cord-000441-5rm1za8z	2010	Pockets of low vaccine coverage individuals (Roma/Sinti communities, high school students) facilitated the reintroduction of serotypes not endemic in Italy and facilitated the measles infection to spread. Two cases among the Italian ethnic population, who developed symptoms on 19 and 20 July, reported contact with Roma/Sinti patients with measles in a hospital waiting area, on 4 and 10 July They confirmed that pockets of low vaccination coverage exist in some areas of the Lazio region, particularly among Roma/Sinti communities and adolescents Thanks to relatively high immunisation rates amongst new born children (90,7%) [10] and the work done by the local health authorities, conducting contact investigation of cases'', vaccination of susceptible school and household contacts, and implementing isolation measures, the outbreaks did not affect the whole region and, in the city of Rome, was mainly limited to a few peripheral districts (Figure 2 ).
cord-003775-1axsebya	2019	Herein, we report the isolation, nearly complete genome sequencing, and annotation of a novel poxvirus detected from an insectivorous bat (Hypsugo savii) in Northern Italy. In this study, we report the isolation, nearly complete genomic sequencing, and annotation of a novel poxvirus detected from an insectivorous bat (Hypsugo savii) in Northern Italy. Phylogenetic analyses suggest that HYPV belongs to the Chordopoxvirinae subfamily, revealing the highest similarity (85%) with Eptesipoxvirus (EPTV) detected from the microbat Eptesicus fuscus in WA, USA in 2011, which is associated with bat necrosuppurative osteomyelitis in multiple joints. For the nearly complete viral genome sequencing, BLAST analysis revealed the highest nucleotide identity (85%) to the Eptesipoxvirus (EPTV) strain "Washington", a member of the Chordopoxvirinae subfamily identified in microbats in the USA ( Table 2 ). To conclude, a new poxvirus, HYPV, was detected in bats in Europe and its viral ecology and disease associations should be investigated further.
cord-004534-jqm1hxps	2009	HIV-1 to efficiently complete a replication cycle has to integrate its genome into the host cellular DNA.After HIV-1 enters target cells,neosynthesized viral DNA forms along with other proteins the pre-integration complex (PIC).PICs are then transported into the nucleus where integration,catalyzed by the viral integrase,takes place.HIV-1 viral particles engineered to incorporate integrase fused to EGFP have proven effective to study PICs within nuclei of infected cells.In this study we report the live imaging analysis of nuclear PIC dynamics obtained by time-lapse microscopy.Intranuclear trajectories of IN-EGFP-labeled PIC were collected in three dimensions and examined by both mean squared displacement (MSD) and cage diameter (CD) analysis.In CD the maximum distances measured between two positions occupied by a PIC in a time window of 2 minutes were calculated while in our MSD analysis 5-minute long trajectory segments were considered.Remarkably,MSD revealed the presence of an underlying active transport mechanism.To test the possible role of actin filaments,PIC nuclear trafficking was analyzed in cells treated with latrunculin B (actin polymerization inhibitor).Preliminary results suggest that the disruption of actin function impairs the active nuclear movement of PICs. Second harmonic generation microscopy reveals sarcomere contractile dynamics of cardiomyocytes N.
cord-021449-jrhqh493	2004	High milk-producing river buffaloes are as susceptible to metabolic disorders as dairy cows. In Egypt, Iran and Azerbaijan also, there is a preference for buffalo dairy products compared to cows'' milk products. The number of calves produced per cow per year varies from 0.5 in Egypt to 0.9 in Azerbaijan and Syria, with average of 0.7. In Mediterranean countries, all herds have their own bull except in the areas with very small herds (2±3 breedable buffaloes) in Romania, Bulgaria, Egypt and Turkey, where there are groups of bulls for breeding at village level. Of®cial milk recording for the productivity of buffaloes is performed in Egypt, Italy, Bulgaria, Romania, the United Kingdom, Azerbaijan and Iran. The fat content of the milk throughout the lactation is over 8% in Italy, Turkey, Azerbaijan and Iraq, around 7% in Bulgaria, Romania and Egypt, and less than 7% in Iran.
cord-023049-fio7cjj5	2017	Clinical efficacy (Medical Research Council sum score, 10-m walk, modified Inflammatory Neuropathy Cause and Treatment score, Overall Neuropathy Limitations Scale, Romberg test) and patient-reported outcomes (36-item Short Form Health Survey , Life Quality Index [LQI] ) were assessed at baseline and at regular intervals until the final visit (10-14 months after switching). To explore the issue of early biomarkers in FAP, we performed skin biopsy and compared IENF density with parameters of nerve conduction studies (NCS) and quantitative sensory testing (QST) on 36 subjects (23 men, aged 55.1 ± 11.1 years) with genetic confirmation of TTR-A97S: 17 patients and 19 carriers. Results: The Gly112Ser mutation causing CMT1C is a mild form of CMT, as patients walked on time, had less weakness than those with Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease type 1A (CMT1A), had a Charcot Marie Tooth neuropathy score (CMTNS) indicative of mild disease, and had faster ulnar and median motor nerve conduction velocities compared to those with CMT1A.
cord-024151-ccrxoya9	2020	The emphasis of the two trillion dollar ''Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act'' (CARES Act) (The Senate of the United States 2020) is to keep American workers paid and employed, to provide assistance to workers'' families and businesses, and to support the health care system, with an accent on public education and innovation prioritizing zoonotic animal drugs. Western panic buying of toilet rolls based on a viral rumor creates the problem of shortage, as I observed many times in New Zealand supermarkets at the beginning of the lockdown when Prime Minister Jacinda Ardern made public announcements that there are no shortages of any supermarket item. When Žižek suggested ''that the coronavirus epidemics may give a new boost of life to Communism'' he has in mind what the World Health Organization is saying ''We should mobilize, coordinate, and so on.
cord-024564-ff5ex004	2020	Addressing under-ascertainment of cases is relevant in most surveillance systems, especially in pandemics of new diseases with a large spectrum of clinical presentations as it may influence timings of policy implementation and public risk perception. From this perspective, this article presents and discusses early evidence on under-ascertainment of COVID-19 and its motifs, options for surveillance, and reflections around their importance to tailor public health measures. In the case of COVID-19, systematically addressing and estimating under-ascertainment of cases is essential to tailor timely public health measures, and communicating these findings is of the utmost importance for policy making and public perception. One document of the European Centre of Disease Control (ECDC) [10] reports that "the detection of CO-VID-19 cases and/or deaths outside of known chains of transmission is a strong signal that social distancing mea-sures should be considered." However, with restrictive testing strategies, these signals may be missed.
cord-025811-i8gy4dhj	2020	In our country, recent studies on the molecular epidemiology of KPC-KP from invasive infections showed an expansion of strains belonging to sequence types (STs) 512 and 258 of the hyperepidemic clonal complex (CC) 258 [7, 17] , which was detected for the first time in Italy in 2008 [18] . In this study, we present the results of molecular characterization of CR-KP strains isolated from hospitalized patients with BSIs detected during the 3-year period from 2014 to 2016 in three large provinces of the Puglia region in Southern Italy. During the study period, almost all of the CR-KP strains isolated from the patients with BSIs in the Puglia region (Southern Italy) carried the bla KPC gene (96%), confirming that the production of the KPC-type carbapenemase was the most common carbapenem-resistance mechanism, as previously reported in Italy [7, 9] and Southern Italy [28] .
cord-027758-vgr6ht3a	2020	OBJECTIVE: To analyse the impact and repercussions of the surge in healthcare demand in response to the COVID-19 pandemic, assess the potential effectiveness of various infection/disease control measures, and make projections on the best approach to exit from the current lockdown. The model captures the effectiveness of various disease suppression measures in three modifiable factors: (a) the per capita contact rate (β) that can be lowered by means of social distancing, (b) infection probability upon contacting infectious individuals that can be lowered by wearing facemasks, personal hygiene, etc., and (c) the population of infectious individuals in contact with the susceptible population, which can be lowered by quarantine. Analysing the different lockdown exit strategies showed that a lockdown exit strategy with a combination of social separation/general facemask use may work, but this needs to be supported by intense monitoring which would allow re-introduction/tightening of the control measures if the number of new infected subjects increases again.
cord-031072-uit0nm20	2020	In contrast to Italian creditors, the foreign-law holdout creditors in the Greek restructuring in 2012 had the rights to declare cross defaults, accelerate the debt and sue for recovery in English, Swiss or Japanese courts under the explicit consents to jurisdiction and waivers of immunities from suit and execution in the contracts. Theresa Arnold, Mitu Gulati and Ugo Panizza • Euro area sovereign debt in the era of The CACs in the Italian foreign-law bonds, such as the one issued in October 2019, are buttressed with all sorts of potent investor protections including acceleration clauses, cross default provisions, waivers of immunity and consents to jurisdiction. If faced with a debt crisis situation and the need to protect against holdouts, Italy will likely wish to retroactively add the two enhancements mentioned above-the option of using single-shot CACs and the disenfranchisement of the ECB-to all of its already-issued and outstanding local-law-governed debt.
cord-031936-46mossbr	2020	This paper seeks to contribute to the discussion by (1) assessing spending patterns to identify areas for savings; (2) evaluating the pension system; (3) analyzing the scope for revenue rebalancing; and (4) putting forward a package of spending cuts and tax rebalancing that is growth friendly and inclusive, could have limited near-term output costs, and would achieve a notable reduction in public debt over the medium term. The second part of this paper finds that: (1) despite past reforms, there remain generous parts of the system where Italy is an outlier, pointing to areas of potential savings; and (2) pension projections rest on optimistic assumptions of (a) employment, specifically that Italy will go from having among the highest to very low unemployment rates; and (b) Italy will maintain much higher real GDP growth rates for decades to come than has been its experience and policy settings.
cord-145890-ab4o0xol	2020	
cord-166918-hop33fxg	2020	We used a model based on the logistic and Hubbert functions, the analysis we exploited has shown limited usefulness in terms of predictions and failed in fixing fundamental indications like the point of inflection of the disease growth. A) The logistic function [2, 3, 4] (LF ) (Fig. 1) describing the evolution of a given population N (τ ) of N 0 individuals at τ = 0 (in the present case infected people) in an environment with carrying capacity K and growth rate r, is specified by Before considering a more elaborated point of view, we consider the data from "Regione Lombardia" only, where we have reported the relevant logistic curve (Fig. 6 ). A final element of discussion comes from Fig. 14 where we have reported the worldwide and Italian evolution of the Covid cases/day 2 , a kind of bi-logistic pattern is evident, which supports the ideas put forward in this and in the previous note.
cord-186031-b1f9wtfn	2020	When analysing the emerging 4 communities, we find that they correspond to 1 Right wing parties and media (in steel blue) 2 Center left wing (dark red) 3 5 Stars Movement (M5S ), in dark orange 4 Institutional accounts (in sky blue) Details about the political situation in Italy during the period of data collection can be found in the Supplementary Material, Section 1.2: ''Italian political situation during the Covid-19 pandemics''. In line with previous results on the validated network of verified users, the table clearly shows how the vast majority of the news coming from sources considered scarce or non reputable are tweeted and retweeted by the center-right and right wing communities; 98% of the domains tagged as NR are shared by them.
