cord-003173-ymsl7snv	2018	BACKGROUND: Foodborne norovirus outbreak data in Japan from 2005–2006, involving virological surveillance of all symptomatic and asymptomatic individuals, were reanalyzed to estimate the asymptomatic ratio of norovirus infection along with the risk of infection and the probability of virus shedding. METHODS: Employing a statistical model that is considered to capture the data-generating process of the outbreak and virus surveillance, maximum likelihood estimation of the asymptomatic ratio was implemented. RESULTS: Assuming that all norovirus outbreaks (n = 55) were the result of random sampling from an identical distribution and ignoring genogroup and genotype specificities, the asymptomatic ratio was estimated at 32.1% (95% confidence interval [CI], 27.7–36.7). The present study aims to estimate the asymptomatic ratio of norovirus infection, reanalyzing foodborne outbreak data with laboratory testing in Japan, along with other parameters, including virus shedding frequency and the risk of infection.
cord-004948-ad3i9wgj	2001	Specific CTL were derived by immunization of HHD mice with tumor peptide extracts loaded on antigen presenting cells and with HHD transfected human tumor cell lines CTL induced against peptides from various tumors recognized tumor peptides more effectively than peptides extracted from normal tissues and also reacted with a serie of peptides derived from overexpressed candidate proteins, identified by differential display methods (SAGE, Microarrays) Comparison of CTL derived from HHD mice to CTL induced from patient''s PBMC showed overlapping recognition of many candidate peptides. By comparison of pro-teomic cell maps from normal controls and individuals affected with lysosomal transport disorders we have selected and identified several candidate disease-causing proteins, which have to be further studied by mutation analysis and functional expression. The results of the in vitro studies available to date strongly suggest that its effects on neuronal amino acid transport processes is mediated via some novel extracellular mechanism controlling the H Ï© (and/or other ionic) concentrations of neurones.
cord-005188-7syyl40y	2016	title: First report of molecular identification of Cystoisospora suis in piglets with lethal diarrhea in Japan Cystoisospora suis is a pathogen that causes diarrhea in pigs and can lead to serious disease. In this study, we used histopathological, bacteriological, virological, and parasitological methods to identify the cause of the disease in two piglets with severe diarrhea. C. suis in particular leads to serious disease in suckling piglets, causing diarrhea and dehydration mainly in animals 2-4 weeks of age (Mundt et al. In this study, we used histopathological, bacteriological, virological, and genetic methods to identify the causes of disease in piglets with severe diarrhea. For virological examination, contents of the small intestines of the two piglets were inspected by species-specific PCR using PED and TGE viruses (Kim et al. By using Cystoisospora-specific PCR, the predicted 440-bp product of the ITS1 gene was successfully amplified in DNAs from the cryopreserved ileum and serial sections only of the No. 1 piglet.
cord-006849-vgjz74ts	2019	Methods: We are performing this procedures within a prospective randomized trial that is design to compare the long term results of LRYGB-B versus the standard laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass.The video shows our technique in a case of a 46 years old female with a BMI of 46 Kg/m2. Material and methods: We present a video of the surgical intervention of a 32-year-old patient, with functional dyspepsia, with a casual diagnosis of a pseudocystic mass of the right colon after performing a CT scan: giant diverticulum of the hepatic colon angle with fecaloid content inside it under tension The patient goes to the emergency room for acute abdominal pain, pending colonoscopy, antibiotic treatment is established, and a laparoscopic approach is decided upon after the patient''s evolution. Method: We present the case of a 65-year-old patient with surgical antecedent of laparoscopic low anterior resection due to rectal cancer, presenting in postoperative period an anastomosis leakage with severe peritonitis was identified and a laparotomy with end colostomy was performed.
