# pos

id: cord-103813-w2sb6h94
pos: NNS
token:
  https://www.cisa.gov/news/2020/05/13/fbi-and-cisa-warn-against-chinese-targeting-covid-19-research-organizations

lemma:
  https://www.cisa.gov/news/2020/05/13/fbi-and-cisa-warn-against-chinese-targeting-covid-19-research-organization


id: cord-291253-5mzcvfm4
pos: '
token:
  https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-01-29/coronavirustimeline-from-wuhan-china-to-global-crisis/11903298

lemma:
  https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-01-29/coronavirustimeline-from-wuhan-china-to-global-crisis/11903298


# ent

id: cord-003318-abs9rvjk
type: DNA
entity:
  Elaeis guineensis XP_010933168 1 85 Musa acuminata subsp Malaccensis XP_009397543 1 83 and Anthurium amnicola JAT62313 1 81


id: cord-003318-abs9rvjk
type: CELL_LINE
entity:
  human cancer cell lines HCT 116 human colon cancer cell line Bel7402 human hepatocellular carcinoma cell line MGC803 human gastric carcinoma cell line


id: cord-023944-pufcn56j
type: GGP
entity:
  Processes DOI 10 1007 978 3 658 00333 3_2 sha ab9991bf8de039cf473f9cd82f6afafa75773d7e doc_id 23944 cord_uid pufcn56j This article concentrates on


id: cord-020683-5s3lghj6
type: ORG
entity:
  World Health Organization Cumulative Number of Reported Probable Cases of SARS Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus World Health Organization Novel Coronavirus World Health Organization


id: cord-018336-6fh69mk4
type: ORG
entity:
  Can Electronic Medical Record Systems Transform Health Care Potential Health Benefits A Consensus Action Agenda for Achieving the National Health Information Infrastructure Public


id: cord-018336-6fh69mk4
type: ORG
entity:
  Interoperability A Consensus Action Agenda for Achieving the National Health Information Infrastructure Public Health Informatics Improving


id: cord-018133-2otxft31
type: DISEASE
entity:
  Weaver 1976 Levitt 1983 The most important development to support the emergence of bioinformatics however


id: cord-262544-6q8eg9z4
type: ORG
entity:
  the EpiSPIDER project Semantic Processing and Integration of Distributed Electronic Resources for Epidemics


id: cord-262544-6q8eg9z4
type: ORG
entity:
  the United Nations National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases US Food and Drug Administration


id: cord-030171-6sww2qnj
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  Entscheidungsmodellen unter Einschluss von Organisationsfragen Zudem präsentiert dieser Abschnitt Konzepte zur Vorgehensweise bei wenig verfügbarer Information und versucht minimale Informationsanforderungen


id: cord-030171-6sww2qnj
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  von Versicherungskontrakten Unspezifisches Absicherungspotential kann durch Liquiditäts und Kapitalreserven aufgebaut


id: cord-030171-6sww2qnj
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  wenn der Terminkurs mit dem erwarteten Kassakurs übereinstimmt d h die Wechselkurs Risikoprämie gleich 0 ist Wiederum ist


id: cord-030171-6sww2qnj
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  nicht dann schlagen sie voll auf das zukünftige Geldvermögen Eigenkapital durch Die Wahrscheinlichkeit des Ergebnisses zeigt dann einen ausgeprägten negativen Tail Je mehr der Exporteur seine Risiken hedgt und je weniger er im Wechselkurs spekuliert umso geringer sind Liquiditätsund Kapitalreserve Und


id: cord-030171-6sww2qnj
type: GGP
entity:
  k x k 0 x x p x p 0 x x f Dieser Sachverhalt wird als Fisher Separation bezeichnet Aufschlussreich ist


id: cord-030171-6sww2qnj
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  Risikoaversion und relativer Risikoaversion von mehr als 1 aus dann ist die Risikoaversion der indirekten Nutzenfunktion


id: cord-030171-6sww2qnj
type: CHEMICAL
entity:
  eine große Herausforderung Ein evidenzbasiertes Management nicht finanzieller Risiken startet mit einer Identifizierung


id: cord-030171-6sww2qnj
type: CHEMICAL
entity:
  gekoppelt werden Bisher wurde umfassende Information unterstellt Wie reagiert der Entscheidungsträger auf eine


id: cord-030171-6sww2qnj
type: CHEMICAL
entity:
  Risikolimite eingehalten werden Diese Vorgehensweise mag bei finanziellen Risiken gerechtfertigt sein jedoch kaum


id: cord-016140-gvezk8vp
type: ORG
entity:
  the EU Product Liability Directive to Software Computer Software and Information Licensing in Emerging Markets


id: cord-329782-7scnkiy3
type: ORG
entity:
  An Overview of the Clinical Information Systems Section of the International Medical Informatics Association


id: cord-329782-7scnkiy3
type: ORG
entity:
  the Patient Value for the Patient Managing Complexity From Documentation to Knowledge Integration and Informed Decision Findings


id: cord-329782-7scnkiy3
type: ORG
entity:
  Implementing Blockchains for Efficient Health Care Systematic Review Design and Implementation of a Trust Information Management Platform for Social Internet of Things Environments


id: cord-329782-7scnkiy3
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  Using Dashboard Networks to Visualize Multiple Patient Histories A Design Study on Postoperative Prostate Cancer SEWA


id: cord-329782-7scnkiy3
type: ORG
entity:
  O Hackl Institute of Medical Informatics UMIT Private University for Health Sciences Hörbst Medical Technologies Department


id: cord-021081-yqu1ykc9
type: EVENT
entity:
  The Global Chemical Incident Alert and Response System of the International Programme on Chemical Safety


id: cord-021081-yqu1ykc9
type: ORG
entity:
  the Wellcome Trust the Global Fund to Fight AIDS Tuberculosis and Malaria the University of Oxford Li Ka Shing Foundation Global Health Programme


id: cord-021081-yqu1ykc9
type: DISEASE
entity:
  Disaster Reduction ISDR system provides a vehicle for cooperation among Governments organisations and civil society actors


id: cord-325112-7ie23c7f
type: CELL_LINE
entity:
  China A Political Perspective Managing Global Health Security The World Health Organization and Disease Outbreak Control The Revised International Health Regulations A Framework for Global Pandemic Response The Economic Impact of SARS


id: cord-325112-7ie23c7f
type: ORG
entity:
  Trojan Loyalty PhD Dissertation Agency Theory Administrative Behavior Advancing Science Diplomacy Indonesia


id: cord-021721-80pp1ra4
type: ORG
entity:
  Headquarters Chemically Contaminated Patient Annex CCPA Hospital Emergency Operations Planning Guide Emergency


id: cord-021721-80pp1ra4
type: ORG
entity:
  The American Institute of Architects Academy of Architecture for Health Emergency Response Guidebook A Guidebook


id: cord-021721-80pp1ra4
type: ORG
entity:
  Toxic Substances and Disease Registry Infectious Diseases Epidemiology and Surveillance Australia Victoria Guidelines for Design and Construction of Hospital and Health Care Facilities


id: cord-312319-daiikgth
type: ORG
entity:
  the Netherlands Food and Consumer Product Safety Authority RIVM National Institute for Public Health


id: cord-344048-lx9krl5v
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  The Network Investigation on Knowledge Attitude and Practice About COVID 19 of the Residents in Anhui Province Risk Perception


id: cord-344048-lx9krl5v
type: LAW
entity:
  the COVID 19 Pandemic Immediate Psychological Responses and Associated Factors Psychosocial Impact of Quarantine Measures


id: cord-355513-vgs96w3b
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  An Empirical Study on Influencing Factors of Continuous Attention to WeChat Public Accounts An Information Characteristics Perspective


id: cord-355513-vgs96w3b
type: ORG
entity:
  Floyd Collins Impact of Communication Measures Implemented During a School Tuberculosis Outbreak on Risk Perception among Parents and School Staff


id: cord-253212-ygmkul62
type: ORG
entity:
  Quantum Structure From Psychology to Finances Quantum Models of Cognition and Decision Quantum Concepts


id: cord-253212-ygmkul62
type: DISEASE
entity:
  cognitive psychological social and anomalous phenomena Found Phys On quantum like probabilistic structure of mental information Pilot wave theory


id: cord-024088-020rgz5t
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  Bioterrorism Preparedness Attack and Response Elsevier Beyond the Job Exposure Matrix JEM The Task Exposure Matrix TEM Chapter 4 Occupational Safety and Health and Environmental Risks


id: cord-024088-020rgz5t
type: ORG
entity:
  Upper Limb Musculoskeletal Disorders European Agency for Safety and Health at Work Finnish National Job Exposure Matrix FINJEM


id: cord-024088-020rgz5t
type: ORG
entity:
  Occupational Exposure Measurements FDOEM Finnish Institute of Occupational Health Finland IOHA Pilanesberg


id: cord-024088-020rgz5t
type: ORG
entity:
  the Recording and Notification of Occupational Accidents and Diseases R 194 International Labour Conference


id: cord-024088-020rgz5t
type: ORG
entity:
  Wirtschaften Committee on Institutional Means for Assessing Risk to Public Health 1983 Risk Assessment


id: cord-024088-020rgz5t
type: ORG
entity:
  WBGU Unveröffentlichtes Manuskript Decision Theory and Folk Psychology Towards a Comprehensive Conservation Theory The Limits to Safety Culture Politics Learning and


id: cord-024088-020rgz5t
type: ORG
entity:
  the Safe Minimum Standard of Conservation Decision Analytic Tools for Resolving Uncertainty in the Energy Debate Ökologisch


id: cord-024088-020rgz5t
type: CHEMICAL
entity:
  1 4020 8289 4_4 sha f109488087332fd79c436ba9f98f792d05628c9c doc_id 24088 cord_uid 020rgz5t Occupational safety


id: cord-024088-020rgz5t
type: DISEASE
entity:
  respiratory system nervous system sensory organs internal organs particularly liver and kidneys musculoskeletal system


id: cord-032492-2av9kl1c
type: ORG
entity:
  Impact of Provider Prior Use of HIE on System Complexity Performance Patient Care Quality and System Concerns


id: cord-032492-2av9kl1c
type: ORG
entity:
  the Health Informatics Accreditation Council for the Commission on Accreditation for Health Informatics and Information Management CAHIIM


id: cord-032492-2av9kl1c
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  Associate Professor of Health IT in the College of Engineering and Computing University of South Carolina


id: cord-338207-60vrlrim
type: ORG
entity:
  The Gene Ontology Consortium National Center for Biotechnology Information Viral Genomes Project Virus Taxonomy Classification


id: cord-344832-0ah4w59o
type: EVENT
entity:
  Great East Japan Earthquake Social Media Communication During Disease Outbreaks Findings and Recommendations


id: cord-344832-0ah4w59o
type: FAC
entity:
  Understanding Communication Ecologies to Bridge Communication Research and Community Action Disaster


id: cord-344832-0ah4w59o
type: ORG
entity:
  Information Systems Frontiers Indigenous Institutions and Their Role in Disaster Risk Reduction and Resilience Evidence


id: cord-344832-0ah4w59o
type: ORG
entity:
  Social Movements as Information Ecologies Exploring the Coevolution of Multiple Internet Technologies for Activism Crowdsourced


id: cord-344832-0ah4w59o
type: ORG
entity:
  a Dynamic Emergency Response Management Journal of Information Technology Theory and Application Social Media


id: cord-344832-0ah4w59o
type: ORG
entity:
  The Instructional Dynamic of Risk and Crisis Communication Distinguishing Instructional Messages from Dialogue Review of Communication Conceptualizing Crisis Communication


id: cord-146850-5x6qs2i4
type: ORG
entity:
  s Secret Auto Insurance Algorithm Squeezes Big Spenders Algorithmic Injustices Towards a Relational Ethics Social Biases


# url

id: cord-103813-w2sb6h94
domain: www.cisa.gov
url:
  http://www.cisa.gov/news/2020/05/13/fbi-and-cisa-warn-against-chinese-targeting-covid-19-research-organizations


id: cord-291253-5mzcvfm4
domain: www.abc.net.au
url:
  http://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-01-29/coronavirustimeline-from-wuhan-china-to-global-crisis/11903298?


