowf2n 129 9 first first RB cord-288670-1vlowf2n 129 10 identified identify VBN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 129 11 by by IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 129 12 Huang Huang NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 129 13 et et NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 129 14 al al NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 130 1 and and CC cord-288670-1vlowf2n 130 2 they -PRON- PRP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 130 3 found find VBD cord-288670-1vlowf2n 130 4 that that IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 130 5 one one CD cord-288670-1vlowf2n 130 6 cysteine cysteine NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 130 7 proteases protease NNS cord-288670-1vlowf2n 130 8 inhibitor inhibitor NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 130 9 E64d E64d NNS cord-288670-1vlowf2n 130 10 and and CC cord-288670-1vlowf2n 130 11 a a DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 130 12 specific specific JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 130 13 cathepsin cathepsin NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 131 1 L L NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 131 2 inhibitor inhibitor NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 131 3 Z Z NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 131 4 - - HYPH cord-288670-1vlowf2n 131 5 FY(t FY(t NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 131 6 - - HYPH cord-288670-1vlowf2n 131 7 Bu)-DMK Bu)-DMK NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 131 8 are be VBP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 131 9 able able JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 131 10 to to TO cord-288670-1vlowf2n 131 11 block block VB cord-288670-1vlowf2n 131 12 the the DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 131 13 SARS SARS NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 131 14 - - HYPH cord-288670-1vlowf2n 131 15 CoV CoV NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 131 16 infection infection NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 131 17 [ [ -LRB- cord-288670-1vlowf2n 131 18 48 48 CD cord-288670-1vlowf2n 131 19 ] ] -RRB- cord-288670-1vlowf2n 131 20 . . . cord-288670-1vlowf2n 132 1 K11777 K11777 NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 132 2 is be VBZ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 132 3 another another DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 132 4 cysteine cysteine NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 132 5 protease protease NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 132 6 inhibitor inhibitor NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 132 7 that that WDT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 132 8 has have VBZ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 132 9 been be VBN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 132 10 reported report VBN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 132 11 to to TO cord-288670-1vlowf2n 132 12 block block VB cord-288670-1vlowf2n 132 13 the the DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 132 14 entry entry NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 132 15 of of IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 132 16 SARS SARS NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 132 17 - - HYPH cord-288670-1vlowf2n 132 18 CoV CoV NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 132 19 at at IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 132 20 the the DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 132 21 sub sub JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 132 22 - - JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 132 23 nanomolar nanomolar JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 132 24 range range NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 132 25 [ [ -LRB- cord-288670-1vlowf2n 132 26 66 66 CD cord-288670-1vlowf2n 132 27 ] ] -RRB- cord-288670-1vlowf2n 132 28 . . . cord-288670-1vlowf2n 133 1 In in IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 133 2 addition addition NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 133 3 , , , cord-288670-1vlowf2n 133 4 teicoplanin teicoplanin NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 133 5 , , , cord-288670-1vlowf2n 133 6 a a DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 133 7 glycopeptide glycopeptide NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 133 8 antibiotic antibiotic NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 133 9 and and CC cord-288670-1vlowf2n 133 10 its -PRON- PRP$ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 133 11 derivatives derivative NNS cord-288670-1vlowf2n 133 12 inhibit inhibit VBP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 133 13 the the DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 133 14 entry entry NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 133 15 of of IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 133 16 MERS MERS NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 133 17 - - HYPH cord-288670-1vlowf2n 133 18 CoV CoV NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 133 19 and and CC cord-288670-1vlowf2n 133 20 SARS SARS NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 133 21 - - HYPH cord-288670-1vlowf2n 133 22 CoV CoV NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 133 23 by by IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 133 24 inhibition inhibition NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 133 25 of of IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 133 26 cathepsin cathepsin NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 133 27 L l NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 133 28 activity activity NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 133 29 [ [ -LRB- cord-288670-1vlowf2n 133 30 55 55 CD cord-288670-1vlowf2n 133 31 ] ] -RRB- cord-288670-1vlowf2n 133 32 . . . cord-288670-1vlowf2n 134 1 Interestingly interestingly RB cord-288670-1vlowf2n 134 2 , , , cord-288670-1vlowf2n 134 3 a a DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 134 4 serine serine JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 134 5 protease protease NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 134 6 inhibitor inhibitor NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 134 7 camostat camostat NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 134 8 was be VBD cord-288670-1vlowf2n 134 9 known know VBN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 134 10 to to TO cord-288670-1vlowf2n 134 11 inhibit inhibit VB cord-288670-1vlowf2n 134 12 transmembrane transmembrane NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 134 13 protease protease NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 134 14 serine serine NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 134 15 2 2 CD cord-288670-1vlowf2n 134 16 ( ( -LRB- cord-288670-1vlowf2n 134 17 TMPRSS2 TMPRSS2 NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 134 18 ) ) -RRB- cord-288670-1vlowf2n 134 19 and and CC cord-288670-1vlowf2n 134 20 effectively effectively RB cord-288670-1vlowf2n 134 21 protected protect VBD cord-288670-1vlowf2n 134 22 the the DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 134 23 mice mice NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 134 24 against against IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 134 25 death death NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 134 26 caused cause VBN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 134 27 by by IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 134 28 SARS SARS NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 134 29 - - HYPH cord-288670-1vlowf2n 134 30 CoV CoV NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 134 31 infection infection NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 134 32 [ [ -LRB- cord-288670-1vlowf2n 134 33 55 55 CD cord-288670-1vlowf2n 134 34 ] ] -RRB- cord-288670-1vlowf2n 134 35 . . . cord-288670-1vlowf2n 135 1 More more RBR cord-288670-1vlowf2n 135 2 importantly importantly RB cord-288670-1vlowf2n 135 3 , , , cord-288670-1vlowf2n 135 4 a a DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 135 5 very very RB cord-288670-1vlowf2n 135 6 recent recent JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 135 7 study study NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 135 8 showed show VBD cord-288670-1vlowf2n 135 9 that that IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 135 10 camostat camostat NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 135 11 can can MD cord-288670-1vlowf2n 135 12 also also RB cord-288670-1vlowf2n 135 13 block block VB cord-288670-1vlowf2n 135 14 the the DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 135 15 entry entry NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 135 16 of of IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 135 17 SARS SARS NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 135 18 - - HYPH cord-288670-1vlowf2n 135 19 CoV-2 CoV-2 NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 135 20 by by IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 135 21 inhibiting inhibit VBG cord-288670-1vlowf2n 135 22 ACE2 ACE2 NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 135 23 and and CC cord-288670-1vlowf2n 135 24 TMPRSS2 TMPRSS2 NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 135 25 [ [ -LRB- cord-288670-1vlowf2n 135 26 67 67 CD cord-288670-1vlowf2n 135 27 ] ] -RRB- cord-288670-1vlowf2n 135 28 . . . cord-288670-1vlowf2n 136 1 Since since IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 136 2 camostat camostat NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 136 3 is be VBZ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 136 4 already already RB cord-288670-1vlowf2n 136 5 in in IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 136 6 clinical clinical JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 136 7 use use NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 136 8 for for IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 136 9 the the DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 136 10 treatment treatment NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 136 11 of of IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 136 12 chronic chronic JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 136 13 pancreatitis pancreatitis NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 136 14 , , , cord-288670-1vlowf2n 136 15 suggesting suggest VBG cord-288670-1vlowf2n 136 16 its -PRON- PRP$ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 136 17 therapeutic therapeutic JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 136 18 potential potential NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 136 19 for for IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 136 20 treatment treatment NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 136 21 of of IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 136 22 COVID-19 COVID-19 NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 136 23 . . . cord-288670-1vlowf2n 137 1 As as IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 137 2 discussed discuss VBN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 137 3 earlier early RBR cord-288670-1vlowf2n 137 4 , , , cord-288670-1vlowf2n 137 5 clathrin clathrin NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 137 6 - - HYPH cord-288670-1vlowf2n 137 7 mediated mediate VBN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 137 8 endocytosis endocytosis NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 137 9 is be VBZ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 137 10 one one CD cord-288670-1vlowf2n 137 11 of of IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 137 12 the the DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 137 13 key key JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 137 14 mechanisms mechanism NNS cord-288670-1vlowf2n 137 15 for for IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 137 16 viral viral JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 137 17 entry entry NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 137 18 into into IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 137 19 