cord-007009-4wbvdg1r	2014	
cord-009608-bvalr9bl	2020	At the joint session of Finance and Health Ministers of the Group of 20 (G20) held in Osaka, Japan in June 2019, the "G20 Shared Understanding on the Importance of UHC Financing in Developing Countries" was confirmed, and agreement was reached to accelerate our global efforts to promote UHC through fair, equitable and preferential use of domestic resources and further invest in primary health care (PHC) services [2] . This data includes, for each project and year, gross disbursements of ODA, source (contributing ministry/agency), aid type (bilateral grant, including technical assistance; bilateral loan; earmarked funding to multilaterals [that is also called as ''bi-multi'' and was reported as bilateral ODA]; and core funding to multilateral agencies [i.e. assessed contributions and non-earmarked funding]), target country/region, and target health focus area. Regarding core funding to non-health-specific multilateral agencies (e.g., World Bank), where it was not possible to directly identify DAH out of the ODA and its flows to target country/region and health focus area, they were estimated based on the OECD methodology for calculating imputed multilateral ODA as follows [27] .
cord-010088-s9tfvtao	2013	These include ''incorrect blood component transfused'' events, where the blood component was intended for another recipient (frequently due to errors in patient identification at the time of collection of the pre-transfusion sample, or at the time of bedside administration), or did not meet the patient''s special needs (such as a patient with a red cell antibody who did not receive the required antigen-negative unit). Methods: Eligibility criteria for inclusion in the study included the following: transfusion of Rh D positive platelets, no anti D detectable before transfusion, no previous exposure to Rh D positive blood components, and results of follow-up testing of anti-D in patients serum available. In addition, the allelic frequency of Hpdel was calculated to be 0.015 by a genetic study of a limited number of the Japanese individuals, suggesting that Hp deficiency might distribute among the Japanese population as a phenotype of serum Hp. Aims: In this report, we present the results obtained from a hemovigilance survey carried out between 1998 and 2012, in which Hp deficiency was identified among Japanese patients who had experienced nonhemolytic TRs (NHTRs), and those obtained from a screening of Hp-deficient Japanese healthy blood donors.
cord-010929-d598h08w	2020	Patients who do not achieve the therapeutic target with corticosteroids or require long-term administration of high-dose corticosteroids, or patients unable to tolerate corticosteroids due to complications or adverse drug reactions, are transitioned to second-line treatment. High-dose intravenous immunoglobulin, methylprednisolone pulse therapy, or platelet transfusion should be considered for patients with severe bleeding symptoms, marked thrombocytopenia or who urgently require an increase in their platelet count because of surgery or for some other reason. In patients with underlying diseases (hypertension,diabetes,active infections, chronic infections,impaired immune status,osteoporosis,dys lipidemia,peptic ulcer, etc.) with a high probability of problematic adverse drug reactions associated with corticosteroid treatment, it is recommended that corticosteroids be started while controlling complications. However, the percentage of patients who had a partial response with a platelet count of 30,000-50,000/μL was 57.6% in the rituximab group and 46.7% in the standard treatment group, with a relative risk of 1.26 (95% CI: 0.95-1.67, p = 0.11), indicating that there was no significant difference in the bleeding inhibition effect between the two groups.
cord-010980-sizuef1v	2020	We hypothesized that presentation to a PTC would yield increased mortality when subspecialty intervention was required and that this would be most pronounced at night when in-house attending coverage is absent at all state PTCs. Materials and methods: A review of the Pennsylvania Trauma Outcome Study (PTOS) database was performed to capture patients aged 12-18 who underwent any non-orthopedic trauma surgery. Traumatic subaxial cervical fractures: functional prognostic factors and survival analysis Introduction: The main goal of this study is to identify the risk factors for poor functional outcomes and to analyze the overall survival (OS) and complications rate in patients with traumatic cervical spinal cord injury (SCI) and subaxial cervical fracture (SACF) treated with open surgical fixation. After applying a multiple imputation on all the study variables, a logistic regression generalized estimating equation after adjustment for age, sex, mechanism of trauma, and the injury severity score as covariates and hospitals as a cluster assessed an association between quartile of patient volume in intensive care unit and hospital mortality.
