cord-016556-tdwwu43v	2007	This paper presents a collaborative semantic tracking framework based on topic maps which aims to integrate and organize the data/information resources that spread throughout the Internet in the manner that makes them useful for tracking events such as natural disaster, and disease dispersion. We present the architecture we defined in order to support highly relevant semantic management and to provide adaptive services such as statistical information extraction technique for document summarization. The proposed model for extracting information from unstructured documents consists of three main components, namely Entity Recognition, Relation Extraction, and Output Generation, as illustrate in Fig. 3 . The difference between our framework and those systems is that we also emphasize on generating the semantic relations among the collected resources and organizing those information by using topic map model. A Framework of NLP based Information Tracking and related Knowledge Organizing with Topic Maps
cord-020180-fpx27v7z	2020	In order to realise these performance gains, an environment for client organisation and outsource vendor knowledge integration must be created through common language and frequent interaction, consequently fostering knowledge transfer and ultimately, knowledge asset management [5, 6] . A programme director, an experienced, independent consultant, appointed by the organisation to work with both outsource vendors, systems integrator, as well as the organisation''s IS outsourcing project team members, applied the proposed KAMI framework to the project in order to establish its applicability to a real-world situation. For the strategise phase as part of the pre-contract stage, the programme director indicated that by considering an overview of the knowledge asset management principles as well as high level scope, presents great advantages. In order to assist organisations embarking on IS outsourcing to pro-actively manage their knowledge assets during the IS outsourcing project, the aim of this study was to develop a KAMI framework.
cord-025358-nlmta9po	2020	Mikael Klintman in this book discusses several different explanations for knowledge resistance drawing on evidence from several social sciences, and especially, on behavioral economics. Another explanation, at the core of behavioural economics, lies in the influence of ''negativity bias'' (an evolutionary tendency to pay more attention to negative information to increase our chances of survival) on our beliefs, which makes us pay more attention to the risks of certain behaviors, and resist knowledge about their associated benefits. Central to the book is the claim that when individuals differ in their cultural values, they naturally exhibit social incentives to knowledge claims. and financially, the collaboration between individuals upholding different social values and cultures, especially in the process of knowledge production.This presents a ''bigger picture'' about why, and how human beings ''resist knowledge'', and what to do about it.
cord-026154-9773qanf	2020	However, from the point of view of possible applications of semantically rich data formats in intelligent, real-world scenarios, there is a need for knowledge graphs that describe contextual information regarding realistic and casual relations between items in the real world. Processing an image means generating a scene graph representing relations between objects/entities present on this image. Possibilistic knowledge bases and graphs are important forms representing uncertainty of data and information [14] , and [15] . Compared to ConceptNet, which represents an example of a semi-automatic method of retrieving knowledge from text, our proposed approach can extract common-sense relations based on only observing visual data. Further, the generated WpKG is processed and multiple possibilistic graphs can be constructed based on it.It is shown that using deep learning models, we can extract common-sense situational information about objects present in visual data.
cord-029672-y2ii6r3u	2020	The combination of confinement and protectionist measures including export bans, import tariffs and border closures that were introduced in response to the COVID-19 pandemic affect MNEs by increasing trade costs and amplifying the costs of communicating tacit knowledge. In this editorial, we introduce the special collection by drawing the attention of JIBP readers to the impact of COVID-19-related policies that strike at the heart of MNEs -the knowledge-intensive intangibles -as their managers rush to cope with local physical distancing measures, non-essential travel restrictions and stringent immigration policies. The combination of COVID-19-related confinement and protectionist measures is effectively a policy mix that affects MNEs by (1) increasing trade costs and (2) amplifying the costs of communicating tacit knowledge (see Figure 1 ). In a third paper, Rajneesh Narula turns to the other side of these global value chains and focuses on the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the informal economy in developing countries.
cord-029769-1c4wl7xy	2020	Consequently, the Ghana government is faced with the insurmountable challenge of enforcing social distancing measures and meeting daily survival needs of numerous individuals working in its informal sector 1 (Knott 2020) , all during a politically charged election year. I use the word (un)thinking-versus say, rethinking-to stress the need for moving beyond scientific approaches mired in a language of hierarchical Cartesian binaries (Functowicz and Pereira 2015) constructed between minds and bodies, culture and nature, theory and practice, physical and metaphysical, men and women, self and other, and so on-ad infinitum. This becoming needs to include the development of critical pedagogies (Darder 1992 (Darder /2009 Freire 1973; McLaren 2001 McLaren , 2007 , which enable us to teach ourselves (and others) how to transgress established knowledge boundaries and move beyond Cartesian thinking. As one example of (un)thinking, I have become entangled in an uncharted exploration of various embodied modes of un-learning, which include my continuous development of critical spatial literacy (Amoo-Adare 2013).