the the DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 137 20 host host NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 137 21 cells cell NNS cord-288670-1vlowf2n 137 22 , , , cord-288670-1vlowf2n 137 23 including include VBG cord-288670-1vlowf2n 137 24 MHV MHV NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 137 25 [ [ -LRB- cord-288670-1vlowf2n 137 26 50 50 CD cord-288670-1vlowf2n 137 27 , , , cord-288670-1vlowf2n 137 28 52 52 CD cord-288670-1vlowf2n 137 29 , , , cord-288670-1vlowf2n 137 30 54 54 CD cord-288670-1vlowf2n 137 31 ] ] -RRB- cord-288670-1vlowf2n 137 32 , , , cord-288670-1vlowf2n 137 33 SARS SARS NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 137 34 - - HYPH cord-288670-1vlowf2n 137 35 CoV CoV NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 137 36 [ [ -LRB- cord-288670-1vlowf2n 137 37 38 38 CD cord-288670-1vlowf2n 137 38 ] ] -RRB- cord-288670-1vlowf2n 137 39 , , , cord-288670-1vlowf2n 137 40 and and CC cord-288670-1vlowf2n 137 41 MERS MERS NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 137 42 - - HYPH cord-288670-1vlowf2n 137 43 CoV CoV NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 137 44 [ [ -LRB- cord-288670-1vlowf2n 137 45 53 53 CD cord-288670-1vlowf2n 137 46 , , , cord-288670-1vlowf2n 137 47 54 54 CD cord-288670-1vlowf2n 137 48 ] ] -RRB- cord-288670-1vlowf2n 137 49 . . . cord-288670-1vlowf2n 138 1 Therefore therefore RB cord-288670-1vlowf2n 138 2 , , , cord-288670-1vlowf2n 138 3 chlorpromazine chlorpromazine NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 138 4 , , , cord-288670-1vlowf2n 138 5 an an DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 138 6 inhibitor inhibitor NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 138 7 for for IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 138 8 clathrin clathrin NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 138 9 - - HYPH cord-288670-1vlowf2n 138 10 dependent dependent JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 138 11 endocytosis endocytosis NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 138 12 , , , cord-288670-1vlowf2n 138 13 have have VBP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 138 14 been be VBN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 138 15 consistently consistently RB cord-288670-1vlowf2n 138 16 found find VBN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 138 17 to to TO cord-288670-1vlowf2n 138 18 possess possess VB cord-288670-1vlowf2n 138 19 significant significant JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 138 20 inhibitory inhibitory JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 138 21 effect effect NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 138 22 on on IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 138 23 the the DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 138 24 entry entry NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 138 25 of of IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 138 26 those those DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 138 27 CoVs CoVs NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 138 28 [ [ -LRB- cord-288670-1vlowf2n 138 29 39 39 CD cord-288670-1vlowf2n 138 30 ] ] -RRB- cord-288670-1vlowf2n 138 31 . . . cord-288670-1vlowf2n 139 1 In in IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 139 2 fact fact NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 139 3 , , , cord-288670-1vlowf2n 139 4 chlorpromazine chlorpromazine NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 139 5 is be VBZ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 139 6 a a DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 139 7 FDA FDA NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 139 8 - - HYPH cord-288670-1vlowf2n 139 9 approved approve VBN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 139 10 drug drug NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 139 11 widely widely RB cord-288670-1vlowf2n 139 12 used use VBN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 139 13 for for IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 139 14 treatment treatment NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 139 15 of of IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 139 16 psychotic psychotic JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 139 17 disorders disorder NNS cord-288670-1vlowf2n 139 18 such such JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 139 19 as as IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 139 20 schizophrenia schizophrenia NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 139 21 [ [ -LRB- cord-288670-1vlowf2n 139 22 68 68 CD cord-288670-1vlowf2n 139 23 ] ] -RRB- cord-288670-1vlowf2n 139 24 . . . cord-288670-1vlowf2n 140 1 Importantly importantly RB cord-288670-1vlowf2n 140 2 , , , cord-288670-1vlowf2n 140 3 it -PRON- PRP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 140 4 has have VBZ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 140 5 been be VBN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 140 6 well well RB cord-288670-1vlowf2n 140 7 established establish VBN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 140 8 for for IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 140 9 its -PRON- PRP$ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 140 10 antivirus antivirus JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 140 11 function function NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 140 12 for for IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 140 13 many many JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 140 14 types type NNS cord-288670-1vlowf2n 140 15 of of IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 140 16 viruses virus NNS cord-288670-1vlowf2n 140 17 , , , cord-288670-1vlowf2n 140 18 including include VBG cord-288670-1vlowf2n 140 19 SARS SARS NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 140 20 - - HYPH cord-288670-1vlowf2n 140 21 CoV CoV NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 140 22 and and CC cord-288670-1vlowf2n 140 23 MERS MERS NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 140 24 - - HYPH cord-288670-1vlowf2n 140 25 CoVs CoVs NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 140 26 , , , cord-288670-1vlowf2n 140 27 as as IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 140 28 summarized summarize VBN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 140 29 in in IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 140 30 Table Table NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 140 31 2 2 CD cord-288670-1vlowf2n 140 32 . . . cord-288670-1vlowf2n 141 1 At at IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 141 2 present present NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 141 3 , , , cord-288670-1vlowf2n 141 4 the the DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 141 5 clinical clinical JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 141 6 application application NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 141 7 of of IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 141 8 chlorpromazine chlorpromazine NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 141 9 in in IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 141 10 treatment treatment NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 141 11 of of IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 141 12 SARS SARS NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 141 13 and and CC cord-288670-1vlowf2n 141 14 MERS MERS NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 141 15 has have VBZ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 141 16 not not RB cord-288670-1vlowf2n 141 17 been be VBN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 141 18 reported report VBN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 141 19 and and CC cord-288670-1vlowf2n 141 20 it -PRON- PRP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 141 21 would would MD cord-288670-1vlowf2n 141 22 be be VB cord-288670-1vlowf2n 141 23 of of IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 141 24 interest interest NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 141 25 to to TO cord-288670-1vlowf2n 141 26 conduct conduct VB cord-288670-1vlowf2n 141 27 clinical clinical JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 141 28 trials trial NNS cord-288670-1vlowf2n 141 29 for for IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 141 30 testing test VBG cord-288670-1vlowf2n 141 31 the the DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 141 32 therapeutic therapeutic JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 141 33 effect effect NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 141 34 of of IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 141 35 chlorpromazine chlorpromazine NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 141 36 on on IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 141 37 COVID-19 COVID-19 NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 141 38 . . . cord-288670-1vlowf2n 142 1 In in IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 142 2 addition addition NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 142 3 , , , cord-288670-1vlowf2n 142 4 two two CD cord-288670-1vlowf2n 142 5 cardiotonic cardiotonic NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 142 6 steroids steroid NNS cord-288670-1vlowf2n 142 7 ouabain ouabain VBP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 142 8 and and CC cord-288670-1vlowf2n 142 9 bufalin bufalin NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 142 10 , , , cord-288670-1vlowf2n 142 11 selective selective JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 142 12 inhibitors inhibitor NNS cord-288670-1vlowf2n 142 13 of of IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 142 14 the the DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 142 15 plasma plasma NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 142 16 membrane membrane NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 143 1 Na Na NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 143 2 + + CC cord-288670-1vlowf2n 143 3 /K /K . cord-288670-1vlowf2n 144 1 + + CC cord-288670-1vlowf2n 144 2 -ATPase -atpase NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 144 3 , , , cord-288670-1vlowf2n 144 4 have have VBP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 144 5 been be VBN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 144 6 shown show VBN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 144 7 to to TO cord-288670-1vlowf2n 144 8 inhibit inhibit VB cord-288670-1vlowf2n 144 9 the the DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 144 10 MERS MERS NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 144 11 - - HYPH cord-288670-1vlowf2n 144 12 CoV cov NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 144 13 infection infection NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 144 14 at at IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 144 15 nanomolar nanomolar NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 144 16 concentrations concentration NNS cord-288670-1vlowf2n 144 17 via via IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 144 18 affecting affect VBG cord-288670-1vlowf2n 144 19 the the DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 144 20 clathrin clathrin NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 144 21 - - HYPH cord-288670-1vlowf2n 144 22 mediated mediate VBN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 144 23 endocytosis endocytosis NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 144 24 pathway pathway NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 144 25 [ [ -LRB- cord-288670-1vlowf2n 144 26 54 54 CD cord-288670-1vlowf2n 144 27 ] ] -RRB- cord-288670-1vlowf2n 144 28 . . . cord-288670-1vlowf2n 145 1 Since since IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 145 2 both both DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 145 3 of of IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 145 4 them -PRON- PRP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 145 5 are be VBP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 145 6 also also RB cord-288670-1vlowf2n 145 7 FDA FDA NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 145 8 - - HYPH cord-288670-1vlowf2n 145 