# bib

id: cord-003318-abs9rvjk
title: The enzymatic biosynthesis of acylated steroidal glycosides and their cytotoxic activity
author: Liu, Ming
date: 2018-05-01
txt: ./txt/cord-003318-abs9rvjk.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-003318-abs9rvjk.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6251810/
doi: 10.1016/j.apsb.2018.04.006
summary:
  Unexpectedly, in an effort to identify OsSGT1, we found the bacteria lacA gene in lac operon actually encoded an SGA, specifically catalyzing the acetylations of sugar moieties of steroid 17β-glucosides. The two-step process is characterized by EcSGA1-catalyzed regioselective acylations of all hydroxyl groups on the sugar unit of unprotected steroidal glycosides (SGs) in the late stage, thereby significantly streamlining the synthetic route towards ASGs and thus forming four monoacylates. We therefore inferred that testosterone (8) was first glycosylated at the 17β-hydroxyl group by OsSGT1 to form T-17β-G (8a), which was then selectively acetylated at C-6 0 of sugar moiety to yield the 6 0 -AT-17β-G (8b) by a soluble bacterial acetyltransferase ( Supplementary Information Fig. S52) . The optimal pH and temperature of OsSGT1-catalyzed reaction using the cell-free extract of BL21(DE3)[pET28a-OsSGT1þp-Gro7] as the biocatalyst were first determined to be alkaline pH value of 11 and 50 1C, respectively (Supplementary Information Fig. S62 ).

abstract:
  Herein we describe the discovery and functional characterization of a steroidal glycosyltransferase (SGT) from Ornithogalum saundersiae and a steroidal glycoside acyltransferase (SGA) from Escherichia coli and their application in the biosynthesis of acylated steroidal glycosides (ASGs). Initially, an SGT gene, designated as OsSGT1, was isolated from O. saundersiae. OsSGT1-containing cell free extract was then used as the biocatalyst to react with 49 structurally diverse drug-like compounds. The recombinant OsSGT1 was shown to be active against both 3β- and 17β-hydroxyl steroids. Unexpectedly, in an effort to identify OsSGT1, we found the bacteria lacA gene in lac operon actually encoded an SGA, specifically catalyzing the acetylations of sugar moieties of steroid 17β-glucosides. Finally, a novel enzymatic two-step synthesis of two ASGs, acetylated testosterone-17-O-β-glucosides (AT-17β-Gs) and acetylated estradiol-17-O-β-glucosides (AE-17β-Gs), from the abundantly available free steroids using OsSGT1 and EcSGA1 as the biocatalysts was developed. The two-step process is characterized by EcSGA1-catalyzed regioselective acylations of all hydroxyl groups on the sugar unit of unprotected steroidal glycosides (SGs) in the late stage, thereby significantly streamlining the synthetic route towards ASGs and thus forming four monoacylates. The improved cytotoxic activities of 3′-acetylated testosterone17-O-β-glucoside towards seven human tumor cell lines were thus observable.


id: cord-005191-a70eedna
title: Informational Landscapes in Art, Science, and Evolution
author: Cohen, Irun R.
date: 2006-06-08
txt: ./txt/cord-005191-a70eedna.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-005191-a70eedna.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7088857/
doi: 10.1007/s11538-006-9118-4
summary:
  Here, I shall use Listening Post as an allegory to explore two other systems that deal with informational landscapes: biologic evolution and human understanding. The Internet created a new informational landscape, a new niche, that could be sampled and exploited by Hansen and Rubin to enhance their fitness as artists in the wilds of the Manhattan art world (Fig. 2) . Any organism, simple or complex, that manages to mine the landscape for enough energy and information to create meaning (through productive interactions) might manage to survive there. Like the algorithm of Listening Post, an evolving species creates new meaning by exploiting information flowing through its environment-its cyberspace. Darwin''s concept of natural selection, including survival of the fittest, does play a critical role in the process of evolution, but mostly after a new or variant species has begun to exploit an informational landscape.

abstract:
  An informational landscape refers to an array of information related to a particular theme or function. The Internet is an example of an informational landscape designed by humans for purposes of communication. Once it exists, however, any informational landscape may be exploited to serve a new purpose. Listening Post is the name of a dynamic multimedia work of art that exploits the informational landscape of the Internet to produce a visual and auditory environment. Here, I use Listening Post as a prototypic example for considering the creative role of informational landscapes in the processes that beget evolution and science.


id: cord-006130-x8kl9bx4
title: Ethics, Pandemic Planning and Communications
author: Lee, Connal
date: 2014-05-27
txt: ./txt/cord-006130-x8kl9bx4.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-006130-x8kl9bx4.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7099310/
doi: 10.1007/bf03351458
summary:
  In the following sections, we argue for ethical pandemic communications that overcome barriers to accessing information and avoid inequalities imposed by current media arrangements. Addressing inequalities in access therefore requires making information directly accessible for the public and ensuring that information is sensitive to the varying needs and interests of different individuals and groups in society so that it is information that people have the capacity to act on. This is inadequate communication from an ethical point of view, as it places the burden of responsibility on individuals to access information.P In planning for a public health crisis such as a pandemic, there needs to be more than a formal capacity to access necessary information. 22 Given the potential for increased burden of disease amongst the disadvantaged, it may be particularly harmful for the effective implementation of pandemic plans if less well-off sections of the community and vulnerable groups are not given a voice through the media.

abstract:
  In this article we examine the role and ethics of communications in planning for an influenza pandemic. We argue that ethical communication must not only he effective, so that pandemic plans can be successfully implemented, communications should also take specific account of the needs of the disadvantaged, so that they are not further disenfranchised. This will require particular attention to the role of the mainstream media which may disadvantage the vulnerable through misrepresentation and exclusion.


id: cord-016140-gvezk8vp
title: Safeguards
author: Ahonen, Pasi
date: 2008
txt: ./txt/cord-016140-gvezk8vp.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-016140-gvezk8vp.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7120333/
doi: 10.1007/978-1-4020-6662-7_5
summary:
  An example is the EC-supported CONNECT project, which aims to implement a privacy management platform within pervasive mobile services, coupling research on semantic technologies and intelligent agents with wireless communications (including UMTS, WiFi and WiMAX) and context-sensitive paradigms and multimodal (voice/graphics) interfaces to provide a strong and secure framework to ensure that privacy is a feasible and desirable component of future ambient intelligence applications. The fast emergence of information and communication technologies and the growth of online communication, e-commerce and electronic services that go beyond the territorial borders of the Member States have led the European Union to adopt numerous legal instruments such as directives, regulations and conventions on ecommerce, consumer protection, electronic signature, cyber crime, liability, data protection, privacy and electronic communication … and many others.

abstract:
  The multiplicity of threats and vulnerabilities associated with AmI will require a multiplicity of safeguards to respond to the risks and problems posed by the emerging technological systems and their applications. In some instances, a single safeguard might be sufficient to address a specified threat or vulnerability. More typically, however, a combination of safeguards will be necessary to address each threat and vulnerability. In still other instances, one safeguard might apply to numerous treats and vulnerabilities. One could depict these combinations in a matrix or on a spreadsheet, but the spreadsheet would quickly become rather large and, perhaps, would be slightly misleading. Just as the AmI world will be dynamic, constantly changing, the applicability of safeguards should also be regarded as subject to a dynamic, i.e., different and new safeguards may need to be introduced in order to cope with changes in the threats and vulnerabilities.


id: cord-016556-tdwwu43v
title: Semantic Tracking in Peer-to-Peer Topic Maps Management
author: Kawtrakul, Asanee
date: 2007
txt: ./txt/cord-016556-tdwwu43v.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-016556-tdwwu43v.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7120888/
doi: 10.1007/978-3-540-75512-8_5
summary:
  This paper presents a collaborative semantic tracking framework based on topic maps which aims to integrate and organize the data/information resources that spread throughout the Internet in the manner that makes them useful for tracking events such as natural disaster, and disease dispersion. We present the architecture we defined in order to support highly relevant semantic management and to provide adaptive services such as statistical information extraction technique for document summarization. The proposed model for extracting information from unstructured documents consists of three main components, namely Entity Recognition, Relation Extraction, and Output Generation, as illustrate in Fig. 3 . The difference between our framework and those systems is that we also emphasize on generating the semantic relations among the collected resources and organizing those information by using topic map model. A Framework of NLP based Information Tracking and related Knowledge Organizing with Topic Maps

abstract:
  This paper presents a collaborative semantic tracking framework based on topic maps which aims to integrate and organize the data/information resources that spread throughout the Internet in the manner that makes them useful for tracking events such as natural disaster, and disease dispersion. We present the architecture we defined in order to support highly relevant semantic management and to provide adaptive services such as statistical information extraction technique for document summarization. In addition, this paper also carries out a case study on disease dispersion domain using the proposed framework.


id: cord-018133-2otxft31
title: Bioinformatics
author: Altman, Russ B.
date: 2006
txt: ./txt/cord-018133-2otxft31.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-018133-2otxft31.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7122933/
doi: 10.1007/0-387-36278-9_22
summary:
  Experimentation and bioinformatics have divided the research into several areas, and the largest are: (1) genome and protein sequence analysis, (2) macromolecular structure-function analysis, (3) gene expression analysis, and (4) proteomics. With the completion of the human genome and the abundance of sequence, structural, and gene expression data, a new field of systems biology that tries to understand how proteins and genes interact at a cellular level is emerging. The Entrez system from the National Center for Biological Information (NCBI) gives integrated access to the biomedical literature, protein, and nucleic acid sequences, macromolecular and small molecular structures, and genome project links (including both the Human Genome Project and sequencing projects that are attempting to determine the genome sequences for organisms that are either human pathogens or important experimental model organisms) in a manner that takes advantages of either explicit or computed links between these data resources.

abstract:
  Why is sequence, structure, and biological pathway information relevant to medicine? Where on the Internet should you look for a DNA sequence, a protein sequence, or a protein structure? What are two problems encountered in analyzing biological sequence, structure, and function? How has the age of genomics changed the landscape of bioinformatics? What two changes should we anticipate in the medical record as a result of these new information sources? What are two computational challenges in bioinformatics for the future?


id: cord-018336-6fh69mk4
title: Public Health Informatics and the Health Information Infrastructure
author: Yasnoff, William A.
date: 2006
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7123186/
doi: 10.1007/0-387-36278-9_15
abstract:
  What are the three core functions of public health, and how do they help shape the different foci of public health and medicine? What are the current and potential effects of a) the genomics revolution; and b) 9/11 on public health informatics? What were the political, organizational, epidemiological, and technical issues that influenced the development of immunization registries? How do registries promote public health, and how can this model be expanded to other domains (be specific about those domains) ? How might it fail in others?Why? What is the vision and purpose of the National Health Information Infrastructure? What kinds of impacts will it have, and in what time periods? Why don’t we have one already? What are the political and technical barriers to its implementation? What are the characteristics of any evaluation process that would be used to judge demonstration projects?


id: cord-020197-z4ianbw8
title: A Systematic Review on Fake News Themes Reported in Literature
author: Celliers, Marlie
date: 2020-03-10
txt: ./txt/cord-020197-z4ianbw8.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-020197-z4ianbw8.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7134307/
doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-45002-1_19
summary:
  The purpose of this literature review is to identify why individuals tend to share false information and to possibly help in detecting fake news before it spreads. While conducting the literature review, 22 articles highlighted the social factors; 13 articles discussed the role that cognitive factors have in contributing to the sharing and spreading of fake news; 13 articles highlighted the role of political factors; nine articles discussed how financial gain could convince a social media users to spread false information and 13 articles debated malicious factors and the effect that malicious factors have on the sharing and spreading of false information. Social media platforms, like Facebook, came under fire in the 2016 US presidential election, when fake news stories from unchecked sources were spread among many users [10] . The goal of this literature review was only to identify the factors that drive the spreading of fake news on social media platforms and did not fully address the dilemma of combatting the sharing and spreading of false information.

abstract:
  In this systematic literature review, a study of the factors involved in the spreading of fake news, have been provided. In this review, the root causes of the spreading of fake news are identified to reduce the encouraging of such false information. To combat the spreading of fake news on social media, the reasons behind the spreading of fake news must first be identified. Therefore, this literature review takes an early initiative to identify the possible reasons behind the spreading of fake news. The purpose of this literature review is to identify why individuals tend to share false information and to possibly help in detecting fake news before it spreads.


id: cord-020683-5s3lghj6
author: Buonomo, Bruno
date: 2020-04-09
txt: ./txt/cord-020683-5s3lghj6.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-020683-5s3lghj6.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7144546/
doi: 10.1007/s11587-020-00506-8
summary:
  The model has the basic structure of SIRI compartments (susceptible–infectious–recovered–infectious) and is implemented by taking into account of the behavioral changes of individuals in response to the available information on the status of the disease in the community. Therefore, it becomes an intriguing problem to qualitatively assess how the administration of a vaccine could affect the outbreak, taking into account of the behavioral changes of individuals in response to the information available on the status of the disease in the community. Since the disease of our interest has both reinfection and partial immunity after infection, we first consider the SIRI model, which is given by the following nonlinear ordinary differential equations (the upper dot denotes the time derivative) [18] : In the next section we will modify the SIRI model (4) to assess how an hypothetical vaccine could control the outbreak, taking into account of the behavioral changes of individuals produced by the information available on the status of the disease in the community.

title:
  Effects of information-dependent vaccination behavior on coronavirus outbreak: insights from a SIRI model

abstract:
  A mathematical model is proposed to assess the effects of a vaccine on the time evolution of a coronavirus outbreak. The model has the basic structure of SIRI compartments (susceptible–infectious–recovered–infectious) and is implemented by taking into account of the behavioral changes of individuals in response to the available information on the status of the disease in the community. We found that the cumulative incidence may be significantly reduced when the information coverage is high enough and/or the information delay is short, especially when the reinfection rate is high enough to sustain the presence of the disease in the community. This analysis is inspired by the ongoing outbreak of a respiratory illness caused by the novel coronavirus COVID-19.


id: cord-021721-80pp1ra4
title: Emergency Department Design
author: Woolard, Robert H.
date: 2015-10-23
txt: ./txt/cord-021721-80pp1ra4.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-021721-80pp1ra4.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7151923/
doi: 10.1016/b978-0-323-28665-7.00021-2
abstract: nan
summary:
  The Boston Marathon Bombing event illustrated the need to provide emergency and surgical care to mass casualties, requiring coordination of response between hospitals and enhanced field rescue efforts to meet high volume demands over a short time period. However, loss of facilities or needs for quarantine of exposed and ill patients during bioterror events and epidemics may create shelter needs proximate to EDs. ED design and response capability after 9/11 became a larger concern for public disaster planners, the federal government, and hospital architects. Overflow patients in hallways and adjacent spaces can be managed with mobile computing, which is available in many EDs. Wireless handheld devices can facilitate preparation for disasters and allow immediate access to information by providers in hallways and decontamination spaces.