cord-011062-ukz4hnmy	2020	Ming-Yueh Chou 1,3 , Ying-Hsin Hsu 1 , Yu-Chun Wang 1 , Chih-Kuang Liang 1,3 , Li-Ning Peng 2,4 , Liang-Kung Chen 2,4 , Yu-Te Lin 1 ((1) Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; (2) Aging and Health Research Center, National Yang Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan; (3) Department of Geriatric Medicine, National Yang Ming University School of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan; (4) Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan) Background: Older people with frailty are at risk of adverse outcomes, such as falls, functional decline and mortality, and multi-domain intervention program may prevent those. Conclusion: Our study showed that a multicomponent exercise program is effective for posthospitalization patients because after 24-week intervention there were significant reductions in frailty and improving results in muscle strength and physical performance. Methods: Cross-sectional analysis of 757 communitydwelling older adults who completed multi-domain geriatric screen assessing for social vulnerability, mood, cognition, functional performance, nutrition, physical frailty (FRAIL) and sarcopenia (SARC-F).
cord-011245-nkr0998x	2020	title: Immune thrombocytopenic purpura risk by live, inactivated and simultaneous vaccinations among Japanese adults, children and infants: a matched case–control study This case–control study investigated immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) risk following live, inactivated, and simultaneous vaccination, with a focus on infants aged < 2 years. We matched case patients with ITP to one or two control patients with other diseases by institution, hospital visit timing, sex, and age. These limited data suggest no significant ITP risk following vaccinations or simultaneous vaccination in any age group, including infants. In this case-control study, we aimed to determine the ITP risk after live, inactivated and simultaneous vaccination in Japan. To measure this exposure, participating physicians who treated case (ITP) and control (other diseases) patients completed questionnaires covering retrospective information on vaccination history and other characteristics. Participating physicians matched controls with case patients by the institution, timing of hospital visit (within a 1-month difference), sex and age.
cord-014685-ihh30q6f	2005	This study has attempted to analyse the structural properties of membrane peptides and proteins through the use of model systems that have been designed to mimic their natural counterparts: Podlubnaya 2 1 Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics RAS, 2 Pushchino State University Amyloid brils are formed by proteins or their peptides in the result of a conformational transition from alpha helix into beta-sheet structure. Analysis of the results of such studies indicate that folding of SNase fragments is dominated by developing the local and non-local nucleation sites from native-like secondary structures and by intensifying the longrange interactions of residues at nucleation sites with residues further removed in sequence. The results show that at different pH values the aggregation processes of both proteins follow different pathways determined by the variations in the native structure and by the details of the involved conformational changes.
cord-014922-pqy8bikp	2003	In this book McMichael argues that the way to make sense of this paradox is to use a broad human ecological perspective on population health. Most of the well-known infectious ''crowd'' diseases appear to have developed during this transition; although the ''leap'' from animal species to humans can still occur today, of course, as HIV and SARS attest: writing before the recent SARS outbreak McMichael notes: ''in southern China, the intimate pig/duck farming culture creates a particularly efficient environment in which multiple strains of avian viruses infect pigs. The persuasive force of this book comes more from the weight of its examples of social-ecological processes influencing patterns of health and disease in populations than from any systematic theory describing these relationships. Australian National University This volume offers anthropological accounts of the evolution, production, and consumption of various social policies in contemporary Japan.
cord-014992-w9cg819b	2009	
cord-015569-vy49r1zd	2012	
cord-016105-jkaxemmb	2011	
cord-016889-7ih6jdpe	2019	
cord-016950-fnb3yc45	2014	Humphreys and Watanabe (2012) noted that East Asian professional sports leagues follow a "hybrid" model of organization where these leagues adopt the rules, regulations, and structure used by prominent North American or European leagues playing the same sport. Although some Major League Baseball teams are owned by large corporations-notably the Seattle Mariners, purchased by Japanese consumer electronics giant Nintendo in 1992-some other major North American professional sports leagues, and some European football leagues, explicitly ban corporate ownership of teams. Like Japanese baseball and football, the CBA faces the problem of top Chinese players moving overseas to play in the NBA and other professional leagues around the world. The CSL has a structure similar to the other football leagues in Asia, following a hybrid model that copies the organization of professional football in Europe, while following the East Asian practice of corporate ownership of teams.