cord-034133-tx0hciiv	2020	title: The contribution of medical educational system of the College of Medicine, and Health Sciences of the University of Gondar in Ethiopia on the knowledge, attitudes, and practices of graduate students of Health Sciences in relation to the prevention and control of nosocomial infections during the academic year of 2018 This study aimed to assess the contribution of the medical education system on the knowledge, attitudes, and practices of the graduate students of health sciences about the prevention and control of nosocomial infection in the College of Medicine and Health Sciences at the University of Gondar in the Academic Year of 2018. Therefore, the current study intended to determine the impact of the medical education system on the knowledge, attitude, and practice of graduate health sciences students about the prevention and control of nosocomial infections at the University of Gondar.
cord-103475-90k21u1w	2020	This paper introduces a procedural knowledge process (PKP) approach to capturing and defining unexpected events, while a process step is able to perform its required functions and transfer that information as machine-understandable knowledge about a failure mode. However, FBs are event-driven systems and the approach is limited to work under well-known runtime conditions, e.g. machine configurations and states, or deviations which are impossible to foresee in advance, for instance the outcome of a process failure mode effects analysis (PFMEA). Finally, the paper explains how PKBs can bridge a functional gap and enhance current FBs approaches by capturing human actions upon unexpected events and embed successful solutions as procedural knowledge into common FBs. A simple industrial manufacturing use case shows how an operator can stay in the loop and transfer their knowledge.
cord-144033-pmchx05r	2020	We propose SAINT+, a successor of SAINT which is a Transformer based knowledge tracing model that separately processes exercise information and student response information. SAINT is a Transformer [25] based knowledge tracing model that separately processes information of exercise and student response. Also, the experimental results show that incorporating the temporal features into the decoder input achieves the best AUC compared to incorporating them into the encoder input, and both the encoder and decoder input, verifying the hypothesis that separately processing exercise information and student response information is appropriate for knowledge tracing. SAINT [2] is the first Transformer based knowledge tracing model which leverages encoder-decoder architecture composed of stacked self-attention layers. In this paper, we proposed SAINT+, a Transformer based knowledge tracing model that processes exercise information and student response information separately, and integrates two temporal feature embeddings into the response embeddings: elapsed time and lag time.
cord-178783-894gkrsk	2020	In one early study, a virus-related knowledge graph which consists of drug-target and protein-protein interactions and similarity networks from publicly available databases (e.g., DrugBank [36] , ChEMBL [37] , BioGRID [38] ) was constructed and network-based machine learning and statistical analysis were used to predict an initial list of COVID-19 drug candidates. SemMedDB has supported a wide range of computational applications, ranging from gene regulatory network inference [76] to in silico screening for drug repurposing [55] and medical reasoning [77] , and has also found widespread use for literature-based knowledge discovery and hypothesis generation [44, 48, [78] [79] [80] . In this study, we trained our models on semantic relations extracted from publications dated 03/11/2020 or earlier and tested whether they can predict the drugs that have been proposed for COVID-19 since then or have been evaluated in clinical trials. In this study, we proposed an approach that combines literature-based discovery and knowledge graph completion for COVID-19 drug repurposing.
cord-258125-2kkqqgop	2020	Starting out from the plurality of forms of knowledge that are mobilized to analyse COVID-19 and its consequences as well as the lack of any clearly hegemonic knowledge, the article tries to understand how a limited convergence in the politico-medical responses to the crisis emerged, and speculates on what would have happened if this had not been the case. Starting out from the plurality of forms of knowledge that are mobilized to analyse COVID-19 and its consequences as well as the lack of any clearly hegemonic knowledge, the article tries to understand how a limited convergence in the politico-medical responses to the crisis emerged, and speculates on what would have happened if this had not been the case. In turn, the critics observe a crisis-driven move to authoritarianism, to new nationalism and restrictions to movement, to technocracy with political decisions based on expertise rather than deliberation, in short, the return to disciplinary society combined with isolation of individuals and loss of sociality.