id: cord-023944-pufcn56j
title: Threats, Risks and the Derived Information Security Strategy
author: Fibikova, Lenka
date: 2012-06-04
txt: ./txt/cord-023944-pufcn56j.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-023944-pufcn56j.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7178875/
doi: 10.1007/978-3-658-00333-3_2
summary:
  • information users, or how people handle ioformation and use tools and applications properly to protect ioformation • Business processes, or how ioformation security is embedded withio working practices • Applications, or how well they are developed to ensure the protection of iofonnation stored and processed • infrastructure, or how well it provides sufficient capacities and adequate protection of infonnation and applications against unauthorized access and modification Infonnation security is ensured via implementation of various measures. These measures need to • cover all aspects of the four areas-iofonnation users, busioess processes, applications and infrastructure (completeness) • provide adequate protection for ioformation (effectiveness) • be seamiessly iotegrated ioto the processes (integration) • be supported by efficient tools and simple templates (support) • avoid putting an unacceptable burden on the employees (simplicity) Each of these properties is crucial for achieving effective protection of information.

abstract:
  This article concentrates on the development of an information security strategy. An information security strategy needs to focus on an overall objective, usually the objectives laid out in an organization’s business strategy and its derived information technology strategy, where it takes the status quo and reflects the main objectives derived and postulates how and when to close the identified gaps. This strategy approach for improving information security is intended for an organization which supports an automotive and captive finance enterprise but is not restricted to this. The approach is aligned to the scope of ISO 270002 “Code of Practice for an Information Security Management System” [ISO05]. However, compliance is left out of the scope. The strategy concentrates on four areas considered the relevant areas for infonnation security: people, business processses. applications and infrastructure and has therefore a clear focus on processes, stability, resilience and efficiency which are the pillars of a successful enterprise.


id: cord-024088-020rgz5t
title: Governance of Occupational Safety and Health and Environmental Risks
author: Radandt, Siegfried
date: 2008
txt: ./txt/cord-024088-020rgz5t.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-024088-020rgz5t.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7187950/
doi: 10.1007/978-1-4020-8289-4_4
summary:
  Depending on the type of hazard, the three topics, namely, safety, health and the environment, may share the common trait that the proper handling of risks, i.e., how to reduce probabilities and/or consequences of unwanted events is not always possible within a risk management system. A number of new occupational health and safety hazards have already arisen or are foreseen, including problems with the ergonomics of video display units, and musculoskeletal disorders in shoulder-neck and arm-hand systems, information overload, psychological stress, and pressure to learn new skills. Both managers and workers often do not see the need to improve occupational safety and health or ergonomic issues and their possibilities and benefits by reducing or eliminating risks at work. The explanations below present the basic procedure for developing safety-relevant arrangements and solutions, i.e. the thinking and decision-making processes, as well as selecting criteria that are significant for the identification of unwelcome events, the risk of an event, the acceptance limits and the adoption of measures.

abstract:
  Occupational safety and health (OSH) activities were started in the industrialized countries already 150 years ago. Separated and specific actions were directed at accident prevention, and the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of occupational diseases. As industrialization has advanced, the complexity of safety and health problems and challenges has substantially grown, calling for more comprehensive approaches. Such development has expanded the scope, as well as blurred the borders between specific activities. In the modern world of work, occupational safety and health are part of a complex system that involves innumerable interdependencies and interactions. These are, for instance, safety, health, well-being, aspects of the occupational and general environment, corporate policies and social responsibility, community policies and services, community social environment, workers’ families, their civil life, lifestyles and social networks, cultural and religious environments, and political and media environments.


id: cord-024501-nl0gsr0c
title: MSGE: A Multi-step Gated Model for Knowledge Graph Completion
author: Tan, Chunyang
date: 2020-04-17
txt: ./txt/cord-024501-nl0gsr0c.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-024501-nl0gsr0c.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7206261/
doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-47426-3_33
summary:
  In this paper, we first integrate iterative mechanism into knowledge graph embedding and propose a multi-step gated model which utilizes relations as queries to extract useful information from coarse to fine in multiple steps. First gate mechanism is adopted to control information flow by the interaction between entity and relation with multiple steps. In this paper, we propose a Multi-Step Gated Embedding (MSGE) model for link prediction in KGs. During every step, gate mechanism is applied several times, which is used to decide what features are retained and what are excluded at the dimension level, corresponding to the multi-step reasoning procedure. All results demonstrate our motivation that controlling information flow in a multi-step way is beneficial for link prediction task in knowledge graphs. In this paper, we propose a multi-step gated model MSGE for link prediction task in knowledge graph completion.

abstract:
  Knowledge graph embedding models aim to represent entities and relations in continuous low-dimensional vector space, benefiting many research areas such as knowledge graph completion and web searching. However, previous works do not consider controlling information flow, which makes them hard to obtain useful latent information and limits model performance. Specifically, as human beings, predictions are usually made in multiple steps with every step filtering out irrelevant information and targeting at helpful information. In this paper, we first integrate iterative mechanism into knowledge graph embedding and propose a multi-step gated model which utilizes relations as queries to extract useful information from coarse to fine in multiple steps. First gate mechanism is adopted to control information flow by the interaction between entity and relation with multiple steps. Then we repeat the gate cell for several times to refine the information incrementally. Our model achieves state-of-the-art performance on most benchmark datasets compared to strong baselines. Further analyses demonstrate the effectiveness of our model and its scalability on large knowledge graphs.


id: cord-028688-5uzl1jpu
title: Multi-granularity Complex Network Representation Learning
author: Li, Peisen
date: 2020-06-10
txt: ./txt/cord-028688-5uzl1jpu.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-028688-5uzl1jpu.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7338194/
doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-52705-1_18
summary:
  In this paper, we propose a multi-granularity complex network representation learning model (MNRL), which integrates topological structure and additional information at the same time, and presents these fused information learning into the same granularity semantic space that through fine-to-coarse to refine the complex network. A series of deep learning-based network representation methods were then proposed to further solve the problems of global topological structure preservation and high-order nonlinearity of data, and increased efficiency. So these location attributes and activity information are inherently indecomposable and interdependence with the suspect, making the two nodes recognize at a finer granularity based on the additional information and relationship structure that the low-dimensional representation vectors learned have certain similarities. To better characterize multiple granularity complex networks and solve the problem of nodes with potential associations that cannot be processed through the relationship structure alone, we refine the granularity to additional attributes, and designed an information fusion method, which are defined as follows:

abstract:
  Network representation learning aims to learn the low dimensional vector of the nodes in a network while maintaining the inherent properties of the original information. Existing algorithms focus on the single coarse-grained topology of nodes or text information alone, which cannot describe complex information networks. However, node structure and attribution are interdependent, indecomposable. Therefore, it is essential to learn the representation of node based on both the topological structure and node additional attributes. In this paper, we propose a multi-granularity complex network representation learning model (MNRL), which integrates topological structure and additional information at the same time, and presents these fused information learning into the same granularity semantic space that through fine-to-coarse to refine the complex network. Experiments show that our method can not only capture indecomposable multi-granularity information, but also retain various potential similarities of both topology and node attributes. It has achieved effective results in the downstream work of node classification and the link prediction on real-world datasets.


id: cord-028972-1athnjkh
author: Etemad, Hamid
date: 2020-07-10
txt: ./txt/cord-028972-1athnjkh.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-028972-1athnjkh.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7349476/
doi: 10.1007/s10843-020-00279-z
abstract: nan
summary:
  The rapidly emerging evidence suggests that the capable, far-sighted, and innovative enterprises perceived the slow-downs, or stoppages in some cases, as an opportunity for starting, or increasing, their alternative ways of sustaining activities, including on-line and remote activities and involvements, in order to compensate for the shrinkage in their pre-COVID demands, while the short-sighted or severely resource-constrained SMEs faced the difficult decision of closure in favor of "survival or self-preservation" strategy, thus losing expansion opportunities. In short, a small firm''s potential exposure to cross-sectional and longitudinal risks and uncertainties is also likely to depend on information on a combination of influential factors, some of which are discussed above; prominent 9 Similar arguments apply to national preparedness and national security over time to shield individual and corporate citizens from bearing short-term or long-term high costs-the national costs per capita may pale relative to the immeasurable costs of human mortalities paid by the deceased people and their families, the massive unemployment, or high costs related to shortages in major crises, such as the COVID-19 pandemic.

title:
  Managing uncertain consequences of a global crisis: SMEs encountering adversities, losses, and new opportunities


id: cord-030171-6sww2qnj
title: Management nicht-finanzieller Risiken: eine Forschungsagenda
author: Franke, Günter
date: 2020-08-07
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7411330/
doi: 10.1007/s41471-020-00096-z
abstract:
  The management of non-financial risks such as ESG-, sustainability- and compliance risks poses a great challenge for companies. In contrast to financial risks the information on non-financial risks is very limited. This renders management quite difficult. Companies incurred big losses due to non-financial risks in recent years. Corporate governance of these risks raises many unresolved questions. This paper delineates potential answers and hypotheses about the impact of information quality. Practitioners complain about the lack of support from academia. A cooperation of practitioners and academics to resolve these questions presents attractive research fields for academia. Thus, this paper also presents a research agenda for academia.


id: cord-031942-mfz313q0
author: Kim, Hye Kyung
date: 2020-09-13
txt: ./txt/cord-031942-mfz313q0.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-031942-mfz313q0.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7492825/
doi: 10.1177/1075547020959670
summary:
  Guided by the RISP model (Griffin et al., 1999) , the current study examines whether and how exposure to misinformation about COVID-19 prevention motivates or deters effortful seeking and processing of relevant information. Thus, we posit the following direct and indirect effects of misinformation exposure on information seeking and avoidance, as well as systematic and heuristic processing. Because misinformation on COVID-19 prevention is characterized by scientific uncertainty, we suggest that cultural differences in uncertainty avoidance may moderate the effect of misinformation exposure on information seeking and processing. Research Question 2 (RQ2): Do the direct and indirect effects of misinformation exposure on information seeking, avoidance, and processing differ between the United States and South Korea or Singapore? In predicting information avoidance, the direct effect of misinformation was significant across all three countries (Β US = .399, Β SG = .370, Β KR = .538, all p < .001), but the effect size significantly differed only between the U.S. and South Korea samples (p = .006; United States-Singapore comparison, p = .63).

title:
  Effects of COVID-19 Misinformation on Information Seeking, Avoidance, and Processing: A Multicountry Comparative Study

abstract:
  We examined the implications of exposure to misinformation about COVID-19 in the United States, South Korea, and Singapore in the early stages of the global pandemic. The online survey results showed that misinformation exposure reduced information insufficiency, which subsequently led to greater information avoidance and heuristic processing, as well as less systematic processing of COVID-19 information. Indirect effects differ by country and were stronger in the U.S. sample than in the Singapore sample. This study highlights negative consequences of misinformation during a global pandemic and addresses possible cultural and situational differences in how people interpret and respond to misinformation.


id: cord-032492-2av9kl1c
author: Feldman, Sue S.
date: 2020-09-23
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7508630/
doi: 10.1007/s10796-020-10064-x
title:
  Impact of Provider Prior Use of HIE on System Complexity, Performance, Patient Care, Quality and System Concerns

abstract:
  To date, most HIE studies have investigated user perceptions of value prior to use. Few studies have assessed factors associated with the value of HIE through its actual use. This study investigates provider perceptions on HIE comparing those who had prior experience vs those who had no experience with it. In so doing, we identify six constructs: prior use, system complexity, system concerns, public/population health, care delivery, and provider performance. This study uses a mixed methods approach to data collection. From 15 interviews of medical community leaders, a survey was constructed and administered to 263 clinicians. Descriptive statistics and analysis of variance was used, along with Tukey HSD tests for multiple comparisons. Results indicated providers whom previously used HIE had more positive perceptions about its benefits in terms of system complexity (p = .001), care delivery (p = .000), population health (p = .003), and provider performance (p = .005); women providers were more positive in terms of system concerns (p = .000); patient care (p = .031), and population health (p = .009); providers age 44–55 were more positive than older and younger groups in terms of patient care (p = .032), population health (p = .021), and provider performance (p = .014); while differences also existed across professional license groups (physician, nurse, other license, admin (no license)) for all five constructs (p < .05); and type of organization setting (hospital, ambulatory clinic, medical office, other) for three constructs including system concerns (p = .017), population health (p = .018), and provider performance (p = .018). There were no statistically significant differences found between groups based on a provider’s role in an organization (patient care, administration, teaching/research, other). Different provider perspectives about the value derived from HIE use exist depending on prior experience with HIE, age, gender, license (physician, nurse, other license, admin (no license)), and type of organization setting (hospital, ambulatory clinic, medical office, other). This study draws from the theory of planned behavior to understand factors related to physicians’ perceptions about HIE value, serving as a departure point for more detailed investigations of provider perceptions and behavior in regard to future HIE use and promoting interoperability.


id: cord-033329-gi0mug1p
author: Montesi, Michela
date: 2020-10-06
txt: ./txt/cord-033329-gi0mug1p.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-033329-gi0mug1p.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7542543/
doi: 10.1177/0961000620949653
summary:
  A sample of 242 fake news items was collected from the Maldita.es website and analysed according to the criteria of cognitive and affective authority, interactivity, themes and potential danger. The results point to a practical absence of indicators of cognitive authority (53.7%), while the affective authority of these news items is built through mechanisms of discrediting people, ideas or movements (40.7%) and, secondarily, the use of offensive or coarse language (17.7%) and comparison or reference to additional information sources (26.6%). An important part of the research has focused on the analysis of all kinds of information spread via social media (Cinelli et al., 2020; Ferrara, 2020; Singh et al., 2020) , whilst others have suggested interventions for improving news and science literacy as empowering tools for users to identify, consume and share high-quality information (Vraga et al., 2020b) . In this research, a sample of fake news items collected by the Maldita.es project during the Covid-19 health crisis in Spain was classified according to the criteria of authority, interactivity, theme and potential danger.