cord-017245-kxqh32ip	2016	
cord-018839-yfaji9cv	2017	
cord-020617-w36yri4g	2020	This policy shift not only increased the number of urban condominium developments (Kubo and Yui 2011a ) and encouraged population recovery (Miyazawa and Abe 2005; Yabe 2003 ) but also intensified the growth of inequality within the Tokyo metropolitan area (Hirayama 2005; Jacobs 2005) . The neo-liberal national policies that stimulated urban renewal through the deregulation of urban planning, building standards, and the housing market (e.g., the Urban Renaissance Special Measure Law of 2002) strongly supported the re-growth of central Tokyo from the beginning of the twenty-first century onward. In this chapter, we examine how urban and housing policies have affected urban spatial structures, caused a divide between the city center and the suburbs, and transformed the urban lifestyle in the Tokyo metropolitan area. The Comprehensive National Development Plan of 1969 stimulated economic and urban growth in seven major metropolitan areas (Tokyo, Osaka, Nagoya, Sapporo, Sendai, Hiroshima, and Fukuoka) by expanding high-speed transportation systems nationwide.
cord-021937-p9vqpazu	2017	
cord-023049-fio7cjj5	2017	Clinical efficacy (Medical Research Council sum score, 10-m walk, modified Inflammatory Neuropathy Cause and Treatment score, Overall Neuropathy Limitations Scale, Romberg test) and patient-reported outcomes (36-item Short Form Health Survey , Life Quality Index [LQI] ) were assessed at baseline and at regular intervals until the final visit (10-14 months after switching). To explore the issue of early biomarkers in FAP, we performed skin biopsy and compared IENF density with parameters of nerve conduction studies (NCS) and quantitative sensory testing (QST) on 36 subjects (23 men, aged 55.1 ± 11.1 years) with genetic confirmation of TTR-A97S: 17 patients and 19 carriers. Results: The Gly112Ser mutation causing CMT1C is a mild form of CMT, as patients walked on time, had less weakness than those with Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease type 1A (CMT1A), had a Charcot Marie Tooth neuropathy score (CMTNS) indicative of mild disease, and had faster ulnar and median motor nerve conduction velocities compared to those with CMT1A.
cord-024984-d9s7akd5	2020	
cord-025108-fucyt0zc	2020	
cord-030502-mvlib8ol	2020	
cord-031840-k9l91unc	2020	
cord-032344-2cbeukpr	2020	To unfold the paradox of the R&D spillover effect spared in the global supply chain, we use computable general equilibrium model with the GTAP database v10 to analyze the impact of Japan''s public R&D investment to the world focus on key sectors of global supply chain, namely chemical and pharmaceutical, electronic equipment, machinery, and transportation equipment to examine its output, external trades, and welfare. Since the 1990s, the foreign direct investment (FDI) outflow from Japan and other newly industrialized economies (NIEs) in Asia have contributed to regional production networks with substantial share global demand for electronic equipment, transport equipment, and machinery. The composite of Japan''s manufacturing and population began to have structural change with higher input of electronic equipment in communication, energy, and agriculture, resulting in more economic integration with the global supply chain.
cord-033756-j8jj7qff	2020	
cord-257167-rz4r5sj7	2006	SY1-3-11-3 SAD: A novel kinase implicated in phosphoproteome at the presynaptic active zone Toshihisa Ohtsuka Department of Clinical and Molecular Pathology, Faculty of Medicine/Graduate School of Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan SAD is a serine/threonine kianse, which has been shown to regulate various neuronal functions during development, including clustering synaptic vesicles, maturation of synapses, and axon/dendrite polarization: these have recently been revealed by genetic studies in C. The results suggest that EAAT4 plays a major role in regulating the concentration of CF transmitters, possibly glutamate, in the route of its extrasynaptic diffusion, and determining the degree of CF-induced inhibition of GABA release from BCs depending on the regional difference of EAAT4 expression in postsynaptic PCs. Chitoshi Takayama 1 , Yoshiro Inoue 1 1 Department of Molecular Neuroanatomy, Hokkaido University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan GABA mediates inhibitory transmission in the adult central nervous system (CNS).