cord-298778-wnbqqzot	2020	Therefore, in the present study we assessed pharmacy senior students'' knowledge, attitudes and practices towards the COVID-19 pandemic. The students were least informed when trying to answer questions about hyper-coagulation, as a major cause for death in patients with severe COVID-19, and about the timings on the necessity to wear masks. The assessment of students practices was performed through 4 questions (P1-P4, Fig. 2 ), that investigated their actions towards going to a crowded place, wearing masks when going out in recent days, maintaining social distance between others and if they agree that patients should disclose their exposure to COVID-19. Here, we present the results of a questionnaire study about the knowledge, attitudes and practices of Egyptian senior pharmacy students towards the COVD-19 disease. Regarding the senior students'' attitude towards COVID-19, in the present study 72% of them agreed that COVID-19 will be successfully controlled and 87% were confident that health care teams and scientists can win the fight against the coronavirus.
cord-301085-tk2vvxj7	2006	title: Knowledge, attitude, and practices related to standard precautions of surgeons and physicians in university-affiliated hospitals of Shiraz, Iran Objective: To measure levels of knowledge, attitudes, and practice toward standard precautions (SP) in medical practitioners of Shiraz University of Medical Sciences affiliated hospitals in Iran. Objective: To measure levels of knowledge, attitudes, and practice toward standard precautions (SP) in medical practitioners of Shiraz University of Medical Sciences affiliated hospitals in Iran. Method: In this cross-sectional study, knowledge, attitude, and practice related to SP among four medical staff groups -surgeons, surgical residents, physicians and medical residents -were assessed using a questionnaire. Method: In this cross-sectional study, knowledge, attitude, and practice related to SP among four medical staff groups -surgeons, surgical residents, physicians and medical residents -were assessed using a questionnaire. [2] [3] [4] The purpose of our study was to measure the level of knowledge, attitude, and practice in surgeons and physicians in Shiraz University of Medical Sciences affiliated hospitals.
cord-302305-xr067v2n	2009	Knowledge construction involves a range of cognitive processes, including the use of explanation-seeking questions and problems, interpreting and evaluating new information, sharing, critiquing, and testing ideas at different levels (e.g., conjectures versus explanations that refer to concepts and/or causal mechanisms), and efforts to rise above current levels of explanation, including summarization, synthesis, and the creation of new concepts. Important progress has been made in this direction by the development of a system of principles that describe the socio-cognitive and socio-technological dynamics of knowledge creation, including collective cognitive responsibility for knowledge advancement, real ideas/authentic problems, epistemic agency, improvable ideas, rise-above, and constructive use of authoritative sources (Scardamalia 2002) . However, more work is needed to characterize the innovation ecology, such as by determining the social practices that make collaboration possible, the overall school culture, and the community''s experience at knowledge creation and its long-term goals (Bielaczyc 2006; Truong 2008) .
cord-302384-gljfslhs	2020	title: Knowledge, Attitude and Practice Toward COVID-19 Among the Public in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: A Cross-Sectional Study This study investigated the knowledge, attitudes, and practices of the Saudi public, toward COVID-19, during the pandemic. To assess the differences in mean scores, and identify factors associated with knowledge, attitudes, and practices toward COVID-19, the data were run through univariate and multivariable regression analyses, respectively. Thus, this study aims to investigate the knowledge, attitudes and practices (KAP) of KSA residents, toward COVID-19 during the pandemic spike. To the researchers'' knowledge, this is the first study to investigate COVID-19 KAP, and associated sociodemographic characteristics among the general population of the KSA. Respondents adopted good and safe practices, as a result of Saudi Arabia''s health authorities providing education and outreach materials, to increase public understating of the disease, and influence behavioral change. Attitude and Practice (KAP) Study about Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) among Population in Saudi Arabia
cord-302595-t6yd3znu	2020	Male gender, age above thirty-five years, lack of formal education, being farmer, daily laborer, merchant and house wife were significantly associated with poor knowledge. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the knowledge of COVID-19 and its associated factors among the community of Mizan-Aman town, southwest Ethiopia. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the knowledge of COVID-19 and its associated factors among the community of Mizan-Aman town, southwest Ethiopia. The findings of this study will help the responsible body organize the necessary interventional programs (education, demonstration) in order to provide up-to-date information to control COVID-19 disease. A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted in Mizan-Aman town to assess the community''s knowledge of COVID-19. Sex (male), age (35-54 and >55 years), marital status (single), educational status (no formal education), occupational status (farmer, student, unemployed/housewife) were significantly associated with poor knowledge of COVID-19 (Table 4 ).