title:
  Understanding fake news during the Covid-19 health crisis from the perspective of information behaviour: The case of Spain

abstract:
  The health crisis brought about by Covid-19 has generated a heightened need for information as a response to a situation of uncertainty and high emotional load, in which fake news and other informative content have grown dramatically. The aim of this work is to delve into the understanding of fake news from the perspective of information behaviour by analysing a sample of fake news items that were spread in Spain during the Covid-19 health crisis. A sample of 242 fake news items was collected from the Maldita.es website and analysed according to the criteria of cognitive and affective authority, interactivity, themes and potential danger. The results point to a practical absence of indicators of cognitive authority (53.7%), while the affective authority of these news items is built through mechanisms of discrediting people, ideas or movements (40.7%) and, secondarily, the use of offensive or coarse language (17.7%) and comparison or reference to additional information sources (26.6%). Interactivity features allow commenting in 24.3% of the cases. The dominant theme is society (43.1%), followed by politics (26.4%) and science (23.6%). Finally, fake news, for the most part, does not seem to pose any danger to the health or safety of people – the harm it causes is intangible and moral. The author concludes by highlighting the importance of a culture of civic values to combat fake news.


id: cord-034243-iz2alys0
title: Fairness in the Use of Information About Carriers of Resistant Infections
author: Francis, John G.
date: 2020-04-06
txt: ./txt/cord-034243-iz2alys0.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-034243-iz2alys0.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7586433/
doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-27874-8_15
summary:
  One standard menu of approaches to the prevalence of anti-microbial resistance diseases is to enhance surveillance, fund research to develop new antimicrobials, and educate providers and patients to reduce unnecessary antimicrobial use. Moreover, in today''s world of investment in drug discovery, "creating an environment in which data exchange and knowledge sharing are the status quo will be difficult given proprietary concerns and the variety of information types and formats, which may range from historical data to new findings produced as part of this research effort." The Pew consensus is that the following forms of information sharing are needed: a review of what is known about compounds that effectively penetrate gram-negative bacteria, a searchable catalogue of chemical matter including an ongoing list of promising antibacterial compounds, information on screening assays and conditions tested, and an informational database of available biological and physicochemical data. These four aspects of fairness-who is included in the play, what opportunities they have, how these opportunities are balanced, and whether there are elements of reciprocity-can be used to set vector and victim perspectives into context in addressing the gathering and use of information about antimicrobial resistance.

abstract:
  One standard menu of approaches to the prevalence of anti-microbial resistance diseases is to enhance surveillance, fund research to develop new antimicrobials, and educate providers and patients to reduce unnecessary antimicrobial use. The primarily utilitarian reasoning behind this menu is unstable, however, if it fails to take fairness into account. This chapter develops an account of the fair uses of information gained in public health surveillance. We begin by sketching information needs and gaps in surveillance. We then demonstrate how analysis of information uses is incomplete if viewed from the perspectives of likely vectors of disease who may be subjects of fear and stigma and likely victims who may be coerced into isolation or quarantine. Next, we consider aspects of fairness in the use of information in non-ideal circumstances: inclusive participation in decisions about information use, resource plans for those needing services, and assurances of reciprocal support. Fairness in information use recognizes the ineluctable twinning of victims and vectors in the face of serious pandemic disease.


id: cord-103813-w2sb6h94
title: Genetic information insecurity as state of the art
author: Schumacher, Garrett J.
date: 2020-07-10
txt: ./txt/cord-103813-w2sb6h94.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-103813-w2sb6h94.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.07.08.192666
doi: 10.1101/2020.07.08.192666
summary:
  Therefore, human genetic information is a uniquely confidential form of data that requires increased security controls and scrutiny. Sensitive genetic information, which includes both biological material and digital genetic data, is the primary asset of concern, and associated assets, such as metadata, electronic health records and intellectual property, are also vulnerable within this ecosystem. ❖ Private Sensitive Genetic Information can be expected to cause a moderate level of risk to a nation, ethnic group, individual, or stakeholder if it is disclosed, modified, or destroyed without authorization. The genetic information ecosystem is a distributed cyber-physical system containing numerous stakeholders (Supplementary Material, Appendix 1), personnel, and devices for computing and networking purposes. Genetic information security is a shared responsibility between sequencing laboratories and device vendors, as well as all other involved stakeholders. Examples include biorepositories, DNA sequencing laboratories, researchers, cloud and other service providers, and supply chain entities responsible for devices, software and materials.

abstract:
  Genetic information is being generated at an increasingly rapid pace, offering advances in science and medicine that are paralleled only by the threats and risk present within the responsible ecosystem. Human genetic information is identifiable and contains sensitive information, but genetic data security is only recently gaining attention. Genetic data is generated in an evolving and distributed cyber-physical ecosystem, with multiple systems that handle data and multiple partners that utilize the data. This paper defines security classifications of genetic information and discusses the threats, vulnerabilities, and risk found throughout the entire genetic information ecosystem. Laboratory security was found to be especially challenging, primarily due to devices and protocols that were not designed with security in mind. Likewise, other industry standards and best practices threaten the security of the ecosystem. A breach or exposure anywhere in the ecosystem can compromise sensitive information. Extensive development will be required to realize the potential of this emerging field while protecting the bioeconomy and all of its stakeholders.


id: cord-146850-5x6qs2i4
title: The State of AI Ethics Report (June 2020)
author: Gupta, Abhishek
date: 2020-06-25
txt: ./txt/cord-146850-5x6qs2i4.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-146850-5x6qs2i4.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://arxiv.org/pdf/2006.14662v1.pdf
doi: nan
summary:
  Another point brought up in the article is that social media companies might themselves be unwilling to tolerate scraping of their users'' data to do this sort of vetting which against their terms of use for access to the APIs. Borrowing from the credit reporting world, the Fair Credit Reporting Act in the US offers some insights when it mentions that people need to be provided with a recourse to correct information that is used about them in making a decision and that due consent needs to be obtained prior to utilizing such tools to do a background check. Given that AI systems operate in a larger socio-technical ecosystem, we need to tap into fields like law and policy making to come up with effective ways of integrating ethics into AI systems, part of which can involve creating binding legal agreements that tie in with economic incentives.While policy making and law are often seen as slow to adapt to fast changing technology, there are a variety of benefits to be had, for example higher customer trust for services that have adherence to stringent regulations regarding privacy and data protection.

abstract:
  These past few months have been especially challenging, and the deployment of technology in ways hitherto untested at an unrivalled pace has left the internet and technology watchers aghast. Artificial intelligence has become the byword for technological progress and is being used in everything from helping us combat the COVID-19 pandemic to nudging our attention in different directions as we all spend increasingly larger amounts of time online. It has never been more important that we keep a sharp eye out on the development of this field and how it is shaping our society and interactions with each other. With this inaugural edition of the State of AI Ethics we hope to bring forward the most important developments that caught our attention at the Montreal AI Ethics Institute this past quarter. Our goal is to help you navigate this ever-evolving field swiftly and allow you and your organization to make informed decisions. This pulse-check for the state of discourse, research, and development is geared towards researchers and practitioners alike who are making decisions on behalf of their organizations in considering the societal impacts of AI-enabled solutions. We cover a wide set of areas in this report spanning Agency and Responsibility, Security and Risk, Disinformation, Jobs and Labor, the Future of AI Ethics, and more. Our staff has worked tirelessly over the past quarter surfacing signal from the noise so that you are equipped with the right tools and knowledge to confidently tread this complex yet consequential domain.


id: cord-208698-gm0b8u52
title: Statistical Analytics and Regional Representation Learning for COVID-19 Pandemic Understanding
author: Fazeli, Shayan
date: 2020-08-08
url: https://arxiv.org/pdf/2008.07342v1.pdf
doi: nan
abstract:
  The rapid spread of the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) has severely impacted almost all countries around the world. It not only has caused a tremendous burden on health-care providers to bear, but it has also brought severe impacts on the economy and social life. The presence of reliable data and the results of in-depth statistical analyses provide researchers and policymakers with invaluable information to understand this pandemic and its growth pattern more clearly. This paper combines and processes an extensive collection of publicly available datasets to provide a unified information source for representing geographical regions with regards to their pandemic-related behavior. The features are grouped into various categories to account for their impact based on the higher-level concepts associated with them. This work uses several correlation analysis techniques to observe value and order relationships between features, feature groups, and COVID-19 occurrences. Dimensionality reduction techniques and projection methodologies are used to elaborate on individual and group importance of these representative features. A specific RNN-based inference pipeline called DoubleWindowLSTM-CP is proposed in this work for predictive event modeling. It utilizes sequential patterns and enables concise record representation while using but a minimal amount of historical data. The quantitative results of our statistical analytics indicated critical patterns reflecting on many of the expected collective behavior and their associated outcomes. Predictive modeling with DoubleWindowLSTM-CP instance exhibits efficient performance in quantitative and qualitative assessments while reducing the need for extended and reliable historical information on the pandemic.


id: cord-224516-t5zubl1p
title: SARS-CoV-2, a Threat to Privacy?
author: Daubenschuetz, Tim
date: 2020-04-21
txt: ./txt/cord-224516-t5zubl1p.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-224516-t5zubl1p.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://arxiv.org/pdf/2004.10305v1.pdf
doi: nan
summary:
  We furthermore discuss the issues with privacy that can occur during a crisis such as this global pandemic and what can be done to ensure information security and hence appropriate data protection. When we are considering the example of doctors treating their patients, we can use the framework of contextual integrity to reason about the appropriate information flow as follows: the patient is both the sender and the subject of the data exchange, the doctor is the receiver, the information type is the patient''s medical information, the transmission principle includes, most importantly, doctor-patient confidentiality aside from public health issues. In Germany, the authority for disease control and prevention, the Robert Koch Institute (RKI), made headlines on March 18, 2020, as it became public that telecommunication provider Telekom had shared an anonymized set of mobile phone movement data to monitor citizens'' mobility in the fight against SARS-CoV-2.

abstract:
  The global SARS-CoV-2 pandemic is currently putting a massive strain on the world's critical infrastructures. With healthcare systems and internet service providers already struggling to provide reliable service, some operators may, intentionally or unintentionally, lever out privacy-protecting measures to increase their system's efficiency in fighting the virus. Moreover, though it may seem all encouraging to see the effectiveness of authoritarian states in battling the crisis, we, the authors of this paper, would like to raise the community's awareness towards developing more effective means in battling the crisis without the need to limit fundamental human rights. To analyze the current situation, we are discussing and evaluating the steps corporations and governments are taking to condemn the virus by applying established privacy research.


id: cord-252061-ode6yi83
title: The Covid‐19 ‘infodemic’: a new front for information professionals
author: Naeem, Salman Bin
date: 2020-06-13
txt: ./txt/cord-252061-ode6yi83.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-252061-ode6yi83.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32533803/
doi: 10.1111/hir.12311
summary:
  The abundance of information on social media frequently without any check on its authenticity makes it difficult for an individual to distinguish between what are facts, and what are opinions, propaganda or biases. There are many other information literacy guidelines that can help the general public to recognise and avoid fake news. These websites help people to determine the authenticity of the facts presented by any news or information sites, pinpointing any misinformation or myths which are indigenously induced and viral within a country through social networks. Several of these fact-checking sites continually update details of the news, myths or information that is fake. Health science librarians have the knowledge and skills to provide guidance to the general public on how to find credible and reliable information in the age of post-truth, especially during the current COVID-19 pandemic. Information Literacy and Libraries in the Age of Fake News

abstract:
  The virus, commonly known as COVID‐19 which emerged in Wuhan, China, in December 2019, has spread in 213 countries, areas or territories around the globe, with nearly 144 683 deaths worldwide on 18 April 2020. In the wake of this pandemic, we have witnessed a massive infodemic with the public being bombarded with vast quantities of information, much of which is not scientifically correct. Fighting fake news is now the new front in the COVID‐19 battle. This regular feature comments on the role of health sciences librarians and information professionals in combating the COVID‐19 infodemic. To support their work, it draws attention to the myth busters, fact‐checkers and credible sources relating to COVID‐19. It also documents the guides that libraries have put together to help the general public, students and faculty recognise fake news.


id: cord-253212-ygmkul62
title: Social Laser Model for the Bandwagon Effect: Generation of Coherent Information Waves
author: Khrennikov, Andrei
date: 2020-05-17
url: https://arxiv.org/pdf/2004.12669v1.pdf
doi: 10.3390/e22050559
abstract:
  During recent years our society has often been exposed to coherent information waves of high amplitudes. These are waves of huge social energy. Often they are of destructive character, a kind of information tsunami. However, they can also carry positive improvements in human society, as waves of decision-making matching rational recommendations of societal institutes. The main distinguishing features of these waves are their high amplitude, coherence (homogeneous character of social actions generated by them), and short time needed for their generation and relaxation. Such waves can be treated as large-scale exhibitions of the bandwagon effect. We show that this socio-psychic phenomenon can be modeled based on the recently developed social laser theory. This theory can be used to model stimulated amplification of coherent social actions. “Actions” are treated very generally, from mass protests to votes and other collective decisions, such as, e.g., acceptance (often unconscious) of some societal recommendations. In this paper, we concentrate on the theory of laser resonators, physical vs. social. For the latter, we analyze in detail the functioning of Internet-based echo chambers. Their main purpose is increasing of the power of the quantum information field as well as its coherence. Of course, the bandwagon effect is well known and well studied in social psychology. However, social laser theory gives the possibility to model it by using general formalism of quantum field theory. The paper contains the minimum of mathematics and it can be read by researchers working in psychological, cognitive, social, and political sciences; it might also be interesting for experts in information theory and artificial intelligence.