cord-257189-foodz5c5	2020	
cord-258777-9jxvngvz	2006	
cord-265023-lq5259yr	2020	
cord-265230-ozyx8u64	2020	
cord-267235-8v2sz7xm	2011	
cord-267953-d2mpjkxh	2020	
cord-269640-0u3e1493	2007	
cord-270265-gehesmpu	2020	
cord-275058-61eof7y8	2020	
cord-275828-c6d6nk7x	2016	-SBT/ABPC, intravenous drip, 3 g/3e4 times a day -CTRX, intravenous drip, 1 g/twice a day or 2 g/once a day -CTX, intravenous drip, 1e2 g/2e3 times a day -LVFX, intravenous drip, 500 mg/once a day (2) Cases of late-onset hospital-acquired pneumonia or ventilator-associated pneumonia in which the risk of resistant bacteria is high An antimicrobial drug with anti-pseudomonal activity that targets non-glucose-fermentative gram-negative rod should be administered [50, 51, 68] -To treat polymicrobial infection, the administration of an antimicrobial drug with an activity against obligate anaerobe is not always necessary [67, 70] . -SBT/ABPC, intravenous drip, 3 g/3e4 times a day -CTRX, intravenous drip, 2 g/once a day or 1 g/twice a day -CTX, intravenous drip, 1e2 g/2e3 times a day -LVFX, intravenous drip, 500 mg/once a day (2) Late-onset hospital-acquired pneumonia or cases in which there is a risk of multi-drug-resistant bacteria In addition to the above pathogens, the involvement of non-glucose-fermentative gram negative bacteria or ESBLproducing enteric bacteria must be considered. For the treatment of immunodeficiency-/blood disease-related pneumonia in children, antimicrobial drug therapy should also be basically selected, considering causative microorganisms.
cord-280937-9z37ob31	2009	
cord-284546-cbbtrksq	2020	It looks sequentially at the operative steps involved including remineralisation with bioactive cements, bonding to caries-affected dentine including smear-layer modification using HOCl, creation of an acid-base resistance zone,steps to optimise the performance of all-in-one adhesives, and incremental placement of direct composite resin to improve bond strengths to cavity floor dentine. The following topics will be discussed: operative management of caries extending into dentine, remineralisation with bioactive cements, bonding to caries-affected dentine including smear-layer modification using HOCl, creation of an acid-base resistance zone, steps to optimise the performance of all-in-one adhesives and incremental placement of direct composite resin to improve bond strengths to cavity floor dentine. Having now discussed how we could provide "painless" dentistry by careful removal of soft, caries-infected dentine, seal the cavity and prevent caries progression by adhesive enamel bonding and how the hybrid layer and an acid-base resistant zone offer the ability to prevent primary and secondary caries, it is clear that carefully applied adhesive direct composite resin restorations can offer the patient additional benefits by their ability to fill minimally prepared cavities, offer aesthetically pleasing results and good long-term durability [8] .
cord-284711-l1za83w1	2011	title: Human security and universal health insurance Here the concern is to insure against falling below an adequate threshold of human capabilities-in the case of a person''s health, a minimum acceptable level. Without health insurance, a severe medical crisis that threatens survival, for example, can have disastrous fi nancial implications-that can aff ect human security in many other dimensions. Universal health insurance thus contributes directly to furthering human security. 3, [8] [9] [10] [11] Indeed, universal health coverage in Japan, now in existence for 50 years, is indicative of the priority that Japan accords to human security. Over the decades, Japan has also undertaken policies to advance human security in other dimensions, such as basic education, social protection, and economic safety nets. Internationally, Japan has used the concept of human security to guide assistance to developing countries through bilateral aid and multilateral policies. A central manifestation of these actions is the country''s commitment to universal health insurance.
