# ent

id: cord-258584-qy3tg4ow
type: ORG
entity:
  the Work Group of Infections in Hematology and Oncology of the German Association of Hematology and Oncology Antimicrobial


id: cord-258584-qy3tg4ow
type: ORG
entity:
  The Canadian Fluconazole Prophylaxis Study Group National Institute of A Infectious Diseases Mycoses Study G


id: cord-263438-9ra94uda
type: GGP
entity:
  Rev DOI 10 1111 j 1600 065x 2008 00677 x sha cb5dc4f0c1bd6a8a0e9bb8c33161afa55d902c0f doc_id 263438 cord_uid 9ra94uda Summary Between mid century and 1992 there was a consensus


id: cord-263438-9ra94uda
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  The Global Threat of New and Reemerging Infectious Diseases Reconciling U S National Security and Public Health Policy 53


id: cord-263438-9ra94uda
type: FAC
entity:
  Malaria Textbook of Malaria Eradication Dynamics of Tropical Disease A Selection of Papers with Biographical Introduction


id: cord-263438-9ra94uda
type: ORG
entity:
  Zaire Public Health Systems and Emerging Infections Assessing the Capabilities of the Public and Private Sectors


id: cord-263438-9ra94uda
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  The Global Threat of New and Reemerging Infectious Diseases Reconciling U S National Security and Public Health Policy WHO


id: cord-263438-9ra94uda
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  The Global Threat of New and Reemerging Infectious Diseases Reconciling U S National Security and Public Health Policy


id: cord-263438-9ra94uda
type: ORG
entity:
  the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases Preventing Emerging Infectious Diseases A Strategy


id: cord-263438-9ra94uda
type: ORG
entity:
  SARS Bell DMWorld Health Organization Working Group on International and Community Transmission of SARS Public


id: cord-263438-9ra94uda
type: ORG
entity:
  Managed Care Systems and Emerging Infections Challenges and Opportunities for Strengthening Surveillance Research and Prevention


id: cord-274113-m0nb78kf
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  Screening for Infectious Diseases among Newly Arrived Migrants Experiences and Practices in Non EU Countries of the Mediterranean Basin and Black Sea


id: cord-024058-afgvztwo
type: ORG
entity:
  The Office of the National Coordinator for Health Information Technology Food and Drug Administration


id: cord-017634-zhmnfd1w
type: TAXON
entity:
  Bartonella henselae Borrelia burgdorferi Campylobacter Cryptosporidium Cyclospora Ebola virus Escherichia coli 0157 H7 Ehrlichia Hantaan virus


id: cord-027313-24e2xb7d
type: CELL_LINE
entity:
  host population e g human or animals using variable configurations The behavior of the host agent is represented by a state chart as shown in Fig 6


id: cord-325247-1nb174qy
type: GGP
entity:
  Dexamethasone 0 1 ciprofloxacin 0 3 2 Analgesic antipyretic decongestant a Antipyrine 5 benzocaine 5 phenylephrine 5


id: cord-355024-v5lahyw4
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  Safer Water Better Health Costs Benefits and Sustainability of Interventions to Protect and Promote Health Cofactors


id: cord-355024-v5lahyw4
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  the Global Burden of Disease Study Excreta Disposal for Rural Areas and Small Communities WHO Consolidated Guidelines on the Use of Antiretroviral Drugs for Treating and Preventing HIV Infection Large


id: cord-021554-uxxrpfl0
type: GGP
entity:
  enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli V cholerae clostridial and staphylococcal food poisoning rotavirus Norwalk virus agent Giardia lamblia


id: cord-331020-lyxje82u
type: LAW
entity:
  Pathogenesis of Oviduct Lesions in Immature Chickens Following Exposure to Infectious Bronchitis Virus


id: cord-331020-lyxje82u
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  The Diagnosis of Certain Avian Diseases with the Fluorescent Antibody Technique Standardization of the Fluorescent Antibody Technique for the Detection of Avian Respiratory Viruses Effects of Infectious Bronchitis in Baby Chicks Persistence of Virus in the Tissues and Development of the Oviduct in the Fowl Following Infection at Day Old with Infectious Bronchitis Virus Induction


id: cord-277353-qilq1q7h
type: LAW
entity:
  the Law Concerning the Prevention of Infectious Diseases and Medical Care for Patients of Infections


id: cord-018498-h8dtjt0p
type: ORG
entity:
  Aerospace Medical Association Medical Guidelines Task Force Medical Guidelines for Airline Travel Aircraft


id: cord-276837-1me44xh0
type: DISEASE
entity:
  human immunodeficiency virus and the acquired immune deficiency syndrome HIV AIDS viral hepatitis tuberculosis


id: cord-333405-ji58jbct
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  The Restless Tide The Persistent Challenge of the Microbial World National Foundation for Infectious Diseases Committee on Emerging Microbial Threats to Health Emerging Infections Microbial Threats to Health


id: cord-333405-ji58jbct
type: ORG
entity:
  World Health Organization Consensus Document on the Epidemiology of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome SARS


id: cord-333405-ji58jbct
type: DISEASE
entity:
  influenza and respiratory syncytial virus in the United States The Chilling True Story of the Largest Covert Biological Weapons


id: cord-351231-aoz5jbf1
type: ORG
entity:
  California World Health Organization Multicentre Collaborative Network for Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome


id: cord-351231-aoz5jbf1
type: DISEASE
entity:
  influenza A H7N9 and influenza A H5N1 28 29 30 Both show high mortality rates but little evidence so far of that single critical mutation permitting attachment to the hemagglutinin antigen


id: cord-021261-budyph2u
type: ORG
entity:
  World Organization for Animal Health OIE Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations FAO


id: cord-297125-la20vi9j
type: ORG
entity:
  A Milbank Foundation Report World Health Organization Maximizing Positive Synergies Collaborative Group


id: cord-297125-la20vi9j
type: CHEMICAL
entity:
  atenolol bezafibrate clofibric acid cyclophosphamide diazepam erythromycin furosemide lincomycin oleandomycin ranitidine


id: cord-281403-yl7jdarm
type: ORG
entity:
  the National Association of Medical Examiners NAME Ad Hoc Committee for Bioterrorism and Infectious Disease


id: cord-281403-yl7jdarm
type: ORG
entity:
  Regional Offices Hospital Respiratory Protection Program Toolkit Resources for Respirator Program Administrators


id: cord-331255-t85yioyl
type: ORG
entity:
  the World Health Organization International Organization for Epizootics and Food and Agriculture Organization


id: cord-331255-t85yioyl
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  Dams and Disease Ecological Design and Health Impacts of Large Dams Canals and Irrigation Systems Feeding


id: cord-276108-35rsrx3m
type: ORG
entity:
  the American Pediatric Society s Collective Investigation of the Antitoxin Treatment of Diphtheria in Private Practice


id: cord-007890-bie1veti
type: CELL_LINE
entity:
  Fundación Jiménez Díaz Medical Microbiology Madrid Spain b GlaxoSmithKline Medical Madrid Spain Urine


id: cord-007890-bie1veti
type: CELL_LINE
entity:
  Santa Casa Pediatrics S Paulo Brazil b Santa Casa Microbiology S Paulo Brazil c Adolfo Lutz Microbiology S Paulo Brazil d Adolfo Lutz Bacteriology S Paulo Brazil


id: cord-007890-bie1veti
type: DNA
entity:
  chloramphenicol 9 3 trimethoprim sulfamethoxazole 11 6 tetracycline 4 6 and kanamycin 11 6 Invasive Hi


id: cord-007890-bie1veti
type: CELL_LINE
entity:
  Santa Casa Pediatrics S Paulo Brazil b Elly Lilly Scientific S Paulo Brazil c FAC ABC Pediatrics Santo Andre Brazil d University Hospital Pediatrics S Paulo Brazil A multicenter open label prospective randomized trial in which patients 2 Á 16 years of age with proven GABHS pharyngitis


id: cord-007890-bie1veti
type: DNA
entity:
  Fundación Jiménez Díaz Medical Microbiology Madrid Spain b Fundación Jiménez Díaz Otorrinolaryngology Madrid Spain c GlaxoSmithKline Medical Department Madrid Spain A gerbil model


id: cord-007890-bie1veti
type: DNA
entity:
  AFSSA UMB Ploufragan France b AFSSA HQPAP Ploufragan France c AFSSA LERMVD Fougères France In 1999 620


id: cord-007890-bie1veti
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  V Angelevski A Nikolovski B Military Hospital Microbiology Skopje The Former Yugoslav Republic Macedonia Purpose


id: cord-007890-bie1veti
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  coagulase negative staphylococci 13 Pseudomonas aeruginosa 2 Staphylococcus aureus 1 Acinetobacter baumanii 1 Serratia mercescens 1 Enterobacter cloacae 1 Escherichia coli 1 Proteus mirabilus 1 Enterococcus faecalis 1 Viridans Streptococci 1


id: cord-007890-bie1veti
type: GGP
entity:
  species S pneumoniae Spn S pyogenes Spy S aureus Sau E faecalis Efa M catarrhalis Mca H influenzae Hin E coli Eco K pneumoniae Kpn P mirabilis Pmi and P aeruginosa Pae


id: cord-007890-bie1veti
type: CL
entity:
  Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans Eikenella corrodens and Capnocytophaga were 8 16 64 16 16 32 and 8 16 32 mg ml respectively Conclusion Our results show enoxolone has antibacterial effect on A actinomycetemcomitans E corrodens and Capnocytophaga spp Sakalova STN


id: cord-007890-bie1veti
type: GGP
entity:
  penicillin 2 ampicillin 15 amoksicillin clavulonic acid 67 ceftazidime 66 gentamicin 29 tetracycline s 28 erythromycin 61 lincomycin 44 ciprofloksacin 95 cotrimoxazole 82 vancomycin 100 fusidic acid


id: cord-007890-bie1veti
type: GGP
entity:
  mellitus P 0 0 0002 diagnosis of cervical cancer P 0 0 0001 history of pre cancer of vulva Postpartum endometritis due to group A Streptococcus a case control study PM247 Unite Operationnelle d Hygiene All isolates


id: cord-007890-bie1veti
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  DA WHO Centre Collaborating for Prevention and Treatment of Human Echinococcosis University of Franche


id: cord-007890-bie1veti
type: PERCENT
entity:
  3 Schaetz L a Sessa A b a Hoffman La Roche F Basel Switzerland b Italian College of General Practitioners Italy Introduction


id: cord-007890-bie1veti
type: PRODUCT
entity:
  Moretti F Quiros Roldan E Casari S Chiodera A Viale P Carosi G University of Brescia Institute of Infectious and Tropical Diseases Brescia Italy


id: cord-007890-bie1veti
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  Liberti A a Izzo B a Loiacono L b Calabria G a Patarino T a Izzo E a a II Department Naples D Cotugno Hospital Italy


id: cord-007890-bie1veti
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  PS171 Borderon JC a Hamed A b Ragot S b a Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Tours France b Médecine Préventive Universitaire


id: cord-007890-bie1veti
type: ORG
entity:
  a Department of Internal Medicine Derer s University Hospital Bratislava Slovakia b Department of Urology Comenius University School Bratislava Slovakia c Department of Pharmacology St Elisabeth Cancer Institute


id: cord-007890-bie1veti
type: ORG
entity:
  Silan L a Breza J b a Department of Internal Medicine Derer s University Hospital Bratislava Slovakia