9 approved approve VBN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 145 10 drugs drug NNS cord-288670-1vlowf2n 145 11 and and CC cord-288670-1vlowf2n 145 12 clinically clinically RB cord-288670-1vlowf2n 145 13 available available JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 145 14 , , , cord-288670-1vlowf2n 145 15 it -PRON- PRP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 145 16 would would MD cord-288670-1vlowf2n 145 17 be be VB cord-288670-1vlowf2n 145 18 of of IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 145 19 interest interest NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 145 20 to to TO cord-288670-1vlowf2n 145 21 test test VB cord-288670-1vlowf2n 145 22 them -PRON- PRP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 145 23 clinically clinically RB cord-288670-1vlowf2n 145 24 for for IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 145 25 treatment treatment NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 145 26 of of IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 145 27 COVID-19 COVID-19 NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 145 28 . . . cord-288670-1vlowf2n 146 1 The the DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 146 2 current current JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 146 3 ongoing ongoing JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 146 4 epidemic epidemic NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 146 5 of of IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 146 6 SARS SARS NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 146 7 - - HYPH cord-288670-1vlowf2n 146 8 CoV-2 CoV-2 NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 146 9 and and CC cord-288670-1vlowf2n 146 10 COVID-19 COVID-19 NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 146 11 worldwide worldwide RB cord-288670-1vlowf2n 146 12 has have VBZ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 146 13 emerged emerge VBN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 146 14 as as IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 146 15 a a DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 146 16 significant significant JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 146 17 global global JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 146 18 public public JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 146 19 health health NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 146 20 threat threat NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 146 21 . . . cord-288670-1vlowf2n 147 1 While while IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 147 2 urgent urgent JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 147 3 regulatory regulatory JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 147 4 measures measure NNS cord-288670-1vlowf2n 147 5 in in IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 147 6 control control NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 147 7 of of IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 147 8 the the DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 147 9 rapid rapid JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 147 10 spread spread NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 147 11 of of IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 147 12 this this DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 147 13 virus virus NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 147 14 are be VBP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 147 15 essential essential JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 147 16 , , , cord-288670-1vlowf2n 147 17 scientists scientist NNS cord-288670-1vlowf2n 147 18 around around IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 147 19 the the DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 147 20 world world NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 147 21 have have VBP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 147 22 quickly quickly RB cord-288670-1vlowf2n 147 23 engaged engage VBN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 147 24 in in IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 147 25 this this DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 147 26 battle battle NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 147 27 by by IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 147 28 studying study VBG cord-288670-1vlowf2n 147 29 the the DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 147 30 molecular molecular JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 147 31 mechanisms mechanism NNS cord-288670-1vlowf2n 147 32 and and CC cord-288670-1vlowf2n 147 33 searching search VBG cord-288670-1vlowf2n 147 34 for for IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 147 35 effective effective JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 147 36 therapeutic therapeutic JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 147 37 strategies strategy NNS cord-288670-1vlowf2n 147 38 against against IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 147 39 this this DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 147 40 deadly deadly JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 147 41 disease disease NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 147 42 . . . cord-288670-1vlowf2n 148 1 At at IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 148 2 present present NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 148 3 , , , cord-288670-1vlowf2n 148 4 while while IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 148 5 the the DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 148 6 exact exact JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 148 7 role role NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 148 8 of of IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 148 9 autophagy autophagy NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 148 10 remains remain VBZ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 148 11 debatable debatable JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 148 12 , , , cord-288670-1vlowf2n 148 13 there there EX cord-288670-1vlowf2n 148 14 is be VBZ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 148 15 overwhelming overwhelming JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 148 16 evidence evidence NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 148 17 suggesting suggest VBG cord-288670-1vlowf2n 148 18 that that IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 148 19 the the DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 148 20 endocytic endocytic JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 148 21 pathway pathway NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 148 22 plays play VBZ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 148 23 a a DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 148 24 key key JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 148 25 role role NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 148 26 in in IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 148 27 mediating mediate VBG cord-288670-1vlowf2n 148 28 viral viral JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 148 29 entry entry NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 148 30 for for IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 148 31 many many JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 148 32 CoVs CoVs NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 148 33 including include VBG cord-288670-1vlowf2n 148 34 SARS SARS NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 148 35 - - HYPH cord-288670-1vlowf2n 148 36 CoVs CoVs NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 148 37 , , , cord-288670-1vlowf2n 148 38 MERS MERS NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 148 39 - - HYPH cord-288670-1vlowf2n 148 40 CoVs CoVs NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 148 41 and and CC cord-288670-1vlowf2n 148 42 possibly possibly RB cord-288670-1vlowf2n 148 43 SARS SARS NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 148 44 - - HYPH cord-288670-1vlowf2n 148 45 CoV-2 CoV-2 NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 148 46 . . . cord-288670-1vlowf2n 149 1 As as IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 149 2 a a DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 149 3 result result NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 149 4 , , , cord-288670-1vlowf2n 149 5 several several JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 149 6 inhibitors inhibitor NNS cord-288670-1vlowf2n 149 7 targeting target VBG cord-288670-1vlowf2n 149 8 the the DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 149 9 endocytic endocytic JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 149 10 pathway pathway NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 149 11 appear appear VBP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 149 12 to to TO cord-288670-1vlowf2n 149 13 have have VB cord-288670-1vlowf2n 149 14 the the DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 149 15 therapeutic therapeutic JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 149 16 potential potential NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 149 17 in in IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 149 18 treatment treatment NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 149 19 of of IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 149 20 COVID-19 COVID-19 NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 149 21 , , , cord-288670-1vlowf2n 149 22 including include VBG cord-288670-1vlowf2n 149 23 a a DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 149 24 lysosomotropic lysosomotropic JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 149 25 agent agent NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 149 26 CQ CQ NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 149 27 and and CC cord-288670-1vlowf2n 149 28 a a DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 149 29 clathrin clathrin NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 149 30 - - HYPH cord-288670-1vlowf2n 149 31 mediated mediate VBN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 149 32 endocytosis endocytosis NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 149 33 inhibitor inhibitor NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 149 34 chlorpromazine chlorpromazine NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 149 35 [ [ -LRB- cord-288670-1vlowf2n 149 36 43 43 CD cord-288670-1vlowf2n 149 37 , , , cord-288670-1vlowf2n 149 38 63 63 CD cord-288670-1vlowf2n 149 39 , , , cord-288670-1vlowf2n 149 40 65 65 CD cord-288670-1vlowf2n 149 41 , , , cord-288670-1vlowf2n 149 42 68 68 CD cord-288670-1vlowf2n 149 43 ] ] -RRB- cord-288670-1vlowf2n 149 44 . . . cord-288670-1vlowf2n 150 1 Since since IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 150 2 both both DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 150 3 are be VBP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 150 4 FDA FDA NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 150 5 - - HYPH cord-288670-1vlowf2n 150 6 approved approve VBN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 150 7 and and CC cord-288670-1vlowf2n 150 8 clinically clinically RB cord-288670-1vlowf2n 150 9 available available JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 150 10 , , , cord-288670-1vlowf2n 150 11 clinical clinical JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 150 12 trials trial NNS cord-288670-1vlowf2n 150 13 either either CC cord-288670-1vlowf2n 150 14 as as IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 150 15 a a DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 150 16 single single JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 150 17 therapy therapy NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 150 18 or or CC cord-288670-1vlowf2n 150 19 in in IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 150 20 combination combination NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 150 21 with with IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 150 22 other other JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 150 23 anti anti JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 150 24 - - JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 150 25 viral viral JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 150 26 drugs drug NNS cord-288670-1vlowf2n 150 27 are be VBP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 150 28 much much RB cord-288670-1vlowf2n 150 29 needed need VBN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 150 30 . . . cord-288670-1vlowf2n 151 1 Coronavirus Coronavirus NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 151 2 pathogenesis pathogenesis NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 151 3 and and CC cord-288670-1vlowf2n 151 4 the the DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 151 5 emerging emerge VBG cord-288670-1vlowf2n 151 6 pathogen pathogen NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 151 7 severe severe JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 151 8 acute acute JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 151 9 respiratory respiratory JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 151 10 syndrome syndrome NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 151 11 coronavirus coronavirus NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 151 12 Coronavirus Coronavirus NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 151 13 envelope envelope NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 151 14 protein protein NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 151 15 : : : cord-288670-1vlowf2n 151 16 current current JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 151 17 knowledge knowledge NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 152 1 Lysosomal Lysosomal NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 152 2 Proteases Proteases NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 152 3 Are be VBP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 152 4 a a DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 152 5 Determinant determinant NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 152 6 of of IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 152 7 Coronavirus Coronavirus NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 152 8 Tropism Tropism NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 152 9 A a DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 152 10 Novel Novel NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 152 11 Coronavirus Coronavirus NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 152 12 from from IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 152 13 Patients patient NNS cord-288670-1vlowf2n 152 14 with with IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 152 15 Pneumonia Pneumonia NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 152 16 in in IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 152 17 China China NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 153 1 A a DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 153 2 pneumonia pneumonia NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 153 3 outbreak outbreak NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 153 4 associated associate VBN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 153 5 with with IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 153 6 a a DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 153 7 new new JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 153 8 coronavirus coronavirus NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 153 9 of of IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 153 10 probable probable JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 153 11 bat bat NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 153 12 origin origin NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 153 13 A a DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 153 14 brief brief JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 153 15 history history NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 153 16 of of IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 153 17 autophagy autophagy NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 153 18 from from IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 153 19 cell cell NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 153 20 biology biology NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 153 21 to to IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 153 22 physiology physiology NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 153 23 and and CC cord-288670-1vlowf2n 153 24 disease disease NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 153 25 Biological Biological NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 153 26 Functions Functions NNPS cord-288670-1vlowf2n 153 27 of of IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 153 28 Autophagy Autophagy NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 153 29 Genes Genes NNPS cord-288670-1vlowf2n 153 30 : : : cord-288670-1vlowf2n 154 1 A a DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 154 2 Disease Disease NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 154 3 Perspective Perspective NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 154 4 Autophagy Autophagy NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 154 5 : : : cord-288670-1vlowf2n 154 6 machinery machinery NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 154 7 and and CC cord-288670-1vlowf2n 154 8 regulation regulation NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 155 1 The the DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 155 2 ATG ATG NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 155 3 conjugation conjugation NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 155 4 systems system NNS cord-288670-1vlowf2n 155 5 in in IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 155 6 autophagy autophagy NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 155 7 Autophagy Autophagy NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 155 8 in in IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 155 9 mammalian mammalian JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 155 10 development development NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 155 11 and and CC cord-288670-1vlowf2n 155 12 differentiation differentiation NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 155 13 Autophagy Autophagy NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 155 14 in in IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 155 15 human human JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 155 16 health health NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 155 17 and and CC cord-288670-1vlowf2n 155 18 disease disease NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 155 19 Autophagy Autophagy NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 155 20 : : : cord-288670-1vlowf2n 155 21 regulation regulation NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 155 22 and and CC cord-288670-1vlowf2n 155 23 role role NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 155 24 in in IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 155 25 disease disease NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 155 26 Autophagy Autophagy NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 155 27 and and CC cord-288670-1vlowf2n 155 28 human human JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 155 29 diseases disease NNS cord-288670-1vlowf2n 156 1 Autophagy autophagy UH cord-288670-1vlowf2n 156 2 : : : cord-288670-1vlowf2n 156 3 a a DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 156 4 lysosomal lysosomal JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 156 5 degradation degradation NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 156 6 pathway pathway NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 156 7 with with IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 156 8 a a DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 156 9 central central JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 156 10 role role NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 156 11 in in IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 156 12 health health NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 156 13 and and CC cord-288670-1vlowf2n 156 14 disease disease NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 156 15 At at IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 156 16 the the DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 156 17 end end NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 156 18 of of IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 156 19 the the DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 156 20 autophagic autophagic NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 156 21 road road NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 156 22 : : : cord-288670-1vlowf2n 156 23 an an DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 156 24 emerging emerge VBG cord-288670-1vlowf2n 156 25 understanding understanding NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 156 26 of of IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 156 27 lysosomal lysosomal JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 156 28 functions function NNS cord-288670-1vlowf2n 156 29 in in IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 156 30 autophagy autophagy NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 156 31 Signals signal NNS cord-288670-1vlowf2n 156 32 from from IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 156 33 the the DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 156 34 lysosome lysosome NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 156 35 : : : cord-288670-1vlowf2n 156 36 a a DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 156 37 control control NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 156 38 centre centre NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 156 39 for for IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 156 40 cellular cellular JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 156 41 clearance clearance NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 156 42 and and CC cord-288670-1vlowf2n 156 43 energy energy NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 156 44 metabolism metabolism NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 157 1 The the DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 157 2 lysosome lysosome NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 157 3 as as IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 157 4 a a DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 157 5 cellular cellular JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 157 6 centre centre NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 157 7 for for IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 157 8 signalling signal VBG cord-288670-1vlowf2n 157 9 , , , cord-288670-1vlowf2n 157 10 metabolism metabolism NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 157 11 and and CC cord-288670-1vlowf2n 157 12 quality quality NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 157 13 control control NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 158 1 Lysosomal lysosomal JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 158 2 acidification acidification NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 158 3 mechanisms mechanism NNS cord-288670-1vlowf2n 159 1 Proteomics proteomic NNS cord-288670-1vlowf2n 159 2 of of IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 159 3 the the DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 159 4 lysosome lysosome NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 159 5 To to TO cord-288670-1vlowf2n 159 6 degrade degrade VB cord-288670-1vlowf2n 159 7 or or CC cord-288670-1vlowf2n 159 8 not not RB cord-288670-1vlowf2n 159 9 to to TO cord-288670-1vlowf2n 159 10 degrade degrade VB cord-288670-1vlowf2n 159 11 : : : cord-288670-1vlowf2n 160 1 mechanisms mechanism NNS cord-288670-1vlowf2n 160 2 and and CC cord-288670-1vlowf2n 160 3 significance significance NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 160 4 of of IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 160 5 endocytic endocytic JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 160 6 recycling recycling NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 