cord-288304-80bn2wgd	2020	
cord-289335-9agazyre	2020	title: An Integrated Approach to Sustainable Development, National Resilience, and COVID-19 Responses: The Case of Japan Japan''s integrated solutions show that pandemic response can include accelerated decarbonization and resilient, sustainable development. National Resilience Plans (NRP) and disaster reconstruction; economic risk countermeasures; and "Post 2020 Olympic Games" legacy investment in Society 5.0, SDGs-inclusive society. Having analysed Japan''s financial stimulus in responding to COVID-19 response from section 2 to 3, we turn to examine how integrated financial and economic stimulus can foster a rights-based, low carbon, resilient and sustainable recovery. Specifically concerning fiscal countermeasures to COVID-19 and its economic fallout, failure to include climate action risks accelerated global warming. The 2030 Agenda thus embodies the shared responsibility and global solidarity essential to making COVID-19 recovery a major step in the long journey back from planetary boundaries and towards sustainable and resilient communities.
cord-289422-5z012sr6	2020	
cord-291644-5y0ioety	2020	
cord-292451-2tpef19n	2020	title: The COVID-19 pandemic and the true incidence of tuberculosis in Japan A recent report in the present journal focused on the decreased incidence of tuberculosis during the COVID-19 pandemic in Taiwan. 1 A declining trend in influenza following the COVID-19 outbreak has already been indicated in Brazil, Singapore and Japan. These prevention measures for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) transmission may have contributed to a decline in many types of infectious diseases. 1 However, whether or not the decline in tuberculosis incidence is actually due to these prevention measures, as with other respiratory infectious diseases, is unclear. 6 As such, the infection control measures enacted to prevent SARS-CoV-2 transmission a short time after the COVID-19 outbreak are not expected to influence the trend in tuberculosis incidence. The COVID-19 Pandemic and Tuberculosis in Taiwan.
cord-295201-u2dola34	2015	
cord-297724-xoqrc3xo	2012	
cord-298009-0iv9fdof	2020	
cord-300123-fzijbney	2015	
cord-302433-5cch8w1m	2015	
cord-304432-9cdf6qpk	2020	
cord-306720-86ovj7xg	2020	title: Forecast of the COVID-19 outbreak, collapse of medical facilities, and lockdown effects in Tokyo, Japan Method: Data of Tokyo patients with symptoms during January 14 − March 28, 2020 were used to formulate a susceptible−infected−recovered (SIR) model using three age classes and to estimate the basic reproduction number (R0). If a lockdown were enacted from April 6, and if more than 60% of trips outside the home were restricted voluntarily, then a collapse of medical facilities could be avoided. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.04.02.20051490 doi: medRxiv preprint Experiences of Japanese people living in Wuhan until the outbreak provide information related to mild cases because complete laboratory surveillance was conducted for them. We used data of the COVID-19 community outbreak of patients in Japan who showed any symptom during January 14 -March 28, 2020 in Tokyo. We estimated a collapse of medical facilities in late April and about 0.5 million cases with mortality in Tokyo if a lockdown were not applied.
cord-309742-fd1qmr87	2016	
cord-314539-6vvgov43	2020	
cord-314634-udtoutew	2020	We analyzed 3,184 cases of coronavirus disease in Japan and identified 61 case-clusters in healthcare and other care facilities, restaurants and bars, workplaces, and music events. We analyzed 3,184 cases of coronavirus disease in Japan and identified 61 case-clusters in healthcare and other care facilities, restaurants and bars, workplaces, and music events. We also identified 22 probable primary case-patients for the clusters; most were 20-39 years of age and presymptomatic or asymptomatic at virus transmission. We also identified 22 probable primary case-patients for the clusters; most were 20-39 years of age and presymptomatic or asymptomatic at virus transmission. Japan''s Prime Minister''s Office and the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare announced 3 situations that could increase the risk for COVID-19 cases and advised the population to avoid the "Three Cs": closed spaces with poor ventilation, crowded places, and close-contact settings (11) .