cord-186095-zvvaq8p9	2020	We perform a massive analysis on aggregated and de-identified data provided by Facebook through its Disease Prevention movement maps [25] to compare the * a.galeazzi002@unibs.it † antonio.scala.phys@gmail.com ‡ w.quattrociocchi@unive.it effects of lockdown measures applied in France, Italy and UK in response to COVID-19. Hence, the situation in terms of number of WCCs and the size of the LWCC reflects the different underlying structure of the three countries: France with a huge hub in Paris that is star-connected via long-range links to the local city-centered areas, Italy with mobility distributed mostly over the center-northern region, and UK that appears as an extension of London, whose mobility network remains pervasive even after the lockdown. The top row of Figure 3 shows the results of the percolation process in terms of node persistence, carried out by removing edges in increasing weight order for France, Italy and UK.
cord-217139-d9q7zkog	2020	Moreover, to make our predictions more realistic, we have trained and validated our model with COVID-19 data of some the highly affected regions of Italy. Our proposed model aims to predict the future scenario of the COVID-19 epidemic in Italy by analyzing its present state in the country. Figure 5 shows various scenarios of the epidemic in Italy in case disease transmission rate would have been timely controlled. From figure 5 , we see that as disease transmission rate, β is reduced from 0.7 to 0.4, it not only decrease the active number of infections from 45000 to 9000, but also the overall lifespan of pandemic reduced from July 31 to April 20, 2020. All the remaining parameter values are considered to be same as given in Table 1 In figure 6 , we study the case of Lambardia region of Italy. Sub-figures (9a) and (10a) exhibit the authenticity of our proposed model with the officially reported COVID-19 cases in these regions.
cord-221131-44n5pojb	2020	Since the start of the epidemic in China, a certain number of studies appeared in the mathematical community about this subject: the description of the spatial or temporal diffusion of the infected in given regions [4] , [8] [10] , the transmission dynamics of the infection [6] , the economic and financial consequences of the epidemic [1] , the effect of atmospheric indicators on the spread of the virus [5] , are only a fraction of the topics under investigation in these days. The reasonable assumption that the same fraction (with respect to the total) of infected, susceptible and recovered individuals are known, gives the possibility, in this case, to compare the measured data with the properties that are scale-independent. The second hypothesis is fundamental since we are going to look at scale-independent quantities: even in the case the measured number of infected and recovered individuals are different from the actual values, it is possible to estimate these quantities.
cord-252854-gl094y6c	2020	On March 13th, 2020, The World Health Organization effectively established that Europe is the new the COVID-19 pandemic world epicenter, as cases in Italy and other European nations soared. The clinical presentation in older adults with severe illness, in the experience from geriatricians in Lombardy, is described as quite sudden; patients can develop severe hypoxemia with the need of ventilation support in few hours. Specifically, the numbers in Italy have climbed, with over 80,000 cases and 8,000 deaths as of March 26th, 2020, placing Italy now as the country with the highest mortality rate (1) Importantly, older adults are particularly vulnerable to get severe illness and complications from this disease, and they also have a higher mortality rate than any other age group. 2. Clinical presentation in older adults with severe illness is quite sudden; patients can develop severe hypoxemia and need ventilation support in very few hours.
cord-253367-n6c07x9q	2020	This, in contrast with Ebola or Marburg diseases, where dead bodies are known to be associated with contagion; (2) the option for decedents with confirmed or suspected COVID-19 to be buried or cremated; (3) respect of customs, with family''s chance to view the body after it has been prepared for burials, using standard precautions at all times including hand hygiene; (4) body wrapping in cloth and deceased transfer as soon as possible to the mortuary area. 648 (2) , establishing urgent measures to contain the transmission of COVID-19 and prevent biological hazards, including very restrictive interventions on public Holy Masses and funerals. 648 (2) , establishing urgent measures to contain the transmission of COVID-19 and prevent biological hazards, including very restrictive interventions on public Holy Masses and funerals. During the emergency phase, Italy banned burial procedures based (i) on the recent acknowledgment about the virus environmental stability (4) as well as (ii) its national civil contingency plan.
cord-253402-6sgeraws	2020	There is now grave concern regarding the Italian national health system''s capacity to effectively respond to the needs of patients who are infected and require intensive care for SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia. At present, our national health system''s capacity to effectively respond to the needs of those who are already infected and require admission to an intensive care unit for ARDS, largely due to SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia, is a matter of grave concern. Given that the mortality of patients who are critically ill with SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia is high and that the survival time of non-survivors is 1-2 weeks, the number of people infected in Italy will probably impose a major strain on critical care facilities in our hospitals, some of which do not have adequate resources or staff to deal with this emergency. We predict that if the exponential trend continues for the next few days, more than 2500 hospital beds for patients in intensive care units will be needed in only 1 week to treat ARDS caused by SARS-CoV-2-pneumonia in Italy.
cord-253736-cd4qnp2m	2020	Especially at the beginning of the epidemic, GPs might have had scant information on the specific safety procedures for the prevention of SARS-CoV-2 transmission (e.g., there was limited knowledge on the possibility of contagions deriving from asymptomatic patients) and, moreover, the availability of personal protective equipment was insufficient. Such studies will allow the identification of specific occupational hazards and possible increased risk of infection and mortality among various categories of HCWs. Considering the currently available Italian data, the trend in deaths suggests that the work-related contagion of GPs was more critical during the first weeks of the epidemic in Italy, with a slight decrease in more recent days, even if the proportion is still very high for GPs. The relatively high number of death cases among GPs deserves some examination.
cord-255221-v4r2ek6a	2020	Until March 28, 2020, there were ∼90,000 confirmed cases of coronavirus disease in Italy, with 26,000 in-patients, 3,800 patients in intensive care units (ICUs), 40,000 positive in home isolation, and 10,000 deaths, according to the Italian Civil Protection bulletin 1 . Italy currently has the highest COVID-19 mortality rate worldwide, even compared to the People''s Republic of China where the number of COVID-19 deaths totaled over 3,000 cases, including potential re-infections. The Lombardy region has a higher number of intensive care and resuscitation beds compared to southern Italy; unfortunately, these places are fast running out of hospital beds and facing challenges in the provision of primary care for conditions other than COVID-19, necessitating the transfer of numerous patients to other regions 4 .
cord-256166-4pvk3fqn	2020	Results show that the following measures for oncologic patients have been promptly implemented through the whole country: use of protective devices, triage of patients accessing the hospital, delay of non-urgent visits, and use of telemedicine. Such emergency has led Italian oncologists to join forces, with the aim to find a way not to compromise the continuum of care of patients and to preserve safe everyday clinical Here we present the results of this survey, providing an overview of COVID-19 epidemic in Italy and assessing potential interventions to overcome this critical situation. Answers to the questions in Section 2 clearly show that, even if by the time of the survey COVID-19 represented an emergency mainly in the North of Italy, diagnostic measures for all patients accessing oncologic services were immediately activated in the whole country ( Table 3) . After the very first reports of COVID-19 in Italy, measures to reduce hospital accesses for oncologic patients were taken almost throughout the country.
cord-256326-3ebcuzd6	2020	We analyzed several variables to test this hypothesis, such as the percentage of infected patients aged >80 years, available nursing home beds, COVID-19 incidence rate, and the number of days from when the number of positive tests exceeded 50 (epidemic maturity). While there is a very clear association between the case fatality rate and age demographics (Italy has the second oldest population worldwide and has the highest ageing index in Europe [4] with a value of 168.9), we wanted to test the hypothesis that the supposed closeness between younger and older generations in Italian families may have played a major role in the pandemic spread. Additionally, we explored the relationship between the proportion of infected patients aged >80 years and social connectedness indicators, such as the percentage of family comprising one members and household size [5] .
cord-256843-05m50voc	2020	After the reconstruction of the real data on COVID-19 in Italy in the period March 2020, 1-14, through the above methods, the best estimates obtained for the Italian epidemic parameters are 1/σ = (3±1) days, 1/γ = (15±3) days, R0 = 3.51 ± 5%, I 0 = 3350 ± 20%. Thus, thanks to the results obtained from the application of the S.E.I.R. model we can foresee three possible scenarios: If, in Italy, the real next-days trend of the total infected number will be lower than that shown in figure 1, we can assume the following events set out in order of probability: the containment measures adopted 10 days ago are taking effect; Sars-Cov-2 has undergone a significant anti-evolutionary mutation. We assume the following events set out in order of probability: the containment measures adopted 10 days ago are not taking effect and Sars-Cov-2 has undergone a significant evolutionary mutation; the S.E.I.R model is no-more representative of the COVID-19 Italian case and we should utilize the S.E.I.R.S. model.
cord-257263-906epvo1	2020	Although the epidemic of COVID-19 caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) started in Italy on January 31, 2020, no reports on the use of GIS-based maps have been published to analyze the distinct differences in incidence rates across its regions and provinces during the last months. For these reasons, we have developed epidemiological maps of incidence rates using official populations, by regions (1st administrative level of the country) and provinces (2nd administrative level), for COVID-19 in Italy using GIS. Surveillance cases data of the cumulative number at March 15, April 18, and June 8, 2020, officially reported by the Italian health authorities were used to estimate the cumulated incidence rates on those dates using reference population data on SARS-CoV-2 confirmed infections (cases/100,000 pop) and to develop the maps by regions and provinces, using the GIS software Kosmo ® 3.1, as performed in previous related studies [6, 7] .
cord-257859-9hmrt96h	2014	Based on analysis of partial RdRp and full-length VP1 genes, all of the strains shared the highest identity with canine kobuviruses (CaKVs) recently detected in the US, the UK and Italy. Here we report the detection of kobu-like viruses in faecal samples obtained from Italian red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) that are genetically very similar to CaKVs. Between September 2009 and May 2013, individual rectal swabs were collected from 34 red foxes in northern Italy (Valle d''Aosta and Piemonte regions) submitted to the National Reference Center for Wild Animal Diseases (CeRMAS). Based on inspection of the tree (Fig. 1) , all of the fox kobuvirus sequences formed a tight cluster with the CaKVs recently identified in the UK and in the US [5, 12, 14] , sharing a common root with murine kobuvirus and human AiVs. Historical evidence shows that foxes are susceptible to viral diseases of domestic carnivores, including infections with canine distemper virus [15, 24] , CPV-2 [24] , canine adenoviruses [3, 24] , CCoV [28] , and canine herpesvirus [24] .
cord-259618-kl0aq0ut	2020	On the other hand, in the present situation, caregivers of people with dementia are also exposed to extra stress: limited opportunities to offer the usual level of care; food and cleaning management more problematic; worries and concerns for the possibility of contaminating an older adult that would not survive the disease; and, in a situation like the Italian one, the many "badanti" (carers from Eastern Europe) without a regular contract (Rugolotto et al., 2017) , now impeded to reach the home of the older adults they take care of because they are intercepted by the police at check points. Unfortunately, this elementary strategy to guarantee that health professionals were sufficiently protected toward the virus was not applied with due care, and up to date the number of doctors who died from the infection during their professional activity is unbearable (109 victims, at the time of writing).