id: cord-007890-bie1veti
type: ORG
entity:
  Meropenem Beghi G Aiolfi S Maghini L Patruno V Aiolfi E S Marta Hospital Pulmonary Rehabilitation Unit A O Rivolta


id: cord-007890-bie1veti
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  Hryniewiecki T a Gzyl A b Rawczynska Englert I a a Department of Acquired Valvular Heart Disease National Institute of Cardiology Warsaw Poland b Department of Sera and Vaccines National Institute of Hygiene Warsaw Poland Infective


id: cord-007890-bie1veti
type: FAC
entity:
  PM192 Quintera SM Sousa JC Peixe L Department of Microbiology Faculty of Pharmacy University of Oporto Oporto Portugal


id: cord-007890-bie1veti
type: CHEMICAL
entity:
  Saccharomyces boulardii 2 Enterococcus spp 3 lactulose 4 L casei GG 5 L rhamnosus L bifidus and L acidophilus 6 B


id: cord-007890-bie1veti
type: CHEMICAL
entity:
  penicillin amoxicillin clavulanic acid doxycycline azithromycin clarithromycin ceftriaxone ciprofloxacin levofloxacin moxifloxacin


id: cord-007890-bie1veti
type: CHEMICAL
entity:
  Nuevo Leon Infectologia Monterrey Mexico b Instituto Nacional de Salud Publica Epidemiologia Cuernavaca


id: cord-007890-bie1veti
type: CHEMICAL
entity:
  erythromycin clindamycin vancomycin teicoplanin ciprofloxacin moxifloxacin nourseothricin rifampicin


id: cord-007890-bie1veti
type: CHEMICAL
entity:
  ampicillin azithromycin ciprofloxacin cefepime cefuroxime cefotaxime ceftazidime ceftriaxone cefoxitin chloramphenicol cotrimoxazole


# bib

id: cord-000091-1qo1krxv
title: Disease ecology and the global emergence of zoonotic pathogens
author: Wilcox, Bruce A.
date: 2005-09-17
txt: ./txt/cord-000091-1qo1krxv.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-000091-1qo1krxv.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2723410/
doi: 10.1007/bf02897701
summary:
  Employing a complex systems analytical approach, however, may show how a few key ecological variables and system properties, including the adaptive capacity of institutions, explains the emergence of infectious diseases and how an integrated, multi-level approach to zoonotic disease control can reduce risk. This development in particular, along with observations from several decades of applications of systems ecology to natural resources and economic development (8, (21) (22) (23) , have resulted in important insights of significant potential in understanding zoonotic disease emergence as a cross-scale process. The above body of ecological theory and observations involving specific emerging infectious disease cases suggests a causal schema that links ecological phenomena on the scale of pathogen transmission and evolution to regional and global transformations. As explained by the infectious disease ecology described here, zoonotic disease emergence involves biological processes operating on the scale of molecules and cells to that of coupled, regional scale human-natural systems.

abstract:
  The incidence and frequency of epidemic transmission of zoonotic diseases, both known and newly recognized, has increased dramatically in the past 30 years. It is thought that this dramatic disease emergence is primarily the result of the social, demographic, and environmental transformation that has occurred globally since World War II. However, the causal linkages have not been elucidated. Investigating emerging zoonotic pathogens as an ecological phenomenon can provide significant insights as to why some of these pathogens have jumped species and caused major epidemics in humans. A review of concepts and theory from biological ecology and of causal factors in disease emergence previously described suggests a general model of global zoonotic disease emergence. The model links demographic and societal factors to land use and land cover change whose associated ecological factors help explain disease emergence. The scale and magnitude of these changes are more significant than those associated with climate change, the effects of which are largely not yet understood. Unfortunately, the complex character and non-linear behavior of the human-natural systems in which host-pathogen systems are embedded makes specific incidences of disease emergence or epidemics inherently difficult to predict. Employing a complex systems analytical approach, however, may show how a few key ecological variables and system properties, including the adaptive capacity of institutions, explains the emergence of infectious diseases and how an integrated, multi-level approach to zoonotic disease control can reduce risk.


id: cord-007890-bie1veti
title: ECC-4 Abstracts
author: nan
date: 2002-04-16
txt: ./txt/cord-007890-bie1veti.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-007890-bie1veti.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7126403/
doi: 10.1016/s0924-8579(02)00033-x
abstract: nan
summary:
  Effects of Interferon alpha plus ribavirine therapy on frequencies of HCV, HIV and CMV specific CD4-T-cell responses in peripheral blood of HIV/HCV coinfected patients after 6 months of treatment SoA9.5 Methods: Two groups of patients with chronic HCV infection were studied: 26 HIV coinfected progressors with antiretroviral therapy and 13 HIV-negative controls. In order to assess the local temporal trend of antibiotic sensitivity of the most common urinary tract bacterial pathogen, all urine-cultured Escherichia coli isolates were reviewed as to susceptibility profile, and specimen source (community-versus hospital-acquired infection). Methods: A total of 87 penicillin resistant clinical strains isolated from patients at Hacettepe Children''s Hospital, Ankara, Turkey between 1999 and 2001 were tested for their in vitro susceptibility to various antibiotics that are commonly used in the treatment of respiratory tract infections.


id: cord-007922-mrpovgf7
author: Miyazaki, M.
date: 2005-02-17
txt: ./txt/cord-007922-mrpovgf7.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-007922-mrpovgf7.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7127074/
doi: 10.1016/j.wasman.2005.01.003
summary:
  The first rule of infectious waste management was regulated in 1992, and infectious wastes are defined as the waste materials generated in medical institutions as a result of medical care or research which contain pathogens that have the potential to transmit infectious diseases. The World Health Organization (1983) , US Environmental Protection Agency (1986, 1991) , US Centers for Disease Con-trol and Prevention (1978) , Germany (Muhlich et al., 2003; The Ministry of Environment, 2004) , and many other countries have already established strict guidelines for the management of infectious waste materials disposed of from medical institutions. Furthermore, many articles reported technologies of disinfection methods in medical institutions (Haishima, 2000; Matsumoto, 2000; Takatsuki, 2000; Murata et al., 2004 ) and reports about a management system of infectious waste are rare (Hayashi and Shigematsu, 2000; Miyazaki, 2001 Miyazaki, , 2003 The Waste Disposal Law was amended in 2003 and the revised regulation including new criteria for the infectious waste management was provided in 2004 by the Ministry of Environment.

title:
  Infectious waste management in Japan: A revised regulation and a management process in medical institutions

abstract:
  In Japan, the waste management practice is carried out in accordance with the Waste Disposal Law of 1970. The first rule of infectious waste management was regulated in 1992, and infectious wastes are defined as the waste materials generated in medical institutions as a result of medical care or research which contain pathogens that have the potential to transmit infectious diseases. Revised criteria for infectious waste management were promulgated by the Ministry of Environment in 2004. Infectious waste materials are divided into three categories: the form of waste; the place of waste generation; the kind of infectious diseases. A reduction of infectious waste is expected. We introduce a summary of the revised regulation of infectious waste management in this article.


id: cord-015672-qau96gvw
title: Global Variations and Changes in Patterns of Infectious Uveitis
author: Willermain, François
date: 2017-06-01
txt: ./txt/cord-015672-qau96gvw.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-015672-qau96gvw.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7115009/
doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-23416-8_1
summary:
  According to Woolhouse, an emerging pathogen can be defined as an infectious agent whose incidence is increasing following its introduction into a new host population. However, due to evolution in our societies, such as globalization, those causes of infectious uveitis begin to emerge in non-endemic regions in patients having traveled in endemic regions (see Sect. In this context, a series of infectious uveitis, mainly rickettsioses, West Nile virus, dengue, or chikungunya, has been the subject of an increase awareness and careful descriptions from both endemic and non-endemic regions [20, 49, 50] . The recent outbreaks of Ebola and Zika virus have been similarly associated with uveitis cases and those pathogens should be now included in the list of emerging infectious uveitis agents [51, 52] . This is clearly due to evolution of our lifestyle which has also important impact on the emergence of new infectious diseases which might become someday new uveitis causes.

abstract:
  Before 1940, most uveitis cases were supposed to be due to infectious agents, mainly syphilis or tuberculosis [1]. Progress in the understanding of intraocular inflammation led to the discovery that uveitis can be of infectious and noninfectious origin and that many pathogens can cause infectious uveitis. Theoretically, Koch postulates must be fulfilled, in order to formerly demonstrate that a disease is due to an infectious agent. However, in infectious uveitis, most often, serological evidence, molecular or histological demonstration, and treatment response are usually the only available elements to suggest the infectious origin of the uveitis. Using those evidences, a large number of infectious organisms have been demonstrated to cause infectious uveitis. Some have a global importance around the world, while others have more limited niches. Many of them have been considered as emerging pathogens.


id: cord-017634-zhmnfd1w
title: Infectious Disease Epidemiology
author: Straif-Bourgeois, Susanne
date: 2005
txt: ./txt/cord-017634-zhmnfd1w.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-017634-zhmnfd1w.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7122244/
doi: 10.1007/978-3-540-26577-1_34
summary:
  Use of additional clinical, epidemiological and laboratory data may enable a physician to diagnose a disease even though the formal surveillance case definition may not be met. Another way to detect an increase of cases is if the surveillance system of reportable infectious diseases reveals an unusually high number of people with the same diagnosis over a certain time period at different health care facilities. On the other hand, however, there should be no time delay in starting an investigation if there is an opportunity to prevent more cases or the potential to identify a system failure which can be caused, for example, by poor food preparation in a restaurant or poor infection control practices in a hospital or to prevent future outbreaks by acquiring more knowledge of the epidemiology of the agent involved. In developing countries, surveys are often necessary to evaluate health problems since data collected routinely (disease surveillance, hospital records, case registers) are often incomplete and of poor quality.

abstract:
  The following chapter intends to give the reader an overview of the current field of applied infectious disease epidemiology. Prevention of disease by breaking the chain of transmission has traditionally been the main purpose of infectious disease epidemiology. While this goal remains the same, the picture of infectious diseases is changing. New pathogens are identified and already known disease agents are changing their behavior. The world population is aging; more people develop underlying disease conditions and are therefore more susceptible to certain infectious diseases or have long term sequelae after being infected.


id: cord-018263-cus1sqka
title: Pediatric infectious diseases — Quo vadis 2015?
author: Nadal, David
date: 2007
txt: ./txt/cord-018263-cus1sqka.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-018263-cus1sqka.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7123100/
doi: 10.1007/978-3-7643-8099-1_18
summary:
  Pediatric infectious disease specialists provide important recommendations on the use of microbiological and other diagnostic tests, application of antimicrobial drugs, and measures for infection control, which may substantially differ in children compared to in adults. Specific clinical tasks of the pediatric infectious disease specialist [4] -Integrative discipline -Provision of primary care and consultative services to patients from all pediatric disciplines -Implementation of quality assurance programs in hospitals and other health care settings, e.g., infection control, hospital epidemiology, antimicrobial management programs -Engagement in preventive efforts through implementation of vaccine strategies and other means; play a significant role in public health programs at all political levels -Conduction of research seeking cures for new diseases as well as preventive measures, such as new vaccines -Teaching and leadership in academic health institutions and non-experienced physicians within or outside the hospital.