id: cord-257707-brrrg4fr
title: Quality of online information for the general public on COVID-19
author: Jayasighe, Ravindri
date: 2020-08-07
txt: ./txt/cord-257707-brrrg4fr.txt
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extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S073839912030402X?v=s5
doi: 10.1016/j.pec.2020.08.001
summary:
  Validated tools were used to assess readability [Flesch Reading Ease Score (FRES)], usability and reliability (LIDA tool) and quality (DISCERN instrument). CONCLUSION: The majority of websites on COVID-19 for the public had moderate to low scores with regards to readability, usability, reliability and quality. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS: Prompt strategies should be implemented to standardize online health information on COVID-19 during this pandemic to ensure the general public has access to good quality reliable information. Therefore, we conducted this study to analyse the current COVID-19 websites targeting the general public in terms of quality, usability, readability, and reliability using a wide search strategy and validated instruments. So far only a limited number of studies have been done to assess the quality of health information websites related to COVID-19. This study has shown the quality, readability, usability, and reliability of the information on COVID-19 on majority of websites providing health information to the general public are to be of substandard quality.

abstract:
  OBJECTIVES: To analyse the quality of information included in websites aimed at the public on COVID-19. METHODS: Yahoo!, Google and Bing search engines were browsed using selected keywords on COVID-19. The first 100 websites from each search engine for each keyword were evaluated. Validated tools were used to assess readability [Flesch Reading Ease Score (FRES)], usability and reliability (LIDA tool) and quality (DISCERN instrument). Non-parametric tests were used for statistical analyses. RESULTS: Eighty-four eligible sites were analysed. The median FRES score was 54.2 (range:23.2-73.5). The median LIDA usability and reliability scores were 46 (range:18-54) and 37(range:14-51), respectively. A low (<50%) overall LIDA score was recorded for 30.9% (n = 26) of the websites. The median DISCERN score was 49.5 (range: 21-77). The DISCERN score of ≤50% was found in 45 (53.6%) websites. The DISCERN score was significantly associated with LIDA usability and reliability scores (p < 0.001) and the FRES score (p = 0.024). CONCLUSION: The majority of websites on COVID-19 for the public had moderate to low scores with regards to readability, usability, reliability and quality. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS: Prompt strategies should be implemented to standardize online health information on COVID-19 during this pandemic to ensure the general public has access to good quality reliable information.


id: cord-262544-6q8eg9z4
title: Use of Unstructured Event-Based Reports for Global Infectious Disease Surveillance
author: Keller, Mikaela
date: 2009-05-17
txt: ./txt/cord-262544-6q8eg9z4.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-262544-6q8eg9z4.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19402953/
doi: 10.3201/eid1505.081114
summary:
  Free or low-cost sources of unstructured information, such as Internet news and online discussion sites, provide detailed local and near real-time data on disease outbreaks, even in countries that lack traditional public health surveillance. In many countries, free or low-cost sources of unstructured information, including Internet news and online discussion sites (Figure) , could provide detailed local and near real-time data on potential and confi rmed disease outbreaks and other public health events (9, 10, (13) (14) (15) (16) (17) (18) . With a goal of improving public health surveillance and, ultimately, intervention efforts, we (the architects, developers, and methodologists for the information systems described herein) reviewed 3 of the primary active systems that process unstructured (free-text), event-based information on disease outbreaks: The Global Public Health Intelligence Network (GPHIN), the HealthMap system, and the EpiSPIDER project (Semantic Processing and Integration of Distributed Electronic Resources for Epidemics [and disasters]; www.epispider.net).

abstract:
  Free or low-cost sources of unstructured information, such as Internet news and online discussion sites, provide detailed local and near real-time data on disease outbreaks, even in countries that lack traditional public health surveillance. To improve public health surveillance and, ultimately, interventions, we examined 3 primary systems that process event-based outbreak information: Global Public Health Intelligence Network, HealthMap, and EpiSPIDER. Despite similarities among them, these systems are highly complementary because they monitor different data types, rely on varying levels of automation and human analysis, and distribute distinct information. Future development should focus on linking these systems more closely to public health practitioners in the field and establishing collaborative networks for alert verification and dissemination. Such development would further establish event-based monitoring as an invaluable public health resource that provides critical context and an alternative to traditional indicator-based outbreak reporting.


id: cord-267672-2ukr15se
author: Okuyama, Tadahiro
date: 2017-08-10
url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0261517717301760
doi: 10.1016/j.tourman.2017.07.019
title:
  Analysis of optimal timing of tourism demand recovery policies from natural disaster using the contingent behavior method

abstract:
  This paper examines the applicability of contingent behavior (hereafter, CB) method for analyzing dynamic processes and efficient policies in tourism demand recovery. The CB questionnaires used for this study used a hypothetical disaster situation of bird flu in Kyoto, Japan. Safety, event, visitor information, and price discounting policies were designed accordingly. Respondents were then asked about their willingness to travel time. The results showed the optimal timing for devising pertinent policies during the year. We found that the first step requires a safety information announcement, within one week, immediately after disaster site decontamination. The second step is the implementation of event information policy within 24th to 36th week after the disaster. The third step constitutes announcing visitor information within the 37th to 52nd week after the second step. The final step is the implementation of price discounting policy, until the 52nd week, immediately after the third step.


id: cord-268297-x02chc60
title: Interactive effects of message framing and information content on carbon offsetting behaviors
author: Chi, Oscar Hengxuan
date: 2020-10-20
txt: ./txt/cord-268297-x02chc60.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-268297-x02chc60.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33100457/
doi: 10.1016/j.tourman.2020.104244
summary:
  Through the theoretical framework of prospect theory, regulatory fit theory, and the Heuristic-Systematic Model (HSM) of information processing, this study explores the interaction effects of message framing and the type of information (objective/subjective) presented about climate change and carbon offsetting programs on consumers'' carbon offsetting behaviors. The results of the main effect of messages indicated that after receiving framed messages that included information regarding climate change and carbon offsetting programs, subjects'' purchase intention (t (584) = 5.18, p < .001) and willingness to pay (t (584) = 12.23, p < .001) significantly increased compared to time 1 data collection, supporting H2a and H2b. This study further compares the impacts of gain-framed messages, loss-framed messages, and the most effective message identified above (gain-framed objective information about climate change and carbon offsetting programs (GOO)) in customer groups with different initial levels of purchase intention and willingness to pay (see Fig. 2 ).

abstract:
  This study examines the effects of message framing and information presentation on tourists' carbon offsetting behaviors within the theoretical framework of heuristic-systematic processing. The interactive effects of message framing and information presentation are assessed on both static and dynamic outcome variables employing a mixed between-within group methodology utilizing two sets of data through a longitudinal 2 × 2 × 2 experimental design. The results reveal that a gain-framed messaging combined with objective climate change information and objective carbon offsetting information results in significantly more positive impacts on changes in purchase intention of carbon offsetting products and increases willingness to pay for carbon offsetting. Conversely, the combination of loss-framed messages and subjective information presentation are shown not only to be ineffective in increasing carbon offsetting behavior but results in declines in tourists’ purchase intention of carbon offsetting products and willingness to pay for carbon offsetting.


id: cord-269213-tsm6zoe3
author: Slaughter, Laura
date: 2005-01-30
url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S153204640500002X
doi: 10.1016/j.jbi.2004.12.006
title:
  A framework for capturing the interactions between laypersons’ understanding of disease, information gathering behaviors, and actions taken during an epidemic

abstract:
  This paper provides a description of a methodological framework designed to capture the inter-relationships between the lay publics’ understanding of health-related processes, information gathering behaviors, and actions taken during an outbreak. We developed and refined our methods during a study involving eight participants living in severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-affected areas (Hong Kong, Taiwan, and Toronto). The framework is an adaptation of narrative analysis, a qualitative method that is used to investigate a phenomenon through interpretation of the stories people tell about their experiences. From our work, several hypotheses emerged that will contribute to future research. For example, our findings showed that many decisions in an epidemic are carefully considered and involve use of significant information gathering. Having a good model of lay actions based on information received and beliefs held will contribute to the development of more effective information support systems in the event of a future epidemic.


id: cord-272744-j4q7pcfa
title: Coupling dynamics of epidemic spreading and information diffusion on complex networks
author: Zhan, Xiu-Xiu
date: 2018-09-01
url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S0096300318302236
doi: 10.1016/j.amc.2018.03.050
abstract:
  The interaction between disease and disease information on complex networks has facilitated an interdisciplinary research area. When a disease begins to spread in the population, the corresponding information would also be transmitted among individuals, which in turn influence the spreading pattern of the disease. In this paper, firstly, we analyze the propagation of two representative diseases (H7N9 and Dengue fever) in the real-world population and their corresponding information on Internet, suggesting the high correlation of the two-type dynamical processes. Secondly, inspired by empirical analyses, we propose a nonlinear model to further interpret the coupling effect based on the SIS (Susceptible-Infected-Susceptible) model. Both simulation results and theoretical analysis show that a high prevalence of epidemic will lead to a slow information decay, consequently resulting in a high infected level, which shall in turn prevent the epidemic spreading. Finally, further theoretical analysis demonstrates that a multi-outbreak phenomenon emerges via the effect of coupling dynamics, which finds good agreement with empirical results. This work may shed light on the in-depth understanding of the interplay between the dynamics of epidemic spreading and information diffusion.


id: cord-274778-wds40e6i
author: Tejedor, Santiago
date: 2020-08-31
txt: ./txt/cord-274778-wds40e6i.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-274778-wds40e6i.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32878092/
doi: 10.3390/ijerph17176330
summary:
  title: Information on the COVID-19 Pandemic in Daily Newspapers'' Front Pages: Case Study of Spain and Italy The study analyzes 72 front pages of El País and El Mundo in Spain and Italy''s Corriere della Sera and La Repubblica, collecting 710 news items and 3456 data evidences employing a mixed method (both qualitative and quantitative) based on content analysis and hemerographic analysis. Based on the trust placed on the printed media-as the most credible and rigorous media-this research analyzes a total of 72 front pages of the main daily newspapers in Spain and Italy (36 each) . The research, based on previous studies [33] , analyzes a total of 710 news items extracted from 72 front pages of the four main daily newspapers of Spain and Italy (36 per country). Nonetheless, while in Spain it occupies 62% of the front page; in Italy COVID-19 related pieces cover a striking 80% of the information (see Figure 9 ).

title:
  Information on the COVID-19 Pandemic in Daily Newspapers’ Front Pages: Case Study of Spain and Italy

abstract:
  Spain and Italy are amongst the European countries where the COVID-19 pandemic has produced its major impact and where lockdown measures have been the harshest. This research aims at understanding how the corona crisis has been represented in Spanish and Italian media, focusing on reference newspapers. The study analyzes 72 front pages of El País and El Mundo in Spain and Italy’s Corriere della Sera and La Repubblica, collecting 710 news items and 3456 data evidences employing a mixed method (both qualitative and quantitative) based on content analysis and hemerographic analysis. Results show a predominance of informative journalistic genres (especially brief and news), while the visual framing emerging from the photographic choice, tend to foster humanization through an emotional representation of the pandemic. Politicians are the most represented actors, showing a high degree of politicization of the crisis.


id: cord-275350-m1rv2i11
title: COVID-19 & an NGO and university developed interactive portal: a perspective from Iran
author: Maserat, Elham
date: 2020-08-17
txt: ./txt/cord-275350-m1rv2i11.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-275350-m1rv2i11.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32837811/
doi: 10.1007/s12553-020-00470-1
summary:
  Thus, considering the benefits of the health portal and its critical role in information interaction and the lack of electronic context for the communication of the various tools that have been provided to manage and monitor COVID-19, we offered this platform in the interactive portal of non-governmental organizations (NGOs), research institutes, and universities. NGOs, under the supervision of and in participation with Tabriz University of Medical Sciences'' Center for Social Factors Research in COVID-19 Management Division of this portal, separated classified information into two sections of informatics and services. NGOs, under the supervision of and in participation with Tabriz University of Medical Sciences'' Center for Social Factors Research in COVID-19 Management Division of this portal, separated classified information into two sections of informatics and services. The interactive portal developed by the NGOs and university is accessible to the general public, patients, service providers, and, importantly, policymakers and presents educational and medical research information to all users.

abstract:
  On 19 February 2020, Iran reported the initial cases of novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV). As of 21 March 2020, Iran had reported 175,927 COVID-19 cases, including 8425 deaths. One of the best approaches for responding to COVID-19 is rapid detection, early isolation, and quick treatment of the disease. Studies have stated that information technology (IT) is a powerful tool for detecting, tracking, and responding to pandemic diseases. Despite the importance of IT, a lack of efficient use of information technology capacity was observed after the emergence of the new cases of COVID-19 in Iran. A web-portal can integrate different services and technologies and can support interaction between non-governmental organizations (NGO) and universities. NGOs can provide services for public health utilizing technology and its advancements. One of the important duties of these organizations is to inform and provide integrated services to the general public. An interactive portal is one of the advanced technologies that these organizations can use for health management. Medical sciences of universities play a vital surveillance role for enhancing the performance quality of NGOs. A web-portal can be a collaboration tool between health-related NGOs and medical sciences of universities. In this study, an interactive portal was developed by NGOs and a university. NGOs under the supervision and participation of Tabriz University of Medical Sciences’ Center for Social Factors Research in COVID-19 management division of this portal separated classified information into two sections, informatics and services. This portal is accessible to the general public, patients, service providers, and, importantly, policymakers and presents educational and medical research information to all users. For patients and the general public in high-risk environments, increasing information security, reducing confusion regarding finding needed information, and facilitating communication are only part of the portal’s benefit. It seems that web-portal capacity is needed to control COVID-19 in the digital age. The collaboration of academic and university bodies in the context of health portals can play key roles for coverage of the COVID-19 pandemic.