cord-261517-j9kw1a9x	2020	After the first declaration of emergency of January 31st, a Decree (February 23rd) isolated cities with COVID-19 clusters within the northern Italian regions (Lombardy and Veneto) ( Table 1) . As a consequence, the new Decrees extended restrictions from the Region of Lombardy to all of northern Italy and, by March 11th, to the entire country (Figure 1) . Suspension to the entire productive chain (unless "essential", e.g. food production and distribution) in the Country FIGURE 1 | Number of new cases, deaths and total cases due to COVID-19 in Italy, from 21st February to 22nd April 2020. The approaches taken by the Italian health system to the COVID-19 emergency have varied among the most severely affected regions fall into three broad types (9). Critical care utilization for the COVID-19 Outbreak in Lombardy, Italy: early experience and forecast during an emergency response
cord-263544-6ueqx53v	2020	The Italian Association of Myology developed a survey to estimate the impact of these changes on patients affected by neuromuscular disorders and on specialized neuromuscular centers during the acute phase of COVID-19 pandemic. METHODS: We developed an electronic survey that was sent to neuromuscular centers affiliated with the Italian Association of Myology, assessing changes in pharmacological therapies provision, outpatient clinical and instrumental services, support services (physiotherapy, nursing care, psychological support) and clinical trials. Services provided by neuromuscular centers, such as rehabilitation, home care nursing, psychological support and prenatal diagnosis, faced a reduction in 57% of centers, showing higher reduction rates in geographical areas with higher numbers of SARS-CoV-2 cases (aggregate services reduction in 66% of Northern NMD centers, 43% of Central centers and 44% of Southern centers) (Fig. 1) . Home nursing care service was not provided in 67% of centers, with a higher reduction rate in Northern Italy regions, where only 20% of expected patients obtained regular assistance.
cord-265628-47dvjaa9	2020	Relying on open data for population, settlements and road networks, we showed the extent to which scaling relations hold for different boundaries for urban areas, and how they compare to each other. Area-population data for administrative boundaries can be reconciled with scaling relations valid for both the world''s cities data and with those obtained from natural cities, provided an effective area is adopted in place of polygon planimetric area of municipalities. Starting from the highest ranking, one can select all of the adjacent (surrounding) municipalities and try and find a candidate polygon to be merged with the central one, based on two requirements: (i) the aggregate areas and populations of the candidate mergers have a representative point in the (P A , ) plane which is closer to the scaling law than both the starting points, and (ii) the two candidates for the merger are connected by an urban area, as obtained by the method natural cities.
cord-265785-mcru4j6g	2020	The Outbreak of COVID-19 in Italy has caused a never-seen-before disaster in terms of hospitalizations and deaths. Italy was the first European nation to be affected by COVID-19 with 143,626 confirmed total cases and 18,279 deaths to date (1) . Italy was not prepared for COVID-19, currently a planetary health emergency with 1, 436, 198 cases and 85,522 deaths worldwide (2) . On February 21, 2019, the first Italian patient with COVID-19 was diagnosed, a 38-year-old man hospitalized at Codogno Hospital, Lodi, in northern Italy. Also, in northern Italy, on February 21, 2020, another outbreak of viruses was discovered in Vò Euganeo (Padua) and, in the Veneto region, the first death was reported, a 78-year-old man in a hospital in Padua. Social containment, early and rapid throughout a nation, is the most effective measure for controlling the spread of COVID-19; this social containment perhaps was delayed in Italy ( Figure 3) .
cord-267034-s3hf4bo5	2020	Second, we evaluated the effect of an early lockdown on the trend of new cases, creating a counterfactual scenario where the intervention was implemented one week in advance. For this reason, we estimated the number of deaths and hospital admissions for COVID-19 that would have occurred if the lockdown had been implemented one week earlier than it was actually enforced. In the present analysis we used data on the daily number of COVID-19 cases, hospitalized patients, and deaths recorded in Italy from February 24th, the first day national data were made available, to May 3rd, the last day of implementation of the national lockdown. The late implementation of the lockdown in Italy was responsible for a substantial proportion of hospital admissions and deaths associated with the COVID-19 pandemic. The late implementation of the lockdown in Italy was responsible for a substantial proportion of hospital admissions and deaths associated with the COVID-19 pandemic.
cord-267664-vahd59z8	2020	Not surprisingly, the usual, despicable age criterion started to be implicitly adopted in the decisional algorithm for the allocation of scarce resources to the mounting number of patients. It is noteworthy that during the early crisis, the Società Italiana di Anestesia, Analgesia, Rianimazione e Terapia Intensiva (SIAARTI; Italian Society of Anesthesia, Analgesia, and Intensive Care) released clinical ethics recommendations for the allocation of treatment in exceptional resource-limited situations. Of course, the patient''s age… If we want to fight such an ageistic approach and replace the age criterion for the allocation of resources, we must have and propose a parameter more robust than age but equally easy-to-obtain, that can be used for critical and rapid decision-making. In settings where rationing of resources becomes a necessity and such preparation has not been made, medical staff or oversight organizations should implement ad hoc guidelines that incorporate key prognostic factors beyond age -most notably frailty, comorbidity, and functional status. Clinical ethics recommendations for the allocation of intensive care treatments, in exceptional, resource-limited circumstances
cord-271627-mapfi8f5	2020	title: COVID-19 virus outbreak forecasting of registered and recovered cases after sixty day lockdown in Italy: A data driven model approach METHODS: COVID-19 infected patient data has extracted from the Italian Health Ministry website includes registered and recovered cases from mid February to end March. The forecasting of infected patients could be reach the value of 182,757, and recovered cases could be registered value of 81,635 at end of May. CONCLUSIONS: This study highlights the importance of country lockdown and self isolation in control the disease transmissibility among Italian population through data driven model analysis. Therefore, we developed a data driven model to forecast COVID-19 outbreak daily registered cases and recovered cases, also estimated the chance of low infected patient cases for next 60 days of Italy quarantine. Based on the ARIMA model accuracy evolution of COVID-19 Italian epidemic data on mentioned time period, we considered mean absolute prediction error (MAPE) parameter.
cord-272190-boo25au0	2020	title: Taking the right measures to control COVID-19 in ophthalmology: the experience of a tertiary eye care referral center in Italy To date, more than 7500 health workers have been affected by COVID-19 in Italy, and among them more than 50 medical doctors have died from this infection. In order to achieve continuity of care and to diminish the risk of contamination for both healthcare workers and patients, we adopted a series of measures. First, patients were screened by telephone for: (i) complaints of fever or upper respiratory symptoms; (ii) domicile in one of the hot zones; (iii) contact with suspected or confirmed cases of COVID-19. Otherwise, patients were asked to attend the visit with no more than one accompanying person in order to reduce the risk of exposure of uninfected people to potential subjects with COVID-19 disease. In order to reduce gathering of people, patients in outpatient departments were asked to come into the visiting room without accompanying person.
cord-273181-fsrdu4tq	2020	Our estimates suggest basic reproduction number averaged over all the regions of 3.29, confirming that epidemiological figures of the SARS-CoV-2 epidemic in Italy are higher than those observed at the early stage of Wuhan (China) outbreak. As it is widely known, Table S2 shows that COVID-19 epidemic affected (and is affecting) harder the northern Italian regions, with N=16859 and NA=89384 on April 24th, i.e. more than 80% of the cases of the country (with 54,7% of the Italian resident population), if we aggregate epidemiological and demographic data of the northern regions (Lombardia, Piemonte, Veneto, Emilia Romagna, Liguria, Valle D''Aosta, Trentino-Alto Adige) plus Marche and Toscana regions. . https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.05.12.20076794 doi: medRxiv preprint Caption: ( + ) Date of epidemic onset February 24 th ; (*) the original incidence data related to Trento and Bolzano were merged into a single region called Trentino-Alto Adige resulting in a geographical disaggregation of Italy into 20 regions.
cord-274778-wds40e6i	2020	title: Information on the COVID-19 Pandemic in Daily Newspapers'' Front Pages: Case Study of Spain and Italy The study analyzes 72 front pages of El País and El Mundo in Spain and Italy''s Corriere della Sera and La Repubblica, collecting 710 news items and 3456 data evidences employing a mixed method (both qualitative and quantitative) based on content analysis and hemerographic analysis. Based on the trust placed on the printed media-as the most credible and rigorous media-this research analyzes a total of 72 front pages of the main daily newspapers in Spain and Italy (36 each) . The research, based on previous studies [33] , analyzes a total of 710 news items extracted from 72 front pages of the four main daily newspapers of Spain and Italy (36 per country). Nonetheless, while in Spain it occupies 62% of the front page; in Italy COVID-19 related pieces cover a striking 80% of the information (see Figure 9 ).
cord-275926-rj23z7po	2020	3. Institutional plans for the SARS-CoV-2 outbreak: any special measures adopted for SARS-CoV-2 positive neurosurgical patients were investigated, i.e. their screening rate and method, any changes in surgical indications, planning and activity for oncologic procedures, non-emergency surgeries, and subarachnoid hemorrhages (SAHs). The same correlation was found with regards to the medical perception of disease activity (Q2) in different countries, and only few respondents (3%) claimed their country was not facing the outbreak during the time period studied: among them, neurosurgeons from Germany were probably the most "wrong", since their country had between 10 4 to 10 5 SARS-CoV2 patients during the study period (Fig. 4A) . 5 India and Pakistan have been reported to be the world''s best respondents to the SARS-COV-2 pandemic, 22-24 thus reflecting high rates of neurosurgical activity reorganizations.
cord-275978-pezm1tnw	2020	
cord-277395-72zu3mna	2016	Because of the strong market demand for buffalo cheese, the number of buffaloes has increased in Italy and there is a preference for buffalo dairy products compared to cows'' milk products in a few countries. In Mediterranean countries, all herds have their own bull except in the areas with very small herds (2-3 breedable buffaloes) in Romania, Bulgaria, Egypt and Turkey, where there are groups of bulls for breeding at village level. Official milk recording for the productivity of buffaloes is performed in Egypt, Italy, Bulgaria, Romania, the United Kingdom, Azerbaijan and Iran. The most common housing system is that referred to as ''traditional,'' consisting of keeping buffaloes indoors at night and confined in fenced areas during the day (Egypt, Turkey, Iraq, Syria); in the favorable season they are allowed to graze during the day (Romania, Turkey and on some farms in Italy). The fat content of the milk throughout the lactation is over 8% in Italy, Turkey, Azerbaijan and Iraq, around 7% in Bulgaria, Romania and Egypt, and less than 7% in Iran.
cord-278993-w5aa0elj	2020	We retrospectively studied consecutive critically ill patients with confirmed Covid-19 who were referred to the hospitals of the Lombardy, Veneto and Emilia-Romagna regions during the first 2 weeks of the Italian outbreak (February 24March 8, 2020) . The present study describes how the Italian health-care system of three northern Italian regions responded to the increasing need for clinical resources for critically ill patients during the first 14 days of the Covid-19 outbreak through the 28.7% increase in ICU beds and the increasing use of non-invasive respiratory support outside the ICU. Our data show that, compared to patients admitted to the ICU, patients receiving respiratory support outside the ICU were significantly older, had more comorbidities and had a higher PaO 2 /FiO 2 ratio and a lower PaCO 2 .