abstract:
  In modern medicine the discipline pediatric infectious diseases is an essential medical specialty. The challenging and complex tasks in the next years include meticulous consolidation and careful extension of existing activities aiming at conducting high level research, offering high standard teaching, and providing high quality patient management. This can only be accomplished by exquisitely dedicated individuals with extraordinary communication and integrative skills following painstaking continued training and formation. Potential careers in the discipline can be envisioned not only in academics, but also in government, public health, and industry, whilst less likely in private practice.


id: cord-018349-rt2i2wca
title: Global Emerging Pathogens, Poverty and Vulnerability: An Ethical Analysis
author: Tosam, Mbih Jerome
date: 2019-03-20
txt: ./txt/cord-018349-rt2i2wca.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-018349-rt2i2wca.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7123202/
doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-17474-3_18
summary:
  The outbreak of HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis and Ebola Virus Disease (EVD) in the developing world has shown the extent to which economic and social conditions can affect vulnerable populations. Socio-economic, cultural and environmental conditions play a fundamental role in the emergence, spread and control/management of EIDs. In poor communities, a large part of the population live in overcrowded and squalid conditions. In this chapter, we critically examine the socio-economic and environmental factors that influence the emergence and spread of EIDs and discuss the ethical issues that arise from the global response and management of EIDs. Globally, the trend in the outbreak of EIDs has been increasing. Also, the countries where EIDs are more likely to occur and those whose capacity to effectively manage EIDs is weak, must also play a leading role in addressing the socio-economic, cultural and environmental conditions which facilitate the emergence and spread of infectious diseases.

abstract:
  In the last few decades, the world has witnessed the emergence and re-emergence of new and old infectious diseases. Emerging infectious diseases (EIDs) have the capacity to spread rapidly from one region of the world to another, within a very short time, due to world travel and increased global interdependence. The impact of this varies from one region to another. Resource poor countries suffer the most due to an already high disease burden, poor infrastructures, lack of clean, potable water and sanitation, as well as an acute shortage of qualified health personnel to manage, control and contain the crisis/spread. Poor and marginalized communities are the most vulnerable because infectious diseases cause not only suffering and death, but also severe economic hardship. The outbreak of HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis and Ebola Virus Disease (EVD) in the developing world has shown the extent to which economic and social conditions can affect vulnerable populations. These socio-economic, cultural and environmental conditions accelerate the spread of, and exacerbate the negative impact of emerging pathogens. This chapter will undertake an analysis of the trend in global emerging pathogens, their economic impact, the global vulnerability status and ethical implications.


id: cord-018498-h8dtjt0p
title: Infectious Diseases
author: Tupe, Christina L.
date: 2018-03-23
txt: ./txt/cord-018498-h8dtjt0p.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-018498-h8dtjt0p.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7123385/
doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-74234-2_11
summary:
  Commercial airline travel creates conditions conducive to the spread of infectious diseases: the proximity of passengers in a confined space and the origin of flights from anywhere on the globe. This chapter describes symptoms of infectious diseases that might emerge in an airline passenger and the steps that a responding medical professional can take to stabilize the person and minimize the exposure risk for other passengers and the crew. It also reviews guidelines issued by the Centers for Disease Control regarding infectious diseases that might be encountered during flights, procedures for working with pilots to alert ground crews about passengers'' medical needs, and requirements for reporting incidents to authorities after landing. Focusing on children, Moore and associates [2] found that infectious diseases, neurologic emergencies, and respiratory tract problems were the leading reasons for medical consultation among the passengers transported by one airline between 1995 and 2002.

abstract:
  Commercial airline travel creates conditions conducive to the spread of infectious diseases: the proximity of passengers in a confined space and the origin of flights from anywhere on the globe. This chapter describes symptoms of infectious diseases that might emerge in an airline passenger and the steps that a responding medical professional can take to stabilize the person and minimize the exposure risk for other passengers and the crew. It also reviews guidelines issued by the Centers for Disease Control regarding infectious diseases that might be encountered during flights, procedures for working with pilots to alert ground crews about passengers’ medical needs, and requirements for reporting incidents to authorities after landing.


id: cord-018499-uvozcpmh
title: The Basic Concept of Microbiology
author: Siddiquee, Shafiquzzaman
date: 2017-09-07
txt: ./txt/cord-018499-uvozcpmh.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-018499-uvozcpmh.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7123386/
doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-64946-7_1
summary:
  A microbiologist/scientist, and knowledgeable laboratory techniques, safety procedures, and hazards associated with handling transferrable agents will accountable for the comportment of research with infectious agents or materials. When conducting works with high transmissible agents, the risk of aerosol transmission is so high, so microbiology laboratories must follow BSL 3 practices. Right way wash your hand after removing gloves, other personnel protective equipment (PPE), handling potentially infectious agents or materials and exiting of laboratory. 3. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)/National Institutes of Health (NIH) Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories (BMBL) have recommends that laboratory personnel must be protected their streetwear clothing from contamination by wearing appropriate attire (e.g., gloves, lab shoes or use shoe covers) when conducting works in BSL-2 laboratory. Evoke, if you are not clearly apprehend the proper handling and safety procedures or how properly use safety equipment; avoid conducting work with the infectious materials until you get proper instruction or consult the CDC/NIH BMBL for further information.

abstract:
  Aseptic technique is a method that involves target-specific practices and procedures under suitably controlled conditions to reduce the contamination from microbes. It is a compulsory laboratory skill to conduct research related in the field of microbiology. Mycologist/microbiologists must follow aseptic techniques for multiplicity procedures such as screening of isolates/strains, pure cultures, slant cultures, single spore cultures, microbes transferring cultures, inoculating media, and conducting several microbiological experiments. Proper aseptic technique has prevented the cultures contamination from inborn and outborn microbes in the environment. As example, airborne microbes (e.g., fungi) handpicked from the surveyor’s health, the lab benchtop, unsterilized glassware and equipment, dust, and other areas, thus interfering to get proper experiment results. Using the proper aseptic technique can significantly reduce/minimize the risk of contamination.


id: cord-021261-budyph2u
author: Bonnaud, Laure
date: 2017-04-10
txt: ./txt/cord-021261-budyph2u.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-021261-budyph2u.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7149209/
doi: 10.1007/s41130-017-0042-9
abstract: nan
summary:
  In the case of influenza, national experts-virologists in particular-also became lobbyists for this public issue, linking it to other problems (by presenting it as a model for preparations against bioterrorism) and suggesting solutions, such as mass vaccination. In the French case, the authors analyse the mechanism for countering H1N1 flu and look at different ways of shaping the public problem, depending on whether the pandemic is deemed to be a public health issue, a stake of collective security, or a global problem affecting contemporary societies. Muriel Figuié takes a critical state-of-the-art look at the implementation of international public action in relation to animal health and more particularly at epidemiological surveillance and vaccination. Finally, epidemiological surveillance networks aside, the book pays little attention to the implementation of other devices or policies to fight against emerging infectious diseases. The next step towards understanding emerging diseases might therefore be to compare this new global health model with existing devices, in both the northern and southern countries.

title:
  Serge Morand and Muriel Figuié (eds), 2016, Emergence de maladies infectieuses. Risques et enjeux de société (The emergence of infectious diseases. Societal risks and stakes): Paris, Quae, 136 p


id: cord-021554-uxxrpfl0
title: Diarrhea, Infectious
author: Resta-Lenert, Silvia
date: 2004-06-17
txt: ./txt/cord-021554-uxxrpfl0.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-021554-uxxrpfl0.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7150217/
doi: 10.1016/b0-12-386860-2/00180-5
abstract: nan
summary:
  Diarrheal diseases are a major cause of morbidity and mortality around the world, especially in developing countries where children suffer the greatest brunt of infectious diarrhea, malnutrition, and death. In developing countries, inadequate water supply, inef®cient or nonexistent sewage removal systems, chronic malnutrition, and lack of access to oral rehydration are responsible for the high incidence of infectious diarrheal diseases. In the industrialized world, acute diarrhea is still one of the most frequent diagnoses in general practice and children, elderly, and immunocompromised patients are the most vulnerable individuals and account for the majority of these cases. Approximately 100 million episodes of acute diarrhea occur in the United States yearly, with an incidence of 1.2 to 1.5 diarrheal episodes per person-year. These patients are more likely to develop persistent or chronic diarrhea after an acute episode because of their impaired immunity, with a signi®cant increase in morbidity and mortality.


id: cord-024058-afgvztwo
author: nan
date: 2015-02-17
txt: ./txt/cord-024058-afgvztwo.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-024058-afgvztwo.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7186037/
doi: 10.1109/jproc.2015.2389146
summary:
  Examples of innovative leveraging of infrastructure, technologies to enhance existing disease management strategies, engineering approaches to accelerate the rate of discovery and application of scientific, clinical, and public health information, and ethical issues that need to be addressed for implementation are presented. Because engineers contribute to the design and implementation of infrastructure, there are opportunities for innovative solutions to infectious disease response within existing systems that have utility, and therefore resources, before a public health emergency. Moving forward, addressing privacy issues will be critical so that geographic tracking of a phone''s location could be used to help inform an individual of potential contact with infected persons or animals and support automated, anonymous, electronic integration of those data to accelerate the epidemiological detective work of identifying and surveying those same individuals for public health benefit.

title:
  Engineering a Global Response to Infectious Diseases: This paper presents a more robust, adaptable, and scalable engineering infrastructure to improve the capability to respond to infectious diseases.Contributed Paper

abstract:
  Infectious diseases are a major cause of death and economic impact worldwide. A more robust, adaptable, and scalable infrastructure would improve the capability to respond to epidemics. Because engineers contribute to the design and implementation of infrastructure, there are opportunities for innovative solutions to infectious disease response within existing systems that have utility, and therefore resources, before a public health emergency. Examples of innovative leveraging of infrastructure, technologies to enhance existing disease management strategies, engineering approaches to accelerate the rate of discovery and application of scientific, clinical, and public health information, and ethical issues that need to be addressed for implementation are presented.


id: cord-027313-24e2xb7d
title: An Agent-Based Simulation of the Spread of Dengue Fever
author: Mahmood, Imran
date: 2020-05-22
txt: ./txt/cord-027313-24e2xb7d.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-027313-24e2xb7d.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7304008/
doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-50420-5_8
summary:
  By developing a simulation framework that models population dynamics and the interactions of both humans and mosquitoes, we may enable epidemiologists to analyze and forecast the transmission and spread of an infectious disease in specific areas. We extend the traditional SEIR (Susceptible, Exposed, Infectious, Recovered) mathematical model and propose an Agent-based model to analyze the interactions between the host and the vector using: (i) our proposed algorithm to compute vector density, based on the reproductive behavior of the vector; and (ii) agent interactions to simulate transmission of virus in a spatio-temporal environment, and forecast the spread of the disease in a given area over a period of time. Our proposed agent-based simulation framework allows modeling of both human and vector population dynamics, using separate layers. This section discusses the details of our proposed framework which is composed of three layers: (i) Host Layer (Human population); (ii) Vector Layer (Mosquito population); and (iii) Pathogen Layer (Dengue parameters), as shown in Fig. 5 .