id: cord-277643-xh8z9v0m
title: Paradigm shift of drug information centers during the COVID-19 pandemic
author: Khatiwada, Asmita Priyadarshini
date: 2020-07-20
txt: ./txt/cord-277643-xh8z9v0m.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-277643-xh8z9v0m.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32837192/
doi: 10.1007/s40267-020-00757-3
summary:
  Pharmacists played a crucial role in direct patient care, medication information, and proper drug distribution with proactive communication among themselves and with other HCPs during the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) pandemic. However, new roles including immunization, contraception, public awareness, identifying infected patients and redirecting them to hospitals and isolation centers, logistics, supplies and clinical management, and being an information hub for patients and HCPs regarding the disease, transmission, preventive measures, management approaches, and investigational medications were identified [14, 15] . Even though the various services provided by the pharmacists during different pandemics were not directly through DICs, pharmacists were actively involved in the dissemination of information on the disease and investigational World Health Organization (WHO)-approved/non-approved medications to the patients, HCPs and the public. Detailed information on COVID-19 and its effects in patients with various health conditions, such as cardiovascular disease (CVD), diabetes mellitus, neurological issues, and respiratory illnesses, can be disseminated to HCPs and patients/ public via DICs, thereby promoting the role of pharmacists in patient management.

abstract:
  The novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is a major global threat affecting millions of lives throughout the world physically and psychologically. With the asymptomatic presentation of COVID-19 in many patients and the similarity of its symptoms with the common cold and influenza, the need for accurate information on the disease is very important for its identification and proper management. Accurate information on the disease, its prevention and treatment can be disseminated through drug information centers (DICs). DICs are usually staffed by pharmacists and/or clinical pharmacists/pharmacologists. DICs are a reliable source of current and unbiased information on COVID-19 and its associated complications, including management options for healthcare professionals and the public. In addition to health and drug information, pharmacists working in the DICs can be involved in the management of the patients’ health by providing information on home care and safety, medication management of patients with chronic comorbid illnesses, and psychological advice. This article explores the possible additional roles DICs can play, besides providing drug information within the hospital or in the community.


id: cord-285217-gw8ldhu6
title: Interplay between epidemic spread and information propagation on metapopulation networks
author: Wang, Bing
date: 2017-05-07
txt: ./txt/cord-285217-gw8ldhu6.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-285217-gw8ldhu6.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28259661/
doi: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2017.02.020
summary:
  We find that for all possible values of α, moving to the patches that contain more susceptible individuals, increases the risk of outbreak, except for an extremely information efficiency α (α > 0.9), where the prevalence of infection can be significantly reduced by increasing the contact probability between information carriers and uninformed susceptible individuals (γ > 0 S ). In order to make the analysis consistent, in the following, we investigate the case that the informed and uninformed susceptible individuals take different types of mobility patterns by tuning the parameters γ > 0 S and γ < 0 A or vice versa, and we explore their impacts on the final prevalence of infection (Fig. 6) . In this work, we have investigated the interplay between the disease spread and the information propagation by focusing on the role of the information efficiency in reducing the risk of infection, and that of mobility patterns.

abstract:
  Abstract The spread of an infectious disease has been widely found to evolve with the propagation of information. Many seminal works have demonstrated the impact of information propagation on the epidemic spreading, assuming that individuals are static and no mobility is involved. Inspired by the recent observation of diverse mobility patterns, we incorporate the information propagation into a metapopulation model based on the mobility patterns and contagion process, which significantly alters the epidemic threshold. In more details, we find that both the information efficiency and the mobility patterns have essential impacts on the epidemic spread. We obtain different scenarios leading to the mitigation of the outbreak by appropriately integrating the mobility patterns and the information efficiency as well. The inclusion of the impacts of the information propagation into the epidemiological model is expected to provide an support to public health implications for the suppression of epidemics.


id: cord-285462-9i61rsei
author: Almomani, Hesham
date: 2020-06-25
txt: ./txt/cord-285462-9i61rsei.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-285462-9i61rsei.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S0003448720301943
doi: 10.1016/j.amp.2020.06.011
summary:
  In addition to the concerns that the World Health Organization fears about the Corona virus epidemic, the combination of false information and rumors also contributes to exaggerating the epidemiological situation and the difficulty of combating it, because most users and pioneers of social media are at their best in tracking fake sources and competing to spread misinformation [24, 25] . As the situation worsens and the number of concerns increases, the state of suspicion will increase among the general public, thus spreading false information and rumors greatly [17] , in addition to the presence of free times due to curfews, spacing, and social closures, which will make the situation more anxious and thus persistent and pervasive misinformation [38] , especially with the ease of finding fake news and information about the Corona virus [14] .

title:
  L''ampleur de la réaction des gens aux rumeurs et aux fausses nouvelles à la lumière de la crise du virus Corona

abstract:
  Résumé Contexte: Avec la propagation du virus Corona à l'échelle mondiale, les effets négatifs ont augmenté à tous les niveaux, en particulier dans les secteurs économique et social. La situation a été aggravée par la propagation de rumeurs et de fausses informations sur ce qu'est ce virus et les moyens de le prévenir. Objectif: Tester comment les gens interagissent avec différentes informations circulant sur les réseaux sociaux et les plateformes en ligne. Méthodes: Les données ont été extraites d'une enquête menée en 2020 auprès de 1500 personnes en quarantaine âgées de 18 à 60 ans. Un questionnaire a été créé contenant la plupart des rumeurs et fausses informations diffusées, en plus des informations correctes avec une source fiable. Les résultats ont été analysés sous forme de tableaux montrant les proportions de partisans et d'opposants et exprimés en nombre et en pourcentage. Résultats: Deux mille personnes en quarantaine (âge moyen (30,35 ± 9,9 ans) ont participé à l'étude avec un taux de réponse de 100 %. L'analyse a montré un large pourcentage de soutien aux protections de la santé contre le virus Corona et un large rejet de la plupart des fausses informations et rumeurs circulant sur les plateformes Internet. Conclusion: L'ampleur de la propagation des rumeurs et des fausses informations diminue en raison de l’action des gouvernements et des autorités compétentes à travers leurs plateformes officielles dans le cadre du mécanisme de lutte contre le virus Corona, et en prenant appui sur les erreurs actuelles pour faire face à ces crises à l'avenir. Abstract Background: With the spread of the Corona virus globally, the negative effects increased at all levels, especially the economic and social sectors. The situation was made worse by the spread of rumors and false information about what this virus is and ways to prevent it. Objective: Test how people interact with different information circulating through social media and online platforms. Methods: The DATA was taken from a survey conducted in 2020 on 1500 quarantined people between the ages 18-60 years old. A questionnaire was created containing most of the rumors and false information circulated, in addition to the correct information with a reliable source. The results were analyzed in the form of tables showing the proportions of supporters and opponents and expressed in numbers and percentages. Results: A total of 2000 quarantined people participated in the study with the mean age (30.35 ± 9.9 years). Where the response rate is 100%. The analysis showed a large percentage of support for health protections against the Corona virus, and a large rejection of most of the fake information and rumors circulating across the Internet platforms, in addition to their solidarity within the principles of social responsibility. Conclusion: The extent of the spread of rumors and false information is decreasing based on the presence of governments and the competent authorities through their official platforms within the mechanism of fighting against the Corona virus, and also taking advantage of the current mistakes to be a shield in the future in dealing with such crises.


id: cord-289575-2kxhav4q
title: The COVID‐19 information pandemic: how have we managed the surge?
author: Kearsley, R.
date: 2020-06-02
txt: ./txt/cord-289575-2kxhav4q.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-289575-2kxhav4q.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1111/anae.15121
doi: 10.1111/anae.15121
summary:
  While we adapt our practice and learn how to best manage our COVID-19 patients, a second pandemic information overload has become our Achilles'' heel. At times, guidelines from reputable organisations have also provided contrasting clinical opinions, such as the use of high-flow nasal oxygen in patients with COVID 19 [8] . The COVID-19 pandemic is demonstrating that we are utilising social media as one of our main sources for the dissemination of medical information [14] . Knowledge and debate surrounding personal protective equipment (PPE) has been one of the most prominent COVID-19 discussion points, due to the high risk of contagion via droplet spread [18, 19] , with frequent social media use [22] . We have witnessed an increase in public interest, awareness and knowledge of the role of the anaesthetist in healthcare due to this pandemic. Social media for rapid knowledge dissemination: early experience from the COVID-19 pandemic.

abstract:
  The severe acute respiratory syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) or Coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has permanently impacted our everyday normality. Since the outbreak of this pandemic, our e-mail inboxes, social media feeds and even general news outlets have become saturated with new guidelines, revisions of guidelines, new protocols and updated protocols, all subject to constant amendments. This constant stream of information has added uncertainty and cognitive fatigue to a workforce that is under pressure. While we adapt our practice and learn how to best manage our COVID-19 patients, a second pandemic - information overload - has become our Achilles' heel.


id: cord-291253-5mzcvfm4
title: What we can learn from information flows about COVID‐19: Implications for research and practice
author: Afzal, Waseem
date: 2020-10-22
txt: ./txt/cord-291253-5mzcvfm4.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-291253-5mzcvfm4.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33173811/
doi: 10.1002/pra2.245
summary:
  As a starting point, this research analyzes information about COVID‐19 from a selection of information sources, including the World Health Organization (WHO), the National Health Commission of the People''s Republic of China (NHCPRC), and three news outlets with vast global coverage. The purpose of this research is to examine information flows about COVID-19 and to identify the information-specific underpinnings that are shaping the information environment of this pandemic and contributing to understandings of and abilities to manage and control this crisis. Regarding the increased magnitude of information flow about COVID-19, events such as the following occurred: (a) the confirmation of infections outside China started to become more regular and the virus reached 20 countries by January 30 (https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-01-31/coronavirus-map-tracks-spread-throughout-world/ 11912828), (b) concerns about the virus becoming a global crisis began to be voiced by researchers in scholarly communication and in mass media (e.g., Riou & Althaus, 2020 ; https://www.bbc.cm/news/world-asiachina-51249208), and (c) the WHO started issuing "situation reports" on January 21, providing daily updates on COVID-19, leading to the declaration of the novel coronavirus as a "public health emergency of international concern" on January 30, 2020.

abstract:
  COVID‐19 has become a global pandemic affecting billions of people. Its impact on societies worldwide will be felt for years to come. The purpose of this research is to examine information flows about COVID‐19 to understand the information‐specific underpinnings that are shaping understandings of this crisis. As a starting point, this research analyzes information about COVID‐19 from a selection of information sources, including the World Health Organization (WHO), the National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China (NHCPRC), and three news outlets with vast global coverage. The analysis reveals some distinctive information underpinnings about COVID‐19, including (a) flows of information becoming regular and larger around certain dates, (b) preponderance of information imperfections such as incomplete information, misinformation, and disinformation, and (c) absence of information about some key turning points. The implications of these information imperfections in that they create information failures and, hence, ineffective approaches to dealing with this crisis warrant further investigation.


id: cord-292315-7vwybku8
author: Jung, Gyuwon
date: 2020-06-18
txt: ./txt/cord-292315-7vwybku8.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-292315-7vwybku8.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2020.00305
doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2020.00305
summary:
  Then, an ordinal scale of relative privacy risk levels was introduced for evaluation, and the assessment was performed on the personal information included in the contact trace data, such as demographics, significant places, sensitive information, social relationships, and routine behaviors. As shown in Table 2 , the released contact trace data included (1) the patient''s demographics (i.e., nationality, gender, age, and residence), (2) infection information (i.e., infection route and confirmation date), and (3) travel log in time series (e.g., transport modes and visited places). The codebook has an ordinal scale of privacy risk levels and the scale quantifies relative risks from five major categories: demographics (nationality, gender, age), significant places (residence, workplace), sensitive information (hobby, religion, accommodation), social relationships, and routine behavior. In particular, the data from Sejong revealed the most detailed information on significant places (the average privacy risk levels for residence and workplace in Sejong were over level 3), whereas Ulsan showed a relatively high percentage of data disclosure on social relationships (i.e., 72.4% of the confirmed patients in Ulsan).

title:
  Too Much Information: Assessing Privacy Risks of Contact Trace Data Disclosure on People With COVID-19 in South Korea

abstract:
  Introduction: With the COVID-19 outbreak, South Korea has been making contact trace data public to help people self-check if they have been in contact with a person infected with the coronavirus. Despite its benefits in suppressing the spread of the virus, publicizing contact trace data raises concerns about individuals' privacy. In view of this tug-of-war between one's privacy and public safety, this work aims to deepen the understanding of privacy risks of contact trace data disclosure practices in South Korea. Method: In this study, publicly available contact trace data of 970 confirmed patients were collected from seven metropolitan cities in South Korea (20th Jan–20th Apr 2020). Then, an ordinal scale of relative privacy risk levels was introduced for evaluation, and the assessment was performed on the personal information included in the contact trace data, such as demographics, significant places, sensitive information, social relationships, and routine behaviors. In addition, variance of privacy risk levels was examined across regions and over time to check for differences in policy implementation. Results: It was found that most of the contact trace data showed the gender and age of the patients. In addition, it disclosed significant places (home/work) ranging across different levels of privacy risks in over 70% of the cases. Inference on sensitive information (hobby, religion) was made possible, and 48.7% of the cases exposed the patient's social relationships. In terms of regional differences, a considerable discrepancy was found in the privacy risk for each category. Despite the recent release of government guidelines on data disclosure, its effects were still limited to a few factors (e.g., workplaces, routine behaviors). Discussion: Privacy risk assessment showed evidence of superfluous information disclosure in the current practice. This study discusses the role of “identifiability” in contact tracing to provide new directions for minimizing disclosure of privacy infringing information. Analysis of real-world data can offer potential stakeholders, such as researchers, service developers, and government officials with practical protocols/guidelines in publicizing information of patients and design implications for future systems (e.g., automatic privacy sensitivity checking) to strike a balance between one's privacy and the public benefits with data disclosure.