cord-279036-fwmb0rr7	2020	METHODS: We developed a structured interview to collect the lived experience of the staff of the pediatric emergency department (PED) of a tertiary referral university hospital in Northern Italy. We developed a structured interview to collect the lived experience of pediatric health-care providers of the Maggiore della Carità University Hospital (Novara, Italy), the second largest third level referral hospital of the Piedmont Region, one of the most COVID-19 affected regions in northwest Italy. The open-ended questions, draft according to the suggestions and interests of Canadian pediatric emergency physicians, were collected at the end of March 2020, when 101,739 confirmed cases were reported in Italy, with 11,591 deaths, whereas Canada was not already critically involved in the COVID-19 outbreak. Exploring for the first time the perception of pediatric emergency physicians in one of the most affected countries, this study represents a unique attempt to provide hints to those pediatricians not already critically involved in facing the COVID-19 pandemic across the world.
cord-279451-ax7n2ss5	2020	title: New Early Warning Score: off-label approach for Covid-19 outbreak patient deterioration in the community In Italy, the first "wave" hit Lombardia on February 20, 2020, with such a high proportion of patients to impact substantially both admission to emergency department and intensive care treatment, and arising new concerns 2 . Accordingly with this new approach, a research project was started on voluntary bases by a multidisciplinary teams (e.g. healthcare professionals, software developers, engineers, social manager etc.) with the aim to develop a web app based system to monitor deterioration of patients directly at home. This NEWS "off-label" approach in community setting with "homemade" measurements could facilitate self-calculation of the score, thus helping pre evaluation by healthcare professionals and recognising deterioration of patients at risk especially in conditions of overwhelming requests as during a pandemic. We invited all the international health system researchers to allocate time and resources on this innovative approach for potential "off label" application of NEWS in Covid-19 patients.
cord-280031-0w6wn7u8	2020	This epidemiological transition in Italy is continuously updated with characteristics of patients with Covid-19 who have died, including: average age (78 years old), sex (70% men), pathologies before hospitalization (Patients with 0 pre-existing pathologies 2%; In fact, in the acute phases of the pathology, the respiratory physical therapists support the work of intensive care physicians, pulmonologists and nurses by: providing qualified care in the different modalities of non-invasive mechanical ventilation (NIV); monitoring and addressing respiratory fatigue; preventing the complications of prolonged immobility; prone positioning to improve gas exchange in severily ill subjects; participating in the weaning from invasive mechanical ventilation protocols; and assisting in the recovery of the patient''s autonomy in activities of daily life, which is often compromised by long periods of sedation and prolonged hospitalization. Rapid Response to COVID-19: Health Informatics Support for Outbreak Management in an Academic Health System
cord-282268-f7mbdfr6	2020	By contrast, the hypothesis discussed in this research is that the time period (days) in which a new positive case of coronavirus is identified and certified, which could be called a sort of a positivity detection time, is longer than the incubation time because of possible delays between contagion and detection caused, for example, by the significant percentage of tests that prove false negative to COVID-19, or by the fraction of people who, although infected, are asymptomatic and/or initially show only mild symptoms, and therefore do not resort to health care. Estimates were made through a multiple linear regression model linking the number of certified daily cases (day-to-day) to socio-economic indices (e.g. number of residents; population density), environmental variables (e.g. temperature, PM pollution), health care indicators (e.g. number of swabs taken daily) and mobility habits (e.g. number people who performed trips several days before).
cord-284573-w0sk622m	2020	Published by a group of experts without peer review on an institutional website, the report compared Covid-19 with the great pandemic of 1918, which killed over 50 million people worldwide and suggested, without any evidence, that SARS-CoV-2 was "a virus with comparable lethality to H1N1 influenza in 1918." 1 Most frightening in all this was not so much the lethality of the SARS-CoV-2 virus but the license to rush forward with predictions, abandon basic standards of science, and make dramatic claims to scare people. This extreme and unprecedented blanket approach systematically imposed on entire populations was driven by a number of factors that variously prevailed in different countries across the world: a growing sense of panic, constant media sensationalism, deep authoritarian longings, increasing political pressure to contain the spread of the virus, disturbing accounts of overwhelmed hospitals unable to cope with the surge of patients, misleading mortality calculations, and, most importantly, a trust in the power of mathematical disease modeling.
cord-284786-pua14ogz	2020	In this paper, we empirically investigate the ecologic association between long-term concentrations of area-level fine particulate matter (PM(2.5)) and excess deaths in the first quarter of 2020 in municipalities of Northern Italy. We estimate a negative binomial model of excessive deaths on historical PM 2.5 concentrations and a series of control variables that may plausibly affect both PM 2.5 concentration and mortality, including population density; the spatial concentration of the industrial manufacturing sites; climatic conditions observed during the first quarter of 2020; and the demographic composition of the municipal population among others. Among the covariates, PM is the concentration of fine particulate matter in municipality i and is the associated parameter, which we expect positive and statistically different from zero; X is a vector of control variables that adjusts for the potential confounding effects and includes the (log of) total population as the offset while is a normally-distributed error term.
cord-285187-1h5tjs0r	2020	PURPOSE: The purpose of the study was to describe epileptologists'' opinion on the increased use of remote systems implemented during the COVID-19 pandemic across clinics, education, and scientific meetings activities. Interestingly, before the COVID-19 pandemic, remote systems were significantly more frequently used in China for clinical activity compared with France or Italy. The aim of this study was to assess the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the acute use of remote systems in clinics, education, and scientific meetings in the field of epilepsy and to explore the users'' satisfaction and the perspectives of future use. We conducted a cross-sectional, electronic survey of epileptologists, neurologists, and pediatric neurologists mainly involved in the epilepsy field to determine the use of remote work during the COVID-19 pandemic (supplementary data). Before the COVID-19 pandemic, the rate of respondents who had experienced remote working systems was higher in China than in the two other countries (91.6% versus 61.7% for France and 25% for Italy, p = 10 −4 ).
cord-285232-0p27ez9i	2020	The questionnaire consisted of 18 questions: five of them focused on the characteristics of the participating centre (i.e. involvement of the centres and of the physicians in the management of suspected and confirmed patients with COVID-19, volume of annual CIEDs implantations and ablation procedures); seven of them focused on the impact of COVID-19 pandemic on the number of CIED implantations and ablation procedures performed in both elective and emergency settings, and on the number of cases of acute pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatment of atrial fibrillation (AF) in emergency setting; two of them focused on the impact of COVID-19 pandemic on the management of remote monitoring (RM) of CIEDs; the remaining four were focused on the possible organizational strategies for post-COVID-19 recovery phase. Based on the reported procedure volumes, we estimated that, during the two months March-April 2020 in the 84 centres that participated in the survey, globally about 2200 fewer CIEDs had been implanted and about 960 fewer ablations had been performed (in both elective and emergency settings) compared to the same period of the previous year.
cord-286305-2bwlxlfo	2020	
cord-286958-e1ey31eo	2020	
cord-287101-k3zq75zc	2020	
cord-287176-1hm0ua2s	2020	For a number of reasons COVID-19 pandemic is polite with children; however, the fear of this unknown disease drove to develop dedicated pathways in the Pediatric Emergency Departments for the suspected and diagnosed cases of COVID-19, together with their relatives. For a number of reasons COVID-19 pandemic is polite with children; however, the fear of this unknown disease drove to develop dedicated pathways in the Pediatric Emergency Departments for the suspected and diagnosed cases of COVID-19, together with their relatives. With the double aim of reducing the circulation of patients in the hospital area, but also to spare human resources to throw into the COVID activities, all outpatient practices were virtually abolished (or at least sharply reduced): programmed admission were postponed, and elective surgery was limited to very selected cases requiring urgent oncologic treatment, trauma or emergency. 8 Monitoring pediatric EDs before COVID pandemic had clearly documented frequent overcrowding, resulting from inappropriate accesses for children deserving only primary care treatment.
cord-288836-bygcyxpz	2020	We conducted a survey among the Directors of EDs in high-risk areas of Northern Italy with the aim of investigating the barriers and strategies to safely resume elective endoscopy activity in Phase Two of the lockdown. The first section focused on the organizational characteristics of EDs before and after the outbreak, in order to assess the impact of the pandemic on EDs. The second section explored the availability of specialist staff and personal protective equipment (PPE) in the EDs at the start of Phase Two. In the third section, the Directors of EDs were asked to foresee the endoscopy workload they would realistically estimate as achievable, according to local resources, in Phase Two (from May to July 2020), and to indicate strategies to optimize endoscopic activity in this reference period.
cord-292474-dmgd99d6	2020	As the Italian National Institute for the Infectious Diseases, we have hospitalized the first Italian COVID-19 patients and since then, our general surgery department had to face this reality [16] . Pancreatic resections, total gastrectomies, major hepatectomies, and multivisceral resections as well as liver and kidney transplantations were considered as the high-risk surgical procedures because of the increased likelihood of postoperative ICU admission. On January 31, 2020 (Day 0), the first two COVID-19-positive patients in Italy were admitted to the department of infectious diseases of our hospital with mild fever and atypical pneumonia requiring no invasive treatment. Considering only the transplantations and the operations performed for cancer, patients in the second period had fewer comorbidities, lower ASA score, CCI, and RCRI, being overall at lower risk of postoperative ICU admission (Table 3) . As an institutional policy, our transplant center remained opened and we decided to continue with our standard surgical oncology activity, improving selection of patients to limit the need for postoperative intensive care management.
cord-292711-c5np5bar	2020	In a not negligible number of patients affected by COVID‐19 (coronavirus disease 2019), especially if paucisymptomatic, anosmia and ageusia can represent the first or only symptomatology present. Europe and America currently represent the new front where the battle against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is being fought. In the centers that are facing this emergency, a significant number of patients presenting anosmia and ageusia associated with fever (> 37.5 C) as onset symptoms are being detected. Anosmia has already been reported in the course of SARS 2 and other coronavirus 3,4 infections; however, it represents a rare occurrence. In a non-negligible number of patients, especially if paucisymptomatic, ageusia and anosmia can represent the first or the only symptomatology manifestation. It will be important, when feasible, to obtain olfactory and gustatory testing data on patients with confirmed COVID-19 testing to provide quantitative data on the incidence and severity of these sensory losses.
cord-293630-zc8huo1j	2020	
cord-295622-znmpheia	2020	
cord-297051-g5sfh4nf	2020	After covid-19 crisis in Italy, serious restrictions have been introduced for relatives, with limitations or prohibitions on hospital visits. Family members of patients admitted to the acute palliative care unit and hospice were screened for a period of 2 weeks. Family members of patients admitted to the acute palliative care unit and hospice were screened for a period of 2 weeks. Before this crisis, in the acute supportive/palliative care unit, family members were allowed to stay "eight days a week" alongside their loved ones, as it occurs in the hospice, possibly even at night. In the first two weeks after the restrictions enacted by the Health Minister, we have patients and family members been discouraged to do this, drastically changing our way of operating according to the philosophy of palliative care. We interviewed the family members of a consecutive sample of patients who were admitted to our acute palliative care unit (8 beds) and hospice (10 beds) in a period of two weeks.
cord-297256-i9468t8v	2020	In fact, although current data indicate that persons aged 70 years and older contribute to about the 85% of the death events in Italy, it cannot be overlooked the fact that Japan has substantially smaller figures despite being the oldest country in the world. To keep the healthcare machine running and support the colleagues overwhelmed in the management of COVID patients, there have been pediatricians working with older patients, or surgeons taking care of internal medicine issues... Geriatric medicine has produced substantial evidence showing that frail older persons require adaptations in the clinical approach, and that the environment plays a critical role for the wellbeing of the aging individual (5,6). Many older persons (with their chronic conditions and care needs) remained isolated after the SARS-CoV-2 outbreak. The same human interaction between the patient and his/her physician is lost behind the burdening personal protective equipment in COVID-19 facilities.