abstract:
  Vector-borne diseases (VBDs) account for more than 17% of all infectious diseases, causing more than 700,000 annual deaths. Lack of a robust infrastructure for timely collection, reporting, and analysis of epidemic data undermines necessary preparedness and thus posing serious health challenges to the general public. By developing a simulation framework that models population dynamics and the interactions of both humans and mosquitoes, we may enable epidemiologists to analyze and forecast the transmission and spread of an infectious disease in specific areas. We extend the traditional SEIR (Susceptible, Exposed, Infectious, Recovered) mathematical model and propose an Agent-based model to analyze the interactions between the host and the vector using: (i) our proposed algorithm to compute vector density, based on the reproductive behavior of the vector; and (ii) agent interactions to simulate transmission of virus in a spatio-temporal environment, and forecast the spread of the disease in a given area over a period of time. Our simulation results identify several expected dengue cases and their direction of spread, which can help in detecting epidemic outbreaks. Our proposed framework provides visualization and forecasting capabilities to study the epidemiology of a certain region and aid public health departments in emergency preparedness.


id: cord-190296-erpoh5he
title: On COVID-19 Modelling
author: Schaback, Robert
date: 2020-05-11
txt: ./txt/cord-190296-erpoh5he.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-190296-erpoh5he.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://arxiv.org/pdf/2005.07004v1.pdf
doi: nan
summary:
  This contribution starts in section 2 with a rather elementary reconciliation of the standard SIR model for epidemics, featuring the central notions like Basic Reproduction Number, Herd Immunity Threshold, and Doubling Time, together with some critical remarks on their abuse in the media. To run this hidden model with constant N = S + M + H + C, one needs initial values and good estimates for β and γ, which are not the ones of the Johns Hopkins Data Model of section 3.3. These yield estimates for the parameters of the full SIR model that replace the earlier time series from the Johns Hopkins Data Model in section 3.3. Note that the only ingredients beside the Johns Hopkins data are the number k for the k-day rule, the Infection Fatality Rate γ IF from the literature, and the backlog m for estimation of constants from time series.

abstract:
  This contribution analyzes the COVID-19 outbreak by comparably simple mathematical and numerical methods. The final goal is to predict the peak of the epidemic outbreak per country with a reliable technique. This is done by an algorithm motivated by standard SIR models and aligned with the standard data provided by the Johns Hopkins University. To reconstruct data for the unregistered Infected, the algorithm uses current values of the infection fatality rate and a data-driven estimation of a specific form of the recovery rate. All other ingredients are data-driven as well. Various examples of predictions are provided for illustration.


id: cord-258052-y9pzsoqa
title: Biothreat Agents and Emerging Infectious Disease in the Emergency Department
author: Adalja, Amesh A.
date: 2018-09-06
txt: ./txt/cord-258052-y9pzsoqa.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-258052-y9pzsoqa.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S0733862718300634
doi: 10.1016/j.emc.2018.06.011
summary:
  A key method for detecting the presence of an emerging infectious disease syndrome or a biological weapons exposure in an ED patient is to develop a general approach that seeks out key historical and physical examination clues. Any suspicion of smallpox should prompt infectious disease consultation, airborne isolation procedures, and notification of local, state, and national public health authorities. Any suspicion of a VHF should prompt immediate consultation with an infectious disease physician and state and local health authorities. 20 There are several experimental treatments and vaccines (which can be used for postexposure prophylaxis) that are available for filovirus infections and arenavirus infections that would likely be used in any domestic VHF cases caused by these groups of viruses. 22 MERS should be suspected in individuals with upper or lower respiratory infection after travel to the Middle East in the prior 2 weeks, and confirmatory molecular testing can be done in conjunction with state and local health authorities.

abstract:
  The challenges faced by the emergency physician with recognizing and treating category A biothreat agents and emerging infectious disease are summarized and reviewed.


id: cord-258584-qy3tg4ow
author: Christopeit, Maximilian
date: 2020-10-20
txt: ./txt/cord-258584-qy3tg4ow.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-258584-qy3tg4ow.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33079221/
doi: 10.1007/s00277-020-04297-8
summary:
  These recommendations on prophylaxis, diagnosis and treatment of infectious complications after HDC/ASCT by the Infectious Diseases Working Party (AGIHO) of the German Society of Haematology and Medical Oncology (DGHO) are the fourth edition after 1999, 2003 and 2012 [15] [16] [17] . Antimicrobial therapy of febrile complications after high-dose chemo−/radiotherapy and autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation-guidelines of the Infectious Diseases Working Party (AGIHO) of the German Society of Hematology and Oncology (DGHO) Antimicrobial therapy of febrile complications after high-dose chemotherapy and autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation-guidelines of the Infectious Diseases Working Party (AGIHO) of the German Society of Hematology and Oncology (DGHO) CNS infections in patients with hematological disorders (including allogeneic stem-cell transplantation) -Guidelines of the Infectious Diseases Working Party (AGIHO) of the German Society of Hematology and Medical Oncology (DGHO) National Institute of A, Infectious Diseases Mycoses Study G (2004) Micafungin versus fluconazole for prophylaxis against invasive fungal infections during neutropenia in patients undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation

title:
  Prophylaxis, diagnosis and therapy of infections in patients undergoing high-dose chemotherapy and autologous haematopoietic stem cell transplantation. 2020 update of the recommendations of the Infectious Diseases Working Party (AGIHO) of the German Society of Hematology and Medical Oncology (DGHO)

abstract:
  To ensure the safety of high-dose chemotherapy and autologous stem cell transplantation (HDC/ASCT), evidence-based recommendations on infectious complications after HDC/ASCT are given. This guideline not only focuses on patients with haematological malignancies but also addresses the specifics of HDC/ASCT patients with solid tumours or autoimmune disorders. In addition to HBV and HCV, HEV screening is nowadays mandatory prior to ASCT. For patients with HBs antigen and/or anti-HBc antibody positivity, HBV nucleic acid testing is strongly recommended for 6 months after HDC/ASCT or for the duration of a respective maintenance therapy. Prevention of VZV reactivation by vaccination is strongly recommended. Cotrimoxazole for the prevention of Pneumocystis jirovecii is supported. Invasive fungal diseases are less frequent after HDC/ASCT, therefore, primary systemic antifungal prophylaxis is not recommended. Data do not support a benefit of protective room ventilation e.g. HEPA filtration. Thus, AGIHO only supports this technique with marginal strength. Fluoroquinolone prophylaxis is recommended to prevent bacterial infections, although a survival advantage has not been demonstrated.


id: cord-263438-9ra94uda
title: Emerging and reemerging diseases: a historical perspective
author: Snowden, Frank M.
date: 2008-09-19
txt: ./txt/cord-263438-9ra94uda.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-263438-9ra94uda.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18837773/
doi: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.2008.00677.x
summary:
  Experience with human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, the return of cholera to the Americas in 1991, the plague outbreak in India in 1994, and the emergence of Ebola in Zaire in 1995 created awareness of a new vulnerability to epidemics due to population growth, unplanned urbanization, antimicrobial resistance, poverty, societal change, and rapid mass movement of people. The United States and the World Health Organization took devised rapid response systems to monitor and contain disease outbreaks and to develop new weapons against microbes. In 1996, in addition, President Bill Clinton (28) issued a fact sheet entitled ''Addressing the Threat of Emerging Infectious Diseases'' in which he declared them ''one of the most significant health and security challenges facing the global community.'' There were also highly visible hearings on emerging infections in the US Congress (29) . The Rand Corporation intelligence report The Global Threat of New and Reemerging Infectious Diseases: Reconciling U.S. National Security and Public Health Policy (53) had two leading themes.

abstract:
  Summary: Between mid‐century and 1992, there was a consensus that the battle against infectious diseases had been won, and the Surgeon General announced that it was time to close the book. Experience with human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, the return of cholera to the Americas in 1991, the plague outbreak in India in 1994, and the emergence of Ebola in Zaire in 1995 created awareness of a new vulnerability to epidemics due to population growth, unplanned urbanization, antimicrobial resistance, poverty, societal change, and rapid mass movement of people. The increasing virulence of dengue fever with dengue hemorrhagic fever and dengue shock syndrome disproved the theory of the evolution toward commensalism, and the discovery of the microbial origins of peptic ulcer demonstrated the reach of infectious diseases. The Institute of Medicine coined the term ‘emerging and reemerging diseases’ to explain that the world had entered an era in which the vulnerability to epidemics in the United States and globally was greater than ever. The United States and the World Health Organization took devised rapid response systems to monitor and contain disease outbreaks and to develop new weapons against microbes. These mechanisms were tested by severe acute respiratory syndrome in 2003, and a series of practical and conceptual blind spots in preparedness were revealed.


id: cord-268564-5qhumjas
author: Brown, Lisa
date: 2013-04-01
txt: ./txt/cord-268564-5qhumjas.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-268564-5qhumjas.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28228994/
doi: 10.4161/dish.25216
summary:
  This systematic literature review aimed to identify and examine the relationship between infectious disease incidence and flooding in order to gain a better understanding of: OUTCOMe (COMBiNeD wiTH OR) amoebiasis, bacillary dysentery, burul*, campylo*, chikungunya, cholera, communicable disease*, contamination, crypto*, dengue, dengue virus, dermatitis, diarrhea*, diarrhea*, disease*, disease vector*, disease outbreak*, epidemic*, enteric fever, Escherichia coli, gastrointestinal, giardia*, hanta virus infections, health, health effect*, health impact*, hemorrhagic fever, hepatitis A, hepatitis e, illness, infectio*, infectious disease*, Japanese encephalitis, legionellosis, leptospirosis, lyme disease, lymphatic filariasis, malaria, morbidity, mosquito*, norovirus, naeg*, outbreak*, onchocerciasis, physical health, plague, pollut*, public health, q fever, risk factor*, rodent*, rodentborne, rodent-borne, rodent related, rodent-related, salmonellosis, sars virus, severe acute respiratory syndrome, shigellosis, schistosomiasis, tick*, tick-borne encephalitis, tularaemia, tularemia, typhoid, water, waterborne, water-borne, water related, water-related, west nile fever, vector*, vectorborne, vector-borne, vector related, vector-related, yellow fever, yersini* risk, rising temperatures, overcrowding, poor sanitation, poor health care, poverty, and an abundance of rats and other animal reservoirs.

title:
  Examining the relationship between infectious diseases and flooding in Europe: A systematic literature review and summary of possible public health interventions

abstract:
  Introduction Many infectious diseases are sensitive to climatic changes; specifically, flooding. This systematic literature review aimed to strengthen the quality and completeness of evidence on infectious diseases following flooding, relevant to Europe. Methods A systematic literature review from 2004–2012 was performed. Focused searches of the following databases were conducted: Medline, Scopus, PubMed, Cochrane Library, and Evidence Aid. Personal communications with key informants were also reviewed. Results Thirty-eight studies met the inclusion criteria. Evidence suggested that water-borne, rodent-borne, and vector-borne diseases have been associated with flooding in Europe, although at a lower incidence than developing countries. Conclusion Disease surveillance and early warning systems, coupled with effective prevention and response capabilities, can reduce current and future vulnerability to infectious diseases following flooding.