id: cord-296500-hrxj6tcv
author: Bunker, Deborah
date: 2020-08-04
txt: ./txt/cord-296500-hrxj6tcv.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-296500-hrxj6tcv.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S0268401220311555
doi: 10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2020.102201
summary:
  There have been many social and economic benefits to this digital disruption, but it has also largely contributed to the digital destruction of mental model alignment and shared situational awareness through the propagation of mis-information i.e. reinforcement of dissonant mental models by recommender algorithms, bots and trusted individual platform users (influencers). Some examples 9 of misinformation propagated during the current pandemic include: Dissonant mental models are reinforced by recommender algorithms (Lanzing, 2019 ), bots (McKenna, 2020 and trusted individual platform users or influencers (Enke & Borchers, 2019) resulting in alarming levels of digital destruction which is turn undermines social cohesion and creates a barrier to shared situational awareness and effective crisis response. When digital destruction produces mental model dissonance shared situational awareness between crisis management agencies and the general public becomes impossible to maintain and communicate (both to and from) due to inconsistencies in what constitutes reality and truth, making crisis response unmanageable.

title:
  Who do you trust? The digital destruction of shared situational awareness and the COVID-19 infodemic

abstract:
  Developments in centrally managed communications (e.g. Twitter, Facebook) and service (e.g. Uber, airbnb) platforms, search engines and data aggregation (e.g. Google) as well as data analytics and artificial intelligence, have created an era of digital disruption during the last decade. Individual user profiles are produced by platform providers to make money from tracking, predicting, exploiting and influencing their users’ decision preferences and behavior, while product and service providers transform their business models by targeting potential customers with more accuracy. There have been many social and economic benefits to this digital disruption, but it has also largely contributed to the digital destruction of mental model alignment and shared situational awareness through the propagation of mis-information i.e. reinforcement of dissonant mental models by recommender algorithms, bots and trusted individual platform users (influencers). To mitigate this process of digital destruction, new methods and approaches to the centralized management of these platforms are needed to build on and encourage trust in the actors that use them (and by association trust in their mental models). The global ‘infodemic’ resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic of 2020, highlights the current problem confronting the information system discipline and the urgency of finding workable solutions .


id: cord-312319-daiikgth
author: van Velsen, Lex
date: 2014-01-31
txt: ./txt/cord-312319-daiikgth.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-312319-daiikgth.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24479614/
doi: 10.1186/1471-2458-14-100
summary:
  title: Public knowledge and preventive behavior during a large-scale Salmonella outbreak: results from an online survey in the Netherlands During the outbreak, we conducted an online survey (n = 1,057) to assess the general public''s perceptions, knowledge, preventive behavior and sources of information. In this study, we uncovered the general public''s perceptions, knowledge, preventive behavior, and sources of information during a large, national Salmonella outbreak by a large-scale online survey. As a result, we were able to answer our main research question: Which information should health organizations convey during a largescale Salmonella outbreak, and by which channels, to maximize citizen compliance with preventive advice? We developed an online survey to assess the general public''s perceptions, knowledge, preventive behavior, and information use during the 2012 Salmonella Thompson outbreak. Public knowledge and preventive behavior during a large-scale Salmonella outbreak: results from an online survey in the Netherlands

title:
  Public knowledge and preventive behavior during a large-scale Salmonella outbreak: results from an online survey in the Netherlands

abstract:
  BACKGROUND: Food-borne Salmonella infections are a worldwide concern. During a large-scale outbreak, it is important that the public follows preventive advice. To increase compliance, insight in how the public gathers its knowledge and which factors determine whether or not an individual complies with preventive advice is crucial. METHODS: In 2012, contaminated salmon caused a large Salmonella Thompson outbreak in the Netherlands. During the outbreak, we conducted an online survey (n = 1,057) to assess the general public’s perceptions, knowledge, preventive behavior and sources of information. RESULTS: Respondents perceived Salmonella infections and the 2012 outbreak as severe (m = 4.21; five-point scale with 5 as severe). Their knowledge regarding common food sources, the incubation period and regular treatment of Salmonella (gastro-enteritis) was relatively low (e.g., only 28.7% knew that Salmonella is not normally treated with antibiotics). Preventive behavior differed widely, and the majority (64.7%) did not check for contaminated salmon at home. Most information about the outbreak was gathered through traditional media and news and newspaper websites. This was mostly determined by time spent on the medium. Social media played a marginal role. Wikipedia seemed a potentially important source of information. CONCLUSIONS: To persuade the public to take preventive actions, public health organizations should deliver their message primarily through mass media. Wikipedia seems a promising instrument for educating the public about food-borne Salmonella.


id: cord-323509-5q64avsy
title: The Epistemic Threat of Deepfakes
author: Fallis, Don
date: 2020-08-06
url: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13347-020-00419-2
doi: 10.1007/s13347-020-00419-2
abstract:
  Deepfakes are realistic videos created using new machine learning techniques rather than traditional photographic means. They tend to depict people saying and doing things that they did not actually say or do. In the news media and the blogosphere, the worry has been raised that, as a result of deepfakes, we are heading toward an “infopocalypse” where we cannot tell what is real from what is not. Several philosophers (e.g., Deborah Johnson, Luciano Floridi, Regina Rini) have now issued similar warnings. In this paper, I offer an analysis of why deepfakes are such a serious threat to knowledge. Utilizing the account of information carrying recently developed by Brian Skyrms (2010), I argue that deepfakes reduce the amount of information that videos carry to viewers. I conclude by drawing some implications of this analysis for addressing the epistemic threat of deepfakes.


id: cord-325112-7ie23c7f
author: Heimer, Carol A.
date: 2018-10-04
txt: ./txt/cord-325112-7ie23c7f.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-325112-7ie23c7f.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30288737/
doi: 10.1111/1468-4446.12495
summary:
  Using SARS and the International Health Regulations (IHR) as a starting point, this article examines negotiated information orders in global public health governance and the irregularities in the supply of data that underlie them. Negotiated information orders within and among the organizations in a field (here, e.g., the World Health Organization, member states, government agencies, and international non‐governmental organizations) spell out relationships among different categories of knowledge and non‐knowledge – what is known, acknowledged to be known, and available for use in decision making versus what might be known but cannot be acknowledged or officially used. Thus although the long silence of the Chinese government was not technically a violation of the IHR, it nevertheless appeared dishonest and inappropriate to the international community, undermining rather than supporting emerging cooperative norms and in fact harming global public health by allowing the new disease to spread beyond China''s borders.

title:
  The uses of disorder in negotiated information orders: information leveraging and changing norms in global public health governance

abstract:
  The SARS epidemic that broke out in late 2002 in China’s Guangdong Province highlighted the difficulties of reliance on state‐provided information when states have incentives to conceal discrediting information about public health threats. Using SARS and the International Health Regulations (IHR) as a starting point, this article examines negotiated information orders in global public health governance and the irregularities in the supply of data that underlie them. Negotiated information orders within and among the organizations in a field (here, e.g., the World Health Organization, member states, government agencies, and international non‐governmental organizations) spell out relationships among different categories of knowledge and non‐knowledge – what is known, acknowledged to be known, and available for use in decision making versus what might be known but cannot be acknowledged or officially used. Through information leveraging, technically sufficient information then becomes socially sufficient information. Thus it is especially information initially categorized as non‐knowledge – including suppressed data, rumour, unverified evidence, and unofficial information – that creates pressure for the renegotiation of information orders. The argument and evidence of the article also address broader issues about how international law and global norms are realigned, how global norms change, and how social groups manage risk.


id: cord-326208-z49517nf
author: Lins Filho, P. C.
date: 2020-05-30
txt: ./txt/cord-326208-z49517nf.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-326208-z49517nf.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: http://medrxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.05.30.20117614v1?rss=1
doi: 10.1101/2020.05.30.20117614
summary:
  Objective: This study aimed to assess the quality, reliability and readability of internet-based information on COVID-19 available on Brazil most used search engines. The websites content quality and reliability were evaluated using the DISCERN questionnaire, the Journal of American Medical Association (JAMA) benchmark criteria, and the presence of the Health on Net (HON) certification. The quality of information of the selected websites was assessed using criteria of the Journal of the CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license It is made available under a is the author/funder, who has granted medRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. In the present study such correlation was not found possibly due the growing concern about the 228 quality of health-related information available online (Farooq et al. . https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.05.30.20117614 doi: medRxiv preprint was found, which demonstrates the need for further efforts on improving the accessibility of high-quality 230 health related information available online.

title:
  Assessing the quality, readability and reliability of online information on COVID-19: aninfoveillance observational study

abstract:
  Objective: This study aimed to assess the quality, reliability and readability of internet-based information on COVID-19 available on Brazil most used search engines. Methods: A total of 68 websites were selected through Google, Bing, and Yahoo. The websites content quality and reliability were evaluated using the DISCERN questionnaire, the Journal of American Medical Association (JAMA) benchmark criteria, and the presence of the Health on Net (HON) certification. Readability was assessed by the Flesch Reading Ease adapted to Brazilian Portuguese (FRE-BP). Results: The web contents were considered moderate to low quality according to DISCERN and JAMA mean scores. Most of the sample presented very difficult reading levels and only 7.4% displayed HON certification. Websites of Governmental and health-related authorship nature showed lower JAMA mean scores and quality and readability measures did not correlate to the webpages content type. Conclusion: COVID-19 related contents available online were considered of low to moderate quality and not accessible.


id: cord-329782-7scnkiy3
author: Hackl, W. O.
date: 2020-08-21
url: https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0040-1702018
doi: 10.1055/s-0040-1702018
title:
  Trends in Clinical Information Systems Research in 2019: An Overview of the Clinical Information Systems Section of the International Medical Informatics Association Yearbook

abstract:
  Objective : To give an overview of recent research and to propose a selection of best papers published in 2019 in the field of Clinical Information Systems (CIS). Method : Each year, we apply a systematic process to retrieve articles for the CIS section of the IMIA Yearbook of Medical Informatics. For six years now, we use the same query to find relevant publications in the CIS field. Each year we retrieve more than 2,000 papers. As CIS section editors, we categorize the retrieved articles in a multi-pass review to distill a pre-selection of 15 candidate best papers. Then, Yearbook editors and external reviewers assess the selected candidate best papers. Based on the review results, the IMIA Yearbook Editorial Committee chooses the best papers during the selection meeting. We used text mining, and term co-occurrence mapping techniques to get an overview of the content of the retrieved articles. Results : We carried out the query in mid-January 2020 and retrieved a de-duplicated result set of 2,407 articles from 1,023 different journals. This year, we nominated 14 papers as candidate best papers, and three of them were finally selected as best papers in the CIS section. As in previous years, the content analysis of the articles revealed the broad spectrum of topics covered by CIS research. Conclusions : We could observe ongoing trends, as seen in the last years. Patient benefit research is in the focus of many research activities, and trans-institutional aggregation of data remains a relevant field of work. Powerful machine-learning-based approaches, that use readily available data now often outperform human-based procedures. However, the ethical perspective of this development often comes too short in the considerations. We thus assume that ethical aspects will and should deliver much food for thought for future CIS research.


id: cord-332432-q7u943k6
title: A paradigm shift for the Great Bifurcation
author: Hofkirchner, Wolfgang
date: 2020-06-30
url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biosystems.2020.104193
doi: 10.1016/j.biosystems.2020.104193
abstract:
  This paper is an attempt to achieve an understanding of the situation the evolution of humanity is confronted with in the age of global challenges. Since global challenges are problems of unprecedented complexity, it is argued that a secular paradigm shift is required away from the overemphasis on allegedly neutral standpoints, on a mechanistic picture of the world and on deductive logics towards accounts of emergence, of systemicity, informationality and conviviality, building upon each other and providing together a transdisciplinary edifice of the sciences, in the end, for, and by the inclusion of, citizens. Viewed from such a combined perspective, the current social evolution is punctuated by a Great Bifurcation similar to bifurcations other emergent systems have been facing. On the one hand, humankind is on the brink of extinction. It is the world occurrence of the enclosure of commons that is detrimental to sharing the systemic synergy effects and thus to the cohesion of social systems. On the other hand, humanity is on the threshold of a planetary society. Another leap in integration would be the appropriate response to the complexity confronted with. Humans and their social systems are informational agents and, as such, they are able to generate requisite information and use it to catch up with the complex challenges. They can establish convivial rules of living together in that they disclose the commons world-wide. By doing so, they would accomplish another evolutionary step in anthroposociogenesis. The concept of the Global Sustainable Information Society describes the framework of necessary conditions of conviviality under the new circumstances.


id: cord-333595-9erjf8rk
author: Maurushat, Alana
date: 2008-02-14
txt: ./txt/cord-333595-9erjf8rk.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-333595-9erjf8rk.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10676-008-9150-1
doi: 10.1007/s10676-008-9150-1
summary:
  title: The benevolent health worm: comparing Western human rights-based ethics and Confucian duty-based moral philosophy Ethical issues are examined first in a general fashion and then in a specific manner which uses the duty-based moral philosophy of Confucianism and a Western human rights-based analysis. 1 The use of a controversial technology such as a computer worm to disseminate uncensored, sanctioned public health information in China presents contentious ethical issues worth examining. 2 The use of Western rights-based theories (human rights) alongside the Eastern duty-based theory of Confucian moral philosophy provides an interesting platform for an ethical analysis of the benevolent health worm. The author will suggest how human rights and Confucian moral philosophy may be used to better understand the ethical issues presented with the use of the benevolent health worm.