cord-299102-4bwtg6xz	2020	Although several reports are available in the literature on recommendations for reorganization of the clinical and surgical activities [3-7], to our knowledge, no data is available on the effective impact of COVID-19 pandemic on the outcomes of other medical conditions. For this reason, we aimed to evaluate the urological component of emergency department activities during the COVID-19 pandemic, assessing the requests for urgent urological consultations in a network of academic and nonacademic hospitals in Italy. To assess the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on urgent outpatient urological practice, we evaluated the urological consultations performed in emergency departments in a specific week, after the national lockdown of the country starting on 9 March 2020. In the present report evaluating urological consultations in emergency departments during one week of the COVID-19 pandemic, we found a substantial decrease in the number of urgent consultations.
cord-299810-e57pwgnx	2020	Finally we study the behavior of the ratio infected over swabs for Italy, Germany and USA, and we show as studying this parameter we recover the generalized Logistic model used in [1] for these three countries. The parameters r 0 represents the rates of growth of epidemic, K is the carrying capacity for the classical logistic model, α is a constant in order to have a power low initial growth before LD, β is the exponent of the second term of equation 1 that represents the influence of asymptomatic; δ,a correction of the quadratic term of logistic, and γ are the constant parameters considering the influence of the government measures 1 , K f is a proportionality constant between deaths and total number of infected, while t d and t r are the delays of deaths and recoveries respect to infected respectively; the constant A represents the contribution of asymptomatic people as introduced in [1] and finally t 0 is the time of LD start.
cord-301348-h21rnyww	2020	Figure 6 shows the results of criteria graph for the ARDL model that takes into account the number of new cases and new deaths in China, both for the BET stock index return and for the Romanian Government bond (10Y). Figure 7 shows the results of criteria graph for the ARDL model that takes into account the number of new cases and new deaths in Italy, both for the BET stock index return and for the Romanian Government bond (10Y). However, both models shows that the number of new deaths in China due to COVID-19 has no influence on the BET index return, respectively, on the Romania 10-year bond yield, neither in the short-term, nor in the long-term. However, the short-run results show a negative impact of new deaths cases of COVID-19 from Italy on the BET index return, in line with Okorie and Lin [58] which underlined a transitory contagion effect in the stock markets due to novel coronavirus.
cord-303030-8unrcb1f	2020	In this paper we discuss the different effects of these ingredients on the epidemic dynamics; the discussion is conducted with the help of two simple models, i.e. the classical SIR model and the recently introduced variant A-SIR (arXiv:2003.08720) which takes into account the presence of a large set of asymptomatic infectives. In the SIR model [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] , a population of constant size (this means the analysis is valid over a relatively short time-span, or we should consider new births and also deaths not due to the epidemic) is subdivided in three classes: Susceptibles, Infected (and by this also Infectives), and Removed. Acting on α or on β to get the same γ will produce different timescales for the dynamics; see Fig. 1 , in which we have used values of the parameters resulting from our fit of early data for the Northern Italy COVID-19 epidemic [7] .
cord-303690-8h58rmwk	2020	title: Mortality impacts of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outbreak by sex and age: rapid mortality surveillance system, Italy, 1 February to 18 April 2020 Data from the rapid mortality surveillance system in 19 major Italian cities were used to carry out a timely assessment of the health impact of the COVID-19 epidemic. Since 2004, Italy has had a rapid mortality surveillance system (SiSMG) for real-time monitoring of daily deaths in major Italian cities and allows routine evaluation of the health impact of extreme events and influenza epidemics [3, 4] . Briefly, SiSMG is based on an ad hoc daily flow of mortality data (resident population by age and sex) from local Municipal Registry Offices to the Department of Epidemiology, Lazio Regional Health Authority -ASL Roma 1 (DEPLAZIO) which manages the system on behalf of the Ministry of Health [5, 6] . Figure 2 shows excess mortality by sex and age groups among cities in the north and in the centre and south of Italy caused by the COVID-19 outbreak up until 3 April 2020.
cord-304266-49e723rj	2020	T he epidemiologic features of the recent pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) have been shown to relevantly vary among countries, 1 with substantial differences in terms of incidence, mortality, and case-fatality rate (CFR), a parameter whose crude estimation is obtained by dividing the number of deaths by the total number of cases. In particular, a substantially higher CFR for COVID-19 was reported for Italy compared with other countries, and several authors put forward different hypotheses to explain it. [2] [3] [4] Using data from China and Italy, 1 paper suggested that this phenomenon could be due to mainly 3 different factors 2 : (1) a diverse age distribution; (2) a different definition of COVID-19-related deaths; and (3) a countryspecific strategy in testing. On the other hand, we think that the Italian testing strategy could explain an important part of the observed difference in CFRs. The majority of patients who are currently tested in Italy have severe clinical symptoms that usually require hospitalization.
cord-305632-xbji6g5x	2020	
cord-306060-wtdzad90	2020	During the interval between February 25-29, 2020, we identified 46 cases of COVID-19 reported in 21 countries in Europe, Africa, North America, and South America which were either in individuals with recent travel from Italy, or who had presumed infection by a traveler from Italy 2. In summary, we suggest that the numerous COVID-19 case exportations from Italy in recent days suggest an epidemic that is larger than official case counts suggest, and which is approximately on a par with that currently occurring in South Korea, which reports 3526 cases (and fewer deaths) as of February 29, 2020. To estimate the time at risk of COVID-19 exposure for travelers departing Italy, we obtained data from the United Nations World Tourism Organization (UNWTO) for the proportion of international travelers that are non-residents of Italy (63%) 4 and the average length of stay of tourists to Italy (3.4 days) 5 , and assumed the Italian epidemic began one month prior to February 29, 2020 6 .
cord-307219-okvvajms	2020	
cord-307846-t8ejmq71	2020	
cord-308328-wfiqbu3m	2020	
cord-310841-scg0h40b	2020	
cord-311190-i630n88t	2020	The remaining of the paper is organized as follows: in Section 2, we summarize the most significant work concerning the detection and analysis of large anomalies occurred in the Internet; Section 3 describes the data collection phase; in Section 4, the method we followed to compute the performance indexes is explained; the main characteristics of the datasets are illustrated in Section 5, together with a preliminary analysis; Section 6 contains the results on the Italian Internet latency from different perspectives (type of measurements, hour of the day, IPv4 vs IPv6, etc), whereas Section 7 shows the results concerning the above-mentioned countries and the whole of Europe (with less details compared to Italy); Section 8 concludes the paper. We studied the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the latency of the Italian Internet from different perspectives: when both source and target are located in Italy or just one of the two, when considering the time of the day and workweek/weekend, and when taking into account the version of the Internet Protocol.
cord-311523-erntrh3p	2020	
cord-311782-d2t8bzio	2020	
cord-314466-6j4vuqer	2020	To investigate the universal similarities among the cumulative profiles of confirmed cases and deaths of 19 individual nations in the G20, a transformation algorithm of the time series data sets was developed with open-source software programs. After these statistical phenomena were viewed as identical events occurring at a distinct rate in each country, the reported algorithm of the data transformation using the reduced time revealed a nation-independent, universal profile (especially initial periods of the pandemic spread) from which a nation-specific, predictive estimation could be made and used to assist in immediate public-health policy-making. . https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.06.11.20128991 doi: medRxiv preprint CCC of the E6 Figure 2 (a) shows that not all E6 nations have a similar onset trend after a certain latency period, but most appear to follow Italy''s profile after their CCC numbers exceed approximately no more than 100, denoted here as the default CCC threshold ν c = 100.
cord-315641-bzfrd7xj	2020	[24] [25] [26] The ability of the Chinese authorities to build hospital facilities for infected patients within a very short time appeared to be a test of "strength." However, little attention was paid to the conclusions that should have been drawn about how to assist new patients during the emergency situation. Severe acute respiratory distress syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which results in a high percentage of infected patients, has been enormously difficult to manage. Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a descriptive study From SARS to COVID-19: a previously unknown SARS-related coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) of pandemic potential infecting humans-call for a One Health approach 2019-nCoV (Wuhan virus), a novel coronavirus: human-to-human transmission, travel-related cases, and vaccine readiness Isolation, quarantine, social distancing and community containment: pivotal role for old-style public health measures in the novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) outbreak
cord-315970-m5o962yw	2020	
cord-317184-vz829rsy	2020	
cord-317700-buzdfgyq	2020	Regarding Addison''s disease, the ESE statement affirms that there is no evidence that patients with adrenal insufficiency are at increased risk of contracting COVID-19, and there are no reported data on the outcomes of COVID-19 infection in adrenal-insufficient individuals. A population-based, retrospective, open cohort study in the United Kingdom from 1995 to 2018 showed that the Addison''s disease cohort, compared with matched controls, had a higher risk of infections of the lower respiratory [adjusted incidence rate ratio (aIRR) 2.11; 95% CI 1.64-2.69], urinary (aIRR 1.51; 95% CI 1.29-1.77), and gastrointestinal (aIRR 3.80; 95% CI 2.99-4.84) tracts, leading to increased use of antimicrobial agents in the primary care setting [6] . Another Swedish population-based, retrospective study from 1964 to 2004 reported increased mortality from infections in patients with autoimmune PAI (standardized mortality ratio 5.9; 95% CI 4.0-8.4) [8] . In Norway, a population-based, retrospective study from 1943 to 2005 reported an increase in mortality from infections associated with Addison''s disease [10% among causes of death (95% CI 5.1-14.9) vs.
cord-318080-cmx3q2sc	2018	In this study, we investigated the presence of various human viral pathogens in 14 different species of bats captured in Central and Southern Italy. Upon sequence analysis, we observed a remarkable genetic diversity among the various bat AstV strains detected in Italy. These findings do not confirm the bat species specificity of AstV, proposed by other authors (Fischer et al., 2016 Astrovirus infection is associated with gastro-enteritis in most animal species, and humans AstVs are regarded as a common cause of viral diarrhoea in children (Mendez, Aguirre-Crespo, Zavala, & Arias, 2007; Xiao et al., 2017) . The potential zoonotic risks associated with bats have attracted the attention of researchers, mostly after the discovery of SARS-like and MERS-like CoVs (two coronaviruses highly pathogenic for humans) in European bat species, although the zoonotic risks posed by bat viruses, likely very limited, should be assessed more properly (Kohl & Kurth, 2014) , in large structured studies.
cord-318237-22s13v2y	2019	Although to date CPV‐2 is circulating in all continents, most of the current studies have analysed the amino acid changes accounted in the VP2 gene sequence, with limited information on virus introductions from other countries. The aim of this study was the detection and molecular analysis of CPV strains displaying genetic features of Asian viruses spreading in southern Italy. More recently, a CPV-2c strain displaying genetic signatures typical of Asian viruses was detected in southern Italy (Mira, Purpari, Lorusso, et al., 2018) , thus suggesting the introduction of the virus from other countries, as reported for other canine viruses (Decaro, Campolo, et al., 2007; Martella et al., 2006; .