cord-303000-tmk2c9eh	2020	The aim is to identify the level of knowledge, readiness, and the impact of this virus among neurosurgery residents in different programs. To our best knowledge, this is the first study regarding the readiness of neurosurgery residents towards the COVID-19 pandemic and the impact it has on their training. The aim of this study is to identify the level of knowledge, readiness, practices, as well as the impact of this virus among neurosurgery residents in various neurosurgical programs. The final section (6 items) focuses on the impact of this pandemic on the resident in terms of neurosurgical training, studying, mental health, as well as whether their social life was affected or not. Table 3 demonstrates the association of this score about the virus with gender, age, year of residency training, location of the neurosurgery program. Our study is the first regarding the readiness of neurosurgery residents towards the COVID-19 pandemic and the impact it has on their training.
cord-311220-3pn04u32	2020	The best research protocol to date on predicting and preventing infectious disease emergence states that urgent research must commence to identify unknown human and animal pathogens. A study of local knowledge in Ghana about Buruli ulcers, a poorly understood, necrotic infection caused by Mycobacterium ulcerans, revealed information that is likely useful for understanding the etiology and life cycle of the disease (Tschakert et al., 2016) . But, I found no studies of local health knowledge that engaged with the possibility that locally-situated communities might know of human infectious diseases, animal diseases, or zoonoses that are still unknown to science. I propose that much of this local knowledge may be useful for identifying potential EIDs. A third case study comes from camel-herding pastoralists in Somalia and Northern Kenya. Case studies show that local knowledge can be a useful source of new information about human diseases (e.g. Buruli ulcers), animal diseases (e.g. camel respiratory infections), and potential zoonoses (e.g. blackleg and heartwater).
cord-311264-zn7ydrvh	2005	In this paper, the informing seeking and processing mindset of Singaporeans during a severe outbreak situation is assessed by testing the level of knowledge on SARS and its preventive/ control measures following the earlier communication efforts and subsequent public education campaign. More than nine out of 10 respondents thought that infection control measures undertaken at hospitals were Overall, the public trust index was high at 11.4 out of a maximum score of 14, with no significant difference between gender, age groups and educational levels. First, while knowledge about infection control measures undertaken at TTSH was low (mean per cent score of 20 ± 16%), the level of confidence was high, with 82% of the respondents expressing confidence in the hospital''s ability to deal with SARS.
cord-312678-81gnmxbk	2020	Our research group initiated a study to ascertain the knowledge, attitude and practices (KAP) of Jordanians toward COVID-19 prior to any initial case report in Jordan. Therefore, the initial aim of this study was to evaluate the overall knowledge, attitude and practices (KAP) of Jordanian citizens to the ongoing international situation regarding the emergence and pandemic nature of COVID-19. where N is the sample size, Zα: type one error = 1.96 when α = 5%; Zβ: type two error = 1.28 when β = 10%; Q = 1-P: expected non-prevalence; P = proportion in the population possessing the characteristic of interest (based on the estimate that 50% of the respondents knew general information about COVID-19, its routes of transmission and the main preventative measures), d = one-half of the desired interval of confidence, in this study d = 5%.
cord-312986-nz8uc7sl	2020	Data was collected through an online survey that included information on socio-demographic characteristics, knowledge, practice, physicians fear towards COVID-19 as well as their perceptions regarding actions/policies implemented by the Ministry of Public Health (MOPH) and their health care facilities. RESULTS: Our survey revealed that the majority of Lebanese physicians had good knowledge about the disease (89.5%) while approximately half of the respondents adopted good preventive practices (49.7%). Core dimensions and items content of these two domains were identified through a review of the published literature on Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-COV) [9] [10] [11] [12] in addition to the most recent available information on COVID-19 from the World Health Organization (WHO) and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) websites up to 25th March 2020. However, a poor level of knowledge was clearly shown in response to the questions regarding the transmission of the disease (31.5%), similarly for the actions when dealing with COVID-19 cases (37.3%) and precautionary measures by health care providers (42.2%).
cord-315886-f4ofmdcm	2020	title: Knowledge and attitude towards COVID-19 in Bangladesh: Population-level estimation and a comparison of data obtained by phone and online survey methods However, the number of KD questions having significantly different correct response rates dropped to six when the phone survey data was adjusted to the socio-demographic characteristics of the online non-medical participant group. It is noticeable from our study that the total knowledge score did not differ significantly between the adjusted phone survey dataset and online non-medical dataset for the elderly (≥55 years), poor, and rural people. Furthermore, in our combined dataset of phone (unadjusted) and online non-medical participants, we found that higher total knowledge score was positively associated with having negative attitude towards the final control of COVID-19.