title:
  The benevolent health worm: comparing Western human rights-based ethics and Confucian duty-based moral philosophy

abstract:
  Censorship in the area of public health has become increasingly important in many parts of the world for a number of reasons. Groups with vested interest in public health policy are motivated to censor material. As governments, corporations, and organizations champion competing visions of public health issues, the more incentive there may be to censor. This is true in a number of circumstances: curtailing access to information regarding the health and welfare of soldiers in the Kuwait and Iraq wars, poor health conditions in Aboriginal communities, downplaying epidemics to bolster economies, and so forth. This paper will look at the use of a computer worm (the benevolent health worm) to disseminate vital information in␣situations where public health is threatened by government censorship and where there is great risk for those who ‹speak out’. The discussion of the benevolent health worm is focused on the Peoples’ Republic of China (China) drawing on three public health crises: HIV/AIDS, SARS and Avian Influenza. Ethical issues are examined first in a general fashion and then in a specific manner which uses the duty-based moral philosophy of Confucianism and a Western human rights-based analysis. Technical, political and legal issues will also be examined to the extent that they better inform the ethical debate.


id: cord-338207-60vrlrim
title: Virus Databases
author: Lefkowitz, E.J.
date: 2008-07-30
url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/B9780123744104007196
doi: 10.1016/b978-012374410-4.00719-6
abstract:
  As tools and technologies for the analysis of biological organisms (including viruses) have improved, the amount of raw data generated by these technologies has increased exponentially. Today's challenge, therefore, is to provide computational systems that support data storage, retrieval, display, and analysis in a manner that allows the average researcher to mine this information for knowledge pertinent to his or her work. Every article in this encyclopedia contains knowledge that has been derived in part from the analysis of such large data sets, which in turn are directly dependent on the databases that are used to organize this information. Fortunately, continual improvements in data-intensive biological technologies have been matched by the development of computational technologies, including those related to databases. This work forms the basis of many of the technologies that encompass the field of bioinformatics. This article provides an overview of database structure and how that structure supports the storage of biological information. The different types of data associated with the analysis of viruses are discussed, followed by a review of some of the various online databases that store general biological, as well as virus-specific, information.


id: cord-342180-ylcv4zvl
author: Buonomo, B.
date: 2020-05-25
url: http://medrxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.05.20.20107573v1?rss=1
doi: 10.1101/2020.05.20.20107573
title:
  Modelling information-dependent social behaviors in response to lockdowns: the case of COVID-19 epidemic in Italy

abstract:
  The COVID-19 pandemic started in January 2020 has not only threatened world public health, but severely impacted almost every facet of lives including behavioral and psychological aspects. In this paper we focus on the 'human element' and propose a mathematical model to investigate the effects on the COVID-19 epidemic of social behavioral changes in response to lockdowns. We consider a SEIR-like epidemic model where that contact and quarantine rates are assumed to depend on the available information and rumors about the disease status in the community. The model is applied to the case of COVID-19 epidemic in Italy. We consider the period that stretches between February 24, 2020 when the first bulletin by the Italian Civil Protection was reported and May 18, 2020 when the lockdown restrictions have been mostly removed. The role played by the information-related parameters is determined by evaluating how they affect suitable outbreak-severity indicators. We estimated that citizens compliance with mitigation measures played a decisive role in curbing the epidemic curve by preventing a duplication of deaths and about 46% more contagions.


id: cord-344048-lx9krl5v
author: Domínguez-Salas, Sara
date: 2020-06-28
txt: ./txt/cord-344048-lx9krl5v.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-344048-lx9krl5v.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare8030190
doi: 10.3390/healthcare8030190
summary:
  The objective of this study is to analyze psychological distress in a sample of Spanish population, identifying the predictive nature of the information received, the preventive measures taken, level of concern, beliefs, and knowledge about the infection. The variables that showed a predictive ability were sex, age, number of hours consulting information on COVID-19, assessment of the information provided by the media in terms of accessibility, assessment of the information available on the prognosis of the disease, washing hands with hydroalcoholic solution, degree of concern about COVID-19, degree of concern to become infected, belief about the likelihood of survival if infected, level of confidence in the diagnostic ability of the health system, risk of getting infected, the belief about the effectiveness of preventive measures, and the need to offer psychological support to the general population ( Table 5 ).

title:
  Psycho-Emotional Approach to the Psychological Distress Related to the COVID-19 Pandemic in Spain: A Cross-Sectional Observational Study

abstract:
  Anxiety, depression, and stress are common and expected reactions to the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic. The objective of this study is to analyze psychological distress in a sample of Spanish population, identifying the predictive nature of the information received, the preventive measures taken, level of concern, beliefs, and knowledge about the infection. A cross-sectional observational study was conducted on a sample of 4615 participants. Data were collected through a self-prepared questionnaire and the general health questionnaire (GHQ-12). Bivariate analyses and logistic regressions were performed. Of the total participants, 71.98% presented psychological distress. The study population actively sought information about coronavirus, expressed a high level of concern and knowledge, and the most frequent preventive behavior was hand washing. As predictive factors, the degree of concern for COVID-19 was identified (odds ratio (OR) = 1.244, 95% confidence interval (CI) = [1.179, 1.312]), the number of hours spent consulting information on COVID-19 (OR = 1.038, 95% CI = [1.009, 1.068]), or the need for psychological support (OR = 1.135, 95% CI = [1.094, 1.177]), among others. These results could help design more effective strategies towards a psycho-emotional approach for the population when in similar health crisis situations. There is a need for interventions aimed at the psychological well-being of the population that meet the needs of their reality.


id: cord-344832-0ah4w59o
title: Disaster-Resilient Communication Ecosystem in an Inclusive Society – A case of foreigners in Japan
author: Sakurai, Mihoko
date: 2020-08-15
url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2020.101804
doi: 10.1016/j.ijdrr.2020.101804
abstract:
  The number of foreign residents and tourists in Japan has been dramatically increasing in recent years. Despite the fact that Japan is prone to natural disasters, with each climate-related event turning into an emergency such as with record rainfalls, floods and mudslides almost every year, non-Japanese communication infrastructure and everyday disaster drills for foreigners have received little attention. This study aims to understand how a resilient communication ecosystem forms in various disaster contexts involving foreigners. Within a framework of information ecology we try to get an overview of the communication ecosystem in literature and outline its structure and trends in social media use. Our empirical case study uses Twitter API and R programming software to extract and analyze tweets in English during Typhoon 19 (Hagibis) in October 2019. It reveals that many information sources transmit warnings and evacuation orders through social media but do not convey a sense of locality and precise instructions on how to act. For future disaster preparedness, we argue that the municipal government, as a responsible agent, should (1) make available instructional information in foreign languages on social media, (2) transfer such information through collaboration with transmitters, and (3) examine the use of local hashtags in social media to strengthen non-Japanese speaker’s capacity to adapt.


id: cord-347241-9jn5agir
author: Shahzad, Arfan
date: 2020-08-04
txt: ./txt/cord-347241-9jn5agir.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-347241-9jn5agir.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32836471/
doi: 10.1007/s11135-020-01028-z
summary:
  This study focuses on comparisons between male and female counterparts on E-learning portal usage among university students during the COVID-2019 period. The current study focuses on the male and female user satisfaction and E-learning system use toward the E-learning portal success of the Malaysian universities. The purpose of the present study to investigate the effect of information quality, system quality, and service quality toward user satisfaction and E-learning system use impact on the E-learning portal success. In the present research, the comparison between male and female students is measured based on E-learning portal success. In this model, the "system Quality" construct depicts "technical success." In contrast, the "Information quality" variable demonstrate "semantic success," while the other four elements "use," "user satisfaction," "individual impact," and "organizational impact" show "effectiveness success." Therefore, this study focus on male students'' comparison with female students on the E-learning portal.

title:
  Effects of COVID-19 in E-learning on higher education institution students: the group comparison between male and female

abstract:
  In response to the emerging and ever solution to the COVID-19 outbreak. This study proposes a theoretical framework based on literature and model to determined E-learning portal success. The study compared males and females to E-learning portal usage. The study objective is to check the difference between male and female E-learning portals’ accessibility among the students’ perspective. The study included service quality, system quality, information quality, user satisfaction, system use, and E-learning portal success. The empirical data of 280 students participated from the different universities of Malaysia through google surveys analyzed using the Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modelling. The study further divided the full model into two domains, which are female and male. In the male model, information quality and system quality have direct relationships with user satisfaction. Information quality also supported the relationship with system use. At the same time, there is a positive relationship between user satisfaction and E-learning portals. Likewise, in the female model, E-service quality and Information quality both are supported by system use and user satisfaction. Similarly, system quality has a positive relationship with user satisfaction, and user satisfaction has a positive relationship with E-learning portals. The study will be further helpful for the Malaysian universities policy-makers such as top management, ministry of higher education, Malaysian universities union in designing the policies and programs on E-learning Portal Success in the country. The findings of the study reveal that males and females have a different level of in terms of usage of towards E-learning portals in Malaysian Universities.


id: cord-347454-zs909ldm
author: DePuccio, Matthew J.
date: 2020-07-31
txt: ./txt/cord-347454-zs909ldm.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-347454-zs909ldm.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32737791/
doi: 10.1007/s11606-020-05998-6
abstract: nan
summary:
  title: Patients'' Perceptions About Medical Record Privacy and Security: Implications for Withholding of Information During the COVID-19 Pandemic As withholding information can compromise providers'' ability to deliver appropriate care, the accuracy of public health surveillance system data, and even population health efforts to mitigate the spread of COVID-19, we need to understand how patients'' concerns about the privacy and security of their medical information may lead to information-withholding behaviors. One survey section asked about patients'' attitudes toward use of health information technology, including their perceptions about information security risks and privacy. The dependent variable for this study was the answer to the question "Have you ever kept information from your healthcare provider because you were concerned about the privacy or security of your medical record?" (yes/no). Concern about security and privacy, and perceived control over collection and use of health information are related to withholding of health information from healthcare providers

title:
  Patients’ Perceptions About Medical Record Privacy and Security: Implications for Withholding of Information During the COVID-19 Pandemic


id: cord-350214-znefg59r
title: COVID-19 (Coronavirus) Pandemic: Information Sources Channels for the Public Health Awareness
author: Ali, Muhammad Yousuf
date: 2020-05-19
txt: ./txt/cord-350214-znefg59r.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-350214-znefg59r.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1177/1010539520927261
doi: 10.1177/1010539520927261
summary:
  title: COVID-19 (Coronavirus) Pandemic: Information Sources Channels for the Public Health Awareness To combat this pandemic condition, the roles of a librarian and information professional are very vital in 3 dimensions: public health awareness for prevention measures; support to research team/researchers and faculty about the latest developments and research and literature; and service to regular library users and/or information seekers. Following information, channels are used by the librarians and information professionals during the pandemic of COVID 19 to facilitate public health awerness. Social media platforms are also one the fastest mode/medium of public health awareness, and twitter # tag information provided 2 about what going on all over the world in the fastest mode. In this information age, public health awareness is key to minimize causalities, and librarian and information professional can play a vital role to disseminate the information with health care workers, society, and communities. The COVID-19 (Coronavirus) pandemic: reflections on the roles of librarians and information professionals

abstract:
  The main purpose of this paper is to highlight the important information sources of the Public Health awareness used by the library and information sources in this Pandemic situation. Social distancing phase Information professional used a different medium to connect with their patron and try to serve the best manner. The role of the information professional in health information and health literacy is very vital. Information professional public health awareness information with the library patrons and the general public. In this paper, the researchers provide a brief introduction to different information channel support in information dissemination.


id: cord-355513-vgs96w3b
author: Ma, Rongyang
date: 2020-07-14
txt: ./txt/cord-355513-vgs96w3b.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-355513-vgs96w3b.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17145081
doi: 10.3390/ijerph17145081
summary:
  title: Effects of Health Information Dissemination on User Follows and Likes during COVID-19 Outbreak in China: Data and Content Analysis Results: For nonmedical institution accounts in the model, report and story types of articles had positive effects on users'' following behaviors. In this work, we aimed to determine whether and how health information dissemination affected users'' information behavior in terms of following an account and liking a post. We chose the number of different types of articles and the aggregated number of headlines on NCP posted on the selected accounts in a 7-day period as independent variables (a total of seven) to denote the health information source and reflect the dissemination state. We want to explore whether information conveyed in each type of articles posted on WeChat can play the role, impacting users'' following and liking behavior.

title:
  Effects of Health Information Dissemination on User Follows and Likes during COVID-19 Outbreak in China: Data and Content Analysis

abstract:
  Background: COVID-19 has greatly attacked China, spreading in the whole world. Articles were posted on many official WeChat accounts to transmit health information about this pandemic. The public also sought related information via social media more frequently. However, little is known about what kinds of information satisfy them better. This study aimed to explore the characteristics of health information dissemination that affected users’ information behavior on WeChat. Methods: Two-wave data were collected from the top 200 WeChat official accounts on the Xigua website. The data included the change in the number of followers and the total number of likes on each account in a 7-day period, as well as the number of each type of article and headlines about coronavirus. It was used to developed regression models and conduct content analysis to figure out information characteristics in quantity and content. Results: For nonmedical institution accounts in the model, report and story types of articles had positive effects on users’ following behaviors. The number of headlines on coronavirus positively impacts liking behaviors. For medical institution accounts, report and science types had a positive effect, too. In the content analysis, several common characteristics were identified. Conclusions: Characteristics in terms of the quantity and content in health information dissemination contribute to users’ information behavior. In terms of the content in the headlines, via coding and word frequency analysis, organizational structure, multimedia applications, and instructions—the common dimension in different articles—composed the common features in information that impacted users’ liking behaviors.