id: cord-272829-i4jh6bcn
title: Emerging and re‐emerging infections at the turn of the millennium
author: ZANETTI, A. R.
date: 2010-01-04
txt: ./txt/cord-272829-i4jh6bcn.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-272829-i4jh6bcn.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20059563/
doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2516.2009.02174.x
summary:
  Globalization changes promote the emergence of new infections and pandemics; international deliveries and travelling facilitate the dissemination of infectious agents; man‐induced environmental changes create new opportunities for contacts between species, leading to infections in aberrant hosts, including man; global warming enables insects, a major vector of pathogens, to thrive in more countries. What is more, a number of other factors promote not only the dissemination but also the emergence of new infectious diseases: intensive farming and breeding associated with crowding promote the development of foci of infection; global warming has modified the climate, making insects, a major vector of pathogens, able to thrive in countries where the climate was previously hostile; the exploitation of natural resources has produced environmental changes that create opportunities for new contacts between species leading to emergence of infections in new hosts.

abstract:
  Summary. After World War II, mankind believed that infectious diseases were on the way to being defeated. Unfortunately, they still are the second worldwide cause of death. Globalization changes promote the emergence of new infections and pandemics; international deliveries and travelling facilitate the dissemination of infectious agents; man‐induced environmental changes create new opportunities for contacts between species, leading to infections in aberrant hosts, including man; global warming enables insects, a major vector of pathogens, to thrive in more countries. The main pandemics have been caused by viruses, such as HIV and novel subtypes of influenza viruses. In addition, prion proteins are a threat. The transmission of the Creutzfeld Jakob disease variant through blood transfusion and the recent discovery of prion protein in the spleen of a haemophilia patient are a matter of further concern. The end of the war against infectious diseases is not in sight. Mankind’s battle with pathogens has lasted millennia and is destined to continue.


id: cord-274113-m0nb78kf
title: Travel, Migration and Emerging Infectious Diseases
author: Vignier, Nicolas
date: 2018-11-07
txt: ./txt/cord-274113-m0nb78kf.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-274113-m0nb78kf.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30479600/
doi: nan
summary:
  In connection with the extension of poverty, urbanization, extensive livestock rearing and globalization, we could be exposed to a third epidemiological transition characterized by zoonotic diseases and infections with multidrug-resistant bacteria. Emerging infectious diseases (EID) threaten public health and are sustained by increasing global commerce, travel and disruption of ecological systems. Emerging infectious diseases (EID) threaten public health and are sustained by increasing global commerce, travel and disruption of ecological systems. These infectious diseases unequally expose the majority Nicolas Vignier, Olivier Bouchaud Travel, migration and emerging infectious diseases population, from none at all (e.g., malaria) to a little (e.g., tuberculosis). Among the published studies on migrants and infectious diseases, the majority were non-emergent diseases with the exception of MDR tuberculosis and multidrug-resistant bacteria (24, 25) . Immigrants don''t play the role of Nicolas Vignier, Olivier Bouchaud Travel, migration and emerging infectious diseases sentinel epidemic so far.

abstract:
  Emerging infectious diseases (EID) threaten public health and are sustained by increasing global commerce, travel and disruption of ecological systems. Travelers could play a role in importing EIDs and could be a sentinel of major epidemics. In connection with the extension of poverty, urbanization, extensive livestock rearing and globalization, we could be exposed to a third epidemiological transition characterized by zoonotic diseases and infections with multidrug-resistant bacteria. The risk appears low for emerging infectious diseases, or very low for high-risk emerging infectious diseases, but higher for multidrug-resistant enterobacteriaceae carriage with possibly limited consequences. The role played by migrants is weaker than imagined. Immigrants don’t play the role of sentinel epidemic so far. They could play a role in importing multidrug-resistant enterobacteriaceae, but it is poorly evaluated.


id: cord-276108-35rsrx3m
title: The History of Pediatric Infectious Diseases
author: Shulman, Stanford T
date: 2004
txt: ./txt/cord-276108-35rsrx3m.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-276108-35rsrx3m.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14605240/
doi: 10.1203/01.pdr.0000101756.93542.09
summary:
  Epidemic diseases were better described during the 18th Century in colonial America compared with the earlier period, and there was clear recognition of the impact of smallpox, diphtheria, scarlet fever, measles, influenza, tuberculosis and whooping cough, particularly upon children. The early years of organized U.S. pediatrics were marked by a number of landmark advances in the diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases of children, with substantial reduction in infant mortality rates, to 189/1000 live births in New York City in 1900, with rates as low as 147 in Chicago and as high as 311 in Biddeford, ME (5). The importance of infectious diseases to the relatively small number of founding members of the American Pediatric Society, a group of distinguished physicians who devoted much or all of their effort to the improvement of the health of children, is reflected by analysis of the topics of the papers presented at the early annual scientific meetings of APS.

abstract:
  The history of Pediatric Infectious Diseases closely parallels the history of Pediatrics at least until the last century, because historically infections comprised the major causes of childhood morbidity and mortality, as they still do in the developing world. This history reviews developments in the field through the centuries and is writen so that it does not overlap the contribution to this series by Baker and Katz entitled ‘Childhood Vaccine Development in the United States.' Remarkable descriptions of selected pediatric infections existed long before the invention of printing, and early pediatric texts included many chapters devoted to various infections. Coincident with the establishment of pediatric organizations in America in the late 19(th) and early 20(th) Centuries, major attention was focused on diphtheria, infant diarrheal illnesses, tuberculosis, streptococcal infections and their complications, and other pediatric infections, and substantial progress was made. The American Pediatric Society (1888), the American Academy of Pediatrics (1930), the Society for Pediatric Research (1931), and the American Board of Pediatrics (1933) all contributed to the evolution of the discipline of Pediatric Infectious Disease, and numerous leaders of these organizations had significant infectious diseases interests. The establishment of the Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society, the Pediatric Infectious Diseases sub-board, and an accreditation process for training programs, as well as sub-specialty textbooks and journal, further validated the development of this specialty, particularly in North America. The many remaining challenges related to infectious diseases in children (including HIV, emerging infections, antimicrobial resistance, opportunistic infections, and infections in the developing world) insure the future of the specialty. The genomic era of medicine and the tools of molecular biology will lead to new insights into pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment of infections. Pediatric Infectious Diseases physicians can celebrate the past triumphs of the discipline and future achievements, all contributing to improved health for children.


id: cord-276837-1me44xh0
title: InfectiousDiseases ofPoverty, the first five years
author: Wang, Wei
date: 2017-05-04
txt: ./txt/cord-276837-1me44xh0.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-276837-1me44xh0.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40249-017-0310-6
doi: 10.1186/s40249-017-0310-6
summary:
  Based on the "One health, One world" mission, a new, open-access journal, Infectious Diseases of Poverty (IDP), was launched by BioMed Central in partnership with the National Institute of Parasitic Diseases (NIPD), Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC) on October 25, 2012. Based on the "One health, One world" mission mentioned in the Global Report on Research for the Infectious Diseases of Poverty [21] , the journal publishes work on topics and approaches that address essential public health questions related to this issue. Interestingly, the most highly cited publication in IDP is an editorial published in 2013 [25] , which may be explained by the fact that it dealt with surveillance and response defining this approach as a research priority during the stage moving towards elimination of tropical diseases, which received much global attention [26] [27] [28] [29] [30] .

abstract:
  Although the focus in the area of health research may be shifting from infectious to non-communicable diseases, the infectious diseases of poverty remain a major burden of disease of global health concern. A global platform to communicate and share the research on these diseases is needed to facilitate the translation of knowledge into effective approaches and tools for their elimination. Based on the “One health, One world” mission, a new, open-access journal, Infectious Diseases of Poverty (IDP), was launched by BioMed Central in partnership with the National Institute of Parasitic Diseases (NIPD), Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC) on October 25, 2012. Its aim is to identify and assess research and information gaps that hinder progress towards new interventions for a particular public health problem in the developing world. From the inaugural IDP issue of October 25, 2012, a total of 256 manuscripts have been published over the following five years. Apart from a small number of editorials, opinions, commentaries and letters to the editor, the predominant types of publications are research articles (69.5%) and scoping reviews (21.5%). A total of 1 081 contributing authors divided between 323 affiliations across 68 countries, territories and regions produced these 256 publications. The journal is indexed in major international biomedical databases, including Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus and Embase. In 2015, it was assigned its first impact factor (4.11), which is now 2.13. During the past five years, IDP has received manuscripts from 90 countries, territories and regions across six continents with an annual acceptance rate of all contributions maintained at less than 40%. Content analysis shows that neglected tropical diseases (NTDs), followed by the “Big Three” (HIV/AIDS, malaria and tuberculosis) and infectious diseases in general comprise 88% of all publications. In addition, a series of 10 thematic issues, covering 118 publications in all, was published as separate parts of the first five volumes. These publications were cited 975 times, which equals an average of 8.3 times per publication. The current challenge is to identify cutting-edge research topics and attract and to publish first-rate publications leading to increasing importance and impact of the journal in its field. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL: The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s40249-017-0310-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.


id: cord-277353-qilq1q7h
title: Imported infectious diseases and surveillance in Japan
author: Taniguchi, Kiyosu
date: 2008-09-11
txt: ./txt/cord-277353-qilq1q7h.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-277353-qilq1q7h.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1477893908001038
doi: 10.1016/j.tmaid.2008.07.001
summary:
  Shigellosis ranked as the most common imported disease, followed by amebiasis, malaria, enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli infection and the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, typhoid fever, dengue fever, hepatitis A, giardiasis, cholera, and paratyphoid fever. Current National Epidemiological Surveillance for Infectious Diseases (NESID) in Japan requires that all notifiable diseases should be reported with the presumptive place of infection. Shigellosis ranked as the most common imported infection, followed by amebiasis, malaria, enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) infection and the acquired immunodeficiency syndromes (AIDS), typhoid fever, dengue fever, hepatitis A, giardiasis, cholera, and paratyphoid fever. Although the outbreak among group tours to endemic countries was reported to account for the increase of imported diseases, 11 investigation of attributable events or causes were not always made in a timely manner. In this study it was not difficult to overview the situation of imported infectious diseases because the current Japanese surveillance system requires the presumptive place of infection including the specified country if possible.

abstract:
  Surveillance of imported infectious diseases is important because of the need for early detection of outbreaks of international concern as well as information of risk to the travelers. This paper attempts to review how the Japanese surveillance system deals with imported infectious diseases and reviews the trend of these diseases. The cases of acquired infection overseas were extracted from the surveillance data in 1999–2008. The incidence and rate of imported cases of a series of infectious diseases with more than one imported case were observed by the year of diagnosis and place of acquired infection. During the period 10,030 cases that could be considered to be imported infectious diseases were identified. Shigellosis ranked as the most common imported disease, followed by amebiasis, malaria, enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli infection and the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, typhoid fever, dengue fever, hepatitis A, giardiasis, cholera, and paratyphoid fever. The annual trends of these diseases always fluctuated but not every change was investigated. The study reveals that the situation of imported infectious diseases can be identified in the current Japanese surveillance system with epidemiologic features of both temporal and geographic distribution of cases of imported infectious diseases. However, further timely investigation for unusual increase in infectious diseases is needed.


id: cord-281403-yl7jdarm
title: U.S. Medical Examiner/Coroner capability to handle highly infectious decedents
author: Le, Aurora B.
date: 2018-11-06
txt: ./txt/cord-281403-yl7jdarm.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-281403-yl7jdarm.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30402743/
doi: 10.1007/s12024-018-0043-2
summary:
  Select results were: less than half of respondents (44%) stated that their office had been involved in handling a suspected or confirmed highly infectious remains case and responses indicated medical examiners. Survey questions included: demographic information (e.g. title, population served, state), personal protective equipment (PPE) worn in different infectious scenarios, procedures performed in different infectious scenarios, duration of training received, biosafety level (BSL) capabilities, and jurisdictional handling of highly infectious remains. Slightly more than half of respondents (56%; 61/108) stated their office staff had received training on donning and doffing PPE in suspected or confirmed cases of highly infectious remains; nearly one-third (32%) (18/56) reported the amount of cumulative training in hours per person, on average per year, was 1 h or less while 29% (16/56) spent between 1 and 2 h of training. 3. This survey, with respondents from nearly every U.S. state, revealed current levels of Medical Examiner/ Coroner training and education to address suspected or confirmed highly infectious remains.