160 7 The the DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 160 8 enigmatic enigmatic JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 160 9 endosome endosome NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 160 10 -sorting -sorte VBG cord-288670-1vlowf2n 160 11 the the DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 160 12 ins in NNS cord-288670-1vlowf2n 160 13 and and CC cord-288670-1vlowf2n 160 14 outs out NNS cord-288670-1vlowf2n 160 15 of of IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 160 16 endocytic endocytic JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 160 17 trafficking traffic VBG cord-288670-1vlowf2n 160 18 Endocytic Endocytic NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 160 19 membrane membrane NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 160 20 trafficking trafficking NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 160 21 and and CC cord-288670-1vlowf2n 160 22 neurodegenerative neurodegenerative JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 160 23 disease disease NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 160 24 Endosomal Endosomal NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 160 25 vesicles vesicle NNS cord-288670-1vlowf2n 160 26 as as IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 160 27 vehicles vehicle NNS cord-288670-1vlowf2n 160 28 for for IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 160 29 viral viral JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 160 30 genomes genome NNS cord-288670-1vlowf2n 160 31 Coronavirus Coronavirus NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 160 32 replication replication NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 160 33 complex complex JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 160 34 formation formation NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 160 35 utilizes utilize VBZ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 160 36 components component NNS cord-288670-1vlowf2n 160 37 of of IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 160 38 cellular cellular JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 160 39 autophagy autophagy NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 160 40 Identification identification NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 160 41 and and CC cord-288670-1vlowf2n 160 42 characterization characterization NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 160 43 of of IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 160 44 severe severe JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 160 45 acute acute JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 160 46 respiratory respiratory JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 160 47 syndrome syndrome NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 160 48 coronavirus coronavirus NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 160 49 replicase replicase NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 160 50 proteins protein VBZ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 160 51 Coronavirus Coronavirus NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 160 52 nsp6 nsp6 NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 160 53 proteins protein NNS cord-288670-1vlowf2n 160 54 generate generate VBP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 160 55 autophagosomes autophagosome NNS cord-288670-1vlowf2n 160 56 from from IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 160 57 the the DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 160 58 endoplasmic endoplasmic NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 160 59 reticulum reticulum NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 160 60 via via IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 160 61 an an DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 160 62 omegasome omegasome NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 160 63 intermediate intermediate JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 160 64 Ultrastructure Ultrastructure NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 160 65 and and CC cord-288670-1vlowf2n 160 66 origin origin NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 160 67 of of IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 160 68 membrane membrane NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 160 69 vesicles vesicle NNS cord-288670-1vlowf2n 160 70 associated associate VBN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 160 71 with with IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 160 72 the the DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 160 73 severe severe JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 160 74 acute acute JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 160 75 respiratory respiratory JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 160 76 syndrome syndrome NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 160 77 coronavirus coronavirus NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 160 78 replication replication NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 160 79 complex complex JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 160 80 Coronavirus Coronavirus NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 160 81 replication replication NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 160 82 does do VBZ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 160 83 not not RB cord-288670-1vlowf2n 160 84 require require VB cord-288670-1vlowf2n 160 85 the the DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 160 86 autophagy autophagy NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 160 87 gene gene NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 160 88 ATG5 ATG5 NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 160 89 Coronaviruses Coronaviruses NNPS cord-288670-1vlowf2n 160 90 Hijack hijack VBP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 160 91 the the DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 160 92 LC3-I lc3-i NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 160 93 - - HYPH cord-288670-1vlowf2n 160 94 positive positive JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 160 95 EDEMosomes edemosome NNS cord-288670-1vlowf2n 160 96 , , , cord-288670-1vlowf2n 160 97 ER ER NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 160 98 - - HYPH cord-288670-1vlowf2n 160 99 derived derive VBN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 160 100 vesicles vesicle NNS cord-288670-1vlowf2n 160 101 exporting export VBG cord-288670-1vlowf2n 160 102 short short RB cord-288670-1vlowf2n 160 103 - - HYPH cord-288670-1vlowf2n 160 104 lived live VBN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 160 105 ERAD ERAD NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 160 106 regulators regulator NNS cord-288670-1vlowf2n 160 107 , , , cord-288670-1vlowf2n 160 108 for for IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 160 109 replication replication NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 160 110 Severe severe JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 160 111 acute acute JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 160 112 respiratory respiratory JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 160 113 syndrome syndrome NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 160 114 coronavirus coronavirus NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 160 115 replication replication NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 160 116 is be VBZ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 160 117 severely severely RB cord-288670-1vlowf2n 160 118 impaired impair VBN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 160 119 by by IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 160 120 MG132 mg132 NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 160 121 due due IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 160 122 to to IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 160 123 proteasome proteasome NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 160 124 - - HYPH cord-288670-1vlowf2n 160 125 independent independent JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 160 126 inhibition inhibition NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 160 127 of of IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 160 128 M M NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 160 129 - - HYPH cord-288670-1vlowf2n 160 130 calpain calpain VBN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 160 131 Coronavirus Coronavirus NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 160 132 membrane membrane NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 160 133 - - HYPH cord-288670-1vlowf2n 160 134 associated associate VBN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 160 135 papain papain NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 160 136 - - HYPH cord-288670-1vlowf2n 160 137 like like JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 160 138 proteases protease NNS cord-288670-1vlowf2n 160 139 induce induce VBP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 160 140 autophagy autophagy NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 160 141 through through IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 160 142 interacting interact VBG cord-288670-1vlowf2n 160 143 with with IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 160 144 Beclin1 Beclin1 NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 160 145 to to TO cord-288670-1vlowf2n 160 146 negatively negatively RB cord-288670-1vlowf2n 160 147 regulate regulate VB cord-288670-1vlowf2n 160 148 antiviral antiviral JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 160 149 innate innate JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 160 150 immunity immunity NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 161 1 SKP2 SKP2 NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 161 2 attenuates attenuate VBZ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 161 3 autophagy autophagy NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 161 4 through through IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 161 5 Beclin1-ubiquitination Beclin1-ubiquitination NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 161 6 and and CC cord-288670-1vlowf2n 161 7 its -PRON- PRP$ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 161 8 inhibition inhibition NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 161 9 reduces reduce VBZ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 161 10 MERS MERS NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 161 11 - - HYPH cord-288670-1vlowf2n 161 12 Coronavirus Coronavirus NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 161 13 infection infection NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 162 1 Coronaviruses Coronaviruses NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 162 2 -drug -drug NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 162 3 discovery discovery NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 162 4 and and CC cord-288670-1vlowf2n 162 5 therapeutic therapeutic JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 162 6 options option NNS cord-288670-1vlowf2n 163 1 Molecular molecular JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 163 2 interactions interaction NNS cord-288670-1vlowf2n 163 3 in in IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 163 4 the the DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 163 5 assembly assembly NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 163 6 of of IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 163 7 coronaviruses coronaviruse NNS cord-288670-1vlowf2n 163 8 Physiological physiological JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 163 9 and and CC cord-288670-1vlowf2n 163 10 molecular molecular JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 163 11 triggers trigger NNS cord-288670-1vlowf2n 163 12 for for IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 163 13 SARS SARS NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 163 14 - - HYPH cord-288670-1vlowf2n 163 15 CoV CoV NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 163 16 membrane membrane NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 163 