cord-324798-qh0cxp10	2020	
cord-328913-vli62nnk	2008	
cord-330554-xg49foch	2012	Cyclosporin A (CsA), an immunosuppressive agent that targets the nuclear factor pathway of activated T-cells (NF-AT) to bind cellular cyclophilins (CyP), dose-dependently inhibited FIPV replication in vitro. Cyclophilin B (CyPB) is another target of CsA that promotes hepatitis C virus (HCV) replication by regulating the RNA-binding ability of the HCV NS5B protein. Here, we show that CsA inhibits intracellular replication of the FIPV genome and viral protein expression in vitro independently of the NF-AT pathway. After adsorption for 1 h at 37°C, the medium containing the virus was removed, and the cells were rinsed three times with phosphate-buffered saline [PBS (−)] and incubated with or without various concentrations of CsA (Sigma-Aldrich), cyclosporin H (CsH; Cosmobio, Tokyo, Japan) and FK506 (Sigma-Aldrich) for 20 h. Quantitative RT-PCR showed that 0.63 -10 μM CsA dose-dependently suppressed FIPV RNA replication, whereas FK506 did not exert significant inhibitory effects, except at 10 μM FK506 (approximately 30 % reduction compared to 0 μM FK506, P < 0.05; Figure 3A ).
cord-334683-q4xh8xts	2003	
cord-335402-79zd7hpj	2010	
cord-339673-hk1438c3	2007	
cord-340202-ikptxviu	2015	
cord-341130-pq71u2kh	2017	However, results regarding the effects of price variables (e.g.relative prices, exchange rates, transport cost) on international tourism demand vary widely. Moreover, recent changes in economic circumstances such as currency depreciation resulting from unconventional monetary policy (US, Eurozone, Japan), shifts in exchange rate policy (Switzerland, Singapore, China), and drastic drops in oil prices triggered by expanded supplies of shale gas may substantially influence the cost of travel to the countries changing international tourism demand. The living cost variables represented by relative price (RPRC t ) and exchange rate (EXC t ) accounted for a significant amount of the changes in Japanese inbound tourism from Korea. The results of this study showed that separate inclusion of relative prices and exchange rates was more effective in accounting for the changes in Japanese inbound tourism from Korea than a price variable combining these two price indicators.
cord-342958-0av6gx7r	2020	
cord-344832-0ah4w59o	2020	
cord-346629-770qyee8	2004	
cord-347806-q2lpwjt8	2010	To monitor oseltamivir-resistant influenza viruses A (H1N1) (ORVs) with H275Y in neuraminidase (NA) in Japan during 2 influenza seasons, we analyzed 3,216 clinical samples by NA sequencing and/or NA inhibition assay. At the beginning of the 2007-08 infl uenza season, however, detection of a substantially increased number of oseltamivir-resistant infl uenza viruses A (H1N1) (ORVs) was reported, mainly in countries in Europe where the prevalence varies, with the highest levels in Norway (67%) and France (47%) (11) (12) (13) (14) . During the 2007-09 seasons, we also addressed NAI surveillance for A/H3N2 and type B circulating in Japan and identifi ed no viruses resistant to both NAIs. Conversely, in March and early April 2009, a new swine-origin infl uenza virus A (H1N1) (now known as pandemic [H1N1] 2009 virus) emerged in Mexico and the United States and spread rapidly to many countries, including Japan (30) (31) (32) (33) .
cord-355465-qjtifwhd	2018	
cord-355567-60sfv60p	2020	Recently, 36 researchers insisted on the potential risk of indoor airborne transmission of SARS-CoV-2 and the importance of sufficient and effective ventilation, particle filtration, and air sterilization as infection control measures inside buildings [43] . Therefore, the MHLW published a document titled "Prevention of the COVID-19 Clusters" Abbreviation: SARS-CoV severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus Fig. 1 Traditional Japanese office building HVAC systems: a a centralized HVAC system; and b a centralized ventilation system with an individual air-conditioning system on March 1, 2020 [94] , showing the need for adequate ventilation in buildings because a ventilation standard for infection control has not been established in general buildings in Japan and the characteristics of indoor spaces where the clusters occurred might include poor ventilation and crowding.
cord-356085-rnia7mbq	2020