abstract:
  In the United States of America, Medical Examiners and Coroners (ME/Cs) investigate approximately 20% of all deaths. Unexpected deaths, such as those occurring due to a deceased person under investigation for a highly infectious disease, are likely to fall under ME/C jurisdiction, thereby placing the ME/C and other morgue personnel at increased risk of contracting an occupationally acquired infection. This survey of U.S. ME/Cs′ capabilities to address highly infectious decedents aimed to determine opportunities for improvement at ME/C facilities serving a state or metropolitan area. Data for this study was gathered via an electronic survey. Of the 177 electronic surveys that were distributed, the overall response rate was N = 108 (61%), with 99 of those 108 respondents completing all the questions within the survey. At least one ME/C responded from 47 of 50 states, and the District of Columbia. Select results were: less than half of respondents (44%) stated that their office had been involved in handling a suspected or confirmed highly infectious remains case and responses indicated medical examiners. Additionally, ME/C altered their personal protective equipment based on suspected versus confirmed highly infectious remains rather than taking an all-hazards approach. Standard operating procedures or guidelines should be updated to take an all-hazards approach, best-practices on handling highly infectious remains could be integrated into a standardized education, and evidence-based information on appropriate personal protective equipment selection could be incorporated into a widely disseminated learning module for addressing suspected or confirmed highly infectious remains, as those areas were revealed to be currently lacking.


id: cord-289626-8oldaa8i
author: Murray, Kris A.
date: 2018-04-19
txt: ./txt/cord-289626-8oldaa8i.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-289626-8oldaa8i.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32313369/
doi: 10.1111/ecog.03625
summary:
  Indeed, distributional patterns of human infectious diseases are generally far more poorly compiled and characterized (e.g. often at only country or regional level and as coarse presence vs absence data) than many plant and animal species, for which numerous global stock takes, status assessments, occurrence databases and detailed distribution maps exist following a long tradition of biogeographic study (Wallace 1876 , Murray et al. We may represent the challenge of simultaneously understanding patterns and processes of infectious disease systems with respect to a series of interacting elements; including G, the physical geography context (e.g. topography) and E, the abiotic (e.g. climate) and biotic (e.g. habitat) environment; R n and V n , the single or multiple (denoted by superscript n) species of reservoir hosts or vectors; P, the pathogen being transmitted; H, the human population itself; O, the observation effort that may apply to each of the other elements (e.g. surveillance and data collation from existing sources); and M, the management landscape (e.g. interventions).

title:
  Pathogeography: leveraging the biogeography of human infectious diseases for global health management

abstract:
  Biogeography is an implicit and fundamental component of almost every dimension of modern biology, from natural selection and speciation to invasive species and biodiversity management. However, biogeography has rarely been integrated into human or veterinary medicine nor routinely leveraged for global health management. Here we review the theory and application of biogeography to the research and management of human infectious diseases, an integration we refer to as ‘pathogeography’. Pathogeography represents a promising framework for understanding and decomposing the spatial distributions, diversity patterns and emergence risks of human infectious diseases into interpretable components of dynamic socio‐ecological systems. Analytical tools from biogeography are already helping to improve our understanding of individual infectious disease distributions and the processes that shape them in space and time. At higher levels of organization, biogeographical studies of diseases are rarer but increasing, improving our ability to describe and explain patterns that emerge at the level of disease communities (e.g. co‐occurrence, diversity patterns, biogeographic regionalisation). Even in a highly globalized world most human infectious diseases remain constrained in their geographic distributions by ecological barriers to the dispersal or establishment of their causal pathogens, reservoir hosts and/or vectors. These same processes underpin the spatial arrangement of other taxa, such as mammalian biodiversity, providing a strong empirical ‘prior’ with which to assess the potential distributions of infectious diseases when data on their occurrence is unavailable or limited. In the absence of quality data, generalized biogeographic patterns could provide the earliest (and in some cases the only) insights into the potential distributions of many poorly known or emerging, or as‐yet‐unknown, infectious disease risks. Encouraging more community ecologists and biogeographers to collaborate with health professionals (and vice versa) has the potential to improve our understanding of infectious disease systems and identify novel management strategies to improve local, global and planetary health.


id: cord-292623-mxdlii77
author: Arji, Goli
date: 2019-09-26
txt: ./txt/cord-292623-mxdlii77.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-292623-mxdlii77.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbe.2019.09.004
doi: 10.1016/j.bbe.2019.09.004
summary:
  So, the major objective of the current study is to examine the researches in which fuzzy logic techniques have been applied in infectious diseases so to determining its trends and methods, through the processes of conducting a Systematic Literature Review (SLR). In this methodical review, the studies related to the employment of the fuzzy logic techniques in an infectious disease were assessed, and depending on the acquired outcomes, we can notice an interest amongst the researchers regarding this specific field of research. 40 studies were scrutinized and the main conclusions can be briefed as follows: (1) the key application field of the fuzzy logic in an infectious disease was related to dengue fever, hepatitis and tuberculosis, (2) amongst the fuzzy logic techniques fuzzy inference system, rule-based fuzzy logic, ANFIS and fuzzy cognitive map are commonly used in many studies, and (3) the major performance evaluation indicators such as the sensitivity, specificity, and the accuracy the ROC curve is employed.

title:
  Fuzzy logic approach for infectious disease diagnosis: A methodical evaluation, literature and classification

abstract:
  This paper presents a systematic review of the literature and the classification of fuzzy logic application in an infectious disease. Although the emergence of infectious diseases and their subsequent spread have a significant impact on global health and economics, a comprehensive literature evaluation of this topic has yet to be carried out. Thus, the current study encompasses the first systematic, identifiable and comprehensive academic literature evaluation and classification of the fuzzy logic methods in infectious diseases. 40 papers on this topic, which have been published from 2005 to 2019 and related to the human infectious diseases were evaluated and analyzed. The findings of this evaluation clearly show that the fuzzy logic methods are vastly used for diagnosis of diseases such as dengue fever, hepatitis and tuberculosis. The key fuzzy logic methods used for the infectious disease are the fuzzy inference system; the rule-based fuzzy logic, Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) and fuzzy cognitive map. Furthermore, the accuracy, sensitivity, specificity and the Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve were universally applied for a performance evaluation of the fuzzy logic techniques. This thesis will also address the various needs between the different industries, practitioners and researchers to encourage more research regarding the more overlooked areas, and it will conclude with several suggestions for the future infectious disease researches.


id: cord-297125-la20vi9j
title: The Threat and Response to Infectious Diseases (Revised)
author: Brower, Jennifer L.
date: 2016-08-01
txt: ./txt/cord-297125-la20vi9j.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-297125-la20vi9j.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27480226/
doi: 10.1007/s00248-016-0806-9
summary:
  In just the past year, the United States has been bombarded with headlines on the dangers of infectious diseases: "HIV ''Epidemic'' Triggered by Needle-Sharing Hits Scott County, Indiana [1] ;" "American with Ebola Now in Critical Condition [2] ;" "Seasonal Flu Vaccine Even Less Effective than Thought: CDC [3] ;" "''Superbug'' Outbreak at California Hospital, more than 160 Exposed [4] ;" "Deadly CRE Bugs Linked to Hard to Clean Medical Scopes [5] ;" "Painful Virus [Chikungunya] Sweeps Central America, Gains a Toehold in U.S. Many factors have reduced the number of new antibiotics approved in the United States each year as well as reduced domestic production including demanding Food and Drug Administration (FDA) regulations, the cost and time to market of development, the consolidation in the pharmaceutical industry, and the lack of financial impetus to produce and distribute antibiotics, which are generally used on a one-off basis versus drugs used to treat chronic conditions such as statins, Viagra, and allergy medications.

abstract:
  The threat from microorganisms is complex, and the approaches for reducing the challenges the world is facing are also multifaceted, but a combination approach including several simple steps can make a difference and reduce morbidity and mortality and the economic cost of fighting infectious diseases. This paper discusses the continually evolving infectious disease landscape, contributing factors in the rise of the threat, reasons for optimism, and the policies, technologies, actions, and institutions that might be harnessed to further reduce the dangers introduced by pathogens. It builds upon and updates the work of other authors that have recognized the dangers of emerging and re-emerging pathogens and have explored and documented potential solutions.


id: cord-304278-0qy1nngs
title: Infectious bronchitis virus: immunopathogenesis of infection in the chicken
author: Raj, G. Dhinakar
date: 2007-11-12
txt: ./txt/cord-304278-0qy1nngs.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-304278-0qy1nngs.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18483939/
doi: 10.1080/03079459708419246
summary:
  While infectious bronchitis (IB) is considered primarily a disease of the respiratory system, different IBV strains may show variable tissue tropisms and also affect the oviduct and the kidneys, with serious consequences. Nevertheless, the lack of correlation between antibodies and resistance, discrepancies between in vitro strain differentiation by VN tests and in vivo cross-protection results (Darbyshire, 1985) and re-excretion of virus in the presence of high titres of circulating antibodies (Jones & Ambali, 1987) all suggest that while humoral antibodies play a role in recovery from IBV infection, other immunological mechanisms are involved. Comparison of the susceptibility of chicks of different ages to infection with nephrosis-nephritis causing strain of infectious bronchitis virus Challenge experiments to evaluate cross-protection induced at the trachea and kidney level by vaccine strains and Belgian nephropathogenic isolates of avian infectious bronchitis virus Effects of avian infectious bronchitis virus (Arkansas strain) on vaccinated laying chickens

abstract:
  The immunopathogenesis of infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) infection in the chicken is reviewed. While infectious bronchitis (IB) is considered primarily a disease of the respiratory system, different IBV strains may show variable tissue tropisms and also affect the oviduct and the kidneys, with serious consequences. Some strains replicate in the intestine but apparently without pathological changes. Pectoral myopathy has been associated with an important recent variant. Several factors can influence the course of infection with IBV, including the age, breed and nutrition of the chicken, the environment and intercurrent infection with other infectious agents. Immunogenic components of the virus include the S (spike) proteins and the N nucleoprotein. The humoral, local and cellular responses of the chicken to IBV are reviewed, together with genetic resistance of the chicken. In long-term persistence of IBV, the caecal tonsil or kidney have been proposed as the sites of persistence. Antigenic variation among IBV strains is related to relatively small differences in amino acid sequences in the S1 spike protein. However, antigenic studies alone do not adequately define immunological relationships between strains and cross-immunisation studies have been used to classify IBV isolates into ‘protectotypes’. It has been speculated that changes in the S1 protein may be related to differences in tissue tropisms shown by different strains. Perhaps in the future, new strains of IBV may arise which affect organs or systems not normally associated with IB.