cord-318468-7s5znn5c	2020	Using data from a cross-sectional worldwide web survey, we aimed to snapshot the current status of proctologic practice in Italy with differences between three macro areas (North, Centre, South). The purpose of this study was to explore the impact of COVID-19 on proctologic practice in Italy, looking for differences between North, South and Central regions. Multivariable models were fitted using a predefined set of covariates which included respondents'' and hospitals'' demographics (i.e. geographical area, age, gender, type of hospital, hospital rearrangement, external facilities for proctologic surgery, use of PPE, pre-operative testing policies for COVID -19) . More than a half of respondents had modified the surgical informed consent for both COVID-19 positive (N = 164 [55%]) and negative patients (N = 177 [59%]), by mentioning the higher risk of infection and SARS-COV-2-related complications.
cord-319912-fc9tmx96	2020	In the Veneto region, which embraced mass testing, contact tracing, and at-home care provision, COVID-19-induced mortality was, respectively, three and six times smaller than in neighboring Emilia-Romagna and Lombardy. This result helps to rationalize the serious undercounting of COVID-19 fatalities in official statistics, which do not include deaths in nursing homes. We zoom in on Lombardy, the worst affected region, to test whether COVID-19 had an additional effect on mortality in municipalities with a higher share of people living in nursing homes (see the Online Appendix for details on the estimation). A plausible estimate suggests that true deaths were about 60% higher than what was officially reported during the first wave of the COVID-19 epidemic in Italy. We use highly granular daily death registry data for thousands of municipalities in Italy''s north to conduct a precise estimation of the true effect of COVID-19 on the mortality rate and compare the real death toll with what is reported in official statistics.
cord-320773-zisujjsx	2020	
cord-320897-cxmw7bfu	2020	
cord-321194-xi4zy5ow	2020	The build-up to this global pandemic announcement saw a national wide lockdown declared in Italy on 9th following an uncontrollable and astronomic increase in the number of new cases and deaths in the country (BBC, 2020c) . As the situation escalated, with over 1000 confirmed cases in the country, and over 31 deaths from the virus, the National Basketball Association (NBA), one of the most popular and fancied sporting activity in North America abruptly suspended its season, as of March 11, when a player of the Utah Jazz tested positive for coronavirus, just before their game with Oklahoma City began (Cacciola and Deb, 2020) . While a majority of countries, especially in Europe writhed in desperation from the impacts of COVID-19, China reported a third consecutive day with no local new case of coronavirus (The straits Times, 2020c).
cord-322075-e6whegrf	2020	
cord-322079-87iqc21s	2020	title: Providing pediatric well-care and sick visits in the COVID-19 pandemic era: the recommendations of the Italian pediatric society The Italian Pediatric Society recommend to separate well visits from sick ones, to educate families and to promote hygienic strategies to provide an adequate pediatric assistance in case of a second pandemic wave. Although most pediatric cases are mild, pediatricians should maintain suspicion for SARS-CoV-2 infection in children, visit sick patients and monitor their clinical conditions for the risk of complications, in order to avoid the spread of the infection to other children, schoolmates caregivers, family members and physicians. Regarding healthcare providers, as COVID 19 is not yet over in Italy, the Italian Pediatric Society recommend to use strategies to separate well visits from sick ones. In case of sick children, the Italian Pediatric Society recommends to identify those with signs or symptoms compatible with COVID-19 and:
cord-322348-8opy5z9h	2020	
cord-323934-vew4uxu4	2020	
cord-326489-c3ezmshe	2020	
cord-326644-5war06j2	2020	preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted medRxiv a license to display the preprint in temporally to superpose one on another, so that for all countries day zero represents the onset of COVID-19 outbreak. preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted medRxiv a license to display the preprint in While NHS are prepared to receive a certain number of ICU patients distributed during the influenza season, which lasts several months, no NHS can manage an exponentially growing number of COVID-19 patients. preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted medRxiv a license to display the preprint in Here we show that it is possible to predict the date of saturation of the ICUs in a region early on, by using the temporal information about the number of available ICU beds.
cord-327589-mr8z65o5	2020	
cord-327777-pg98zc6o	2020	However, the high mutation rates characterizing members of the Coronaviridae family and their potential successful interspecies host jumps—as that likely occurred in the Novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) emergence—should be considered in the management of hedgehogs admitted to multi-species wildlife rehabilitation centers, recommending their return back to the original recovery areas. Western European hedgehogs'' ecological and feeding habits, along with their high population densities, notable synanthropic attitudes, frequent contacts with sympatric wild and domestic species, including humans, implicate the possible involvement of E. The wild bird Influenza A virus (IAV) gene pool poses significant risks for both animal and human health because of its ability to colonize a wide variety of animal species (included in the Mammalia, Aves and Reptilia classes) in which IAV can cause variable outcomes of infection, with possible high morbidity and fatality rates [20] .
cord-327779-lt3t4shi	2020	This perspective piece focuses on the main challenges faced by Italian hospital managements: hospital overcrowding; the need for urgent reorganization of the country''s healthcare systems; the lack of data regarding COVID-19 diagnostics, clinical course, and effective treatment; individual and collective consequences of the crisis; and the importance of disease containment measures and early treatment strategies. 9 The main factors associated with stress disorders included supporting the challengingly high number of critically ill patients, scarcity of intensive care beds, unfamiliar treatment strategies, feelings of inadequacy, uncertainty about pandemic duration, the risk of infection and deficiency of personal protective equipment, high-workload shifts, and physical distress related to the need to use heavy protective uniforms. In view of the importance of identifying patients in the early stages of disease, an open letter signed by more than 100,000 Italian doctors was sent to the Italian Ministry of Health, asking for a strengthening of community assistance and the telemedicine infrastructure to allow home surveillance and care of COVID-19 patients.
cord-328442-mnlzj1ly	2020	However, to date, no study has addressed how these key risk-related aspects (i.e., affect, anxiety, perceived knowledge on risk, and risk dimensions) can act jointly to orient online health information-seeking behavior, and people''s complaints toward GR imposed during the lockdown. Participants (1,031) were involved during the first week of the quarantine (March 11–18) and completed an online survey composed of (i) an adapted version of the Italian Risk Perception Questionnaire; (ii) the Italian Positive (PA) and Negative Affect (NA) Schedule (PANAS-10); (iii) the State Anxiety Scale (STAI-Y1); (iv) ad hoc personal knowledge measure about novel coronavirus; (v) ad hoc item measuring information search behavior regarding the novel coronavirus; (vi) ad hoc measure of the complains regarding GR; and (vii) sociodemographic questions. To investigate the joint impact of cognitive risk dimensions, affect, and anxiety on online searching behavior and compliance toward government restrictions (GR), in the peculiar context of the Italian pandemic emergency, we drew from the HBM to formulate and test a novel explicative model.
cord-329268-0zhabgkt	2020	This study aimed to understand physicians access to personal protective equipment (PPE) and to information about their use, risk perception and strategies adopted to prevent contracting the infection. This study aimed to understand physicians'' access to PPE, reception of information about their use, ability to perform donning and doffing procedures, risk perception and strategies adopted to prevent contracting the infection. Questions were designed to inform the development of training and policies in response to the crisis and included questions about the physician''s work experience (years of experience, specialty, experience in COVID-19 units and geographic area of work), and questions related to the use of PPE divided in four parts: 1) Access to PPE and strategies to cope with shortage, 2) Information received on the use of PPE, 3) Self-reported ability to perform donning and doffing procedures, and 4) Risk perception of contracting the disease.
cord-329457-3b6n8un0	2020	Several features are observed in the data, namely a high predictability of the expansion of disease in Italy and a convergence of the "pushback" parameter towards a limiting value in all the countries where restrictive measures have been adopted. In this paper we propose a straightforward analytic description of the time dependence of the disease expansion under the restrictive measures and a method allowing to identify trends in the expansion and make predictions. For example, if we observe that the parameter b 2 achieves a limiting value of Italy even in countries where more restrictive measures have been applied, such as mandatory usage of masks in Czechia, then this indicates that the use of these measures does not bring further reduction of the spread of the disease 1 . The analysis of the data indicate several features, namely the high predictability of the expansion of disease in Italy and a convergence of the "pushback" parameter towards a limiting value in all the countries where restrictive measures are applied.
cord-330057-3vucm0s1	2020	In the present study, 361 IBV QX (the most relevant field genotype in Italy) sequences were obtained between 2012 and 2016 from the two main Italian integrated poultry companies. Finally, the different viral population pattern observed in the two companies over the same time period supports the pivotal role of management and control strategies on IBV epidemiology. Almost identical results were obtained including a third "ghost" deme (i.e. an estimated deme for which no sequences were available, representative of other unsampled companies and farms) in the analysis or using the "traditional" coalescent approach. In the particular Italian QX scenario, the serially sampled (i.e. with known collection date) strains were used to infer the migration rate and history between the two integrated poultry companies (i.e. considered as different demes) over time.
cord-330562-dabjcvno	2020	We analyse continuous seismic data from many stations in northern and central Italy, and quantify the impact of the lockdown on seismic ambient noise, as a function of time and location. While earlier studies have attempted to characterise high-frequency seismic noise 7, [11] [12] [13] [14] , the current lockdown of industrial activities and reduction in road and train traffic in Italy is an unprecedented opportunity to discriminate it from ambient noise of natural origin. We analyse continuous data from an array of broadband seismic stations, located in the vicinity of known industrial districts in Lombardy, Emilia-Romagna and Tuscany (Fig. 1) ; we identify the spectral signature of the March 2020 lockdown, and take advantage of the lockdown to quantify and evaluate the spectral signature of anthropic activities. We have analysed continuous data from northern Italy, and quantified the effects of the March 2020 coronavirus lockdown on the seismic ambient noise field.
cord-331069-ioph6vsp	2020	We have analyzed the trends of incident cases, deaths, and intensive care unit admissions (ICU) in both countries before and after their respective national lockdowns using an interrupted time-series design. During the second lockdown, implementing more restrictive measures for mobility, it has been a change in the trend slopes for both countries in daily incident cases and ICUs. This improvement indicates that the efforts overtaken are being successful in flattening the epidemic curve, and reinforcing the belief that we must hold on. We have analyzed the trends of the daily incident diagnosed cases, deaths, and intensive care units (ICU) admissions for SARS-CoV-2 in Italy and Spain before and during their respective national lockdowns, using an interrupted time-series design (Bernal et al., 2017) . The second lockdown, still ongoing, shows how the trends have changed, with a reduction of daily incident cases, deaths, and more significantly in ICUs. These are of similar magnitude in both countries, although Italy carries a week ahead of Spain.
cord-331486-jp4m6ibe	2020	In many Italian regions, hospitals have been reorganized to properly manage COVID-19 patients, creating new protected wards for SARS-CoV-2 positive patients both for intensive and sub-intensive care, including reorganizing many Stroke Units [3] . To evaluate the effects of the COVID-19 pandemics on stroke management, this report described the emergency structured pathway adopted by an Italian University Hub Stroke Unit in the cross -border Italy-Slovenia area (which serves 373''803 people) (data from Istituto Nazionale di Statistica-ISTAT official report, 30th September 2017, see http://dati.istat.it/), and compared clinical features and outcomes of admitted patients between 9th March 2020 (start of Italy lockdown) and 9th April 2020 with stroke patients admitted during the same period in 2019. In conclusion, the adopted strategies for stroke management during the COVID-19 emergency have suggested being effective, while suffering a reduced and delayed reporting of symptoms.