17 fusion fusion NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 163 18 and and CC cord-288670-1vlowf2n 163 19 entry entry NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 163 20 into into IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 163 21 host host NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 163 22 cells cell NNS cord-288670-1vlowf2n 163 23 Significance significance NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 163 24 of of IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 163 25 lysosomes lysosome NNS cord-288670-1vlowf2n 163 26 in in IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 163 27 the the DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 163 28 morphogenesis morphogenesis NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 163 29 of of IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 163 30 coronaviruses coronaviruse NNS cord-288670-1vlowf2n 163 31 Infectious Infectious NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 163 32 bronchitis bronchitis NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 163 33 virus virus NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 163 34 entry entry NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 163 35 mainly mainly RB cord-288670-1vlowf2n 163 36 depends depend VBZ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 163 37 on on IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 163 38 clathrin clathrin NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 163 39 mediated mediate VBN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 163 40 endocytosis endocytosis NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 163 41 and and CC cord-288670-1vlowf2n 163 42 requires require VBZ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 163 43 classical classical JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 163 44 endosomal endosomal NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 163 45 / / SYM cord-288670-1vlowf2n 163 46 lysosomal lysosomal NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 163 47 system system NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 163 48 SARS SARS NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 163 49 coronavirus coronavirus NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 163 50 entry entry NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 163 51 into into IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 163 52 host host NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 163 53 cells cell NNS cord-288670-1vlowf2n 163 54 through through IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 163 55 a a DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 163 56 novel novel JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 163 57 clathrin clathrin NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 163 58 - - : cord-288670-1vlowf2n 163 59 and and CC cord-288670-1vlowf2n 163 60 caveolae caveolae JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 163 61 - - HYPH cord-288670-1vlowf2n 163 62 independent independent JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 163 63 endocytic endocytic JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 163 64 pathway pathway NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 163 65 Clathrin Clathrin NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 163 66 - - HYPH cord-288670-1vlowf2n 163 67 dependent dependent JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 163 68 entry entry NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 163 69 of of IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 163 70 severe severe JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 163 71 acute acute JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 163 72 respiratory respiratory JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 163 73 syndrome syndrome NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 163 74 coronavirus coronavirus NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 163 75 into into IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 163 76 target target NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 163 77 cells cell NNS cord-288670-1vlowf2n 163 78 expressing express VBG cord-288670-1vlowf2n 163 79 ACE2 ACE2 NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 163 80 with with IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 163 81 the the DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 163 82 cytoplasmic cytoplasmic JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 163 83 tail tail NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 163 84 deleted delete VBD cord-288670-1vlowf2n 163 85 A a DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 163 86 crucial crucial JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 163 87 role role NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 163 88 of of IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 163 89 angiotensin angiotensin NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 163 90 converting convert VBG cord-288670-1vlowf2n 163 91 enzyme enzyme NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 163 92 2 2 CD cord-288670-1vlowf2n 163 93 ( ( -LRB- cord-288670-1vlowf2n 163 94 ACE2 ACE2 NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 163 95 ) ) -RRB- cord-288670-1vlowf2n 163 96 in in IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 163 97 SARS SARS NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 163 98 coronavirus coronavirus NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 163 99 - - HYPH cord-288670-1vlowf2n 163 100 induced induce VBN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 163 101 lung lung NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 163 102 injury injury NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 163 103 A a NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 164 1 novel novel NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 164 2 angiotensin angiotensin NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 164 3 - - HYPH cord-288670-1vlowf2n 164 4 converting convert VBG cord-288670-1vlowf2n 164 5 enzyme enzyme NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 164 6 - - HYPH cord-288670-1vlowf2n 164 7 related relate VBN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 164 8 carboxypeptidase carboxypeptidase NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 164 9 ( ( -LRB- cord-288670-1vlowf2n 164 10 ACE2 ACE2 NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 164 11 ) ) -RRB- cord-288670-1vlowf2n 164 12 converts convert VBZ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 164 13 angiotensin angiotensin NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 164 14 I -PRON- PRP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 164 15 to to IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 164 16 angiotensin angiotensin NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 164 17 1 1 CD cord-288670-1vlowf2n 164 18 - - SYM cord-288670-1vlowf2n 164 19 9 9 CD cord-288670-1vlowf2n 164 20 Tissue tissue NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 164 21 distribution distribution NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 164 22 of of IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 164 23 ACE2 ACE2 NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 164 24 protein protein NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 164 25 , , , cord-288670-1vlowf2n 164 26 the the DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 164 27 functional functional JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 164 28 receptor receptor NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 164 29 for for IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 164 30 SARS SARS NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 164 31 coronavirus coronavirus NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 164 32 . . . cord-288670-1vlowf2n 165 1 A a DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 165 2 first first JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 165 3 step step NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 165 4 in in IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 165 5 understanding understand VBG cord-288670-1vlowf2n 165 6 SARS SARS NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 165 7 pathogenesis pathogenesis NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 165 8 Remdesivir Remdesivir NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 165 9 and and CC cord-288670-1vlowf2n 165 10 chloroquine chloroquine NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 165 11 effectively effectively RB cord-288670-1vlowf2n 165 12 inhibit inhibit VBP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 165 13 the the DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 165 14 recently recently RB cord-288670-1vlowf2n 165 15 emerged emerge VBN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 165 16 novel novel JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 165 17 coronavirus coronavirus NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 165 18 ( ( -LRB- cord-288670-1vlowf2n 165 19 2019-nCoV 2019-ncov CD cord-288670-1vlowf2n 165 20 ) ) -RRB- cord-288670-1vlowf2n 165 21 in in IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 165 22 vitro vitro FW cord-288670-1vlowf2n 165 23 Localization Localization NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 165 24 of of IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 165 25 mouse mouse NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 165 26 hepatitis hepatitis NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 165 27 virus virus NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 165 28 nonstructural nonstructural JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 165 29 proteins protein NNS cord-288670-1vlowf2n 165 30 and and CC cord-288670-1vlowf2n 165 31 RNA RNA NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 165 32 synthesis synthesis NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 165 33 indicates indicate VBZ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 165 34 a a DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 165 35 role role NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 165 36 for for IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 165 37 late late JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 165 38 endosomes endosome NNS cord-288670-1vlowf2n 165 39 in in IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 165 40 viral viral JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 165 41 replication replication NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 165 42 Characterization characterization NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 165 43 of of IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 165 44 severe severe JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 165 45 acute acute JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 165 46 respiratory respiratory JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 165 47 syndrome syndrome NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 165 48 - - HYPH cord-288670-1vlowf2n 165 49 associated associate VBN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 165 50 coronavirus coronavirus NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 165 51 ( ( -LRB- cord-288670-1vlowf2n 165 52 SARS SARS NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 165 53 - - HYPH cord-288670-1vlowf2n 165 54 CoV CoV NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 165 55 ) ) -RRB- cord-288670-1vlowf2n 165 56 spike spike NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 165 57 glycoprotein glycoprotein NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 165 58 - - HYPH cord-288670-1vlowf2n 165 59 mediated mediate VBN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 165 60 viral viral JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 165 61 entry entry NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 165 62 pH ph NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 165 63 - - HYPH cord-288670-1vlowf2n 165 64 dependent dependent JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 165 65 entry entry NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 165 66 of of IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 