id: cord-306707-dde4nlhh
title: Diseases, Emerging and Infectious
author: Antabe, Roger
date: 2019-12-04
txt: ./txt/cord-306707-dde4nlhh.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-306707-dde4nlhh.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780081022955104391
doi: 10.1016/b978-0-08-102295-5.10439-1
summary:
  Emerging and reemerging infectious diseases are largely preventable, and yet with their profound impact and increasing prevalence, they remain a threat to global health, which must be addressed. The SDGs posit that through increased surveillance and allocating more resources and funding to this health issue, diagnostic and treatment programs will be improved, and the epidemic of emerging and reemerging infectious diseases will once again begin to decline. Therefore, a global network of specialist and experts is key in designing future responses to EIDs. The introduction of vaccines led to the eradication of major infectious disease such as Smallpox and Measles that plagued earlier centuries as leading causes of death. In view of the disproportionate global burden of infectious diseases where some regions are more prone relative to others, a key consideration in eradicating EIDs may be the reallocation of resources, including expertise and clinical technology to areas that are most impacted.

abstract:
  Emerging and infectious diseases have persisted as leading causes of global morbidity and mortality. Caused by pathogens including bacteria, viruses, parasites, or fungi, they are known to pose serious health threats to the world's population dating back to ancient Egypt. In the 14th Century alone, infectious diseases were responsible for decimating 20–45% of the world's population. The discovery of vaccines, coupled with improved sanitation, hygiene, and health care, witnessed the eradication of several infectious diseases, although some have resurfaced or are resurfacing since the latter part of the 20th Century. While geography partly define hotspots for emerging and infectious diseases, low socioeconomic development, poverty, and underfunded health care systems remain driving forces for the reoccurrence of these diseases among vulnerable populations who experience material deprivation. To eradicate infectious diseases, a global response will have to prioritize the allocation of resources by way of expertise and technology to areas that are most affected. Furthermore, an effective surveillance system, and a rigorous vaccine deployment regime targeting vulnerable persons and regions is desirable in mitigating the impacts of these diseases.


id: cord-313222-a1rd7kas
title: Early warning of some notifiable infectious diseases in China by the artificial neural network
author: Guo, Zuiyuan
date: 2020-02-19
txt: ./txt/cord-313222-a1rd7kas.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-313222-a1rd7kas.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32257314/
doi: 10.1098/rsos.191420
summary:
  The real-time recurrent learning (RTRL) and extended Kalman filter (EKF) methods were performed to analyse four types of respiratory infectious diseases and four types of digestive tract infectious diseases in China to comprehensively determine the epidemic intensities and whether to issue early warning signals. In this study, we used real-time recurrent learning (RTRL) and extended Kalman filter (EKF) to perform early warning research on four types of respiratory infectious diseases (measles, influenza, rubella and mumps) and four types of digestive tract infectious diseases (hepatitis A, hepatitis E, typhoid fever and paratyphoid fever, and bacterial and amoebic dysentery) that have higher incidence rates among notifiable infectious diseases in China. Figure 4 shows the time distribution of the numbers of cases of the four types of respiratory infectious diseases in the same historical period when the early warning signal was issued.

abstract:
  In order to accurately grasp the timing for the prevention and control of diseases, we established an artificial neural network model to issue early warning signals. The real-time recurrent learning (RTRL) and extended Kalman filter (EKF) methods were performed to analyse four types of respiratory infectious diseases and four types of digestive tract infectious diseases in China to comprehensively determine the epidemic intensities and whether to issue early warning signals. The numbers of new confirmed cases per month between January 2004 and December 2017 were used as the training set; the data from 2018 were used as the test set. The results of RTRL showed that the number of new confirmed cases of respiratory infectious diseases in September 2018 increased abnormally. The results of the EKF showed that the number of new confirmed cases of respiratory infectious diseases increased abnormally in January and February of 2018. The results of these two algorithms showed that the number of new confirmed cases of digestive tract infectious diseases in the test set did not have any abnormal increases. The neural network and machine learning can further enrich and develop the early warning theory.


id: cord-321984-qjfkvu6n
title: A Review of Multi‐Compartment Infectious Disease Models
author: Tang, Lu
date: 2020-08-03
txt: ./txt/cord-321984-qjfkvu6n.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-321984-qjfkvu6n.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32834402/
doi: 10.1111/insr.12402
summary:
  Despite relying on a valid infectious diseases mechanism, deterministic approaches have several drawbacks: (i) the actual population in each compartment at a given time is never accurately measured because we only obtain an observation around the mean; (ii) the nature of disease transmission and recovery is stochastic on the individual level and thus never certain; and (iii) without random component in the model, it is neither possible to learn model parameters (e.g. R 0 ) from available data nor to assess prediction uncertainty. In an early stage of the current COVID-19 pandemic, the daily infection and death counts reported by health agencies are highly influenced by the availability of testing kits, reporting delays, reporting and attribution schemes, and under-ascertainment of mild cases in public health surveillance databases (see discussions in Angelopoulos et al., 2020; Banerjee et al., 2020) ; both disease transmission rate and time to recovery or death are also highly uncertain and vary by population density, demographic composition, regional contact network structure and non-uniform mitigation schemes (Ray et al., 2020) .

abstract:
  Multi‐compartment models have been playing a central role in modelling infectious disease dynamics since the early 20th century. They are a class of mathematical models widely used for describing the mechanism of an evolving epidemic. Integrated with certain sampling schemes, such mechanistic models can be applied to analyse public health surveillance data, such as assessing the effectiveness of preventive measures (e.g. social distancing and quarantine) and forecasting disease spread patterns. This review begins with a nationwide macromechanistic model and related statistical analyses, including model specification, estimation, inference and prediction. Then, it presents a community‐level micromodel that enables high‐resolution analyses of regional surveillance data to provide current and future risk information useful for local government and residents to make decisions on reopenings of local business and personal travels. r software and scripts are provided whenever appropriate to illustrate the numerical detail of algorithms and calculations. The coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic surveillance data from the state of Michigan are used for the illustration throughout this paper.


id: cord-321993-uazc3lyg
title: The Imperative to Vaccinate
author: Hedrick, Stephen M.
date: 2018-10-31
txt: ./txt/cord-321993-uazc3lyg.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-321993-uazc3lyg.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S0022347618308667
doi: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2018.06.041
abstract: nan
summary:
  A simplified version is that diffuse or small host populations cannot sustain an acutely infectious agent, meaning one in which infection is followed by clearance and long-term immunity. So, in addition to the endless parade of cold viruses that circulate among us, we acquired a great many deadly infectious agents, such as those that cause diphtheria, influenza, measles, meningitis, mumps, plague, rubella, smallpox, typhus, whooping cough, and others. Smallpox eradication was our first and thus far only complete victory over a human disease-causing agent, made possible by universal, global vaccination, and intensive surveillance. Vaccination effectively reduces the number and density of the disease-susceptible people, making acutely infectious agents unsustainable in the population. The risk of disease for any individual is thus most importantly dependent on the collective immunity of the population, especially those most susceptible to infection, usually the youngest children and oldest adults.


id: cord-325247-1nb174qy
title: Infectious diseases of the ear, nose, throat, and bronchus
author: Hedayat, Kamyar M.
date: 2019-06-21
txt: ./txt/cord-325247-1nb174qy.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-325247-1nb174qy.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128169087000098
doi: 10.1016/b978-0-12-816908-7.00009-8
summary:
  This chapter discusses common infectious maladies: rhinopharyngitis, sinusitis, otitis media, tonsillitis, and bronchitis. It involves ascertaining the answer to seven queries: (1) why this structure is infected: teleology of structure and function, (2) why this patient is infected: precritical terrain, (3) why this organism infected: the organism and its virulence-absolute and relative to the competency of host defenses, (4) why these symptoms are manifested: critical terrain during an infection, (5) what is the benefit of the infectious symptoms: its adaptive or adaptative role, (6) what is the current net state of the terrain: mechanisms and consequences of endogenous response of the infected, and response of the infector, and (7) how to manage: personalization of treatment based on the reality of both the infected and the infector. A congestive terrain with insufficient peripheral cortico-thyrotropic adaptation of immunity favors infections in this region of the body.

abstract:
  Infectious diseases occur based on the interrelationship of the capabilities of the host and the virulence of the microorganism. Each person has a terrain that determines the susceptibility to infection and response to an infection. According to the theory of endobiogeny, the majority of symptoms related to an infectious disease are related to the patient’s response to the infector and not the intrinsic agent itself. This chapter discusses common infectious maladies: rhinopharyngitis, sinusitis, otitis media, tonsillitis, and bronchitis. For each of these disorders, the neuroendocrine and emunctory elements in the precritical and critical terrain are discussed. Treatment options are discussed based on treating the patient rather than the microorganism.


id: cord-331020-lyxje82u
author: M. Najimudeen, Shahnas
date: 2020-09-24
txt: ./txt/cord-331020-lyxje82u.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-331020-lyxje82u.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens9100779
doi: 10.3390/pathogens9100779
summary:
  The evolution of new strains of IBV during the last nine decades against vaccine-induced immune response and changing clinical and pathological manifestations emphasize the necessity of the rational development of intervention strategies based on a thorough understanding of IBV interaction with the host. For example, chickens infected with certain strains of IBV such as Mass, QX-like strain or Aust T at ages of 1-14 days develop cystic oviducts without impaired ovarian functions, which leads to false layer syndrome with no egg production [15, [63] [64] [65] . One of the immune cell types that bridges innate and adaptive host responses is the macrophages, and the available data show that certain IBV serotypes (i.e., Mass and Conn) target respiratory tract macrophages and replicate within them, thus leading to a productive infection [59, 88] .

title:
  Infectious Bronchitis Coronavirus Infection in Chickens: Multiple System Disease with Immune Suppression

abstract:
  In the early 1930s, infectious bronchitis (IB) was first characterized as a respiratory disease in young chickens; later, the disease was also described in older chickens. The etiology of IB was confirmed later as being due to a coronavirus: the infectious bronchitis virus (IBV). Being a coronavirus, IBV is subject to constant genome change due to mutation and recombination, with the consequence of changing clinical and pathological manifestations. The potential use of live attenuated vaccines for the control of IBV infection was demonstrated in the early 1950s, but vaccine breaks occurred due to the emergence of new IBV serotypes. Over the years, various IBV genotypes associated with reproductive, renal, gastrointestinal, muscular and immunosuppressive manifestations have emerged. IBV causes considerable economic impacts on global poultry production due to its pathogenesis involving multiple body systems and immune suppression; hence, there is a need to better understand the pathogenesis of infection and the immune response in order to help developing better management strategies. The evolution of new strains of IBV during the last nine decades against vaccine-induced immune response and changing clinical and pathological manifestations emphasize the necessity of the rational development of intervention strategies based on a thorough understanding of IBV interaction with the host.


id: cord-331255-t85yioyl
title: Emerging human infectious diseases and the links to global food production
author: Rohr, Jason R.
date: 2019-06-11
txt: ./txt/cord-331255-t85yioyl.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-331255-t85yioyl.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32219187/
doi: 10.1038/s41893-019-0293-3
summary:
  Feeding 11 billion people will require substantial increases in crop and animal production that will expand agricultural use of antibiotics, water, pesticides and fertilizer, and contact rates between humans and both wild and domestic animals, all with consequences for the emergence and spread of infectious agents. Meeting the United Nations'' Sustainable Development Goal, to "eradicate hunger" (https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/) for this expanding human population will necessitate a large increase in food supplies, with major changes to agricultural production and distribution systems, infrastructure and social protection programmes 6 (Fig. 3) . As livestock and aquaculture production expand to address growing food demands, it is likely that current antibiotics and anthelmintics will become less effective because of evolved resistance, and thus infectious diseases of domesticated animals and humans will be more difficult to treat 75 .