cord-317900-05y9re12	2020	Specifically, we discuss how geographers engage with uncertainties produced through and reconfigured by some of the most formidable issues of our contemporary moment, including neoliberal transformation, disease and illness, resource conflict, global climate change, and ongoing struggles around knowledge, power, and justice. In conversation with debates in cognate fields, this special issue brings together contributions that grapple with uncertainty through key geographic concepts such as scale, power, spatiality, place, and human-environment relations. Attending to the ways that uncertainty is experienced as a spatiotemporal condition, and how it frequently compounds across scales of knowledge production, enables the special issue''s contributors to demonstrate how forms of incertitude work through geographic relationships. In doing so, this special issue develops a critical human geography of uncertainty, which not only articulates how the concept is useful for geographers, but also, argues that geography can enrich existing transdisciplinary work on the subject with its perspectives on scale, spatiality, power, place, and human-environment relations.
cord-319908-10b7de22	2020	Method: A cross-sectional study using an online survey was conducted between 19th of March and 6th of April 2020 in three Middle Eastern countries (Jordan, Saudi Arabia and Kuwait) to explore the knowledge and practices of Middle Eastern population towards COVID-19. A cross-sectional study by means of online survey was conducted between 19 th of March and 06 th of April 2020 in three Arab countries (Jordan, Saudi Arabia and Kuwait) to explore the knowledge and practices of Middle Eastern population towards COVID-19. Participants'' knowledge scores significantly differed by country, age, marital status, education level, and whether they wear mask upon leaving home or not (p<0.05). Both males and females showed similar levels of knowledge about COVIDHigher COVID-19 knowledge scores were found to be significantly associated with age and educational attainment, which is in line with the study conducted in China during the COVID-19 pandemic (1). Findings of this study suggest that Middle Eastern participants are of a relatively low level of knowledge about COVID-19, particularly regarding its transmission routes.
cord-320928-flsaa1wx	2019	This study evaluated the perceived effectiveness of MERS-CoV educational programs and knowledge transfer among primary care HCWs at a hospital in Saudi Arabia that witnessed the largest outbreak of confirmed MERS-CoV cases in this country. CONCLUSIONS: A negative perception of the effectiveness of MERS-CoV knowledge transfer was associated with poorer knowledge and was more prevalent among male HCWs, physicians/pharmacists and less experienced HCWs. Hospitals should always refer to efficient knowledge sharing and educational strategies that render beneficial outcomes to patients, HCWs, and the public community. Therefore, there was an emerging need to evaluate the perceived effectiveness of MERS-CoV educational programs and knowledge transfer from the HCW''s perspective, in a setting that witnessed the largest outbreak of confirmed MERS-CoV cases in Saudi Arabia. This explains why HCWs with less work experience (< 5 years) had significantly more negative perceptions of knowledge transfer and the perceived effectiveness of MERS-CoV educational programs.
cord-321258-fj9nel2z	2020	title: Knowledge, Attitude, and Practices Regarding COVID-19 Among Chronic Illness Patients at Outpatient Departments in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam This study aims to assess the knowledge, attitude, and practices regarding COVID-19 among people with chronic diseases at the outpatient departments in Ho Chi Minh City. Education programs need to continue via television and social media and emphasize that people with chronic diseases are more likely to experience severe symptoms, including death from COVID-19. 14,15 Therefore, assessing the knowledge, attitude and practices toward COVID-19 plays an important role, especially in patients with a chronic illness, which will help to develop the effective educational interventions to ensure safe and quality care while stopping onwards viral transmission. This is the first study of its type to assess the knowledge, attitudes, and practices of people with chronic diseases in Vietnam, and it was performed at the first stage of the pandemic.
cord-325445-80p6wthw	2008	To overcome the above limitations, this paper proposed an integrated system comprises of an artificial intelligent conversation software robot or chatterbot, called Artificial Intelligence Natural-language Identity (hereafter, AINI), and an Automated Knowledge Extraction Agent (AKEA) for the acquisition of real world knowledge from the Internet. The aim of the project is to develop an intelligent conversation agent called AINI to answer domain specific questions as well as open-domain (or common sense) questions. The key contribution described in this paper is the integration of the common sense knowledge and domain specific knowledge in the form of a "knowledge matrix." The system is based on a layered and modular design, and the answers for the queries are searched from these modules. As shown in Fig. 1 and 2 , AINI''s domain-specific knowledge bases consist of Natural Language Corpus and Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ).