cord-332234-6jursf4h	2020	CONCLUSIONS: This study is the first to provide a comprehensive review of COVID-19 knowledge and impact among paediatricians in Italy about allergic asthma and upper airway involvement. The questionnaire was conceived and pretested in April 2020, by a working group of experts of the Italian Paediatric Society for Allergy and Immunology (SIAIP) based on their personal clinical experience and on the extensive review of most relevant international literature on COVID-19 infection searched on MEDLINE, EMBASE and SCOPUS. Among these patients, according to the 75% of responders, a maximum rate of 20% were affected by allergic rhino-conjunctivitis and in particular in the North of Italy while in the Centre and in the South there was a higher incidence (P = 0.09). Among these patients, according to the 75% of responders, a maximum rate of 20% were affected by allergic rhino-conjunctivitis and in particular in the North of Italy while in the Centre and in the South there was a higher incidence (P = 0.09).
cord-332314-nukv34fh	2020	Clearly, the curves presented in Fig. 1 suggest that a more in-depth look at the raw numbers is required and that there is a need to put the data in a correct perspective before trying to fit any epidemiological model to them, especially because the viral dynamics are starting to be inferred from reported case fatalities [5, 18, 24] . Its constantly increasing infected and case fatality count has lead us looking in greater detail into this data, especially as it is used for curve-fitting of epidemiological models (e.g., [13, 15, 21, 31] following brief survey of arXiv) and presented in public media. In this work, we analyzed in depth the two statistics that are commonly reported for the currently ongoing COVID-19 pandemic-the number of confirmed cases and the number of case fatalities for the different regions of Italy.
cord-333417-edc509xr	2020	title: Commercial exchanges instead of air pollution as possible origin of COVID-19 initial diffusion phase in Italy: more efforts are necessary to address interdisciplinary research In particular, due to several episodes of air pollution observed in the past in China (Wang 30 et al., 2012) and in Northern Italy, especially in the Po valley (Perrino C et al., 2014) , a 31 correlation between airborne particulate matter (PM) concentration and the reported 32 infection cases was proposed by a position paper (Position paper). Based on this work, 33 several newspapers and some research articles (Frontera et al., 2020) , (Sterpetti, 2020) 34 were published reporting the possibility that airborne PM acts as a carrier in COVID-19 35 diffusion (pollution-to human transmission). First data analysis about possible COVID-19 virus airborne diffusion due to 220 air particulate matter (PM): the case of Lombardy (Italy) Environmental Research (2020) 221 186, 109639
cord-335213-0cji7tzq	2020	We examine the role of age structure in deaths thus far in Italy and South Korea and illustrate how the pandemic could unfold in populations with similar population sizes but different age structures, showing a dramatically higher burden of mortality in countries with older versus younger populations. We examine the role of age structure in deaths thus far in Italy and South Korea and illustrate how the pandemic could unfold in populations with similar population sizes but different age structures, showing a dramatically higher burden of mortality in countries with older versus younger populations. Fig. 1 contains population pyramids to illustrate how population age structure interacts with high COVID-19 mortality rates at older ages to generate large differences across populations in the number of deaths, holding constant assumed rates of infection prevalence (10%) and age−sex-specific CFRs (Italy) (14) .
cord-336714-brurrmi4	2020	In this study, we use a Bayesian SEIR epidemiological model to perform a parametric regression over the COVID-19 outbreaks data in China, Italy, Belgium, and Spain, and estimate the effect of the containment measures on the basic reproduction ratio R_0. In this study, we collected the publicly available data regarding cases, recovered and deaths related to the COVID-19 epidemics in China, Italy, Belgium and Spain and we trained a Bayesian SEIR model to perform a parametric regression on these time series. We performed a parametric Bayesian regression (see Methods) on the mainland China COVID-19 epidemic data by training a SEIR model on the cumulative cases time series, with the goal of inferring the change in R 0 = β/γ produced by the increasingly stringent containment measures introduced by the Chinese government, which mainly aim at reducing the frequency of the contacts β −1 between individuals.
cord-337044-o82dp0ag	2020	title: Epidemiological evidence for association between higher influenza vaccine uptake in the elderly and lower COVID‐19 deaths in Italy Epidemiological evidence for association between higher influenza vaccine uptake in the elderly and lower COVID-19 deaths in Italy 1 However, as the virus has now spread throughout the country, regional differences in mortality rate from COVID-19 have been 4 The MDCK cell line is made available to vaccine manufacturers from cell banks that have produced the cell line in accordance with good manufacturing practice guidelines, and has been tested for purity, identity, and for the absence of contaminating viruses as required by Food and Drug Administration, EMMA, and World Health Organization guidelines. We used publicly available data to compute a Pearson productmoment correlation for assessment of the relationship between the percentage of vaccinated adults greater than 65 years old 6 and the percentage of COVID-19 deaths from each region in Italy up to 2 May 2020.
cord-337663-ow1l18li	2020	This comprehensive review aimed to: identify all up-to-date original publications relating to urology and COVID-19, characterise where publications were from, and outline what topics were investigated. Topics of the study included pathophysiological, administrative, and clinical fields: translational (n = 14), COVID-19-related outcomes (n = 5), urology training (n = 4), telemedicine (n = 7), equipment and safety (n = 2), urology in general (n = 4), uro-oncology (n = 3), urolithiasis (n = 1), and kidney transplantation (n = 8). A registered study in France (NCT04341714) is similarly assessing the efficiency and satisfaction of telemedicine consults, aiming to recruit 400 patients from a neuro-urology clinic. 48 studies were included, investigating pathophysiological, administrative, and clinical outcomes relating to COVID-19 and urology. Clinical fields of COVID-19-related urological research seem to focus on uro-oncology, urolithiasis, and kidney transplant recipients. Nevertheless, our review is the first to provide a comprehensive country-level analysis of current original urological research related to COVID-19.
cord-339162-l5zxic3y	2020	Higher mortality rates of older patients are expected as complicated COVID-19 is characterized by severe interstitial pneumonia followed by acute respiratory distress syndrome, thromboembolic events, and eventually multiorgan failure, a cascade of negative events that is obviously more likely in older frail patients, those with elevated multimorbidity and reduced functional reserve. The sudden explosion of the COVID-19 outbreak, with almost 10% of infected patients having respiratory failure and requiring mechanical ventilation has immediately saturated the acute care beds availability of Lombardy and northern Emilia-Romagna, including intensive care units'' (ICU) beds. From this point of view, the Italian tragedy suggests that a prompt population mass testing for detecting asymptomatic infected people along with immediate, widespread, draconian measures of social isolation, along with contract tracing and quarantine, might have more strongly reduced the rate of COVID-19 transmission, with the greatest benefit for frail patients, more prone to a complicated course of the disease.
cord-340145-nx746m76	2020	The Italian Society of Pediatric Orthopaedics and Traumatology formulated general and specific recommendations to face the COVID-19 outbreak, aiming to provide essential care for children needing orthopaedic treatments during the pandemic and early post-peak period, ensure safety of children, caregivers and healthcare providers and limit the spread of contagion. This exceptional adaptation of the Italian National Health Service was significantly evident also within non-frontline healthcare settings such as Pediatric Orthopaedic Units, where limitation and temporary suspension of most routine care activities was necessary to reduce the risk of infection in patients, families, and healthcare providers and to reallocate healthcare personnel from routine tasks to emergency. The Advisory Board of the SITOP has provided a panel of priority levels in order to safely schedule deferrable surgical treatments, reducing the risk of missing children who require non postponable operations, during the pandemic and post peak period (see Table 2 ).
cord-340511-syy9okhi	2020	The link between air pollutants and COVID-19 mortality among Italian provinces was studied implementing a linear regression model, whereas the wide set of variables were examined by means of LISA (Local Indicators of Spatial Autocorrelation), relating the spatial component of COVID-19 related data with a mix of environmental variables as explanatory variables. In particular, it has aimed to study the role of air pollutants and a set of environmental variables, selected from recent observations [10, 17] , in relation to the number of deaths per each Italian province affected by COVID-19. The wide set of variables were examined by means of LISA (Local Indicators of Spatial Autocorrelation), relating the spatial component of COVID-19 related data (i.e., cases and deaths per province) with a mix of environmental variables as explanatory variables, such as annual average of PM 2,5 and PM 10 , NO 2 , numbers of trees per 100 inhabitants and urban green areas, number of vehicles and cycle paths, as reported in Table 1 .
cord-342180-ylcv4zvl	2020	We consider a SEIR-like epidemic model where that contact and quarantine rates are assumed to depend on the available information and rumors about the disease status in the community. Among the main concerns raised were: predicting the evolution of the COVID19 pandemic wave worldwide or in specic countries [12, 25, 42] ; predicting epidemic peaks and ICU accesses [46] ; assessing the eects of containment measures [12, 14, 24, 25, 35, 42, 45] and, more generally, assessing the impact on populations in terms of economics, societal needs, employment, health care, deaths toll, etc [20, 36] . To this aim we build up an informationdependent SEIRlike model which is based on the key assumption that the choice to respect the lockdown restrictions, specically the social distance and the quarantine, is partially determined on fully voluntary basis and depends on the available information and rumors concerning the spread of the COVID19 disease in the community.
cord-342241-76mtn1m7	2020	Internal medicine has been immediately involved in the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) epidemic in Italy, which started in late February 2020. The first few COVID-19 cases were suspected and diagnosed in internal medicine wards, including, among others, a young adult male from Codogno (referred to as "patient 1"), who was later transferred to the Intensive Care Unit of our hospital. Internal medicine was also called to the front line and has proactively responded with great flexibility to the growing number of cases, transforming its divisions into departments dedicated to the care of COVID-19. At our hospital, two entire Internal Medicine Units, in a few days, were transformed into ''COVID'' wards. In summary, internal medicine has responded promptly to COVID-19 Italian epidemic, due to its holistic attitudethe sick patient as an individual, rather than the disease, is the object of the studyand its methodological approach [5] .
cord-342386-t5b8wpe2	2020	Since overall trust in public authorities did not decrease after March 11 in the whole sample, this indicates a leveling in trust attribution across the country after the introduction of new measures, which in turn could be interpreted as a shift in the perception of the emergency: whereas in early March, a significant part of the Italian population still believed the outbreak to be somehow contained to specific regions, and thus a local problem unlikely to affect everybody in the same way, the nationwide interventions announced on March 11 made it crystal clear to all that COVID-19 was indeed a national concern.
cord-342919-ls2q1g0v	2020	In the very early stage of the nationwide lockdown, 3,672 quarantined Italian adult residents (65% females, ranging from 18 to 85 years) participated in a web-based cross-sectional survey, including measures of depressive symptoms, which were measured by the Teate depression inventory, and state anxiety levels. Females, younger people, students, singles, residents in northern Italy, people who were reluctant to adhere to quarantine guidelines, and people less worried about being infected with COVID-19 were at high risk of developing depressive symptoms during the COVID-19 epidemic, also after controlling for state anxiety. Research evidence aims of this study were to explore (1) the likely effects of quarantine on mental health (anxiety and depressive symptoms), immediately after the nationwide lockdown issued by the Italian Government, and (2) the factors that contribute to, or mitigate, these consequences. Compared to the previous model, no statistical differences were found in sex, age, and adherence level to quarantine guidelines groups when predicting depression symptom severity, when controlling for anxiety (see Appendix A).