165 67 severe severe JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 165 68 acute acute JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 165 69 respiratory respiratory JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 165 70 syndrome syndrome NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 165 71 coronavirus coronavirus NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 165 72 is be VBZ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 165 73 mediated mediate VBN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 165 74 by by IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 165 75 the the DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 165 76 spike spike NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 165 77 glycoprotein glycoprotein NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 165 78 and and CC cord-288670-1vlowf2n 165 79 enhanced enhance VBN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 165 80 by by IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 165 81 dendritic dendritic JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 165 82 cell cell NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 165 83 transfer transfer NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 165 84 through through IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 165 85 DC DC NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 165 86 - - HYPH cord-288670-1vlowf2n 165 87 SIGN SIGN NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 165 88 Chloroquine Chloroquine NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 165 89 is be VBZ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 165 90 a a DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 165 91 potent potent JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 165 92 inhibitor inhibitor NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 165 93 of of IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 165 94 SARS SARS NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 165 95 coronavirus coronavirus NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 165 96 infection infection NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 165 97 and and CC cord-288670-1vlowf2n 165 98 spread spread VBD cord-288670-1vlowf2n 165 99 SARS SARS NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 165 100 coronavirus coronavirus NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 165 101 , , , cord-288670-1vlowf2n 165 102 but but CC cord-288670-1vlowf2n 165 103 not not RB cord-288670-1vlowf2n 165 104 human human JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 165 105 coronavirus coronavirus NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 166 1 NL63 NL63 NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 166 2 , , , cord-288670-1vlowf2n 166 3 utilizes utilize VBZ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 166 4 cathepsin cathepsin NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 166 5 L l NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 166 6 to to TO cord-288670-1vlowf2n 166 7 infect infect VB cord-288670-1vlowf2n 166 8 ACE2-expressing ace2-expressing NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 166 9 cells cell NNS cord-288670-1vlowf2n 167 1 Endosomal Endosomal NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 167 2 proteolysis proteolysis NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 167 3 by by IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 167 4 cathepsins cathepsin NNS cord-288670-1vlowf2n 167 5 is be VBZ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 167 6 necessary necessary JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 167 7 for for IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 167 8 murine murine JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 167 9 coronavirus coronavirus NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 167 10 mouse mouse NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 167 11 hepatitis hepatitis NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 167 12 virus virus NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 167 13 type type NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 167 14 2 2 CD cord-288670-1vlowf2n 167 15 spike spike NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 167 16 - - HYPH cord-288670-1vlowf2n 167 17 mediated mediate VBN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 167 18 entry entry NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 167 19 Role role NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 167 20 of of IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 167 21 endocytosis endocytosis NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 167 22 and and CC cord-288670-1vlowf2n 167 23 low low JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 167 24 pH ph NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 167 25 in in IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 167 26 murine murine JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 167 27 hepatitis hepatitis NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 167 28 virus virus NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 167 29 strain strain NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 167 30 A59 A59 NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 167 31 cell cell NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 167 32 entry entry NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 168 1 Amiodarone amiodarone NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 168 2 alters alter VBZ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 168 3 late late JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 168 4 endosomes endosome NNS cord-288670-1vlowf2n 168 5 and and CC cord-288670-1vlowf2n 168 6 inhibits inhibit VBZ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 168 7 SARS SARS NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 168 8 coronavirus coronavirus NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 168 9 infection infection NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 168 10 at at IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 168 11 a a DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 168 12 post post NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 168 13 - - JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 168 14 endosomal endosomal JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 168 15 level level NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 168 16 Mouse Mouse NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 168 17 hepatitis hepatitis NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 168 18 virus virus NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 168 19 type type NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 168 20 2 2 CD cord-288670-1vlowf2n 168 21 enters enter VBZ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 168 22 cells cell NNS cord-288670-1vlowf2n 168 23 through through IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 168 24 a a DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 168 25 clathrin clathrin NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 168 26 - - HYPH cord-288670-1vlowf2n 168 27 mediated mediate VBN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 168 28 endocytic endocytic JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 168 29 pathway pathway NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 168 30 independent independent NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 168 31 of of IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 168 32 Eps15 Eps15 NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 168 33 Coronavirus Coronavirus NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 168 34 cell cell NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 168 35 entry entry NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 168 36 occurs occur VBZ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 168 37 through through IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 168 38 the the DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 168 39 endo-/lysosomal endo-/lysosomal JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 168 40 pathway pathway NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 168 41 in in IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 168 42 a a DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 168 43 proteolysis proteolysis NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 168 44 - - HYPH cord-288670-1vlowf2n 168 45 dependent dependent JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 168 46 manner manner NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 169 1 ATP1A1-mediated ATP1A1-mediated NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 169 2 Src Src NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 169 3 signaling signaling NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 169 4 inhibits inhibit VBZ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 169 5 coronavirus coronavirus NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 169 6 entry entry NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 169 7 into into IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 169 8 host host NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 169 9 cells cell NNS cord-288670-1vlowf2n 170 1 Glycopeptide Glycopeptide NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 170 2 Antibiotics antibiotic NNS cord-288670-1vlowf2n 171 1 Potently potently RB cord-288670-1vlowf2n 171 2 Inhibit Inhibit NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 171 3 Cathepsin Cathepsin NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 171 4 L L NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 171 5 in in IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 171 6 the the DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 171 7 Late Late NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 171 8 Endosome Endosome NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 171 9 / / SYM cord-288670-1vlowf2n 171 10 Lysosome Lysosome NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 171 11 and and CC cord-288670-1vlowf2n 171 12 Block Block NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 171 13 the the DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 171 14 Entry Entry NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 171 15 of of IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 171 16 Ebola Ebola NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 171 17 Virus Virus NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 171 18 , , , cord-288670-1vlowf2n 171 19 Middle Middle NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 171 20 East East NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 171 21 Respiratory Respiratory NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 171 22 Syndrome Syndrome NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 171 23 Coronavirus Coronavirus NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 171 24 ( ( -LRB- cord-288670-1vlowf2n 171 25 MERS MERS NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 171 26 - - HYPH cord-288670-1vlowf2n 171 27 CoV CoV NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 171 28 ) ) -RRB- cord-288670-1vlowf2n 171 29 , , , cord-288670-1vlowf2n 171 30 and and CC cord-288670-1vlowf2n 171 31 Severe severe JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 171 32 Acute acute JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 171 33 Respiratory Respiratory NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 171 34 Syndrome Syndrome NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 171 35 Coronavirus Coronavirus NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 171 36 ( ( -LRB- cord-288670-1vlowf2n 171 37 SARS SARS NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 171 38 - - HYPH cord-288670-1vlowf2n 171 39 CoV CoV NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 171 40 ) ) -RRB- cord-288670-1vlowf2n 172 1 Proteolytic proteolytic JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 172 2 processing processing NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 172 3 of of IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 172 4 Middle Middle NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 