cord-330474-c6eq1djd	2020	The initial goal is to assess whether the platform is adequate for rapidly building executable models of clinical expertise, while the longer term goal is to use the resulting COVID‐19 knowledge model as a reference and resource for medical training, research and, with partners, develop products and services for better patient care. The Polyphony project was initiated on 18 March 2020 with the following mission To create, validate, publish and maintain knowledge of best medical practice regarding the detection, diagnosis and management of COVID-19 infections, in a computer executable form. The purpose is to provide a resource for clinicians and researchers, healthcare provider organisations, technology developers and other users, to (1) develop point of care products and services which (2) embody best clinical practice in decision-making, workflow, data analysis and other "intelligent" services across the COVID patient journey.
cord-331771-fhy98qt4	2021	When people have more connections in the communication-layer network, the knowledge is more likely to diffuse widely, and the rumor and epidemic can be eradicated more efficiently. Previous complex network models have found that information diffusion plays an important role in promoting the spread of self-protective measures during an epidemic [22, 23] . We adopt a two-layer network to model the processes of information diffusion (including rumor diffusion and knowledge diffusion) and epidemic spreading. In the contact-layer network, no matter whether the self-protective measure is perfectly effective or not, the threshold of epidemic outbreak increases nonlinearly with the penetration intensity of knowledge, but only if the penetration intensity of knowledge is large enough to make the knowledge widely spread. When more links are added to the communication-layer network, which allows people to receive information from more sources, knowledge is more likely to break out, and rumor and epidemic are more likely to be eradicated.
cord-333015-xgudk2h0	2020	Pharmacists who worked a higher number of hours per week, were more knowledgeable about the more frequent infectious diseases related to travel, believed that travel medicine was a pharmacist competency, believed that they could give advice to the public, and had received information from scientific journals and educational activities were more likely to have this positive attitude. Therefore, to enhance the existing information, the current study investigated the level of knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors towards infectious diseases related to travel and their influencing factors among community pharmacists in Italy. The results of the multivariate linear regression model, built to test the variables associated with this outcome of interest, showed that pharmacists who worked a higher number of hours for week, those who had a higher level of knowledge about the more frequent infectious diseases related to travel, those who believed that travel medicine is a pharmacists'' competence, those who believed that they could give advice to the public about travel medicine, and those who had received information from scientific journals and educational activities compared with those who did not receive any information were more likely to believe that it is important to provide information to the public about travel medicine (Model 2 in Table 2 ).
cord-350270-rcft3xfh	2020	title: Social scientific knowledge in times of crisis: What climate change can learn from coronavirus (and vice versa) Governments always have to weigh up different forms of knowledge and expertise, from scientific and technical knowledge to policy and political considerations. But in periods of crisis-when information is more uncertain, susceptible to rapid change and when more attention is given to decision-making processes-it becomes increasingly difficult to ensure the effectiveness of government interventions. Climate change too has seen mathematical modeling take a prime position in the search for authoritative knowledge in the context of deep uncertainty (Wynne, 2010) . Apart from offering inevitably uncertain predictions, mathematical models also obscure the social nature of the climate risk being faced (Wynne, 2010) . Social scientific knowledge deepens our understanding of how perceptions of risk, fear and trust impact on crisis mitigation. The underlying drivers of climate change are much more deeply rooted in global economic, technological, cultural and political structures than are those for COVID-19.
cord-355850-jgcjscjq	2020	title: Assessment of Healthcare Workers'' Levels of Preparedness and Awareness Regarding COVID-19 Infection in Low-Resource Settings Less than 7% of participants received training on how to manage COVID-19 cases, whereas 20.6% of doctors and 26.3% of nurses felt that they were personally prepared for the outbreak. The questionnaire evaluates information sources, training experience with COVID-19, diagnosis and management of COVID-19 patients, use of PPE, safety precautions, isolation procedures, measures to prevent infection, and reporting procedures. In conclusion, our study has illuminated the current level of knowledge and awareness of COVID-19 among doctors and nurses, with special consideration for those working in departments responsible for caring for COVID-19 patients. The respondents had a lower level of preparedness, which highlights the importance of education and training programs for healthcare workers, to control and prevent infection from COVID-19.