cord-343123-s7fzex7v	2020	Time series analysis were made for the number of cases and deaths in Italy, Spain and Turkey due to COVID-19 pandemic. It was determined that the explanatory power of the estimation equation for the number of case in Italy was 76.1% and the error terms were stationary as a result of Ljung-Box statistics. The explanatory power of the model for the number of death in Italy was calculated as 92.7%, and it was determined that the error terms were stationary as a result of Ljung-Box statistics. The explanatory power of the model for the number of death in Turkey was calculated as 71.4% and it was determined that the error terms were stationary as a result of Ljung-Box statistics. The explanatory power of the model for the number of death in Spain was calculated as 95.8%, and it was determined that the error terms was stationary as a result of Ljung-Box statistics.
cord-343252-mtcqawxc	2020	title: COVID-19 strategy in organizing and planning orthopedic surgery in a major orthopedic referral center in an area of Italy severely affected by the pandemic: experience of the Department of Orthopedics, University of Padova CONCLUSIONS: Extensive swab test of all people (even if asymptomatic) and proactive tracing and quarantining of potential COVID-19 positive patients may diminish the virus spread. On the contrary, in Lombardia, swab tests were performed only in severe symptomatic cases, increasing the risk that asymptomatic patients (possibly COVID-19 positive) could spread the virus in the community. We feel that, if the COVID-19 pandemic persists, in every single hospital, it could be possible to continue the orthopedic surgical activity and also to restart elective surgery [16] , using a strategy that implies testing all the healthcare staff and all the patients (possibly before the admission or surgical treatment). Extensive swab test of all people (even if asymptomatic), and a proactive tracing and quarantining of potential COVID-19 positive patients may diminish the virus spread.
cord-343295-c3y6rtb7	2020	Objective: The paper aims to analyse the policies implemented by the government and their impact on health and non-health outcomes considering both scaling-up and scaling-down interventions. We investigate the impact of policies on the daily reported number of deaths, case fatality rate, confirmation rate, intensive care unit saturation, and financial and job market indicators across the three major geographical areas of Italy (North, Centre, and South). This section considers various interventions such as measures to contain the spread of the virus, policies for prevention and cure, interventions for economic stimulus, and the introduction of new health technology. This section describes the policy implemented by the government to cope with the limited capacity of the health care system and the challenges of the COVID-19 pandemic. However, significant technological interventions seemed to be far from having any impact on the outcomes considered (daily number of reported deaths and ICU saturation) due to delayed implementation (see Figure 10 in the appendix).
cord-346229-jxlrz0ce	2020	At the beginning of March 2020, the Italian Society of Anesthesia, Analgesia, Resuscitation, and Intensive Care (SIAARTI) issued recommendations aimed at supporting physicians in prioritizing patients when the number of critically ill patients overwhelm the capacity of ICUs. One motivating concern for the SIAARTI guidance was that, if no balanced and consistent allocation procedures were applied to prioritize patients, there would be a concrete risk for unfair choices, and that the prevalent "first come, first served" principle would lead to many avoidable deaths. As difficult allocation choices were already being made, clinicians (including one of the authors, MV) of the ethics section of the Italian Society of Anesthesia, Analgesia, Resuscitation, and Intensive Care (SIAARTI) were asked to publish guidance on the allocation of limited resources. Clinical ethics recommendations for the allocation of intensive care treatments in exceptional, resource-limited circumstances: The Italian perspective during the COVID-19 epidemic
cord-348038-9v16k6gi	2020	With the global pandemic now accelerating in areas of the world yet to see Italian levels of infection, it is vital that PPE equipment is procured and delivered to the COVID-19 front-line critical care environments. Learn also from Italian nurses'' experiences of the harm long-term use of PPE: facial lesions and sores produced by the pressure and sweat caused by masks and goggles worn far beyond the usual time frame in normal clinical practice. To healthcare providers and policy makers in areas at the start of their COVID-19 epidemic, our message is to plan for the replacement of staff in critical care areasthink about how this will be done, how they can be prepared and how you plan to recall recently retired nurses back to the hospitals. One last but very important lesson from the epidemic is the need to plan for the possibility of caring for patients in their own homes.
cord-348743-fy7le3ar	2020	Specifically, the Atlas tracks government policies on access to contraceptive methods, family planning counselling and the provision of online information on contraception in 46 European states. Access to contraception is not just a low-and middleincome countries issue: In the 2019 European Contraception Atlas, Italy ranked just 26th out of the total 46 countries for various reasons such as the very limited provision of free contraception as well as under-resourced and understaffed family planning centers. Despite the disruption due to the current COVID-19 pandemic, it is essential to ensure that women can have control over their bodies and their sexual and reproductive life, and protect the access to modern contraceptives and family planning services for both men and women. Despite the disruption due to the current COVID-19 pandemic, it is essential to ensure that women can have control over their bodies and their sexual and reproductive life, and protect the access to modern contraceptives and family planning services for both men and women.
cord-350006-c4be9eii	2020	An online questionnaire, including the Patient Health Questionnaire-4 (PHQ-4), was sent to Italian dentists during the final days of the lockdown with items about anxiety, fear, distress, perceived risk for operators, and concerns about orthodontic patients caused by working during the COVID-19 outbreak. The questionnaire was comprised of 31 multiple-choice questions: 5 questions were about personal data (gender, age, region of residence); 4 were on symptoms of COVID-19; 7 were about the perceived risk for operators during orthodontic procedures, anxiety and distress caused by working during the COVID-19 outbreak; 6 were about the fears for an infection and the concerns regarding orthodontic and Temporomandibular Disorders (TMD) patients whose treatment has been suspended due to the epidemic; 5 were about emergencies and changes in clinical procedures and work organization as a result of the COVID-19.
cord-350041-b1vmnwv2	2020	There has been a gradual increase in studies exploring prevention and control measures, and we recommend paying close attention to nutrition, which may contribute to modulating some important consequences of COVID-19 infection, as such pro-inflammatory cytokine storm. Unfortunately, we do not yet have weight, height, and waist circumference data for all patients with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19, and, therefore, we cannot disentangle the effects of adiposity on lung function and immune response to viral infection. Recent data on patients with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 treated at an academic health institution in New York City, the epicenter of the COVID-19 outbreak in the United States, between March 1, 2020, and April 2, 2020, with follow up through April 7, 2020 (13, 14) showed that obesity, after age, was linked to more severe coronavirus cases, with a substantially higher odds ratio than any cardiovascular or pulmonary disease.
cord-350479-3xusxrij	2020	title: Isolation and Full-Length Genome Characterization of SARS-CoV-2 from COVID-19 Cases in Northern Italy In December 2019, the novel coronavirus Severe Acquired Respiratory Syndrome SARS-CoV-2 emerged in the city of Wuhan in the Hubei province, People''s Republic of China, as the etiologic agent of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), which has hence spread worldwide causing a global pandemic (1-3).…. Despite a high burden of COVID-19 in Italy, very little information is available to date from full-length high-quality sequences. The first sequences deposited in GISAID (EPI_ISL_410545 and EPI_ISL_410546) were collected in Rome from a Chinese tourist from Hubei province who got infected before visiting Italy, and another one (EPI_ ISL_412974) was from a test-positive Italian citizen returning from China. Sequence analysis showed a good coverage along the SARS-CoV-2 genome for all four isolates (Fig. 1) . A new coronavirus associated with human respiratory disease in China
cord-350976-ks8g6agf	2020	The development of Italian health care expenditure is reported in Figure 2 together with data for selected European countries and the euro area average. In this period, public health care spending was similarly affected in Portugal and Spain and to a larger extent in Greece, i.e. the countries hardest hit by the euro crisis and the subsequent austerity policies. After a slightly expansive second phase from 2000 to 2010, in which spending per capita in Italy increased by 27.1%, the growth of public health expenditure registered a reduction in the third time interval (as was the case in Portugal, Greece and Spain). Altogether, from 1990 to 2018, public and compulsory health care expenditure per capita in Italy increased by less than 26.8%, which is by far the lowest value among the European countries reported in Figure 3 .
cord-351384-z6t7csg8	2020	title: Coping with the COVID-19 Pandemic in Italy and Spain: Lessons in Response Urgency It took the Italian government just two weeks to react firmly with the laws enacted on March 7 to establish a "red zone" throughout the country, which is when it closed all shops, except pharmacies and food stores, and banned entry and exit from the country. Coping with the COVID-19 pandemic in Italy and Spain: Lessons in response urgency Pilar Montesó-Curto 1 , Laura Sánchez-Montesó 2 , Fabio Stefano Maramao 2 , Loren Toussaint 3 Then, on March 13, the Government of Catalonia decreed the "confinement" of several municipalities due to a cluster within the epidemic that caused an exponential increase in cases of COVID-19 in Igualada, Vilanova del Camí, Santa Margarida de Montbui i Òdena [5] . A "state of emergency" in Spain was finally declared through a royal decree (463/2020) [6] on March 14 for a period of 15 calendar days.
cord-351666-q7dqsl7n	2020	2 In my global framework, for each country, COVID-19 cases can affect risk perceptions about the virus, which can trigger a social distancing response. The paper exploits a variety of newly available datasets to study the interrelationship between health shocks originating from the COVID-19 pandemic, people''s real-time perceptions about coronavirus risk, the extent of their social distancing response, and unemployment. 7 In the analysis, the number k * i is also equal to 4, as the vector x * i,t contains the country-specific global counterparts for the same variables in x i,t , i.e., the growth rate of COVID-19 cases, coronavirus risk perceptions, social mobility, and unemployment. Figures 4 and 5 show the impulse response functions for all countries in the sample for the risk perception and social distancing variables to a one-standard-deviation COVID shock originating in Italy.
cord-353820-r8bxop2t	2020	In Italy COVID‐19 rapidly increased in February 2020 and by 12 May 2020, 2.0 % of the confirmed cases were under 18 years and 3.7% of those had been hospitalized. This case series report reviews the demographic characteristics, clinical course, laboratory findings, radiologic features and treatment of children admitted with COVID‐19 to a tertiary care hospital in Italy. In Italy COVID-19 rapidly increased in February 2020 and 25 by 12 May 2020, 2.0 % of the confirmed cases were under 18 years and 3.7% of those had been 26 hospitalized (1). This case series report reviews the demographic characteristics, clinical course, 27 laboratory findings, radiologic features and treatment of children admitted with COVID-19 to a 28 tertiary care hospital in Italy. Systematic review of COVID-19 in children shows milder cases and a 110 better prognosis than adults Clinical and epidemiological features of 36 children with 112 coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Zhejiang, China: an observational cohort study
cord-355238-wl53z9l7	2020	Due to the increasing involvement of a large part of the population in the global epidemic situation in Italy, the present study aimed to assess the knowledge about the new coronavirus, the perception of risk and the clinical management of the risk related to infection during the first month of the Italian epidemic in an online survey of Italian dentists. Six questions were intended to evaluate the direct influence of the coronavirus epidemic on the dentist''s clinical activity (presence or absence of infected cases in their region; questions of patients about coronavirus; patients appearing to be worried or not about possible infections with coronavirus during dental procedures; effective decrease or not in patient appointment number since the coronavirus outbreak onset; adoption of special measures taken during professional activity since the coronavirus emergency started in Italy; and which prevention methods are possibly used).