172 5 East East NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 172 6 respiratory respiratory JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 172 7 syndrome syndrome NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 172 8 coronavirus coronavirus NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 172 9 spikes spike NNS cord-288670-1vlowf2n 172 10 expands expand VBZ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 172 11 virus virus NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 172 12 tropism tropism NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 172 13 Akt Akt NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 172 14 inhibition inhibition NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 172 15 promotes promote VBZ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 172 16 autophagy autophagy NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 172 17 and and CC cord-288670-1vlowf2n 172 18 sensitizes sensitize VBZ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 172 19 PTEN PTEN NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 172 20 - - HYPH cord-288670-1vlowf2n 172 21 null null JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 172 22 tumors tumor NNS cord-288670-1vlowf2n 172 23 to to IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 172 24 lysosomotropic lysosomotropic JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 172 25 agents agent NNS cord-288670-1vlowf2n 172 26 New new JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 172 27 insights insight NNS cord-288670-1vlowf2n 172 28 into into IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 172 29 the the DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 172 30 antiviral antiviral JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 172 31 effects effect NNS cord-288670-1vlowf2n 172 32 of of IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 172 33 chloroquine chloroquine NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 172 34 Targeting target VBG cord-288670-1vlowf2n 172 35 endosomal endosomal JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 172 36 acidification acidification NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 172 37 by by IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 172 38 chloroquine chloroquine NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 172 39 analogs analog NNS cord-288670-1vlowf2n 172 40 as as IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 172 41 a a DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 172 42 promising promising JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 172 43 strategy strategy NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 172 44 for for IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 172 45 the the DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 172 46 treatment treatment NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 172 47 of of IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 172 48 emerging emerge VBG cord-288670-1vlowf2n 172 49 viral viral JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 172 50 diseases disease NNS cord-288670-1vlowf2n 172 51 Screening screening NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 172 52 of of IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 172 53 an an DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 172 54 FDA FDA NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 172 55 - - HYPH cord-288670-1vlowf2n 172 56 approved approve VBN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 172 57 compound compound NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 172 58 library library NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 172 59 identifies identify VBZ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 172 60 four four CD cord-288670-1vlowf2n 172 61 small small JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 172 62 - - HYPH cord-288670-1vlowf2n 172 63 molecule molecule NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 172 64 inhibitors inhibitor NNS cord-288670-1vlowf2n 172 65 of of IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 172 66 Middle Middle NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 172 67 East East NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 172 68 respiratory respiratory JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 172 69 syndrome syndrome NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 172 70 coronavirus coronavirus NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 172 71 replication replication NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 172 72 in in IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 172 73 cell cell NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 172 74 culture culture NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 172 75 Identification identification NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 172 76 of of IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 172 77 a a DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 172 78 lysosomal lysosomal JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 172 79 pathway pathway NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 172 80 that that WDT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 172 81 modulates modulate VBZ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 172 82 glucocorticoid glucocorticoid NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 172 83 signaling signaling NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 172 84 and and CC cord-288670-1vlowf2n 172 85 the the DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 172 86 inflammatory inflammatory JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 172 87 response response NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 173 1 Advances advance NNS cord-288670-1vlowf2n 173 2 in in IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 173 3 clinical clinical JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 173 4 diagnosis diagnosis NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 173 5 and and CC cord-288670-1vlowf2n 173 6 treatment treatment NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 173 7 of of IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 173 8 severe severe JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 173 9 acute acute JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 173 10 respiratory respiratory JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 173 11 syndrome syndrome NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 173 12 Breakthrough Breakthrough NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 174 1 : : : cord-288670-1vlowf2n 174 2 Chloroquine chloroquine NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 174 3 phosphate phosphate NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 174 4 has have VBZ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 174 5 shown show VBN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 174 6 apparent apparent JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 174 7 efficacy efficacy NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 174 8 in in IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 174 9 treatment treatment NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 174 10 of of IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 174 11 COVID-19 covid-19 JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 174 12 associated associated JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 174 13 pneumonia pneumonia NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 174 14 in in IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 174 15 clinical clinical JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 174 16 studies study NNS cord-288670-1vlowf2n 174 17 Mechanisms Mechanisms NNPS cord-288670-1vlowf2n 174 18 of of IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 174 19 action action NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 174 20 of of IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 174 21 hydroxychloroquine hydroxychloroquine NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 174 22 and and CC cord-288670-1vlowf2n 174 23 chloroquine chloroquine NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 174 24 : : : cord-288670-1vlowf2n 174 25 implications implication NNS cord-288670-1vlowf2n 174 26 for for IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 174 27 rheumatology rheumatology NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 174 28 Health Health NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 174 29 Commission Commission NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 174 30 of of IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 174 31 Guangdong Guangdong NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 174 32 Province Province NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 174 33 for for IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 174 34 chloroquine chloroquine NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 174 35 in in IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 174 36 the the DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 174 37 treatment treatment NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 174 38 of of IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 174 39 novel novel JJ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 174 40 coronavirus coronavirus NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 174 41 p p NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 174 42 Protease protease NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 174 43 inhibitors inhibitor NNS cord-288670-1vlowf2n 174 44 targeting target VBG cord-288670-1vlowf2n 174 45 coronavirus coronavirus NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 174 46 and and CC cord-288670-1vlowf2n 174 47 filovirus filovirus NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 174 48 entry entry NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 174 49 SARS SARS NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 174 50 - - HYPH cord-288670-1vlowf2n 174 51 CoV-2 CoV-2 NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 174 52 cell cell NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 174 53 entry entry NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 174 54 depends depend VBZ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 174 55 on on IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 174 56 ACE2 ACE2 NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 174 57 and and CC cord-288670-1vlowf2n 174 58 TMPRSS2 TMPRSS2 NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 174 59 and and CC cord-288670-1vlowf2n 174 60 is be VBZ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 174 61 blocked block VBN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 174 62 by by IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 174 63 a a DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 174 64 2 2 CD cord-288670-1vlowf2n 174 65 clinically clinically RB cord-288670-1vlowf2n 174 66 - - HYPH cord-288670-1vlowf2n 174 67 proven prove VBN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 174 68 protease protease NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 174 69 inhibitor inhibitor NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 174 70 Cell cell NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 174 71 Classics Classics NNPS cord-288670-1vlowf2n 174 72 in in IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 174 73 Chemical Chemical NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 174 74 Neuroscience Neuroscience NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 174 75 : : : cord-288670-1vlowf2n 175 1 Chlorpromazine Chlorpromazine NNP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 176 1 The the DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 176 2 authors author NNS cord-288670-1vlowf2n 176 3 have have VBP cord-288670-1vlowf2n 176 4 declared declare VBN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 176 5 that that IN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 176 6 no no DT cord-288670-1vlowf2n 176 7 competing compete VBG cord-288670-1vlowf2n 176 8 interest interest NN cord-288670-1vlowf2n 176 9 exists exist VBZ cord-288670-1vlowf2n 176 10 . . .