abstract:
  Infectious diseases are emerging globally at an unprecedented rate while global food demand is projected to increase sharply by 2100. Here, we synthesize the pathways by which projected agricultural expansion and intensification will influence human infectious diseases and how human infectious diseases might likewise affect food production and distribution. Feeding 11 billion people will require substantial increases in crop and animal production that will expand agricultural use of antibiotics, water, pesticides and fertilizer, and contact rates between humans and both wild and domestic animals, all with consequences for the emergence and spread of infectious agents. Indeed, our synthesis of the literature suggests that, since 1940, agricultural drivers were associated with >25% of all — and >50% of zoonotic — infectious diseases that emerged in humans, proportions that will likely increase as agriculture expands and intensifies. We identify agricultural and disease management and policy actions, and additional research, needed to address the public health challenge posed by feeding 11 billion people.


id: cord-333405-ji58jbct
title: The challenge of emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases
author: Morens, David M.
date: 2004-07-08
txt: ./txt/cord-333405-ji58jbct.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-333405-ji58jbct.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15241422/
doi: 10.1038/nature02759
summary:
  Of the ''newly emerging'' and ''re-emerging/resurging'' diseases that have followed the appearance of AIDS (Fig. 1) , some have been minor curiosities, such as the 2003 cases of monkeypox imported into the United States 4 , whereas others, such as severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), which emerged in the same year 5 , have had a worldwide impact. The impact of both new and re-emerging infectious diseases on human populations is affected by the rate and degree to which they spread across geographical areas, depending on the movement of human hosts or of the vectors or reservoirs of infections. Immune deficiency associated with AIDS, and with chemotherapy for cancer, immune-mediated diseases and transplantation, has contributed to an enormous global increase in the numbers of immunosuppressed people over the past few decades (probably more than 1% of the world''s population), setting the stage for the re-emergence of many opportunistic infections.

abstract:
  Infectious diseases have for centuries ranked with wars and famine as major challenges to human progress and survival. They remain among the leading causes of death and disability worldwide. Against a constant background of established infections, epidemics of new and old infectious diseases periodically emerge, greatly magnifying the global burden of infections. Studies of these emerging infections reveal the evolutionary properties of pathogenic microorganisms and the dynamic relationships between microorganisms, their hosts and the environment.


id: cord-339341-c2o42b5j
title: Advocacy, promotion and e-learning: Supercourse for zoonosis
author: Matibag, Gino C.
date: 2005-09-01
txt: ./txt/cord-339341-c2o42b5j.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-339341-c2o42b5j.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1007/bf02897702
doi: 10.1007/bf02897702
summary:
  This paper discusses the history of emerging infectious diseases, risk communication and perception, and the Supercourse lectures as means to strengthen the concepts and definition of risk management and global governance of zoonosis. The overall goal of the "Supercourse for Zoonosis" is to show the most recent development in the knowledge of SARS and other zoonotic diseases such as avian influenza and bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), inter alia, which have significant global impact not only on health but also on the economy. The specific objectives of "Supercourse for Zoonosis" are to develop a set of educational materials for the control of zoonotic diseases, to disseminate them effectively via the Internet, to facilitate their use in the prevention and control of the diseases, and to promote human health while minimizing their economic impact.

abstract:
  This paper discusses the history of emerging infectious diseases, risk communication and perception, and the Supercourse lectures as means to strengthen the concepts and definition of risk management and global governance of zoonosis. The paper begins by outlining some of the key themes and issues in infectious diseases, highlighting the way which historical analysis challenges ideas of the ‘newness’ of some of these developments. It then discusses the role of risk communication to public accountability. The bulk of the paper presents an overview of developments of the Internet-based learning system through the Supercourse lectures that may prove to be a strong arm for the promotion of the latest medical information particularly to developing countries.


id: cord-342211-y7zxipiz
title: Sensitivity of UK Covid-19 deaths to the timing of suppression measures and their relaxation
author: Dagpunar, J. S.
date: 2020-05-15
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url: http://medrxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.05.09.20096859v1?rss=1
doi: 10.1101/2020.05.09.20096859
summary:
  In this paper I examine the sensitivity of total UK Covid-19 deaths and the demand for intensive care and ward beds, to the timing and duration of suppression periods during a 500 day period. Using an expected latent period of 4.5 days and infectious period of 3.8 days, R_0 was first estimated as 3.18 using observed death rates under unmitigated spread and then under the effects of the total lock down (R_0=0.60) of 23 March. Starting with one exposed person at time zero and a suppression consistent with an R_0 of 0.60 on day 72, the model predicts around 39,000 deaths for a first wave, but this reduces to around 11,000 if the intervention takes place one week earlier. Figure 1 shows the death rate, required ward and intensive care beds, numbers of susceptible, exposed, and infectious, and cumulative deaths over time.

abstract:
  In this paper I examine the sensitivity of total UK Covid-19 deaths and the demand for intensive care and ward beds, to the timing and duration of suppression periods during a 500 day period. This is achieved via a SEIR model. Using an expected latent period of 4.5 days and infectious period of 3.8 days, R_0 was first estimated as 3.18 using observed death rates under unmitigated spread and then under the effects of the total lock down (R_0=0.60) of 23 March. The case fatality rate given infection is taken as 1%. Parameter values for mean length of stay and conditional probability of death for ICU and non-ICU hospital admissions are guided by Ferguson et al.(2020). Under unmitigated spread the model predicts around 600,000 deaths in the UK. Starting with one exposed person at time zero and a suppression consistent with an R_0 of 0.60 on day 72, the model predicts around 39,000 deaths for a first wave, but this reduces to around 11,000 if the intervention takes place one week earlier. If the initial suppression were in place until day 200 and then relaxed to an R_0 of 1.5 between days 200 and 300, to be followed by a return to an R_0 of 0.60, the model predicts around 43,000 deaths. This would increase to around 48,000 if the release from the first suppression takes place one week earlier. The results indicate the extreme sensitivity to timing and the consequences of even small delays to suppression and premature relaxation of such measures.


id: cord-349066-546ozkly
title: Principles of Diagnosis of Infectious Diseases
author: Walker, D.H.
date: 2014-08-21
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url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780123864567017135
doi: 10.1016/b978-0-12-386456-7.01713-5
summary:
  The methods of detection include cultivation of bacteria and fungi on growth medium, isolation of viruses in cell culture, and identification of the agent biochemically, antigenically, or genetically. Visualization of an agent in infected tissue can provide a diagnosis based on specific morphological characteristics or identify the category of organism, for example, gram-positive or gram-negative bacterium or virus (e.g., eosinophilic cytoplasmic inclusion bodies in neurons in rabies virus infection). Specific diagnoses require isolation of the agent in culture, microscopic visualization of the pathogen in tissue lesions, and/or detection of a specific host immune response to the organism. Identification of fungi has been accelerated greatly in microbiology laboratories by performing either hybridization tests or polymerase chain reaction (PCR) on media growing a fungus that is not identifiable by conventional morphological techniques such as blood culture bottles that contain yeast growth.

abstract:
  Infectious diseases are diagnosed by detection of a bacterium, virus, fungus, protozoan, or helminth in a patient with a compatible clinical illness. The methods of detection include cultivation of bacteria and fungi on growth medium, isolation of viruses in cell culture, and identification of the agent biochemically, antigenically, or genetically. Infectious diseases can also be identified by detection of a specific immune response, usually antibodies, that develop during the course of illness. Visualization of an agent in infected tissue can provide a diagnosis based on specific morphological characteristics or identify the category of organism, for example, gram-positive or gram-negative bacterium or virus (e.g., eosinophilic cytoplasmic inclusion bodies in neurons in rabies virus infection). Methods that detect and allow visualization of antigens (immunohistochemistry) or nucleic acid sequences (in situ hybridization) provide more specific diagnoses. Detection of specific nucleic acid sequences amplified by polymerase chain reaction is a powerful molecular diagnostic tool. Since the elucidation of the etiology of the first infectious disease, anthrax, more than 135 years ago, Koch's postulates have been applied and modified as novel technologies and agents have emerged. During the last 45 years, more than 70 previously unknown agents of infections have been identified in emerging infectious diseases, a phenomenon that is likely to continue.


id: cord-351231-aoz5jbf1
title: Why Infectious Diseases
author: Bartlett, John G.
date: 2014-09-15
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url: https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciu441
doi: 10.1093/cid/ciu441
summary:
  The value of the infectious disease practitioner is now magnified by the crisis of antibiotic resistance, the expanding consequences of international travel, the introduction of completely new pathogen diagnostics, and healthcare reform with emphasis on infection prevention and cost in dollars and lives. The point is that epidemics are the domain of infectious diseases and public health, with the expectation for management or prevention of outbreaks with requirements for detection, reporting, isolation, and case management. This began with a patient transferred from a New York City hospital with a KPC infection and became the source of an institutional outbreak that required extraordinary efforts to control, including a wall constructed to isolate cases, removal of plumbing (as a possible source), use of matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) molecular diagnostics to detect cases and carriers, hydrogen peroxide room aerosols, and "whole house" surveillance cultures. The new healthcare system should value infectious disease expertise based on its important role in addressing resistance and costs associated with nosocomial infections.

abstract:
  Infectious diseases is a broad discipline that is almost unique in contemporary medicine with its ability to cure and prevent disease, to identify specific disease causes (microbes), and to deal with diverse, sometimes massive outbreaks. The value of the infectious disease practitioner is now magnified by the crisis of antibiotic resistance, the expanding consequences of international travel, the introduction of completely new pathogen diagnostics, and healthcare reform with emphasis on infection prevention and cost in dollars and lives. Infectious disease careers have great personal rewards to the practitioner based on these observations. It is unfortunate that we have been so effective in our work, but relatively ineffective in convincing the healthcare system of this value.


id: cord-355024-v5lahyw4
title: Principles of Infectious Diseases: Transmission, Diagnosis, Prevention, and Control
author: van Seventer, Jean Maguire
date: 2016-10-24
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url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128036785005166
doi: 10.1016/b978-0-12-803678-5.00516-6
summary:
  An infectious disease can be defined as an illness due to a pathogen or its toxic product, which arises through transmission from an infected person, an infected animal, or a contaminated inanimate object to a susceptible host. The outcome of exposure to an infectious agent depends, in part, upon multiple host factors that determine individual susceptibility to infection and disease. The goal of secondary prevention is to halt the progress of an infection during its early, often asymptomatic stages so as to prevent disease development or limit its severity; steps important for not only improving the prognosis of individual cases but also preventing infectious agent transmission. Broadly, public health efforts to control infectious diseases focus on primary and secondary prevention activities that reduce the potential for exposure to an infectious agent and increase host resistance to infection. A susceptible host is an individual who is at risk of infection and disease following exposure to an infectious agent.

abstract:
  Infectious disease control and prevention relies on a thorough understanding of the factors determining transmission. This article summarizes the fundamental principles of infectious disease transmission while highlighting many of the agent, host, and environmental determinants of these diseases that are of particular import to public health professionals. Basic principles of infectious disease diagnosis, control, and prevention are also reviewed.


